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Who created the controversial 66ft statue Verity, loaned to UK seaside town Ilfracombe in 2012?
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Mixed reactions on Ilfracombe pier as Damien Hirst's 65ft pregnant woman takes centre stage | Daily Mail Online
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On one side the woman’s skin is peeled back, revealing her skull, muscles and foetus – bringing accusations that the work is grotesque.
It wasn’t long after it arrived that residents took to the internet to voice their opinions. One said: ‘Whatever did Ilfracombe do to deserve this?’
Another added: ‘Why did he have to make her naked? Pregnant women wear clothes most of the time.’
A third said: ‘Melt it down and get Anthony Gormley to create a suitable sculpture for Ilfracombe, where families spend their holidays.’
Complaints: Some local residents are upset about Verity, calling her obscene and claiming she could encourage teenage pregnancy
Crowds: Fascinated people stand and watch as the bronze figure arrived on a huge lorry
Gormley’s 66ft Angel of the North was erected in the North-East in 1998.
Hirst’s 65ft statue, called Verity, has been loaned to the local authority by the artist for 20 years and will stand by the town’s pier.
Dozens wrote to the council to object, with one saying it would ‘encourage teenage pregnancies’.
Another said it was ‘demeaning to women’ while a third claimed it was ‘eccentricity posturing as art’.
Resident Jenny Cookson was rather more blunt: ‘It is a monstrosity,’ she said. Councillors say the statue will boost tourism and improve the town’s image.
Verity’s frame is a single piece of stainless steel.
The bronze exterior was cast in more than 40 pieces while the sword and upper arm are made from a single piece of glass fibre reinforced polymer.
Standing tall: How the sculpture will look, left, and right, it's controversial artist Damien Hirst,
Nearly there: When in place Verity will be taller than the Angel of the North
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Damien Hirst
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The attempted assassination of 15 year old Malala Yousafzai by the Taliban, in response to her championing the right of girls to education, took place in what (her home) country?
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Damien Hirst’s giant, naked pregnant mother arrives in Ilfracombe--News-Artron.net
Damien Hirst’s giant, naked pregnant mother arrives in Ilfracombe
A 66ft sculpture of a naked, pregnant woman by the artist Damien Hirst has finally arrived in the seaside town of Ilfracombe in Devon where it will remain for 20 years.
Hundreds of residents looked with a mixture of emotions today after a sculpture of a huge, naked, heavily pregnant woman with a sword arrived in their seaside town on a flatbed trailer.
It was their first glimpse of the controversial 70ft tall statue by Damien Hirst which has stirred up controversy since he announced plans earlier this year to "loan" it to Ilfracombe, Devon, until 2032.
The council has received more than 100 complaints from locals who have described the work of art as "obscene and disgusting."
It is now being kept in a temporary compound on site at the entrance to the harbour while contractors continue to work on the sculpture.
It is understood the statue will be hoisted into place on October 17-18, dependent on weather conditions.
Contractors will then spend a further week working on the sculpture before it is completed.
The statue of the woman - named Verity - holding aloft a sword and standing on a base of legal books is meant to be a“modern allegory of truth and justice." It has been loaned to the town for 20 years.
It's divided the town with sacks of letters landing on the council's doormat, many not exactly mincing their words.
A report to the council said objectors considered the statue to be "outrageous, immoral, bizarre, obscene, offensive, disgusting, distasteful, embarrassing, grotesque, disrespectful, insensitive, inappropriate, a monstrosity, tasteless, ugly, vulgar and not in good taste".
In a report to the executive committee, Ellen Vernon, North Devon's economic development manager, says "The offer of the loan of Verity, a significant and unique artwork created by the world's greatest living artist, is felt to be of immeasurable value to the community of Ilfracombe in terms of its regeneration value and potential to improve the town's tourism offer.
"Costs associated with Verity are of sufficiently small scale to be felt to be reasonable for the regeneration benefit expected, and in addition car parking revenue would be expected to increase, so off-setting such costs.
"In the medium term it will be important to be bold in altering Ilfracombe's car parking strategy, including identifying additional capacity."
The report to councillors said objectors also described Hirst's work as "eccentricity posturing as art, of no artistic merit and not fit for its intended purpose" while some regarded it as being "demeaning to women and offensive to the female form". Another objector claimed it would "encourage teenage pregnancies".
The report also summarised the views of supporters, saying it was a "progressive catalyst for change which will enhance the growth and status of the town". It was also a "boost to the area", "a great idea", "a landmark symbol of rebirth of the town" and a "stepping stone for rebuilding".
Concerns have been raised that the bronze-clad statue - billed as Devon's answer to the Angel of the North - could be a focus for vandalism and anti-social behaviour.
"There has been considerable liaison with the local police service to ensure any concerns are reflected in the proposed security measures," the report said. "The majority of actions fall within the scope of existing service provision.
"The exception is around CCTV - there is a proposal to add an additional CCTV camera to be trained permanently upon Verity and which, with the other CCTV cameras in the vicinity, should provide robust coverage."
The report said the capital costs of the additional camera would be met by Mr Hirst, while the revenue costs - "essentially an allowance for annual maintenance and the fact of an additional camera to monitor" - would fall to the council.
Hirst has loaned the bronze work to the town for 20 years.
Julie Hunt, a local councillor, said: “I think it is immoral, disrespectful and tasteless. Would this be allowed if it was a naked man baring his packed lunch for all to see?”
Ilfracombe has embraced modern art and design since its Landmark Theatre was developed in 2007, with a white, conical design which was later nicknamed “Madonna’s Bra”.
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i don't know
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The astronomical term 'quasi-stellar radio source' is more commonly expressed as what abbreviated word?
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AmazingSpace - Glossary
Glossary
A-B
Absolute brightness (absolute magnitude)
A measure of the true brightness of an object. The absolute brightness or magnitude of an object is the apparent brightness or magnitude it would have if it were located exactly 32.6 light-years (10 parsecs) away. For example, the apparent brightness of our Sun is much greater than that of the star Rigel in the constellation Orion because it is so close to us. However, if both objects were placed at the same distance from us, Rigel would appear much brighter than our Sun because its absolute brightness is much larger.
Absolute zero
The coldest possible temperature, at which all molecular motion stops. On the Kelvin temperature scale, this temperature is the zero-point (0 K), which is equivalent to -273°C and -460°F.
Absorption
The process by which light transfers its energy to matter. For example, a gas cloud can absorb starlight that passes through it. After the starlight passes through the cloud, dark lines called absorption lines appear in the star’s continuous spectrum at wavelengths corresponding to the light-absorbing elements.
Absorption line
A dark line in a continuous spectrum caused by absorption of light. Each chemical element emits and absorbs radiated energy at specific wavelengths, making it possible to identify the elements present in the atmosphere of a star or other celestial body by analyzing which absorption lines are present.
Accelerating universe
A model for the universe in which a repulsive force counteracts the attractive force of gravity, driving all the matter in the universe apart at speeds that increase with time. Recent observations of distant supernova explosions suggest that we may live in an accelerating universe.
Accretion disk
A relatively flat, rapidly rotating disk of gas surrounding a black hole, a newborn star, or any massive object that attracts and swallows matter. Accretion disks around stars are expected to contain dust particles and may show evidence of active planet formation. Beta Pictoris is an example of a star known to have an accretion disk.
Active galactic nucleus (AGN)
A very bright, compact region found at the center of certain galaxies. The brightness of an active galactic nucleus is thought to come from an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole. The black hole devours matter from the accretion disk, and this infall of matter provides the firepower for quasars, the most luminous type of active galactic nucleus.
Active galaxy
A galaxy possessing an active galactic nucleus at its center.
Advanced Camera For Surveys (ACS)
An optical camera aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that uses CCD detectors to make images. The camera covers twice the area, has twice the sharpness, and is up to 10 times more efficient than the telescopes Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2. The ACS wavelength range spans from ultraviolet to near-infrared light. The cameras sharp eye and broader viewing area allow astronomers to study the life cycles of galaxies in the remotest regions of the universe. Astronauts installed the camera aboard the telescope in March 2002, but the camera experienced an electrical short in 2007 that shut down all but one data channel. During Servicing Mission 4 in 2009, astronauts replaced the failed circuit boards and added a new power supply box to restore power to the camera.
Afterglow
The fading fireball of a gamma-ray burst – a sudden burst of gamma rays from deep space – that is observable in less energetic wavelengths, such as X-ray, optical, and radio. After an initial explosion, an expanding gamma-ray burst slows and sweeps up surrounding material, generating the afterglow, which is visible for several weeks or months. The afterglow is usually extremely faint, making it difficult to locate and study.
Alloy
A mixture of two or more metals. Brass (a mixture of copper and zinc) and bronze (a mixture of copper and tin) are common alloys.
Alpha process
A process by which lighter elements capture helium nuclei (alpha particles) to form heavier elements. For example, when a carbon nucleus captures an alpha particle, a heavier oxygen nucleus is formed.
Altitude-azimuth
A type of telescope mounting that supports the weight of the telescope and allows it to move in two directions to locate a specific target. One axis of support is vertical (called the altitude) and allows the telescope to move up and down. The other axis is horizontal (called the azimuth) and allows the telescope to swing in a circle parallel to the ground. This makes it easy to position the telescope: swing it around in a circle and then lift it to the target. However, tracking an object as the Earth turns is more complicated. The telescope needs to be adjusted in both directions while tracking, which requires a computer to control the telescope.
Amplify
To make larger or more powerful; increase. Radio signals are amplified because they are very weak.
Amplitude
The size of a wave from the top of a wave crest to its midpoint.
Angular momentum
A property that an object, such as a planet revolving around the Sun, possesses by virtue of its rotation or circular motion. An object’s angular momentum cannot change unless some force acts to speed up or slow down its circular motion. This principle, known as conservation of angular momentum, is why an object can indefinitely maintain a circular motion around an axis of revolution or rotation.
Angular resolution
The ability of an instrument, such as a telescope, to distinguish objects that are very close to each other. The angular resolution of an instrument is the smallest angular separation at which the instrument can observe two neighboring objects as two separate objects. The angular resolution of the human eye is about a minute of arc. As car headlights approach from a far-off point, they appear as a single light until the separation between the lights increases to a point where they can be resolved as two separate lights.
Angular size
The apparent size of an object as seen by an observer; expressed in units of degrees (of arc), arc minutes, or arc seconds. The moon, as viewed from the Earth, has an angular diameter of one-half a degree.
Antenna
An electrical device used to send or receive electromagnetic waves. The aerial (a long piece of metal attached to the front or rear fender) on a car is the antenna for the radio.
Antimatter
Matter made up of elementary particles whose masses are identical to their normal-matter counterparts but whose other properties, such as electric charge, are reversed. The positron is the antimatter counterpart of an electron, with a positive charge instead of a negative charge. When an antimatter particle collides with its normal-matter counterpart, both particles are annihilated and energy is released.
Apparent brightness (apparent magnitude)
A measure of the brightness of a celestial object as it appears from Earth. The Sun is the brightest object in Earth’s sky and has the greatest apparent magnitude, with the moon second. Apparent brightness does not take into account how far away the object is from Earth.
Arc minute
One arc minute is 1/60 of a degree of arc. The angular diameter of the full moon or the Sun as seen from Earth is about 30 arc minutes.
Arc second
One arc second is 1/60 of an arc minute and 1/3600 of an arc degree. The apparent size of a dime about 3.7 kilometers (2.3 miles) away would be an arc second. The angular diameter of Jupiter varies from about 30 to 50 arc seconds, depending on its distance from Earth.
Array
An orderly arrangement or impressive display. For radio telescopes, an array is a group of individual radio dishes that work together. The VLA (Very Large Array) has 27 telescope dishes arranged in a “Y” pattern.
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA)
A consortium of educational and other non-profit institutions that operates world-class astronomical observatories. Members include five international affiliates and 29 U.S. institutions, including the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, the science operations center for NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
Asteroid
A small solar system object composed mostly of rock. Many of these objects orbit the Sun between Mars and Jupiter. Their sizes range anywhere from 33 feet (10 meters) in diameter to less than 620 miles (1,000 kilometers). The largest known asteroid, Ceres, has a diameter of 579 miles (926 kilometers).
Asteroid belt
A region of space between Mars and Jupiter where the great majority of asteroids is found.
Astronomer
A scientist who studies the universe and the celestial bodies residing in it, including their composition, history, location, and motion. Many of the scientists at the Space Telescope Science Institute are astronomers. Astronomers from all over the world use the Hubble Space Telescope.
Astronomical unit (AU)
The average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is about 150 million kilometers (93 million miles). This unit of length is commonly used for measuring the distances between objects within the solar system.
Astronomy
The study of the universe and the celestial bodies that reside in it, including their composition, history, location, and motion.
Atmosphere
The layer of gases surrounding the surface of a planet, moon, or star.
Atmospheric distortion
The blurring of an image due to the layer of gases surrounding the surface of Earth. As starlight travels through the atmosphere, pockets of air act like little lenses and bend the light in unpredictable ways. This distortion causes stars to appear to twinkle.
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that possesses chemical properties. All atoms have the same basic structure: a nucleus containing positively charged protons with an equal number of negatively charged electrons orbiting around it. In addition to protons, most nuclei contain neutral neutrons whose mass is similar to that of protons. Each atom corresponds to a unique chemical element determined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
Atomic nucleus
The positively charged core of an atom consisting of protons and (except for hydrogen) neutrons, and around which electrons orbit.
Aurora
A phenomenon produced when the solar wind (made up of energized electrons and protons) disturbs the atoms and molecules in a planet’s upper atmosphere. Some of the energy produced by these disturbances is converted into colorful visible light, which shimmers and dances. Auroras have been seen on several planets in our solar system. On Earth, auroras are also known as the “Northern Lights” (aurora borealis) or “Southern Lights” (aurora australis), depending on in which polar region they appear.
Axis
An imaginary line through the center of an object. The object rotates around this line.
Barred spiral galaxy
A galaxy with a “bar” of stars and interstellar matter, such as dust and gas, slicing across its center. The Milky Way is thought to be a barred spiral galaxy.
Baseline
The distance between two or more telescopes that are working together as a single instrument to observe celestial objects. The wider the baseline, the greater the resolving power.
BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment)
A high-energy astrophysics “experiment” used to investigate gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). BATSE consisted of eight detectors that were mounted on the corners of NASAs Earth-orbiting Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, whose mission ended in 2000.
Batteries
Batteries provide all the electrical power to support Hubble operations during the night portion of its orbit, when the telescope is in Earth’s shadow. The telescope's orbit is approximately 97 minutes long. Roughly 61 minutes of Hubble’s orbit are in sunlight and 36 minutes are in Earth’s shadow. During Hubble’s sunlight or daytime period, the solar arrays provide power to the onboard electrical equipment. The solar arrays also charge the spacecraft’s batteries so they can power the spacecraft during the night portion of Hubble’s orbit. Hubble has six nickel-hydrogen batteries. These batteries, which had been onboard Hubble since the telescope was launched in 1990, were replaced during Servicing Mission 4.
BeppoSAX
A space-based X-ray observatory built and operated by the Italian Space Agency and the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs. BeppoSAX has been instrumental in identifying and locating gamma-ray bursts.
Big Bang
A broadly accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe. The theory says that the observable universe started roughly 13.7 billion years ago from an extremely dense and incredibly hot initial state.
Binary star system
A system of two stars orbiting around a common center of mass that are bound together by their mutual gravitational attraction.
Black hole
A region of space containing a huge amount of mass compacted into an extremely small volume. A black hole’s gravitational influence is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape its grasp. Swirling disks of material – called accretion disks – may surround black holes, and jets of matter may arise from their vicinity.
Blueshift
The shortening of a light wave from an object moving toward an observer. For example, when a star is traveling toward Earth, its light appears bluer.
Blue star
A massive, hot star that appears blue in color. Spica in the constellation Virgo is an example of a blue star.
Bolide
Large, brilliant meteors that enter the Earth’s atmosphere. Friction between a fast-moving meteor and Earth’s air molecules generates tremendous heat, which causes the meteor to heat up, glow, and perhaps disintegrate. In some cases, the meteor literally explodes, leaving a visible cloud that dissipates slowly.
Brown dwarf
An object too small to be an ordinary star because it cannot produce enough energy by fusion in its core to compensate for the radiative energy it loses from its surface. A brown dwarf has a mass less than 0.08 times that of the Sun.
Bulge
The spherical structure at the center of a spiral galaxy that is made up primarily of old stars, gas, and dust. The Milky Way’s bulge is roughly 15,000 light-years across.
C-D
A meteorite with embedded pebble-sized granules that contain significant quantities of organic (complex carbon-rich) matter.
Cassegrain telescope
A type of reflecting telescope whose eyepiece is located behind the primary mirror. The primary mirror is cast with a hole in the center. When light enters the telescope, it reflects from the primary mirror to the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror reflects the light back through the hole in the primary mirror to the eyepiece.
Celestial
Of or relating to the sky or visible objects in the sky, like the Moon, Sun, planets, comets, asteroids, stars, and galaxies.
Celestial object
An object in the sky – examples include the Moon, the Sun, planets, comets, asteroids, stars, and galaxies.
Celestial sphere
An imaginary sphere encompassing the Earth that represents the sky. Astronomers chart the sky using the celestial coordinates of the sphere to locate objects in the cosmos. This sphere is divided into 88 sections called constellations. Objects are sometimes named for the major constellation in which they appear.
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature scale
A temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C.
Cepheid variable
A type of pulsating star whose light and energy output vary noticeably over a set period of time. The time period over which the star varies is directly related to its light output or luminosity, making these stars useful standard candles for measuring intergalactic distances.
Chandra X-Ray Observatory
A space-based X-ray observatory; also known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF). Chandra is designed to observe X-rays from high-energy regions of the universe, such as hot gas in the remnants of exploded stars. The satellite was launched and deployed in July 1999.
Charge-coupled device (CCD)
An electronic detector that records visible light from stars and galaxies to make photographs. These detectors are very sensitive to the extremely faint light of distant galaxies. They can see objects that are 1,000 million times fainter than the eye can see. CCDs are electronic circuits composed of light-sensitive picture elements (pixels), tiny cells that, placed together, resemble mesh on a screen door. The same CCD technology is used in digital cameras.
Chemical compound
A pure substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements. The elements are in definite proportions. A chemical compound usually possesses properties unlike those of its constituent elements. For example, table salt (the common name for sodium chloride) is a chemical compound made up of the elements chlorine and sodium.
Chemical evolution
The chemical (i.e., pre-biological) changes that transformed simple atoms and molecules into the more complex chemicals needed for the origin of life. For example, hydrogen atoms in the cores of stars combine through nuclear fusion to form the heavier element helium.
Chemistry for life
The building blocks that enable life to form and to sustain itself. Life as we know it requires a source of energy, organic (carbon-based) compounds, and water. Scientists believe that atmospheric detection of water, oxygen, methane, carbon dioxide, and other compounds can signal the possibility of life on a planet.
Chromatic aberration
Visible light is made of different colors. When visible light passes through a glass lens or a prism, it gets dispersed, or split, into its many colors. A lens focuses each color at a different point, causing a fringe of color to appear around bright objects. Looking at only red and blue light:
Chromosphere
The middle layer of the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the corona. The chromosphere is roughly 10,000 kilometers (6,200 miles) thick and is composed primarily of hydrogen. It varies in temperature from below 10,000 Kelvin (18,000°F) to over 100,000 Kelvin (180,000°F).
Closed universe
A geometric model of the universe in which the overall structure of the universe closes upon itself like the surface of a sphere. The rules of geometry in a closed universe are like those that would apply on the surface of a sphere.
Coelostat
A system of two moveable mirrors used in solar telescopes. The mirrors follow the Sun and keep its image in the same location as Earth rotates.
Collecting area
The area of a telescope’s primary light-collecting mirror. A telescope’s light-gathering power rises with an increase in its collecting area.
Colliding galaxies
A galactic “car wreck” in which two galaxies pass close enough to gravitationally disrupt each other’s shape. The collision rips streamers of stars from the galaxies, fuels an explosion of star birth, and can ultimately result in both galaxies merging into one.
Collisional process
An event involving a collision of objects; for example, the excitation of a hydrogen atom when it is hit by an electron.
Color
The visual perception of light that enables human eyes to differentiate between wavelengths of the visible spectrum, with the longest wavelengths appearing red and the shortest appearing blue or violet.
Coma
The cloud of gas and dust that forms around a comet’s nucleus. This cloud is created when the solar wind strikes the surface of the nucleus.
Comet
A ball of rock and ice, often referred to as a “dirty snowball.” Typically a few kilometers in diameter, comets orbit the Sun in paths that either allow them to pass by the Sun only once or that repeatedly bring them through the solar system (as in the 76-year orbit of Halley's Comet). A comet’s “signature” long, glowing tail is formed when the Sun’s heat warms the coma or nucleus, which releases vapors into space.
Comet nucleus
The core of a comet, made up of ice, dirt, and rock.
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL-9)
A comet that became gravitationally bound to Jupiter, colliding with the planet in July 1994. Prior to entering the planet's atmosphere, the comet broke into several distinct pieces, each with a separate coma and tail.
Comet tail
A tail is made up of dust and gas from a comet’s coma. A tail forms when the solar wind separates dust and gas from the coma, pushing it outward and away from the Sun in either a slightly curved path (for dust) or a straight path (for gas).
Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO)
A space-based observatory that collected high-energy gamma-ray light from celestial objects. The Compton satellite consisted of the BATSE, COMPTEL, EGRET, and OSSE instruments. Astronauts aboard the space shuttle Atlantis deployed the CGRO into low-Earth orbit in April 1991. The satellite plunged into the Pacific Ocean in June 2000. Concave vs. convex
Concave vs. convex
Conservation of energy and mass
A fundamental law of physics, which states that the total amount of mass and energy in the universe remains unchanged. However, mass can be converted to energy, and vice versa.
Constellation
A geometric pattern of bright stars that appears grouped in the sky. Ancient observers named many constellations after gods, heroes, animals, and mythological beings. Leo (the Lion) is one example of the 88 constellations.
Convection
The transfer of heat through a liquid or gas caused by the physical upwelling of hot matter. The heat transfer results in the circulation of currents from lower, hotter regions to higher, cooler regions. An everyday example of this process is boiling water. Convection occurs in the Sun and other stars.
Convection zone
The region below a star’s surface where energy flows outward by the rising of hot gas known as convection.
Core
The central region of a planet, star, or galaxy.
Corona
The outermost layer of the atmosphere of a star, including the Sun. The corona is visible during a solar eclipse or when special adapters or filters are attached to a telescope to block the light from the star’s central region. The gaseous corona extends millions of kilometers from the stars surface and has a temperature in the millions of degrees.
Coronal hole
Regions in the corona from which the high-speed solar wind is known to originate. Coronal holes, usually found near the Sun’s poles, are large regions in the corona that are less dense and cooler than the surrounding region.
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)
An apparatus installed during the 1993 First Servicing Mission. By placing small and carefully designed mirrors in the telescope, COSTAR successfully improved restored Hubble's vision to its original design goals. All the new instruments installed during the servicing missions have internal corrections for spherical aberration and do not require the services of COSTAR. Hubble’s last original instrument, the Faint Object Camera, was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys during SM3B. COSTAR was replaced by the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph during Servicing Mission 4 and returned to Earth in the space shuttle.
Cosmic abundances
The relative proportions of chemical elements in the Sun, the solar system, and the local region of the Milky Way galaxy. These proportions are determined by studies of the spectral lines in astronomical objects and are averaged for many stars in our cosmic neighborhood. For example, for every million hydrogen atoms in an average star like our Sun, there are 98,000 helium atoms, 360 carbon atoms, 110 nitrogen atoms, 850 oxygen atoms, and so on.
Cosmic background radiation
Electromagnetic energy filling the universe that is believed to be the radiation remaining from the Big Bang. It is sometimes called the “primal glow.” This radiation is strongest in the microwave part of the spectrum but has also been detected at radio and infrared wavelengths. The intensity of the cosmic microwave background from every part of the sky is almost exactly the same.
Cosmic microwave background
Radiative energy filling the universe that is believed to be the radiation remaining from the Big Bang. It is sometimes called the “primal glow.” This radiation is strongest in the microwave part of the spectrum but has also been detected at radio and infrared wavelengths. The intensity of the cosmic microwave background from every part of the sky is almost exactly the same.
Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
A spectrograph that detects ultraviolet light. A spectrograph works by breaking up light from an object into its individual wavelengths so that its composition, temperature, motion, and other chemical and physical properties can be analyzed. COS will study the structure of the universe and how galaxies, stars and planets formed and evolved. Astronauts installed COS during SM4.
Cosmic rays
High-energy atomic particles that travel through space at speeds close to the speed of light; also known as cosmic-ray particles.
Cosmological Principle
This principle states that the distribution of matter across very large distances is the same everywhere in the universe and that the universe looks the same in all directions. According to this principle, our view of the universe is like the view from a boat on an ocean, which is essentially the same for any other person on any other boat on any other ocean. Measurements of matter and energy in the universe on the largest observable scales support the cosmological principle.
Cosmology
The investigation of the origin, structure, and development of the universe, including how energy, forces, and matter interact on a cosmic scale.
Crater
A bowl-shaped depression caused by a comet or meteorite colliding with the surface of a planet, moon, or asteroid. On geologically active moons and planets (like Earth), craters can result from volcanic activity.
Critical density
The minimum average density that matter in the universe would need in order for its gravitational pull to slow the universe's expansion to a halt.
Crown glass
Originally the main material used to make flat planes of glass for windows, it is composed of soda-lime glass. It can be used to make lenses and prisms. Crown glass bends and disperses, or spreads out, light less than flint glass.
Dark dust cloud
A region of interstellar space that contains a rich concentration of gas and dust. Such a cloud is often irregular in shape but sometimes has a well-defined edge. Visible light cannot pass through these clouds, so they obscure the light from stars beyond them.
Dark energy
A mysterious force that seems to work opposite to that of gravity and makes the universe expand at a faster pace.
Dark matter
Matter that is too dim to be detected by telescopes. Astronomers infer its existence by measuring its gravitational influence. Dark matter makes up most of the total mass of the universe.
Declination (DEC)
One of two celestial coordinates required to locate an astronomical object, such as a star, on the celestial sphere. Declination is the measure of angular distance of a celestial object above or below the celestial equator and is comparable to latitude. To familiarize yourself with declination, hold out your arm in the direction of the North Star (Polaris). You are now pointing at plus 90 degrees declination. Move your arm downward by 90 degrees. You are now pointing at 0 degrees declination.
Degree of arc
One degree of arc is 1/360 of a full circle. The apparent sizes of objects as seen from Earth can be measured in degrees of arc. The angular diameter of the full moon or the Sun as seen from Earth is one-half of a degree.
Density
The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume. For example, water has a density of one gram of mass for every milliliter of volume.
Detector
A device used to measure the amount of electromagnetic radiation emitted by celestial objects. Frequently, detectors are used to sense light that is not visible.
Deuterium
A special form of hydrogen (an isotope called “heavy hydrogen”) that has a neutron as well as a proton in its nucleus.
Diameter
The distance from one side of a circle to the other measured through the center. For telescopes, the diameter of a lens or mirror is measured from one side to the opposite side, passing through the center.
Differentiation
The separation of heavy matter from light matter, thus causing a variation in density and composition. Differentiation occurs in an object like a planet as gravity draws heavier material toward the planet’s center and lighter material rises to the surface.
Diffraction grating
A device that splits light into its component parts or spectrum. A diffraction grating often consists of a mirror with thousands of closely spaced parallel lines, which spread out the light into parallel bands of colors or distinct fine lines or bars.
Digital image
A visible image that is recorded by an electronic detector and subdivided into small picture elements (pixels). Each element is assigned a number that corresponds to the brightness recorded at its physical location on the detector. Computer software converts the numerical information into a visual image. The Hubble Space Telescope records digital images.
Dispersion
Visible light is actually made up of different colors. Each color bends by a different amount when refracted by glass. That’s why visible light is split, or dispersed, into different colors when it passes through a lens or prism. Shorter wavelengths, like purple and blue light, bend the most. Longer wavelengths, like red and orange light, bend the least.
Doppler effect
The change in the wavelength of sound or light waves caused when the object emitting the waves moves toward or away from the observer; also called Doppler shift. In sound, the Doppler effect causes a shift in sound frequency or pitch (for example, the change in pitch noted as an ambulance passes). In light, an object’s visible color is altered and its spectrum is shifted toward the blue region of the spectrum for objects moving toward the observer and toward the red for objects moving away.
Double stars
A system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to each other. They orbit each other around a common center. They can also be called binary stars.
Dwarf galaxy
A relatively small galaxy. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, visible in the Southern Hemisphere, are two dwarf irregular galaxies that are neighbors of the Milky Way.
Dwarf planet
A celestial body within the solar system that shares the characteristics of planets. It orbits the Sun, is not a moon, and has a spherical or nearly spherical shape. Unlike a planet, however, a dwarf planet has not cleared away any loose cosmic rubble from its orbit. Dwarf planets include Ceres, Pluto, and Eris.
E-G
Earth
The third planet from the Sun and one of four terrestrial planets in the inner solar system. Earth, the only planet where water exists in large quantities, has an atmosphere capable of supporting myriad life forms. The planet is 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) away from the Sun. Earth has one satellite “the Moon.”
Earth-orbiting
Traveling around Earth, in the path followed by an object moving in the gravitational field of Earth. For example, the telescope travels around, or orbits, Earth because Earth’s gravitational field keeps the telescope in its path, or orbit.
Electromagnetic force
A fundamental force that governs all interactions among electrical charges and magnetism. Essentially, all charged particles attract oppositely charged particles and repel identically charged particles. Similarly, opposite poles of magnets attract and like magnetic poles repel.
Electromagnetic radiation
A form of energy that propagates through space as vibrations of electric and magnetic fields; also called radiation or light. All electromagnetic radiation is a form of light.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Electromagnetism
The science dealing with the physical relationship between electricity and magnetism. The principle of an electromagnet, a magnet generated by electrical current flow, is based on this phenomenon.
Electron
A negatively charge elementary particle that typically resides outside the nucleus of an atom but is bound to it by electromagnetic forces. An electron’s mass is tiny: 1,836 electrons equals the mass of one proton.
Electron volt (eV)
A unit of energy that is equal to the energy that an electron gains as it moves through a potential difference of one volt. This very small amount of energy is equal to 1.602 * 10-19 joules. Because an electron volt is so small, engineers and scientists sometimes use the terms MeV (mega-million) and GeV (giga-billion) electron volts.
Element
A substance composed of a particular kind of atom. All atoms with the same number of protons (atomic numbers) in the nucleus are examples of the same element and have identical chemical properties. For example, gold (with 79 protons) and iron (with 26 protons) are both elements, but table salt is not because it is made from two different elements: sodium and chlorine. The atoms of a particular element have the same number of protons in the nucleus and exhibit a unique set of chemical properties. There are about 90 naturally occurring elements on Earth.
Elementary particles
Particles smaller than atoms that are the basic building blocks of the universe. The most prominent examples are photons, electrons, and quarks.
Ellipse (elliptical)
A special kind of elongated circle. The orbits of the solar system planets form ellipses.
Elliptical galaxy
A galaxy that appears spherical or football-shaped. Elliptical galaxies are comprised mostly of old stars and contain very little dust and “cool” gas that can form stars.
Emission line
A bright line in a spectrum caused by emission of light. Each chemical element emits and absorbs radiated energy at specific wavelengths. The collection of emission lines in a spectrum corresponds to the chemical elements contained in a celestial object.
Erosion
Natural processes that wear or grind away the surface of an object. On Earth, the major agents of erosion are water and wind.
Escape velocity
The minimum velocity required for an object to escape the gravity of a massive object.
European Space Agency (ESA)
A fifteen-member consortium of European countries for the design, development, and deployment of satellites. The Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (ST-ECF) supports the European astronomical community in exploiting the research opportunities provided by the Earth-orbiting Hubble Space Telescope. The ESA members are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, with Canada as a cooperating state.
Event horizon
The spherical outer boundary of a black hole. Once matter crosses this threshold, the speed required for it to escape the black hole’s gravitational grip is greater than the speed of light.
Excited state
A greater-than-minimum energy state of any atom that is achieved when at least one of its electrons resides at a greater-than-normal distance from its parent nucleus.
Exposure
The process of allowing electromagnetic radiation to fall on light-sensitive materials such as photographic films or plates. An exposure is also the image created by the process. A long exposure time is needed in order to obtain an image of dim and distant celestial objects.
Extrasolar planet (Exoplanet)
A planet that orbits a star other than the sun.
Extraterrestrial
An adjective that means “beyond the Earth.” The phrase “extraterrestrial life” refers to possible life on other planets.
Eyepiece
The lens or lens group closest to the eye in an optical instrument such as a telescope or microscope.
Fahrenheit temperature scale
A temperature scale on which the freezing point of water is 32°F and the boiling point is 212°F.
Faint Object Camera (FOC)
An instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that recorded high-resolution images of faint celestial objects in deep space. Built by the European Space Agency, the camera collected ultraviolet and visible light from celestial objects. The camera served as Hubble’s telephoto lens recording the most detailed images over a small field of view. The FOC’s resolution allowed Hubble to single out individual stars in distant star clusters. The instrument was replaced in March 2002 during Servicing Mission 3B.
Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
An instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that acted like a prism to separate light from the cosmos into its component colors, providing a wavelength fingerprint of the object being observed. Such information yields clues about an objects temperature, chemical composition, density, and motion. Spectrographic observations also reveal changes in celestial objects as the universe evolves. The instrument was replaced in February 1997 during the Second Servicing Mission.
Far-infrared spectrum
The region of the infrared spectrum that exhibits the longest wavelengths and the lowest frequencies and energies.
Fault
A geological term that refers to a fracture or a break in a hard surface like the Earth’s crust. This area is a zone of weakness and may be the site of earthquakes or volcanoes. All planets or moons with a hard crust are candidates for faults or breaks on their surfaces.
Field of view (FOV)
The area of the sky visible through a telescope. The telescope’s viewing area is measured in degrees, arc minutes, or arc seconds. A telescope that can just fit the full moon into its complete viewing area has a field of view of roughly 30 arc minutes.
Filter
A type of window that absorbs certain colors of light while allowing others to pass through. Astronomers use filters to observe how celestial objects appear in certain colors of light or to reduce the light of exceptionally bright objects. For example, a pair of sunglasses acts as a type of filter, reducing the amount of incoming light while still allowing some light to pass through to the eyes.
Filter wheels
Rotating wheels in a telescope instrument that allow specific colors of light from a celestial object to pass through and form an image on the detector. The Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 aboard the Hubble Space Telescope has 12 filter wheels, each of which holds four filters.
Fine Guidance Sensors (FGS)
Cameras that help keep the Hubble Space Telescope pointed precisely in the right direction. These targeting devices aboard the telescope lock onto guide stars and measure their positions relative to the object being viewed. Adjustments based on these precise readings keep Hubble pointed in the right direction. The sensors also are used to perform celestial measurements.
Fission
A nuclear process that releases energy when heavyweight atomic nuclei break down into lighter nuclei. Fission is the basis of the atomic bomb.
Fixed Head Star Trackers (FHST)
Small telescopes with wide fields of view that are aboard the Hubble Space Telescope and used in conjunction with the Fine Guidance Sensors. The star trackers locate the bright stars that are used to orient the telescope for scientific observations.
Flare
A sudden and violent outburst of solar energy that is often observed in the vicinity of a sunspot or solar prominence; also known as a solar flare.
Flat universe
A geometric model of the universe in which the laws of geometry are like those that would apply on a flat surface such as a table top.
Flint glass
The lead glass that was produced in the United States and the United Kingdom prior to the 1860s. This glass is used to make telescope lenses and prisms. Flint glass bends and disperses, or spreads out, light more than crown glass.
Flux
The flow of fluid, particles, or energy through a given area within a certain time. In astronomy, this term is often used to describe the rate at which light flows. For example, the amount of light (photons) striking a single square centimeter of a detector in one second is its flux.
Flyby spacecraft
A spacecraft that travels past a celestial object. Frequently, such a spacecraft is unmanned and takes images of the object.
Focal length
Focal length (shown in orange) is the distance between the center of a convex lens or a concave mirror and the focal point of the lens or mirror – the point where parallel rays of light meet, or converge.
Focal point
The focal point of a lens or mirror is the point in space where parallel light rays meet after passing through the lens or bouncing off the mirror. A “perfect” lens or mirror would send all light rays through one focal point, which would result in the clearest image.
Frequency
Describes the number of wave crests passing by a fixed point in a given time period (usually one second). Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Fusion
A nuclear process that releases energy when light atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei. Fusion is the energy source for stars like our Sun.
Galactic center
The central hub or nucleus of a galaxy. The Milky Way’s galactic center is about 28,000 light-years from Earth.
Galactic disk
A flattened disk of gas and young stars in a galaxy. Some galactic disks have material concentrated in spiral arms (as in a spiral galaxy) or bars (as in barred spirals).
Galactic halo
Spherical regions around spiral galaxies that contain dim stars and globular clusters. The radius of the halo surrounding the Milky Way extends some 50,000 light-years from the galactic center.
Galactic nucleus
The central concentration of matter (stars, gas, dust, and perhaps a black hole) in a galaxy, typically spanning no more than a few light-years in diameter.
Galactic plane
The imaginary projection of the Milky Way’s disk on the sky. Most of the galaxy’s stars and interstellar matter reside in this disk. Objects in the galaxy are often referred to as being above, below, or in the galactic plane.
Galaxy
A collection of stars, gas, and dust bound together by gravity. The smallest galaxies may contain only a few hundred thousand stars, while the largest galaxies have thousands of billions of stars. The Milky Way galaxy contains our solar system. Galaxies are classified or grouped by their shape. Round or oval galaxies are elliptical galaxies and those showing a pinwheel structure are spiral galaxies. All others are called irregular because they do not resemble elliptical or spiral galaxies.
Galaxy cluster
A collection of dozens to thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity.
Galaxy evolution
The study of the birth of galaxies and how they change and develop over time.
Galaxy supercluster
A vast collection of galaxy clusters that may contain tens of thousands of galaxies spanning over a hundred million light-years of space. Galaxy superclusters are the largest structures in the universe.
Gamma-ray burst (GRB)
A brief, intense, and powerful burst of gamma rays, the highest-energy, shortest-wavelength radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. These bursts emanate from distant sources outside our galaxy and last only a few seconds. They are the brightest and most energetic explosions known.
Gamma rays
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with the highest energy; also called gamma radiation. Gamma rays can cause serious damage when absorbed by living cells.
Ganymede
One of Jupiter’s largest moons. Ganymede, the largest satellite in our solar system, is about 5300 kilometers (3300 miles) wide and larger than the planet Mercury.
Gaseous nebula
A glowing cloud of gas in interstellar space. The cloud of gas may be either an emission nebula, which absorbs ultraviolet light from nearby stars and re-radiates visible light, or a reflection nebula, which reflects light off of its dust particles.
Gas giant
A large planet with a small, rocky core and a deep atmosphere composed mostly of hydrogen and helium. Our solar system contains four gas giants: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. This group is also known as Jovian planets.
General theory of relativity
A theory Einstein developed to explain how gravity influences space and time.
Geocentric
An adjective meaning “centered on the Earth.” Most early civilizations had a geocentric view of the universe.
Geosynchronous orbit
Also known as geostationary. An orbit in which an object circles the Earth once every 24 hours, moving at the same speed and direction as the planet’s rotation. The object remains nearly stationary above a particular point, as observed from Earth. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and some weather satellites are examples of satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
Giant star
A dying star that has used up the hydrogen fuel in its core and has begun to expand. Giant stars are generally larger than our Sun.
Gigabyte
A measure of computer data storage capacity equal to approximately a billion bytes. In computer language, a byte of information represents a letter or digit. So, a billion bytes is equal to a billion letters.
Globular cluster
A collection of hundreds of thousands of old stars held together by gravity. Globular clusters are usually spherically shaped and are often found in the halos of galaxies. Each star belonging to a cluster revolves around the cluster’s common center of mass.
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS)
A science instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that made finely detailed spectroscopic observations of ultraviolet sources. The GHRS was removed from Hubble in February 1997 and replaced with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph.
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
NASAs flight control center in Greenbelt, Maryland, which receives data from orbiting observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). HST digital data are then relayed to the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, where they are interpreted into pictures. Goddard also conducts scientific investigations, develops and operates space systems, and works toward the advancement of space science technologies.
Grand Unified Theory (GUT)
A theory stating that that strong and weak nuclear forces and electromagnetic forces are varying aspects of the same fundamental force.
Gravitational clustering
The process by which a large-scale structure grows as its gravity attracts smaller building blocks. Astronomers believe that all the large-scale structures (such as galaxies, galaxy clusters, and galaxy superclusters) that we see in the universe today formed through gravitational clustering.
Gravitational constant (G)
A value used in the calculation of the gravitational force between objects. In the equation describing the force of gravity, “G” represents the gravitational constant and is equal to 6.672 * 10-11 Nm2/kg2.
Gravitational instability
A condition that occurs when an object’s inward-pulling gravitational forces exceed the outward-pushing pressure forces, thus causing the object to collapse on itself. For example, when the pressure forces within an interstellar gas cloud cannot resist the gravitational forces that act to compress the cloud, then the cloud collapses upon itself to form a star.
Gravitational lens
A massive object that magnifies or distorts the light of objects lying behind it. For example, the powerful gravitational field of a massive cluster of galaxies can bend the light rays from more distant galaxies, just as a camera lens bends light to form a picture.
Gravitational redshift
The reddening of light from a very massive object caused by photons escaping and traveling away from the object’s strong gravitational field. An example of gravitational redshift is light escaping from the surface of a neutron star.
Gravity assist
An effect through which an orbiting object, such as a spacecraft or a comet, gains or loses speed by virtue of the gravitational might of a planet or other celestial object that it passes. For example, the Cassini spacecraft in its journey to Saturn used a gravity assist from Earth to increase its velocity by about 36,000 kilometers per hour (22,300 miles per hour).
Gravity (gravitational force)
The attractive force between all masses in the universe. All objects that have mass possess a gravitational force that attracts all other masses. The more massive the object, the stronger the gravitational force. The closer objects are to each other, the stronger the gravitational attraction.
GRB 990123
One of the most energetic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) ever detected, occurring at 4:47 a.m. EST, January 23, 1999. The “burst” equaled the power of nearly 10 million billion suns. It became the first GRB to be viewed simultaneously in both gamma-ray and optical wavelengths.
Great Red Spot
A circulating storm located in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. The storm, which rotates around the planet in six days, is the width of two to three Earths. Galileo first observed the spot in the 17th century.
Greenhouse effect
The result of a planet’s atmosphere trapping infrared heat, rather than allowing it to escape into space. This effect increases the planet’s surface temperature, a phenomenon known as global warming.
Ground state
The minimum energy state of an atom that is achieved when all of its electrons have the lowest possible energy and therefore are as close to the nucleus as possible.
Group of galaxies
A small collection of galaxies bound together by gravity. The number of galaxies in a group can range from a few to dozens. The Milky Way is a member of the Local Group, a collection of more than 30 galaxies.
Guide star
A star that a telescopes guidance system locks onto to ensure that a celestial object is followed and observed as the telescope moves, owing either to the Earths rotation or the telescopes orbital trajectory. The Hubble Space Telescope uses two of its three Fine Guidance Sensors to detect and lock onto guide stars. The telescopes science operations center has more than 15 million guide stars in its database the Guide Star Catalogue.
Gyroscope
A spinning wheel mounted on a movable frame that assists in stabilizing and pointing a space-based observatory. Gyroscopes are important because they measure the rate of motion as the observatory moves and help ensure the telescope retains correct pointing during observations. The gyroscopes provide the general pointing of the telescope while the fine guidance sensors provide the fine tuning. Gyroscopes are used in navigational instruments for aircraft, satellites, and ships. The Hubble Space Telescope has six gyroscopes for navigation and sighting purposes.
H-K
Habitable zone
A region around a star where planets with liquid water may be present. A planet on the near edge of the habitable zone would have a surface temperature slightly lower than the boiling point of water. A planet on the distant edge of the habitable zone would have a surface temperature slightly higher than the freezing point of water.
Heliocentric
An adjective meaning “centered on the Sun.”
Hemisphere
Half of a spherical or roughly spherical body; for example, the northern and southern halves of the Earth, above and below the equator.
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
A plot showing the relationship between the brightness (luminosity) and the surface temperatures of many stars. Often the spectral class, which is based on the temperature of the star, is used as a label.
High Speed Photometer (HSP)
An original science instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope that made very rapid photometric observations of celestial objects in near-ultraviolet to visible light. The instrument was removed in December 1993 during the First Servicing Mission.
Host galaxy
A galaxy in which a cosmic phenomenon, such as a supernova explosion or a gamma-ray burst, has occurred.
Hubble Constant (Ho)
A number that expresses the rate at which the universe expands with time. Ho appears to be between 60 and 75 kilometers per second per megaparsec.
Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N)
A tiny region of the northern sky near the Big Dipper toward which the Hubble Space Telescope was pointed for ten straight days in 1995. Because this observation was designed to detect very faint light from the most distant galaxies Hubble can observe, the field contains few bright celestial objects. Seemingly devoid of light, this small area provided a “keyhole” view of the universe’s past, reaching across space and time to see infant galaxies. By probing these remote regions of space, astronomers are gaining more information on galaxy development.
Hubble Deep Field South (HDF-S)
A tiny region of the southern sky near the Southern Cross toward which the Hubble Space Telescope was pointed for ten straight days in 1998. Because this observation was designed to detect very faint light from the most distant galaxies Hubble can observe, the field contains few bright celestial objects. Seemingly devoid of light, this small area provided a “keyhole” view of the universe’s past, reaching across space and time to see infant galaxies. By probing these remote regions of space, astronomers are gaining more information on galaxy development.
Hubble’s law
Mathematically expresses the idea that the recessional velocities of faraway galaxies are directly proportional to their distance from us. Hubble’s Law describes the relationship of velocity and distance by the equation V = Ho * d, where V is the object’s recessional velocity, d is the distance to the object, and Ho is the Hubble constant. Essentially, the more distant two galaxies are from each other, the faster they are traveling away from each other. American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered this relationship in 1929 when he observed that galaxies and clusters of galaxies were generally moving away from each other.
Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
An orbiting telescope that collects light from celestial objects in visible, near-ultraviolet, and near-infrared wavelengths. The telescope was launched April 24, 1990 aboard the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery. The 12.5-ton (11,110-kg), tube-shaped telescope is 13.1 m (43 ft) long and 4.3 m (14 ft) wide. It orbits the Earth every 96 minutes and is mainly powered by the sunlight collected by its two solar arrays. The telescopes primary mirror is 2.4 m (8 ft) wide. The telescope is operated jointly by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). HST is one of the many NASA Origins Missions, which include current satellites such as the Far Ultraviolet Space Explorer (FUSE) and future space observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Image intensifier
A device capable of intensifying light from a faint source so that it may be more easily detected.
Impact
When one body strikes another with great force. Some examples include a meteor colliding with the Moon or a comet, such as Shoemaker-Levy 9, slamming into Jupiter.
Impact crater
A large depression on a moon or a planet. An impact crater is created when an asteroid, a comet, or a meteorite strikes the moon or the planet with great force.
Impact event
A collision between two solar system bodies that releases exceptionally large amounts of energy. Some examples are the 1908 Siberian Tunguska impact by a comet or an asteroid and the asteroid that struck Earth 65 million years ago, which may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs and other species of the Cretaceous-Tertiary era.
Impactor
The part of the Deep Impact spacecraft that crashed into comet 9P/Tempel 1. When launched, the impactor and the flyby spacecraft were attached to each other. The spacecraft launched the impactor a day before the crash. As the impactor punched through the comet’s crust, the flyby craft recorded the event from a safe distance away.
Inflation
The theory that the universe expanded very rapidly shortly after the Big Bang.
Infrared
Radiation that has longer wavelengths and lower frequencies and energies than visible light.
Infrared (IR) light
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has slightly lower energy than visible light, but is not visible to the human eye. Just as there are low-pitched sounds that cannot be heard, there is low-energy light that cannot be seen. Infrared light can be detected as the heat from warm-blooded animals.
Infrared telescope
An instrument that collects the infrared radiation emitted by celestial objects. There are several Earth- and space-based infrared observatories. The Infrared Telescope Facility, an Earth-bound infrared telescope, is the U.S. national infrared observing facility at the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii. A planned space-based infrared observatory is the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF).
Instrument
Any device that measures and/or records energy from astronomical objects. Some astronomical instruments include spectrometers, photometers, spectroheliographs, and charge-coupled devices.
Intensity
The amount, degree, or quantity of energy passing through a point per unit time. For example, the intensity of light that Earth receives from the Sun is far greater than that from any other star because the Sun is the closest star to us.
Interferometer
An instrument that combines the signal from two or more telescopes to produce a sharper image than the telescopes could achieve separately.
Interferometry
The process used to combine the signal from two or more telescopes to produce a sharper image than each telescope could achieve separately.
International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE)
The longest operating (1978 – 1996) and most productive ultraviolet space observatory launched into a high geosynchronous orbit.
Interplanetary matter
Dust, gas, and other debris found within the solar system.
Interplanetary space
The region of space surrounding our Sun. Asteroids, comets, Earth, and the solar wind are examples of things occupying interplanetary space.
Interstellar dust
Small particles of solid matter, similar to smoke, in the space between stars.
Interstellar medium (ISM)
The sparse gas and dust located between the stars of a galaxy.
Interstellar space
The dark regions of space located between the stars.
Inverse square law
A law that describes any quantity, such as gravitational force, that decreases with the square of the distance between two objects. For example, if the distance between two objects is doubled, then the gravitational force exerted between them is one-fourth as strong. Likewise, if the distance to a star is doubled, then its apparent brightness is only one-fourth as great.
Invisible radiation
Radiation that the eye cannot detect, such as gamma rays, radio waves, ultraviolet light, and X-rays.
Io
The innermost of Jupiter’s four large moons. Due to Jupiter’s gravitational might, Io is geologically active; its surface is peppered with volcanoes that send sulfurous eruptions into its thin atmosphere. Io appears to have the most active volcanoes in the solar system.
Ion
An atom with one or more electrons removed (or added), giving the atom a positive (or negative) charge.
Ionization
The process by which ions are produced, typically by collisions with other atoms or electrons, or by absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
Ionosphere
A region of the Earth’s upper atmosphere where solar radiation ionizes the air molecules. This region affects the transmission of radio wave and extends from 50 to 400 kilometers (30 to 250 miles) above the Earth's surface.
Io plasma torus
A bagel-shaped region of trapped sulfur ions around Jupiter that originates from the surface of Io, one of Jupiter’s moons. Gravitational tidal forces between Jupiter, other Galilean moons, and Io cause tidal friction in Io’s interior, producing geysers that spew sulfur at tremendous speeds. Some of the sulfur ions leave Io’s surface and become trapped around Jupiter.
Irregular galaxy
A galaxy that appears disorganized and disordered, without a distinct spiral or elliptical shape. Irregular galaxies are usually rich in interstellar matter, such as dust and gas. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are examples of nearby irregular galaxies.
Isotope
An atom of a given element having a particular number of neutrons in the nucleus. Isotopes of a given element differ in the numbers of neutrons within the nucleus. Adding or subtracting a neutron from the nucleus changes an atoms mass but does not affect its basic chemical properties.
Jets
Narrow, high-energy streams of gas and other particles generally ejected in two opposite directions from some central source. Jets appear to originate in the vicinity of an extremely dense object, such as a black hole, pulsar, or protostar, with a surrounding accretion disk. These jets are thought to be perpendicular to the plane of the accretion disk.
Jovian atmosphere
The atmosphere surrounding the giant, massive planet Jupiter. The Jovian atmosphere is composed primarily of hydrogen (90 percent) and helium (10 percent). Other minor ingredients include water, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia.
Jovian planets
The planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. They are called Jovian planets because of similarities in their composition and location. This group is also known as the “giant planets,” the “gas planets” and, when grouped with the planet Pluto, the “outer planets.”
Jovian winds
The hurricane-force, high-velocity motion of gas molecules in Jupiter's atmosphere. The wind speed increases as one travels deeper into Jupiter's atmosphere. The various patterns of atmospheric winds are easily identified in Jupiter's upper cloud layer.
Jupiter
The fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in our solar system, twice as massive as all the other planets combined. Jupiter is a gaseous planet with a very faint ring system. Four large moons and numerous smaller moons orbit the planet. Jupiter is more than five times the Earth’s distance from the Sun. It completes an orbit around the Sun in about 12 Earth years.
Keck Observatory
Two telescopes known as the world's largest optical and infrared telescopes, jointly operated by the California Institute of Technology and the University of California. The telescopes comprise the W.M. Keck Observatory and are located on the summit of Hawaii’s dormant Mauna Kea volcano.
Kelvin scale
The temperature scale most commonly used in science, on which absolute zero is the lowest possible value. On this scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.
Kepler’s laws
Three laws, derived by 17th century German astronomer Johannes Kepler, that describe planetary motion.
Kepler’s first law: The orbits of planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus. Therefore, each planet moves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun.
Kepler’s second law: An imaginary line connecting any planet to the Sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time.
Kepler’s third law: The square of any planet’s orbital period is proportional to the cube of its mean distance from the Sun.
Kilometer (km)
A measure of distance in the metric system equal to 1000 meters or about 0.6 of a mile.
Kinetic energy
The energy that an object has by virtue of its motion.
Kitt Peak Observatory
The world’s largest collection of telescopes, located high above the Sonora Desert in Arizona. Eight astronomical research institutions share the 22 optical and two radio telescopes at Kitt Peak. The National Optical Astronomy Observatories oversee site operations at the observatory.
Kuiper belt
A region in our outer solar system where many short-period comets originate. The orbits of short-period comets are less than 200 years. This region begins near Neptune's orbit at 30 astronomical units (AU) and extends to about 50 AU away from the Sun. An astronomical unit is the average distance between Earth and the Sun. The Kuiper Belt may have as many as 100 million comets.
L-N
Lens
A carefully ground or molded piece of glass, plastic, or other transparent material that causes light to bend and either come together or spread apart to form an image.
Lens doublet
A set of two lenses, one concave and one convex, made from different types of glass. Together the lenses correct both spherical and chromatic aberrations. A single lens alone cannot correct these aberrations.
Light curve
A plot showing how the light output of a star (or other variable astronomical object) changes with time.
Light-year
The distance that a particle of light (photon) will travel in a year – about 10 trillion kilometers (6 trillion miles). It is a useful unit for measuring distances between stars.
Lithosphere
The solid part of a planet's surface, composed of the crust and upper mantle. On Earth, it includes the continents and the sea floor.
Local group
A small cluster of more than 30 galaxies, including the Andromeda galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds, and the Milky Way galaxy.
Long-period comet
A comet having an orbital period greater than 200 years and usually moving in a highly elliptical, eccentric orbit. Comets have orbits that take them great distances from the Sun. Most long-period comets pass through the inner solar system only once. Hale-Bopp is an example of a long-period comet.
Luminosity
The amount of energy radiated into space every second by a celestial object, such as a star. It is closely related to the absolute brightness of a celestial object.
Lunar eclipse
A darkening of the Moon, as viewed from Earth, caused when our planet passes between the Sun and the Moon.
Lyman limit
A specific wavelength (91.2 nm) that corresponds to the energy needed to ionize a hydrogen atom (13.6 eV). Galactic space is opaque at wavelengths shorter than the Lyman limit. Subsequently, light from cosmic objects at wavelengths less than the Lyman limit is exceedingly difficult to detect.
Magellanic Clouds
Two dwarf irregular galaxies known as the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The galaxies are in the Local Group. The closer LMC is 168,000 light-years from Earth. Both galaxies can be observed with the naked eye in the southern night sky.
Magnetic field
A region of space in which magnetic forces may be detected or may affect the motion of an electrically charged particle. As with gravity, magnetism has a long-range effect and magnetic fields are associated with many astronomical objects.
Magnetic-field lines
Imaginary lines used to visualize a magnetic field. Magnetic field lines are related to the strength of the magnetic object’s influence and point in the same direction as a compass needle would.
Magnetopshere
A region of space above the Earth’s (or other planet’s) atmosphere where magnetic fields influence the motions of charged particles. The magnetosphere magnetically deflects or traps charged particles from space that would otherwise bombard the planet’s surface.
Magnification
Enlargement in the size of an optical image. For telescopes, magnification is not as important as the ability to gather light, which depends on the diameter of the primary lens or mirror.
Magnify
The process of enlarging the size of an optical image.
Mantle
The interior region of a terrestrial (rocky) planet or other solid body that is below the crust and above the core.
Maria
A dark, flat, large region on the surface of the Moon. The term is also applied to the less well-defined areas on Mars. Although maria literally means “seas,” watery regions do not exist on the Moon or Mars. Marias on the Moon may be evidence of past volcanic lava flows.
Mars
The fourth planet in the solar system and the last member of the hard, rocky planets (the inner or terrestrial planets) that orbit close to the Sun. The planet has a thin atmosphere, volcanoes, and numerous valleys. Mars has two moons: Deimos and Phobos.
Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)
NASA center overseeing the research, development, and implementation of three primary areas essential to space flight: reusable space transportation systems, generation and communication of new scientific knowledge, and management of all space lab activities. Located in Huntsville, Alabama, the center aided in the design, development, and construction of the Hubble Space Telescope.
Mass
A measure of the total amount of matter contained within an object.
Matter-antimatter annihilation
A highly efficient energy-generation process in which equal amounts of matter and antimatter collide and destroy each other, thus producing a burst of energy.
Megaparsec (MPC)
Equals one million parsecs (3.26 million light-years) and is the unit of distance commonly used to measure the distance between galaxies.
Mercury
The closest planet to the Sun. The temperature range on Mercury’s surface is the most extreme in the solar system, ranging from about 400C (750°F) during the day to about – 200°C (-300°F) at night. Mercury, which looks like Earth’s moon, has virtually no atmosphere, no moons, and no water.
Meteor
A bright streak of light in the sky caused when a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere. The streak of light is produced from heat generated by the meteoroid traveling into the Earth’s atmosphere.
Meteorite
The remains of a meteoroid that plunges to the Earth’s surface. A meteorite is a stony or metallic mass of matter that did not completely vaporize when it entered the Earth’s atmosphere.
Meteoroid
A small, solid object moving through space. A meteoroid produces a meteor when it enters the Earth’s atmosphere.
Methane
A chemical compound consisting of five atoms: one of carbon and four of hydrogen. On Earth, methane is a colorless, odorless gas and is the principal ingredient of natural gas. In the cold vacuum of space, methane is a white solid but, when hit by sunlight, it can become a gas.
Micrometeoroid
A very small meteoroid with a diameter of less than a millimeter. Micrometeoroids form the bulk of the interplanetary solid matter scattered throughout the solar system.
Microwaves
An electromagnetic wave in the region between infrared and radio wavelengths. Microwave wavelengths fall between one millimeter and one meter.
Milky Way galaxy
The Milky Way, a spiral galaxy, is the home of Earth. The Milky Way contains more than 100 billion stars and has a diameter of 100,000 light-years.
Minerals
The building blocks of rocks. They are naturally occurring substances formed through geological processes, and often have a crystalline form. They can be single elements (such as gold or silver) or compounds (such as quartz, marble or turquoise).
Modern physics
A group of several theories developed in the early to mid-20th century that explains how small particles are affected by light, how measurements change when objects move very fast, and how gravity affects space and time.
Molecular cloud
A relatively dense, cold region of interstellar matter where hydrogen gas is primarily in molecular form. Stars generally form in molecular clouds. Molecular clouds appear as dark blotches in the sky because they block all the light behind them.
Molecular velocity
The average speed of the molecules in a gas of a given temperature.
Molecule
A tightly knit group of two or more atoms bound together by electromagnetic forces among the atoms’ electrons and nuclei. For example, water (H2O) is two hydrogen atoms bound with one oxygen atom. Identical molecules have identical chemical properties.
Moon
A large body orbiting a planet. On Earth’s only moon, scientists have not detected life, water, or oxygen on this heavily cratered body. The Moon orbits our planet in about 28 days.
Mounting
The support structure for a telescope that bears the weight of the telescope and allows it to be pointed at a target. The mounting of today’s research telescopes also allows astronomers to track the object as it appears to move across the sky.
Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI)
A skin or blanket of insulation covering the Hubble Space Telescope, which protects the observatory from temperature extremes. This insulation protects the telescope from the cold of outer space and also reflects sunlight so that the telescope does not become too warm. The MLI on Hubble is made up of many layers of aluminized Kapton, with an outer layer of aluminized Teflon.
National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA)
A Federal agency created on July 29, 1958 after President Dwight Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. NASA coordinates space exploration efforts as well as traditional aeronautical research functions.
Near-infrared
The region of the infrared spectrum that is closest to visible light. Near-infrared light has slightly longer wavelengths and slightly lower frequencies and energies than visible light.
Near Infrared Camera And Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)
An instrument that sees objects in near-infrared wavelengths, which are slightly longer than the wavelengths of visible light. (Human eyes cannot see infrared light.) NICMOS is actually three cameras in one, each with different fields of view. Many secrets about the birth of stars, solar systems, and galaxies are revealed in infrared light, which can penetrate the interstellar gas and dust that blocks visible light. In addition, light from the most distant objects in the universe shifts into infrared wavelengths due to the universes expansion. By studying objects and phenomena in this spectral region, astronomers probe our universes past, present, and future; and learn how galaxies, stars, and planetary systems form. Astronauts installed NICMOS aboard the Hubble Space Telescope in February 1997 during the Second Servicing Mission.
Nebula
A cloud of gas and dust located between stars and/or surrounding stars. Nebulae are often places where stars form.
Nebular theory
The idea that our solar system originated in a contracting, rotating cloud of gas that flattened to form a disk as it contracted. According to this theory, the Sun formed at the center of the disk and the planets formed in concentric bands of the disk.
Neptune
The eighth planet and the most distant giant gaseous planet in our solar system. The planet is 30 times the Earth’s distance from the Sun, and each orbit takes 165 Earth years. Neptune is the fourth largest planet and has at least eight moons, the largest of which is Triton. Neptune has a ring system, just like all the giant gaseous outer planets.
Neutrino
A neutral, weakly interacting elementary particle having a very tiny mass. Stars like the Sun produce more than 200 trillion trillion trillion neutrinos every second. Neutrinos from the Sun interact so weakly with other matter that they pass straight through the Earth as if it weren’t there.
Neutrino detector
A device designed to detect neutrinos.
Neutron
A neutral (no electric charge) elementary particle having slightly more mass than a proton and residing in the nucleus of all atoms other than hydrogen.
Neutron star
An extremely compact ball of neutrons created from the central core of a star that collapsed under gravity during a supernova explosion. Neutron stars are extremely dense: they are only 10 kilometers or so in size, but have the mass of an average star (usually about 1.5 times more massive than our Sun). A neutron star that regularly emits pulses of radiation is known as a pulsar.
New Outer Blanket Layer (NOBL)
Covers that protect Hubbles damaged external blankets and help to maintain the telescopes normal operating temperatures. The covers are made of specially coated stainless steel foil, which is trimmed to fit each particular equipment bay door.
Newtonian reflector
A type of reflecting telescope whose eyepiece is located along the side of the telescope. When light enters the telescope, it reflects from the primary mirror to the secondary mirror. The secondary mirror reflects the light at a right angle through the side of the telescope to the eyepiece.
Non-thermal radiation
Radiation that is not produced from heat energy – for example, radiation released when a very fast-moving charged particle (such as an electron) interacts with a magnetic force field. Because the electron’s velocity in this case is not related to the gas temperature, this process has nothing to do with heat.
North Celestial Pole (NCP)
A direction determined by the projection of the Earth’s North Pole onto the celestial sphere. It corresponds to a declination of +90 degrees. The North Star, Polaris, sits roughly at the NCP.
Northern Hemisphere
Half of a spherical or roughly spherical body; for example, the Northern Hemisphere of Earth is the half above the equator.
Nova
A binary star system (consisting of a white dwarf and a companion star) that rapidly brightens, then slowly fades back to normal.
Nuclear transformation
The process by which an atomic nucleus is transformed into another type of atomic nucleus. For example, by removing an alpha particle from the nucleus, the element radium is transformed into the element radon.
Nucleus
The core of a comet, made up of ice, dirt, and rock.
O-P
The portion of the entire universe that can be seen from Earth.
Observation
In science, an observation is a fact or occurrence that is noted and recorded. The Hubble Space Telescope is a tool astronomers use to make observations of celestial objects.
Observatory
A structure designed and equipped for making astronomical observations. Observatories are located on Earth and in space.
Oort cloud
A vast spherical region in the outer reaches of our solar system where a trillion long-period comets (those with orbital periods greater than 200 years) reside. Comets from the Oort Cloud come from all directions, often from as far away as 50,000 astronomical units.
Opacity
The degree to which light is prevented from passing through an object or a substance. Opacity is the opposite of transparency. As an object’s opacity increases, the amount of light passing through it decreases. Glass, for example, is transparent and most clouds are opaque.
Open cluster
Also known as a galactic cluster, an open cluster consists of numerous young stars that formed at the same time within a large cloud of interstellar dust and gas. Open clusters are located in the spiral arms or the disks of galaxies. The Pleiades is an example of an open cluster.
Open universe
A geometrical model of the universe in which the overall structure of the universe extends infinitely in all directions. The rules of geometry in an open universe are like those that would apply on a saddle-shaped surface.
Opposition
The point at which a planet appears opposite the Sun in our sky. During the Martian opposition, for example, Mars and the Sun are on opposite sides of the Earth.
Optical telescope
A telescope that gathers and magnifies visible light. The two basic types of optical telescopes are refracting (using lenses) and reflecting (using mirrors). The Hubble Space Telescope is an example of a reflecting telescope.
Optician
A person who grinds lenses and mirrors.
Optics
The science that deals with the properties of light; in this case specifically dealing with the way light changes directions when it is either refracted and dispersed by a lens or reflected from a mirror.
Orbit
The act of traveling around a celestial body; or the path followed by an object moving around a celestial body. For example, the planets travel around, or orbit, the Sun because the Sun’s gravity keeps them in their paths, or orbits.
Ozone layer
A region in the upper atmosphere that has high concentrations of ozone (triatomic oxygen, 03). The ozone layer protects the Earth by absorbing the Sun’s high-energy ultraviolet radiation.
Parabola vs. sphere
If cross-sections of a spherical surface and a parabolic surface were made by slicing each surface in half, these would be the shapes you would see.
Parallax
The apparent shift of an object’s position when viewed from different locations. Parallax, also called trigonometric parallax, is used to determine the distance to nearby stars. As the Earth’s position changes during its yearly orbit around the Sun, the apparent locations of nearby stars slightly shift. The stars' distances can be calculated from those slight shifts with basic trigonometric methods.
Parsec (PC)
A useful unit for measuring the distances between astronomical objects, equal to 3.26 light-years and 3.085678 * 1013kilometers, or approximately 18 trillion miles. A parsec is also equivalent to 103,132 trips to the Sun and back.
Perfect lens
The perfect lens does not exist. Due to the nature of glass, light is dispersed when passing through glass. In the case of convex lenses, red light bends less than blue light, so the focal points are in different places, making the image blurry. A single lens cannot counter this effect.
Periodic comet
A comet in a closed, elliptical orbit within our solar system. These comets typically have orbital periods of less than 200 years. Many comets have orbits that keep them in the inner solar system and allow their trajectories to be calculated with great accuracy and precision. Perhaps the best-known periodic comet is Halley’s comet, whose orbital period is 76 years.
Periodic table (of the elements)
A chart of all the known chemical elements arranged according to the number of protons in the nucleus (also known as the atomic number). Elements with similar properties are grouped together in the same column.
Period-luminosity law
A relationship that describes how the luminosity or absolute brightness of a Cepheid variable star depends on the period of time over which that brightness varies.
Phases
Regularly occurring changes in the appearance of the Moon or a planet. Phases of the Moon include new, full, crescent, first quarter, gibbous, and third quarter.
Photoelectric effect
The release of electrons from a solid material when it is struck by radiant energy, such as visible or ultraviolet light, X-rays, or gamma rays.
Photometer
An instrument that measures the intensity of light. Astronomers use photometers to measure the brightness of celestial objects.
Photometry
A technique for measuring the brightness of celestial objects.
Photon
A packet of electromagnetic energy, such as light. A photon is regarded as a charge-less, mass-less particle having an indefinitely long lifetime.
Photosphere
The extremely thin, visible surface layer of the Sun or a star. The average temperature of the Sun’s photosphere is about 5800 Kelvin (about 10,000°F). Although the Sun is completely made up of gas, its gas is so dense that we cannot see through it. When we look at the Sun, we are seeing the photosphere.
Pickoff mirror
One of four flat mirrors inside the Hubble Space Telescope. Each mirror is tilted at a 45-degree angle to the incoming light, diverting a small portion of it to the optical detectors or to one of the fine guidance sensors.
Pixel
A light-sensitive picture element on a charge-coupled device (CCD) or some other kind of digital camera. A pixel is a tiny cell that, placed together with other pixels, resembles the mesh on a screen door. The Hubble Space Telescopes Wide Field and Planetary Camera2 has four CCDs, each containing 640,000 pixels. Each pixel collects light from a celestial object and converts it into a number. The numbers (all 2,560,000 of them) are sent to ground-based computers, which convert them into an image. The greater number of pixels, the sharper the image.
Planck curve
The graphical representation of the mathematical relationship between the frequency (or wavelength) and intensity of radiation emitted from an object by virtue of its heat energy.
Planet
An object that orbits a star. Although smaller than stars, planets are relatively large and shine only by reflected light. Planets are made up mostly of rock or gas, with a small, solid core. In our solar system, the inner planets "Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars" are the rocky objects, and most of the outer planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – are the gaseous ones. Because Pluto is made largely of ice, like a comet, some astronomers do not consider it a true planet.
Planetary nebula
An expanding shell of glowing gas expelled by a star late in its life. Our Sun will create a planetary nebula at the end of its life.
Planetesimal
A small body of rock and/or ice – under 10 kilometers (6 miles) across – formed during the early stages of the solar system. Planetesimals are the building blocks of planets, but many never combined to form large bodies. Asteroids are one example of planetesimals.
Plasma
A substance composed of charged particles, like ions and electrons, and possibly some neutral particles. Our Sun is made of plasma. Overall, the charge of a plasma is electrically neutral. Plasma is regarded as an additional state of matter because its properties are different from those of solids, liquids, and normal gases.
Plume
A column of material that is shaped like a long feather.
Pluto
A dwarf planet whose small size and composition of ice and rock resembles the comets in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptunes orbit where Pluto resides. Pluto was considered the ninth planet until August 2006, when the International Astronomical Union reclassified it as a dwarf planet. Plutos orbit is more elliptical than those of the eight solar system planets.
Potential energy
The energy of an object owing to its position in a force field or its internal condition, as opposed to kinetic energy, which depends on its motion. Examples of objects with potential energy include a diver on a diving board and a coiled spring.
Primary lens
A large convex lens in a refracting telescope that captures light from celestial objects and focuses it toward the eyepiece.
Primary mirror
A large mirror in a reflecting telescope that captures light from celestial objects and focuses it toward a smaller secondary mirror. The primary mirror in the Hubble Space Telescope measures 94.5 inches (2.4 meters) in diameter.
Prime focus
The location where light reflected from the primary mirror of a reflecting telescope comes into focus. Placing a secondary mirror in the light path allows the light to be focused elsewhere, in a more convenient location for the science instruments.
Primordial nucleosynthesis
Element building that occurred in the early universe when the nuclei of primordial matter collided and fused with one another. Most of the helium in the universe was created by this process.
Prism
Usually a triangular-shaped piece of glass used to refract, or bend, light. The shape of the glass causes the light to disperse, or spread out, as it bends, producing a rainbow of colors from the white light.
Prominence
An eruption of gas from the chromosphere of a star. Solar prominences are visible as part of the corona during a total solar eclipse. These eruptions occur above the Sun’s surface (photosphere), where gases are suspended in a loop, apparently by magnetic forces that arch upward into the solar corona and then return to the surface.
Proper motion
The apparent motion of a star across the sky (not including a star’s parallax), arising from the star’s velocity through space with respect to the Sun.
Protogalaxy
Matter that is beginning to come together to form a galaxy. It is the precursor of a present-day galaxy and is sometimes called a “baby galaxy.”
Proton
A positively charged elementary particle that resides in the nucleus of every atom.
Proton-proton chain
A series of nuclear events occurring in the core of a star whereby hydrogen nuclei (protons) are converted into helium nuclei. This process releases energy.
Protoplanet
A small body that attracts gas and dust as it orbits a young star. Eventually, it may form a planetary body.
Protostar
A collection of interstellar gas and dust whose gravitational pull is causing it to collapse on itself and form a star.
Pulsar
A neutron star that emits rapid and periodic pulses of radiation.
Q-S
A basic building block of protons, neutrons, and other elementary particles.
Quasar
The brightest type of active galactic nucleus, believed to be powered by a supermassive black hole. The word “quasar” is derived from quasi-stellar radio source, because this type of object was first identified as a kind of radio source. Quasars also are called quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Thousands of quasars have been observed, all at extreme distances from our galaxy.
RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging)
A method of detecting, locating, or tracking an object by using beamed, reflected, and timed radio waves. RADAR also refers to the electronic equipment that uses radio waves to detect, locate, and track objects.
Radial motion
The component of an object’s velocity (speed and direction) as measured along an observer's line of sight.
Radiation
The process by which electromagnetic energy moves through space as vibrations in electric and magnetic fields. This term also refers to radiant energy and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, such as gamma rays and X-rays.
Radiative process
An event involving the emission or absorption of radiation. For example, a hydrogen atom that absorbs a photon of light converts the energy of that radiation into electrical potential energy.
Radioactivity
The spontaneous decay of certain rare, unstable, atomic nuclei into more stable atomic nuclei. A natural by-product of this process is the release of energy.
Radio waves
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum with the lowest energy. Radio waves are the easiest way to communicate information through the atmosphere or outer space.
Rate Sensor Units (RSUs)
Boxes that house Hubbles gyroscopes. Each rate sensor unit contains two gyroscopes. Astronauts remove the rate sensor units when they replace gyroscopes, so gyroscopes are always replaced two at a time.
Reaction wheel
One of four spinning flywheels aboard the Hubble Space Telescope. The flywheels work together to make the observatory rotate either more rapidly or less rapidly toward a new target.
Receiver
The part of the radio telescope that detects long wavelength electromagnetic radiation and converts it to an electrical signal so that we can sense it.
Recessional velocity
The velocity at which an object moves away from an observer. The recessional velocity of a distant galaxy is proportional to its distance from Earth. Therefore, the greater the recessional velocity, the more distant the object.
Red giant star
An old, bright star, much larger and cooler than the Sun. Betelgeuse (alpha Orionis) is an example of a red giant.
Redshift
The lengthening of a light wave from an object that is moving away from an observer. For example, when a galaxy is traveling away from Earth, its light shifts to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Reflection
Reflection occurs when light changes direction as a result of "bouncing off" a surface like a mirror.
Reflector (reflecting telescope)
A type of telescope, also known as a reflecting telescope, that uses one or more polished, curved mirrors to gather light and reflect it to a focal point.
Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one substance to another. Here, the light ray passes from air to glass and back to air. The bending is caused by the differences in density between the two substances.
Refractor (refracting telescope)
A type of telescope that uses a transparent convex lens to gather light and bend it to a focal point.
Regolith
The layer of loose rock resting on bedrock (sometimes called mantle rock), found on the Earth, the Moon, or a planet. Regolith is made up of soils, sediments, weathered rock, and hard, near-surface crusts. On the surface of the Moon, regolith is a fine rocky layer of fragmentary debris (or dust) produced mainly by meteoroid collisions.
Relativity
A theory of physics that describes the dynamical behavior of matter and energy. The consequences of relativity can be quite strange at very high velocities and very high densities. A direct result of the theory of relativity is the equation E=mc2, which expresses a relationship between mass (m), energy (E), and the speed of light(c).
Resolution (resolving power)
A measure of the smallest separation at which a telescope can observe two neighboring objects as two separate objects.
Resolve
The ability of a telescope to distinguish objects that are very close to each other as two separate objects.
Revolution
The orbital motion of one object around another. The Earth revolves around the Sun in one year. The moon revolves around the Earth in approximately 28 days.
Right ascension (RA)
A coordinate used by astronomers to locate stars and other celestial objects in the sky. Right ascension is comparable to longitude, but it is measured in hours, minutes, and seconds because the entire sky appears to pass overhead over a period of 24 hours. The zero hour corresponds to the apparent location of the Sun with respect to the stars on the day of the vernal (spring) equinox (approximately March 21).
Rille
A long, narrow depression on the Moon’s surface. A rille can be straight, have a sweeping arc, or meander, with many curves going in random directions.
Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSE)
A terrestrial telescope that searches for the optical counterparts of gamma-ray bursts. When orbiting satellites detect a gamma-ray burst, ROTSE begins searching for its visible-light afterglow. ROTSE-I (an array of four electronic telephoto cameras) and ROTSE-II (a set of identical telescopes) are located in Los Alamos, New Mexico.
Roche limit
The smallest distance at which two celestial bodies can remain in a stable orbit around each other without one of them being torn apart by tidal forces. The distance depends on the densities of the two bodies and their orbit around each other.
Rocky planet
A planet located in the inner solar system and made up mostly of rock. The rocky planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. This group is also known as terrestrial planets.
Rotation
The spin of an object around its central axis. Earth rotates about its axis every 24 hours. A spinning top rotates about its center shaft.
Satellite
A man-made object that orbits Earth, the Moon, or another celestial object.
Saturn
The sixth planet in the solar system, noted for its obvious ring structure. Saturn is almost ten times the Earth’s distance from the Sun. The planet completes a circuit around the Sun in about 30 Earth years. Saturn is the second largest and the least dense planet in our solar system. The planet has more than 21 moons, including Titan, the second largest known moon in our solar system.
Schwarzchild radius
The distance from the ‘center’ of a black hole to its ‘edge’ (called an event horizon). If the Earth became a black hole, all of its mass would be squeezed into a sphere with a Schwarzschild radius of 0.03 cm, about the size of a bacterium.
Scintillation
A flash of light produced when gamma rays strike a certain material. The high energy of gamma rays makes them hard to capture but they can be detected using scintillation.
Secondary atmosphere
A gas or gases, such as helium, that a planet discharges from its interior after having lost its primary or primordial atmosphere.
Secondary mirror
A small mirror in a reflecting telescope that redirects light from the larger primary mirror toward the light-sensitive scientific instruments. In a Cassegrain-type telescope like the Hubble Space Telescope, the secondary mirror is slightly convex and directs light from the primary mirror back through a hole in the center of the primary mirror.
Seismic wave
The transfer of energy throughout a celestial object, such as a planet, resulting from an external impact or an internal event. On Earth, seismic waves are generated primarily by earthquakes.
Servicing missions
Hubble was the first space telescope designed to be serviced in space. Scientists believed that periodic servicing missions would extend Hubble's operating life and keep the observatory up-to-date. Astronauts have visited Hubble five times. The first servicing mission was in December 1993 and the second in February 1997. The third mission was split into two visits. Part A took place in December 1999 and part B in March 2002. The final servicing mission visit occurred in May 2009.
Seyfert galaxy
A galaxy characterized by a moderately bright, compact active galactic nucleus, presumably powered by a black hole.
Shock wave
A high-pressure wave that travels at supersonic speeds. Shock waves are usually produced by an explosion.
Short-period comet
A comet that orbits mainly in the inner solar system. Short-period comets usually orbit the Sun in less than 200 years. Halley’s comet is an example of a short-period comet.
Singularity
A black hole’s center, where the matter is thought to be infinitely dense, the volume is infinitely small, and the force of gravity is infinitely large.
Soft Capture Mechanism (SCM)
When Hubble reaches the end of its mission, NASA must be able to safely return the telescope to Earth. When that time comes, the space shuttle will no longer be operating, so another means of capturing the telescope must be available. The soft capture mechanism is a compact device that, when attached to the Hubble Space Telescope, will assist in its safe de-orbit. This device has structures and targets that will allow a next generation space vehicle to more easily capture and guide the telescope into a safe, controlled re-entry.
Solar arrays
Two rigid, wing-like arrays of solar panels that convert sunlight directly into electricity to operate the Hubble Space Telescopes scientific instruments, computers, and radio transmitters. Some of the energy generated is stored in onboard batteries so the telescope can operate while in Earths shadow (which is about 36 minutes out of each 97-minute orbit). The solar arrays are designed for replacement by visiting astronauts during servicing missions.
Solar constant
The average amount of solar radiation reaching a planet; usually expressed in watts (energy per unit time) per square meter. For Earth, the solar constant equals 1,372W/m2. Each planet has a unique solar constant depending on its distance from the Sun.
Solar cycle
The periodic changing of the Sun’s magnetic field, which determines the number of sunspots and the amount of particles emitted in the solar wind. The period of the cycle is about 11 years.
Solar eclipse
A phenomenon in which the Moon’s disk passes in front of the Sun, blocking sunlight. A total eclipse occurs when the Moon completely obscures the Sun's disk, leaving only the solar corona visible. A solar eclipse can only occur during a new phase of the Moon.
Solar maximum
The midpoint in the solar cycle where the amount of sunspot activity and the output of cosmic particles and solar radiation is highest.
Solar minimum
The beginning and the end of a sunspot cycle when only a few sunspots are usually observed, and the output of particles and radiation is normal.
Solar panels
Two rigid, wing-like structures that convert sunlight directly into electricity to operate a space telescope’s scientific instruments, computers, and radio transmitters. Some of the energy generated is stored in onboard batteries so the telescope can operate while in Earth’s shadow.
Solar system
The Sun and its surrounding matter, including asteroids, comets, planets and moons, held together by the Sun’s gravitational influence.
Solar telescope
A special reflecting telescope designed to study our closest star, the Sun. Solar telescopes differ from normal telescopes in that they are stationary and use small tracking mirrors to direct sunlight into the primary mirror. This is necessary because the Sun appears to move across the sky due to Earth’s rotation.
Solar wind
Streams of charged particles flowing from the Sun at millions of kilometers an hour. The composition of this high-speed solar wind may vary, but it always streams away from the Sun. The solar wind is responsible for the Northern and Southern Lights on Earth and causes the tails of comets to point away from the Sun.
South Celestial Pole (SCP)
A direction determined by the projection of the Earth’s South Pole onto the celestial sphere. The SCP is exactly 180 degrees from the North Celestial Pole and corresponds to a declination of -90 degrees.
Southern Hemisphere
Half of a spherical or roughly spherical body; for example, the Southern Hemisphere of Earth is the half below the equator.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
A space-borne infrared telescope that will study planets, comets, stars, galaxies, and other celestial objects. NASA plans to launch SIRTF in December 2002 on a Delta rocket. SIRTF represents the fourth and final satellite in NASA’s Great Observatories program, which includes the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory.
Space shuttle
A reusable U.S. spacecraft operated by astronauts and used to transport cargo, such as satellites, into space. The spacecraft used rockets to launch into space, but it landed like an airplane. A space shuttle carried the Hubble Space Telescope into space in 1990. Astronauts aboard subsequent space shuttles had visited the telescope to service it. The space shuttle was retired in 2011.
Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) is a general-purpose spectrograph that spans ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. It was installed in February 1997 during the Second Servicing Mission. A spectrograph works by breaking up light from an object into its individual wavelengths so that its composition, temperature, motion, and other chemical and physical properties can be analyzed. STIS stopped functioning in 2004 due to a power supply failure, but astronauts replaced a low-voltage power supply board during Servicing Mission 4.
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)
The astronomical research center responsible for operating the Hubble Space Telescope as an international scientific observatory. Located in Baltimore, Maryland, STScI is managed by AURA (Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy) under contract to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Science Foundation (NSF). STScI will conduct the science and mission operations for the James Webb Space Telescope and supports other astronomy programs.
Spacetime
The four-dimensional coordinate system (three dimensions of space and one of time) in which physical events are located.
Spectral class (spectral type)
A classification scheme that groups stars according to their surface temperatures and spectral features.
Spectral line
In a spectrum, an emission (bright) or absorption (dark) at a specific frequency or wavelength.
Spectrograph (spectrometer/spectroscope)
An instrument that spreads electromagnetic radiation into its component frequencies and wavelengths for detailed study. A spectrograph is similar to a prism, which spreads white light into a continuous rainbow.
Spectroheliograph
An instrument used in solar telescopes to photograph the Sun in a single wavelength of light. Different wavelengths reveal different features of the Sun’s surface.
Spectroscopy
The study and interpretation of a celestial object’s electromagnetic spectrum. A spectrograph or spectrometer is used to analyze an object’s electromagnetic spectrum.
Spectrum
The entire range of electromagnetic rays from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays. Arranged from longest to shortest wavelengths, the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma rays.
Speed of light (c)
The speed at which light (photons) travels through empty space is roughly 3 * 108 meters per second or 300 million meters per second.
Spherical aberration
Spherical aberration is an optical defect of a lens or mirror caused by its rounded shape. Spherical lenses and mirrors produce a distorted (blurry) image.
Spherical aberration in lenses
The shape of a spherical lens causes a problem called spherical aberration.
In spherical aberration, parallel light rays that pass through the central region of the lens focus farther away than light rays that pass through the edges of the lens. The result is many focal points, which produce a blurry image. To get a clear image, all rays need to focus at the same point.
Spherical aberration in mirrors
The shape of a spherical telescope mirror causes a problem called spherical aberration.
In spherical aberration, parallel light rays that bounce off the central region of a spherical mirror focus farther away than light rays that bounce off the edges. The result is many focal points, which produce a blurry image. To get a clear image, all rays need to focus at the same point.
Spiral arms
A pinwheel structure, composed of dust, gas, and young stars, that winds its way out from the core of a normal spiral galaxy and from the ends of the bar in a barred spiral galaxy.
Spiral galaxy
A spiral-shaped system of stars, dust, and gas clouds. A typical spiral galaxy has a spherical central bulge of older stars surrounded by a flattened galactic disk that contains a spiral pattern of young, hot stars, as well as interstellar matter.
Sprites
Gamma-ray flashes produced in Earth's atmosphere by severe lightning storms and upper atmospheric events.
Standard candle
An object whose properties allow us to measure large distances through space. The absolute brightness of a standard candle can be determined without a measurement of its apparent brightness. Comparing the absolute brightness of a standard candle to its apparent brightness therefore allows us to measure its distance. For example, the distinct variations of Cepheid variable stars in other galaxies tell us their absolute brightness. By accurately measuring the apparent brightness of these stars, astronomers can precisely determine the distance to the galaxy in which they reside.
Star
A huge ball of gas held together by gravity. The central core of a star is extremely hot and produces energy. Some of this energy is released as visible light, which makes the star glow. Stars come in different sizes, colors, and temperatures. Our Sun, the center of our solar system, is a yellow star of average temperature and size.
Starburst galaxy
A galaxy undergoing an extremely high rate of star formation. Starburst galaxies contain massive, deeply embedded stars that are among the youngest stars observed.
Star cluster
A group of stars born at almost the same time and place, capable of remaining together for billions of years because of their mutual gravitational attraction.
Static
Random noise in a radio receiver. It can also be heard in telephone lines and cell phones.
Stellar black hole
A black hole formed from the death of a massive star during a supernova explosion. A stellar black hole, much like a supermassive black hole, feeds off of nearby material – in this case, the dead star. As it gains mass, its gravitational field increases.
Stellar evolution
The process of change that occurs during a star’s lifetime from its birth to its death.
Stellar nursery
A region in space where stars are forming from a cloud of gas and dust.
Stellar parallax
The apparent change in the position of a nearby star when observed from Earth due to our planet’s yearly orbit around the Sun. This method allows astronomers to calculate distances to stars that are less than 100 parsecs from Earth.
Strong force
The force that binds protons and neutrons within atomic nuclei and is effective only at distances less than 10-13 centimeters.
Sun
The star at the center of our solar system. An average star in terms of size and mass, the Sun is a yellow dwarf of spectral type G2. It is about 5 billion years old, contains 2 * 1030 kilograms of material, and has a diameter more than 100 times that of Earth.
Sunspot
A region on the Sun’s photosphere that is cooler and darker than the surrounding material. Sunspots often appear in pairs or groups with specific magnetic polarities that indicate electromagnetic origins.
Sunspot cycle
The change in strength of the Sun’s magnetic field, which determines the number of sunspots and the amount of particles emitted in the solar wind. The period of the cycle is about 11 years.
Supermassive black hole
A black hole possessing as much mass as a million or a billion stars. Supermassive black holes reside in the centers of galaxies and are the engines that power active galactic nuclei and quasars.
Supernova
The explosive death of a massive star whose energy output causes its expanding gases to glow brightly for weeks or months. A supernova remnant is the glowing, expanding gaseous remains of a supernova explosion.
Supernova Remnant
Planets whose density and chemical makeup are similar to those of Earth.
Terrestrial planets
The four planets of the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are called terrestrial planets because they are made up mostly of rock.
Theory
An accepted idea used to explain nature. Theories not only explain an observed event, they can also be used to predict what will happen. Sometimes, an idea that is really a hypothesis is incorrectly called a theory. A true scientific theory is a hypothesis that makes predictions. Those predictions have been tested and have proven to be accurate.
Thermal radiation
Radiation released by virtue of an object's heat, namely, the transfer of heat energy into the radiative energy of electromagnetic waves. Examples of thermal radiation are sunlight, the orange glow of an electric range, and the light from in incandescent light bulb.
Titanium oxides
Minerals composed of oxygen and the metal titanium. Titanium oxides frequently contain other metals. One such titanium oxide is the mineral ilmenite, which contains titanium, oxygen, and iron. Ilmenite is found in both lunar rock and Earth rocks.
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS)
A network of four communication satellites used to relay data and commands to and from U.S. spacecraft, including the Hubble Space Telescope. The Goddard Space Flight Center provides the day-to-day management and operations of TDRSS, the first space-based global tracking system.
Triton
The largest of Neptune’s satellites. Triton has an atmosphere and is roughly the size of Earth’s moon. It has an “ice cap” of frozen nitrogen and methane with “ice volcanoes” that erupt liquid nitrogen, dust, and methane compounds from beneath its frozen surface.
T-Tauri Star
A class of very young, flaring stars on the verge of becoming normal stars fueled by nuclear fusion.
Turbulence
Unstable and disorderly motion, as when a smooth, flowing stream becomes a churning rapid.
Ultraviolet (UV)
Electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths and higher energies and frequencies than visible light. UV light is lower in frequency than X-rays.
Ultraviolet (UV) light
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has slightly higher energy than visible light, but is not visible to the human eye. Just as there are high-pitched sounds that cannot be heard, there is high-energy light that cannot be seen. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light causes sunburns.
Universe
The totality of space and time, along with all the matter and energy in it. Current theories assert that the universe is expanding and that all its matter and energy was created during the Big Bang.
Uranus
The third largest planet in the solar system and the seventh from the Sun. Uranus is 19 times the Earth’s distance from the Sun and completes a circuit around the Sun in about 84 Earth years. This gaseous, giant outer planet has a visible ring system and over 20 moons, the largest of which is Titania. Uranus is tipped on its side, with a rotation axis in nearly the same plane as its orbit.
Van Allen belt
A region containing charged particles trapped in the Earth’s magnetic force field (magnetosphere). The belt’s lower boundary begins at about 800 kilometers (496 miles) above the Earth’s surface and extends thousands of kilometers into space.
Variable star
A star whose luminosity (brightness) changes with time.
Vela Satellite
Launched by the U.S. in the 1960s to monitor the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The satellite's mission was to detect the gamma rays produced during nuclear blasts. Although not intended for astronomical studies, the Vela satellite provided useful celestial data, detecting an unexpected blast of cosmic gamma radiation in 1967. The satellite discovered several other gamma-rays bursts during the years of the Vela project, which ceased operation in 1979.
Velocity
The speed of an object moving in a specific direction. A car traveling at 35 miles per hour is a measurement of speed. Observing that a car is traveling 35 miles per hour due north is a measurement of velocity.
Venus
An inner, terrestrial (rocky) planet that is slightly smaller than Earth. Located between the orbits of Mercury and Earth, Venus has a very thick atmosphere that is covered by a layer of clouds that produce a “greenhouse effect” on the planet. Venus’s surface temperature is roughly 480°C (900°F), making it the hottest planet in the solar system.
Very Large Array (VLA)
One of the world’s premier radio observatories, consisting of 27 antennas arranged in a huge “Y” pattern. The VLA spans up to 22 miles (36km) across, which is roughly one and a half times the size of Washington, D.C. Each antenna is 81 feet (25 meters) in diameter. Located in Socorro, New Mexico, the telescopes work in tandem to produce a sharper image than any single telescope could record.
Visible light
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that human eyes can detect; also known as the visible spectrum. The colors of the rainbow make up visible light. Blue light has more energy than red light.
Volcano
A break or vent in the crust of a planet or moon that can spew extremely hot ash, scorching gases, and molten rock. The term volcano also refers to the mountain formed by volcanic material.
Wave
A vibration in some media that transfers energy from one place to another. Sound waves are vibrations passing in air. Light waves are vibrations in electromagnetic fields.
Wavelength
The distance between two wave crests. Radio waves can have lengths of several feet; the wavelengths of X-rays are roughly the size of atoms.
Wavelength and frequency
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Basics of Space Flight Glossary
A -- Ampere, the SI base unit of electric current.
Å -- Angstrom (0.0001 micrometer, 0.1 nm).
A Ring -- The outermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
AAAS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AACS -- Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
AAS -- American Astronomical Society.
AC -- Alternating current.
Acceleration -- Change in velocity . Note that since velocity comprises both direction and magnitude (speed), a change in either direction or speed constitutes acceleration.
ALT -- Altitude.
AM -- Ante meridiem (Latin: before midday), morning.
am -- Attometer (10-18 m).
AMMOS -- Advanced Multimission Operations System.
Amor -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid .
AO -- Announcement of Opportunity.
AOS -- Acquisition Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
Aphelion -- Apoapsis in solar orbit.
Apoapsis -- The farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited.
Apogee -- Apoapsis in Earth orbit.
Apochron -- Apoapsis in Saturn orbit.
Apojove -- Apoapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Apollo -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid .
Apolune -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Apselene -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Argument -- Angular distance.
Argument of periapsis -- The argument (angular distance) of periapsis from the ascending node.
Ascending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the ecliptic plane) going north.
Asteroids -- Small bodies composed of rock and metal in orbit about the sun.
Aten -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid .
Attometer -- 10-18 meter.
Astronomical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
AU -- Astronomical Unit, based on the mean Earth-to-sun distance, 149,597,870 km. Refer to "Units of Measure" section for complete information.
AZ -- Azimuth.
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B -- Bel, a unit of ratio equal to ten decibels . Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
B Ring -- The middle of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope. Barycenter -- The common center of mass about which two or more bodies revolve.
Beacon -- Downlink from a spacecraft that immediately indicates the state of the spacecraft as being one of several possible states by virtue of the presence and/or frequency of the subcarrier. See Chapter 10. Bel -- Unit of ratio equal to ten decibels. Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
Billion -- In the U.S., 109. In other countries using SI, 1012.
Bi-phase -- A modulation scheme in which data symbols are represented by a shift from one phase to another. See Chapter 10.
BOT -- Beginning Of Track, used in DSN operations.
BPS -- Bits Per Second, same as Baud rate.
BSF -- Basics of Space Flight (this document).
BVR -- DSN Block Five (V) Receiver.
BWG -- Beam waveguide 34-m DSS, the DSN's newest DSS design.
c -- The speed of light, 299,792 km per second.
C-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 4 to 8 GHz.
C Ring -- The innermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
Caltech -- The California Institute of Technology.
Carrier -- The main frequency of a radio signal generated by a transmitter prior to application of any modulation.
Cassegrain -- Reflecting scheme in antennas and telescopes having a primary and a secondary reflecting surface to "fold" the EMF back to a focus near the primary reflector.
CCD -- Charge Coupled Device, a solid-state imaging detector.
C&DH -- Command and Data Handling subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCS -- Computer Command subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCSDS -- Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, developer of standards for spacecraft uplink and downlink, including packets.
CDR -- GCF central data recorder.
CDS -- Command and Data Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
CDSCC -- DSN's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex in Australia.
CDU -- Command Detector Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Centrifugal force -- The outward-tending apparent force of a body revolving around another body.
Centimeter -- 10-2 meter.
Centripetal acceleration -- The inward acceleration of a body revolving around another body.
CGPM -- General Conference of Weights and Measures, Sevres France. The abbreviation is from the French. CGPM is the source for the multiplier names (kilo, mega, giga, etc.) listed in this document.
Chandler wobble -- A small motion in the Earth's rotation axis relative to the surface, discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. Its amplitude is about 0.7 arcseconds (about 15 meters on the surface) with a period of 433 days. It combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so the total polar motion varies with a period of about 7 years. The Chandler wobble is an example of free nutation for a spinning non-spherical object.
Channel -- In telemetry, one particular measurement to which changing values may be assigned. See Chapter 10.
CIT -- California Institute of Technology, Caltech.
Civil Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
Clarke orbit -- Geostationary orbit.
CMC -- Complex Monitor and Control, a subsystem at DSCCs.
CMD -- DSN Command System. Also, Command data.
CNES -- Centre National d'Études Spatiales, France.
Conjunction -- A configuration in which two celestial bodies have their least apparent separation.
Coherent -- Two-way communications mode wherein the spacecraft generates its downlink frequency based upon the frequency of the uplink it receives.
Coma -- The cloud of diffuse material surrounding the nucleus of a comet.
Comets -- Small bodies composed of ice and rock in various orbits about the sun.
CRAF -- Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby mission, cancelled.
CRS -- Cosmic Ray Subsystem, high-energy particle instrument on Voyager.
CRT -- Cathode ray tube video display device.
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dB -- Decibel , an expression of ratio (usually that of power levels) in the form of log base 10. A reference may be specified, for example, dBm is referenced to milliwatts, dBW is referenced to Watts, etc. Example: 20 dBm = 1020/10 = 102 = 100 milliwatts.
DC -- Direct current.
DC -- The DSN Downlink Channel, several of which are in each DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem, DTT.
DCC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Controller, one of which is in each DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DCPC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Processor Cabinet, one of which contains a DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DEC -- Declination.
Decibel -- dB , an expression of ratio (see dB, above). One tenth of a Bel. See NIST website for further definition.
Declination -- The measure of a celestial body's apparent height above or below the celestial equator.
Density -- Mass per unit volume. For example , the density of water can be stated as 1 gram/cm3.
Descending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the ecliptic plane) going south.
DKF -- DSN keyword file, also known as KWF.
Doppler effect -- The effect on frequency imposed by relative motion between transmitter and receiver. See Chapter 6 .
Downlink -- Signal received from a spacecraft.
DSOT -- Data System Operations Team, part of the DSMS staff.
DSCC -- Deep Space Communications Complex, one of three DSN tracking sites at Goldstone, California; Madrid, Spain; and Canberra, Australia; spaced about equally around the Earth for continuous tracking of deep-space vehicles.
DSMS -- Deep Space Mission System, the system of computers, software, networks, and procedures that processes data from the DSN at JPL.
DSN -- Deep Space Network, NASA's worldwide spacecraft tracking facility managed and operated by JPL.
DSS -- Deep Space Station, the antenna and front-end equipment at DSCCs.
DT -- Dynamical Time. Replaces Ephemeris Time, ET, as the independent argument in dynamical theories and ephemerides. Its unit of duration is based on the orbital motions of the Earth, Moon, and planets. DT has two expressions, Terrestrial Time, TT, (or Terrestrial Dynamical Time, TDT), and Barycentric Dynamical Time, TDB. More information on these, and still more timekeeping expressions, may be found at the U.S. Naval Observatory website .
DTT -- The DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem.
Dyne -- A unit of force equal to the force required to accelerate a 1-g mass 1 cm per second per second. Compare with Newton.
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E -- East.
E -- Exa, a multiplier, x1018 from the Greek "hex" (six, the "h" is dropped). The reference to six is because this is the sixth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P, E. See the entry for CGPM.
Earth -- Third planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Eccentricity -- The distance between the foci of an ellipse divided by the major axis.
Ecliptic -- The plane in which Earth orbits the sun and in which solar and lunar eclipses occur.
EDL -- (Atmospheric) Entry, Descent, and Landing.
EDR -- Experiment Data Record.
EHz -- ExaHertz (1018 Hz)
EL -- Elevation.
Ellipse -- A closed plane curve generated in such a way that the sums of its distances from the two fixed points (the foci) is constant.
ELV -- Expendable launch vehicle.
EMR -- Electromagnetic radiation.
EOT -- End Of Track, used in DSN operations.
Equator -- An imaginary circle around a body which is everywhere equidistant from the poles, defining the boundary between the northern and southern hemispheres.
Equinox -- The equinoxes are times at which the center of the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator. The day and night would be of equal length at that time, if the Sun were a point and not a disc, and if there were no atmospheric refraction. Given the apparent disc of the Sun, and the Earth's atmospheric refraction, day and night actually become equal at a point within a few days of each equinox. The vernal equinox marks the beginning of spring in the northern hemisphere, and the autumnal equinox marks the beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere.
ERC -- NASA's Educator Resource Centers.
ERT -- Earth-received time, UTC of an event at DSN receive-time, equal to SCET plus OWLT.
ESA -- European Space Agency.
ESP -- Extra-Solar Planet, a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun. See also Exoplanet.
ET -- Ephemeris time, a measurement of time defined by orbital motions. Equates to Mean Solar Time corrected for irregularities in Earth's motions. Obsolete, replaced by TT, Terrestrial Time.
eV -- Electron volt, a measure of the energy of subatomic particles.
Exoplanet -- Extrasolar planet. A planet orbiting a star other than the sun.
Extrasolar planet -- A planet orbiting a star other than the sun. Exoplanet.
f, F -- Force. Two commonly used units of force are the Newton and the dyne . Force = Mass X Acceleration .
FDS -- Flight Data Subsystem.
FE -- Far Encounter phase of mission operations.
Femtometer -- 10-15 meter.
Fluorescence -- The phenomenon of emitting light upon absorbing radiation of an invisible wavelength.
fm -- Femtometer (10-15 m)
FTS -- DSN Frequency and Timing System. Also, frequency and timing data.
FY -- Fiscal year.
G -- Universal Constant of Gravitation . Its tiny value (G = 6.6726 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) is unchanging throughout the universe.
G -- Giga, a multiplier, x109, from the Latin "gigas" (giant). See the entry for CGPM.
g -- Acceleration due to a body's gravity. Constant at any given place, the value of g varies from object to object (e.g. planets), and also with the distance from the center of the object. The relationship between the two constants is: g = GM/r2 where r is the radius of separation between the masses' centers, and M is the mass of the primary body (e.g. a planet). At Earth's surface, the value of g = 9.8 meters per second per second (9.8m/s2). See also weight .
g -- Gram, a thousandth of the metric standard unit of mass (see kg ). The gram was originally based upon the weight of a cubic centimeter of water, which still approximates the current value.
Gal -- Unit of gravity field measurement corresponding to a gravitational acceleration of 1 cm/sec2.
Galaxy -- One of billions of systems, each composed of numerous stars, nebulae, and dust.
Galilean satellites -- The four large satellites of Jupiter so named because Galileo discovered them when he turned his telescope toward Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Gamma rays -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 femtometers wavelength.
GCF -- Ground Communications Facilities, provides data and voice communications between JPL and the three DSCCs.
GDS -- Ground Data System, encompasses DSN, GCF, DSMS, and project data processing systems.
GDSCC -- DSN's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California.
GEO -- Geosynchronous Earth Orbit.
Geostationary -- A geosynchronous equatorial circular orbit. Also called Clarke orbit.
Geosynchronous -- A direct, circular, low inclination orbit about the Earth having a period of 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds.
GHz -- Gigahertz (109 Hz).
GMT -- Greenwich Mean Time. Obsolete. UT, Universal Time is preferred.
Gravitation -- The mutual attraction of all masses in the
universe. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation holds that every two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This relation is given by the formula at right, where F is the force of attraction between the two objects, given G the Universal Constant of Gravitation, masses m1 and m2, and d distance. Also stated as Fg = GMm/r2 where Fg is the force of gravitational attraction, M the larger of the two masses, m the smaller mass, and r the radius of separation of the centers of the masses. See also weight .
Gravitational waves -- Einsteinian distortions of the space-time medium predicted by general relativity theory (not yet directly detected as of March 2010). (Not to be confused with gravity waves, see below.)
Gravity assist -- Technique whereby a spacecraft takes angular momentum from a planet's solar orbit (or a satellite's orbit) to accelerate the spacecraft, or the reverse. See Chapter 4.
Gravity waves -- Certain dynamical features in a planet's atmosphere (not to be confused with gravitational waves, see above).
Great circle -- An imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose center is at the center of the sphere.
GSSR -- Goldstone Solar System Radar, a technique which uses very high-power X and S-band transmitters at DSS 14 to illuminate solar system objects for imaging.
GTL -- Geotail spacecraft.
GTO -- Geostationary (or geosynchronous) Transfer Orbit.
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HA -- Hour Angle.
Halo orbit -- A spacecraft's pattern of controlled drift about an unstable Lagrange point (L1 or L2 for example) while in orbit about the primary body (e.g. the Sun).
HEF -- DSN's high-efficiency 34-m DSS, replaces STD DSSs.
Heliocentric -- Sun-centered.
Heliopause -- The boundary theorized to be roughly circular or teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the sun's influence, perhaps 100 AU from the sun.
Heliosphere -- The space within the boundary of the heliopause, containing the sun and solar system.
HEMT -- High-electron-mobility transistor, a low-noise amplifier used in DSN.
HGA -- High-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Hohmann Transfer Orbit -- Interplanetary trajectory using the least amount of propulsive energy. See Chapter 4.
Horizon -- The line marking the apparent junction of Earth and sky. For the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Astronomical Applications .
h -- Hour, 60 minutes of time.
Hour Angle -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith crossing. In effect, HA represents the RA for a particular location and time of day.
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ICE -- International Cometary Explorer spacecraft.
ICRF -- International Celestial Reference Frame. The realization of the ICRS provided by the adopted positions of extragalactic objects. Link .
ICRS -- International Celestial Reference System. Conceptual basis for celestial positions, aligned with respect to extremely distant objects and utilizing the theory of general relativity. Link .
IERS -- International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Link .
IF -- Intermediate Frequency. In a radio system, a selected processing frequency between RF (Radio Frequency) and the end product (e.g. audio frequency).
Inclination -- The angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator, stated in degrees.
IND -- JPL's Interplanetary Network Directorate, formerly IPN-ISD.
Inferior planet -- Planet which orbits closer to the Sun than the Earth's orbit.
Inferior conjunction -- Alignment of Earth, sun, and an inferior planet on the same side of the sun.
Ion -- A charged particle consisting of an atom stripped of one or more of its electrons.
IPAC -- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech campus on Wilson Avenue in Pasadena.
IPC -- Information Processing Center, JPL's computing center on Woodbury Avenue in Pasadena.
IPN-ISD -- (Obsolete. See IND) JPL's Interplanetary Network and Information Systems Directorate, formerly TMOD.
IR -- Infrared, meaning "below red" radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 micrometers wavelength.
IRAS -- Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
K -- Kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature.
K-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 12 to 40 GHz.
kg -- Kilogram. See below.
Keyhole -- An area in the sky where an antenna cannot track a spacecraft because the required angular rates would be too high. Mechanical limitations may also contribute to keyhole size. Discussed in depth under Chapter 2 .
kHz -- kilohertz.
Kilogram (kg) -- the SI base unit of mass, based on the mass of a metal cylinder kept in France. See also g (gram).
Kilometer -- 103 meter.
Klystron -- A microwave travelling wave tube power amplifier used in transmitters.
km -- Kilometers.
KSC -- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida.
KWF -- Keyword file of events listing DSN station activity. Also known as DKF, DSN keyword file.
Kuiper belt -- A disk-shaped region about 30 to 100 AU from the sun considered to be the source of the short-period comets.
Lagrange points -- Five points with respect to an orbit which a body can stably occupy. Designated L1 through L5. See Chapter 5.
LAN -- Local area network for inter-computer communications.
Large Magellanic Cloud -- LMC, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are visible from the southern hemisphere.
Laser -- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Compare with Maser.
Latitude -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called parallels.
L-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 1 to 2 GHz.
LCP -- Left-hand circular polarization.
Leap Second -- A second which may be added or subtracted to adjust UTC at either, both, or neither, of two specific opportunities each year.
Leap Year -- Every fourth year, in which a 366th day is added since the Earth's revolution takes 365 days 5 hr 49 min.
LECP -- Low-Energy Charged-Particular Detector onboard a spacecraft.
LEO -- Low Equatorial Orbit.
LGA -- Low-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Light -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 1 nanometer wavelength.
Light speed -- 299,792 km per second, the constant c.
Light time -- The amount of time it takes light or radio signals to travel a certain distance at light speed.
Light year -- A measure of distance, the distance light travels in one year, about 63,197 AU.
LMC -- Large Magellanic Cloud, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are visible from the southern hemisphere.
LMC -- Link Monitor and Control subsystem at the SPCs within the DSN DSCCs.
LNA -- Low-noise amplifier in DSN, either a maser or a HEMT.
Local time -- Time adjusted for location around the Earth or other planets in time zones.
Longitude -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called meridians.
LOS -- Loss Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
LOX -- Liquid oxygen.
m -- Meter (U.S. spelling; elsewhere metre), the international standard of linear measurement.
m -- milli- multiplier of one one-thousandth, e.g. 1 mW = 1/1000 of a Watt, mm = 1/1000 meter.
m, M -- Mass. The kilogram is the standard unit of mass. Mass = Acceleration / Force .
M -- Mega, a multiplier, x106 (million) from the Greek "megas" (great). See the entry for CGPM.
M100 -- Messier Catalog entry number 100 is a spiral galaxy in the Virgo cluster seen face-on from our solar system.
Major axis -- The maximum diameter of an ellipse.
Mars -- Fourth planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Maser -- A microwave travelling wave tube amplifier named for its process of Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Compare with Laser. In the Deep Space Network, masers are used as low-noise amplifiers of downlink signals, and also as frequency standards.
Mass -- A fundamental property of an object comprising a numerical measure of its inertia; the amount of matter in the object. While an object's mass is constant (ignoring Relativity for this purpose), its weight will vary depending on its location. Mass can only be measured in conjunction with force and acceleration .
MC-cubed -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCCC -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCD -- DSN's maximum-likelyhood convolutional decoder, the Viterbi decoder.
MCT -- Mission Control Team, JPL Section 368 mission execution real-time operations.
MDSCC -- DSN's Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain.
Mean solar time -- Time based on an average of the variations caused by Earth's non-circular orbit. The 24-hour day is based on mean solar time.
Mercury -- First planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Meridians -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called lines of longitude.
MESUR -- The Mars Environmental Survey project at JPL, the engineering prototype of which was originally called MESUR Pathfinder, later Mars Pathfinder.
Meteor -- A meteoroid which is in the process of entering Earth's atmosphere. It is called a meteorite after landing.
Meteorite -- Rocky or metallic material which has fallen to Earth or to another planet.
Meteoroid -- Small bodies in orbit about the sun which are candidates for falling to Earth or to another planet.
MGA -- Medium-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
MGN -- The Magellan spacecraft.
MGSO -- (Obsolete. See TMOD) JPL's Multimission Ground Systems Office.
MHz -- Megahertz (106 Hz).
Micron -- Obsolete terms for micrometer, µm (10-6 m).
Milky Way -- The galaxy which includes the sun and Earth.
Millimeter -- 10-3 meter.
MIT -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MLI -- Multi-layer insulation (spacecraft blanketing). See Chapter 11 .
mm -- millimeter (10-3 m).
MO -- The Mars Observer spacecraft.
Modulation -- The process of modifying a radio frequency by shifting its phase, frequency, or amplitude to carry information.
MON -- DSN Monitor System. Also, monitor data.
Moon -- A small natural body which orbits a larger one. A natural satellite. Capitalized, the Earth's natural satellite.
Moonrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
Moonset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
MOSO -- Multimission Operations Systems Office at JPL.
MR -- Mars relay.
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
Multiplexing -- A scheme for delivering many different measurements in one data stream. See Chapter 10.
N -- Newton, the SI unit of force equal to that required to accelerate a 1-kg mass 1 m per second per second (1m/sec2). Compare with dyne.
N -- North.
Nadir -- The direction from a spacecraft directly down toward the center of a planet. Opposite the zenith.
NASA -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nautical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
NE -- Near Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Neptune -- Eighth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
NiCad -- Nickel-cadmium rechargable battery.
nm -- Nanometer (10-9 m).
nm -- Nautical Mile, equal to the distance spanned by one minute of arc in latitude, 1.852 km.
NMC -- Network Monitor and Control subsystem in DSN.
NOCC -- DSN Network Operations Control Center at JPL.
Nodes -- Points where an orbit crosses a reference plane.
Non-coherent -- Communications mode wherein a spacecraft generates its downlink frequency independent of any uplink frequency.
Nucleus -- The central body of a comet.
Nutation -- A small nodding motion in a rotating body. Earth's nutation has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 9.2 arc seconds.
NRZ -- Non-return to zero. Modulation scheme in which a phase deviation is held for a period of time in order to represent a data symbol. See Chapter 10.
NSP -- DSN Network Simplification Project. A project that re-engineered the DSN to consolidate seven data systems into two data systems that handle the same data types.
OB -- Observatory phase in flyby mission operations encounter period.
One-way -- Communications mode consisting only of downlink received from a spacecraft.
Oort cloud -- A large number of comets theorized to orbit the sun in the neighborhood of 50,000 AU.
OPCT -- Operations Planning and Control Team at JPL, "OPSCON." Obsolete, replaced by DSOT, Data Systems Operations Team.
Opposition -- Configuration in which one celestial body is opposite another in the sky. A planet is in opposition when it is 180 degrees away from the sun as viewed from another planet (such as Earth). For example, Saturn is at opposition when it is directly overhead at midnight on Earth.
OPNAV -- Optical Navigation (images).
OSI -- ISO's Open Systems Interconnection protocol suite.
OSR -- Optical Solar Reflector, thermal control component onboard a spacecraft.
OSS -- Office Of Space Science, NASA. Obsolete, replaced by Science Mission Directorate (SMD).
OSSA -- Office Of Space Science and Applications, NASA (Obsolete, see OSS).
OTM -- Orbit Trim Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
OWLT -- One-Way Light Time, elapsed time between Earth and spacecraft or solar system body.
P -- Peta, a multiplier, x1015, from the Greek "pente" (five, the "n" is dropped). The reference to five is because this is the fifth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P. See the entry for CGPM.
Packet -- A quantity of data used as the basis for multiplexing, for example in accordance with CCSDS.
PAM -- Payload Assist Module upper stage.
Parallels -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called lines of latitude.
Pathfinder -- The Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) engineering prototype later named Mars Pathfinder.
PDS -- Planetary Data System.
PE -- Post Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Periapsis -- The point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited.
Perigee -- Periapsis in Earth orbit.
Perichron -- Periapsis in Saturn orbit.
Perihelion -- Periapsis in solar orbit.
Perijove -- Periapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Perilune -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Periselene -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Phase -- The angular distance between peaks or troughs of two waveforms of similar frequency.
Phase -- The particular appearance of a body's state of illumination, such as the full or crescent phases of the Moon.
Phase -- Any one of several predefined periods in a mission or other activity.
Photovoltaic -- Materials that convert light into electric current.
PHz -- Petahertz (1015 Hz).
PI -- Principal Investigator, scientist in charge of an experiment.
Picometer -- 10-12 meter.
PIO -- JPL's Public Information Office.
Plasma -- Electrically conductive fourth state of matter (other than solid, liquid, or gas), consisting of ions and electrons.
PLL -- Phase-lock-loop circuitry in telecommunications technology.
Plunge -- In describing the tracking motion of an AZ-EL or ALT-AZ mounted radio telescope, to "plunge" means to exceed 90° in elevation and then to continue tracking as elevation decreases on the other side without swiveling around in azimuth. This is not a capability of DSN antennas.
Pluto -- Ninth planet from the sun, sometimes classified as a small terrestrial planet.
pm -- Picometer (10-12 m).
PM -- Post meridiem (Latin: after midday), afternoon.
PN10 -- Pioneer 10 spacecraft.
PN11 -- Pioneer 11 spacecraft.
Prograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the same direction as the planet rotates. See retrograde.
PST -- Pacific Standard Time.
PSU -- Pyrotechnic Switching Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Quasar -- Quasi-stellar object observed mainly in radio waves. Quasars are extragalactic objects believed to be the very distant centers of active galaxies.
RA -- Right Ascension.
Radian -- Unit of angular measurement equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the radius. Equals about 57.296 degrees.
RAM -- Random Access Memory.
Red dwarf -- A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of Jupiter.
Reflection -- The deflection or bouncing of electromagnetic waves when they encounter a surface.
Refraction -- The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves when they pass from one kind of transparent medium into another.
REM -- Receiver Equipment Monitor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem (DTT).
Retrograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the opposite direction from the planet's rotatation. See prograde.
RF -- Radio Frequency.
RFI -- Radio Frequency Interference.
Right Ascension -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured in hours, minutes, and seconds along the celestial equator eastward from the vernal equinox.
Rise -- As in ascending above the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Astronomical Applications .
RNS -- GCF reliable network service.
ROM -- Read Only Memory.
RPIF -- Regional Planetary Imaging Data Facilities.
RRP -- DSN Receiver & Ranging Processor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem (DTT).
RS -- DSN Radio Science System. Also, radio science data.
RTG -- Radioisotope Thermo-Electric Generator onboard a spacecraft.
RTLT -- Round-Trip Light Time, elapsed time roughly equal to 2 x OWLT.
s -- Second, the SI base unit of time (see this extensive definition).
SA -- Solar Array, photovoltaic panels onboard a spacecraft.
SAF -- Spacecraft Assembly Facility, JPL Building 179.
SAR -- Synthetic Aperture Radar
Satellite -- A small body which orbits a larger one. A natural or an artificial moon. Earth-orbiting spacecraft are called satellites. While deep-space vehicles are technically satellites of the sun or of another planet, or of the galactic center, they are generally called spacecraft instead of satellites.
Saturn -- Sixth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
S-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 2 to 4 GHz.
SC -- Steering Committee.
SCET -- Spacecraft Event Time, equal to ERT minus OWLT.
SCLK -- Spacecraft Clock Time, a counter onboard a spacecraft.
Sec -- Abbreviation for Second.
Second -- the SI base unit of time. See this extensive definition.
SEDR -- Supplementary Experiment Data Record.
SEF -- Spacecraft event file.
SEGS -- Sequence of Events Generation Subsystem.
Semi-major axis -- Half the distance of an ellipse's maximum diameter, the distance from the center of the ellipse to one end.
Set -- As in going below the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Astronomical Applications .
SFOF -- Space Flight Operations Facility, Buildings 230 and 264 at JPL.
SFOS -- Space Flight Operations Schedule, product of SEGS.
Shepherd moons -- Moons which gravitationally confine ring particles.
SI -- The International System of Units (metric system). See also Units of Measure .
SI base unit -- One of seven SI units of measure from which all the other SI units are derived. See SI derived unit. See also Units of Measure .
SI derived unit -- One of many SI units of measure expressed as relationships of the SI base units. For example, the watt, W, is the SI derived unit of power. It is equal to joules per second. W = m2 ⋅ kg ⋅ s–3 (Note: the joule, J, is the SI derived unit for energy, work, or quantity of heat.) See also Units of Measure .
Sidereal time -- Time relative to the stars other than the sun.
SIRTF -- Space Infrared Telescope Facility.
SMC -- Small Magellanic Cloud, the smaller of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are visible from the southern hemisphere.
SMD -- Science Mission Directorate, NASA (previously Office Of Space Science, OSS).
SOE -- Sequence of Events.
Solar wind -- Flow of lightweight ions and electrons (which together comprise plasma) thrown from the sun.
SNR -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
SPC -- Signal Processing Center at each DSCC.
Specific Impulse -- A measurement of a rocket's relative performance. Expressed in seconds, the number of which a rocket can produce one pound of thrust from one pound of fuel. The higher the specific impulse, the less fuel required to produce a given amount of thrust.
Spectrum -- A range of frequencies or wavelengths.
SSA -- Solid State Amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage of amplification for downlink.
SSI -- Solid State Imaging Subsystem, the CCD-based cameras on Galileo.
SSI -- Space Services, Inc., Houston, manufacturers of the Conestoga launch vehicle.
STD -- Standard 34-m DSS, retired from DSN service.
STS -- Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle).
Subcarrier -- Modulation applied to a carrier which is itself modulated with information-carrying variations.
Sunrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
Sunset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
Sun synchronous orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the planet's surface so as to keep the periapsis location near the same local time on the planet each orbit. See walking orbit.
Superior planet -- Planet which orbits farther from the sun than Earth's orbit.
Superior conjunction -- Alignment between Earth and a planet on the far side of the sun.
SWG -- Science Working Group.
TCM -- Trajectory Correction Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
TDM -- Time-division multiplexing.
Termination shock -- Shock at which the solar wind is thought to slow to subsonic speed, well inside the heleopause.
T -- Tera, a multiplier x1012, from the Greek teras (monster). See the entry for CGPM.
Terrestrial planet -- One of the four inner Earth-like planets.
Three-way -- Coherent communications mode wherein a DSS receives a downlink whose frequency is based upon the frequency of an uplink provided by another DSS.
TMOD -- (Obsolete. See IPN-ISD) JPL's Telecommunications and Mission Operations Directorate. Formerly MGSO.
THz -- Terahertz (1012 Hz).
TLP -- DSN Telemetry Processor within the DTT Downlink Channel.
TOS -- Transfer Orbit Stage, upper stage.
Transducer -- Device for changing one kind of energy into another, typically from heat, position, or pressure into a varying electrical voltage or vice-versa, such as a microphone or speaker.
Transit -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
Transponder -- Electronic device which combines a transmitter and a receiver.
TRC -- NASA's Teacher Resource Centers. Obsolete, now called Educator Resource Centers, ERC.
TRK -- DSN Tracking System. Also, Tracking data.
TRM -- Transmission Time, UTC Earth time of uplink.
True anomaly -- The angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications website.
TWNC -- Two-Way Non-Coherent mode, in which a spacecraft's downlink is not based upon a received uplink from DSN.
Two-way -- Communications mode consisting of downlink received from a spacecraft while uplink is being received at the spacecraft. See also coherent .
TWT -- Traveling Wave Tube, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWTA).
TWTA -- Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWT).
TXR -- DSN's DSCC Transmitter assembly.
UHF -- Ultra-high frequency (around 300MHz).
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
Uplink -- Signal sent to a spacecraft.
UPL -- The DSN Uplink Tracking & Command subsystem.
Uranus -- Seventh planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
USO -- Ultra Stable Oscillator, in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem.
UT -- Universal Time, also called Zulu (Z) time, previously Greenwich Mean Time. UT is based on the imaginary "mean sun," which averages out the effects on the length of the solar day caused by Earth's slightly non-circular orbit about the sun. UT is not updated with leap seconds as is UTC.
UTC -- Coordinated Universal Time , the world-wide scientific standard of timekeeping. It is based upon carefully maintained atomic clocks and is highly stable. Its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds per day. The addition or subtraction of leap seconds, as necessary, at two opportunities every year adjusts UTC for irregularities in Earth's rotation. The U.S. Naval Observatory website provides information in depth on the derivation of UTC.
UV -- Ultraviolet (meaning "above violet") radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 nanometers wavelength.
UWV -- DSN Microwave subsystem in DSSs which includes waveguides, waveguide switches, LNAs, polarization filters, etc.
Velocity -- A vector quantity whose magnitude is a body's speed and whose direction is the body's direction of motion.
Venus -- Second planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
VGR1 -- Voyager 1 spacecraft.
VGR2 -- Voyager 2 spacecraft.
VLBI -- DSN Very Long Baseline Interferometry System. Also, VLBI data. Link .
W -- Watt, a measure of electrical power equal to potential in volts times current in amps.
W -- West.
Walking orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the planet's surface in a useful way. See sun-synchronous.
Wavelength -- The distance that a wave from a single oscillation of electromagnetic radiation will propagate during the time required for one oscillation.
Weight -- The gravitational force exerted on an object of a certain mass. The weight of mass m is mg Newtons, where g is the local acceleration due to a body's gravity.
WWW -- World-Wide Web.
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i don't know
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The expression 'up to scratch', meaning fit for purpose, derives from a technical rule in what discipline?
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Hands Up - definition of Hands Up by The Free Dictionary
Hands Up - definition of Hands Up by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Hands+Up
n.
1.
a. The terminal part of the human arm located below the forearm, used for grasping and holding and consisting of the wrist, palm, four fingers, and an opposable thumb.
b. A homologous or similar part in other animals, as the terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates.
2. A unit of length equal to 4 inches (10.2 centimeters), used especially to specify the height of a horse.
3. Something suggesting the shape or function of the human hand, especially:
a. Any of the rotating pointers used as indexes on the face of a mechanical clock.
b. A pointer, as on a gauge or dial.
4. Printing See index .
5. Lateral direction indicated according to the way in which one is facing: at my right hand.
6.
a. A style or individual sample of writing.
b. A signature: put my hand to the contract.
7. A round of applause to signify approval.
8. Physical assistance; help: gave me a hand with the bags.
9. hands Sports A hand ball in soccer.
10. Games
a. The cards held in a card game by a given player at any time.
b. The number of cards dealt each player; the deal.
c. A player or participant in a card game: We need a fourth hand for bridge.
d. A portion or section of a game during which all the cards dealt out are played: a hand of poker.
11.
a. One who performs manual labor: a factory hand.
b. One who is part of a group or crew: the ship's hands.
12. A participant in an activity, often one who specializes in a particular activity or pursuit: an old hand at labor negotiations.
13.
a. The degree of immediacy of a source of information; degree of reliability: heard the scandalous tale at third hand.
b. The strength or force of one's position: negotiated from a strong hand.
14.
a. often hands Possession, ownership, or keeping: The books should be in your hands by noon.
b. Power; jurisdiction; care: The defendant's fate is in the hands of the jury. Dinner is in the chef's hands.
15.
a. Involvement or participation: "In all this was evident the hand of the counterrevolutionaries" (John Reed).
b. An influence or effect: The manager had a hand in all major decisions.
c. Evidence of craft or artistic skill: can see the hand of a genius even in the lighter poems.
16. An aptitude or ability: I tried my hand at decorating.
17. The aesthetic feel or tactile quality of something, such as a fabric, textile, or carpeting, that indicates its fineness, texture, and durability.
18. A manner or way of performing something: a light hand with makeup.
19.
a. Permission or a promise, especially a pledge to wed.
b. A commitment or agreement, especially when sealed by a handshake; one's word: You have my hand on that.
v. hand·ed, hand·ing, hands
v.tr.
1. To give or pass with or as if with the hands; transmit: Hand me your keys.
2. To aid, direct, or conduct with the hands: The usher handed the patron to a reserved seat.
3. Nautical To roll up and secure (a sail); furl.
4. Sports
a. To give (the ball) directly to a teammate, as in football. Often used with off.
b. To carry, strike, or propel (the ball) with the hand or arm in violation of the rules in soccer.
v.intr. Sports
To make a handoff, as in football. Often used with off.
Phrasal Verbs:
1. To bequeath to one's heirs.
2. To make and pronounce (an official decision, especially a court verdict).
hand on
To turn over to another.
hand out
1. To distribute freely; disseminate.
2. To administer or deal out.
hand over
To release or relinquish to another.
hand up
To deliver (an indictment) to a higher judicial authority.
Idioms:
2. Soon in time; imminent: Retribution is at hand.
3. Under discussion: Let's keep to the matter at hand.
at the hand/hands of
By or through the agency of: favors he received at the hands of his uncle.
by hand
By using the hands; manually.
get/lay (one's) hands on
To get possession of; acquire or obtain.
hand and foot
With concerted, never-ending effort: had to wait on them hand and foot.
hand in/and glove
On intimate terms or in close association: "The folklore of American academia says that publishing and teaching go hand in glove" (Edward B. Fiske).
hand in hand
In cooperation; jointly.
hand it to Informal
To give credit to: You've got to hand it to her; she knows what she's doing.
hand over fist
At a tremendous rate: made money hand over fist.
hands down
1. With no trouble; easily.
2. Indisputably; unquestionably.
1. In one's possession: arrived with the contract in hand.
2. Under control: kept the tense situation in hand.
3. Under consideration: gave her attention to the matter in hand.
4. In preparation or process: With the work finally in hand, we began to see progress.
5. Sports Remaining to be played by one team but not by another: Their team is ahead in the standings, but our team has two games in hand.
off (one's) hands
No longer under one's jurisdiction, within one's responsibility, or in one's care: We finally got that project off our hands.
on hand
1. Present; available: Are there enough people on hand to hold a meeting?
2. About to happen; imminent: What is on hand for this evening?
on/upon (one's) hands
In one's possession, often as an imposed responsibility or burden: Now they have the grandchildren on their hands.
on one/the one hand
As one point of view; from one standpoint.
on the other hand
As another point of view; from another standpoint.
out of hand
1. Out of control: Employee absenteeism has gotten out of hand.
2. Without consideration; immediately: dismissed my complaint out of hand.
to hand
[Middle English, from Old English.]
hand′er n.
n
1. (Anatomy)
a. the prehensile part of the body at the end of the arm, consisting of a thumb, four fingers, and a palm
b. the bones of this part. manual
2. (Anatomy) the corresponding or similar part in animals
3. something resembling this in shape or function
4. (Card Games)
a. the cards dealt to one or all players in one round of a card game
b. a player holding such cards
c. one round of a card game
5. agency or influence: the hand of God.
6. a part in something done: he had a hand in the victory.
7. assistance: to give someone a hand with his work.
8. (Horology) a pointer on a dial, indicator, or gauge, esp on a clock: the minute hand.
9. acceptance or pledge of partnership, as in marriage: he asked for her hand; he gave me his hand on the merger.
10. a position or direction indicated by its location to the side of an object or the observer: on the right hand; on every hand.
11. a contrastive aspect, condition, etc (in the phrases on the one hand, on the other hand)
12. (preceded by an ordinal number) source or origin: a story heard at third hand.
13. a person, esp one who creates something: a good hand at painting.
14. (Industrial Relations & HR Terms) a labourer or manual worker: we've just taken on a new hand at the farm.
15. (Nautical Terms) a member of a ship's crew: all hands on deck.
16. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) printing another name for index 9
17. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) a person's handwriting: the letter was in his own hand.
18. a round of applause: give him a hand.
19. ability or skill: a hand for woodwork.
20. a manner or characteristic way of doing something: the hand of a master.
21. (Units) a unit of length measurement equalling four inches, used for measuring the height of horses, usually from the front hoof to the withers
22. a cluster or bundle, esp of bananas
23. (Cookery) a shoulder of pork
24. one of the two possible mirror-image forms of an asymmetric object, such as the direction of the helix in a screw thread
25. a free hand freedom to do as desired
26. a hand's turn (usually used with a negative) a small amount of work: he hasn't done a hand's turn.
27. a heavy hand tyranny, persecution, or oppression: he ruled with a heavy hand.
28. a high hand an oppressive or dictatorial manner
29. at hand near at hand very near or close, esp in time
30. at someone's hand at someone's hands from: the acts of kindness received at their hands.
31. by hand
a. by manual rather than mechanical means
b. by messenger or personally: the letter was delivered by hand.
32. come to hand to become available; be received
33. force someone's hand to force someone to act
34. from hand to hand from one person to another
35. from hand to mouth
a. in poverty: living from hand to mouth.
b. without preparation or planning
36. hand and foot in all ways possible; completely: they waited on him hand and foot.
37. hand in glove in an intimate relationship or close association
38. hand in hand
a. together; jointly
b. clasping each other's hands
39. hand over fist steadily and quickly; with rapid progress: he makes money hand over fist.
40. hold one's hand to stop or postpone a planned action or punishment
41. hold someone's hand to support, help, or guide someone, esp by giving sympathy or moral support
42. in hand
c. receiving attention or being acted on
d. available for use; in reserve
e. with deferred payment: he works a week in hand.
43. keep one's hand in to continue or practise
44. lend a hand to help
45. on hand close by; present: I'll be on hand to help you.
46. out of hand
b. without reservation or deeper examination: he condemned him out of hand.
47. set one's hand to
a. to sign (a document)
b. to start (a task or undertaking)
48. show one's hand to reveal one's stand, opinion, or plans
49. take in hand to discipline; control
50. throw one's hand in See throw in 3
51. to hand accessible
52. try one's hand to attempt to do something
53. (modifier)
a. of or involving the hand: a hand grenade.
b. made to be carried in or worn on the hand: hand luggage.
c. operated by hand: a hand drill.
54. (in combination) made by hand rather than by a machine: hand-sewn.
vb (tr)
55. to transmit or offer by the hand or hands
56. to help or lead with the hand
57. (Nautical Terms) nautical to furl (a sail)
58. hand it to someone to give credit to someone
[Old English hand; related to Old Norse hönd, Gothic handus, Old High German hant]
ˈhandless adj
(Telecommunications) have a nice day
hand
(hænd)
n.
1. the terminal, prehensile part of the arm in humans and higher primates, consisting of the wrist, metacarpals, fingers, and thumb.
2. the corresponding part of the forelimb in any four-legged vertebrate.
3. a terminal prehensile part, as the chela of a crustacean, or, in falconry, the foot of a falcon.
4. something resembling a hand in shape or function: the hands of a clock.
5. index (def. 5).
6. a person employed in manual labor or for general duty: a ranch hand.
7. a person with great skill in or knowledge of something, esp. through long experience: an old hand at fund-raising.
8. a person with reference to an ability or skill: a poor hand at running a business.
9. skill; workmanship; characteristic touch: The painting shows a master's hand.
10. Often, hands. possession or power; control, custody, or care: My fate is in your hands.
11. a position, esp. one of control, used for bargaining, negotiating, etc.
12. means; agency; instrumentality: death by his own hand.
13. assistance; aid: Give me a hand with this ladder.
14. side; direction: no traffic on either hand of the road.
15. style of handwriting; penmanship.
16. a person's signature: to set one's hand to a document.
17. a round or outburst of applause for a performer.
18. a promise or pledge, esp. in marriage.
19. a linear measure equal to 4 inches (10.2 centimeters), used esp. in determining the height of horses.
20. Cards.
a. the cards dealt to or held by each player at one time.
b. the person holding the cards.
c. a single part of a game, in which all the cards dealt at one time are played.
21. a bunch, cluster, or bundle of leaves, fruit, or the like.
22. the deviation of a thread or tooth from the axial direction of a screw or gear, as seen from one end looking away toward the other.
23. the properties of a fabric that can be sensed by touching it, as resilience and smoothness.
v.t.
24. to deliver or pass with or as if with the hand.
25. to help, assist, guide, etc., with the hand.
26. to give or provide with: That handed me a laugh.
27. hand down,
a. to deliver (the decision of a court).
b. to transmit, esp. to a succeeding generation.
28. hand in, to submit; present for acceptance.
29. hand off, Football. to hand the ball to a member of one's team in the course of a play.
30. hand on, to transmit; pass on to a successor, posterity, etc.
31. hand out, to give or distribute; pass out.
32. hand over, to deliver to another; surrender control of.
adj.
33. of, belonging to, using, or used by the hand.
34. made by hand.
35. carried in or worn on the hand.
36. operated by hand; manual.
Idioms:
a. within reach; ready for use; accessible.
b. about to happen.
2. at the hand(s) of, by the action of; through the agency of.
3. by hand, by using the hands, as opposed to machines; manually.
4. change hands, to pass from one owner to another.
5. eat out of someone's hand, to be totally submissive to another.
6. force someone's hand, to compel a person to do or disclose something before he or she is ready to do so.
7. from hand to mouth, with nothing in reserve; precariously.
8. hand and foot, with slavish attentiveness: to wait on someone hand and foot.
9. hand in or and glove, in close association, esp. for nefarious purposes.
10. hand in hand,
a. alongside one another while holding hands.
b. closely associated; in cooperation.
11. hand over fist, speedily; increasingly: making money hand over fist.
12. hands down,
13. hand to hand, in direct combat; at close quarters.
14. have a hand in, to participate in.
15. in hand,
c. in the process of consideration or settlement.
16. join hands, to unite in a common cause; combine.
17. keep one's hand in, to continue to work at or practice so as not to lose one's skill or knowledge.
18. lay hands on,
b. to seize, esp. in order to punish.
c. to impose the hands on in a ceremonial fashion, as in ordination.
19. on all hands or every hand, everywhere.
20. on hand,
a. in one's possession; at one's disposal: cash on hand.
b. present.
a. completely out of control.
b. without delay or deliberation.
22. show one's hand, to disclose one's true motives.
23. sit on one's hands,
a. to fail to applaud.
b. to fail to take appropriate action.
24. the back of one's or the hand to, one's contempt or rejection for.
25. to hand,
a. within reach; accessible or nearby.
b. into one's possession or view.
26. try one's hand at, to undertake so as to test one's aptitude for.
27. turn or put one's hand to, to set to work at; busy oneself with.
28. wash one's hands of, to abandon any further responsibility for.
29. with a heavy hand,
a. with severity; oppressively.
b. in a clumsy manner; awkwardly; gracelessly.
[before 900; Middle English, Old English, c. Old Saxon hand, Old High German hant, Old Norse hǫnd, Gothic handus]
Hand
Lear•ned (ˈlɜr nɪd) 1872–1961, U.S. jurist.
Hand
a round of applause, 1590; something resembling a hand in appearance or function. See also bunch.
Examples: hand of applause, 1590; of bananas, 1881; of bridge; of cards, 1630; of herrings [five], 1861; of oranges [five], 1851; of tobacco, 1726; of whist, 1771.
Hand(s)
Big hands like the claws of a crab —Guy De Maupassant
The bones in her narrow wrists were small as chicken bones —Mary Hedin
Closed they [hands] looked like clusters of unpainted wooden balls as large as walnuts —Sherwood Anderson
A craftsman’s hands … hands quick as cats —William H. Gass
Fist like a piece of iron —Raymond Chandler
Fists … as large as wastebaskets —Dashiell Hammett
Fists like knotty pine —George Garrett
Hand as wide as a stirrup —Richard Ford
Hand … dry, hard and cold, rather like a chicken’s foot —F. van Wyck Mason
His hand felt like the tentacles of a sea anemone —Kate Grenville
Hand … like a fine piece of ivory carving —Rebecca West
A hand like a side of meat —Douglas Adams
Hand … like a baseball catcher’s glove —Frank Ross
Hand like a boxing glove —T. Coraghessan Boyle
Hand like a bundle of taut wire —Oakley Hall
Hand like a ham —Stephen Vincent Benét
Hand … like a sharp, icy stake —Ariel Dorfman
Hand like a wood rasp —Raymond Chandler
Hand … limp as a tassel —Frank Swinnerton
Hand, quick as a bird claw —Eudora Welty
Hands … as soft as cotton-wool —Ivan Turgenev
Hands … cool, muted and frail with age like the smoothness of old yellow linen —Stephen Vincent Benét
Hands … crude and functional as if whittled out of hard wood —George Garrett
Hands folded like flower petals —Clare Boylan
Hands … gnarled, huge and misshapen, like chunks of wood hewn from a pale tree —James Stern
Hands gnarled, twisted and earth-stained like the vigorous roots of a tree —Ellen Glasgow
Hands, horny as a laborer’s —Harvey Swados
Hands hung like clusters of sausages —Louis Bromfield
Hands … large and too thin, like empty gloves —Margaret Laurence
Hands like asbestos —Mary Hedin
Hands..like blocks of wood and about as gentle —Leslie Thomas
Hands like bunches of bananas —Frank Swinnerton
Hands like coal shovels —Gerald Kersh
Hands … like dangling shovels —Jonathan Gash
Hands … like elephant’s ears —Arthur Baer
Hands … like great paws —Elizabeth Taylor
Hands like hard rubber —Helen Hudson
Hands like hunks of steak —Julia O’Faolain
Hands like lion’s feet —Arthur A. Cohen
Hands … like wings of butterflies —Hart Crane
Hands … looked like roots in earth —Ram Dass and Paul Gorman
Hand … soft, like worn silk —Jayne Anne Phillips
See Also: SOFTNESS
Hands ridged like topography maps —Sharon Sheehe Stark
Hands … slender and smooth as though they had lifted nothing heavier than a knife to cut corners —Helen Hudson
Hands … soft from the [dish] water, like old gum erasers —Jean Thompson
Hands … steady as steel —H. E. Bates
Hands that felt … like a scrubwoman’s hands, red-knuckled and practical —Hortense Calisher
Hands that have thickened and calloused through the years so they look like tough paws —Louise Erdrich
Hands turned out flat, palms up, like a Balinese dancer —Leonard Michaels
Hands … which projected like strings upon the finger-board of a violin, and armed with claws like those on the terminations of bats’ wings —Théophile Gautier
A hand that felt as though it was reaching for you from the grave —Harvey Swados
Hand that rested like a sparrow on the table —Tony Ardizzone
Hand … warm as a horn —Walker Percy
Hand … wet and cold as something fished out of a pond —T. Coraghessan Boyle
Her hands were stunning, like a sublime idea —Boris Pasternak
His hands … seemed large and awkward as if he was wearing invisible mittens —Stephen Crane
His wrists seemed to dangle from his cuffs as if they were sewn to the cloth —Jonathan Valin
Long hands, like pitchforks —Arabian Nights
An old man’s hand, hooked and grimy with a couple of nailless fingers, like a hand in a horror film —Jonathan Valin
Veins [beneath skin of hands] tessellated like a blue mosaic, shining like an intricate blue design captured beneath glass —William Styron
Wrists like steel whips —H. E. Bates
hand
Your hand is the part of your body at the end of your arm. It includes your fingers and your thumb.
Don't refer to a particular person's hand as 'the hand'. Say his hand or her hand. You refer to your own hand as my hand.
The young man held a letter in his hand.
Louise was shading her eyes with her hand.
I raised my hand.
The guards put their hands on his shoulders and led him quickly away.
However, if you say that someone does something to someone else's hand, you usually use the.
I grabbed Carlos by the hand.
Ahmed took his wife by the hand.
hand
I will have been handing
you will have been handing
he/she/it will have been handing
we will have been handing
you will have been handing
they will have been handing
Past Perfect Continuous
1. A unit of length, used especially to measure horses’ height. 1 hand = 4 in.
2. Have a nice day
Hand
The height of horses is sometimes given in hands, with one hand equaling four inches. Hand is an archaic English unit of length that has survived in this specific application.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
hand - the (prehensile) extremity of the superior limb; "he had the hands of a surgeon"; "he extended his mitt"
human , human being , homo , man - any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage
arteria digitalis , digital arteries - arteries in the hand and foot that supply the fingers and toes
arteria metacarpea , metacarpal artery - dorsal and palmar arteries of the hand
intercapitular vein , vena intercapitalis - veins connecting the dorsal and palmar veins of the hand or the dorsal and plantar veins of the foot
metacarpal vein , vena metacarpus - dorsal and palmar veins of the hand
arm - a human limb; technically the part of the superior limb between the shoulder and the elbow but commonly used to refer to the whole superior limb
clenched fist , fist - a hand with the fingers clenched in the palm (as for hitting)
hooks , maulers , meat hooks - large strong hand (as of a fighter); "wait till I get my hooks on him"
right hand , right - the hand that is on the right side of the body; "he writes with his right hand but pitches with his left"; "hit him with quick rights to the body"
left hand , left - the hand that is on the left side of the body; "jab with your left"
palm , thenar - the inner surface of the hand from the wrist to the base of the fingers
finger - any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb); "her fingers were long and thin"
extremity - that part of a limb that is farthest from the torso
ball - a more or less rounded anatomical body or mass; "the ball at the base of the thumb"; "he stood on the balls of his feet"
metacarpus - the part of the hand between the carpus and phalanges
2.
hand - a hired laborer on a farm or ranch; "the hired hand fixed the railing"; "a ranch hand"
drover , herdsman , herder - someone who drives a herd
laborer , labourer , manual laborer , jack - someone who works with their hands; someone engaged in manual labor
ranch hand - a hired hand on a ranch
hostler , ostler , stableboy , stableman , groom - someone employed in a stable to take care of the horses
3.
shorthand , stenography , tachygraphy - a method of writing rapidly
cursive , cursive script , longhand , running hand - rapid handwriting in which letters are set down in full and are cursively connected within words without lifting the writing implement from the paper
writing - letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a surface to represent the sounds or words of a language; "he turned the paper over so the writing wouldn't show"; "the doctor's writing was illegible"
4.
hand - ability; "he wanted to try his hand at singing"
ability , power - possession of the qualities (especially mental qualities) required to do something or get something done; "danger heightened his powers of discrimination"
5.
hand - a position given by its location to the side of an object; "objections were voiced on every hand"
side - a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side"
6.
hand - the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time; "I didn't hold a good hand all evening"; "he kept trying to see my hand"
aggregation , collection , accumulation , assemblage - several things grouped together or considered as a whole
long suit - in a hand, the suit having the most cards
bridge hand - the cards held in a game of bridge
poker hand - the 5 cards held in a game of poker
7.
hand - one of two sides of an issue; "on the one hand..., but on the other hand..."
side - an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business"; "it brought out his better side"
8.
hand - a rotating pointer on the face of a timepiece; "the big hand counts the minutes"
hour hand , little hand - the shorter hand of a clock that points to the hours
big hand , minute hand - points to the minutes
pointer - an indicator as on a dial
second hand - hand marking seconds on a timepiece
horologe , timepiece , timekeeper - a measuring instrument or device for keeping time
9.
hand - a unit of length equal to 4 inches; used in measuring horses; "the horse stood 20 hands"
handbreadth , handsbreadth - any unit of length based on the breadth of the human hand
10.
hand - a member of the crew of a ship; "all hands on deck"
crewman , sailor - any member of a ship's crew
11.
bridge player
bidder - someone who makes a bid at cards
bridge partner - one of a pair of bridge players who are on the same side of the game
card player - someone who plays (or knows how to play) card games
declarer , contractor - the bridge player in contract bridge who wins the bidding and can declare which suit is to be trumps
12.
hand - a round of applause to signify approval; "give the little lady a great big hand"
applause , clapping , hand clapping - a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together
13.
hand - terminal part of the forelimb in certain vertebrates (e.g. apes or kangaroos); "the kangaroo's forearms seem undeveloped but the powerful five-fingered hands are skilled at feinting and clouting"- Springfield (Mass.) Union
forepaw - front paw; analogous to the human hand
14.
helping hand
assist , assistance , help , aid - the activity of contributing to the fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose; "he gave me an assist with the housework"; "could not walk without assistance"; "rescue party went to their aid"; "offered his help in unloading"
Verb
1.
hand - place into the hands or custody of; "hand me the spoon, please"; "Turn the files over to me, please"; "He turned over the prisoner to his lawyers"
give - leave with; give temporarily; "Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?"; "Can I give you the children for the weekend?"
transfer - cause to change ownership; "I transferred my stock holdings to my children"
sneak , slip - pass on stealthily; "He slipped me the key when nobody was looking"
deal - give (a specific card) to a player; "He dealt me the Queen of Spades"
fork out , fork over , fork up , hand over , turn in , deliver , render - to surrender someone or something to another; "the guard delivered the criminal to the police"; "render up the prisoners"; "render the town to the enemy"; "fork over the money"
relinquish , resign , give up , release , free - part with a possession or right; "I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest"; "resign a claim to the throne"
entrust , intrust , confide , commit , trust - confer a trust upon; "The messenger was entrusted with the general's secret"; "I commit my soul to God"
entrust , leave - put into the care or protection of someone; "He left the decision to his deputy"; "leave your child the nurse's care"
hand out , pass out , give out , distribute - give to several people; "The teacher handed out the exams"
hand down - passed on, as by inheritance; "This ring was handed down through many generations"
fork out , fork over , fork up , hand over , turn in , deliver , render - to surrender someone or something to another; "the guard delivered the criminal to the police"; "render up the prisoners"; "render the town to the enemy"; "fork over the money"
2.
hand - guide or conduct or usher somewhere; "hand the elderly lady into the taxi"
lead , guide , take , conduct , direct - take somebody somewhere; "We lead him to our chief"; "can you take me to the main entrance?"; "He conducted us to the palace"
hand
noun
1. palm , fist , paw (informal), mitt (slang), hook , meathook (slang), H& (S.M.S.) I put my hand into my pocket.
6. writing , script , handwriting , calligraphy , longhand , penmanship , chirography , H& (S.M.S.) written in the composer's own hand
plural noun
1. control , charge , care , keeping , power , authority , command , possession , custody , disposal , supervision , guardianship He is leaving his business in the hands of a colleague.
verb
at or on hand within reach , nearby , handy , close , available , ready , on tap (informal), at your fingertips Having the right equipment on hand is enormously helpful.
by hand manually , with your hands, freehand Her work is painted by hand so every design is unique.
hand in glove in association, in partnership , in league , in collaboration, in cooperation, in cahoots (informal) They work hand in glove with the western intelligence agencies.
hand over fist swiftly , easily , steadily , by leaps and bounds Investors would lose money hand over fist if a demerger went ahead.
hands down easily , effortlessly , with ease , comfortably , without difficulty, with no trouble, standing on your head , with one hand tied behind your back, with no contest, with your eyes closed or shut We should have won hands down.
hand something back return , restore , send back , give back The management handed back his few possessions.
hand something down
1. pass on or down, pass , transfer , bequeath , will , give , grant , gift , endow a family heirloom handed down from generation to generation
2. pronounce , give , decree , deliver Tougher sentences are being handed down these days.
hand something on pass on or down, pass , transfer , bequeath , will , give , grant , relinquish His chauffeur-driven car will be handed on to his successor.
hand something or someone in give , turn in , turn over Anyone who finds anything is to hand it in to the police.
hand something or someone over
hand something out distribute , give out , issue , pass out , dish out , dole out , deal out , hand round , pass round , give round One of my jobs was to hand out the prizes.
in hand
1. in reserve , ready , put by , available for use I'll pay now as I have the money in hand.
2. under way , being dealt with, being attended to The business in hand was approaching some kind of climax.
3. under control , in order , receiving attention The organisers say that matters are well in hand.
lay hands on someone
1. attack , assault , set on , beat up , work over (slang), lay into (informal) The crowd laid hands on him.
2. bless (Christianity) confirm , ordain , consecrate The bishop laid hands on the sick.
lay hands on something
1. get hold of , get , obtain , gain , grab , acquire , seize , grasp the ease with which prisoners can lay hands on drugs
lend a hand help , help out , do your bit, be of assistance, lend a helping hand I'd be glad to lend a hand.
try your hand attempt , try , have a go (informal), have a shot (informal), have a crack , have a stab (informal) I tried my hand at painting
Related words
"One hand washes the other"
"Many hands make light work"
"A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush"
hand
يَد يُسَلِّم باليَديُسَلِّم، يُقَدِّم يُعْطِي خَط اليَد
buscamàmaneta
to have sth in one's hand → tener algo en la mano
to be clever or good with one's hands → ser hábil con las manos , ser un manitas
a piece for four hands (Mus) → una pieza para (piano a) cuatro manos
to hold hands [children] → ir cogidos de la mano , ir tomados de la mano (LAm); [lovers] → hacer manitas
on (one's) hands and knees → a gatas
hands off! → ¡fuera las manos !, ¡no se toca !
hands off those chocolates! → ¡los bombones ni tocarlos!
to keep one's hands off sth → no tocar algo
hands up! (to criminal) → ¡arriba las manos !; (to pupils) → ¡que levanten la mano !
hand over fist to be making money hand over fist → ganar dinero a espuertas
to be losing money hand over fist → hacerle agua el dinero
to be hand in glove with sb (= very close) → ser uña y carne con algn; (= in cahoots) → estar conchabado con algn
to work hand in glove with sb → trabajar en estrecha colaboración con algn
my hands are tied → tengo las manos atadas , no puedo hacer nada
I could do it with one hand tied behind my back → lo podría hacer con una mano atada a la espalda
he never does a hand's turn → no da golpe
many hands make light work → muchas manos facilitan el trabajo
see also shake B1
the little hand → la manecilla pequeña , el horario
3. (= agency, influence) → mano f, influencia f
his hand was everywhere → se notaba su influencia por todas partes , su mano se notaba en todo
to have a hand in → tomar parte en , intervenir en
he had no hand in it → no tuvo arte ni parte en ello
4. (= worker) (in factory) → obrero/a m/f; (= farm hand) → peón m; (= deck hand) → marinero m (de cubierta)
all hands on deck! (Naut) → ¡todos a cubierta !
to be lost with all hands → hundirse con toda la tripulación
to be an old hand (at sth) → ser perro viejo (en algo)
5. (= help) → mano f
would you like a hand with moving that? → ¿te echo una mano a mover eso?
to give or lend sb a hand → echar una mano a algn
can you give or lend me a hand? → ¿me echas una mano ?
he writes a good hand → tiene buena letra
in one's own hand → de su (propio) puño y letra
7. (Cards) (= round) → mano f, partida f; (= cards held) → mano f
a hand of bridge/poker → una mano or una partida de bridge / póker
8. (= measurement) [of horse] → palmo m
he's 15 hands high → mide 15 palmos de alto
9. (= round of applause) they gave him a big hand → le aplaudieron calurosamente
let's have a big hand for ...! → ¡muchos aplausos para ...!
10. (phrases with verb)
to change hands → cambiar de mano or de dueño
just wait till I get my hands on him! → ¡espera (a) que le ponga la mano encima !
to lay hands on (= get) → conseguir (Rel) → imponer las manos a
I don't know where to lay my hands on → no sé dónde conseguir ...
she read everything she could lay her hands on → leía todo lo que caía en sus manos
to put or set one's hand to sth → emprender algo
to raise one's or a hand to or against sb → poner a algn la mano encima
to take a hand in sth → tomar parte or participar en algo
to try one's hand at sth → probar algo
to get one's hand in → adquirir práctica , irse acostumbrando
to give with one hand and take away with the other → quitar con una mano lo que se da con la otra
to keep one's hand in → conservar or no perder la práctica (at de) to sit on one's hands (US) [audience] → aplaudir con desgana ; [committee etc] → no hacer nada
to turn one's hand to sth → dedicarse a algo
he can turn his hand to anything → vale tanto para un barrido como para un fregado
to wait on sb hand and foot → desvivirse por algn, ponérselo todo en bandeja a algn
see also eat B
see also throw up B1
see also wash B1
see also win B3, C
11. (phrases with adjective)
to have a free hand → tener carta blanca
to give sb a free hand → dar carta blanca a algn
to have one's hands full (with sth/sb) → no parar un momento (con algo/algn), estar muy ocupado (con algo/algn)
I've got my hands full with the kids → con los niños no paro un momento
I've got my hands full running the firm while the boss is away → estoy muy ocupado llevando la empresa mientras el jefe está fuera
don't worry, she's in good hands → no te preocupes , está en buenas manos
with a heavy hand → con mano dura
to give sb a helping hand → echar una mano a algn
with a high hand → despóticamente
if this should get into the wrong hands → si esto cayera en manos de quien no debiera ...
to get or gain the upper hand → empezar a dominar
to have the upper hand → tener or llevar la ventaja
12. (= after preposition)
don't worry, help is at hand → no te preocupes , disponemos de or contamos con ayuda
winter was at hand → se acercaba el invierno
at first hand → de primera mano
I heard it only at second hand → lo supe sólo de modo indirecto
at the hands of → a manos de
they suffered a series of defeats at the hands of the French → sufrieron una serie de derrotas a manos de los franceses
to raise an animal by hand → criar un animal uno mismo
to send a letter by hand → enviar una carta en mano
delivered by hand → entregado en mano
"by hand" (on envelope) → en su mano
they were going along hand in hand → iban cogidos de la mano
it goes hand in hand with → está estrechamente relacionado con
these plans should go hand in hand → estos proyectos deben realizarse al mismo ritmo
gun in hand → el revólver en la mano , empuñando el revólver
to be in sb's hands → estar en manos de algn
it's in his hands now → depende de él ahora
I put myself in your hands → me pongo en tus manos
to have £50 in hand → tener 50 libras en el haber
I like to have sth in hand → me gusta tener algo en reserva
the situation is in hand → tenemos la situación controlada or bajo control
he has them well in hand → sabe manejarlos perfectamente
to take sth in hand → tomar algo a cuestas
to take sb in hand (= take charge of) → hacerse cargo de algn; (= discipline) → imponer disciplina a algn
to play into sb's hands → hacer el juego a algn
to fall into the hands of the enemy → caer en manos del enemigo
to put sth into a lawyer's hands → poner un asunto en manos de un abogado
to take justice into one's own hands → tomar la justicia por su propia mano
to get sth off one's hands (= get rid of) → deshacerse de algo; (= finish doing) → terminar de hacer algo
to take sth off sb's hands → desembarazar a algn de algo
the children are off our hands now → nuestros hijos ya han volado del nido
on the one hand ... on the other hand → por una parte ... por otra parte , por un lado ... por otro lado
on the other hand, she did agree to do it → pero el caso es que ella (sí) había accedido a hacerlo
on every hand; on all hands → por todas partes
there are experts on hand to give you advice → hay expertos a su disposición para ofrecerle asesoramiento
I've got him on my hands all day → está conmigo todo el día
we've got a difficult job on our hands → tenemos entre manos una difícil tarea
he was left with the goods on his hands → tuvo que quedarse con todo el género , el género resultó ser invendible
to dismiss sth out of hand → descartar algo sin más
the situation was getting out of hand → la situación se estaba escapando de las manos
the children were getting out of hand → los niños se estaban desmandando
I don't have the information to hand just now → ahora mismo no tengo a mano la información
I hit him with the first thing that came to hand → le golpeé con lo primero que tenía a mano or que pillé
your letter of the 23rd is to hand (frm) → he recibido su carta del día 23
see also cap A1
B. VT (= pass) to hand sb sth; hand sth to sb → pasar algo a algn
he handed me the book → me pasó el libro
you've got to hand it to him → hay que reconocérselo
C. CPD [lotion, cream] → para las manos
hand baggage N (US) = hand luggage hand controls NPL → controles mpl manuales
hand drier, hand dryer N → secamanos m inv automático
hand grenade N → granada f (de mano)
hand luggage N → equipaje m de mano
hand print N → manotada f
hand puppet N → títere m
with both indicators broken, he had to rely on hand signals → con los intermitentes rotos tenía que hacer señales con el brazo or la mano
they had to communicate in hand signals → tuvieron que comunicarse por señas
hand towel N → toalla f de manos
hand around VT + ADV = hand round
hand back VT + ADV → devolver
hand down VT + ADV [+ suitcase etc] → bajar , pasar ; [+ heirloom] → pasar , dejar en herencia; [+ tradition] → transmitir (US) [+ judgement] → dictar , imponer ; [+ person] → ayudar a bajar
hand in VT + ADV [+ form, homework] → entregar ; [+ resignation] → presentar
hand off VT + ADV (Rugby) → rechazar
hand on VT + ADV [+ tradition] → transmitir ; [+ news] → comunicar ; [+ object] → pasar
hand out VT + ADV [+ leaflets] → repartir , distribuir ; [+ advice] → dar
hand over
can you hand me over the hammer please? → ¿me pasas el martillo , por favor ?
2. (= hand in) [+ driving licence, passport] → entregar ; (= surrender) [+ property, business] → traspasar , ceder ; [+ power, government] → ceder
B. VI + ADV (to successor) → ceder su puesto a
I'm now handing over to the studio (Rad, TV) → ahora devolvemos la conexión al estudio
hand round VT + ADV [+ information, bottle] → pasar (de mano en mano); [+ chocolates, biscuits etc] → ofrecer ; [+ photocopies, leaflets, books] → repartir
hand up VT + ADV [+ person] → subir
hand
to have sth in one's hand → tenir qch à la main
to be on one's hands and knees (on all fours) → être à quatre pattes
to hold hands [people] → se donner la main
We were holding hands → Nous nous donnions la main .
hand in hand (= holding hands) → main dans la main
to hold sb's hand (fig) → encourager qn
to force sb's hand → forcer la main à qn
to have a free hand → avoir carte blanche
my hands are tied (fig) (= I'm not free to act) → j'ai les mains liées
to make money hand over fist → gagner une fortune , ne pas avoir le temps de dépenser ce que l'on gagne
to lose money hand over fist → perdre des sommes d'argent phénoménales
(indicating possession) in sb's hands → entre les mains de qn
to be in safe hands → être en (de) bonnes mains
to be in the wrong hands → être en (de) mauvaises mains
to get one's hands on sth (= manage to get) → mettre la main sur qch
Wait till I get my hands on him! → Attends que je lui mette la main dessus !
to lay one's hands on sth (= manage to get) → mettre la main sur qch
to change hands (= be sold) → changer de mains
(indicating influence, involvement) to have a hand in sth → jouer un rôle dans qch
to go hand in hand (= be closely related) → aller de pair
to go hand in hand with sth (= be closely related to) → aller de pair avec qch
"hands off!" → " bas les pattes !"
to play into sb's hands [person] → faire le jeu de qn; [events, situation] → jouer en la faveur de qn
to be hand in glove with sb → être de mèche avec qn
(indicating way of treating sb/sth) at the hands of sb
He died at the hands of an assassin → Il mourut des mains d'un assassin ., Il mourut assassinée .
Many people had suffered at his hands → Nombreux étaient ceux qui avaient souffert entre ses mains .
He has done nothing to deserve such kind treatment at our hands → Il n'a rien fait pour mériter un si bon traitement de notre part .
They were reluctant to risk another defeat at the hands of the opposition → Ils hésitaient devant le risque de se voir infliger une nouvelle défaite par l'opposition.
to rule with a heavy hand → gouverner d'une main de fer
(indicating responsibility) to have sth on one's hands [+ problem, responsibility] → avoir qch sur les bras
to have a big task on one's hands → avoir du pain sur la planche
to have a fight on one's hands
We have a fight on our hands → Un véritable combat nous attend .
to be off sb's hands [problem, task] → ne plus être la responsabilité de qn; [person]
I have more free time now the children are off my hands → J'ai davantage de temps libre sans les enfants sur les bras .
to take sb/sth off sb's hands → débarrasser qn de qn/qch
to have one's hands full (= be occupied) → avoir beaucoup à faire
to have one's hands full with sth → avoir beaucoup à faire avec qch
to wash one's hands of sth → se laver les mains de qch
to hold up one's hand(s), to hold one's hand(s) up (= admit responsibility) → prendre ses responsabilités
to hold up one's hand(s) to sth, to hold one's hand(s) up to sth → assumer la responsabilité de qch, endosser la responsabilité de qch
(indicating help, assistance) to give sb a hand, to lend sb a hand → donner un coup de main à qn
Can you give me a hand? → Tu peux me donner un coup de main ?
in hand (= to spare) → d'avance
Hughes finished with 15 seconds in hand → Hughes finit avec 15 secondes d'avance.
(indicating skill) to turn one's hand to sth → se mettre à qch
to try one's hand at sth → s'essayer à qch
to try one's hand at doing sth → s'essayer à faire qch
to do sth by hand → faire qch à la main
(indicating control) in hand (= in control) → en main
We have the situation in hand → Nous avons la situation bien en main .
Matters are in hand → On a les choses bien en main .
to take sb/sth in hand → prendre qn/qch en main
to get out of hand [situation, phenomenon] → devenir incontrôlable ; [person] → devenir incontrôlable
(indicating continuity) in hand (= ongoing) [work] → en cours
the job in hand (British) → le travail en cours
out of hand adv (= completely) [reject, dismiss] → d'emblée
in sb's hand (= written by sb) → de la main de qn
(at cards) → jeu m
to show one's hand (= reveal one's intentions) → montrer son jeu
(= measurement) [horse] → paume f
hired hand → saisonnier/ière m/f farmhand
vt
(= give, pass) to hand sth to sb, to hand sb sth → passer qch à qn
He handed me the book → Il m'a passé le livre .
(= concede)
You've got to hand it to her → Il faut lui rendre cette justice .
modif [tool, drill] → à main
hand around
hand back
vt sep [+ object, property] → rendre ; [+ power, control] → restituer ; [+ country, land, territory] → rendre
to hand sth back to sb [+ object, property] → rendre qch à qn; [+ power, control] → restituer qch à qn; [+ country, land, territory] → rendre qch à qn
hand down
(= pass on) [+ tradition, heirloom] → transmettre ; [+ knowledge, wisdom] → transmettre
to be handed down from father to son → être transmis (e) de père en fils
to be handed down from mother to daughter → être transmis (e) de mère en fille
to be handed down from generation to generation → être transmis (e) de génération en génération
(US) (= pronounce) [+ sentence, verdict] → prononcer
(from shelf etc) → passer
Can you hand me down that book? → Peux-tu me passer le livre qui est là-haut ?
hand in
Martin handed his exam paper in → Martin a rendu sa copie d'examen.
hand out
vt [+ goods, leaflets] → distribuer ; [+ prizes] → remettre ; [+ advice] → donner
The teacher handed out the books → Le professeur a distribué les livres .
hand over
vt [+ object, goods, money] → remettre ; [+ power, control] → transmettre ; [+ person, prisoner, hostage] → livrer
to hand sth over to sb → remettre qch à qn
She handed the keys over to me → Elle m'a remis les clés .
to hand sb over to the police → livrer qn à la police
vi
to hand over to sb (gen) → passer le relais à qn; (on TV, radio) → passer l'antenne à qn
hand around vt sep [+ food, drinks] → faire passer
hand
NOUN
→ Hand f; (of clock) → Zeiger m; on (one’s) hands and knees → auf allen vieren ; to take/lead somebody by the hand → jdn an die or bei der Hand nehmen /an der Hand führen ; hand in hand → Hand in Hand ; to go hand in hand with something → mit etw einhergehen or Hand in Hand gehen ; these symptoms often go hand in hand → diese Symptome treten oft gleichzeitig auf; hands up! → Hände hoch !; (Sch) → meldet euch!; hands up who knows the answer/who wants to go → Hand hoch , wer es weiß /wer gehen will; hands off! (inf) → Hände weg !; keep your hands off my wife → lass die Finger or Pfoten (inf) → von meiner Frau !; done or made by hand → handgearbeitet ; this sweater was knitted by hand → dieser Pullover ist handgestrickt ; to deliver a letter by hand → einen Brief persönlich überbringen ; “by hand” → „durch Boten “; to raise an animal by hand → ein Tier von Hand or mit der Flasche aufziehen ; pistol in hand → mit vorgehaltener Pistole , mit der Pistole in der Hand ; to climb hand over hand → Hand über Hand klettern ; to live (from) hand to mouth → von der Hand in den Mund leben ; with a heavy/firm hand (fig) → mit harter / fester or starker Hand ; to get one’s hands dirty (fig) → sich (dat) → die Hände schmutzig machen ; to give with one hand and take away with the other → mit einer Hand geben , mit der anderen nehmen ; it’s a case of the right hand not knowing what the left hand’s doing → das ist so ein Fall , wo die rechte Hand nicht weiß , was die linke tut; we’re forced to do it with one hand or both hands or our hands tied behind our back (fig) → wir sind gezwungen , es zu tun , während uns die Hände gebunden sind ? hold , shake
= side → Seite f; on the right hand → auf der rechten Seite , rechts, rechter Hand ; on my right hand → rechts von mir, zu meiner Rechten (geh); on every hand, on all hands → auf allen Seiten , ringsum (her); on the one hand … on the other hand … → einerseits or auf der einen Seite …, andererseits or auf der anderen Seite …
= agency, possession it’s the hand of God/fate → das ist die Hand Gottes /des Schicksals ; your future is in your own hands → Sie haben Ihre Zukunft (selbst) in der Hand ; to take one’s life in one’s hands → sein Leben selbst in die Hand nehmen ; to put something into somebody’s hands → jdm etw in die Hand geben , etw in jds Hände legen ; he put the matter in the hands of his lawyer → er übergab die Sache seinem Anwalt ; to leave somebody in somebody’s hands → jdn in jds Obhut lassen ; to leave something in somebody’s hands → jdm etw überlassen ; to put oneself in(to) somebody’s hands → sich jdm anvertrauen , sich in jds Hände begeben (geh); my life is in your hands → mein Leben ist or liegt in Ihren Händen ; to fall into the hands of somebody → jdm in die Hände fallen ; to fall into the wrong hands → in die falschen Hände geraten ; to be in good hands → in guten Händen sein; to change hands → den Besitzer wechseln ; I received some pretty rough treatment at her hands → ich bin von ihr ganz schön grob behandelt worden ; he suffered terribly at the hands of the enemy → er machte in den Händen des Feindes Schreckliches durch; he has too much time on his hands → er hat zu viel Zeit zur Verfügung ; he has a problem/five children on his hands → er hat ein Problem /fünf Kinder am Hals (inf); it’s no fun having three noisy children on your hands → es macht keinen Spaß , drei laute Kinder am Hals zu haben (inf); we’ve got a fight on our hands → wir haben einen harten Kampf vor uns; I’ve got enough on my hands already → ich habe ohnehin schon alle Hände voll zu tun , ich habe schon genug um die Ohren (inf) → or am Hals (inf); she read everything she could get her hands on → sie las alles, was sie in die Finger bekommen konnte; just wait till I get my hands on him! → warte nur, bis ich ihn zwischen die Finger kriege ! (inf); to get somebody/something off one’s hands → jdn / etw loswerden ; to take somebody/something off somebody’s hands → jdm jdn / etw abnehmen ; goods left on our hands (Comm) → nicht abgesetzte Waren ? die 1 VI a, change VT a, free ADJ a
= applause → Applaus m, → Beifall m; they gave him a big hand → sie gaben ihm großen Applaus , sie klatschten ihm großen Beifall ; let’s give our guest a big hand → und nun großen Beifall für unseren Gast
= worker → Arbeitskraft f, → Arbeiter (in) m(f); (Naut) → Besatzungsmitglied nt; to take on hands → Leute einstellen ; (Naut) → Leute anheuern ; hands → Leute pl, → Belegschaft f; (ship’s) hands → Besatzung f, → Mannschaft f; all hands on deck! → alle Mann an Deck !; lost with all hands → mit der ganzen Besatzung untergegangen
= expert to be an old hand (at something) → ein alter Hase (→ in etw dat) → sein; he is an experienced hand at that → er hat viel Erfahrung darin ? dab 2
= handwriting → Handschrift f; it is written in his own hand → es ist in seiner Handschrift geschrieben
= measure of horse → ˜ 10 cm
Cards → Blatt nt; (= person) → Mann m; (= game) → Runde f; 3 hands (= people) → 3 Mann ; a hand of bridge → eine Runde Bridge ; to show one’s hand → seine Karten aufdecken ; (fig) → sich (dat) → in die Karten sehen lassen
other phrases to ask for a lady’s hand (in marriage) → um die Hand einer Dame anhalten ; to have one’s hands full with somebody/something → mit jdm / etw alle Hände voll zu tun haben ; to wait on somebody hand and foot → jdn von vorne und hinten bedienen ; to have a hand in something (in decision) → an etw (dat) → beteiligt sein ; in crime → die Hand bei etw im Spiel haben; I had no hand in it → ich hatte damit nichts zu tun ; to take a hand in something → an etw (dat) → teilnehmen , sich an etw (dat) → beteiligen ; to keep one’s hand in → in Übung bleiben ; to lend or give somebody a hand → jdm behilflich sein, jdm zur Hand gehen ; give me a hand! → hilf mir mal!; to give somebody a hand up → jdm hochhelfen; give me a hand down → helfen Sie mir mal herunter; to force somebody’s hand → jdn zwingen , auf jdn Druck ausüben ; he never does a hand’s turn → er rührt keinen Finger , er macht keinen Finger krumm ; to be hand in glove with somebody → mit jdm unter einer Decke stecken , mit jdm gemeinsame Sache machen ; to win hands down → mühelos or spielend gewinnen ; to stay one’s hand → abwarten ; to have the upper hand → die Oberhand behalten ; to get or gain the upper hand (of somebody) → (über jdn) die Oberhand gewinnen ; he is making money hand over fist → er scheffelt das Geld nur so; we’re losing money hand over fist → wir verlieren massenweise Geld ; the inflation rate is rising hand over fist → die Inflationsrate steigt rasend schnell
? at + hand to keep something at hand → etw in Reichweite haben; according to the information at hand → gemäß or laut der vorhandenen or vorliegenden Informationen ; it’s quite close at hand → es ist ganz in der Nähe ; summer/Christmas is (close) at hand → der Sommer / Weihnachten steht vor der Tür , es ist bald Sommer / Weihnachten ; at first/second hand → aus erster/zweiter Hand ? also (c)
? in + hand he had the situation well in hand → er hatte die Situation im Griff ; she took the child in hand → sie nahm die Erziehung des Kindes in die Hand ; to take somebody in hand (= discipline) → jdn in die Hand nehmen ; (= look after) → jdn in Obhut nehmen , nach jdm sehen ; stock in hand (Comm) → Warenlager nt; what stock have you in hand? → welche Waren haben Sie am Lager ?; he still had £600/a couple of hours in hand → er hatte £ 600 übrig /noch zwei Stunden Zeit; the matter in hand → die vorliegende or (in discussion) → die zur Debatte stehende Angelegenheit ; work in hand → Arbeit , die zurzeit erledigt wird ; we’ve got a lot of work in hand → wir haben viel Arbeit anstehen or zu erledigen ; a matter/project is in hand → eine Sache /ein Projekt ist in Bearbeitung ; we still have a game in hand → wir haben noch ein Spiel ausstehen ; to put something in hand → zusehen , dass etw erledigt wird ? also (a, c, g)
? on + hand according to the information on hand → gemäß or laut der vorhandenen or vorliegenden Informationen ; we have little information on hand → wir haben kaum Informationen pl → (zur Verfügung) ? also (a, b, c)
? out + hand to eat out of somebody’s hand (lit, fig) → jdm aus der Hand fressen ; the children got out of hand → die Kinder waren nicht mehr zu bändigen or gerieten außer Rand und Band ; the horse got out of hand → er hat/ich habe etc die Kontrolle über das Pferd verloren ; the party got out of hand → die Party ist ausgeartet ; things got out of hand → die Dinge sind außer Kontrolle geraten ; I dismissed the idea out of hand → ich verwarf die Idee sofort
? to + hand I don’t have the letter to hand → ich habe den Brief gerade nicht zur Hand ; your letter has come to hand (Comm) → wir haben Ihren Brief erhalten ; he seized the first weapon to hand → er ergriff die erstbeste Waffe ; we have little information to hand → wir haben kaum Informationen pl → (zur Verfügung) ? palm 2, cash
TRANSITIVE VERB
(= give) → reichen , geben (sth to sb, sb sth jdm etw); he handed the lady into/out of the carriage → er half der Dame in die/aus der Kutsche ; you’ve got to hand it to him (fig inf) → das muss man ihm lassen (inf)
PHRASAL VERBS
? hand (a)round vt sep → herumreichen ; bottle also → herumgehen lassen ; (= distribute) papers → austeilen , verteilen
? hand back vt sep → zurückgeben
? hand down vt sep
(lit) → herunterreichen or -geben (to sb jdm)
(fig) → weitergeben ; tradition, belief → überliefern , weitergeben ; heirloom etc → vererben (→ to +dat); clothes → vererben (inf) (→ to +dat); story (from sb to sb) → überliefern (→ to an +acc), → weitergeben (→ to an +acc); the farm’s been handed down from generation to generation → der Hof ist durch die Generationen weitervererbt worden ; all his clothes were handed down from his elder brothers → er musste die Kleidung seiner älteren Brüder auftragen
? hand in vt sep → abgeben ; forms, thesis also, resignation → einreichen
? hand off vt sep (Rugby) → (mit der Hand) wegstoßen
? hand on vt sep → weitergeben (→ to an +acc)
? hand out vt sep → austeilen , verteilen (to sb an jdn); advice → geben , erteilen (to sb jdm); heavy sentence → verhängen , austeilen ; the Spanish boxer was really handing it out (inf) → der spanische Boxer hat wirklich ganz schön zugeschlagen or ausgeteilt (inf)
? hand over vt sep (= pass over) → (herüber) reichen (→ to dat); (= hand on) → weitergeben (→ to an +acc); (= give up) → (her) geben (→ to dat); (to third party) → (ab) geben (→ to dat); criminal, prisoner → übergeben (→ to dat); (from one state to another) → ausliefern ; leadership, authority, powers → abgeben , abtreten (→ to an +acc); the controls, property, business → übergeben (→ to dat, → an +acc); hand over that gun! → Waffe her!; I now hand you over to our political correspondent → ich gebe nun weiter or übergebe nun an unseren (politischen) Korrespondenten ; to hand oneself over to the police/authorities → sich der Polizei /den Behörden ergeben vi when the Conservatives handed over to Labour → als die Konservativen die Regierung an Labour abgaben ; when the chairman handed over to his successor → als der Vorsitzende das Amt an seinen Nachfolger abgab ; I now hand over to our sports correspondent → ich übergebe nun an unseren Sportberichterstatter; he handed over to the co-pilot → er übergab an den Kopiloten
? hand up vt sep → hinaufreichen
hand
n → Schelle f, → Glocke f → (mit Stiel)
handbill
n → Flugblatt nt, → Handzettel m
handbook
n → Handbuch nt; (tourist’s) → Reiseführer m
handbrake
n (esp Brit) → Handbremse f
handbrake turn
n (Aut) to do a hand → durch Anziehen der Handbremse wenden
handbreadth
n (Rail) → Draisine f, → Dräsine f
handcart
pl (Aut) → Handbedienung f
handcuff
vt → Handschellen anlegen (+dat); he handed himself to the railings → er machte sich mit Handschellen am Geländer fest ; to be handed → Handschellen angelegt bekommen ; the accused was handed to a police officer → der Angeklagte war (mit Handschellen) an einen Polizisten gefesselt
handcuffs
n → (Hand) griff m; (= handshake) → Händedruck m
handgun
n → Handfeuerwaffe f
hand-held
adj device, computer → im Taschenformat ; taken with a hand camera → aus der (freien) Hand aufgenommen Handheld nt
handhold
n → Handwebstuhl m; hand-loom weaver → Handweber(in) m(f); hand-loom weaving → Handweben nt
hand lotion
adj → handgearbeitet ; this is hand → das ist Handarbeit
handmaid
n (obs) → Zofe f (old); (Bibl) → Magd f
hand-me-down (inf)
adj clothes → abgelegt ; piano, books → geerbt (hum)
hand mirror
n (Rugby) → Wegstoß (→ en nt) m → (mit der Hand)
hand-operated
adj → von Hand bedient or betätigt , handbedient, handbetrieben
hand-out
n (= money) → Unterstützung f, → (Geld) zuwendung f; (= food) → Essensspende f; (= leaflet) → Flugblatt nt; (with several pages) → Broschüre f; (in school) → Arbeitsblatt nt; (= publicity hand-out) → Reklamezettel m; budget hand → Zuwendung f → or Geschenk nt → aus dem Etat
handover
n (Pol) → Übergabe f; hand of power → Machtübergabe f
hand-picked
adj (lit) → von Hand geerntet , handverlesen ; (fig) successor, team, staff → sorgfältig ausgewählt , handverlesen (hum)
hand puppet
n (of stairs etc) → Geländer nt; (of ship) → Reling f; (for bath etc) → Haltegriff m
handsaw
n → Handsäge f, → Fuchsschwanz m
handset
vt (Typ) → (von Hand) setzen
hand
n → Handstand m; to do a hand → (einen) Handstand machen
hand-stitched
adv → im Nahkampf , Mann gegen Mann
adj hand fight/fighting → Nahkampf m
hand-to-mouth
adj existence → kümmerlich , armselig ; to lead a hand existence, to exist on a hand basis → von der Hand in den Mund leben
hand towel
1. n
a. (of person) → mano f; (of clock) → lancetta
to have in one's hand (knife, victory) → avere in mano or in pugno (book, money) → avere in mano
to take sb by the hand → prendere per mano qn
on (one's) hands and knees → carponi , a quattro zampe
hands off! (fam) → giù le mani !
to be clever or good with one's hands → avere le mani d'oro
to live from hand to mouth → vivere alla giornata
they gave him a big hand (fig) → gli hanno fatto un bell'applauso
b. (worker, in factory) → operaio/a, manovale m; (farm hand) → bracciante m/f; (deck hand) → marinaio
all hands on deck! (Naut) → tutti in coperta !
to be an old hand → essere vecchio /a del mestiere
c. (liter) (handwriting) → scrittura , mano f
in one's own hand → di proprio pugno , di propria mano
d. (Cards) → mano f
a hand of bridge/poker → una mano a bridge / poker
e. (measurement, of horse) → dieci centimetri
f. (phrases with verb) to be hand in glove with sb → essere in combutta con qn
to change hands (property) → cambiare (di) mano
to force sb's hand → forzare la mano a qn
to give or lend sb a hand → dare una mano a qn
to keep one's hand in → tenersi in esercizio , non perdere la mano
she can turn her hand to anything → sa fare un po' di tutto
he asked for her hand (in marriage) → ha chiesto la sua mano
to wait on sb hand and foot → essere a totale disposizione di qn
to have one's hands full (with sb/sth) → essere troppo preso /a (con qn/qc)
to be making/losing money hand over fist → fare / perdere un sacco di soldi
to have a free hand → avere carta bianca
to have the upper hand → avere la meglio or il sopravvento
to have a hand in sth → essere immischiato / a in qc
g. (phrases with prep before n) at hand → a portata di mano
to be near or close at hand → essere a due passi
hand in hand → mano nella mano
to go hand in hand (with) (fig) → andare insieme (a)
to be in sb's hands → essere nelle mani di qn
to have £50 in hand → avere ancora 50 sterline a disposizione
we have the situation in hand → abbiamo la situazione sotto controllo
we have the matter in hand → ci stiamo occupando della cosa
to take sb in hand → controllare qn
to play into sb's hands → fare il gioco di qn
to fall into the hands of the enemy → cadere in mano al nemico
on hand (person) → disponibile (object) → sottomano , a portata di mano (emergency services) → pronto/a a intervenire
on the right/left hand → sulla destra /sinistra
(on the one hand) ...on the other hand → (da una parte)... d'altra parte
to have sth left on one's hands → ritrovarsi con qc, rimanere con qc
to take sth off sb's hands → togliere qc di torno a qn
to condemn sb out of hand → condannare qn a priori
to get out of hand → sfuggire di mano
2. vt (pass) to hand sb sth, hand sth to sb → passare qc a qn
you've got to hand it to him (fam) → questo glielo devi riconoscere
it was handed to him on a plate (fam) → glielo hanno dato su un piatto d'argento
hand back vt + adv → restituire
hand down vt + adv (suitcase) → passare , dare (con movimento dall'alto al basso); (tradition) → tramandare ; (heirloom) → lasciare in eredità (Am) (sentence, verdict) → emettere
hand on vt + adv → trasmettere , dare , passare
hand out vt + adv (leaflets) → distribuire ; (advice) → elargire
hand over vt + adv → consegnare ; (powers, property, business) → cedere
hand round vt + adv (information, papers) → far circolare ; (distribute, chocolates, cakes) → far girare ; (subj, hostess) → offrire
hand
(hӕnd) noun
1. the part of the body at the end of the arm. hand يَد ръка mão ruka die Hand hånd χέρι mano käsi دست käsi main יד हाथ šaka, ruka kéz tangan hönd mano 手 손 ranka roka; plauksta tangan hand hånd ręka لاسه mão mână кисть руки ruka roka šaka hand มือ el 手 рука ہاتھ bàn tay 手
2. a pointer on a clock, watch etc. Clocks usually have an hour hand and a minute hand. wyser عَقْرَب السّاعَه стрелка ponteiro ručička der Zeiger viser δείκτης manecilla , aguja osuti عقربه osoitin aiguille מחוג सूई kazaljka mutató jarum vísir lancetta 針 시계의 바늘 rodyklė [] rādītājs jarum wijzer viser wskazówka عقربه ponteiro limbă (de ceas) стрелка ručička kazalec kazaljka visare เข็มนาฬิกา ibre , gösterge （鐘錶等的）指針 стрілка گھڑی کے کانٹے kim đồng hồ （钟表等的）指针
3. a person employed as a helper, crew member etc. a farm hand; All hands on deck! werker, handlanger مُساعِد помощник ajudante dělník; člen posádky der Arbeiter, der Mann mand; arbejder; medhjælper βοηθός , μέλος πληρώματος trabajador , operario abiline, abimees كمك كار apulainen ouvrier , ière , membre de l'équipage פועל काम करने वाले लोग radnik, radna snaga (segéd)munkás, matróz stb. pekerja mannskapur, vinnumaður membro dell'equipaggio; operaio 人手 일손, 일꾼 pagalbinis darbininkas, matrosas Visi uz klāja! pekerja hulp , iemand die een handje helpt mann , arbeider pomocnik , obsługa د کار مرسته ajudante lucrător; membru al echipajului помощник ; член экипажа robotník; člen posádky pomočnik fizički radnik arbetare, [besättnings]man คนงาน yardımcı , işçi , tayfa 人手，組員 помічник ملازم thuỷ thủ 人手，船员
4. help; assistance. Can I lend a hand?; Give me a hand with this box, please. 'n handjie مُساعَدَه помощ ajuda pomoc die Hilfe hjælp χεράκι, χείρα βοηθείας mano , ayuda abi كمك apu coup de main עזרה सहायता pomoc segítség bantuan aðstoð mano 手助け 조력, 도움 pagalba, padėjimas palīdzēt bantuan hulp hjelp , assistanse pomoc مرسته ajuda ajutor помощь pomoc pomoč pomoć hjälpande hand, handtag ความช่วยเหลือ yardım 幫助 допомога مساعد sự giúp đỡ 帮助
5. a set of playing-cards dealt to a person. I had a very good hand so I thought I had a chance of winning. hand مَجموعَة مِن وَرَق اللعب ръка cartas list das Blatt kort μοιρασιά στα χαρτιά mano , cartas käsi دست käsi main , jeu יד ताश का हाथ karte (u ruci, u igri) (kártya)leosztás kartu hönd, spil á hendi mano 持ち札 (카드놀이에서) 가진 패 (vieno žaidėjo) kortos kārtis (spēlmaņa rokās) daun terup yang telah dibahagi-bahagikan speelkaarten in de hand hånd , kort i/på hånden karty (u jednego gracza) !! 6. added dłoń لاسه cartas mână карты на руках (у игрока) karty karte v roki deljenje [kort på] hand สำรับไพ่ el 手中的牌 карти на руках в картяра کسی شخص کے حصے میں آیے تاش کے پتے xấp bài 手中的牌
6. a measure (approximately centimetres) used for measuring the height of horses. a horse of 14 hands. hand مِقياس مِقْدارُه 10 سنتيمتر мярка за измерване височината на кон (около 10 см) palmo pěst die Handbreit håndsbredde παλάμη palmo käelaius يك وجب pituusmitta paume מִידָה הַשָווָה “4 नापने का पैमाना dlan (mjera za visinu konja=4 inca=10cm) marok (lómérték) ukuran untuk tingginya kuda þverhönd, 4 þumlungar palmo １手幅 손바닥의 폭(말의 키 따위를 재는 단위) delnas plauksta (kā mērvienība) tangan handbreed(te) håndsbredd اندازه ،پيمانه meio palmo palmă ладонь päsť (dĺžková miera 10,16 cm) dlan (mera) mera za visinu konja tvärhand สายวัดความสูงของม้า karış 量馬高度的測量單位 (4英吋或10.2公分) долонь گھوڑوں کی پیمائش کی اکائی gang tay (đơn vị đo chiều cao của ngựa) 一掌之宽（约4英寸，量马高度用）
7. handwriting. written in a neat hand. handskrif خَط اليَد почерк caligrafia rukopis die Handschrift håndskrift γραφικός χαρακτήρας caligrafía käekiri دست خط käsiala écriture כְּתָב יָד लिखावट rukopis kézírás tulisan tangan rithönd scrittura , grafia 筆跡 필치 rašysena rokraksts tulisan tangan handschrift håndskrift pismo لاسلیک caligrafia scris (de mână) почерк rukopis pisava rukopis handstil ลายมือ el yazısı 筆跡 почерк, письмо لکھائی kiểu viết tay 手迹
verb
(often with back, ~down, ~up etc).
1. to give (something) to someone by hand. I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me. oorhandig, aangee يُسَلِّم باليَد подавам entregar podat, vrátit geben række; give δίνω caligrafía andma, ulatama تحويل دادن ojentaa donner , rendre , transmettre לִמסוֹר देना pružiti (át)ad tulisan tangan rétta dare 手渡す 집어 주다 duoti, (į)teikti padot; pasniegt serahkan geven , reiken rekke , gi , overrekke wręczać تسلیم کول entregar a da, a înmâna, a transmite подавать ; передавать podať; vrátiť izročiti dodati ge, räcka ส่ง (ด้วยมือ) elle vermek, uzatmak 給 передавати, вручати کسی کے حوالے کرنا trao; đưa 给
2. to pass, transfer etc into another's care etc. That is the end of my report from Paris. I'll now hand you back to Fred Smith in the television studio in London. oorgee يُسَلِّم، يُقَدِّم предавам passar vrátit, připojit zpět zurückgeben overgive παραδίνω , περνώ devolver , pasar üle andma رد کردن؛ ارجاع دادن siirtää remettre , retourner לְהַעֲבִיר אֶל सौंपना vratiti, pružiti dalje kézbesít menyerahkan skila, yfir til consegnare , passare 渡す (남에게) 손을 빌려 주다 perduoti nodot (citam) serahkan teruggeven aan, overgeven aan , doorgeven aan, verder geven aan, geven aan sette over til przekazywać رد کول passar a încredinţa передавать prepojiť späť predati predati lämna över ส่ง bağlamak 傳遞 посилати منتقل کرنا chuyển giao 传递
ˈhandful noun
1. as much as can be held in one hand. a handful of sweets. hand vol حَفْنَه шепа mão cheia hrst die Handvoll håndfuld χούφτα puñado peotäis يك مشت پر kourallinen poignée חופן मुट्ठी भर (puna) šaka necega (tele) maréknyi merepotkan handfylli manciata , pugno ひとつかみ 한 움큼 sauja riekšava; sauja segenggam handvol håndfull , neve garść لپه ، يوموټ mancheia o mână de пригоршня hrsť peščica puna šaka näve หนึ่งกำมือ avuç 一把 пригорща, жменя جتنا ہاتھ میں سما سکے một nắm 一把
2. a small number. Only a handful of people came to the meeting. handjie vol عَدَد قَليل малко количество punhado hrstka die Handvoll få χούφτα , μικρή ποσότητα puñado käputäis تعداد کم kourallinen poignée קומץ थोड़ी संख्या में nekolicina maréknyi sedikit lítilræði; fáeinar sálir manipolo , gruppetto 少数 소량 saujelė neliels skaits; saujiņa beberapa kerat handjevol håndfull garstka په كمه پيمانه punhado o mână de горстка hŕstka prgišče šačica handfull ปริมาณน้อย bir avuç, çok az sayıda 少數 жменька بہت کم تعداد một nhúm 少数
3. a person etc difficult to control. Her three children are a (bit of a) handful. hand vol, moeilik شَخْص صَعْب السَّيْطَرَة عليه мъчен човек descontrolado pěkné kvítko, rarášek die Plage noget af en håndfuld μπελάς dar mucha guerra, ser difícil de controlar tülikas isik مایه شر villi (personne) qui donne du fil à retordre שובב शरारती pune ruke posla nehezen kezelhető merepotkan sem lætur illa að stjórn birichino 手に余るもの 성가신 일(사람) kas pridaro daug rūpesčių, gyva bėda [] sodība tidak terkawal handenbinder en (noe) som er vanskelig å styre/håndtere urwanie głowy د شر مايه descontrolado persoană dificilă/greu de stăpânit сущее наказание pekný kvietok, šibal težko obvladljiva oseba problematična osoba person som ger ngn fullt sjå ดื้อ ele avuca sığmaz 難控制的人 хтось (щось), що завдає багато клопоту مشکل سے قابو میں آنے والے người khó chịu 难控制的人
ˈhandbag noun
(American usually purse) a small bag carried by women, for personal belongings. handsak حَقيبَة سَفَر дамска чанта bolsa kabelka die Handtasche håndtaske τσάντα bolso käekott کیف زنانه käsilaukku sac à main תִּיק יָד दस्ती थैला ženska torbica kézitáska tas tangan handtaska borsetta ハンドバッグ 핸드백 rankinukas rokassoma; rokassomiņa tas tangan handtas hånd-/dameveske torebka بخولي ، د لاس كڅوړه ، د لاس بكس bolsa poşetă дамская сумочка kabelka ročna torbica ženska tašna handväska กระเป๋าถือของผู้หญิง el çantası 手提包 жіноча сумочка چھوٹا زنانہ پرس یا تھیلا túi xách 手提包
ˈhandbill noun
a small printed notice. strooibiljet إعْلان يُوَزَّع باليَد рекламна листовка nota impressa leták das Flugblatt løbeseddel; reklame διαφημιστικό έντυπο prospecto , folleto reklaamleht برگ اعلان mainoslehtinen prospectus עלון पर्चा letak szórólap selebaran auglÿsingamiði; dreifimiði volantino , pieghevole ビラ (보통 손으로 나누어 주는 광고용) 전단 reklaminis lapelis reklāmlapiņa surat pemberitahuan vlugschrift , foldertje flygeblad , løpeseddel , plakat ulotka د باغوانۍ پياتي،د اعلان پا ڼه nota impressa fluturaş publicitar, reclamă рекламный листок leták, plagát reklamni listek štampani listić reklamlapp, flygblad ใบปลิว el ilânı 傳單 рекламний листок; оголошення چھوٹا سا چھپا ہوا نوٹس quảng cáo phát tay 传单
ˈhandbook noun
a small book giving information about (how to do) something. a handbook of European birds; a bicycle-repair handbook. handboek, gids كِتاب وَجيز، كِتاب دَليل ръководство guia rukověť das Handbuch håndbog εγχειρίδιο , βοήθημα manual käsiraamat كتاب راهنما käsikirja manuel מדריך पुस्तिका prirucnik kézikönyv buku petunjuk handbók, uppsláttarbók manuale 手引き書 안내서 žinynas, vadovas rokasgrāmata buku panduan handboek hånd-/oppslagsbok poradnik , podręcznik د لارښوونی کتاپ guia manual справочник ; руководство príručka priročnik priručnik handbok หนังสือคู่มือ el kitabı 手冊 посібник; довідник کوئی خاص معلومات فراہم کرنے والی کتاب sổ tay 手册
ˈhandbrake noun
(in a car, bus etc) a brake operated by the driver's hand. handrem فَرامِل يَدَوِيَّه ръчна спирачка freio de mão ruční brzda die Handbremse håndbremse χειρόφρενο freno de mano käsipidur ترمز دستی käsijarru frein à main בֶּלֶם יַד हाथ से लगाया जाने वाला गतिरोधक rucna kocnica kézifék rem tangan handbremsa freno a mano 手動ブレーキ 수동 브레이크 rankinis stabdis rokas bremze brek tangan handrem håndbrems hamulec ręczny لاسي ترموز travão de mão frână de mână ручной тормоз ručná brzda ročna zavora ručna kočnica handbroms เบรคมือ el freni 手煞車 ручне гальмо ہاتھ سے لگایا جانا والا بریک phanh tay 手煞车
ˈhandcuff verb
to put handcuffs on (a person). The police handcuffed the criminal. boei يُقَيِّد، يَضَع القُيود слагам белезници algemar spoutat Handschellen anlegen give håndjern på βάζω χειροπέδες esposar , poner las esposas käeraudu panema دست بند زدن panna käsirautoihin passer les menottes à לִכבּוֹל בַאֲזִיקִים हथकड़ी staviti lisicine na ruke megbilincsel memborgol handjárna ammanettare 手錠をかける 수갑을 채우다 uždėti (kam) antrankius uzlikt roku dzelžus menggari handboei sette håndjern på zakuć w kajdanki ولچك كول ، ولچك وراچول algemar a pune cătuşe надевать наручники spútať nadeti komu lisice staviti lisice sätta handbojor på ใส่กุญแจมือ kelepçe takmak 上手銬 надіти наручники ہتھکڑی پہنانا khoá bằng còng số tám 给...上手铐
ˈhandcuffs noun plural
steel rings, joined by a short chain, put round the wrists of prisoners. a pair of handcuffs. handboeie أصْفاد، قُيود، كَلَبْشَه белезници algemas pouta die Handschellen(pl.) håndjern χειροπέδες esposas käerauad دستبند آهنی käsiraudat menottes אזיקים हथकडी़ lisicine bilincs borgol handjárn manette 手錠 수갑 antrankiai roku dzelži gari boeien håndjern kajdanki آهنی ولچک algemas cătuşe наручники putá lisice lisice handbojor, -klovar กุญแจมือ kelepçe 手銬 наручники, ручні кайдани ہتھکڑیاں còng số tám 手铐
ˈhand-lens noun
a magnifying-glass held in the hand. vergrootglas عَدَسَة مُكَبِّرَه باليد лупа lupa lupa (s držátkem) das Vergrößerungsglas, die Lupe forstørrelsesglas μεγεθυντικός φακός lupa luup ذره بین دستی suurennuslasi loupe מַגדֶלֶת वस्तुओं को बड़े रूप में दिखाने वाला शीशा (rucno) povecalo kézi nagyító suryakanta, kaca pembesar stækkunargler lente d'ingrandimento 虫めがね (손잡이가 달린) 확대경 didinamasis stiklas (rokā turams) palielināmais stikls kanta tangan loep forstørrelsesglass lupa لاسی عدسيى ه lupa ручная лупа lupa ročno povečevalno steklo lupa förstoringsglas แว่นขยาย el büyüteci 手持放大鏡 ручна лупа ہاتھ میں تھامنے والا مکبر لینس kính lúp 手持放大镜
ˌhandˈmade adjective
made with a person's hands or with tools held in the hands, rather than by machines. hand-made furniture. handgemaak مَصْنوع باليَد изработен на ръка feito à mão ruční, rukodělný handgemacht håndlavet χειροποίητος hecho a mano käsitsi tehtud دست ساز käsin tehty fait à la main עֲבוֹדָת יָד हस्तनिर्मित rucni (rad), izraden rukom kézzel gyártott buatan tangan handunninn fatto/lavorato a mano 手づくりの 수제의 rankinio darbo rokām darināts buatan tangan handgemaakt håndlaget/-sydd ręcznie robiony په لاس جوړ شوى feito à mão lucrat de mână ручной работы ručne vyrobený ročno izdelan ručno izrađen handgjord ซึ่งทำด้วยมือ el yapımı 手工做的 ручної роботи ہاتھ سے بنا ہوا làm bằng tay 手工制的
hand-ˈoperated adjective
hand-operated switches. hand- مُشَغَّل باليَد ръчно управляван manual ručně ovládaný handbetrieben håndbetjent; manuel χειροκίνητος manual käsitsi juhitav دستی käsikäyttöinen actionné à la main מוּפעַל יָדַנִית हस्तचालित kojim se rucno upravlja kézi kapcsolású dijalankan dengan tangan handstÿrður; handvirkur azionato a mano 手動の 수동식의 rankinio valdymo ar roku vadāms/darbināms kendalian tangan handgedreven manuell , håndbetjent ręcznie obsługiwany/sterowany لاسی manual manual управляемый вручную ručne ovládaný ročno upravljan kojim se ručno upravlja manuell[t skött] ซึ่งใช้มือ elle çalıştırılan 手動的 з ручним приводом ہاتھ سے چلایا جانے والا điều khiển bằng tay 手动的
ˈhand-out hand out belowˌhand-ˈpicked adjective
chosen very carefully. a hand-picked team of workers. uitgesoek, uitgelese مُنْتَقى، مُنْتَخَب подбран escolhido a dedo výběrový sorgsam ausgewählt håndplukket επίλεκτος escogido/seleccionado (cuidadosamente) hoolikalt valitud دست چین valikoitu trié sur le volet מובחר चुनिंदा pažljivo odabran gondosan kiválogatott dipilih hati-hati handtíndur, sérstaklega valinn (scelto con grande cura) 精選された 엄선한 atidžiai parinktas rūpīgi atlasīts; izlases- terpilih uitgelezen håndplukket , utsøkt starannie (osobiście) wybrany ډير په احتياط سره escolhido a dedo ales cu grijă тщательно отобранный výberový skrbno izbran pažljivo odabran handplockad เลือกเฟ้น dikkatle seçilmiş, seçme , seçkin 精選的 ретельно підібраний احتیاط سے چنا گیا chọn kỹ lưỡng 精选的
ˈhandshake noun
the act of grasping (a person's) hand eg as a greeting. handdruk مُصافَحَة باليَد ръкостискане aperto de mão podání ruky der Händedruck håndtryk χειραψία apretón de mano käepigistus عمل دست دادن kättely poignée de main לְחִיצַת יָד एक दूसरे से हाथ मिलाना rukovanje kézfogás jabat tangan handaband stretta di mano 握手 악수 rankos paspaudimas rokasspiediens jabat tangan handenschudden håndtrykk uścisk dłoni لاس ورکول aperto de mão strângere de mână рукопожатие podanie ruky rokovanje rukovanje handslag การจับมือกับคนอื่นเพื่อทักทายหรือบอกลา el sıkışma 握手 рукостискання مصافحہ cái bắt tay 握手
ˈhandstand noun
the gymnastic act of balancing one's body upright in the air with one's hands on the ground. handstand الوُقوف عَلى يَد واحِدة والجِسْمُ في الهَواء ръчна стойка pino stoj na rukou der Handstand håndstand; ståen på hovedet κατακόρυφος pino kätelseis بالانس käsinseisonta arbre droit עֲמִידָת-יָדַיִים उलटे खडा़ होना stoj na rukama kéz(en)állás berdiri dengan tangan handstaða verticale 逆立ち 물구나무서기 stovėsena ant plaštakų stāja uz rokām dirian tangan handstand det å stå på hendene ; håndstående stójka بالا نس pino stat în mâini стойка на руках stoj na rukách stoja stoj na rukama handstående หกสูง amuda kalkma 倒立 стійка на руках ہاتھوں پر کھڑا ہونا trồng cây chuối 倒立
ˈhandwriting noun
1. writing with a pen or pencil. Today we will practise handwriting. handskrif خَط ръкопис caligrafia písmo, psaní die Handschrift håndskrift γραφή caligrafía käsitsikiri نوشتن kaunokirjoitus écriture כְּתָב יָד हस्तलिपि pisanje kézírás tulisan rithönd, skrift scrittura 習字 육필(肉筆) rašymas rakstīšana (ar roku) tulisan tangan fijnschrijven skriving med penn/blyant kaligrafia لیکل caligrafia scris de mână чистописание písanie pisava rukopis handskrift การคัดลายมือ el yazısı 手寫 рукописний текст; написання від руки ہاتھ کی تحریر chữ viết tay 书法
2. the way in which a person writes. Your handwriting is terrible! handskrif خَط اليد الشَّخْصيَّه почерк letra rukopis die Handschrift håndskrift γραφικός χαρακτήρας caligrafía käekiri دست خط käsiala écriture כְּתָב יָד लिखावट pisanje, rukopis kézírás tulisan rithönd, skrift scrittura , calligrafia 筆跡 (개인의) 필적, 서체 rašysena rokraksts tulisan tangan handschrift håndskrift charakter pisma لاسلیک letra scris почерк rukopis pisava rukopis handstil ลายมือ el yazısı 筆跡 почерк کسی کا مخصوص انداز تحریر chữ viết 笔迹
ˈhandwritten adjective
The letter was handwritten, not typed. handgeskrewe مَكْتوب يَدويّا ръкописен escrito à mão psaný rukou handgeschrieben håndskrevet χειρόγραφος manuscrito käsitsi kirjutatud دست نوشته käsin kirjoitettu manuscrit בִכתָב יָד हाथ का लिखा हुआ rukom napisan kézzel írott ditulis tangan handskrifaður scritto a mano 手書きの 손으로 쓴 rašytas ranka ar roku rakstīts bertulisan tangan handgeschreven håndskrevet odręczny , napisany odręcznie لاس ليك ، لاس خط ، هغه ليك چه په لاس ليكل شوي وي escrito à mão scris (de mână) написанный от руки písaný rukou na roko napisan rukom pisan handskriven ที่เขียนด้วยมือ โดยใช้ปากกา ดินสอและอื่น ๆ elle yazılmış 手寫的 написаний від руки ہاتھ سے لکھا viết tay 手写的
at hand
1. (with close or near) near. The bus station is close at hand. naby قَريب наблизо à mão velmi blízko nahe tæt ved κοντά cerca , al lado käeulatuses دم دست lähellä tout près קרוב बिल्कुल पास में blizu, pri ruci közelben tersedia nálægur vicino 手近に 가까이에 čia pat, po ranka tuvu hampir heel dichtbij i nærheten , stå for døra blisko نږدي څنګ ته à mão aproape рядом blízko, pár krokov blizu blizu i närheten, inom räckhåll ใกล้แค่เอื้อม yakın 在旁邊 близько قریب gần 在附近
2. available. Help is at hand. byderhand في مُتناول اليد، مُتَوَفِّر на разположение próximo na dosah bei der Hand til rådighed κοντά , διαθέσιμος a mano käepärast در دسترس؛ آماده saatavilla disponible ליד उपलब्ध dostupan kéznél tersedia nærtækur, við höndina a portata di mano 手近に 사용할 수 있는 ranka pasiekiamas pie rokas; tuvumā boleh didapati op handen for hånden , til rådighet pod ręką په كار راتلونكى، لاس ته راتلونكى، لاس وررسېدونكى، لاس پرې برېدونكى próximo la îndemână; disponibil имеющийся в распоряжении na dosah pri roki pri ruci till hands ใกล้ hazır 隨手可得 напохваті موجود sẵn có 在手边，可利用的
at the hands of
from, or by the action of. He received very rough treatment at the hands of the terrorists. deur die toedoen van على يَد от nas mãos de v rukou von seiten fra; af; i hænderne på από , από τα χέρια κπ. de manos de poolt توسط؛ به دست jnk toimesta entre les mains de בִּידֵי के हाथों (doživjeti dobrotu, nesrecu) od nekoga vki részéről dalam kekuasaan af hálfu per mano di, a opera di ～の手で ...의 손을 통해, ...의 작용으로 iš kieno nors rankų no kāda rokas/puses daripada van , door fra , av , i hendene på z rąk په لاس کی nas mãos de din partea от рук (кого-л.) v rukách, od (koho) s strani nekoga od från ngn[s sida] อยู่ในมือของ tarafından 在…手裡，在…的作用下 від руки کسی کے ذریعہ کچھ حاصل ہونا từ; do 在某人手下，由 ... 完成
be hand in glove (with someone)
to be very closely associated with someone, especially for a bad purpose. kop in een mus (met iemand) على إتِّفاقٍ تام مَع свързансъм с ser unha e carne být jedna ruka s unter einer Decke stecken mit sammenspist med είμαι κολλητός με κπ. ser uña y carne (kellegagi) heades suhetes olema همدست بودن tiiviissä yhteistyössä être de mèche avec שותפות खासकर बुरे उद्देश्य के लिए साथ होना biti neciji prisan prijatelj igen jó viszonyban van vkivel sangat akrab vera í samkrulli með (avere grande intimità con) ～とねんごろで 아주 친하다 vieną ranką laikyti, eiti išvien kā cimds ar roku bersubahat twee handen op één buik zijn; koek en ei zijn tussen, dikke vrienden zijn være gode busser med być w zmowie لاس اوه هم ser unha e carne a fi în cârdăşie cu cineva быть заодно byť jedna ruka (s kým) biti zaupen s kom blisko sarađivati stå på förtrolig fot med, vara intim med สมรู้ร่วมคิด yakın ilişki içinde 勾結 одного поля ягоди کسی سے گہرا تعلق ہونا cộng tác với 勾结
by hand
1. with a person's hand or tools held in the hands, rather than with machinery. furniture made by hand. handgemaak يَدَويا на ръка à mão ručně mit der Hand håndlavet; med hånden με το χέρι, στο χέρι a mano käsitsi بوسيله دست käsin à la main בַּיָד हस्तनिर्मित rucno (izraden) kézzel (készült) melalui pesuruh handunninn a mano 手造りで 손으로 ranka, rankiniu būdu ar rokām dengan tangan met de hand med hånden/håndkraft, manuelt ręcznie په لاس کی à mão lucrat manual ручным способом ručne na roko rukom för hand โดยทำด้วยมือ elle 用手 ручним способом ہاتھوں یا ہاتھ کو اوزار سے بنا làm bằng tay 用手
2. not by post but by a messenger etc. This parcel was delivered by hand. per hand, per bode باليَد، يدويّا по пратеник em mãos poslem, osobně durch Boten bragt χέρι με χέρι en mano käest kätte بصورت دستي kuriirin toimesta par porteur בַּיָד संदेशवाहक द्वारा dostavljen po nekome kézbesített (levél) melalui pesuruh með sendiboða a mano 手渡しで 인편으로 per pasiuntinį [] ar kurjeru oleh seseorang met een bode egenhendig , personlig , med bud przez posłańca د لاس په صورت em mão própria printr-un comisionar с нарочным (doručený) poslom ročno ručno med bud โดยผู้ถือหนังสือ elden 由專人 з посланцем ڈاک سے نہیں بلکہ کسی کے ہاتھوں ارسال کیا گیا trực tiếp 由专人
fall into the hands (of someone)
to be caught, found, captured etc by someone. He fell into the hands of bandits; The documents fell into the wrong hands (= were found, captured etc by someone who was not supposed to see them). in iemand se hande val يَقَع في أيْدي хващат ме cair nas mãos padnout do rukou in die Hände fallen von falde i hænderne på πέφτω στα χέρια caer en (las) manos/garras (de) (kellegi) kätte sattuma به چنگ کسی افتادن joutua jnk käsiin tomber entre les mains de לִיפּוֹל בִּידֵי के हाथों में पड़ना pasti u necije ruke (biti pronaden, zatocen) vki kezébe kerül tertangkap lenda í höndunum á (e-m) cadere in mano a ～の手に渡る ...의 수중에 들어가다 pakliūti į (kieno nors) rankas krist kāda rokās jatuh ke tangan iemand in handen vallen falle i hendene på wpaść w ręce د یو سړی له لاس ته نیول cair nas mãos a cădea în mâinile (cuiva) попасть (кому-л.) в руки padnúť do rúk pasti v roke nekoga pasti u ruke falla (råka) i händerna på ngn ถึงมือ ...-in eline düşmek 落到(某人)手裡 попасти в руки کسی کے ہاتھ لگنا، پکڑے جانا rơi vào tay 落到某人手里
force someone's hand
to force someone to do something either which he does not want to do or sooner than he wants to do it. iemand dwing يُجْبِر насилвам някого да направи нещо forçar a mão de donutit jemanden zwingen zu tvinge εξωθώ forzar la mano a alguien oma tahet peale suruma وادار به انجام کاری کردن pakottaa forcer la main לִלחוֹץ עַלַיו कोई काम करने के लिए किसी को बाध्य करना pokušati prisiliti nekoga kényszerít; siettet memaksa knÿja e-n til e-s forzare le mano a 無理じいする 남에게 억지로 시키다 priversti ką ką nors daryti piespiest kādu (kaut ko darīt) memaksa dwingen tvinge noen zmusić kogoś do działania يو شي ته اړول forçar a mão de a forţa mâna (cuiva) заставить кого-л. раскрыть свои карты prinútiť prisiliti koga požurivati nekoga tvinga ngn att bekänna färg บังคับ birisine zorla bir şey yaptırmak 強迫某人(做不想做的事、或提前做某事) винудити кого зробити що کسی سے جبرا کچھ کروانا bắt ai phải hành động sớm 强迫某人行动（或表态）
get one's hands on
1. to catch. If I ever get my hands on him, I'll make him sorry for what he did! iemand in die hande kry يَمْسِك хващам pôr as mãos em dostat do rukou zwischen die Finger kriegen få fingre i πιάνω στα χέρια μου poner las manos encima de alguien, echar el guante a alguien kätte saama گیر انداختن؛ گرفتن saada käsiinsä mettre la main sur לִתפוֹס पकड़ना uhvatiti, uloviti elkap menangkap koma höndum yfir, ná mettere le mani su 捕える 붙잡다 nutverti dabūt [] rokā tangkap te pakken krijgen få fatt i , fange złapać , dostać w swoje ręce خیستل pôr as mãos em cima de a pune mâna pe поимать; добраться dostať do rúk dobiti v roke uhvatiti få tag i, lägga vantarna på จับ yakalamak 抓住 спіймати ملاقات ہونا bắt được 抓住
2. to get or obtain. I'd love to get my hands on a car like that. iets in die hande kry يَحْصَل على докопвам pôr as mãos em dostat, najít in die Hände bekommen få fingre i αποκτώ conseguir , pescar , pillar saama بدست آوردن saada trouver , dénicher לְהָשִיג प्राप्त करना dobiti, docepati se szerez mendapat ná í; eignast avere 手に入れる 손에 넣다 nutverti iegūt; dabūt memiliki de hand op iets leggen få tak i zdobyć لاس ته راوړل conseguir a pune mâna pe получать dostať dobiti v roke dobiti komma över ได้รับ elde etmek 獲得 діставати; здобувати حاصل کرنا có được 获得
give/lend a helping hand
to help or assist. I'm always ready to give/lend a helping hand. help يُساعِد، يَمُد يَدَ المُساعَدَه помагам dar uma mão podat pomocnou ruku helfen give en hjælpende hånd τείνω χείρα βοηθείας echar una mano abistavat kätt ulatama كمك كردن auttaa donner un coup de main לַעֲזוֹר ל- सहायता करना pomoci, priskociti u pomoc segítséget nyújt memuji rétta hjálparhönd, aðstoða dare una mano 手助けする 도와주다 ištiesti pagalbos ranką palīdzēt membantu een handje helpen gi en hjelpende hånd pomagać مړسته کول dar a mão a da o mână de ajutor помогать podať pomocnú ruku pomagati pomoći ge ngn en hjälpande hand, ge ngn ett handtag ช่วยเหลือ yardım etmek 幫忙，協助 надати допомоги مدد کرنا giúp đỡ 帮助
hand down
to pass on from one generation to the next. These customs have been handed down from father to son since the Middle Ages. oorlewer يُنقَل من جيل إلى جيل предавам passar předávat vererben videreføre; gå i arv κληροδοτώ transmitir , pasar põlvest põlve pärandama به ارث گذاشتن siirtyä sukupolvelta toiselle transmettre לְהַעֲבִיר לַדוֹרוֹת הַבָּאִים अगली पीढ़ी को सौंपना prenositi (tradiciju) az utókorra hagy menurunkan láta ganga (frá einni kynslóð til annarrar) trasmettere , tramandare 伝える 물려주다 perduoti nodot (no paaudzes paaudzē) diturunkan overdragen , doorgeven la gå i arv , gi videre przekazywać (potomności) ا transmitir a transmite передавать(ся) из поколения в поколение odovzdávať prenesti preneti [låta] gå i arv ทิ้งไว้ให้คนรุ่นหลัง geçmek 世代相傳 передавати нащадкам ایک پیڑھی سے دوسری پیڑھی کو سونپنا truyền lại 把...传下来
hand in
to give or bring to a person, place etc. The teacher told the children to hand in their exercise-books. inhandig يُسَلِّم предавам entregar odevzdat; předložit abgeben aflevere παραδίδω , υποβάλλω entregar kätte toimetama تحویل دادن luovuttaa remettre לִמסוֹר ले आना predati (radove), podnijeti (molbu) bead menyerahkan skila consegnare 提出する 제출하다 paduoti, įteikti iesniegt menghantar geven levere inn , overdra wręczać, oddawać تسلیم کول entregar a (pre)da сдавать odovzdať izročiti predati lämna in (tillbaka) มอบให้ vermek 交給(到)，拿給(到) здавати حوالے کرنا trao hoặc nộp cái gì 交上
hand in hand
with one person holding the hand of another. The boy and girl were walking along hand in hand; Poverty and crime go hand in hand. hand in hand; gepaard gaan met يداً بِيَد ръка за ръка de mãos dadas ruku v ruce Hand in Hand hånd i hånd χέρι χέρι de la mano käsikäes دست در دست käsi kädessä la main dans la main שְׁלוּבי יָד हाथ में हाथ डाले držeci se za ruke kéz a kézben bergandengan tangan leiðast; fara saman mano nella mano 手をつないで 손에 손을 잡은, 관련된 susikibę už rankų, ranka rankon roku rokā seiringan hand in hand hånd i hånd trzymając się za ręce, w parze لاس په لاس de mãos dadas mână în mână взявшись за руки ruka v ruke z roko v roki držeći se za ruke hand i hand จับมือกัน el ele 手拉手 рука об руку ایک دوسرے کا ہاتھ پکڑنا tay nắm tay 手拉手
hand on
to give to someone. When you have finished reading these notes, hand them on to me. aangee, aanstuur يُسَلِّم подавам entregar předat weitergeben give videre παραδίδω dar , entregar edasi andma تحویل دادن antaa passer à לִמסוֹר देना dati, proslijediti továbbad memberikan lána, láta ganga passare 渡す 손수 넘겨주다 perduoti, atiduoti nodot (citam) beri geven gi/la gå videre przekazywać تسلیم کول entregar a da, a înmâna передавать odovzdať naprej podati dati skicka vidare, överlämna ส่งมอบให้ต่อ vermek 交給某人 передати کسی کو دینا đưa cho người khác 转交，传下来
hand out
to give to several people; to distribute. The teacher handed out books to all the pupils; They were handing out leaflets in the street. uitdeel يُوَزِّع раздавам distribuir rozdávat austeilen udlevere; uddele μοιράζω distribuir , repartir (laiali) jagama پخش کردن jakaa distribuer לְחַלֵק वितरित करना podijeliti, razdijeliti kioszt membagikan útbÿta, dreifa distribuire 配る 나누어 주다 (iš)dalinti izdalīt mengedarkan uitdelen levere/dele ut rozdawać پخش کول،اعلانول distribuir a împărţi раздавать rozdávať razdeliti deliti dela ut แจกจ่าย dağıtmak 分發給多人 роздавати بانٹنا، تقسیم کرنا phát 分给，散发
hand-out noun
a leaflet. inligtingstuk, traktaatjie مَنشور، ورقَة عَمَل диплянка folheto leták das Flugblatt løbeseddel; brochure; flyer folleto , prospecto käsileht ورقه tiedote prospectus עלון पर्चा letak, reklamni materijal selebaran bæklingur, dreifimiði 配布物 전단, 소책자 lapelis, padalomoji medþiaga izdalīt risalah folder ; communiqué reklamebrosjyre , flygeblad , støtteark كمكۍ پاڼه (دونو): رساله دوسيه comunicado prospect бесплатная брошюра, проспект leták letak letak ใบปลิว el ilânı 傳單 листівка پرچہ tờ truyền đơn 传单
handout noun
1. a leaflet or a copy of a piece of paper with information given to students in class, distributed at a meeting etc. You'll find the diagram on page four of your handout. volgstuk ورقَة مَعلومات ، وَرقَة عَمَل للطُلاّب диплянка material distribuído sylabus, podklady das Handout, die Handzettel fotokopi; uddelt materiale ενημερωτικό φυλλάδιο που μοιράζεται (π.χ. μέσα στην τάξη) folleto , prospecto jaotusmaterjal آگهی moniste prospectus הודעה पर्चा umnoženi materijal, letak kiosztott előadásvázlat/anyag selebaran pieghevole , volantino 配布資料 전단, 인쇄물 lapelis, padalomoji medžiaga izdales materiāls risalah hand-out reklamebrosjyre , flygeblad , støtteark ulotka , prospekt خبرتیا брошюра , проспект leták; osnova, plán (prednášky), prospekt letak brošura stencil, kopia, utdelat papper ข่าวแถลง teksir, ders notu 宣傳單張，講義 рекламна листівка, проспект معلوماتی پرچہ tờ thông tin （发给学生的）课堂讲义，分发的材料
2. money, clothes etc given to a very poor person or a beggar. aalmoes تَبَرُّعات للفُقَراء подаяние esmola dávka, dar chudým die Spende, die milde Gabe almisse; donation ελεημοσύνη limosna , dádiva , caridad almus, armuand صدقه؛ اعانه avustus aumône נדבה खैरात या दान देना milostinja alamizsna sedekah, pemberian elemosina 施し物 (거지 등에게) 주는 것 išmalda dāvana (nabagiem) bantuan gift , donatie veldedighet , almisser jałmużna صدقه подаяние vecné dary (pre chudobných), almužna miloščina milostinja allmosa ของที่ให้ทาน sadaka 救濟金或物品 милостиня غریب کو دیا جانے والے پیسے کپڑے وغیرہ của bố thí cho ăn mày 救济品
hand over
to give or pass; to surrender. We know you have the jewels, so hand them over; They handed the thief over to the police. oorhandig; uitlewer يُسَلِّم للصوص предавам entregar odevzdat, předat aushändigen , übergeben aflevere; udlevere παραδίδω entregar üle andma تحويل دادن luovuttaa remettre , livrer לִמסוֹר אוֹתוֹ לְ- सौंपना, देखभाल में सौंपना predati, izruciti átad menyerahkan afhenda consegnare 引き渡す 넘겨주다 atiduoti, perduoti nodot (citam) menyerahkan overgeven , aangeven overgi , utlevere oddawać, przekazywać تسلیم کول entregar a preda передавать , сдавать odovzdať predati komu kaj predati överlämna ส่ง teslim etmek/olmak 交出 передавати حوالے کرنا، سونپنا chuyển giao; đầu hàng 交出
hand over fist
in large amounts, usually quickly. He's making money hand over fist. hand oor hand بِكميّات كَبيرة وبِسُرْعَه купища a rodo rukama nohama in rascher Folge i store mængder με το τσουβάλι rápidamente , hacerse de oro, a espuertas kamalukaupa به آسانی و به مقدار زیاد paljon comme de l'eau בְּכָּמוּת וּבִמהִירוּת עֲצוּמָה अतिशीघ्र व भारी रकम brzo, šakom i kapom gyorsan mendapat penghasilan yang sangat besar í tonnatali, hratt og í miklu magni a palate どんどん 대량으로 rieškučiomis (semti) ātri un daudz; veikli un ātri dengan banyak tetapi segera als water i store mengder jak szalony په آسانی او په دیړه زیاته مقدار a rodos repede şi uşor загребать (деньги) лопатой rukami–nohami na veliko u ogromnim količinama som gräs เป็นจำนวนมาก kolayca, çabucak 大量且快速地 проворно بہت بڑی مقدار میں vớ bở 大量地
hands down
very easily. You'll win hands down. fluit-fluit, loshande بِسُهولَه лесно com um pé nas costas hravě spielend uden at løfte en finger πανεύκολα, με δεμένα τα χέρια sin mover un dedo pingutamata به آسانی vaivatta haut la main בקלות बड़ी आसानी से pobijediti s lakocom játszva mudah auðveldlega facilmente たやすく 매우 쉽게 be pastangų ļoti viegli; bez pūlēm dengan mudah met de handen op de rug, fluitend overlegent , kjempelett bez wysiłku په آسانی com uma perna às costas foarte uşor легко hravo ne da bi s prstom mignil lagano med lätthet อย่างง่ายดาย kolayca 容易地 без зусиль آسانی سے rất dễ dàng 容易地
hands off!
do not touch!. hande tuis لا تَلْمَس! не пипай tira a mão! ruce pryč! Hände weg fingrene væk! μην αγγίζετε! no toques, quita las manos käed eemale! دست نزنید näpit irti bas les pattes! לֹא לַגָעָת दूर रहो, छूना नहीं ruke k sebi! ne diraj! el a kezekkel! jangan pegang ekki snerta! giù le mani! さわるな 손 대지 마라! šalin rankas! neaiztikt! jangan sentuh afblijven! ikke rør! ; fingrene av fatet! Ręce precz! لمس مه کوی tira a mão! jos mâinile! руки прочь! ruky preč! roke proč! ruke k sebi bort med tassarna! อย่าแตะต้อง dokunma! 不可觸摸！ руки геть! دور رہو không được đụng vào 请勿动手！
hands-on adjective
practical; involving active participation. hands-on experience with computers. praktiese عَمَلي، يَشمل مشاركَه فَعّالَه активно prática praktický, ,,naostro`` praktische Kenntnisse praktisk πρακτικός , στην πράξη práctico praktiline عملی käytännön impliqué מעשי व्यावहारिक व क्रियाशील praktican, koristan gyakorlati praktek pratico 実地の 실습의 praktinis praktiskas ievirzes- praktikal praktisch praktisk , direkte praktyczny عملی практический praktický praktičen praktičan praktisk [erfarenhet] ส่ง pratik , uygulamalı 實務的，實際參與的 практичний عملی تجربہ thực tế 实用的，实际动手做的
hands up!
raise your hands above your head. `Hands up!' shouted the gunman. hande in die lug!, hensop! إرفَع يَدَيْك! горе ръцете mãos para cima! ruce vzhůru! Hände hoch! hænderne op! ψηλά τα χέρια! arriba las manos käed üles! دست ها بالا kädet ylös haut les mains! יָדַיִים לְמַעֲלָה हाथ उठाना ruke uvis! fel a kezekkel! angkat tangan upp með hendur! mani in alto! 手を上げろ 손들어! rankas aukštyn! rokas augšā! angkat tangan handen omhoog! opp med hendene! Ręce do góry! لاسونه شاته mãos ao ar! sus mâinile! руки вверх! ruky hore! roke kvišku! ruke u vis upp med händerna! ยกมือขึ้น eller yukarı! 舉起手來！ руки вверх! دونوں ہاتھوں کو سر کے اوپر اٹھانا giơ tay lên 举起手来！
hand to hand with one individual fighting another at close quarters: The soldiers fought the enemy hand to hand; () adjective (etc)
hand-to-hand fighting. van hand tot hand واحِدا مقابِل واحد، وجها لوجه близък бой corpo a corpo muž proti muži Mann gegen Mann , Nah-... mand mod mand; nær- σώμα με σώμα cuerpo a cuerpo mees mehe vastu تن به تن mies miestä vastaan corps-à-corps פנים אל פנים हाथों से borba prsa o prsa; prsa o prsa közelharcot vív satu lawan satu návígi; handalögmál corpo a corpo 接近して[] 일대 일로 붙은, 백병전의 vienas prieš vieną tuvcīņā; tuvcīņas- seorang lawan seorang man tegen man nær-, mann mot mann wręcz تک به تک corpo a corpo corp la corp врукопашную muž proti mužovi mož na moža borba prsa u prsa man mot man ประชิดตัว yumruk yumruğa, göğüs göğüse 逼近地 пліч о пліч گتھم گتھا ہونا giáp lá cà 逼近地
have a hand in (something)
to be one of the people who have caused, done etc (something). Did you have a hand in the building of this boat / in the success of the project? 'n aandeel aan iets hê يكون له ضِلْعٌ في участвам contribuir para mít prsty v beteiligt sein bei have en finger med συμμετέχω σε intervenir/participar/contribuir en (milleski) osaline olema در كاري دخیل بودن osallistua être pour qqch. dans הָיָה לוֹ יָד בְּ- किसी चीज में हाथ होना imati svoje prste u necemu, biti umiješan u nešto benne van a keze a dologban ikut andil eiga þátt í (e-u) contribuire a ～に関係している 관여하다 prikišti rankas būt iesaistītam; piedalīties (kaut kur) bersangkut-paut de hand hebben in ha en finger med i mieć udział, maczać palce (w czymś) د یو کار کی دخیل اوه contribuir para a fi implicat (în) приложить руку к (чему-л.) mať prsty v imeti prste vmes imati veze sa vara delaktig (inblandad) i ช่วยวางแผนหรือทำบางสิ่ง katkısı/parmağı olmak 涉及(某事) прикласти руку کسی چیز کا سبب ہونا tham gia vào cái gì 参与（某事）
have/get/gain the upper hand
to (begin to) win, beat the enemy etc. The enemy made a fierce attack but failed to get the upper hand. die oorhand kry/hê يَتَغَلَّب على، يَهْزِم العَدو получавам надмощие ganhar vantagem získat převahu die Oberhand gewinnen få overtag επικρατώ , υπερισχύω llevar ventaja ülekaalu saama غلبه کردن؛ پیروز شدن päästä niskan päälle prendre l'avantage/le dessus (sur) הָיָה יָדוֹ עַל הַעֶליוֹנָה बढ़त हासिल करना nadvladati, nadjacati fölébe kerekedik menang hafa/ná yfirhönd avere la meglio 打ち勝つ 우세하게 되다 turėti/paimti viršų, nugalėti gūt virsroku menang aan de winnende hand zijn ta overhånd zwyciężać, zdobywać przewagę ګټل ganhar vantagem a învinge одержать верх získať prevahu dobiti premoč pobediti ha/få övertaget ชนะ yenmek , kazanmak , üstünlük sağlamak (開始)打贏，擊敗 отримати верх دشمن پر حاوی ہونا bắt đầu giành phần thắng 战胜
hold hands (with someone)
to be hand in hand with someone. The boy and girl walked along holding hands (with each other). hande vashou يدا بيد държа се за ръце dar(-se) as mãos ruku v ruce Händchen halten hånd i hånd κρατιέμαι χέρι χέρι με κπ. dar(se) la mano käest kinni hoidma دست همدیگر را گرفتن olla käsikkäin se tenir par la main בְּחִיבּוּק יָדַיִים हाथ पकड़कर चलना držati se za ruke kézenfogva bergandengan leiðast tenersi per mano* 手を握り合う 손을 맞잡다 laikytis už rankų sadoties rokās berpegangan tangan hand in hand holde hverandre i hånden , leie trzymać się za ręce لاس کی نیول dar(-se) as mãos a se ţine de mână (cu cineva) держаться за руки ruka v ruke držati se za roke držati se za ruke hålla ngn (varandra) i handen จับมือ el ele tutuşmak 手拉手 триматися за руки کسی کا ہاتھ تھامے رہنا nắm tay 手拉手
in good hands
receiving care and attention. The patient is in good hands. in goeie hande في أيدٍ أمينَةٍ в добри ръце em boas mãos v dobrých rukou in guten Händen i gode hænder σε καλά χέρια en buenas manos heades kätes تحت مراقبت olla hyvissä käsissä en bonnes mains בְּיָדַיִים טוֹבוֹת देखभाल हासिल करना u dobrim rukama jó kezekben sedang diurus í góðum höndum in buone mani よく世話されて 잘 관리되는 gerose rankose labās rokās mendapat layanan atau rawatan yang secukupnya in goede handen i gode hender w dobrych rękach تر مراقبت em boas mãos în/pe mâini bune в надёжных руках v dobrých rukách v dobrih rokah u dobrim rukama i goda händer ได้รับการดูแล emin/güvenilir ellerde 獲得悉心照料 в надійних руках بہتر نگہداشت اور خیال کے ساتھ chăm sóc chu đáo 获得悉心照看，得到很好的照顾
in hand
1. not used etc; remaining. We still have $10 in hand. beskikbaar, batige saldo باقٍ، موجود، لم يُسْتَعْمَل بَعْد останал em mãos k použití, v ruce in der Hand på hånden που δεν έχει χρησιμοποιηθεί, που παραμένει διαθέσιμος en el haber, disponible peos موجود jäljellä disponible בַּיָד हाथ में होना pri ruci, ostatak (novca), za potrošiti tartalékban tersisa á hendi; eiga eftir a disposizione 手元に 수중에 있는 likęs nesunaudotas atlikumā; uz rokas dalam tangan over , nog ... disponibel , til overs/rådighet w ręku, w zapasie موجود em mão disponibil в наличии v zásobe na razpolago na raspolaganju kvar, i kassan คงอยู่ elde mevcut, hazır 現有，手頭上 в руках بقیہ còn 现有，在手头
2. being dealt with. We have received your complaint and the matter is now in hand. hanteer/beheer تحتَ البَحْث занимаващ се с em estudo v jednání in Bearbeitung under behandling προς διευθέτηση entre manos käsil در دست اقدام käsittelyssä bien en main בְּטִיפּוּל पर विचार किया जा रहा है u postupku munkában (van) sedang diurus til umfjöllunar sotto controllo 着手して 처리 중에 있는 nagrinėjamas, tvarkomas (par jautājumu u.tml.) izskatīšanā sedang diuruskan in behandeling under behandling/kontroll, i gang rozpatrywany د اقدام تر لاندي em estudo pe cale de-a se rezolva на контроле na prerokovaní v postopku u razmatranju under behandling (arbete) ได้รับพิจารณา ele alınmış, yapılmakta 被處理中 такий, що розглядається جس پر عمل ہو رہا ہو đang được xử lý （工作）在进行中
in the hands of
being dealt with by. This matter is now in the hands of my solicitor. in die hande van, word hanteer/beheer في يد، تحت معالجَة в ръцете на nas mãos de v rukách in Händen von i hænderne på στη φροντίδα κπ. en manos de kätes در حال رسیدگی jnk käsissä entre les mains de בַּיָדַיים של- के पास होना u rukama (osobe koje se time bavi) vki kezében sedang diurus í höndum nelle mani di ～に委せて ...에게 맡겨져 kieno nors rankose kāda rokās sedang diuruskan oleh in handen van overlatt til w rękach د رسيدلو په درشل كي nas mãos de în atenţia cuiva под контролем v rukách v rokah u rukama under behandling hos อยู่ในมือของ elinde 在被(某人)處理中 в розпорядженні کوئی معاملہ کسی کے ذمے ہونا được giải quyết bởi 在（某人）手中，由 ... 照管
keep one's hand in
to remain good or skilful at doing something by doing it occasionally. I still sometimes play a game of billiards, just to keep my hand in. in oefening bly لُيحافِظ على مهارتِه поддръжам форма não perder o jeito udržovat se ve cviku in Übung bleiben holde vedlige; holde sig i træning κρατιέμαι σε φόρμα no perder la práctica kätt soe hoidma حفظ آمادگی کردن؛ تمرین کردن pitää taitoaan yllä garder la main לְהַמשִׁיך בְּעִסוּק כְּדֵי לֹא לְשָכחוֹ हाथ साफ करते रहना održavati praksu vježbanjem nem akar kijönni a gyakorlatból untuk membiasakan halda sér við non perdere la mano, stare in esercizio 能力を保つ ...에 익숙해 있다 neprarasti įgūdžių nezaudēt iemaņas untuk kekalkan kemahiran onderhouden følge med , holde seg i trening nie wyjść z wprawy تمرین کول não perder o jeito a se menţine în formă поддерживать форму udržiavať sa v kondícii ostati v formi ostati u toku hålla sig i form หมั่นฝึกฝน pratiğini korumak, üstünde devamlı çalışmak 偶爾做以保持某項技能的熟練度 практикуватися کسی چیز کی مشق کرتے رہنا rèn luyện 使技能不荒疏，经常练习以保持熟练
off one's hands
no longer needing to be looked after etc. You'll be glad to get the children off your hands for a couple of weeks. ontslae wees van بعيد عن عناية، ليس بِحاجة إلى عنايَة отървавам се от livrar-se de mít z krku loswerden fri for υπό την ευθύνη κπ. άλλου quitarse de encima, librarse de , verse libre de jalust ära خارج از اختیار کسی؛ دور از دسترس pois käsistä qui n'est plus à la charge de לא בִּרשוּת - परवाह नहीं करना riješiti se necega megszabadul vmitől lepas dari tanggungan vera laus við/undan (non più a carico) 手を離れて 책임(소임)이 끝나서 (atsikratyti) nuo savo galvos [] vaļā no kaut kā tidak perlu dijaga ervan af zijn fri for z głowy, spod opieki لاس ته نه راتلونکی (ver-se) livre de care nu mai este în grija cuiva с плеч долой mať z krku znebiti se osloboditi se vara (bli) av med ไม่ต้องดูแล elinden çıkmış, sorumluluğu dışında 不再需要照顧 без догляду کسی کی نگہداشت یا اہتمام کی التزام سے بری ہو جانا giũ trách nhiệm 不再由某人负责
on hand
near; present; ready for use etc. We always keep some candles on hand in case there's a power failure. byderhand قَريب، جاهِز، في متناول اليد на разположение à mão při ruce zur Hand i nærheden; i reserve πρόχειρος , διαθέσιμος a mano ; de reserva käeulatuses آماده؛ نزدیک käsillä sous la main מצוי , מוכן לשימוש उपयोग के लिए तैयार pri ruci kéznél dekat, sedia við höndina, til reiðu a disposizione 手元に 가까이에, 박두하여 po ranka pa rokai; tuvumā sedia untuk digunakan bij de hand; aanwezig ; ter beschikking for hånden , parat , på lager pod ręką نږدی à mão la îndemână под рукой pri ruke pri roki pri ruci till hands, på lager มีอยู่ในครอบครอง el altında , hazır 現有，手頭上 під рукою تیار، قریب gần; sẵn có để dùng 现有，在手头
(on the one hand) … on the other hand
an expression used to introduce two opposing parts of an argument etc. (On the one hand) we could stay and help you, but on the other hand, it might be better if we went to help him instead. (aan die een kant, enersyds) aan die ander kant, andersyds من ناجِيَه от друга страна por um lado...por outro lado (na jedné straně)... na druhé straně andererseits på den ene side og på den anden side (αφενός)...αφετέρου por un lado... por el otro (ühelt poolt) ... teiselt poolt از طرفی toisaalta d'une part... d'autre part... מִצַד אֶחָד एक ओर s jedne strane; s druge strane (egyrészt)...másrészt pada satu segi ... di segi lain (annars vegar) . . . hins vegar (da un lato... dall'altro) 他方では 한편 viena vertus... antra vertus (no vienas puses) ... no otras puses selain daripada itu aan de éne kant ... aan de andere kant; enerzijds ... anderzijds (på den ene sida) ... på den andre z jednej strony ..., z drugiej strony له خوا por um lado...por outro pe de o parte..., pe de altă parte... с одной стороны... с другой стороны (na jednej strane) ... na druhej strane po eni strani... po drugi strani s jedne strane å ena sidan ... å andra sidan ออกเสียงลงคะแนนโดยการยกมือ (bir taraftan ...,) diğer taraftan ... 另一方面 з одного боку...з другого боку ایک طرف تو ۔ ۔ ۔ mặt này...mặt khác 另一方面
out of hand
unable to be controlled. The angry crowd was getting out of hand. ruk handuit, onregeerbaar خارِج السيْطَرَه извън контрол descontrolado nezvládnutelný außer Kontrolle ikke til at styre εκτός ελέγχου incontrolable käest ära خارج از کنترل riistäytyä hallinnasta incontrôlable לְלא שְׁלִיטָה अनियंत्रित izvan kontrole, razularen elvadul sulit dikontrol stjórnlaus incontrollabile 手に負えない 통제할 수 없는 nesuvaldomas nekontrolējams tidak terkawal uit de hand (lopen) ute av kontroll spod kontroli لاس ته نه راتلونکی descontrolado scăpat de sub control не под контролем nezvládnuteľný neobvladljiv van kontrole ur kontroll, oregerlig ไม่สามารถควบคุมได้ kontrolden çıkmış 無法控制 такий, що виходить з-під контролю قابو سے باہر không kiểm soát được 失去控制
shake hands with (someone) / shake someone's hand
to grasp a person's (usually right) hand, in one's own (usually right) hand, as a form of greeting, as a sign of agreement etc. handgee يُصافِح، يُسَلِّم على стискам ръка apertar as mãos stisknout si ruce Hände schütteln trykke nogens hånd; trykke nogen i hånden ανταλλάσσω χειραψία, σφίγγω το χέρι κπ. dar(se) la mano, estrechar(se) la mano kätlema دست دادن kätellä serrer la main לִלחוֹץ יָד हाथ मिलाना rukovati se kezet fog menjabat tangan heilsa með handabandi dare la mano a 握手する 악수를 하다 paspausti rankas, paduoti kam nors ranką []spiest kādam roku berjabat tangan iemand de hand schudden håndhilse uścisnąć dłoń, przywitać się z لاس ورکول apertar a mão a a strânge mâna (cuiva) пожать кому-л. руку potriasť si ruky rokovati se s kom rukovati se skaka hand med ngn จับมือ el sıkışmak, tokalaşmak 握手 тиснути руку کسی سے مصافحہ کرنا bắt tay 握手
a show of hands
at a meeting, debate etc, a vote expressed by people raising their hands. stem deur hande op te steek تصويت بِرَفْع الأيْدي гласуване с ръка voto por braço no ar hlasování zdvižením ruky das Handheben håndsoprækning ψηφοφορία με ανάταση των χεριών votación a mano alzada käte tõstmisega hääletamine رای؛ نظر äänestys käsiä nostamalla à main levée הצבעה हाथ उठाकर मत देना (glasovati) dizanjem ruku kézfeltartás mengangkat tangan handaupprétting (voto per alzata di mano) 挙手 거수로 (balsavimas) pakeliant ranką balsošana, paceļot rokas undian dengan mengangkat tangan handopsteken håndsopprekning głosowanie jawne رای،نظر voto por braço no ar votare prin ridicarea mâinii голосование руками hlasovanie zdvihnutím ruky z dvigom rok podizanje ruku handuppräckning ยกมือ el kaldırmalı oylama 舉手表決 голосування рукою ہاتھوں کا اشارہ biểu quyết 举手表决
take in hand
to look after, discipline or train. onder sorg neem, in toom hou يتعهَّد بالقيام ب، يأخذ الأمر على عاتقِهِ грижа се за encarregar-se de vzít do ruky in die Hand nehmen tage hånd om φροντίζω , αναλαμβάνω να εκπαιδεύσω κπ. tomar a su cargo, encargarse de hoolitsema مهار کردن؛ تربیت کردن ottaa hoitaakseen prendre en main קִבֵּל עַל עַצמוֹ अनुशासित या प्रशिक्षित करना poduzeti, latiti se, preuzeti kézbe vesz melatih sjá um; tukta; þjálfa prendere in mano 世話する 돌보다 suimti/paimti į rankas saņemt rokās; kontrolēt menjaga oppassen, zorgen voor; behandelen ta hånd om wziąć w swoje ręce روزنه کول encarregar-se de a se ocupa de взять в свои руки; заняться vziať do ruky vzeti v roke starati se ta sig an, ta hand om การฝึกฝน ele almak 照顧，管教，訓練 брати в свої руки خیال رکھنا، تدریب و تربیت دینا chịu trách niệm làm 处理，管教，训练
to hand
here; easily reached. All the tools you need are to hand. byderhand هنا، سهل الوصول إليها на разположение à disposição při ruce zur Hand let tilgængelig; let at nå προσβάσιμος , πρόχειρος a mano käeulatuses در دسترس käden ulottuvilla à portée de main, sous la main בְּהֵישֶׂג יָד पास में pri ruci kéznél mudah diraih við höndina, tiltækur a dispozizione, a portata di mano 手元に 손 닿는 곳에 ranka pasiekiamas pa rokai; tuvumā mudah dicapai binnen handbereik like for hånden w zasięgu ręki لاس ته راتلونكى، لاس وررسېدونكى à disposição здесь , под рукои pri ruke pri roki pri ruci till hands ในมือ burada ; yakın 在這裡，容易拿到 під рукою رسائی ہونا trong tầm tay 在手头，近在手边
hand
→ يَد , يُعْطِي podat, ruka hånd, overrække geben , Hand δίνω , χέρι entregar , mano käsi, ojentaa donner , main predati, ruka mano , passare 手, 手渡す 건네 주다, 손 hand , overhandigen gi , hånd ręka , wręczyć entregar , mão давать , ладонь hand, räcka มือ, ส่งให้ el , vermek bàn tay, trao tay 交给 , 手
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Clawhammer is a playing style most often associated with which instrument?
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Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang - Wiktionary
Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Wikipedia
The following are some examples of the slang of the United States Navy , you will also see references to the United States Marine Corps as well because of their use of naval terminology sometimes also referred to as NAVSpeak. Note that in the Navy, many ships and units have nicknames; these are listed separately, in Appendix:Glossary of U.S. Navy slang/Unit nicknames .
0-9[ edit ]
0-dark-hundred , 0'dark-hundred (pronounced "oh dark hundred", because the "zero" in time expressions was verbally pronounced "oh" in the US Navy and US Army as late as the 1980s: Midnight, 12AM. "We have to get up at 0-dark-hundred."
0-dark-thirty , 0'dark-thirty: One half-hour after 0'dark-hundred, 12:30AM.
13 button salute: When a sailor in dress pants pulls down on the top two corners and all 13 buttons come unbuttoned at once, usually done just before sex.
1D10T: A mythical substance that new Sailors are sent in search of as a joke. Pronounced as "one dee ten tee" or "idiot".
1MC: The General Announcing system on a ship.
1st Division: The division, in most aviation and afloat commands, which is responsible for the material condition and cleanliness of the ship. On ships equipped with small boats, the First Lieutenant or "First" (First Division Officer or Deck Department Head) is in charge of these boats and the sailors who maintain and run them. On small boats, the "First" is in charge of boatswain mates and deck seaman. On larger ships, the "First" may be in charge of air crew. Work for 1st division varies among ships depending on size. Small ships only have one division, while larger ships like carriers or amphibs can have 5 or more.
2JV: Engineering sound-powered circuit.
2MC: Engineering loudspeaker circuit.
21MC: Ships command intercom circuit, mainly used between the bridge, combat, and flight decks. Also known as the Bitch Box.
2-10-2: A female, perceived to be unattractive otherwise, out at sea on a ship which has many more males than females and who is consequently paid more attention than she would be paid on land. "She was a 2 before going to sea, a 10 out at sea, and back to a 2 when she returned."
2-6-10: Abbreviation of "It's gonna take 2 surgeons 6 hours to remove 10 inches of my boot from your ass." Used to motivate someone who is not pulling their weight.
43P-1: Work center Maintenance manual; prior to OPNAV numbering the current guidance 4790/4(series) it was 43P. The series of books; 43P-1, 43P-2, 43P-3 & 43P-4 were separate books covering all aspects of maintenance. The 43P-2, 43P-3 & 43P-4 books were replaced in the mid 1980's with one book. the new book was a three ring binder, blue in color and had "3-M" all across the front & side. The 43P-1 book containing MIPs stayed in the work center and was a deep red color with 43P-1 across the cover. Officially no longer named the 43P-1, the fleet continues to name and refer to their work center maintenance manual as the 43P-1.
4JG: Communications circuit used by V4 Fuels Division to coordinate flight deck fueling operations between the flight deck and below decks pump and filter rooms. Also used to pass information between a flight deck fuel station and flight deck control as to status of fueling operations for individual aircraft. Found on aircraft carriers and similar vessels.
4MC: Emergency communications circuit that overrides sound powered phone communications to alert controlling stations to a casualty.
5MC: A circuit similar to the 1MC, except that it is only heard on the flight deck of an air-capable ship and in engineering spaces. It is EXTREMELY loud to overcome the jet noise on the flight deck. Do not stand near one of the speakers without hearing protection.
8 (or) 6 boat. Preferred term by Amphib sailors for LCM-8 or LCM-6 boats, as opposed to "Mike" boat.
90 Day Wonder, 90 Day Miracle: OCS graduate (as opposed to a graduate of four-year Naval Academy or ROTC training).
96er: A period of five nights and four days off of work due to special liberty or holiday. Very rarely occurs due to duty.
180° Amnesia: Occurs when a sailor has been deployed and selective memory is desired to deal with questions asked by his or her significant other. "Whatever happens on WESTPAC stays on WESTPAC."
4 acres of sovereign U.S. soil: An aircraft carrier.
A[ edit ]
Abu Dhabi (used attributively / as an adjective): Labeled in Arabic aboard a ship; used of any product, but especially soda cans. "We've been home from cruise for 8 months and we still have Abu Dhabi Cokes in the vending machines!" (More common synonym: Hadji.)
Acey-Deucey Club: A recreational facility that serves alcohol for first and second class petty officers, or any Enlisted Club that caters mostly to First and Second Class Petty Officers, but still allows all enlisted personnel.
Admin: Aviation,Pre-arranged meeting point, or shared hotel in-port.
Admin Warfare Specialist (humorous, sometimes derisive): A yeoman , personnelman or holder of another Navy administrative rating. Used especially of a sailor who does not have a warfare pin.
ADSEP: ADministrative SEParation: Release from Naval Service for administrative reasons. (The list of reasons is very extensive and can be found in BUPERSINST 1900.8C, Enclosure (2).)
AD: Aviation Machinist Mate, one who throws wrenches at aircraft and prays to mech gods for a favorable outcome.
A-Farts: (AFRTS)American Forces Radio & Television Service. A-Farts is received via satellite all over the world and offers a variety of shows. Some of the most entertaining offerings are the propaganda commercials it frequently airs since regular advertising is not permitted.
AFTA: Advanced First Term Avionics: Part of the advanced electronics schooling package, reserved for AT's AQ's and AX's for advanced training. Basically, they taught the PO2 exam for 6 months.
A-Gang: The Auxiliaries Division of the Engineering Department. Members are known as "A-Gangers." Also called "Fresh Air Snipe."
Ahead Flank Liberty: The fictitious speed at which a ship travels after a mission or patrol is completed with high marks and the ship is headed into very nice foreign ports that cater to visiting US Forces.
AIMD: Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department. A department on aircraft carriers and Naval Air Stations responsible for maintaining aircraft sub assemblies. On an aircraft carrier, this consists of 5 divisions: IM1 - AIMD Admin, IM2 - Airframes and Power Plants, IM3 Avionics, IM4 Ground Support Equipment (GSE) and Aviation Ordnance, IM5 IMRL.
Air Department: Consists of 5 divisions, usually manned by Aviation Boatswains Mates. V0 Division: Admin offices. V1 Division: Aircraft Handlers on the flight deck. V2 Division: Maintenance of Catapults and Arresting Gear. V3 Division: Aircraft Handlers on the Hangar Deck. V4 Division: Aviation Fuels.
Air Boss: Air Officer. His assistant is the "Mini Boss."
Air Force Gloves: Pockets. Used when a sailor has his hands in his pockets.
Air Force Salute, Airman Salute, Airedale Salute: An "I don't know" shrug of the shoulders. Also called an Ensign Salute.
Airedale: A sailor who works on or around aircraft.
Airstart: (1) An attempt to restart an aircraft's engine(s) after in-flight failure. (2) A blowjob.
Air Wing: The aviation element on board an aircraft carrier consisting of various squadrons.
A.J. Squared Away: (name for) a sailor who is always "squared away," meaning always having a perfect shave, perfectly ironed uniform, spit-shined shoes, haircut with less than 1mm of hair, spotless uniform, etc. Anyone who has been designated with this nickname is most likely a lifer who has no life outside the navy. Compare to "dirtbag." The more derogatory "A.J. Squared the fuck Away" is often used by those that can't attain A.J.'s high standards.
All Ahead Bendix: Attempt more than full speed ahead, e.g. by bypassing limiters or subjecting the engine motors to overvoltage , on the assumption that the risk of defeat would otherwise outweigh the risk of engine damage.
Alpha Inspection: Formal inspection of uniforms and living spaces. Often performed with a white glove and a black sock.
Alpha Mike Foxtrot: Adios, motherfuckers.
Aluminum Cloud: The F-14 Tomcat.
Already Broke: The USS Arliegh Burke.
Anchors and Spurs: The famous dance club at NAVSTA San Diego where many a lonely Navy wife has broken the seventh commandment. Many sailors find this amusing until it happens to them. Also called "Cankers and Sores."
Angles and Dangles (Submarine Service): (a reference to) placing a submarine at crazy angles and in crazy positions soon after leaving port, to see if anything breaks loose. Known as "at sea" by the surface Navy.
"Another Fine Navy Day!": An expression said (in a very cheery manner) on occasions when, in fact, it is not a Fine Navy Day at all.
Anymouse (adjective): Anonymous. Used to describe the safety system whereby sailors can drop anonymous recommendations into a locked box.
AO: Aviation Ordnanceman, personnel assigned to Aircraft Carriers, Helicopter Carriers and Aviation Squadrons that store, handle, assemble, transport and load all weapons and drop tanks along with electronic counter measure pods, dispensers and sono-bouys on Navy and Marine Corps aircraft. Other duties include storing and maintaining unit small arms as well as training and qualifying squadron member in their use and the use of deadly force. Aviation Ordnancemen are expected to have a broad knowledge base of the rate and and be able to perform any duties of the rate.
AOCS: Aviation Officer Candidate School; since discontinued pre-commissioning program at NAS Pensacola, FL that trained both prior service and non-prior service college graduates to become naval officers and to subsequently qualify as either Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers, Air Intelligence Officers, or Aircraft Maintenance Duty Officers - program merged into Officer Candidate School at NETC Newport, RI in the late 1990s
AOL: Absent Over Leave; Navyspeak for AWOL. See UA, the correct Naval term.
AOM: All Officers Meeting, held for a variety of reasons like training, port calls, mess issues, etc.
Armpit of the Med: Naples, Italy. So called on account of its unique smell and the overall (un)cleanliness of the city.
ASH Receiver: An "ash tray." Newbie sailors are sometimes sent all over base to locate an ASH Receiver as a joke.
ASMO: Assignment Memorandum Orders. Mostly issued in boot camp to set a recruit back in training due to poor performance.
Assholes and elbows: The only things which should be seen by a boatswains mate when deck hands are on their hands and knees holystoning a wooden deck.
Asshole of the Navy: Norfolk, Virginia, home of the fabled "DOGS AND SAILORS KEEP OFF THE GRASS!" sign. The cold shoulders from civilians persist in certain Navy towns. See also "NoFuck, Vagina."
ASVAB: The Navy's enlisted entrance exam. (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery)
ASWOC: Anti-Submarine Warfare Operations Center - shore-based briefing/debriefing/analysis/operational control center for VP aviation. See also TSC.
Aviation Queer: The enlisted rating AQ, Aviation Fire Control Technician; since merged into Aviation Electronics Technician (AT).
AW: The enlisted rating previously known as Aviation Anti-submarine Warfare Operator, now known as Aviation Warfare Operator; sometimes preceded by the adjective "fuckin'" by non-aircrew sailors
AWOL: Absent Without Official Leave; this is a US Army and USAF term, not a Navy term, see UA.
AX: The enlisted rating Aviation Anti-Submarine Warfare Technician; since merged into AW rating (often forgotten but masterful to behold).
Aye: Yes (I understand)
Aye, aye: Yes (I heard the order, I understand the order, and I intend to obey/carry out the order). "I understand and I will comply."
B[ edit ]
B1RD: Pronounced: Bravo One Romeo Delta. Nomenclature used to identify a bird to boot sailors. Similar to CGU-11.
Baby Beater: A small sledge hammer
Baby Birdfarm: A helicopter carrier/amphibious assault ship.
Baboon Ass: Corned beef. The nickname is based on its color and flavor. See also Monkey Butt.
Back Alley: Card game of trump played by 2 to 4 players (mostly "snipes"). Players are first dealt 1 card each then 2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13, 13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1. Players bid on the number of tricks to be taken, trump is determined by draw. Score is kept by awarding 3 points for bids made and taken and 1 point for each additional trick. A player unable to make their bid goes set 3 X the bid. Game can be played by partners.
Bag (noun): Flight suit.
Bag (verb): To issue demerits at the Naval Academy.
Bag of Dicks: An unwanted or extremely tedious task, e.g. one that is given one hour before shift change and will require at least 3 hours to complete. Someone who has been given a "Bag of Dicks" has been "bagged."
Bag Nasty: A pre-packaged bag lunch usually consisting of a cold cut sandwich, piece of fruit, and juice box or can of soda. Served at galleys in lieu of regular chow for sailors on the go.
Bagger: A sailor who is chronically late for watch relief. Also known as a "shit bag."
Ball Button: The fourth button down on the new Service Uniforms, so called because it has a tendency to come undone.
Balls O'Clock: Any unspecified time late at night when it is absurd to be awake and having to do things, be on watch, etc.
Balls Thirty: (1) The time 00:30, when there is a security sweep on some bases. (2) Any time late at night.
Balls to Two: A short watch stood from 0000-0200. Not generally seen outside of Boot Camp.
Balls to Four: A four hour watch technically stood from 0000-0400, though in practice begining at 2345 and ending at 0345. Most commonly seen on a "Dogged Watch" schedule.
Balls To The Wall: see Wiktionary's mainspace entry on the term " balls to the wall "
Bandit: An aircraft which has been positively identified as hostile.
Bar fine: Fee paid to the manager ("mamasan") of a bar (generally adjacent to the former Naval Base Subic, former Naval Air Station Cubi Point, or former Clark Air Base in the Philippines) for letting a "hostess" take the night off. If a longer term "relationship" is desired by both parties, the "bar fine" can be paid in advance as "steady papers." Sex is universally expected, although technically not required. The hostess will expect some entertainment (dancing, dinner, etc.)
Barely Trainable: Derogatory term for a Boiler Technician (BT).
Barney Clark: A slider topped with a fried egg. Also called a "One-Eyed Jack." Named, due to its apparent high cholesterol content, for Mr. Barney Clark, who in 1982 received a "Jarvik" artificial heart.
Barricade, Barrier: The huge nylon net strung across the landing area of a carrier to arrest the landing of an aircraft with damaged gear or a damaged tailhook.
Bar Stool Technician: A term labeled to the former AQ rating, Aviation Fire Control Technician. The rating badge icon looked like a bar stool.
Batphone: A dedicated outside telephone line (not for personal use) typically for shore power or security purposes. Sometimes used to connect CIC to Engineering.
Battle Group (BG): A group of warships and supply ships centered around a large deck aircraft carrier and that carrier's airwing. Usually consists of one cruiser, one supply ship, and one or two destroyers, frigates, and submarines. More recently referred to as a Carrier Strike Group (CSG).
Battle Racks: (term for) when mission-exhausted Aviators are allowed to sleep through General Quarters.
Battle rattle: body armor and helmet.
Battlewagon: Battleship.
B.B. Stacker: Crew that handles and maintains the air launched weapons, Aviation Ordnancemen (Red shirts)
BCG's: Birth Control Glasses: Standard Navy-issue corrective eyewear for non-flight crew and non-flight deck personnel. So named because they are so thick and hideous that one is guaranteed never to have sex while one is wearing them. Term has become obsolete due to more normal looking frame choices now offered (outside of enlisted recruit training, at least). (Also known as CGL's — Can't Get Laids.)
B.D.N.W.W.: Broke Dick No Worky-worky. See Broke Dick.
Beer Day: On many navy ships, even in the present day, all hands are given 2 beers if they are underway without a port call for a given period of time — generally 45 days. Both beers are opened when they are given to the crewmember to prevent them from being hoarded.
Beans, bullets, and black oil: Supplies of all sorts needed by a warship.
Bells:
Naval method of indicating the time of day aboard ship, usually over the 1MC. One bell corresponds to 30 minutes past the hour. Bells will only be rung as a single strike, or a closely spaced double strike, with a maximum of eight bells (4 sets of 2). Bells repeat themselves every 4 hours. For example 2 sets of 2 bells, followed by a single bell (5 total) could be 0230, 0630, 1030, 1430, 1830, or 2230.
Method of requesting speed changes from the Engine Room using the Engine Order Telegraph (EOT), normally from the Bridge. (example: 1/3, 2/3, Full, Standard, Flank, B1/3, B2/3, BI, BEM)
Benny: A treat or reward, derived from "Benefit."
Benny Suggs: The Navy's Beneficial Suggestions program, a method where DON employees, and Navy and Marine personnel can make suggestions to improve various programs and operations.
Bent Shitcan:
Someone below Naval standards.
An angry or particularly unpleasant attitude, such as one might have if their only job onboard was to collect and retain everyone else's refuse, and then on top of that some asshole got mad and kicked him, leaving a big, ugly dent in his side. "We got a new XO and he had an attitude like a Bent Shitcan."
Big Chicken Dinner: Slang for a Bad Conduct Discharge, a punishment awarded to a sailor who has committed a serious infraction of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Bilge Juice: Non-sanctioned alcoholic beverage created while on long deployments by mixing yeast, water and sugar.
Bilge Rat: Someone who works in the engineering spaces.
Bilge Troll: Engine room lower level watchstander; junior enlisted nuke machinist mate on sub.
Bilge Turd: Derogatory term for "Boiler Technician", typically from Machinist Mates who attend the identical A school
BINGO: Minimum fuel needed to return to base (RTB).
Binnacle List: The daily list of ship's crew who are sick in quarters (see below). So called because in the old days of sailing, this list was posted on the binnacle, the casing that housed the ship's compass.
Bird: Aircraft.
Birdfarm: Aircraft Carrier.
Bitchbox: Intercom or amplified circuit used to communicate between spaces of a ship. (example: 2MC, 5MC, 23MC, 26MC)
Bitching Betty: The computer generated female voice heard in an aviator's headset when something is not as it should be. She is usually worried about unsafe flight conditions or an enemy threat.
Black beret: Worn by Swift Boat and PBR Sailors, originally in Vietnam. The tradition has sporadically been followed by modern small boat sailors. (See "Brown Water Navy.")
Black box: Repair, in primarily for electronic equipment, where an entire card or subsystem is replaced, rather than individual components. As a noun the said card.
Black and Decker Pecker Wrecker (derogatory): A female who has braces.
Black gang: A ship's engineers.
Black Hole, The Black Hole: The Navy's main base at Norfolk, Virginia, so called because "it's where sailors' careers go to die."
Black Pants: An enlisted sailor below the rank of E-7 (Chief Petty Officer). So named because of the black and khaki working uniform. See also "Blue Shirt."
Black Shoe: Sometimes shortened to just "Shoe." Term used to describe shipboard or 'surface' officers and senior enlisted members, due to the black footwear worn while in khaki uniform. See also BROWN SHOE
Blanket Party: A beating administered to someone whose head has been covered with a blanket (to prevent that person from identifying the attackers), in boot camp (and usually at night), because the individual is perceived to have harmed the group by not being squared away.
Blivit (or Blivet) (derogatory): A person who is full of shit; ten pounds of shit in a five pound sack.
Blowing the ___ Fleet: Performing oral sex on a prostitute (in reference to the fact that said prostitute may have had sex with the entirety of the named fleet). "You just blew the 7th Fleet."
Blowing Shitters: An act by which an HT uses straight firemain pressure on a clog in the sewage line (CHT/VCHT) that cannot be removed by ordinary means. Normally a last resort, yet used more often than not, that when not done properly causes one hell-of-a mess… especially on CHT lines when some unfortunate soul is on the crapper when the full force of the firemain comes through.
Blowing a Shitter (Submarine Service): Inadvertently "flushing" a toilet (see "Shitter," below) while San Tanks are being blown overboard.
Blue Falcon: (Also known as a "Bravo Foxtrot") Slang term for "Buddy Fucker", also, "Noble Order of the Blue Falcon" for those who are true masters of Blue Falconry.
Bluejacket: An enlisted sailor below the rank of E-7 (Chief Petty Officer).
Bluejacket's Manual: The handbook of seamanship issued to recruits.
Blue Roper (also: Blue Rope): A sailor that is in training to be a Recruit Division Commander, so called because of the blue rope they wear on the right sleeve.
Blue Side: The figurative side one is stationed at if one is stationed at a Naval Command; contrasted with the "Green Side" (Marine Corps Command).
Blue Shirt: Aviation Boatswain's mate, usually seen chocking and chaining birds to the deck. Precursor to Yellow Shirt. Same as Bluejacket, referring to the blue utility shirt worn by those personnel.
Bluenose: An individual who has crossed the Arctic Circle .
Blue Dick: The Navy, AKA (I've been f-ed by the Blue Dick again)
Blue on Blue: (1) Fratricide, friendly fire, so called because blue is the color associated with friendly forces during "workups" and exercises, while the fictional enemy country is usually orange. (2) (in port) A girl-on-girl stripper scene, porn scene, etc.
Blue Tile: An area of the aircraft carrier on the starboard main passageway, O-3 level, where the Battle Group (now called Carrier Strike Group) admiral and his staff live and work. As the name implies, the deck is indeed blue tile there. Passing through, especially by junior enlisted sailors, is highly discouraged. During wartime, armed guards may be posted on both sides of the blue tile. Pictures of bare-assed drunken aviators standing on the blue tile during port calls are highly prized keepsakes.
Blue Water: Deep water far from land. Only larger, self-sufficient ships can operate on these waters. Also called the "high seas." See "Brown Water."
BMOS: Big Man On Ship: Often refers to the ship's Captain. The closest civilian equivalent is BMOC (Big Man On Campus).
BMW: Big Maine Woman: One of the large women in the Brunswick/Bath Maine area who like to pick up sailors from the former Naval Air Station Brunswick or pre-commissioning destroyers at the Bath Iron Works in local bars.
Boat:
Boats list (lean to the inside of a turn), Ships heel (lean to the outside of a turn). "Turn to Port, heel to Starboard" Word passed from the bridge to PriFly indicating a turn and to warn the flight deck crew of deck angle changes.
A water craft small enough to be carried on a ship (ships themselves may only be called boats by members of the crew who have completed a deployment).
A submarine (submarines are called boats, with only limited exceptions).
Boat Goat: A female sailor onboard a ship.
Boat School: Nickname for the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, MD.
Boats: A sailor in the Boatswain's Mate rating or the Aviation Boatswain's Mate rating, or the ship's Bosun or Air Bosun, the latter usually a CWO or LDO.
B.O.C.O.D: "Beat Off Cut Off Date": The date prior to returning home from a deployment on which a man should stop masturbating in order to save himself up for his wife or girlfriend.
Bogey: An unknown aircraft which could be friendly, hostile, or neutral.
B.O.H.I.C.A.: (Bend Over, Here It Comes Again). Often used when situations, as can be normal, repeat themselves but more often when you just know you are about to get it again from the Command.
B.O.H.I.C.A Key — Naval Air Station Key West was located on Boca Chica Key, Florida.
BOHICA Boat — Derogitory name for USS NIMITZ (CVN-68) BOHICA our screws never stop. A ships bumper sticker was authorized by the CO and were printed by the thousands until the CO found out what BOHICA meant. Circa 1981.
Bolter: Failed attempt at an arrested landing on a carrier by a fixed-wing aircraft. Usually caused by a poor approach or a hook bounce on the deck, this embarrassing event leads to a go-around and another attempt to "board."
Bonnie Dick: USS BONHOMME RICHARD * (CV/CVA 31, LHD 6)
Boomer: Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN)
Boomer Fag: Crewmember of a Ballistic Missile Submarine (SSBN)
Boondockers: The standard workday steel-toed boots.
Boondoggle: An inefficient meeting, event, or evolution; one that it is more fun than productive.
Boopdiddley: All-purpose, virtually meaningless expression, used as an exclamation i.e. "Boopdiddley!" or " Aw, Boop!" (1974)
Boot Camp: Term used to refer to the eight week basic training course held at Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois. Can also refer to a green or inexperienced sailor, officer or enlisted person, e.g. "Boot ensign."
Boot Chief: Nickname given to a Chief during their first year as a Chief. Only used Chief to Chief.
Booter (usually derisive): Any sailor who has very little time in, or a lot less time than the speaker.
Boot Topping: Black paint used to paint the water line on ships.
B.O.S.N.I.A.: Big Ol' Standard Navy-Issue Ass (from the apparent widening of the hips due in part to the cut of the working uniforms)
Bosun's Punch: New sailors on ship are sometimes assigned to find this mythical tool in the office of one of the ship's Bosuns ( Boatswain ). The sailor is then typically punched very hard in the shoulder by the Bosun in question.
Bottom blow:
To open valves in the mud drum to allow boiler pressure to force accumulated sludge out of the boiler.
To take a shit.
Bounce Pattern: When several aircraft are practicing touch and go landings at the same airfield.
Boxing your coffee: Using two paper cups and pouring back and forth to mix creamer and/or sugar.
Box kicker: Supply clerk.
Box of Rocks: Derogatory term for more than one sailor that has performed their work in an unsatisfactory manner.
Brain Fart: A condition when, under stress, one cannot recall or perform something that would normally be easy or second nature.
Brain Housing Group (chiefly in the USMC): A skull.
Branch: Lowest organizational level in most naval commands. Below department and division.
Bravo Bozo: Derisive term that is the opposite of Bravo Zulu. Given for something done poorly. Also used when a sailor gets a BZ from the command, shipmates will call it a Bravo Bozo award.
Bravo Zulu: Originally, "BZ" was a signal meaning "Well Done." It is sometimes used by seniors praising subordinates in one form or another. ( [1] )
Breakaway Music: Music played over the 1MC after "breaking" away from an oiler following UNREP. Can be outdated classic rock that was never really popular in the first place, or cool music, depending on the ship's commanding officer. It is played to "motivate" the crew after an UNREP, VERTREP, etc. Usually played at a level that would normally get you a ticket in town and is so distorted as to make it impossible to identify the song.
Bremerlo: A husky (large) female. Derives from Bremerton, Washington, where there is a base at and around which such females are common.
Bremerton: How much a Bremerloe weighs.
Brig: Jail.
Brig Chaser: The sailor who escorts a prisoner to the brig.
Broke-dick: Technical term describing malfunctioning or inoperable equipment. Example: "The fuckin' aux drain pump is fuckin' broke-dick."
Brown bagger: Married sailor who brings his lunch from home in a paper bag.
Brown Nose: Sailor trying a "little too hard" to make rate by sucking up to superiors. Can also refer to those who wear khakis (Chiefs, Officers) since it is assumed that most have "brown-nosed" to obtain their present position. Mythical rates include "Chief Brownnose" and "Brownose First Class." Also known as a "Butt Shark."
Brown Shoe: Term used to describe aviation community officers and senior enlisted members, due to the dark brown footwear worn with khaki uniforms and aviation winter working green uniforms.
Brown Trout: Occurs when some Hull Tech blasts the sewer lines, causing raw sewage to be disbursed onto the decks of lower level berthing areas. Called that for the fact the turds look like fish.
Brown Water: Shallow water close to land; littoral water in which smaller ships can operate. Sometimes specifically: the portion of Vietnam where Navy patrol boats operated.
Brown Water Navy (Sailor): Any Sailor who operates a small boat in inshore areas.
Brown Water Puddle Pirate: Affectionate name given to the US Coast Guard by their brethren blue water sailors.
Bubble (or The Bubble):
The edge of passing or failing at something, or " the fence ": when someone is on the edge of passing or failing at something, or is undecided, that person is "on the bubble."
(Submarine Service) The indication of the ship's angle fore and aft. The Diving Officer of the Watch (DOOW, pronounced "Dive") controls the angle on the ship by various means. The original ship's angle gages were liquid filled glass tubes with an air bubble that indicated the trim angle. If the angle becomes too large, he will be ordered "mind your bubble." In rough weather near the surface, maintaining the angle on the ship can be very difficult. When the Dive can no longer control the angle on the ship by the means at his disposal, he is said to have "lost the bubble." (3) The area on an aircraft carrier where the Catapult Launch Officer sits. So called because it is raised only a few inches above the flight deck and has angled windows. (4) (in the expressions "have the bubble" and "lose the bubble") A grasp of the situation; understanding or control of what is going on.
Bubblegummer: A newbie or young sailor just out of boot camp or school.
Bubblehead: A sailor in the Submarine service.
Budweiser: Nickname for the SEAL Trident insignia.
Buddy Fucker: Someone who fucks over their shipmates, and who is not to be trusted with any information or watch swap.
Buffer Tech: A junior enlisted who polishes the deck with a buffer, a duty normally assigned to shore duty personnel or those attending "A" School.
Bug Juice:
The Kool-Aid-like beverage dispensed on the messdeck , in the CPO Mess, the Officer's Wardroom or the Flag Mess. Typically Orange or Red. Before the turn of the century, bug juice was also used to clean decks when cleaning agents were not available. It is still used for removing corrosion from brass fittings. Allegedly also because the powder used to make the juice attracted bugs.
(USMC) A 50/50 solution of Skin-So-Soft & alcohol used during drill to repel sand fleas at Paris Island.
Bug Juice Sunrise: Orange with a splash of Red.
Building 1: USS Brooke (FFG-1), so called because she had so many problems with her P-fired boilers that she was regularly unable to get underway from her long-occupied berth at NAVSTA San Diego. When she did get underway she was typically towed back in, whereupon she was referred to as "USS Broke".
Building 20: Derogatory term used to describe the U.S.S. Mt. Whitney (LCC-20), as it rarely goes to sea.
Building 36: The USS Bryce Canyon (AD-36). Home ported at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, she left port only on rare occasions (so her crew could collect sea pay); when she did, she had to be towed back in.
Building 39 (1990s-era Norfolk slang): The USS Emory S. Land (AS-39). So called because, during that time period, she rarely left port.
Building 38: The USS Puget Sound (AD-38).
Bulkhead: Wall.
Bulkhead remover: A fictional substance veteran sailors often task new sailors with getting, as a joke.
Bull, Bull Ensign: The seniormost Ensign onboard a surface ship, a submarine, or in an aviation squadron other than in the Training Command. This Ensign is charge of various wardroom duties, often including mentoring the juniormost Ensign (see "George") and setting up the wardroom's movie night while at sea. Originated during World War II when Admiral "Bull" Halsey designated one officer to oversee wardroom functions.
Bull Nuke (Submarine Service): The senior most enlisted nuclear sailor, usually the Engineering Department Senior Enlisted Advisor.
Bullet Sponge: U.S. Marine.
Bully Big Dick: The USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). The name is a corruption of "Bully Big Stick", the Roosevelt's shipboard news program.
C[ edit ]
Cadillac: A mop bucket, usually with wheels and a wringer. See also "Swab."
CAG: Title used when addressing the carrier air wing commander. It is a holdover from the days when air wings were called air groups and stood for Commander Air Group. Can also refer to the air wing itself, as in CAG-1, CAG-5 or CAG-14. See "air wing."
Cal PO: Calibration Petty Officer: Collateral duty position, typically filled by the most junior and inept sailor in a division, responsible for ensuring a division's test equipment is delivered to the cal lab on time.
Carl Prison: "America's Favorite Carrier," the USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70).
Captain's Asshole: The XO. In general, the CO makes policy, the XO enforces it, hence the name.
CASREP: Casualty Report: Report to higher authority something which is inoperative, OOC (out of commission), and the impact on readiness. Often jocularly applied to broken minor items not requiring any report, or to personnel who are on the binnacle list. Also applied to those who have been killed.
CAVU: Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited: Perfect flying weather.
CF (pronounced Charlie Foxtrot): clusterfuck .
C-GU11 (pronounced "See-Gee-You-Eleven"): Seagull. Similar to the code for "bulkhead remover." A common joke is to ask inexperienced personnel on watch to "keep an eye out for signs of C-GU11s in the area, over." Sometimes spelled C-6U11, Z-6UL1 or various 1337 -like combinations.
CAG: Title used when addressing the airwing commander. It is a holdover from the days when airwings were called air groups, and stands for Commander Air Group. Can also refer to the airwing itself, as in CAG-14. See "airwing."
Cake Eater: Sailor who reenlists. So called because most commands present sailors with cake at their ceremonies if they reenlist.
D[ edit ]
Dago: San Diego or Diego Garcia.
Dammit: Proper way to read an exclamation point quietly. "You are a shitbag!" becomes "You are a shitbag, dammit."
Dain Bramaged: The USS Bainbridge.
Danger nut: A "fun" game in which one or more sailors place a washer or nut around a rod or similar metal device and then hold it to a steam vent. The washer or nut spins wildly due to the high pressure of the steam. Once it reaches a high enough speed, the rod is turned so that the steam blows the object completely off the rod and likely at another sailor, who then has to dodge the "danger nut."
D.B.F.: Diesel Boats Forever: (marking on an) unauthorized pin showing a non-nuclear submarine.
Dear John (or Jane) Letter: A letter (or nowadays, e-mail) that a sailor receives in which his or her significant other breaks up with or leaves him or her whilst the latter is deployed.
Deck: Floor.
F[ edit ]
FAG: (1) Fighter Attack Guy: F/A-18 Hornet/Super Hornet pilot or naval flight officer ("NFO"). (2) Former Action Guy: Any SO, SB, EOD, ND, or FMF Recon Corpsman or any other parachute-qualified member who is in a position where they cannot maintain their jump quals, or goes into a different warfare community. (3) ("Submarine Service") Forward Area Gentleman: A crewman serving in the forward part of the submarine, a non-Nuke.
Family Gram: A 40-word personal communication from the family members of an Officer or Sailor on a Strategic Deterrent Patrol assigned to a Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM) submarine. Each crewman was allocated a limited number of these messages during each 3-month patrol and they were severely censored to protect the submariner from news that could negatively effect the emotional condition of the recipient. All Family Grams were screened by the CO/XO upon receipt, prior to distribution to the individual. A similar system was used for surface ships.
Fan Room (see "X-Ray fitting"): (1) A room with a fan or blower, A "closed" space which is often utilized for general mischief away from watchful eyes.
F.A.W.C.U. (pronounced "fuck you") (Submarine Service): Focused After Watch Clean Up, usually between 1 to 2 hours of "Field Day" after every watch rotation.
Fart sack: Canvas mattress cover (In cold conditions sailors sleep inside them for extra warmth.) or a dirt sailor's sleeping bag.
Fart Suit: Dry suit worn by aviators when flying over cold water. So called because of the rubber seals at the neck and wrists which keep water out in the event of water entry. These seals also keep all flatulence inside the suit, where it remains hot and mixes with ball sweat, pitstink, and various other foulness. This foul air is released by removing the suit, or more amusingly by pulling one of the wrist seals open while squatting and pointing at an unsuspecting individual, thus forcing all the stench in his direction.
Farting dust: Getting old.
Fashion Show: A series of individual personnel inspections conducted in each uniform the sailor owns. Usually this form of Extra Military Instruction is reserved for the most severe dirtbags who are either consistently failing uniform inspection or look like crap on a daily basis.
FASOTRAGRULANT/PAC: Fleet Aviation Specialized Operational Training Group, Atlantic and Pacific. Specialized training for Aviation Administration (AZ) and Aviation Anti Submarine Warfare Operators (AW) ratings.
Fast Cruise: Pretending to be underway while moored to a pier. Usually an all day event to get the crew ready for a real underway.
Fat Boy: Derogatory term for Amphibious Ships used by bridge officers on cruisers and destroyers. "We better slow down or the fat boys won't be able to keep up."
Fat boy program: FEP (see below).
FEP: Fitness Enhancement Program. Mandatory physical training regimen designed to return sailors to within physical readiness standards. Also refers to sailors who are enrolled in the program... Fat Enlisted People / Forced Exercise Program. See "Chub Club."
FFG: Forever Fucking Gone: A Guided Missile Frigate which spends more time underway than in port.
Field Day: All hands clean-up. Usually lasts on a good day about 3-4 hours. (30 min of cleaning and 2-4 hours of fucking off.)
FIDO: Fuck It! Drive On! An expression used in the face of adversity, meaning that regardless of the setback you are going to continue anyway!
Field expedient ___: Anything that is made or done ad hoc in the field. E.g. a "field expedient Frappuccino" might be made by putting all the MRE coffees, sugars, and creamers into a 2-liter bottle and mixing.
Field Survey: The nominal survey taken before discarding a worn-out item "in the field" (often off the end of the pier) instead of submitting it for a proper, formal "survey" to determine if it should be redistributed or disposed of. (Sometimes, a field survey results in an item being handed down to a needier local unit, thrown off the fantail at sea, or sold ashore for booze money.)
F.I.I.G.M.O.: Fuck It, I Got My Orders: A refusal of a long or tough assignment near the end of a duty rotation. Also seen as a name badge at this time, so officers/petty officers will forget the wearer's real name.
FIG: An FFG is called a FIG.
Fighting gear: Eating utensils.
Five by five: nonstandard Radio speech indicating "loud and clear." Derived from an arcane method of reading signal strength.
Five and Dimes: A watch rotation where the sailor or watch team stand five hours of watch, then have ten hours off (to clean, perform maintenance, train, get qualified, conduct drills, take care of divisional business or their collateral duty, eat, shower, and occasionally sleep). This follows from a three-section watch rotation, and results in the sailor standing watch at a different time every day and night, repeating every three days.
Fish (Submarine Service): See Dolphins, above. Also "torpedo."
Fit Boss: Officer designated by the Commanding Officer to be responsible for the command Physical Readiness Program. Can be a collateral duty for a commissioned officer or more frequently, a civilian contractor's primary duty.
Flag, Flag Officer: Rear Admiral (Lower half) and higher ("flag" rank, because they are entitled to show a flag with an appropriate number of stars on their car, ship, building, etc.) A person with such a rank can also be referred to by number of stars they have; so a "three star" is a Vice Admiral, and so forth.
Flag Deck, Flag Bridge: Command level on large ships for Admirals if they are present, see Flag.
Flare to Land, Squat to Pee: Navy pilot's derisive description of aircraft landing technique used by (primarily) Air Force aviators; used in comparison to the nerve-wracking controlled crash that is the typical carrier landing.
Flattop: Aircraft carrier. Also the haircut worn by truly motivated sailors.
Flavor Extractor: Standard equipment in all Navy galleys.
Fleet Up: When a second in command takes his senior's place upon that senior's transfer, retirement, or other re-assignment.
Flight Deck Buzzard: Chicken (food).
Flight Line: The area on a ship or station where aircraft are made ready for flight. Also used as a prank on gullible new sailors, as in "Go get me 100 feet of flight line from the crash shack."
Float Check (also Flotation Testing, Float test): Throwing something overboard. "Take that and give it the float test"
Floating Bellhop: Derisive Army term for sailor.
Flying the Bravo: Menstruating; from the signal flag, which is all-red, one meaning of which is "I am discharging dangerous goods." Also used to indicate one who is in a bad mood "What's wrong with him?" "Oh, he's just flying the Bravo"
Flux capacitor: New members of a CVN's MMR will be sent to retrieve the "flux capacitor" from the OOW in the reactor control room. A flux capacitor ran the time machines, particularly in the car, in the Back To The Future movies...
Forecastle: (Pronounced "foc-sull") Forward most part of a ship.
forecastle zoo: Game of naming everything on the forecastle which has an animal name, e.g. "Bull nose," "Wildcat," "Pelican hook," "rat guard, rat lines," "deck Apes."
Foc's'le Follies: A gathering of all the aviators in the airwing in the carrier's foc's'le (forecastle). The CAG, ship's CO, and battle group admiral are also usually invited and present. The "official" reason for this event is to hand out awards to the top aviators. The most enjoyable parts are the "roll calls" from each squadron, and the skits that two or three of the squadrons perform. If the roll call or the skit fails to amuse the rest of the airwing, the offending squadron is booed and belittled mercilessly. Follies are held about every 6 to 8 weeks while on deployment.
FM: Frequency modulation, or Fucking Magic, sometimes referred to as the FM Principle
FNG: Fuckin' New Guy — self-explanatory
FOAD: Acronym, Fuck Off And Die, traditional response to MARF see below.
FOD: Foreign Object Damage. Caused by Foreign Object Debris, such as nuts, bolts, or anything that could be sucked into a jet engine, damaging it. At aviation commands, FOD can also describe a worthless individual, i.e. "If Airman Smith isn't in this shop in 5 minutes, write that piece of FOD up."
FOD Walk Down: A periodic, organized search on an aircraft carrier flight deck or hangar deck looking for debris that a jet engine might ingest. The OIC of this evolution is sometimes referred to as "the FOD-father."
Four (4) by Eight (8) Watch: The worst watch section to be in because one's first watch is 0400 to 0800, then one works one's duty station until 1600, followed by second watch 1600 to 2000, every day. Note, on some ships, the 0400-0800 is the 0400-0700, see "Seven to forever" below.
Fourballs: Midnight, entered as 0000 when writing logs; The "Fourballs watch" is midnight to 0600 when underway on a submarine, using a 3 person x 6 hour shift, 18 hour rotation "day" for each watchstation. Most engineering daily chores are performed on the 0000 watch, after which one is relieved at 0530 for chow, followed by drills at 0700, chow at 1200, followed by drill review at 1300, collateral duties at 1500, chow at 1700, followed by the 1800 watch; a very long "day" underwater — 24+ hours. The Sub equivalent to the Four by Eight watch mentioned above.
Freeball : To wear no skivvies.
Freeboard: On a ship or boat, this is the vertical distance between the waterline and the "gunwale" (see below).
F.R.E.D.: Fucked Up Ridiculous Educational Device: The computer that graded the teletype capabilities of those going through Radioman "A" School. So called because it used to grade based on keystrokes rather than words per minute.
Fresh Water Navy (derogatory) members of the US Coast Guard.
Fried Calamari: A sailor who has been electrocuted. This term derives from the nickname "squid", meaning "sailor."
Fried horse cock: Fried baloney.
Frocked: Advanced in rank or rate with no pay increase. See BOHICA.
Frog Hog: A female who hangs around Navy SEALs.
Fruit Salad: Numerous ribbons on a dress uniform.
FTN: Fuck the Navy (common epithet used when complaining about naval policies or regulations). Often scrawled on the walls of toilet stalls by sailors who have been assigned to clean it for a reason. Also can refer to "Free The Nukes," referring to sailors in the nuclear power field. Also refers to a mythical rate or ship type an "FTN Striker" says he/she is trying to get in (i.e. Fleet Tug-Nuclear, Fire Technician-Nuclear). Also stands for "Fun Time Navy" around higher chain of command to save face in front of said chain of command, yet "secretly" means "Fuck the Navy." In nuclear commands, can sometimes be seen as KEY when over-nuked (the last letters of the same three words are used.)
FTN Striker: Sailor whose stated goal/desire is to get discharged.
F.U.B.A.R. : Fouled up beyond all repair, Fucked up beyond all recognition. ( Foobar )
F.U.B.I.J.A.R.: Fuck You Buddy, I'm Just A Reservist
F.U.B.I.S.: "Fuck You Bitch I'm Short": Slogan indicating lack of care since the one uttering it or wearing it will be leaving soon.
Fuhgowee's: Code word for ditching work and going home at lunch time, so as not to be suspected by PO1, Chiefs, etc (used in Newport News Drydock). Sailor 1: "What are you having for chow?" Sailor 2: "Fuhgowee burger sandwiches."
Fulmer: A sailor that desperately tries to win various games (ping pong, pool, etc.), but does not have the skills to compete successfully.
FUNGUS: Fuck You, New Guy, You Suck.
F.U.P.A. (pronounced "foop-uh"): Fat Upper Pelvic Area: The buldge that protrudes from ill-fitting pants worn by an overweight sailor, or by extension, the sailor him- or herself. (When describing a female, it may stand specifically for "Fat Upper Pussy Area"; when describing a male, "Fat Upper Penis Area.")
FuckingNuke (always one word): A sailor who is trained to operate the boat/ship nuclear power plant.
Fuckface: Any person or thing which has a face.
Fuck the mission, clean the position: Break out the swabs .
Fuck You, strong message follows: Seen on a numerical list of epithet substitutions (the unauthorized "Falcon Code," derived from the "Charlie Echo" code), especially transmitted over radio, which has to stay clean
[A] Full up round: Operational or (of a person) fit for duty, a fully operational projectile to be fired from a gun.
Fun Boss: Morale, Welfare and Recreation Officer.
F.U.R. (derogatory): Fucked Up Recruit: A boot camp recruit who constantly makes mistakes.
Fuzznuts: A young sailor, one not long out of puberty.
G[ edit ]
Gaff Off: To ignore or purposely fail to show proper respect to someone more senior, such as by blowing off an assigned task, by not saluting, or by using improper forms of address.
Garden Party: A semi-formal social gathering requiring dress whites from the waist down and dress blues from the waist up.
Gator: Gator Navy vessel or sailor. Or, the ship's navigator.
Gator-Freighter: A ship used in amphibious warfare, or generally the transportation of Marines and their equipment, especially, a carrier-like vessel ( amphibious assault ship ) whose primary purpose is to put ass in the grass.
Gator Navy: The part of the surface Navy that exclusively supports embarked Marines and amphibious operations. Conducts operations near shore. Contrast with the "Blue Water" Navy or "CRU-DES." Note, an amphibious command ship may also coordinate supporting arms from non-gators, such as destroyers or aircraft.
Gator squares: Putting a square on a chart, often 3 miles by 3 miles, in the middle of a body of water, and steaming around in it for hours. Common overnight activity for ships underway. "Do we have any nighttime evolutions this underway?" "No, just gator squares."
Galley: Crews' mess, or dining area. Place where food is prepared for consumption.
GCE: Gross Conceptual Error, an instructor's comment on student work wherein the student has clearly misunderstood a concept.
Gear adrift: (1) (said when there is) loose or unsecured gear or equipment. (2) (said of) an incompetent sailor, one who has a screw loose. "Seaman Jones is gear adrift!"
Geedunk: (1) Candy, or a place that sells candy (namely Gedunk bars ). (2) Ice cream. From the Harold Teen comic strip. From the sound that a coin makes when put into a candy machine.
General Quarters (GQ): Set to prepare a ship for battle or during a serious casualty such as a main engineering space fire. Every sailor has an assigned duty station to be manned; the ship is set for maximum water tight integrity. On submarines, the term "Battle Stations" is used.
George: The juniormost officer onboard a surface ship. Also spelled "JORG", meaning Junior Officer Requiring Guidance, or "JORGE," meaning Junior Officer Requiring General Education.
George jobs: Nit-picking paperwork jobs given to George because no one else wants them. Examples: Morale Officer, Mess Officer.
H[ edit ]
HAC: (pronounced "hack") Helicopter Aircraft Commander: the pilot in command of a helo.
Hack: Unofficial punishment where an officer is confined to his stateroom, usually during a port call. During this time, the officer is not allowed to leave the ship (all officers must have permission from the Commanding Officer, or his appointed delegate before debarking the ship at any port call, including their home port).
Hall of Fame Company: A recruit company during boot camp that maintains perfect marks through the entire eight-week evolution; harder to get than Color Company, the company that rates Hall of Fame Status is given three days special liberty, as well as the week prior to shipping out to the fleet as downtime. They are also given the privilege of wearing their winter blue, or summer white uniforms, or, as an alternate, their dress uniforms, for the week before shipping out to the fleet. Hall of Fame Companies are also given precedence above Color Company, and are given the honor to be the first recruit company to Pass in Review.
Haji: Racial epithet for a Middle Eastern individual, or anything Middle Eastern. For instance, pull-tab sodas are referred to as "Haji Sodas" due to their ubiquitous presence in the Fifth Fleet AOR.
Halfway-Night (Submarine Service): Party night on predetermined 1/2 length of boat’s patrol. Tenderloin and lobster, frozen, but good.
Happy Hour: The hour during which the ship is cleaned every day.
Hamster: Chicken cordon bleu, a common chow entree.
Haole: Pronounced "How-Lee" Hawaiian term for non-native. A dangerous thing for a sailor to be around Pearl Harbor, as some of the natives see them as easy targets for crime, especially when local law-enforcement doesn't seem to care.
Happy Sock: A sock used for masturbation.
Hatch: Any watertight door on a Naval vessel. Sailors call all doors "hatches," but the term literally means only the watertight ones.
Have a Navy Day: Has two separate meanings. 1.)"Have a great day"! From your Navy superiors. 2.) “Get Fucked or Fuck-Off” from your Navy equals and lower in rank.
Haze Grey: The color painted on Navy ships.
Haze Grey Motherfucker: Sailor (or CO) who prefers to be under way as much as possible, or a ship and crew that spends a great deal of time under way—e.g, “We were haze grey motherfuckers.”
Heads and Beds: An inspection performed daily at sea by the XO or a designated replacement, usually the MAA.
HCO: Helo Control Officer, talks to each pilot as he makes his approach to a small boy (See LSO)
Head: Bathroom (the term comes from the days of sail, because wind would blow from the rear of the ship forward the bathroom would be located at the front “head” of the ship to carry the foul smell of excrement away from the crew). “Head call” means to use the head.
Helmet Fire: When a pilot becomes so task saturated in the cockpit that he loses the big picture and situational awareness (SA). Often leads to mistakes that can produce lethal results.
Helo (pron. hee-low): Term applied to all naval helicopters (from the standard message abbreviation HELO). Calling a naval helicopter anything other than a helo, and especially a “chopper,” is grounds for a serious beat-down.
Helo Dunker: Dreaded training device that all naval aircrew and pilots must endure every few years when they complete water survival training, or “swims.” Designed to simulate crashing a helo at sea, it is basically a huge metal drum with seats and windows that is lowered into a pool and then flipped upside down with the “passengers” strapped into it. There are generally four runs that must be successfully completed. Two of these are blindfolded. It is not fun and even scares the hell out of Marines. (F)AWs enjoy it though.
Here today, GUAM tomorrow: Received orders from one island to another island, as in ADAK to GUAM.
Hinge: Slang for an O-4, or lieutenant commander (LCDR). So called because of the lobotomy that is supposedly mandated as soon as a naval officer is promoted to this rank, in which half of his brain is removed. A hinge is then inserted that allows for reattachment of the removed gray matter later. The hinge also limits the LCDR’s head movement to the fore–aft axis. This is clearly demonstrated as the O-4 is constantly nodding in the affirmative and saying, “Yessir, yessir” when in the presence of the CO.
H.M.F.I.C. : Head Mother Fucker In Charge. Refering to the senior ranking person for an assigned duty or task.
Hockey pucks: Swedish meatballs (also, trail markers, porcupines, road apples).
Hollywood Shower: To take a long shower that wastes water (See Navy Shower). It is permissible to take one when a ship is pierside connected to pier water and sewer, if no one else is waiting for the shower.
Holy stone: The stone or the act of using one. A pumice stone for cleaning a wooden deck. The name derives from the sailor stating that "anything that would cause a seasoned sailor to bend his knees, and curse the name of his maker must surely be holy."
Honch ("the Honch"): Entertainment district just outside the main gate of Yokosuka Naval Base. Famous for masagi girls, karaoke and Kirin beer.
Honey-ko: A reference to a male sailor or his “girlfriend” for the evening. It is expected that the sailor will not have another “girlfriend” that same evening and not get caught with another on a subsequent evening. Used primarily at the former Subic Bay and Clark bases in the Philippines. “Cheating” was not allowed, and some how would be found out quickly by means of the "honey-ko telegraph."
Hooch : (1) A living environment, such as a tent, made more comfortable by innovation. (2) Illicit homemade alcohol.
Hooligan Navy: WWII Navy pejorative for the Coast Guard, from its flexibility in enlisting men discharged from other services to rapidly expand for Prohibition. (Term endures within CG.)
Hot Footed: Carefully placing matches under the toenails of a sleeping shipmate and then lighting them all at the same time, after which the perpetrator(s) immediately hide or attempt to look innocent, leaving the victim to wonder what asshole did this to him.
Hoover: The S-3B Viking, mostly due to its unique engine noises
Horse Cock: Large log of baloney or overcooked kielbasa usually put out for lunch or midrats. Horse Cock sandwich is one of the least favorite boxed lunches served to helo crews when visiting other ships.
Hot box: Ship's engines are lit off, but ship is not underway. Refers to the shape of a gas turbine module.
Hot Dog: A sexually active male sailor.
Hot Racking or Hot Bunking: Submariners share racks. When one goes off, the other takes his place (three men share two racks). In the aviation community, “hot racking” refers to an individual who has not taken a shower before retiring to his bunk, usually after working a 12-hour shift on the flight deck.
HR Puff and Stuff: A nickname given to Hospital Corpsmen who regularly appear for duty in a disheveled manner with their uniform in disarray. It is a combination of a rank (Hospital Recruit, the most junior Hospital Corpsman rank) and a name that connotes the obesity and stresses placed on the uniform of just such an overweight and careless sailor. Also used as an admonishment to junior Corpsmen and Dental Techs in order to motivate them to perform regular uniform maintenance.
HTC: Known as a Hull Tech Chief or slang for "Head Turd chaser" or “Home Town Civilian,” a term designated to any active-duty sailor about to retire.
HT Punch: A mythical tool newbies are asked to fetch from the engineering spaces. They usually return with a sore arm, courtesy of a Hull Technician who is in on the joke.
Hummer: Slang for the E-2C Hawkeye, mostly for the sound of its props. May also be used to describe a blowjob.
Humped the bunk: Screwed up. Also known as pounded the pooch or popped the puppie.
I[ edit ]
'I Believe' Button: A fictitious button to be pressed when complex technical details are not immediately understood, but there is not time to go into laborious explanation. "Just press the 'I believe' button for now and we'll talk about it later."
IBM (Instant Boatswain's Mate). Term used to describe a sailor who has just failed out of a rather difficult A-School (Nuc, ET, AT) and will now head to the fleet (and obvious deployment) undesignated. Phraseology: Instant Boatswain's Mate, just add water.
Ice Cream Social: Ice cream that is typically served at 2100 on the mess decks on Sundays when underway.
ID10T: Idiot, pronounced "Eye-Dee-Ten-Tango." Similar to "bulkhead remover," an inexpensive way to derive enjoyment from inexperienced personnel. "Recruit, go get me an ID10T form, and step on it!"
IFNAG: (Derogatory) Ignorant Fucking Naval Academy Graduate.
Ikeatraz: Derogatory term used to describe the U.S.S. Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69).
Irish Pennant: Loose thread on uniform.
Iron Bottom Sound: A term used to this day to describe the waters between Guadalcanal, Savo Island, and Florida Island in the Solomon Island chain, because of the large number of ships sunk in that area during World War II. It is considered by the Navy as sacred waters, and, every year during the commeration of the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, a ship in the area will put out to sea, and drop a wreath in the area to honor the dead.
INT WTF: Letters Pronounced Individually. INTerrogative What The Fuck. See WTFO . Usually used in a text/teletype medium where WTFO is over voice communications.
I Want One Jammed In My Ass, Little Pricks Hurt 2. The USS IWO JIMA LPH-2
IYAOYAS: Unofficial acronym commonly found on the uniforms of airedales who specialize in ordnance handling. Read as "If you ain't ordnance, you ain't shit" Pronounced "eye-OH-yahs" and yelled out during ceremonies; also known as "If you're ordnance, your ASVAB sucked."
J[ edit ]
Jack-o'-the-Dust: A ship's cook in charge of keeping track of the ship's food stores. Originally referred to the night baker who would often be seen by waking crew members covered in flour from his nightly duties.
Jack Off Curtain: The small privacy curtain hanging on the outside of a rack. Usually the only small bit of privacy found on a ship. Also known as a "Splash guard."
JAFO: "Just Another Fucking Observer," given to new recruits who are fresh in the fleet and have not cleared any training.
Jarhead: U. S. Marine.
JARTGO: Just Another Reason To Get Out. "A grain of sand on the beach of reasons to get out of the Navy."
JANFU: Joint Army/Navy Fuck Up.
JEEP- Junior Enlisted Expendable Personnel- Submarines- Slang for Casualty Assistance Team members — "Send in the JEEPs."
The Jellystone: USS Yellowstone.
Jesus Nut: The assembly which keeps the rotary wing attached to a helicopter.
Jim Jim: The nickname for the computer that aided avionics ratings through Basic Electronics and Electricity (B double E) and AVA's self paced courses.
JO: Junior Officer
JO Jungle: Pronounced "J-O Jungle; term for the berthing assignments of Junior Officers which consist up eight racks and associated berthing facilities. Due to the [more] lax treatment of officers, termed a jungle because of their constant disarray.
JO-JO: Pronounced "joe-joe." Derragoratory term for a JO.
Jody: (1) (generic name for) the guy who is imagined to be seeing one's partner while one is underway. (2) Any of the songs (which all have the same rhythm/melody, and three notes) which are "talksung" during a quicktime march in order to keep cadence.
Joe (Cup of Joe): (A cup of) coffee. One popular folk etymology suggests that the name derives from Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels' reforms of the Navy, specifically his abolition of the officers' wine mess and institution of coffee as the strongest drink available on Navy ships. For more, see joe .
Joe Shit-in-the-rag Man / Joe Shit the Rag man / Joe Shit Charlie the Rag Man: An under-performing sailor.
Joe Navy: Another term for a lifer with no life outside the Navy.
Johnny Cash's: The (defunct) Winter Working Blue uniform; so called due to the fact that they were all black (black being called navy blue) and Johnny Cash was the man in black.
John Wayne: (1) A can opener supplied with "C" rations. Often still used by a "dirt sailor." (2) Somewhat derogatory reference to a sailor that takes too many chances, or attempts to constantly play the hero. "John Wayne it." (3) to John Wayne (a helmet): To leave one's helmet's chin strap undone, the way John Wayne often did in movies.
John Wayne toilet paper: Toilet paper that is rough, tough, and takes shit from no one.
JOPA: Junior Officer Protection Association. An ad-hoc organization of young division officers onboard some surface ships and in most aviation squadrons, assembled to provide a means of guidance and escape from overly-demanding Department Heads. When JOPA is unified it can control some wardroom social functions, but little else.
JORG: Junior Officer Requiring Guidance (see "George")
JORP: Junior Officer Rest Period. See also SERP.
Jughead: US Marine, so called because their "high and tight" haircuts make their heads look like inverted jugs in profile. Also "Jarhead."
Junior Chief: Pejorative term to describe junior enlisted person who is kissing ass for a promotion or on a power trip, or both.
Junk on the Bunks: A type of inspection wherein a Marine places all of his/her issued clothing and 782 gear on a bunk (bed) so that an inspector can verify they have a full complement of uniform items (a full seabag).
K[ edit ]
Kamikaze: A hetero male Marine who is so gung-ho that he can only be sexually satisfied by another male Marine.
Khakis: Term used to describe senior enlisted members (E-7 and above) or officers, due to the khaki-colored working uniform typically worn by them.
Khaki Brigade: chiefs who start taking over an engineering casualty or going over to see what is going on. "Here comes the khaki brigade."
Khaki Clad Bastards: See Khakis.
Khaki Sacker: See Brown bagger
Kick start (a deck seaman): Surreptitious corporal punishment applied by driving one's boot down the shin of the offending seaman to encourage better and faster work.
Kiddy cruise: officially a 'minority enlistment'. Enlisting at 17. Active duty obligation expires the day before the enlistee's 21st birthday.
Killer Tomato: A large reddish-orange inflated ball used in gunnery practice at sea.
King Neptune: Neptunus Rex, Ruler of the Raging Main, Ancient Order of the Deep. Signs the card of slimy pollywogs after crossing the line, making them Trusted Shellbacks.
Kiss the Camel: To fall between ship and pier onto the camel, a floating log chained to the pilings as a fender. Such a mishap is frequently fatal.
Klingon Death Watch (Submarine Service): The 6 hour watch following 12 hours of continuous drills.
Knee-deep navy: Epithet (usually friendly) for the Coast Guard or coastal patrol vessels . Also knee-deep sailor, or just knee-deep(s).
Knee-knockers: A passageway opening through a bulkhead. The lower lip of the opening sits at shin height.
Knuckle Box: A medium sized, usually red, rectangular metal box widely used in the navy to move supplies to/from the ship. These boxes seem to have been designed by some sadist for maximum difficulty when carrying them aboard ship. They have small, useless metal handles on the side, and are perfectly sized so that one has to turn them at an angle to get through a knee knocker without grazing one's knuckles.
Knuckle Buster: A pneumatic tool for removing perfectly good paint from steel.
Knuckle Dragger: A member of the engineering department or a mechanic on a nuclear powered vessel. Usually used to describe a Boatswain's Mate on a surface vessel.
M[ edit ]
MAA: Master-at-Arms. A rate in the Navy similar in duties to a police officer.
MAD Boom surfing: Struggling to complete or barely passing required evolutions in training on the P-3 Orion Patrol Aircraft. Named for the Magnetic Anomaly Detector that sticks out from the tail of the aircraft. Variations include clinging to the MAD boom or water-skiing from the MAD Boom.
Mae West: (Old) term for a life jacket.
Mad Shitter (AKA Phantom Shitter): A sailor who does not flush a toilet. A prankster who defecates in public areas of a ship.
Mail Buoy: A fictitious bouy that mail for a ship is left on. Usually new sailors are given a mail buoy watch for the entertainment of the more seasoned sailors.
Magic Smoke: Substance that makes naval electronics work. Equipment failure is usually caused by letting the smoke out.
Mags: Place to store ammunition and weapons in warships and fortifications.
Mamasan: Proprietor of a bar or other such establishment where sex may be procured or negotiated. Generally found in the Western Pacific. A "madame."
Man Pleaser: Mouth
Manatee: A dependent wife, usually in Pensacola or Jacksonville that is Manatee fat even though her husband has maintained the same basic size during their marriage. Related to the Whidbey Whale.
Mandatory Fun: Any command sponsored social event that everyone HAS to attend, or get into big trouble.
Mando Commando: Sailor assigned mandatory physical training (Mando PT) for being overweight or failing the Physical Readiness Test.
MARF: Acronym used by a superior to a roving watchstander, means Make Another Round, Fucker. Also Modifications and Additions to Reactor Facility, an unusual and impractical research reactor in NY, later turned into a training platform (also phrased as My Ass is Royally Fucked.) (FOAD is what most nuke students wish the platform would do.)
Marine: A Sailor who failed to evolve.
MARINE: Acronym for Marines Always Ride in Navy Equipment...or Muscles are Required Intelligence Not Essential... or My Ass Really Is Navy Equipment..or My Ass Rides In Navy Equipment...or Muscles are Required Intelligence Not Expected.
Marine Dinner Tray: Derogatory description (to the "eldest service branch") of an enlisted sailor's 13 button flap on the front of his dress blue uniform trousers.
Marine Mattress: A female who likes to "socialize" with the Marines.
Marine Shower: No soap and water, just deodorant and cologne
Marine Table Cloth: See Marine Dinner Tray
Masagi Girl: A prostitute (typically Chinese) found in the Honch. So-called because they urgently whisper "Masagi?" as sailors wander past in search of libations.
M.A.S.H.: Make A Sailor Hurt: (used in boot camp to describe) any physical training on the time of the Company Commander. Such training usually resulted in the recruit hitting the rack with several aches and pains he would not normally have had.
Mast: Common abbreviated form of "Captain's Mast" or "Admiral's Mast." A form of non-judicial punishment in which a sailor finds himself standing tall in front of the old man when he has really screwed the pooch. Green felt is usually abundant.
Mast Crank: A fictitious crank, usually impersonated by a Bull Gear crank from engineering, which is to be collected by a junior enlisted to crank down the mast while passing under a short bridge. It is typically made to disappear 30 seconds before it is needed, sending junior enlisted crewmembers into a panic that the mast will hit the bridge under which the ship is about to pass.
Material condition: Status open or closed, of various fittings, hatches, etc, which are denoted by a letter. Generally X(X-ray): always closed, Y(Yoke): closed while underway, Z(Zebra): closed while at GQ. ("Set material condition Zebra throughout the ship" is part of the standard GQ alarm.)
Mat Man: Electronics Maintenance Man.
Maverick Can: The perfect place to sleep in a weapons magazine.
"M-Crud" MCRD: Marine Corps Recruit Depot
Meat Gazer: Unlucky individual designated to make sure the urine in a "Whiz Quiz" actually comes from the urinator's body. This is accomplished by spending all day meat gazing, or looking at dicks while guys are pissing. Also a man who stares at or is perceived to stare at another man's genitals in a communal shower.
Meat Identifier: A side dish during chow that helps in identifying usually nondescriptive looking main dishes. i.e. Applesauce: Indicative of pork chops, Horseradish: Prime Rib Beef...etc.
Meatball: (1) Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System, a visual landing aid used by naval aviators landing on a carrier. Aviators "call the ball" as a reference guide to their positioning in the landing sequence. (2) The pennant flown to denote the ship has won the Battle "E" competition.
MEDCRUISE: A float (operational cruise) in the Mediterranean Sea. Atlantic Fleet equivalent to a Pacific Fleet WESTPAC.
Mess Crank or Mess Bitch (pejorative): A sailor who works on the mess deck, not rated as a cook.
Mess Decks: Chow Hall or Eating Establishment on board ship.
Mess Deck Intelligence: Rumors (mostly false) that spread throughout the ship like wildfire. Often concern radical changes to the ship's schedule. See "Rumor Control" or "Scuttlebutt."
Mess line: The straight line of the buttoned shirt over the fly of the trousers. Also, a joke played on new sailors, who are told to obtain a coil of it (line being the Navy word for rope).
Mid: Midshipman at the US Naval Academy or Naval ROTC; "Middie" is considered derogatory.
Midnight Ops: The best time to get something done when there are not as many witnesses around.
Midnight Requisition: To "borrow" (with varying degress of consent) a needed item from another unit. Often condoned when essential to get underway.
MidShitHead: Enlisted common term for a Naval Academy or ROTC Midshipman on their summer cruise on a ship or a command, gaining real Navy experience between academic class years.
Mid-Rats: Short for midnight rations. Food served to the midwatch. Generally leftover lunch and/or dinner.
Mid-Watch: Watch from 0000-0400 (2345-0345), usually results in no sleep before or after this watch.
Mighty Battle Pig: Nickname for USS WS Sims (FF-1059) — "Mighty Battle Frigate."
Mighty Mo: Nickname for the USS Missouri (BB-63), now a museum ship at Pearl Harbor.
Mike boat: see "8-boat."
Missile Sponge: Usually a frigate or destroyer with limited air defense capability stationed on the outer ring of a battlegroup, as they are the ships most likely to be hit in a convoy.
Miss Shit Can: The USS Michigan (SSGN-727).
Mobile Chernobyl: USS Enterprise (CVN-65) , due to it being the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. See "Quarter Mile Island" below.
Monkey Butt: same as civilian usage; rash or other anal condition caused by less than sanitary field conditions.
Monkey and a football: Short for "A monkey trying to fuck a football, and the football is winning." An utterly epic goatrope ( quod vide ), more serious even than a clusterfuck.
Monkey cum: White scrubbing liquid used to clean grease pencil from status boards.
Monkey fist: A knot tied in a rope useful for handling said rope.
Monkey Mate: Derogatory term used by Boiler Technicians to describe their brethren in the much cooler Engineroom on the other side of bulkhead from their Fireroom. "Being a Monkey Mate is a lot easier than being a BT."
Monkey shit: (1) A mix of a clay and fibers, used to plug up small holes around cables as they pass through a bulkhead. (2) A type of putty used to seal the large steel access panels to the air casing on a steam boiler.
Motrin: A magical pill dispensed by hospital corpsmen capable for minor owies or to hypochondriacs; "take two aspirin and call me in the morning." Also called Vitamin M and Grunt Candy, the latter especially when dispensed to Marines.
Mouse House (Submarine Service): (1) (Ballistic Missile Submarine description of) those areas which are usually occupied by Missile Technicians. (2) MCC (Missile Control Center).
Mung (Submarine Service): Any dark green/brown plant residue with snot-like consistency found in/on scuppers (mostly in engineering spaces).
Mustang: An Officer who came from the Enlisted ranks.
Mystery Shitter: An intoxicated sailor who returns from the beach and is unable to safely reach the head, defecates in random locations prior to climbing into his or her rack to sleep it off.
N[ edit ]
NAMI Whammy: Slang for the incredibly in-depth two-day flight physical given to all prospective aviators at the Naval Aeromedical Institute at NAS Pensacola. Called the Whammy b/c many aspiring naval flight careers are ended before they even begin due to some unknown ailment.
NAMTRADET: Naval Aviation Maintenance Training Detachment. Specialized training for Avaition maintainers.
Nasty City: Slang for National City, California , just outside the gate of Naval Station San Diego . Its cheap dive bars were a noted hangout of "West-Pac Widows." Also answers to the name "National Shitty."
NAVCIVLANT/NAVCIVPAC: Described as where a soon to be departing sailor from active duty's next station will be.
NAVCOMM: Navigator/Communicator. Usually the junior NFO on a patrol aircraft.
NFG: Non-Functioning Gear: Used typically on Tags placed on electronics indicating malfunction description. Also called No F'n Good.
NFO: Naval Flight Officer: flies alongside the pilot as weapons officer. Also referred to as a "talking kneeboard." No Fuckin' Option is term used for NFOs who would rather be pilots, but don't qualify.
NAVY: acronym used by disgruntled sailors for "Never Again Volunteer Yourself","Need Any Vaseline Yet."(Naval Air wing) “No Aviator Values You”.
Naval Infantry: Derogatory term for the U.S. Marines, although historically some of the original colonies/early states had "naval infantry" or "naval militia."
Navy Shower: Not a form of punishment. While underway, fresh water must be manufactured. A common-sense way of saving it is to wet down while taking a shower and then TURN OFF THE WATER. Lather up and wash. Finally, TURN ON THE WATER to rinse off. Continual disregard WILL attract a punishment shower with scrub brushes.
Navy World: RTC Orlando was referred to as "Navy World" on its water tower due to Disney World and Sea World being close by.
NEC: The Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) system, of which the NEC coding system is a part, supplements the enlisted rating structure in identifying personnel on active or inactive duty and billets in manpower authorizations. NEC codes identify a nonrating wide skill, knowledge, aptitude, or qualification that must be documented to identify both people and billets for management purposes.
Night-Ops: The throwing of trash or other unneeded items overboard at night to avoid the longer process of properly getting rid of it.
NMOP: (common on Boomer Subs) No More Patrols Ever. Some times worn on T-Shirts by sailors who are on the last patrol and getting out or going to shore duty. (see EAOS above and Short timer below.)
NON: "Needs of the Navy" a priority over anything to do with one's family or person; as in God, Country, Family.
NQP: "Non-Qual-Puke": A non-qualified crewman who is not yet able to stand watch. Also applies in the Submarine Service to a crewman who is not yet qualified in submarines.
No Balls: An expression used to suggest that a person does not have the balls / guts to do what he (or she) is boasting he (or she) will do.
NO Boat: The USS New Orleans (LPH-11).
No-Fuck, Vagina (pejorative): The city, rather than the base, of Norfolk, Virginia . For the base, see "Black Hole."
No Load: A useless sailor. One who does not pull his share of the load. Named for the maintenance catapult shots where only the shuttle is moved down the track with no aircraft attached. Also possibly named to represent a generator that is providing no power to the system and therefore not taking on its share of the load. (Onboard Submarines, often used as part of the phrase "Air Breathing No Load," meaning a useless sailor or rider who is using up resources and providing nothing in return.)
Non-Comm: A non-commissioned officer, E4-E9.
Non-skid: A rough epoxy coating used for grip on weather decks.
Nonskid Wax: A fictitious substance used for waxing non-skid decks, something junior sailors are sent looking for.
Non-Qual (Submarine Service): A sailor who has not yet earned his Submarine Warfare Qualification (Dolphins).
Noodle: Commonly referred to as a goofy, borderline retarded sailor with a big head (like a meatball) and a small body like a noodle. Sometimes used especially of the sailors from the USS Mathers.
Noodle-winger: Helicopter pilot.
Norfucked: What you are when you get orders to Norfolk, Virginia. "[I/You] just got Norfucked!"
Noted: Usually passed down from an officer to a blue shirt, when the blue shirt tells the officer of something that will have little or no positive effect on the officer, but may have a great effect on the blue shirt. "Sir, if we do this thing now I can go home as soon as it's done." Officer: "Noted." Can also be said to an officer, but beware of over-usage.
No-Shitter: A sea story which is mostly (never completely) fictional, and unverifiable as well. Examples: "Hey, this is no shit, but I once blah blah blah..." or "Hey this is a no-shitter, I got a buddy who once blah blah blah..."
NUG: New Useless Guy. Term referred to newly reported sailors with no qualifications or experience. Usually tasked with dirty and nasty jobs often referred to as "Shit Work."
Nugget: First tour aviator
NUB:
Non-Useful Dody) A sailor who has not completed any qualifications and is therefore of no use to their division.
A sailor that has not yet earned their Submarine Warfare Qualification (Dolphins).
Nuclear Waste: A pejorative term for sailors who exit the Nuclear Power training program without successful completion.
Nuke (or "Nuc") (Submarine Service, CVNs): Engineering Department crewmember responsible for turning main shaft via atom-splitting. Also refers to ordnance type that is neither confirmed nor denied, which may or may not be handled by a different Department (See "Weaponettes," below). Also describes nerds (generally anyone who is/was a candidate for Naval Nuclear Power Training Command).
Nuke it out (or simply "nuke it"):
To overthink an easy task. Alternately, often used by nukes to suggest someone ought to put forth at least a little thought before giving up on a problem.
The act of solving a problem by applying numbers and units and various known and assumed quantities to calculate an approximate answer.
Nuke Milk: A disgusting powdered milk used when the fresh milk runs out. Said to be preserved by irradiation.
Nuke Striker: Perjorative term used by nukes to describe a coner that asks endless questions about the operations of the nuclear power plant. Strikers are sailors that enlist without a guaranteed rate (job), with the intention of floating around until they find a department where they fit in. However, one can't strike for Nuclear Field.
Numb Nuts (Derogatory) Nick Name for the USS Nimitz (CVN68)
Nut to butt: Standing in line, close quarters, body to body, each man's chest pressed to the back of the man ahead, or "nut to butt."
O[ edit ]
OBA: Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. Used mostly to supply breathing air to shipboard firefighters before civilian firefighter equipment was approved and adopted. Before OBAs the Navy developed and used RBAs--Rescue Breathing Apparatus.
OBE: Overcome By Events. Moot.
OBNOB: Only Black Nuke Onboard. Self-explanatory. Usually only found on submarines due to a significantly smaller number of nukes stationed onboard a submarine vis-à-vis a carrier.
Occifer (derogatory, pronounced "ossifur"): Any officer, especially a junior officer.
Officer's Candy: Urinal cakes.
Officer's Country: The area of the ship where the Officer's berthing area and Wardroom are located; Enlisted men are not allowed into Officer's Country without permission, with certain rating exceptions.
O-Gang: The wardroom. Officers are O-Gangers. See also A-Gang.
O I (wish I was asleep): Derogatory remark made by any non-OS rate whenever a OS complains about how bad they have it while underway, because OS's are almost always "Port & Starboard" when underway. OS's constitute "OI Division."
Old Man: The Commanding Officer or Admiral in command. The term is used, regardless of the officer's age or gender, when the officer has gained the respect of subordinates. RADM Grace Hopper is a female "Old Man."
Old Salt: A naval veteran. See also "Salty," below.
On my six: Naval aviation expression referring to having someone or thing at my back, on my tail, directly behind me, relative to the hours of a clock; 12-dead ahead, 3-starboard or to the right, 6 aft or behind and 9-port or to the left.
O-N-O-F-F actuator (or switch): The on/off button or switch on any device, usually used in the context of a subordinate not grasping how to power a device up or down.
One-eyed Jack: See "Barney Clark" A. tasty treat served at midrats consisting of a slider topped with a fried egg.
OOC: Pronounced "oh oh see." Used to describe a piece of equipment that no longer functions and is "out of commission."
OOD: officer of the deck
Operation GOLDENFLOW: A command-wide urinalysis test.
OPS: Operations Officer: Head of the Operations Department on board a ship or shore command. The Operations Officer is usually third in command behind the Captain and the Executive Officer.
OS trainer (derogatory): A large popsicle; so called because Operations Specialists are expected to "brown-nose" with officers more than other ratings.
Oscar: The buoyant dummy used during man-overboard drills. Named for the Oscar flag that is flown during a man overboard evolution. If a sailor is "nominated for an Oscar", someone has suggested that sailor be thrown overboard.
Oscar Sierra: Radio brevity code for a nuclear weapons mishap. Supposedly from the first letters of the words "Oh Shit."
Ouija Board/Wee-Gee Board: Flat board with small airplanes, bolts, etc. that can be moved around to indicate aircraft position and status on an aircraft carrier
Out of sight hi/lo: Steam boiler casualty in which the water level in the steam drum gauge glass goes out the top/bottom, requiring the boiler to be immediately shut down to prevent water hitting the turbine blades (hi) or melting boiler tubes (lo). If operating on one boiler at the time of the casualty, the ship then goes "dark and quiet" as all power and propulsion is lost.
Overhead: Ceiling.
P[ edit ]
P-way: A passageway or a hall.
Package Check (Submarine Service): A common form of greeting where one man shakes another man's crotch. This is done not only to test the 'mettle' of the one receiving the greeting but also as a sign of comraderie. However, ever since hazing became increasingly unpopular over the last few years this greeting has occurred less often. Much more common in the submarine service due to the impossibility of discharge while underway.
Paddles: Code word for the LSO (see above)
Papa Chuck: The P-3C Orion patrol aircraft. Also called "Four fans of freedom," a desirable platform for airedales who have no wish to spend any time whatsoever at sea.
Paper Assholes: Gummed Reinforcements (office supplies); Paper Ensigns.
P.A.P.E.R.C.L.I.P.: People Against People Ever Reenlisting Civilian Life Is Preferable. Term used to show dissatisfaction with enlistment or unity amongst a brotherhood of bitter and disaffected sailors, specifically submariners. Often symbolized by the wearing of a paperclip on the uniform in varying levels of prominence to indicate the sailor's level of disgruntlement. May also be burned into the skin. C.L.I.P. also used as Civilian Life Incentive Program.
Pass in Review: The ceremony of graduation from boot camp into Navy life. Pass in Review ceremonies are always held on a Friday, meaning that there is a Pass in Review held every week, except during federal holidays i.e. Christmas, New Year's Day, Easter, etc.
Patrol Sock: See "Cruise sock."
P.B.: Short for Pacific Beach, California , suburb of San Diego
P.C.O.D.: "Pussy Cut Off Day": The last day of a long deployment on which male sailors can get laid and still obtain Venereal Disease cures from the Hospital Corpsman, and have those cures be effective, before returning to their partners at home.
PCU: Pre Commissioning Unit: What a ships company is called before a ship is commissioned. These personnel go on to become Plank Owners.
PD-8: Fictitious valve requested to be found by junior sailor in order for an engineering qualification to be signed off. Valves are named with the initials of the system they belong to, ie Seawater valve 1 is SW-1. PD-8 is actually a chemical additive used in the evaporator to aid distillation of fresh water. As opposed to other in-joke shipboard goose chases, this one can go one for weeks while the nub spends his free time poking around the distillation plant.
Peanut Butter Shot: A painful shot normally given in the back of the hip or gluteus maximus.
Pecker-Checker: The Hospital Corpsman.
Pencil whip: (1) Filling out a form with mostly imaginary data or fluff. (2) Editing a poorly worded memo or document for clarity.
Penis Anus: Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS).
Penis Machinist: The Hospital Corpsman.
Periscope liberty (Submarine Service) : Looking through the periscope to see the world outside after being underwater for a long time. Surface equivalent: "Eyeball Liberty."
Permanent Help: Slang for a PH (Photographer's Mate) in a fighter squadron.
PFA: Physical Fitness Assessment: new name for PRT. Situps, pushups and a run/bike/swim/elliptical trainer.
PFM: "Pure Fucking Magic", term applied to when things work, but one doesn't know how or why — but they work. Other usage: "PFM circuit" for electronics in depot level repair only equipment whose inner workings are not required to be known. See also "Black box."
Phantom Shitter: A freaking weirdo that thinks it's funny to shit in the shower, or to take a shit in the shitter and not flush.
Phrog: CH-46 Sea Knight helo. Also referred to as the "Whistling Shitcan of Death" or a "Flying Anvil."
Piece: Rifle, as used in manual-of-arms (rifle drill)
Pier 20: Derogatory term used to describe the U.S.S. Mt. Whitney(LCC-20), as it rarely goes to sea.
PIERPAC: Pretending to be on deployment while moored to a pier. (like WESTPAC referring to a Western Pacific deployment.)See Fast Cruise.
Pier-Queer: Air Force term for "Sailor." (The Navy term for Air Force personnel is simply "Queer.")
Pier tender: A ship that never gets under way. See "USS Neversail."
Pigs in a Bucket, Fuck it: Colorful rhyming term used when a sailor wants to forget what they have heard, seen, or done.
Pillows of Death: Canned ravioli, usually burned, served for midrats.
Piped Aboard: (of a CO, VIP or other dignitary) Recognized upon entering a ship or land installation by the Boatswain's Mate blowing 2 notes (low, then high) on a boatswain's pipe, followed by sets of two bells, depending on the rank. After the musical introduction, the dignitary's rank and sometimes name is announced, followed by "Arriving" or "Departing." The Commanding Officer and embarked Admiral are piped aboard with the Ship's name or the Group name. For other dignitaries, the office is used (e.g. "Department of Defense, Arriving"). Senior officers may be "bonged on board" as a courtesy; in this case, the introduction refers to their rank and service only, e.g. "Colonel, United States Marine Corps, arriving." The CO of the particular ship [and the embarked Flag Officer] or installation gets a "stinger", a single bell ring after "arriving"/"departing." Bells may be used alone (without a pipe) in the absence of a boatswain's mate.
Pirate Navy: Small boy crafts generally referring to the smallest of the vessels, such as Minesweepers, Coastal Patrol boats, and sometimes Frigates.
Piss Cutter: A folding uniform cap.
Pisser: (1) A urinal (not a toilet). (2) An unpleasant situation "that's a pisser."
Pit: A sailor's rack or bunk. Usually used among those who aren't particularly pleased with shipboard life.
Pit Sword: A sword-shaped device that protrudes below the ship to measure it's actual speed.
Pineapple Fleet: The Pacific Fleet, usually refers to the Seventh Fleet (in the western Pacific) and specifically to ships stationed in Pearl Harbor . Somewhat confusing term, as Pearl Harbor is considered part of the Third Fleet's area, and not the Seventh.
Ping: To emit a pulse of sound energy from a SONAR transmitter.
Ping Jockey: Term used to describe Sonar Techs
Plank Owner: Term used for original crew personnel assigned to ships company during commissioning. Plank Owners are "Piped Aboard" when shown proper certification.
Plastic Fantastic: F/A-18 used in the 1980's.
POD (Plan of the Day): An official document issued by a command that states all activities going on that day, from 0000 to 2359. Also contains the Uniform of the Day. Also called the Possibilities of the Day or Plan of Deception because the plan can change without notice.
POG: (Person Other than Grunt) A term often used by Marine Infantry (Grunts) to refer to anyone who is not them. Specifically anyone in an Admin Field. Originally, "pogue".
Pogey Bait: Candy, sweets, ice cream, etc., so called because such items are used as "bribes" for a pogue.
Pogue: A homosexual who may be called a "twink", usually under-aged. This term may be used pejoratively (see Pogey bait), as no one but Marines are interested in pogues or baiting homosexuals.
Polish a Turd: Make the most of a bad situation e.g. Karlene Golding wearing make-up.
Pollywog: An individual who has not crossed the Equator , who must go through rituals, that sometimes cross the line to be hazing , to become a shellback. This practice can be traced back hundreds of years and is conducted in many countries' Navies across the globe. See crossing the line .
Poopsick: Anything undesirable, specifically feeling seasick
Poopysuit: Blue overalls worn when deployed out to sea. May also refer to the anti-exposure suits used by aircrews in the case of a water landing in cold environments.
The Pond: The Deep Blue Sea. Where deep-water sailors ply their craft, "The Pond" may be Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, or Other. Used in slang expressions such as "Talk to me when you've got some Time On The Pond."
PQS: Personnel Qualification Standards, a card carrying various qualifications for a warfare badge or similar. Must be signed off by a superior or expert.
Port: Left side of the boat or ship (when facing the bow). Left side of an aircraft when facing the nose from inside. Place of arrival for ships.
Port and Starboard: A rotation of two duty sections or watch teams, one designated port, and the other starboard. Generally not considered to be a good situation. (Usually six hours on duty, six hours off duty. During the six hours off you eat and sleep. The usual cycle is: get up, eat, go on watch, get off watch, eat, go to bed. This results in about four hours of sleep per cycle.)
Port and Report: A watch stood without relief. One designated Port, and the other... there is no other, only Port once again, hence the term re-Port.
Portable Air Sample (Submarine Service): A snipe hunt gag inflicted on "newbies." Normally, portable air samples are regularly collected by a hand-held device operated by a highly qualified crewmember. In this snipe hunt gag, however, a plastic garbage bag is inflated like a balloon and sealed, sometimes with "official" forms taped to the exterior; the newbie is then dispatched to take this important atmospheric sample to the Executive Officer (NEVER the Skipper). Depending on that particular XO's sense of humor, the newbie could possibly come back with interesting counter-orders.
PosMo: Positive Motivation. Punishment for screwing up or being a Rock. Also known as Extra Military Instruction (EMI).
Powder Monkey: Term referring to a sailor sent back and forth for an item, usually tasked to retrive something from below-decks; derives from young boys who served on wooden ships that retrieved powder for broadside firing.
Power troll: A name for any officious person, usually used by engineers. Comes from the Powertrol valve used in AFFF firefighting systems.
PPC: Patrol Plane Commander. Usually the senior pilot on a patrol aircraft, having been previously designated a 2P (second pilot). 3Ps are relatively new pilots in a patrol aircraft. No-Ps are pilots who have not qualified for 3P.
Pri-Fly: Primary Flight Control. A room located high in an aircraft carrier's island where the Air Boss and Mini-Boss run all flight operations within a five mile radius of the ship.
PRT: Physical Readiness Test. A sailor is required to perform a certain number of situps, pushups, and a 1.5-mile run in a given time (which varies based on age and gender). Replaced with the PFA.
PT: Physical Training. A required exercise regimen.
The Pubic Mound: USS Puget Sound.
Pucker Factor: Tension caused by high stress during a difficult or dangerous evolution. So named because one's sphincter tends to tighten up or "pucker" involuntarily during such times. Example: Pucker factor was high when he landed that Turkey single engine with complete AC power failure at night.
Puddle Pirate (derogatory): A members of the US Coast Guard.
Pull chocks (verb): To leave.
Pump and Dump: A term in Boot Camp, normally used by RDCs allowing Recruits time to use the Head. This was normally either 5 or 10 minutes in duration (never long enough). Sometimes used to call for pumping bilges and waste tanks overboard outside coastal limits. Originally used in reference to the daily order for a ship underway to go out past the 50-mile-from-shore line in order to legally pump oily water from bilges and dump trash, this can no longer be done.
Pushbutton: Term applied to a 6 year enlistee with advanced schooling. The Enlistee is immediately granted E-3 rank upon completion of basic training, and E-4 rank upon completion of "A" school. Frequently the Enlistee also has an opportunity to extend to 8 years, and immediately gain E-5 rank within 2-3 years total service, like "pushing a magic button to gain rank."
Pussy patch: Transdermal scopolamine patch for seasickness.
Pussy pills: Seasickness pills.
Q[ edit ]
Q: (prefix denoting) (1) The BEQ [Bachelor Enlisted Quarters]/Unaccompanied military personnel housing. (2) The Quartermaster rating.
Quack: Hospital Corpsman
Quadball: Any sailor with a 0000 NEC. See "Quadzip" below.
Quadzip: Four numeral zero's in a row. Example: 100007 would be read aloud as "one quadzip seven." Also refers to sailors who have yet to attend any schools that assign NEC (Navy Enlisted Classification) codes upon graduation. The untrained sailors have a quad zip NEC of 0000.
Quarterdeck: Ceremonial area of the ship used while in port for either boarding, or disembarking the ship, usually found at the main deck level, midship.
Quarter Mile Island: CVN-65, USS Enterprise, and all eight of her reactors.
Quarters: A gathering of all the people in the organization. Quarters can be for the entire command, or just the department, division, or branch. Quarters is used to present awards, pass information, and make every sailor squeeze into their ill-fitting, rarely-worn uniforms at least once a year. "Quarters" also refers to the daily morning muster for each division, announced as "Quarters...Quarters...All hands to Quarters for muster, instruction, and inspection."
Queer: Nickname for the EA-6B Prowler. Also Air Force Personnel.
R[ edit ]
R2D2: Dome-shaped Phalanx CIWS system, after the visually similar Star Wars droid. Also called "R2D2 with a hard-on."
Rack: Bed.
Rack Burns: Reddish marks seen on the face of a sailor who has just emerged from sleeping in his/her rack. Scorned upon if he/she was not supposed to be there.
Rack Hound (derogatory but usually with a hint of envy): Sailor that spends more than his/her fair share of time in the "Rack." Usually spoken when seeing somebody with Rack Burns. "You are such a Rack Hound!"
RADCON Math:
Term used by Nukes to describe a method of estimation to arrive at an answer.
Used to prove a desired numerical answer with substantiated math, either correct or incorrect. Example: Watch Officer-"What is pH?" ELT-"What do you want it to be?"
Radioactive Rudolph: Reindeer meat brought onboard in Scandanavian Ports, especially soon after the Chernobyl meltdown. Now, just Rudolph.
Radiogirls: Derogatory term for Radiomen used by personnel in engineering ratings who do not believe they do any "real work." OSs, STs and other Twidgets that don't, for example, stand any rate-related watches in port (in the days of steam ships especially) get even less respect.
Radioing the logs (Submarine Service): Recording engineering log data via mental telepathy (see "Xoxing Logs" below). (Surface ships sometimes use the term "blazing the logs" or "gundecking.")
Rain Locker: Shower.
Raisin: Recruit or junior sailor, predominantly heard at Naval Training Commands. This is used in boot camp to refer to those boots who have received their dungaree uniforms so recently that they haven't been ironed, just washed, they are therefore wrinkled, like a raisin. Usually used by seasoned boots to refer to sailors with one or more weeks less time in service. Fleet equivalent is "Nub," "Newbie," or "Hey Shitbird."
Ramp Strike: When an aircraft gets drastically low while attempting to land on a carrier and strikes the "round down," or stern of the ship, with devastating results.
RAS: Replenishment At Sea: The act or process of moving cargo and fuel from a supply ship to a warship via cable while underway.
Rate Grabber: Enlisted member with the goal of (and succeeding in) making rate (promotion) quickly.
Rating: Refers to an Enlisted man's job description, i.e. Radioman, Electronic's Technician, etc., usually denoted as part of the rank insignia, found in the center of the rank device on the summer, and winter uniforms only.
RATT Shop: Place for flight deck personnel to cool off in the AC and take a nap while they get their "RATT" fixed.
'Rats: Short for "mid-rats"
Ready Roller: a sailer who wakes up, "rolls" out of his rack- without washing or brushing- "ready" to head to the Mess Hall to start his day. Ready Rollers are generally thought of in a negative scense due to their poor hygene and lack of respect for themselves, while in close quarters or proximity to other shipmates.
Ready Room: Large space aboard a carrier that is the focal point for each of the squadrons in the airwing. Each squadron has one on the O-3 level, and each pilot has his own seat. Used for a variety of reasons such as training, "AOM's," "Roll-ems," etc...
Red-Roper: Slang for a Recruit Division Commander (RDC), in reference to the red rope worn around the left shoulder. Used to be called "Company Commander."
Red-Tag, also known as "Tag Out" (verb): (1) (of a Calibration AT with no nuclear training) to do something to a piece of nuclear reactor machinery which should put part of the plant down. (2) To de-energize a piece of electrical equipment or to cease usage of any tool or machine.
Red-Tag (noun): The tag placed on a piece of electrical equipment to prevent it being energized and injuring someone.
Red Wagon:
Reefer: (1) A refrigeration ship carrying frozen foods. (2) A large freezer of the type found on most ships, usually in auxiliary spaces.
Render honors to port/starboard: A custom in the Navy to honor a ship passing with a salute, it is also used when passing by the Arizona Memorial, an announcement is made "Prepare to render honors to port/starboard," a Bo'sun's pipe signal is then given to stand at attention, to salute, to drop the salute, and finally to "carry on." Honors are rendered from the junior to the senior by referencing the Lineal Number of the Commanding Officer.
Rent-A-Crow: A sailor advanced to E-4 because they graduated top of their "A" school class. The Navy "rents" them for an extra year in return for promoting them. The term is also used of sailors who enlist in Advanced Electronics or Nuclear training tracks, as these also require a 6 year commitment.
Reveille: An announcement over the 1MC at 0600 local time, bugle call, trumpet call or pipes call, most often associated with the military; it is chiefly used to wake military personnel at sunrise. The name comes from "réveillé" (or "réveil"), the French word for "wake up."
Rick, Ricky: A "recruit" or sailor-to-be who is still in boot camp.
Rickety Rocket: USS Richmond K. Turner (CG-20) Commissioned 1963, decommissioned 1995, sunk as a target 1998 by USS Enterprise Battle Group.
Ricky Boxing: Masturbation. The term is used in boot camp to refer to male masturbation. Compare "Ricky Fishing."
Ricky Fishing: Masturbation. The term is used in boot camp to refer to female masturbation. Compare "Ricky Boxing."
Ricky Forklift: A boot camp term for a dust pan.
Ricky Girlfriend: A male sailor's hand, used to masturbate.
Ricky Crud: (1) A one-night sickness which sailors acquire in bootcamp after receiving their smallpox vaccinations. (2) The constant cold that sailors suffer from in bootcamp because they spend 8 weeks confined with 80 people from all walks of life.
Ricky Dive: Fast, effective method of cleaning in boot camp, consisting of wearing smurf suits inside-out and sliding, or being dragged, on the floor to pick up dust.
Ricky Heaven: A number of restaurants and entertainment venues found in a single building at boot camp, so called because only graduates of boot camp may go there.
Ricky Iron: Using one's right hand to press one's uniform flat.
Ricky Lawnmower: Nailclippers, used to trim stray threads from uniforms. See "Irish Pennant."
Ricky Ninja: Within minutes of lights out, the entire division is asleep, except for the Ricky Ninjas, dressed in their ski masks and sweaters, sliding from rack to rack, Gullivering, dirty-dicking, and spitting in the RPOC's canteen.
Ricky Ray-Gun: The cheap, disposable flashlights Recruits use while standing night watch in the barracks.
Ricky Sweep: Use of a bare hand to gather dustbunnies and other dirt from a deck.
Ricky Rocket: A boot camp "energy drink" made from an assorted mix of sodas, sports drinks, coffee, sugar and artificial sweetners used to help keep the recruit awake. Also known as "Go-Go Juice." Or half a glass of coffee, half chocolate milk and a shit ton of sugar.
Rider: (1) Most often associated with the submarine service; an individual aboard a submarine not a member of the crew who is assigned to the sub for a period of time to perform a specific mission; usually intelligence related. (2) On surface ships, any member of the ship's company who is not assigned to the Engineering Department. "There are two kinds of people on a ship: Engineers and Riders. When the Engineers cause the ship to move through the water, everyone else goes along for the ride."
Ring Knocker: A graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. Used pejoratively if the officer in question is overly proud of this fact.
River Rat: Crew member of a brown water boat or patrol craft.
Roach Coach: A snack or lunch truck that stops at each pier where the ships are berthed. Usually announced over the 1MC — "Navy Exchange Mobile Canteen is on the pier" or at great risk to the announcer: "The Roach Coach is making its approach."
Road Mark: Also referred to as a "Street Mark," a form of point deduction during Boot Camp, when a sailor is either out of step during marching, failure to salute an officer, or an RDC, or any other form of noticeable infraction, the infraction usually results in a deduction of five points form the company's overall score.
R.O.A.D. Program: Retired On Active Duty, refers to someone who is approaching retirement so they don't care about getting any real work accomplished.
Roast Beast: Roast Beef, or any meat served aboard the ship that even the cooks who prepared it don't know what it is.
Rock: Term used to describe a sailor that acts as though he hasn't learned anything.
Roger That: A term of understanding and acceptance when given an order or other information. Can be used with varying inflection and tone without consequence to signify enthusiasm or disgruntlement without stepping outside the bounds of professionalism.
Roll-em's: Movie night, usually shown in the ready room or the wardroom
Rollers: Hot dogs.
Rope and Choke: Highly advanced and ultra accurate way the Navy determines the body mass index of people who are deemed too heavy for their height. Consists of an overweight fitness "guru" measuring one's waist and neck.
Ropeyarn: Original-Taking an afternoon off, usually a Wednesday, to take care of personal matters, such as repairing one's uniforms. Today- taking an afternoon off to take care of 'personal matters'.
Rot-Cee: Slang for ROTC, Reserve Officer Training Corps. Also "Neurotic" for a midshipman in the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC).
Rot-Cee Nazi: Derogatory slang term for an ROTC member who has let power go to his or her head; primarily used when such ROTC members board a ship for training, and start pushing around enlisted sailors, who hold higher ranks and/or have had more time on active duty.
Round Turn: To put some elbow grease into it; to work hard at it and make a strong effort to finish the job
Rotor Head: Sailor who flies or maintains rotary-winged aircraft (helicopters).
Royal Baby: Originally the fattest man on the ship, chosen as part of Neptune's court during Shellback initiation.
RPOC: Recruit Chief Petty Officer (RCPO or RPOC). A recruit chosen in boot camp to "be in charge" when the Company Commander, or other authority figure, are not present.
R.T.F.M. : Read The Fucking Manual, or "Read Those Fine Manuals" if you are talking to your mother.
Rubber Hooeys: Condoms
Rumor Control: The often wildly inaccurate rumors that concern fictitious changes to the ship's schedule. Usually takes the form of "Hey, did you hear (insert ship name here) had a fire in their main machinery room and can't get underway so our cruise got extended by a month?" See also "Mess Deck Intelligence."
T[ edit ]
TACCO: Tactical Coordinator. Usually the senior NFO on a patrol aircraft.
"Tack on crow": (Hazing) When promoted in rank, senior and equivalent ranks would tack the crow (solidly punching) patch on one's arm as good luck so it does not "fall off." Marines have an equivalent "tack" on each side. Can be "simulated" for a non-hazing by equal connotation. May be followed by a "wetting down."
TAD or TDY: Temporary Additional Duty or Temporary Duty
"Take suction on a seat cushion:" alternative form of "pucker factor."
Tango Uniform: See Tits Up
Tape Zebra: Maddening condition aboard ship, especially aircraft carriers, where passageways are "taped off" so that they may be waxed, dried, and buffed in the middle of the night. It seems that the passageways are purposely chosen to maximize delay and frustration when a pilot has to do an 0-dark-thirty preflight or some other duty. Junior enlisted sailors take special delight in denying officers access to these passageways, and relish in their disgruntled detours. Likewise, junior officers thoroughly enjoy when a man overboard or general quarters is called in the middle of the night, and they rush to get to the head of the line so as to crash through tape zebra and trample through the wet wax.
TAPS: Announced over the 1MC at 2200 local time, "Taps, Taps...lights out, all hands turn into your bunks, maintain silence about the decks." "Taps" is a musical piece sounded at dusk, and at funerals, particularly by the U.S. military. It is sounded during flag ceremonies and funerals, generally on bugle or trumpet.
T.A.R.F.U.: Things Are Really Fucked Up.
Target (Submarine Service): Term to describe any ship or boat on the surface.
TDU (Submarine Service): Trash Disposal Unit. Sophisticated AN-DEEP-6 weapons system.
The Boat: Airdale term for the ship their airwing is attached to. "We're going to The Boat for a few weeks."
The Hole: Main machinery space where an engineer works. "What do you do onboard?" "I work in The Hole." Also "The Pit."
Three steel balls: Meant to be humorous but oddly accurate reference to a sailor or situation acting like a sailor: "Put a sailor in a room with three steel balls. Come back an hour later: one will be missing, one will be broken, and one will be in his pocket." In an alternative version one will be pregnant.
Tiger Team: Junior enlisted of all ratings (E-3 and below) who are tasked to clean the engine room prior to inspection, such as GITMO Refresher training or evaluation.
Tin can: Destroyer . Designated Driver, from DD.
Tin Chicken: US Merchant Marine Officer Insignia on a US Naval Officers uniform, often worn above the SWO pin. The beak of the eagle can be used as an emergency bottle opener.
Titivate: To spruce up or clean up the ship and its company.
Titless Wave: Male clerical personnel such as yeomen, storekeepers, personnelmen, and other desk jockeys, pencil pushers, etc. See "sea pussy."
Tits Machine: Old-school term for a kick-ass aircraft, usually a fighter, that consisted of little more than an airframe, minimal avionics, and a huge engine or two. The F-8 Crusader was universally accepted as a tits machine. The F-14 Tomcat was also widely accepted. Today's modern electronic video game fighters like the F/A-18 will never be in the same ballpark.
Tits Up: Broke-dick, inoperable, dead (from some piece of equipment being "flat on its back"). Sometimes referred to as "Tango Uniform"
TLD (Nuclear): Thermo-Luminescent Dosimeter. More Affectionately "Tiny Little Dick." Worn by nukes and submarine crewmembers to measure radiation received over time. Often a good source of humor for when the topsiders ask what they are for.
Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club: Those elements of the Pacific Fleet which operated in the referenced waters 1965-1975.
Topsider: (Carrier) Anyone who is not a nuke. On other surface ships, it can also be a reference to non-engineers.
Torpedo Sponge: Similar to "Missile Sponge", this refers to the smaller ships in a convoy, whose duty it is to protect the carrier, to the point of taking the torpedo hit for the carrier if needed.
Training Anchorage (TRANCH): A frustrating, fuel-saving method of practicing battle tactics electronically among ships while at anchor, usually within sight of an attractive liberty port.
Transistor Theory: Naval explanation for how electrons travel backwards and holes actually carry electrical current. Just press the I Believe button. (Often referred to by civilian instructors when explaining to baffled sailors the haphazard components that seem to work by sheer magic such as transistors, zener diodes, joint effect field effect transistors, shockley diodes, metal oxide field effect transistors, etc.)
Trap: A fixed-wing arrested landing on an aircraft carrier. In the helo world, the Rapid Securing and Transfer (RAST) on the deck of a "small boy."
Trice Up a rack. "All hands heave out and trice up." Or jump out of your rack and make it. (Originally referred to hammocks, in days of yore before berthing spaces.). More correctly, the "trice" is the bottom (third) rack, being built to fold up against the bulkhead/stanchion (see above), so when the command "Trice-up" was given, the rack would be folded up, allowing compartment cleaners to sweep and swab under that bottom rack.
Triced Up: Trapped in a rack more cramped then usual, as a result of shipmates opening one's rack while one is sleeping in it (after they discover one forgot to secure it shut before getting in). (It is usually impossible to be triced up in a top rack, as top racks usually have no ceiling.)
Trident: Special Warfare Insignia earned by Navy SEALS.
Tronchaser: Those in the AT (primarily I Level) rate who work on Navy avionics.
TSC: Tactical Support Center, shore-based briefing/debriefing/analysis and operational control center for VP (patrol aviation) missions. See also ASWOC.
Tube steak: Hot dogs (also, called "dangling sirloin").
Turd Chasers: Nickname for individuals assigned to the Hull Maintenance Technician (HT) and Seabees Utilities Man (UT) rating because their shipboard and base duties include plumbing. An E-7 HT is an HTC, "Head Turd Chaser".
Turkey: Slang for the F-14 Tomcat
Turn-to: Get to work.
Tweek and Peak: To fine tune something (uniform, rack, hair, etc); usually for inspection preparation.
Tweeker: (1) (Submarine Service) An electronics rating; any engineering rating not gronking a wrench. (Rarely applied to rates such as ET and AT who "tweek" electronic components to make them work again.) (2) (Aviation) An AT who spends most of his time complaing about how cold it is in the AIMD tunnel to those that work in open air spaces in or around the desert.
Tweener (Submarine Service): Affectionate term for Missile Technicians on Ballistic Missile Submarines. Usually called out during the "Coner" and "Nuke" throwbacks, since the Missile Compartment is "between" the Forward (Coner) and Engineering (Nuke) spaces.
Twidget: Sailor in the Electronics or Electrical fields of job specialties.
Twig: Medical Service Corps officer. So named for the slanting stem attached to their device.
Two-block: To have all the work one can handle. Derived from when the blocks on a block and tackle are together and can not lift any higher. "My guys are two-blocked."
Two-Digit Midget: Sailor with 99 or less days until his/her "End of Active Obligated Service", or EAOS.
Tubes (Submarine Service): (nickname for) the senior torpedoman (now MM-Weapons) onboard. This individual is in charge of the torpedoes and the torpedo tubes, hence the name.
Tuna Boat: A sub tender or other non-combat ship that is crewed primarily by female sailors. See also "Love Boat." "We're going to have great liberty this port: A tuna boat just pulled in!"
Turn 'n' Burn: "Hurry up! Let's get going!" The term alludes to the practice of bombers over enemy territory turning after they have dropped their bombs and igniting their afterburners so as to exit hostile territory more quickly.
TWAT: (old term for) a TWT.
TWT: Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier : A component used in DECM/ECM equipment.
Tweak: An Aviation Electronics Technician or AT.
V[ edit ]
VA Veterans Administration / Department of Veterans Affairs: A department of the US Federal Government that assists military veterans with medical care, educational benefits for college of technical training, home loans, burial, etc.
VA: Fixed wing attack Aircraft Squadrons. No longer in use, see VFA
VAQ: Fixed Wing Electronic Attack aircraft Squadrons.
VAW: Fixed Wing Carrier Airborne Early Warning aircraft Squadrons.
Vampire Liberty: A day off one gets for donating a pint of blood.
VASTARD: Sailors that work with the AN/USM247(V) Versatile Avionics Shop Test (VAST) operational from 1972-2006. Used for testing Weapons Replaceable Assemblies (WRA's) on E-2C Hawkeyes, F-14 Tomcats, and S-3 Vikings. Typically these shops are found on aircraft carriers just forward of hangar bay 1 on the 01 level. Part of the Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department (AIMD), IM3 (Avionics) division.
VBSS: Visit, Board, Search, Seizure: Marinetime boarding actions and tactics.
VC: Viet Cong: Guerilla forces in South Vietnam allied with the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the Vietnam War. Also called "Charlie" from phoenetic "Victor Charlie."
VC: Fixed Wing Composite aircraft squadrons.
VD: Venereal Disease, also know as the clap, Gonnorea or syphillis.
VERTREP: Vertical Replenishment: The taking of supplies (resupply) from a supply ship via helo pick-up and drop-off. Historically, the CH-46 Sea Knight (see "Phrog") was used for such resupply, although any aircraft with a cargo hook installed can do. Differs from "UNREP."
Very well: Expression of acknowledgement a senior gives a subordinate.
VF: Fixed Wing Fighter Aircraft Squadrons. No longer in use, see VFA
VFA: Fixed Wing Strike Fighter Squadron, made up of Legacy F/A-18C or D model Hornets or F/A-18E,F or G model Super Hornets.
Vitamin M: Motrin, which is occasionally used to combat the various aches/pains/headaches associated with military service. Compare "Corpsman Candy."
VP: Fixed Wing Patrol Aircraft Squadrons.
VS: Fixed Wing Anti Submarine Squadrons. With the retirement of the S-3B Viking all VS squadrons have been decommissioned.
VT: Fixed Wing Training Squadrons.
VX: Fixed Wing Experimental Aircraft Squadrons.
Vulcan Death Watch: 12 hours of drills separated by 3 rotations of watches. If one is on Vulcan Death Watch, one is up oncoming as drill team, on watch then offgoing as casualty response team, potentially followed by another 6 hour watch.
Vultures' Row: The place from which people can watch flight operations without being in the way, typically the O-7 to O-9 level on an aircraft carrier's island.
W[ edit ]
Walking, Talking Road Mark: Used during boot camp to refer to a recruit that is a complete loss at military bearing, appearence, and formalities, a recruit that causes his company to constantly lose points at inspections, drills, etc. These recruits usually end up getting ASMO'ed to a company that is earlier in training.
Wardroom: Officer's mess, or dining room. Also used to collectively refer to all the officers at a command.
Warm Blood: An individual who has not crossed the Arctic Circle or Antartic Circle, who must go through rituals, that sometimes cross the line to be hazing, to become a Blue Nose or Red Nose, respectively. See crossing the line, shellback, and pollywog.
Warrant: A warrant officer. In the navy warrants are generally older and more experienced in a particular area of expertise than a commissioned line officer, much like an "LDO." Warrants are competitively selected from the senior (E7–E9) enlisted ranks. By definition are technical specialists.
Watch: A period of duty, usually of four-hours duration, six-hours on submarines. The day at sea has long been divided into watches, which are called: Midwatch or Balls to 4 (0000 to 0400); morning or rev (reveille) watch (0400 to 0800); forenoon watch (0800 to 1200); afternoon watch (1200 to 1600); dog watches (1600-1800 and 1800-2000); and the first watch (2000 to 2400).
Watch condition: Ship's readiness condition:(Denoted by Roman numerals) I: maximum readiness (GQ) all hands at their battle stations, material condition Zebra set (maximum damage control readiness.) IA: ("One Alpha") Modified GQ to conduct amphibious operations. IE or Modified GQ, relaxed GQ condition during extended GQ period, primarily to allow chow; II: Similar to IA, for extended Naval Gunfire Support; III: Wartime cruising, higher state of readiness with some battle stations manned; IV: normal (peacetime) underway watch.
Water wars: Water fights in the engineering spaces, including the use of hot brine, disassembling ventilation ducting, rigging temporary air hoses, and dumping trash cans full of water on the deck. An important component of the war on boredom.
Water Wings: Derogatory term used (usually by Naval Aviators), for the Surface Warfare Officer qualification badge.
WAVES: Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services.
Wayspouse: Sailors' spouses waiting on the pier, if sufficiently overweight that they could be used as navigation waypoints.
WEFT: Typically it stands for "Wings, Exhaust (or Engine, for prop aircraft), Fuselage, Tail" and is a method by which ship's lookout stations can visually identify aircraft within the vicinity. However, since training for this tends to be spotty at best, identification of aircraft is often incorrect, leading to the second definition: "Wrong Every Fucking Time."
Welded to the Pier: A Ship being in an extended period of refit at a shipyard or naval base, which prevents it from making ready for sea for several months or longer. Can also refer to a ship that rarely goes to sea.
WESTPAC: While this usually refers to the western Pacific area of operations, it can also refer to a type of deployment in which a unit heads to multiple locations throughout said area. Often used in, "Damn, we just did a six-month WESTPAC, barely got home for a week, and now we're heading out again?"
WESTPAC widow: Sailor's wife looking for a temporary fling, often with another sailor.
Wet Suit Camel Toe: A disturbing sight caused by a (usually older and) fatter rescue swimmer attempting to squeeze into his wet suit for SAR duty. Often seen entering and exiting helos that are providing SAR services.
Wet Willie: Joke played on a sleeping sailor by licking a finger, and sticking it into the unsuspecting sleeping sailor's ear to mimic the feel of a penis being inserted into the ear, usually met with several groans by onlookers.
Wetting down: Party celebrating a promotion/advancement or warfare qualification. Traditionally the metal device is dropped in a beer glass, and "wet down."
Wheels: A Quartermaster (QM).
Wheel Book: Green covered pocket-sized government issue notebook carried by most Petty Officers and Chiefs.
Whidbey Whale: A dependent wife that is Orca fat even though her husband has maintained the same basic size during their marriage
Whistling Shit Can of Death: CH-46 Seaknight Helicopter, described as such because of the whistling sound the engines make, and because the CH-46 has been prone to failures, and has killed its share of air crews.
White Rats: Tampons which appear after a sewage leak in the female head. Also, a sound powered telephone amplifier.
Whiz Quiz: "Piss Test," urinalysis.
Widow/Widower: Describes wives (and now husbands) with spouses on deployment. Single, for all intents and purposes, until the day their spouse returns from deployment. Prefaced by the type or theater of service the deployed spouse is in, e.g. "WESTPAC widow" or "Boomer Widow."
Wings: Naval Aviator or Naval Flight Officer breast insignia. Also the Enlisted Aviation Warfare Specialist breast insignia.
Wing-nut: See airdale.
Wire Biter: An electrician.
Wizzard: Topsider insult for a nuc. Refers to nucs' insistance to dress like Morpheus from the Matrix and propensity for playing Magic (The Gathering) and World of Warcraft endlessly.
Wolf Ticket: Highly suspect information. Can refer to malicious "scuttlebutt," exaggerated "no-shitters," or blatently phony sea stories.
Woop: A cadet at the US Military Academy (West Point).
Workups: 1- to 6-week periods preceding a deployment during which the ship and/or its airwing practice and prepare. Widely known workups involving the carrier and the airwing are TSTA, COMPTUEX, and RIMPAC. Airwing only workups include trips to NAS Fallon and NAS Key West.
Wrinkle Bomb: A uniform worn by a sailor that is wrinkled so badly that it looks like the sailor slept in it. See "Raisin."
"Wrong answer, RPOC!": What Company Commanders in boot camp would scream at the RPOC when he/unit screwed up. Immediately followed by, "Push up, position, Shitbags!" Example: "WHY THE FUCK DID YOU LET THEM MARCH BACK FROM CHOW?!?" "I thought you wanted us back early for the inspection, Sir!" "Wrong answer, RPOC!"
WTF (pronounced "Whiskey Tango Foxtrot" using the phonetic alphabet): "What the Fuck?" What just happened? Can also be in written form WTF K (with a line over the K) meaning "WTF Over"
Weaponette (Submarine Service): A member of a submarine's Weapons Department (used by members of the Navigation/Operations Department or Engineering Department, usually when they want their stolen tools back).
Wog: Short for "pollywog", as in "wog ceremony."
Wog Dog: Sailor acting as a vicious dog and part of the "Royal Party" during Shellback initiation.
Word Shitter: Another name for those embossing label makers. They "shit" words out when one squeezes the handle.
Working Party: When there is loading of supplies, the Quarterdeck will call for a "working party" to be manned by each division of the ship, the number depending on the task.
Would you like a kick to help you get airborne?: Seen on a numerical list of epithet substitutions, especially transmitted over radio, which has to stay clean.
W.U.N.A: World´s Ugliest Naval Aviator.
X[ edit ]
XO: Executive Officer: The second-in-Command of a ship, aviation squadron or shore command, second in authority to the Commanding Officer.
XOI: Executive Officer's Inquiry: A step in the non-judicial punishment process in which the wayward sailor appears before the executive officer (XO). After hearing the details of the case, the XO may recommend dismissal or refer it to the Commanding Officer (CO) for "Mast."
XO's Happy Hour: A daily, hour-long mandatory cleaning evolution. Usually introduced by XO on the 1MC.
X-Ray Fitting : (1) A hatch, scuttle or the like which in normal condition is closed both in-port and at-sea. (See material condition) (2) (see "Fan room") A room where contraband may be hidden or for sexual relations while at-sea (3) Historically, where a chief petty officer would take subordinates to "make" them comply (using several punches to the face).
Xox (verb): To enter engineering log data suspiciously similar to the previous hour's log data. Derived from " xerox ."
Y[ edit ]
Yardbird: A civilian shipyard worker.
YARFO: "You Ain't Reactor? Fuck Off." This slogan was adopted by Reactor Departments on CVNs in response to the Aviation Ordinace slogan "IYOYAS."
YGFBKM: "You've Got to Fucking Be Kidding Me!"
YGTBSM: "You've Got To Be Shitting Me!"
Z[ edit ]
Zero: Officer. Usually applied to a young junior officer, such as an O-1 (ENS / 2ndLt), and O-2 (LTJG / 1stLt) or an O-3 (LT / Capt).
Zippo: (1) A flame thrower attached to a small boat, or a boat so equipped. (2) (Derogatory) Nickname for the USS Forrestal (CV 59) after the fire on 29 July 1967 that killed 134 sailors and injured 161 on the aircraft carrier.
Zoomie: (1) An aviator; generally refers to a USAF pilot or navigator/combat systems officer. (2) (especially in the plural, " zoomies ") On a nuclear ship, a (nonstandard) unit of radiation, such as is present in a compartment containing or near nuclear weapons or a naval nuclear reactor. "I wouldn't go back there unless you want to get some zoomies!" Also used of radiation picked up on one's personal dosimeter (the radiation measuring devices worn by weapons- or nuclear-trained personnel). "How many zoomies did you get today?" (3) A cadet at the US Air Force Academy.
Zone inspection: A formal inspection of spaces conducted by a team headed by the XO.
ZUG: Negative. An obsolete / unofficial procedure signal. Retired RMs may often use ZUG in place of "no" or "negative."
ZUT: CW (Morse radiotelegraphy): "forever." An obsolete / unofficial procedure signal. Retired RMs may have a ZUT certificate or even a ZUT tattoo.
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i don't know
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Accounting for c.30% of total global tax revenues, what form of tax did France introduce in 1954, W Germany 1968, UK 1973 and China 1984?
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taxation facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about taxation
I. GENERAL
Taxation is a general concept for devices used by governments to extract money or other valuable things from people and organizations by the use of law. A tax formula contains at least three elements: the definition of the base, the rate structure, and the identification of the legal taxpayer. The base multiplied by the appropriate rate gives a product, called the tax liability, which is the legal obligation that the taxpayer must meet at specified dates. A tax is identified by the characteristics of its base, such as income in the case of an income tax, the quantity of distilled spirits sold in the case of a liquor tax, and so on. The rate structure may be simple, consisting of one rate applying to the base, such as a specified number of cents per gallon for a tax on gasoline, or complex, for example, varying rates depending upon the size of the base for a tax on personal income.
Taxes may be assessed in money or in kind. The government of Communist China imposes taxes on peasants assessed in units of grain produced, and it requires payment in grain itself. In the American Confederacy, because of the deterioration of the Confederate money during the latter phases of the American Civil War, some taxes were assessed and collected in terms of commodities. In American frontier settlements of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the local governments formed by the people in the region commonly imposed taxes by requesting that each adult male work a given number of days constructing community facilities such as roads and schools. The modern-day counterpart of this practice is conscription of men for service in the armed forces, although conscription is not generally considered as a tax. The dominant practice, however, in the contemporary world is the assessment of taxes in money and the settlement of the tax liability by the payment of money.
Taxation presupposes private ownership of wealth. If a government owned all wealth in a society, including the wealth embodied in people, it would obtain all income, and there would be nothing to tax. No government has gone to such extremes in concentrating the wealth of a society in its own hands. Even in highly socialized societies, such as the Soviet Union, people are permitted, subject to restrictions, to own themselves, household goods, savings accounts, and money. Taxation therefore becomes feasible. Nevertheless, the more wealth a government itself owns, the less is taxation necessary, because revenue from the management of assets is a substitute for tax receipts. National governments, with the exception of some of the highly socialized countries, typically find themselves on the other side of the ledger, having on balance negative net worths apart from their taxing power. Some local governments in western Europe and the United States have substantial revenues from government-owned facilities such as electric power plants, municipal water facilities, and transport systems. The profits from the management of these facilities are occasionally sufficient to permit a government to dispense with taxation altogether.
Taxes are to be distinguished from prices imposed by a government for goods and services that it provides. A price is a money payment made as a condition of obtaining goods or services. It serves as a rationing device provided that the price is positive and provided that the amount of the goods or services the buyer receives in return depends upon the price. If a government supplies water and charges according to the amount of water taken by the buyer, the device is a price and not a tax. Borderline cases arise in two types of circumstances: (1) when a charge is made as a condition of an all-or-none choice, such as a fee for a license for an automobile as a condition of operating the vehicle on any public highway; or (2) when a government imposes a requirement that the citizen use a service and then charges for the service taken, such as a requirement for a passport for foreign travel accompanied by a charge for the passport. In situations in which the element of government compulsion enters significantly, it is customary as well as reasonable to treat the charge as a tax rather than as a price.
Classification of taxes . Taxes may be classified in various ways. Since a tax is a formula of three ingredients—a base, a rate structure, and identification of the legal taxpayer—a common characteristic of any of these three elements may be employed for grouping. Thus taxes may be classified as personal or business. In such a classification, a tax on beer is a business tax because business organizations are in fact the legal taxpayers. More commonly, taxes are grouped on the basis of similarities of the tax base; for example, commodity taxes refer to all taxes in which the production or sale of commodities becomes the occasion for a government levy. Even though personal income taxes vary widely in their characteristics among countries, the presumed common element of the tax base—personal income—is used for grouping purposes.
Perhaps the single most widely used distinction is between what is called “direct” taxation and what is called “indirect.” This is a classification based on certain presumed effects of various taxes. A direct tax in this usage refers to one in which the legal taxpayer cannot shift any of the tax liability to other people, such as customers or suppliers. A clear illustration of a direct tax is a lump-sum charge levied on a person—sometimes called a head tax or poll tax. Income, death, net worth, expenditure, and sometimes property taxes are commonly classified as direct. Indirect taxes refer to those that are thought to be shifted from the legal taxpayer to others. Commonly, taxes on sales of commodities, import duties, and license fees are grouped together as indirect.
By postulating common effects of various taxes, the direct-indirect classification becomes subject to two serious defects. The effects of a particular tax device are not intuitively apparent; their discovery entails careful scientific investigation. It is thus awkward to employ a classification that begs these questions in advance. There is the further difficulty that the shifting of a tax by the legal taxpayer to others may occur in various degrees from 0 to 100 per cent. If a particular tax is proved to be shifted to others by the amount of 25 per cent, for example, the direct-indirect classification becomes irrelevant. One should have to say that the tax is 75 per cent direct and 25 per cent indirect. The difficulty arises because an all-or-none test is used when the relevant distinction is one of degree. For these and other reasons, the direct-indirect classification, although widely used in reporting revenue data, is usually avoided in scientific investigations.
Among other possible dichotomous classifications, taxes may be divided into those described as systematic means-test devices and those without this characteristic. Personal income, expenditure, and net worth are examples of means-test taxes: taxes whose base is systematically related to some relevant index of the taxpayer’s economic position. Personal income, the money gain a person experiences over a period, may be, and commonly is, looked on as a measure of his economic position. An expenditure tax treats the amount spent for personal living expenses or consumption as the index of relative economic status. Likewise, net worth, the value of assets possessed minus debts owed to others, may be used as such a measure. When the purposes of taxation include large yields and systematic redistribution of economic power, some form of means-test taxation must be employed. Although other taxes can also provide large yields, they are likely to be erratic in their effects on income distribution.
Functions of taxation . Any tax that has a yield extracts money from people or organizations and provides money for a government. As a result of a tax formula, taxpayers find themselves with less money to spend; governments, on the other hand, find themselves with more money. This transfer of money from people to government gives rise to two functions of taxation: a reduction in the spending potential of the private sector and an increase in the spending potential of the public sector.
Revenue. The negative function of reducing the spending potential of people often may be viewed as an unfortunate by-product of taxation. Few city officials, for example, would applaud the fact that as a result of the imposition of local taxes, the local citizenry has less money to spend. For local government units, it is the financial needs of the government that justify taxation. Until recent decades, this view was assumed correct for all levels of government; taxation was believed to arise solely out of the financial needs of governments rather than from a public objective of reducing citizens’ spending power.
A sovereign government with an advanced type of financial system controls the money system and, as one feature of this control, can if it wishes provide itself with unlimited quantities of money at negligible cost. This power arises from the use of national monies in the form of bank deposits and currency as opposed to commodities, such as gold and silver, whose quantity cannot be increased by government decree. A national government need no longer levy taxes in order to finance itself.
The discovery of the power of governments to free themselves from internal financial constraints has a long and complicated history. By the time of the Napoleonic Wars, the British government had discovered the convenience of having the Bank of England provide it with funds. In America, the colonies experimented rather freely with the money-issuing power; Massachusetts has the distinction of being the first government in the world to issue paper money. Yet the necessary institutions for the exercise of this power did not exist in the United States at the time of the War of 1812, and the federal government for the first and only time in its history found itself literally bankrupt. World War i was the first occasion when the power to finance government by creating money was freely used by all major belligerents. This financial power was clearly recognized by governments during World War n and was used on a vast scale. In the contemporary world, the possibility of national governments having insufficient money to finance their internal expenditures is no longer a real one. Thus, the amount of revenue to be raised by taxation depends on policy objectives rather than on government financial necessity.
Even though sovereign governments have freed themselves from financial constraints, the revenue function of taxation has not disappeared; this function becomes that of regulating private expenditures so as to stabilize employment and the price level. During periods of insufficient private expenditures, for example during recessions, a national government may allow its revenues to fall automatically and, in addition, may take steps to reduce effective rates of tax in order to increase private expenditures. Similarly, during periods of excessive expenditures, tax rates may be increased as a depressant measure. Even as late as the 1930s, few governments possessed leaders who understood the policy choices available; through fear and desperation they took steps to increase tax rates when effective recovery called for tax reduction. Thanks to the spread of economic intelligence, such serious errors in financial policy are unlikely to be duplicated should a serious world depression ever again develop.
Resource reallocation. In addition to the revenue function of taxation, taxes may alter the product-mix generated within the private sector. In Great Britain, for example, such commodities as automobiles, household appliances, liquor, and tobacco are made more expensive by taxation, whereas such items as milk, vegetables, meat, cider, and household help are made less expensive, in part through subsidies, or negative taxes. As a consequence, the British people use rather more of the latter group of commodities and rather less of the former. The tax-induced change in the product-mix comes about through the effects of taxes on prices and quantities produced. British manufacturers of electric dishwashers, for example, being confronted by a heavy tax on these goods, charge higher prices for them, and so the number these companies can profitably sell is curtailed. The labor and capital services not used to produce dishwashers as a result of the curtailed output of them are devoted instead to the production of other commodities that are lightly taxed or not taxed at all. These other commodities are therefore made more abundant and sell for lower prices. From the point of view of buyers, this alteration of the product-mix benefits those who happen to like the lightly taxed commodities and injures those who prefer the heavily taxed goods. Whether the entire consuming public as a whole can be said to be better off or worse off as a result of the alteration of the product-mix depends on whether an optimum is defined in terms of consumer preferences as expressed in the market or as expressed through political processes. [See Consumer Sovereignty.]
Almost all actual tax devices commonly used by governments display some features that may alter the pattern of productive activities in the society. Personal income taxes as found in the Western world define the tax base incompletely, leaving some gains subject to little or no tax. In the administration of net worth taxes in the Scandinavian countries, agricultural land in comparison with other types of assets is appraised lightly for tax purposes. Value-added taxes, as employed in the state of Michigan and in France, completely omit important types of value-adding activities from the tax base. In all such cases, the tax system encourages some activities over others. Although complete neutrality of a tax system can never be achieved in fact, actual tax systems become more neutral as their coverage of economic activities becomes more general.
As tax systems have developed, they have tended to favor activities of a nonmarket character, such as leisure, production of goods for personal use instead of for sale, and “do-it-yourself” projects in general. Governments have difficulty in catching such gainful activities in their tax net and, with occasional exceptions, do not attempt to do so. Consequently, and for political reasons also, tax policies in advanced countries generally favor agricultural over industrial activities.
Income redistribution. A further main function of taxation is the redistribution of economic power as measured by income or wealth. With respect to money income, a tax system is distributionally neutral if it reduces each person’s income in the same proportion. Taxation may be systematically progressive in the sense of taking an increasing proportion of income increases. Technically, a tax system is defined as progressive if the marginal rate of tax with respect to income exceeds the average rate of tax, provided marginal rates do not exceed 100 per cent. Regressive tax structures refer to the opposite case. In this context, “proportional,” “progressive,” and “regressive” describe the effect of the entire tax system on the distribution of income.
Accompanying the development of democratic political institutions in the Western world, various ethical ideas arose concerning the appropriate criteria for evaluating taxes. The dominant ethical idea that emerged is the “ability-to-pay” doctrine. This rather vague expression is intended to provide a justification for tax systems that are systematically progressive as opposed to those that are proportional, regressive, or merely erratic. Income is usually taken as the appropriate measure of personal ability-to-pay, although net worth and expenditure have also been advocated as appropriate measures. The concept of ability-to-pay implies both equal treatment of people with equal ability, however measured, and a progressive rate structure. The ability-to-pay doctrine has strong affinities to egalitarian social philosophy; both support measures designed to reduce inequalities of wealth and income.
Strict adherence to the test of ability-to-pay, when income is used as the measure of ability, would call for a monolithic tax structure restricted to personal income taxation. Logically, the idea implies systematic negative taxation as well. If a person with a modest income pays zero tax, a person with an even smaller income should pay less than zero tax—that is, receive a subsidy—to achieve appropriate differences in the treatment of people with different tax-paying abilities.
In the development of actual tax systems, only modest success can be claimed for reducing the incomes of the very wealthy by tax measures— even in countries such as the United States, Great Britain, and Australia, all of which use progressive income taxation and have been governed over appreciable periods of time by groups unsympathetic to economic plutocracy. There is little evidence to suggest that in these countries taxes have substantially reduced the wealth of the very wealthy, despite the apparent high rates of tax on large incomes and large estates.
By far the most important government measures used to reduce income inequality have been government welfare programs. Various social services, such as medical care, education, and income maintenance in the form of social security programs, have mitigated the economic hardship of low-income groups in Western countries. These programs directly raise the money incomes of the unemployed, the aged, and the incapacitated; they also potentially raise the consumption of all qualifying groups by providing some services free or at nominal cost. In some Western countries, the programs have virtually eliminated grinding poverty; they have not achieved this goal in the United States.
Shifting and incidence . A tax is said to be shifted if the legal taxpayer can by some means force others to contribute extra amounts of money to him because of the presence of the tax. Shifting is therefore achieved in degrees ranging from zero, that is, no shifting, to 100 per cent, or complete shifting. To the extent a tax is shifted from the legal taxpayer, such as the proprietor of a retail establishment in the case of a retail sales tax, other people are thereby selected to contribute to the government. Actually, full explanations of tax shifting require the determination of the true amount each person must pay to governments, including the amounts shifted to him, so that at least in principle the investigator can state precisely the amount of money a person or family contributes to government per unit of time. Nothing approaching this precision has yet been achieved in any country. It is a safe generalization that the typical citizen goes through life never knowing, even within wide limits, how much in tax he is actually paying.
The concept of tax incidence, sometimes called tax burden, is closely related to that of tax shifting. If, of the taxes imposed by a government, none are shifted at all, the incidence of a tax is said to fall on those who are the legal taxpayers—those persons who would be sued by the government for failure to pay the amounts specified by the tax formula used. In this event, the incidence of the tax holds few mysteries. The concept does involve difficult issues, however, if a tax is shifted in whole or in part. The concept of tax incidence is concerned with the identification of the persons who “finally” or “ultimately” pay the tax liabilities as opposed to those who, although legally required to pay money to the government, are acting wholly or partly as intermediaries in the tax-collection process. Thus, legislators in voting taxes on such items as liquor or cigarettes do not ordinarily assume that the vendors of these commodities are “really” paying the tax because legislators ordinarily operate on the theory that vendors can pass along the tax to buyers. Granted the validity of the theory, the incidence of the tax falls on these buyers.
Theories of tax shifting and incidence exist in great variety. Insofar as a consensus can be found, it is that means-test taxes (for example, income taxes) either are not shifted at all or are shifted only to a trivial extent and that commodity taxes, including import and export duties, are largely shifted from the legal taxpayers to others. The incidence of the general property tax imposed by local governments in the United States, company (corporation) profits taxes, taxes on the transfer of physical and financial assets, and of many minor levies is analyzed in many different ways; no definite consensus can be found among experts on the subject.
Differences in analysis of various tax devices reflect differences both in the general theoretical framework deemed appropriate to explain economic events and in the precise manner in which the investigator views the device being studied.
Tax theory has developed mainly as a by-product of classical and neoclassical economic theory, as exemplified by the works of such thinkers as Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, W. Stanley Jevons, and Alfred Marshall. Continental general equilibrium approaches, mainly through their influence on such American thinkers as Irving Fisher, have, after a considerable time lag, become important in the explanation of the effects of various taxes. The Keynesian system of thought has a large and devoted contemporary following; it is widely used to explain the effects of entire fiscal systems. More recent theoretical work has been dominated by model building, often of a highly esoteric kind, constructed with such highly simplifying assumptions that government only rarely gets into the picture at all . Given the variety of approaches to the explanation of economic events, a generally endorsed approach to the explanation of how taxes are shifted and in what amounts cannot be expected.
Real income approach. The question of just what the investigator is attempting to explain in connection with taxation is also approached in different ways. A major disputed issue is the alternative, implicitly or explicitly presupposed, to the tax under investigation. Some students define the problem as the effects of the tax together with some government expenditure assumed to be financed by that tax. Accordingly, the problem of explaining a personal income tax is looked upon as including the effects of certain or all of some government expenditures. This approach is adopted more or less automatically by those who view economics as fundamentally a “real” system, meaning a system in which money is assumed to be absent or in which money is viewed as a purely passive device to effect exchanges, having no distorting effect on price relations among goods and services. In this approach, a tax is viewed as levied in goods and services that the government either uses directly in its affairs or trades with private individuals to obtain the goods and services used in its expenditure programs. Explanation consists of showing how the combination of income taxation and the assumed expenditures changes relative prices, quantities produced, and the amount of leisure taken. The incidence of the tax-expenditure combination is believed to be established by showing what groups experience a decline in real income.
This approach has little appeal to most students of public finance because of its remoteness from reality. (It remains, however, the dominant approach to the analysis of the incidence of import duties in pure international trade theory.) It has the further defect, apart from its restrictive assumptions, of identifying particular taxes with particular government programs, when in fact neither a government nor an individual can generally determine which expenditure is financed from a particular tax or income source. Logically, the approach is inherently incapable of isolating the effects of a tax as such, because a tax apart from expenditures is undefined. Since, in fact, government programs can take on any of a great variety of forms, including negative taxes (subsidies), the approach in principle can only give answers for each of an indefinitely large number of possible combinations.
Money income approach. A relatively recent approach, what may be called the “income theory” of tax incidence, views the basic problem of tax analysis to be the determination of the portion of each person’s income diverted to the government by a tax. This approach finds that any tax that provides a government with revenue must simultaneously make the after-tax money income of some people who work or own property smaller by the amount of the revenue. The investigator, accordingly, attempts to identify, for each tax device, those persons whose after-tax incomes are curtailed. In this approach, government expenditure for goods, services, or assets enters as a factor determining demands for current output and as analytically distinct from revenues.
This approach to taxation can be explained by illustration. A tax on cigarettes, for example, is commonly believed to be paid by cigarette smokers. According to the income theory, such a tax reduces the money incomes of certain groups. People, as buyers of services and goods, including cigarettes, are prepared to spend some dollar amount per period. The demand schedule for cigarettes being highly inelastic, a change in price results in little change in the quantity purchased—the tax raises the price of cigarettes by almost the full amount of the tax per unit, and the dollar amount spent on cigarettes increases. Given constraints on total private expenditures, the amount spent on other commodities diminishes. If these “other commodities” consist of all commodities other than cigarettes, all industries find the demands for their products lowered and all will earn lower incomes. If these “other commodities” consist of a narrow class of commodities, such as food, the industries, including agriculture, producing these goods experience reduced prices and reduced income. To only a small extent, because of the low price elasticity of the demand for cigarettes, do tobacco companies and tobacco growers also experience lower profits and wages. The product-mix changes only slightly in this case. If a tax is placed on cornflakes, the pattern of results would be somewhat different. Cornflakes, being one of a great variety of breakfast foods, has a highly elastic demand. The tax would increase the price of cornflakes, greatly reduce the amount bought, and drive resources out of cornflake production. In this case, the companies and workers in the taxed industry would experience lower incomes.
There is no shifting of a general tax on income or net worth; taxpayers experience a lowering of their after-tax income and no incentive is created to reduce further other factor incomes. Commodity taxes, import duties, retail sales taxes, and expenditure taxes are shifted more or less, depending upon the setting where they are used. Property taxes of the American type, where the tax base is mainly the assessed value of real estate, business equipment, and inventories, present complications because of the great diversity in effective rates within and among local jurisdictions and because of the benefit element of local expenditures to owners of taxed property. Property taxes can be shown to reduce property income in general and to be progressive with respect to total income.
The income theory of tax incidence applies in a symmetrical manner to negative taxes, such as subsidies to the production of some food products in Great Britain and to income-maintenance social security programs. The incidence of negative taxes refers to the identification of the ultimate recipient and the amount he receives. As is the case with ordinary taxes, the problem is to identify the private counterpart of the government’s financial transactions.
The income theory of tax shifting, as the name implies, treats government income as arising at the expense of private income. Tax revenues are treated as a form of transfer income—as are interest paid to owners of debt instruments, dividends paid by corporations, and pensions and social security payments made by governments.
Role of determinant price systems. In order to arrive at definitive conclusions, all theories ’of tax shifting need a pricing system that is determinant as opposed to one that is capricious or random. If prices of commodities depend on what executives of corporations eat for breakfast, the incidence of corporation income taxes or commodity taxes cannot be definitively ascertained. Actual price systems in Western countries exhibit capricious elements arising from market power, illustrated by the pricing of some varieties of labor services, government price regulation based on concepts of fair return and historical costs, and many others. Systematic tax theory, like the economic theory of which it is a part, assumes the orderly features of price systems and fails to the extent that the actual world lacks these characteristics. Economists differ widely in their outlook on the degree of orderliness exhibited in contemporary societies; some find that the economic world neatly illustrates the properties of a perfectly competitive pricing system, and, at the opposite pole, others find no system to explain and as a consequence deprecate economic theory.
Taxation and fiscal policy . The main financial weapons of a national government are its expenditures on goods and services, transfers (including negative taxes), taxation, public debt management, and monetary policy. Some or all of these may be manipulated to alter the level of total expenditures by all groups in the economy and at the same time may be used to alter the pattern of these expenditures.
The deliberate manipulation of taxes for the purpose of achieving full employment is subject to both political and economic constraints. The reduction of effective rates of tax, for example, may be irreversible because of political objections to tax rate increases. In addition, taxes have other functions besides revenue, such as resource reallo-cation and income redistribution, and these functions may be partly defeated by changing the tax structure for purposes of influencing private expenditures. These considerations do not imply that the manipulating of effective rates of tax poses insurmountable difficulties; only that the difficulties must be recognized and, if possible, weighed when making a final decision.
Taxes are interdependent among themselves and also interdependent with other fiscal weapons. A reduction in taxes on company profits leads to increased revenue from a personal income tax because some portion of the increase in after-tax profits will appear as an increase in dividends. Different taxes compete for the income of owners of resources; an increase in the effective rates of one tax reduces the yield of others. In selecting taxes to manipulate in influencing private expenditures, these repercussions on other tax yields must be taken into account if the desired total change in revenues is to be achieved.
Taxes are also interdependent with other fiscal devices. In Western countries, and many others as well, national monetary systems are banking systems characterized by bank creation and destruction of money, fractional reserve requirements, and central bank determination of changes in bank reserves. Treasuries must conduct their finances within this institutional framework. Effective fiscal policy presupposes cooperative central bank policies; otherwise, fiscal measures designed to stimulate the economy may be offset by monetary measures. A main problem in financial administration remains that of effective coordination of fiscal and monetary policies. They are so closely interdependent that some students prefer to speak of national financial policies rather than of two sets of policies, fiscal and monetary.
The use of taxation as a weapon to influence private expenditures becomes feasible to the extent a treasury is free from financial constraints, and freedom from constraint implies access to an unlimited amount of money. Central banks are the institutions that have the power to create money in any amount. If, then, a government decides, for example, to reduce effective rates of tax as a stimulating measure during a depression, its treasury will initially find itself depleting its cash position or, in the case of European national treasuries, will be increasingly in debt to the central bank. If the treasury department sells public debt or if the central bank does so instead, the cash released to taxpayers is reabsorbed by net sales of public debt. Depending on the circumstances, these combined actions may be perfectly offsetting, or they may on balance be stimulating or depressing with respect to private expenditures on goods and services. If a stimulating combination of measures is to be assured for a given amount of tax reduction, the maximum is achieved if no debt is sold to the public at all. In this event, with a fractional reserve system of banking, bank reserves increase at the rate of the tax cut. Such increases in bank reserves, given the practice of relatively low fractional reserve requirements or customs, would lead to a potential increase in the amount of money so exceedingly large for even modest tax reductions that central bankers would almost certainly feel obliged to offset them in part. Perhaps a more relevant definition of zero offset is a central bank response to a tax-rate change that permits the quantity of demand deposits plus currency in the hands of the public to change by the change in the yield of the tax systems. In actual practice, however, it would be rare to observe such a result. Normally, central banks and treasuries, when tax cuts are made, use debt operations to offset a sizable fraction of the tax change. For this and other reasons, faith in the efficacy of tax changes to influence the economy must be tempered; one must examine what response, in terms of changes in the size of the outstanding debt, may be expected.
World tax structures . In advanced countries, tax revenues range from a high of about 35 per cent of the gross national product in West Germany to a low of about 21 per cent in Japan; the United States government (federal, state, and local) takes an amount equal to about 25 per cent of the gross national product. Such comparisons may, however, be misleading. In advanced European countries, provision for retirement income is usually made through government programs, whereas in the United States various private pension plans supplement in substantial amounts the federal social security programs. Were retirement deductions from the remuneration of employees counted as taxes, the United States would rank closer to such high-tax countries as West Germany, Sweden, and France in effective tax rates.
International comparisons also neglect negative taxes such as family allowances, subsidies, and social security transfers, creating an impression of heavier taxation of the average household than would data showing both the amount taken in tax and the amounts received in the form of government transfers. Net tax data have unfortunately not been systematically compiled for purposes of international comparisons.
The structure of tax systems reflects the political and social characteristics of national groups. France, a country of high taxation, relies heavily on value-added taxation, whereas the United Kingdom, also a high-tax country, relies heavily on income taxes. The. United States, being a federal political system with long traditions of local financing of local functions, employs many taxes that can be administered at the state and local levels, resulting in a highly complex combination of taxes, such as federal, state, and even local income taxes, state and local retail sales taxes, and the continuation of the important, though generally criticized, local property tax. A centralized system of taxation as found in France would be alien to the mores of Americans. Tax systems, to be workable, must be in keeping with popular feelings and beliefs. This consideration explains why politicians may succeed when tax experts, especially foreign experts, fail in attempts to redesign a country’s tax system.
Of the developing nations, apart from some oil-rich countries, few are in a position to impose taxation at the effective rates found in advanced European and English-speaking countries. Mass poverty, weak public administration, and the concentration of political power in the hands of wealthy groups rule out heavy taxation. Tax systems in these countries ordinarily consist of import duties and, in a few, export duties, transaction and commodity taxes, low-rate income taxes, land taxes, and some form of death tax, usually of the inheritance type. India uses systematic income taxation, although less than 10 per cent of the population is subject to it. As these poor countries develop, their tax systems may be expected to develop as well, and in the direction of higher effective rates of tax.
The outlook generally is for continued high-level taxation where already found and increasingly high effective rates of tax elsewhere, with the possible exception of the communist countries. From a long-run point of view, revenue requirements of government are closely geared to government expenditure and transfer programs. The goods and services that governments provide are looked upon as superior to alternative private commodities, with the consequence that, even apart from military programs, government expenditures exhibit a long-run tendency to rise relative to national income. This tendency is not inevitable and may be reversed. Yet continued urbanization alone, with all that this development implies for government action, may be sufficient to assure relatively expanding government programs. In addition, the welfare state has already demonstrated its political popularity in the Western world, and, despite the lamentations of political conservatives and some economic liberals, government activities appear destined to grow both absolutely and relatively. If so, high taxation can also be expected to be an enduring characteristic of advanced societies.
Earl R. Rolph
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Economic Association 1959 Readings in the Economics of Taxation. Homewood, 111.: Irwin.
Bator, Francis M. (1960) 1962 The Question of Government Spending: Public Needs and Private Wants. New York: Collier.
Blough, Roy 1952 The Federal Taxing Process. Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Butters, J. Keith; and Lintner, John 1945 Effect of Federal Taxes on Growing Enterprises. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ., Graduate School of Business Administration, Division of Research.
Due, John F. (1954) 1963 Government finance. 3d ed. Homewood, 111.: Irwin.
Due, John F. 1957 Sales Taxation. London: Routledge; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
Fabricant, Solomon 1952 The Trend of Government Activity in the United States Since 1900. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Hall, Challis A. 1960 Fiscal Policy for Stable Growth: A Study in Dynamic Macroeconomics. New York: Holt.
Hansen, Bent (1955) 1958 The Economic Theory of Fiscal Policy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. → First published as Finanspolitikens ekonomisha teori.
Harvard University, International Program In Taxation 1963 Taxation in the United States. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House.
Hicks, J. R.; HICKS, U. K.; and Rostas, L. (1941) 1942 The Taxation of War Wealth. 2d ed. Oxford: Clarendon.
Holland, Daniel M. 1958 The Income Tax Burden on Stockholders. Princeton Univ. Press.
Kaldor, Nicholas 1955 An Expenditure Tax. London: Allen & Unwin.
McKean, Roland N. 1958 Efficiency in Government Through Systems Analysis: With Emphasis on Water Resources Development. New York: Wiley.
Musgrave, Richard A. 1959 The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
usgrave, Richard A.; and Peacock, Alan T. (editors) 1958 Ciassics in the Theory of Public Finance. London and New York: Macmillan.
Pigou, A. C. (1928) 1956 A Study in Public Finance. 3d ed., rev. New York: St. Martins.
Prest, Alan R. 1960 Public Finance in Theory and Practice. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Rolph, Earl R. (1954) 1956 The Theory of Fiscal Economics. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Rolph, Earl R.; and Break, George F. 1961 Pubiic Finance. New York: Ronald Press.
Schultz, William J.; and Harriss, C. Lowell (1931) 1959 American Public Finance. 7th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Simons, Henry C. 1938 Personal Income Taxation: The Definition of Income as a Problem of Fiscal Policy. Univ. of Chicago Press. #x
Vickrey, William S. 1947 Agenda for Progressive Taxation. New York: Ronald Press.
II. PERSONAL INCOME TAXES
The personal income tax is widely regarded as the fairest method of taxation yet devised. It is the major element of progression in modern tax systems and permits differentiation of tax burdens on the basis of family responsibilities and other personal circumstances of taxpayers. The yield of the tax expands or contracts more rapidly than personal income, thus imparting built-in flexibility to government revenue systems. The income tax is less burdensome on consumption and more burdensome on personal saving than an equal-yield expenditure tax, but the difference in aggregate terms is probably small for taxes of broad coverage. The effect of the income tax on work and investment incentives is unclear. Although personal income taxation has a long history, some of its major features still present numerous unsettled problems.
The first general personal income tax was introduced in 1799 in Great Britain, where it has been in effect continuously since 1842. Despite this early example, other countries were slow in adopting this tax. It was used for a brief period in the United States during and after the Civil War, and it was permanently enacted following the ratification in 1913 of the sixteenth amendment to the constitution. Austria adopted the income tax in 1849 and Italy in 1864; Australia, New Zealand, and Japan followed in the 1880s and Germany and the Netherlands in the 1890s. Elsewhere the income tax is a twentieth-century phenomenon. It spread quickly during and after World War i and became a mass tax in many countries during World War ii. Today the personal income tax raises substantial amounts of revenue in all industrialized countries of the free world and is employed, although to a lesser extent, in most underdeveloped countries.
Equity considerations
Analysis of tax equity has been concerned largely with the distribution of tax burdens among persons in different economic circumstances, i.e., with vertical equity. Questions regarding the treatment of persons in essentially the same economic circumstances—the problems of horizontal equity —have only received close attention since the 1930s.
Vertical equity . Progressive taxation appeals intuitively to most people as an equitable method of distributing the tax burden by income classes, and economists and political theorists have devoted a great deal of intellectual effort to justify it on logical grounds.
An early theory of taxation that was widely held prior to the mid-nineteenth century was that taxes should be distributed in accordance with benefits received. The benefit theorists supported a minimum of government activity, possibly including defense and police and fire protection, but not much more. The benefits of such government services were assumed to be proportionate to income, and this was regarded as a major rationale for proportional income taxation. This theory of tax distribution proved to be untenable both because of its narrow view of the role of government and the arbitrary assumption it made regarding the distribution of benefits of government services.
In the latter half of the nineteenth century, progressive income taxation was justified by the sacrifice theories that emerged from discussions of “ability to pay.” Under this doctrine, ability to pay is assumed to increase as incomes increase, and the objective is to impose taxes on a basis that would involve “equal sacrifice” in some sense. If the marginal utility of income declines more rapidly than income increases, equal absolute sacrifice leads to progression, equal proportionate sacrifice to still more progression, and equal marginal sacrifice to leveling of incomes from the top down until the required revenues are obtained. The assumptions of sacrifice theories—that the relative utility of different incomes is measurable and that the relation between income and utility is approximately the same for all taxpayers—cannot be verified by actual data or experience. Nevertheless, the ability-to-pay idea has been a powerful force in history and has undoubtedly contributed to the widespread acceptance of progressive taxation.
The basic justification for the progressive personal income tax is now probably the socioeconomic objective of reducing great disparities of welfare, opportunity, and economic power arising from the unequal distribution of income. More specifically, the justification is based on two propositions: (a) it is appropriate public policy to moderate economic inequality, and (b) taxation of personal incomes at progressive rates is an efficient method of promoting this objective, since it does not involve direct intervention in market activities. The acceptable degree of progression varies from time to time and place to place; it depends on the distribution of pre-tax incomes and the post-tax distribution desired by the voters. In practice the re-distributive effects of the income tax have been moderate in all countries.
Horizontal equity . A personal income tax conforming strictly with the “equal treatment” principle would apply to all income from whatever source derived, making allowances only for the taxpayer and his dependents. In accordance with the “accretion” concept, income would be defined as consumption plus (or minus) the net increase (or decrease) in the value of an individual’s assets during the taxable period, perhaps modified to exclude gifts and inheritances that are ordinarily subject to separate taxes and, for practical reasons, to include capital gains when realized or when transferred to others through gifts or bequests. In practice most of the income taxes now in existence depart from this standard by a wide margin.
Differentiation of tax liability on the basis of family responsibilities is ordinarily made through a system of personal exemptions for the taxpayer and other members of his family. The personal exemption was originally regarded as a device to avoid taxing individuals and families with incomes that were not adequate to provide minimum levels of subsistence. Today personal exemptions are not high enough to cover a socially acceptable minimum level of subsistence in most countries; they serve primarily to remove low-income recipients from the tax rolls and also contribute to progression in the lower part of the income scale. At higher income levels the purpose of the personal exemption seems to be to moderate the tax burden as family size increases, although the degree of moderation varies greatly among countries. Special exemptions are allowed in some countries for particular groups of taxpayers (e.g., the aged); these exemptions are subsidies that could probably be handled more equitably through direct government outlays.
A second type of differentiation employed in most countries is based on the source of income. The provisions include credits for earned income and for dividends, preferential treatment for capital gains, exemptions for transfer payments and amounts set aside for retirement, omission of the rental value of owner-occupied homes, and numerous other special benefits. The earned-income credit is regarded as a convenient method of making rough allowances for depreciation of labor skills and for expenses of earning income from personal effort which are not recognized for tax purposes. The United States abandoned the earned-income credit in 1944 for simplification reasons, but it is still in existence in the United Kingdom, Australia, and other countries. Dividend credits are designed to moderate the so-called “double taxation” of corporate profits. Preferential treatment of capital gains grew out of the English concept of income, which excluded irregular receipts from income. This treatment is now rationalized on incentive grounds and also as a procedure to avoid applying the graduated rates, in the year of realization, to incomes accrued over a period of years. Transfer payments are excluded because they accrue largely to low-income people. Payments by employers into pension plans are not included in employees’ taxable income to promote the development of private pension plans. The rental value of owner-occupied homes is untaxed in most places because it is difficult to apply the income tax to nonmoney incomes.
The third type of differentiation is based on the use of income. Deductions are required under a “net” income tax for expenditures that are essential to earning income. However, deductions for a wide variety of personal expenditures and for some forms of saving are also permitted. In one country or another, allowances are made for such items as medical expenses, charitable contributions, interest on personal loans and mortgages, state and local taxes, casualty losses, child care in families of working parents, deposits in saving associations, premiums for life, sickness, and accident insurance, and payments into annuity, pension, or other retirement plans.
Personal exemptions are an important element of a progressive income tax, but there is little justification for most of the special exclusions, deductions, and credits based on the source or use of income. Such provisions narrow the tax base and require the use of higher tax rates to raise a given amount of revenue. This puts a premium on earning or spending incomes in forms receiving preferential treatment, interferes with business and investment decisions, and distorts the allocation of resources. Since the deviations from equal treatment tend to be arbitrary, they create dissatisfaction among taxpayers who are subject to discrimination and result in pressures for the enactment of additional special benefits, pressures which legislatures find it difficult to resist. This process has been called “erosion of the tax base” in the United States, where taxable income is at least one-third lower than it would be under a comprehensive income tax. Measures to broaden the base and to use the revenues for rate reduction have been proposed by tax experts, but it is evident from the public and Congressional response that progress along these lines will be slow.
Economic effects
Three major aspects of the personal income tax may be distinguished in appraising its economic effects: first, its automatic response to changes in total personal income; second, its effects on the allocation of personal income between consumption and saving; and, third, its impact on work and investment incentives.
Automatic flexibility . The role of the personal income tax as a built-in stabilizer is one of its most significant features. In the United States, at the rates prevailing in the 1950s and in the 1960s, the personal income tax automatically offset more than ten per cent of the reductions in personal incomes during contractions. The corresponding figure for the United Kingdom was perhaps twice as large, the difference being attributable primarily to the higher starting rate in the United Kingdom. Such changes in tax liability reduce fluctuations in disposable personal income and thus help to stabilize consumption.
Built-in flexibility operates in both the expansion and contraction phases of the business cycle, so that the personal income tax moderates the growth of incomes during a business recovery just as it cushions the fall in income during contractions. This symmetrical response of the income tax (and of other stabilizers) during a business cycle is unavoidable. It should not lead to the abandonment of the stabilizers but rather to the establishment of basic tax-expenditure relationships that would be consistent with a prompt return to high employment following periods of recession. Discretionary changes in tax rates and in expenditures may be needed to implement this objective.
The responsiveness of the income tax to changes in personal incomes is a useful characteristic for underdeveloped as well as for developed countries. An increasing proportion of the nation’s resources must be devoted to public and private investment to increase the rate of economic development. Since voluntary saving is usually inadequate, the bulk of the investment funds must be provided by government. A progressive income tax automatically provides some of the financing as incomes increase. Where development is associated with rising prices, the income tax serves the dual role of moderating inflationary pressures and of increasing the rate of national saving.
Effect on consumption and saving . A personal income tax applies to the income of an individual regardless of the allocation of this income between consumption and saving. By contrast, a general consumption or expenditure tax can be postponed or avoided by delaying or eliminating consumption. It follows that an income tax is less burdensome on consumption than an equal-yielding consumption or expenditure tax which is distributed in the same proportions by income classes. In practice, where the income tax is paid by the large mass of people, much of the tax yield comes from income classes where there is little room in family budgets for reducing consumption in response to tax incentives. Under these circumstances the differential effect of the two types of taxes on total consumption and saving is likely to be relatively small.
Graduated expenditure taxes have been proposed in recent years as a method of avoiding or correcting the effects of income tax erosion, particularly in the top income brackets where exemption or preferential treatment of capital gains permits accumulation of large fortunes without tax payment. Expenditure taxation, it is felt, would discourage lavish living by people with large amounts of property and thus increase saving and risk taking without resorting to regressive taxes. Despite its apparent advantages, the expenditure tax has not been widely used. Rates in excess of 100 per cent would be required to raise significant amounts of revenue from high-income taxpayers. Moreover, the expenditure tax is more difficult to administer than the income tax and also raises much more serious problems of compliance.
Work and investment incentives . It is difficult to evaluate the effect of personal income taxes on work and investment incentives. On the one hand, high tax rates reduce the net rewards of greater effort and risk taking and thus tend to discourage these activities; on the other hand, they may provide a positive stimulus to obtain more income because they cut down on the income left over for spending. These two effects tend to offset one another, and there is no basis for deciding which is more important.
Empirical studies have shed little light on this question. The evidence suggests that income taxation does not have a significant effect on the amount of labor supplied by workers and managers. Work habits are apparently not easily changed, and there is little scope in a modern industrial society for most people to vary the hours of work or the intensity of their efforts in response to changes in tax rates.
A highly graduated income tax applying to all property incomes might reduce incentives to take risk somewhat, since it is impossible to reimburse taxpayers for losses at precisely the same rate at which their incomes are taxed. However, the income tax actually applies to a small fraction of property income in all countries. The opportunity to earn income in the form of capital gains— which are either not taxed at all or are taxed at relatively low rates—is a great stimulant to risk taking in the face of high rates on other incomes. Moreover, risk investment is to a large extent undertaken by firms operating in the corporate form; such firms are generally permitted to retain earnings after payment of more moderate tax rates than those applying to investors in the top personal income tax brackets.
Structural problems
The base of the personal income tax is determined by the definition of income, the allowable deductions, and the personal exemptions. Within wide limits, these elements can be combined with various tax rates to produce a given amount of revenue. Many of the difficult issues in most countries are an outgrowth of local problems and developments. Nevertheless, several structural problems in income taxation appear to be common to practically all countries, and these will be discussed briefly in this section.
Tax treatment of the family . Throughout most of the history of the income tax, differentiation was made among taxpayers with different family responsibilities through the use of personal exemptions. Recently, there has been a trend toward the use of different tax rates to provide additional differentiation, particularly in the middle and higher tax brackets. In the United States, France, and West Germany, this has been accomplished by the adoption of the principle of “income splitting” between husband and wife or among all family members. Other countries achieve the same objective by applying different rate schedules to taxpayers in different family situations.
In France the income of the family is divided by the number of family units, with the taxpayer and his spouse counting as one unit each and each dependent child as an additional one-half unit. The tax is then calculated as if the income of the family were divided proportionately among the family units. In West Germany and the United States, splitting is extended only to husband and wife. By contrast, the United Kingdom has made the use of joint returns by husband and wife mandatory since the early days of its income tax. Under this system the graduated rates are applied to the couple’s combined income after allowance for personal exemptions and other deductions.
Income splitting between two persons doubles the width of the taxable income brackets and thus reduces the progression in tax burdens applying to married couples. The absolute size of the benefit depends entirely on the rate of graduation; it bears no relationship to the level of tax rates. For example, if rates increased one percentage point for every $1,000 of taxable income, income splitting would reduce the tax of a married couple with taxable income of $20,000 by $1,000. This would be true whether the starting rate was 1, 10, 20, or 50 per cent.
Income splitting is generally justified on the ground that husbands and wives usually share their combined income equally. For most families the largest portion of the budget goes for consumption, and savings are ordinarily set aside for the children or for the enjoyment of all members of the family. Two conclusions seem to follow if this view is accepted. First, married couples with the same combined income should pay the same tax irrespective of the legal division of income among them; second, the tax liabilities of married couples should be computed as if they were two single persons and their total income were divided equally between them. The first conclusion is now firmly rooted in the tax laws of most countries and seems to be almost universally accepted. It is the second conclusion on which opinions—and practices— still differ.
The case for the sharing argument is applicable to the economic circumstances of taxpayers in the lower income classes, where incomes are used almost entirely for the consumption of the family unit. At the top of the income scale the major rationale of income taxation is the reduction of the economic power of the taxpayer unit, and the use made of income in these levels for family pur poses is irrelevant. Obviously, these objectives cannot be reconciled if income splitting is extended to all income brackets.
Aside from reducing progression, the practical effect of income splitting is to produce large differentials in the taxes of single persons and married couples. Differentials by marital status that depend on the rate of graduation are difficult to rationalize. However, it is difficult to justify treating single persons with families more harshly than married persons in similar circumstances. As a remedy for this problem, France grants to a widow or widower the same total number of family units for splitting purposes as if the spouse had survived. The United States permits widows and widowers to split their incomes for two years after the death of the spouse and provides half the advantage of income splitting for single persons who maintain a household for children or other dependents or support their parents in a separate household.
One of the major reasons for the acceptance of income splitting may well be inadequate differentiation provided by the traditional types of personal exemptions among taxpayers in the middle and top brackets. Single people, it is felt, should be taxed more heavily than married couples because they do not bear the costs and responsibilities of raising children. But the allowance of income splitting for husband and wife clearly does not differentiate between taxpayers in this respect since the tax benefit is the same whether or not there are children. Nor does the extension of splitting to children give the correct answer, since the benefits depend on the rate of graduation as well as on family size.
The source of the difficulty in the income-splitting approach is that differentiation of family size is made through the rate structure rather than through the personal exemptions. It would be possible to differentiate among taxpayer units by varying the personal exemptions to take account not only of the number of persons in the unit but also of the size of income, with both a minimum and maximum. If this is unacceptable, the only alternative—other than income splitting which produces anomalous results—is to vary tax rates by marital status and family size, as a number of countries have already done.
Personal deductions. In principle, the use made of a given income should have no bearing on the amount of tax to be paid out of that income. In practice, some allowances are made almost everywhere for selected items of consumption or saving. These deductions may be divided into three major types: (1) those that provide supplement to the personal exemption; (2) those that subsidize particular activities or expenditures; and (3) those that improve coordination of Federal income taxes with state or provincial and local taxes, where they exist.
A strong case can be made for allowing some deductions for large, unusual, and necessary expenditures when the personal exemptions are low. Deductions for medical expenses are the best example of this type of expenditure. They are often involuntary, unpredictable, and may exhaust a large proportion of the taxpayer’s income. Expenditures for noninsured losses due to theft, fire, accident, or other casualties are of a similar nature. In keeping with the purpose of this type of deduction, it should be limited to an amount in excess of some percentage of income, which would be high enough to exclude all but extraordinary expenditures for these purposes.
Subsidy-type deductions are most common for contributions to charitable, religious, educational, and other nonprofit organizations. In many countries heavy reliance is placed on philanthropic institutions to supplement governmental activities and in some cases to provide services which governmental units do not perform. It may be argued that private philanthropy should not be encouraged at the expense of government funds. However, few people subscribe to this view because the activities of these organizations, with rare exceptions, are considered desirable and useful.
Subsidy-type deductions are also allowed in some countries for selected items of personal saving. Great Britain has permitted the deduction of a portion of life insurance premiums since the beginning of the income tax. West Germany allows deductions for personal insurance and for deposits in building and savings associations. A number of countries have recently enacted limited deductions for amounts set aside in annuities or retirement plans by self-employed persons and employees not eligible for company pension plans. The major motivation for these deductions appears to be to promote saving, but more particularly to encourage adequate provision for retirement and for catastrophic events that entail large outlays or loss of income. The deductions for personal contributions to retirement plans are also intended to remove the discrimination resulting from the exclusion usually granted to employer contributions to employee pension plans. The growth of allowances for particular types of saving has made substantial inroads into the philosophy of income taxation; in fact, these policies constitute a substantial movement toward the expenditure tax approach.
Suggestions have been made in recent years that the tax laws should permit a deduction for the cost of higher education. These suggestions reflect the importance of higher education for economic growth and the increased costs of a college education. On the one hand, a deduction allowed to parents would give the largest benefits to the highest income classes and would therefore be inequitable. On the other hand, some portion of expenditures for higher education is an investment which is not recognized for tax purposes as an expense of earning income. The appropriate treatment would be to regard the outlay by a parent as a gift to his child and to permit the child to write off a portion of this outlay over his earning career for, say, twenty years. However, there is no basis for estimating the proportion of educational outlays allocatable to investment, and the problems of administration and compliance would be substantial. [See Capital, Human.]
Deductions for income taxes paid to overlapping governmental units are required to prevent confiscation if one or more levels of government employ high rates in the upper end of the income scale. Where the rates are moderate, it is quite appropriate to levy two taxes on the same base without coordination. However, it may be desirable to permit deductions even if the rates are not confiscatory as a device to moderate interstate differentials. For example, with a Federal rate of 70 per cent and without deductibility of state taxes, the combined tax on residents of two states with rates of 5 and 10 per cent would be 75 and 80 per cent, respectively. By permitting taxpayers to deduct the state tax on their Federal returns, the combined rates are reduced to 71.5 and 73 per cent. (If the states also permit a deduction for Federal taxes, the combined rates are further reduced to 70.5 and 71 per cent. This type of mutual deductibility is unnecessary for coordination purposes, since the coordination achieved through single deductibility is quite adequate.)
A deduction for income taxes paid to state and local governments may be a practical necessity in a Federal system, but the same justification does not hold for state and local sales, excise, and property taxes. The latter deductions defeat the purposes of taxes levied to obtain payments from taxpayers for benefits received from state and local governments and reduce the progressivity of the combined tax system.
In the United States, where personal deductions have proliferated more than in any other country except perhaps West Germany, taxpayers are granted a “standard” deduction, in lieu of the itemized deductions, of up to 10 per cent of income (with a maximum of $500 on separate returns of married persons and $1,000 on all other returns). This device was adopted in 1944 for simplification reasons, in recognition of the fact that most personal deductions are small and few taxpayers keep adequate records to support them. To an important degree, the standard deduction violates the rationale of the itemized deduction; it reduces differentiation in tax liabilities while the itemized deductions are intended to introduce such differences for the purposes selected. The existence of both a standard deduction and itemized deductions suggests that there is some ambivalence toward many of the personal deductions in the United States income tax structure.
On balance, equity would be better served by avoiding erosion of the tax base through the use of numerous costly personal deductions. This should not preclude the adoption of a restricted list of deductions for unusually large and extraordinary expenditures to prevent hardships. Subsidy-type deductions are appropriate only if they promote a significant national objective and if the deduction route is the most efficient and equitable method of achieving that objective.
Capital gains and losses . As already indicated, an economic definition of income would include capital gains in full on an accrual basis. This method is impractical for three reasons: (1) valuations of many types of property cannot be estimated with sufficient accuracy to provide a basis for taxation; (2) most people would regard it as inequitable to pay tax unless income has actually been realized; and (3) taxation of accruals might force liquidation of assets to discharge tax liabilities. Thus, where capital gains are taxable, they are included in income only when realized.
Few countries tax the capital gains of individuals, but the United States has done so since the beginning of its income tax. Realized capital gains were originally taxed as ordinary incomes, but they have been subject to preferentially low rates since 1921. The provisions applying to such gains changed frequently during the 1920s and 1930s but were stabilized beginning in 1942. In general, capital gains on assets held for periods longer than six months are subject to half the rates on ordinary income, up to a maximum of 25 per cent.
The treatment of capital gains is likely to be a compromise among conflicting objectives. From the standpoint of equity, it is well established that capital gains should be taken into account in determining personal tax liability. Moreover, low rates or exemption of capital gains encourage the conversion of ordinary income into capital gains by devices that distort patterns of investment and discredit income taxation. On the other hand, the bunching of capital gains in the year of realization requires some provision to moderate the impact of graduation. On economic grounds full taxation of capital gains is resisted because it is believed that it would have a substantial “locking-in” effect on investors and reduce the mobility of capital. It is also argued that preferential treatment of capital gains helps to stimulate a higher rate of economic growth by increasing the attractiveness of investment generally and of risky investments in particular.
The “bunching” problem can be handled by prorating capital gains over the length of time the asset was held or by adopting a general averaging system applying to other types of income as well as to capital gains. However, unless the marginal rates were fairly low, the tax might still discourage the transfer of assets. Part of the difficulty is that adherence to the realization principle permits capital gains to be transferred tax-free either as a gift or at death. The solution to this problem is to treat capital gains as if they were constructively realized as a gift or at death, with an averaging provision to spread the gains over a period of years. Great Britain adopted the constructive realization principle when it added a capital gains tax to its tax structure. Under such a system the only advantage taxpayers have from postponing the realization of capital gains is the accumulation of interest on tax postponed. Unless the assets are held for many years, this advantage is small as compared to the advantage of the tax exemption accorded to the gains transferred at death; in any event, the interest on the tax postponed is subject to income tax when the assets are transferred. Under the circumstances, the incentive to hold gains indefinitely for tax considerations alone is very greatly reduced.
Capital losses are no easier to handle than capital gains. In principle, capital losses should be deductible in full either against capital gains or ordinary income. However, when gains and losses are recognized only upon realization, taxpayers can easily time their sales so as to take losses promptly when they occur and to postpone the realization of gains. There is no effective method of avoiding this asymmetry under any system of taxation applying to realized gains and losses. In the United States, capital losses of individuals may be offset against capital gains plus $1,000 of ordinary income in the year of realization and in subsequent years for an indefinite time period. This restrictive policy is perhaps most harmful to small investors, who are less likely than those in the higher brackets to have gains against which to offset their losses. The only solution to this problem is a pragmatic one which would be as liberal as possible for the small investor without opening the door to widespread abuse and large revenue losses.
Relation to the corporate income tax. Unless corporate incomes were subject to tax, individuals could avoid the personal tax by accumulating income in corporations. Short of an annual allocation of corporate incomes on a prorata basis—a method which is excellent in theory but not in practice—the equity and revenue potential of the personal income tax can be protected only by a separate tax on corporate incomes. However, the existence of two separate taxes on the same income creates a difficult equity problem. Concern over the “double taxation” of dividends is evident in the various devices used in different countries to alleviate its alleged discriminatory effects.
On the assumption that all or a significant portion of the corporate income tax rests on the stockholder, the effect of double taxation is to impose the heaviest burden on dividends received by stockholders with the lowest incomes. Assume a corporate income tax of 50 per cent and suppose a corporation pays out $50 in dividends. The corporate income before tax from which these dividends were paid amounted to $100. If this $100 had been subject to personal income tax rates only, the nontaxable individual would have paid no tax on it; the additional burden of the corporate income tax in this case is the full $50 corporate tax. By contrast, a stockholder subject to an eighty per cent rate pays a personal income tax of $40 on the dividend, and the total tax burden on the original $100 of corporate earnings is $90. But since he would pay $80 under the personal income tax in any case, the additional burden on him is only $10.
The simplest and most effective method of dealing with this problem would be to permit corporations to deduct all or a portion of their dividends in computing taxable income. This method would apply the regular corporate tax rate to undistributed profits and would reduce or eliminate the corporate tax on distributed earnings. It would also have two additional advantages: first, dividend and interest payments would be treated more nearly alike, thus reducing the discrimination against equity financing by corporations; second, the same proportion of the corporate income tax on distributed income would be eliminated for all taxpayers regardless of their personal income tax status.
Despite these advantages, undistributed profits taxation is not used widely. The United States experimented with it in the 1930s, but the experiment created a great deal of resentment (possibly because the differentiation between distributed and undistributed profits was made by the imposition of a penalty tax on the latter rather than by allowing a deduction for dividends). The major drawback of undistributed profits taxation is that it discourages internal financing by corporations and thus may reduce saving and investment. On the other hand, some believe it is unwise as a matter of policy to permit corporations to avoid the capital markets for financing their investment programs.
If dividend relief is given at the individual level, there are three possibilities. The first is the “withholding” method, under which all or a portion of the corporate tax is regarded as having been paid at the source by the stockholder. The taxpayer includes the tax paid at the source in his income and then receives a tax credit for that amount. This method was used in Great Britain from the enactment of the 1803 income tax until 1965. Tax burdens of shareholders on distributed corporate income are the same as the burdens under the undistributed profits tax approach.
The second alternative is to permit the taxpayer to exclude some or all of his dividends from his tax return, and the third is to permit him to take a credit against his final tax liability computed at a flat percentage of the amount of dividends he receives. The United States exempts the first $100 of dividends; and Canada uses the dividend-credit approach exclusively at a rate of 20 per cent. Great Britain now makes no special allowance for dividends.
Neither the exclusion nor the credit can be regarded as a satisfactory method of removing double taxation, since neither can remove the same proportion of the excess taxation of dividends throughout the income scale. In contrast, the undistributed profits approach and the withholding method remove the same proportion at all income levels.
The desirability of doing something about the double taxation of dividends is still in dispute. First, corporations are viable economic units with characteristics and behavior patterns that have very little relationship to the income and other characteristics of their stockholders. Moreover, stockholders in large, publicly held corporations have only indirect and remote influence on management policies. On these grounds, many experts believe that a modern tax system would be incomplete without a separate tax on corporate enterprises. Second, the argument for moderating or removing the double taxation of dividends assumes that the corporate tax rests on the corporation and, ultimately, the stockholder. If the corporate income tax is shifted forward in the form of higher prices (or backward in the form of lower wages), the case for integration collapses. In the present state of knowledge, the incidence of the corporation income tax is not clear.
If integration of the corporate and personal income taxes were considered appropriate, some solution of the capital gains problem would be an essential first step. Under a system of full taxation of capital gains, including constructive realization at death, generous provision might well be made for alleviating the double tax on distributed profits. Where capital gains are either not taxed at all or are taxed at very low rates, the case for integration is weak. No country has yet resolved all of these problems satisfactorily.
Fluctuating incomes . The use of an annual accounting period combined with progressive rates results in a heavier tax burden on fluctuating incomes than on an equal amount of income distributed evenly over the years. This type of discrimination is hard to defend on equity or economic grounds. Taxpayers do not and cannot arrange their business and personal affairs to conform with the calendar. Annual income fluctuations are frequently beyond the control of the taxpayer, yet he is taxed as if 12 months were a suitable horizon for decision making. In addition, in the absence of averaging, there are great pressures for moderating the impact of the graduated rates on fluctuating incomes by lowering the rates applicable to them. Reduced rates on capital gains are often justified on this basis, although the reductions more than compensate for the absence of averaging.
There may also be a connection between the treatment of fluctuating incomes and incentives to take risk. Even with generous provisions for offsetting losses against gains, business incomes are taxed more heavily than other incomes under a progressive, annual income tax because (a) they fluctuate more than other incomes and (£>) the losses do not come off the top of the taxpayer’s income during the loss-offset period and are therefore not credited at the maximum rate. On the assumption that there is a correlation between income variability and risk, a tax system using a one-year accounting period is more burdensome on venturesome than on safe investments and thus is more discouraging to risk taking than a tax system having a longer accounting period.
Experience with general-averaging systems has been disappointing, largely because the methods used have been based on a variant of the moving average. This requires large tax payments when incomes fall below the average and small payments when they rise above it. Taxpayers properly regard such an arrangement as highly inequitable. It is now known that the payment problem may be solved by making the averaging adjustment in the form of a refund. For example, taxpayers might be permitted to average their incomes once every five years and to receive a refund (or credit) for any amount of tax actually paid in excess of 105 or 110 per cent of the tax on the average income during the averaging period. The United States adopted a variant of this method in 1964, allowing individuals to average their incomes over a five-year period where the income in the current year exceeds the average of the four prior years by more than a third and this excess is more than $3,000.
Many averaging systems, varying from cumulative lifetime averaging for every taxpayer to averaging over fairly short periods for specific types of volatile incomes, have been explored in the literature. All averaging proposals would create problems of compliance and administration and might involve substantial revenue losses, particularly if applied to the mass of taxpayers. With the advent of electronic machines, it will be possible to solve most of the administrative problems, but the revenue implications may remain serious.
The personal income tax is still in the process of development. Methods of differentiating tax liabilities of single persons and families of different size are unsatisfactory. There is increasing recognition that capital gains and losses should enter the tax base, but the equity, economic, and administrative objectives of capital gains taxation are difficult to reconcile. The appropriate relationship between the personal and the corporate income tax continues to be disputed. Little progress has been made to alleviate the excessive burden of the income tax on fluctuating income. Finally, the concept of income subject to tax departs considerably in most countries from an economic definition of income, and too many special allowances are made for specific sources and uses of income.
Despite all of these problems, the personal income tax is the best tax yet devised, and it will continue to be an indispensable and significant element of all modern tax systems for the indefinite future.
Joseph A. Pechman
Barlow, Robin; Brazer, Harvey E.; and Morgan, James N. 1966 Economic Behavior of the Affluent. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Butters, J. Keith;
Thompson, L. E.; and Bollinger, L. L. 1953 Effects of Taxation: Investments by Individuals. Boston: Harvard Univ., Graduate School of Business Admininstration, Division of Research.
Canada, Royal Commission ON Taxation 1966 Report. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer.
Goode, Richard B. 1951 The Corporation Income Tax. New York: Wiley.
Goode, Richard B. 1964 The Individual Income Tax. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Great Britain, Royal Commission ON THE Income Tax 1920 Report. Papers by Command, Cmd. 615. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
Kahn, C. Harry 1960 Personal Deductions in the Federal Income Tax. National Bureau of Economic Research, Fiscal Studies, No. 6. Princeton Univ. Press.
Kaldor, Nicholas 1955 An Expenditure Tax. London: Allen & Unwin.
Kalven, Harry; and Blum, Walter J. (1952) 1953 The Uneasy Case for Progressive Taxation. Univ. of Chicago Press. → First published in Volume 19 of the University of Chicago Law Review.
Lewis, Wilfred 1962 Federal Fiscal Policy in the Postwar Recessions. National Committee on Government Finance, Studies in Government Finance. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Musgrave, Richard A. 1959 The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Pechman, Joseph A. 1957 Erosion of the Individual Income Tax. National Tax Journal 10, March: 1-25.
Pigou, A. C. (1928) 1956 A Study in Public Finance. 3d ed., rev. London: Macmillan; New York: St. Martins.
Seligman, Edwin R. A. (1911) 1921 The Income Tax: A Study of the History, Theory and Practice of Income Taxation at Home and Abroad. 2d ed. New York: Macmillan.
Seltzer, Lawrence H. 1951 The Nature and Tax Treatment of Capital Gains and Losses. National Bureau of Economic Research, Fiscal Studies, No. 3. New York: The Bureau.
Shehab, F. 1953 Progressive Taxation: A Study in the Development of the Progressive Principle in the British Income Tax. Oxford: Clarendon.
Simons, Henry C. 1938 Personal Income Taxation: The Definition of Income as a Problem of Fiscal Policy. Univ. of Chicago Press.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee ON Ways AND Means 1959 Tax Revision Compendium. 3 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Vickrey, William S. 1947 Agenda for Progressive Taxation. New York: Ronald Press.
III. CORPORATION INCOME TAXES
The taxation of the income of corporations has come to be one of the major sources of fiscal revenue in most countries. According to the 1965 Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics of the United Nations, corporation tax receipts in 1962 equaled or exceeded 2 per cent of the national income in 32 countries, and represented 10 per cent or more of current government receipts in 19 countries. Of the major countries, Japan places the heaviest reliance upon the corporation income tax, receipts from this tax accounting for 22 per cent of current revenues and amounting to 6 per cent of the national income. Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Republic of South Africa, and the United States all collect more than 15 per cent of their current revenues from this source, the amounts in each case representing more than 5 per cent of national income. In western Europe corporation income taxes typically represent 3-4 per cent of national income and 6-10 per cent of current government revenues. The corporation income tax tends to be less important, relative to national income and government revenues, in the developing countries than in the more advanced economies; but this is due mainly to the fact that the corporate sector itself is less important, rather than to a failure of the developing countries to levy the tax at all or to a tendency on their part to impose the tax at significantly lower rates than those applied by the more advanced countries.
This widespread and heavy reliance on the corporation income tax testifies to its administrative feasibility and political popularity. It is highly feasible administratively because the laws under which corporations are established generally require the maintenance of accounts on a standardized basis; thus the enforcement of the tax reduces to the problem of requiring honest and accurate accounts and of resolving a series of technical issues, such as the determination of which expenditures may be expensed and which must be capitalized, and the setting of allowable rates of depreciation for specific classes of assets. These problems have been handled in most countries by administrative decrees or regulations issued by the tax-collecting authority itself, operating under broad guidelines set out in the tax legislation.
The political appeal of the corporation income tax has two roots. First, the tax obviously conforms to popular conceptions of ability to pay, since the man in the street tends to view corporations as wealthy entities themselves and as being owned predominantly by wealthy stockholders. But second, and in many ways equally important as a source of political appeal, is the fact that the corporation income tax, by definition, cannot be a source of loss to a corporation. Those corporations which have no net income pay no corporation income tax; only “profitable” companies are required to bear this levy. By contrast, other forms of business taxation can themselves be responsible for converting what would otherwise be a net profit situation into one of net loss. Hence, even within the world of business, companies in a marginal or precarious financial situation are likely to prefer the taxation of corporate net income to other forms of business taxation, and the strong opponents of corporate income taxation are likely to be the more profitable companies with the most “ability to pay.”
The administrative and political advantages of the corporation income tax do not, however, imply that it is a good tax from the economic point of view. Quite to the contrary, it is readily demonstrable that, of the major revenue sources, this tax is one of the least justifiable on economic grounds. It entails an essentially arbitrary discrimination among industries or activities, it tends to inhibit the growth of the more dynamic sectors of the economy, and it probably causes a reduction in the over-all rate of capital formation.
Efficiency effects
All the discriminatory features of the corporation income tax stem from the fact that corporate net income is the tax base. By the definition of the tax, all unincorporated activities are exempt; and even within the corporate sector of the economy, the tax falls more heavily on activities with low ratios of debt to equity (because interest on debt is a deductible expense). The consequence of these discriminations is a distortion of the economic structure, favoring noncorporate over corporate activities and, within the corporate sector, a distortion favoring those activities which can readily be financed in large measure by debt capital over those which cannot. The tax may also discriminate within the corporate sector against capital-intensive activities and favor labor-intensive activities, but the existence of this effect depends on the incidence of the tax; it may be present but need not be.
The basis for these assertions is the fact that in all economies in the modern world there is a tendency toward the equalization of the rates of return that investors receive on capital in different industries or activities. This tendency can be frustrated by restrictions on the entry of capital into given areas, can be blunted by imperfect information, can be modified by considerations of difierential risk or convenience among different investment outlets, and can be obscured by random year-to-year variations in earnings—but it is always present. Stigler (1963, p. 23) found, for example, that whereas the mean rate of return (after taxes) on invested capital in U.S. manufacturing industries averaged 7.6 per cent in 1947-1954, the standard deviation of the rates of return by two-digit industries (about this mean) was only 1.6 per cent. Moreover, he found no significant evidence of a. risk premium (either positive or negative) when he related observed average rates of return in individual industries to the standard deviation of each industry’s rate of return. Stigler’s results accord well with what one would expect a priori from a reasonably well-functioning capital market. If higher-than-average rates of return to capital exist and persist in a given activity, then one would expect investment in that activity to increase and so drive down the rate of return; if lower-than-average rates of return prevail, one would expect investment to fall off, inducing an increase in the rate of return.
The following analysis will, accordingly, be based on a tendency toward equalization of aftertax rates of return to capital in different investment uses. Given this tendency, it is clear that the corporation income tax will produce an equilibrium pattern of net rates of return among industries only through its differential impact’s being reflected in differential gross rates of return. Thus, assuming that the net-of-tax rate of return on equity would, in a given capital-market situation, tend to stabilize at 6 per cent, and assuming that the rate of return to capital in the noncorporate sector and the rate of interest on debt would also tend to stabilize at 6 per cent, we have the following possible pattern of rates of return on capital, gross of a corporation income tax at a rate of 50 per cent:
Noncorporate Industry
Corporate Industry C: 100% equity
12%
The differentials in gross rates of return on capital induced by the corporation income tax have two kinds of effects: first, they are reflected in product prices and, consequently, in the levels of output of particular activities; second, they confront the different activities with different relative costs of labor and capital and, hence, induce decisions concerning the relative intensity of use of these resources which are uneconomic from the standpoint of the economy as a whole. For example, the net annual cost of $100,000 of capital, for a year, to Noncorporate Industry (see above), would be $6,000, while that to Corporate Industry C would be $12,000. If labor of a given class is paid $6,000 per year, Noncorporate Industry is induced to operate at a point where the marginal $100,000 of capital produces a yield equivalent to the marginal product of one man-year of labor, while Corporate Industry C will tend to operate at a point where $100,000 of capital will have a yield equivalent to the marginal product of two man-years of labor. Clearly, economic efficiency could be improved by a tax system which took an equal fraction of the income generated by capital in all lines of activity, regardless of whether they were corporate in structure or not, and regardless of their degree of access to debt financing.
Effect of other taxation . The foregoing sketch of the efficiency-effects of the corporation income tax implicitly viewed the tax as the only levy in the tax system that affected gross-of-tax rates of return differently in different activities. Actually, there are a variety of taxes and tax provisions in most countries which have such effects, and it is important in any analysis of real-world tax systems to consider the combined effect of all such provisions rather than attempt artificially to isolate one tax, such as the corporation income tax, from the overall structure of which it is a part.
Property taxes, for example, are often levied at different effective rates on real property of different types. More important, property taxes often are levied only on land and buildings. Thus machines, inventories, and such may escape the property tax; and corporate capital, in which machines and inventories play a larger role than in noncorporate capital, will then pay relatively less through property taxation than noncorporate capital. In this way the property tax may tend to offset somewhat the discrimination against the corporate sector that is implicit in the corporation income tax.
Similarly, in countries like the United States, where capital gains are taxed at rates lower than normal personal income tax rates, or in countries with no capital gains taxation at all, the effects of corporate income taxation as such are likely to be offset to some extent by the favored treatment of capital gains. This is so because the earnings of capital in unincorporated enterprises are taxed under the personal income tax as they are earned, at full personal income tax rates, while the personal income tax strikes only that portion of corporate earnings paid out in dividends at the full rate. Let D be the proportion of earnings paid out in dividends, tc be the corporate tax rate, t,, the personal tax rate, and t, be the effective rate of tax on capital gains. Then $1 of corporate earnings will pay a total personal-plus-corporate tax bill equal to
tc+ (l-tc)Dtp + (1 -tc)(l -D)tg.
This can turn out to be lower than tf, the total income tax paid on $1 of income of an unincorporated enterprise, provided that the rate of tax applicable to a marginal dollar of personal income is sufficiently higher than the corporate tax rate.
For example, assume that an individual is in the 70 per cent bracket of the personal income tax and is contemplating investing some savings in either a specific corporation, C, or a specific unincorporated enterprise, 17. Suppose that both investments are expected to have a gross-of-tax yield of 20 per cent. The net-of-tax return from the investment in U will be 6 per cent, while that from the investment in C will depend on tc, D, and t,,. Suppose tc is 40 per cent, D is 331/2 per cent, and t, is 15 per cent. Then, of $20 of earnings in C, $8 will be paid in corporation tax, and $2.80 in personal tax on dividends of $4. If the corporation’s savings of $8 out of earnings of $20 ultimately are fully reflected in capital gains, and if these are taxed at an effective rate of 15 per cent, then $1.20 will be paid in capital gains taxes. The total tax on $20 of income will be $12, and the net-of-tax rate of return from the investment in C will be 8 per cent—higher by 2 points than that on the investment in U.
Obviously, the effective rate of corporate-cum-personal tax on an investment will vary from individual to individual (depending on their marginal tax rates) and from corporation to corporation (depending on their dividend policies and on the degree to which their corporate savings are reflected in capital gains). Moreover, the effective rate of tax on capital gains will itself vary from situation to situation, since individuals can postpone realization of capital gains, thus postponing payment of capital gains tax and shrinking the present value of the tax paid on capital gains account. For example, if a share bought for $100 today rises in value at 8 per cent per year, capital gains tax payable upon sale r years in the future will be tg*[(1.08)n - 1], where tg* is the nominal rate of tax on capital gains, but the present value of this tax (evaluated at 8 per cent) will be tg*[l — (1/1.08)”]. This is what was meant above by the effective rate of tax on capital gains. It is clearly, from this example, a decreasing function of the length of time that the stock is held. In the United States, the effective rate of capital gains tax can in fact be zero, since assets held until the death of the owner pass to his heirs, who in turn are taxed only on increases in value that take place after they have inherited the property.
While the property tax and capital gains provisions tend somewhat to offset the distorting effects of the corporation income tax, the traditional treatment of income from owner-occupied housing works to reinforce the distortions implicit in the corporation income tax. Obviously, owner-occupied housing generates income in real terms, but traditionally this income has not been a part of the personal income tax base. As a consequence, this important part of the income generated by capital in the unincorporated sector of the economy pays neither corporate nor personal income tax, while the income generated in the corporate sector is subject to both.
Empirical estimation . Harberger (see Krzy-zaniak 1966) has attempted to derive rough estimates of the cost to the U.S. economy of the pattern of distortions created by the differential taxation of capital in different uses. He incorporates into a single model, which distinguishes between the corporate sector and the noncorporate sector, the effects of corporate income taxation, property taxation, capital gains taxation, and the exemption from personal income taxation of the imputed income from owner-occupied housing. Making conservative assumptions about the elasticities of response of the economy to the various distortions involved, Harberger estimates the “efficiency cost” of the U.S. pattern of taxation of income from capital at approximately $2 billion per year. This estimate concerns only the costs associated with the misallocation of a given capital stock, costs which would be zero if all income from capital were to be taxed at a given constant rate. It does not take into account the possible effects of the taxation of income from capital upon the size of the capital stock itself (through the influence of taxation on the rate of saving), nor does it fully incorporate the effects of various special provisions (e.g., percentage depletion) affecting specific industries. Hence, it is a conservative estimate in this respect as well.
Incidence
The incidence of the corporation income tax has long been the subject of debate among economists, a state of affairs which is likely to continue for some time. Underlying this debate are some genuine differences, both analytical (reflecting different assumptions about the behavior of firms) and empirical (reflecting differing views about, for example, the quantitative response of saving to the disturbances engendered by the imposition of the tax). However, expositions of the effects of the corporation income tax at times contain serious conceptual and analytical errors which should long since have been laid to rest.
Perhaps the main source of confusion has been the conception of the incidence of the tax as falling either (a) on stockholders, or (b) on consumers, or (c) on workers, or on some combination of these three. There are three errors involved in this traditional trichotomy. The first has to do with the use of the term “stockholders” rather than “owners of capital”; the second relates to the distinction between consumers and workers; and the third concerns the assumption, which is usually implicit when the trichotomy is stated, that none of the three groups will gain as a consequence of the tax.
The distinction between stockholders and owners of capital. The idea that the burden of the corporation income tax will fall on the stockholders of the affected corporations is a valid one within the confines of standard short-run equilibrium analysis. This is because in the short run, with the capital of each corporation considered as a fixed factor of production, the earnings of equity capital represent the residual share. This residual share is assumed, in traditional short-run models of competitive and of monopolistic behavior, to be maximized by the firm. So long as the demand and cost conditions facing the firm are unchanged— the conventional assumption—the output which generated maximum profit before the tax was imposed will also yield maximum profit in the presence of the tax.
Although the above analysis is correct for the short run, a major change occurs when longer-run adjustments are allowed for. Here the appropriate assumption is that the after-tax rate of return is equalized between the corporate and the noncorporate sectors. Any fall in the rate of return perceived by the owners of shares will therefore also be perceived by the holders of other kinds of titles to capital, and the isolation of stockholders as the relevant group when assessing the incidence of the tax is no longer correct. The relevant group becomes owners of capital, once attention is focused on the longer-run incidence of the tax.
The distinction between consumers and workers. Once the above is recognized, the error implicit in the distinction between consumers and workers becomes apparent. Since all income-earners in the community are owners of either labor or capital resources or both, the reduction in real income implicit in the tax must reflect the sum of the reductions in the real incomes of these two groups. That is to say, a distribution of the burden of the tax between people in their role as owners of capital, on the one hand, and people in their role as sellers of labor services, on the other, is exhaustive, leaving no room for an additional burden to be borne by consumers.
This is not to say that, within each group, different individuals will not bear different burdens because of differences in their consumption patterns. In general, those, whether capitalists or workers, who consume a greater-than-average proportion of “corporate” products as against “noncorporate” products will be relatively harder hit as a consequence of the tax than those who have the opposite bias in their consumption pattern. But the extra benefits accruing to those consumers with relatively “noncorporate” consumption patterns must, because of the deviations of these patterns from the average, exactly offset the extra burden borne by those with relatively “corporate” consumption patterns. (This statement is precisely correct if only the first-order effects of the change in tax regime are taken into account. When second-order effects are considered, there emerges an “excess burden” of the tax, deriving from the distortion of consumption patterns and resource allocation which results from the tax. Excess burden, however, is conventionally left out of account in discussions of incidence, for otherwise the sum of all burdens allocated would exceed the yield of the tax; that is, incidence is conventionally defined as dealing only with first-order effects.)
There is, nevertheless, a way in which sense can be made out of a statement like “The tax is wholly passed on to consumers.” For if analysis reveals that the real incomes accruing to labor and capital fall by equal percentages as a result of the tax, then it is equally convenient to describe the tax as being borne fully by people in their role as consumers. And if labor’s real income falls by 10 per cent as á consequence of the tax, while capital’s falls by 20 per cent, it is just as convenient to regard the tax burden as being a 10 per cent reduction of the real income of consumers as such (the percentage point fall common to the two groups), plus an additional 10 per cent reduction falling upon the owners of capital. But if this approach is taken, there is no burden to be allocated to labor in the example just cited, just as there would be none to allocate to capital if its real income fell by 10 per cent and labor’s by 20 per cent. Thus the idea of a three-way division of the burden remains illogical even when a plausible device is found for ascribing some of it to consumers.
The “no-gain” fallacy. The third error involved in typical presentations of the trichotomy—the implicit assumption that no group will gain as a consequence of the imposition of a corporation income tax—is perhaps the most serious of all, since it leads to a gross misapprehension of the nature of its incidence. It is not at all true that the share of the total burden of the tax which falls on capital must lie between zero and 100 per cent; a much more plausible range for capital’s share runs from a.* to l/bc (where ak is the proportion of the national income accruing to capital and bc is the fraction of the capital stock which is occupied in the corporate sector), though even this range can easily be exceeded.
To demonstrate the plausibility of the suggested range, assume that, with fixed and fully employed stocks of labor and of capital and holding the wage rate constant as the numeraire, the net-of-tax return to capital remains unchanged as a consequence of the tax. The nominal income of both labor and capital is therefore unchanged, but the real income of both groups falls because the prices of products of the corporate sector must rise to accommodate the tax. Labor and capital must therefore suffer equiproportionally as a consequence of the tax, capital’s fraction of the total burden being a,e, its share in the national income.
The other end of the range is generated when the gross-of-tax rate of return to capital remains unchanged as a consequence of the tax. The net-of-tax rate of return must therefore fall by the percentage rate of the tax imposed. But the equilibrium condition for the capital market assures that if the net-of-tax rate of return falls by this percentage in the corporate sector, it must fall by the same percentage in the noncorporate sector. Since the fall in the return to capital in the corporate sector just reflects the tax paid, the parallel fall in the noncorporate sector reflects that capital is bearing more than the full burden of the tax, the ratio of capital’s loss to the full burden of the tax being the ratio of total capital to corporate capital, or l/bc In this case, therefore, labor gains an amount equal to the reduction in real income per unit of capital times the amount of capital in the noncorporate sector.
The “plausible limits” just outlined can be derived from a two-sector model with homogeneous (of first degree) production functions, on the assumption that the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is infinite in one sector or the other. If this elasticity is infinite in the untaxed (noncorporate) sector, then so long as some production takes place in that sector in the post-tax equilibrium, the relationship between the return to a unit of capital and the wage received by a unit of labor must be the same as in the pretax equilibrium. Capital and labor therefore must bear the same percentage losses of real income as a result of the tax. When, on the other hand, the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is infinite in the corporate sector, the post-tax gross-of-tax return per unit of capital must bear the same relationship to the wage of labor as prevailed before the tax was imposed. Hence the net-of-tax return per unit of capital must fall, in both sectors, relative to the wage of labor, by the percentage of the tax, and capital must accordingly bear (l/bc) times the full burden of the tax.
Strikingly, these same “plausible limits” come into play when the elasticity of substitution is zero in one of the two sectors and non-zero in the other. When the corporate sector has a zero elasticity of substitution between labor and capital, the reduction in its output resulting from the tax leads to the ejection of labor and capital from that sector in the fixed proportions given by its technical coefficients of production. Suppose that the corporate sector uses labor and capital in the ratio of 1:2; as it contracts, it must therefore eject the factors in these proportions. If, now, the noncorporate sector was, in the pretax equilibrium, using the two factors in just these proportions, it will be able to absorb the “rejects” from the corporate sector without any change in relative factor prices. And since factor prices in the noncorporate sector are already net-of-tax, this means that both factors must suffer in the same proportion as a consequence of the tax, just as in the case of an infinite elasticity of substitution in the noncorporate sector.
The above result occurs when labor and capital were initially used in the same proportions in the two sectors, and it must be modified when the initial proportions differ. If the corporate sector ejects labor and capital in the ratio of 1:2, while the noncorporate sector was initially using them in the ratio 1:1, the noncorporate sector (which is assumed to have a non-zero elasticity of substitution) must alter its factor proportions so as to absorb relatively more capital. Capital’s return must therefore fall relative to labor’s, in order for equilibrium to be restored; and capital will bear more than the fraction ak of the total burden of the tax. Conversely, if the noncorporate sector were initially more capital-intensive than the corporate sector, using the factors, say, in the proportions 1:3, the relative price of labor would have to fall so as to enable this sector to absorb the “rejects” from the corporate sector; and capital would end up bearing less than a* of the total burden of the tax.
Thus, when the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is zero in the corporate sector, capital will bear the fraction a/, of the total burden if the two sectors have equal factor intensities; will bear more than ak when the corporate sector is the more capital-intensive of the two; and will bear less than a/, when the corporate sector is the more labor-intensive of the two. Exactly how much more or less than ak capital will bear depends upon the extent of the difference in factor proportions between the two industries, on the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital in the noncorporate sector (which determines the ease with which it can absorb new factors in proportions different from those initially used), and on the elasticity of substitution on the demand side between corporate products and noncorporate products (the greater this elasticity, the sharper the decline in demand for corporate products as a consequence of the tax, the larger the ejection of resources by this industry, and therefore the greater the shift in relative factor prices required to restore equilibrium).
When, on the other hand, the elasticity of substitution between labor and capital is zero in the untaxed industry and non-zero in the taxed industry, capital tends to bear more than the full burden of the tax. In this case, when the initial factor proportions are the same in both industries, the fixity of proportions in the untaxed industry assures that they will remain the same even after the tax has worked out its full effects. The relative returns to labor and capital, being governed in this case by the proportions in which the factors are used in the taxed industry, will remain the same, gross-of-tax, as they were in the pretax equilibrium. Capital’s return net-of-tax will fall by the amount of the tax, but, as in the case of infinite elasticity of substitution in the taxed industry, the reduction will occur for capital used in either industry. The total reduction in capital’s earnings will be (l/bc) times the yield of the tax, reflecting a very substantial “overbearing” of the tax by owners of capital and a corresponding net gain to those whose income accrues principally from the sale of labor services.
The above result (for a zero elasticity of substitution in the untaxed industry) is modified when the initial factor proportions are different in the two sectors. If the corporate sector is initially more labor-intensive than the noncorporate sector, the ejection of capital and labor resources in the proportions in which the latter sector will absorb them will make the corporate sector still more labor-intensive. A readjustment of factor prices against labor and in favor of capital will have to occur, and capital will end up bearing less than (l/bc) times the observed yield of the tax. Conversely, if the corporate sector is initially more capital-intensive than the noncorporate sector, and has a zero elasticity of substitution, factor proportions will have to alter to make the corporate sector still more capital-intensive, requiring a shift of the gross-of-tax ratio of factor prices against capital. Capital will then bear more than (l/fcc) times the observed yield of the tax.
When capital bears 100 per cent of the burden. Falling well within the “plausible limits” of incidence defined by ak and l/bc is the case in which capital bears 100 per cent of the burden of the tax. This result therefore cannot be regarded as being an extreme outcome, as the conventional use of the capital-labor-consumer trichotomy implies. Added insight into the plausibility of capital’s bearing the full burden of the tax can be gained from an analysis of the case in which each industry is characterized by a Cobb—Douglas production function and in which the elasticity of substitution in demand between the products of the two sectors is unity. Letting X represent the quantity of the product of the corporate sector, Y the quantity of the product of the noncorporate sector, Px and Py their respective prices, and Z the national income, the unit elasticity of substitution between X and Y implies
(1) XPx = αZ; YPy= (l-a)Z,
where a is the fraction of Z which is spent on X. Competitive behavior of producers of X and of Y, together with the Cobb-Douglas functions X = KβalphaLalpha(1-β), Y = KΓyLy1-Γ), where β and y are constants, lead to the relations
Here Kx and Ky represent the amounts of capital used in the X and Y industries, respectively, and Lx and Ly refer to the corresponding amounts of labor. The price of labor is denoted by PL, this being the same in the two industries. The cost of the services of a unit of capital is denoted by P»» for the corporate sector and by Pk for the noncorporate sector, the former including the corporation income tax and the latter, of course, not including it. If T is the rate of corporation income tax applied to the earnings of capital in sector X, then Pt = Ptr(l — T), since the after-tax earnings (as distinct from the before-tax cost) of a unit of capital are assumed to be brought to equality in both industries through the workings of the capital market.
It can be seen from relations (1) and (2) that labor will always earn a constant fraction of the national income, regardless of whether a corporation income tax exists or not. 1’his already guarantees that exactly the full burden of the corporation tax must in this case be borne by capital. The precise way in which the burden reaches all units of capital can be seen by analyzing the relations derived from (1) and (2):
(3) KxPkz = βαZ; KyPk = γ(1 - α)Z.
From these it results that [KxPkz/KyPk] is a constant equal to βα/[Γ(l — Γ)]. But since Pk = Pkx(l - τ), this means that K,./[K;/(1 - r)] will also be a constant—that is, the ratio (Kr/Ky) will vary directly with (1 — r). If, with no tax at all, there were 150 units of capital in each sector, a tax of 50 per cent will eventually result in there being 100 units of capital in X and 200 in Y. The 200 units of capital in Y will earn the same fraction of national income as was previously earned by the 150 units of capital in Y; hence the net-of-tax return to capital will have been reduced by a quarter, say, from $1.00 to $.75 per unit. The 100 units of capital in X will cost entrepreneurs $1.50 per unit and will therefore have the same total cost as the 150 units employed in X at a unit cost of $1.00 before the tax was imposed. But the aftertax earnings of capital in X will, like those of capital in Y, have fallen from $1.00 to $.75 per unit. Overall, capital will have lost $75, represented by the reduction of $.25 per unit spread over all 300 units, and this amount will be precisely equal to the yield of the tax to the government.
The result obtained in the above example applies not only to all cases fulfilling relations (1) and (2), which are derived on the basis of unit elasticities of substitution in demand between the two products, and in production between the two factors in each industry. It has been shown elsewhere (see Harberger 1962) that the same result obtains so long as the three critical elasticities of substitution are equal, regardless of their magnitude.
The general-equilibrium, two-sector model. All the cases presented above are special cases of a general-equilibrium, two-sector model of the incidence of taxation, in which the incidence of the corporation income tax is shown to depend in a specific way on the three critical elasticities of substitution and on the relative factor intensities of the two sectors. This model, based on the assumptions that the supplies of capital and labor are not influenced by the presence or absence of the tax, that competition prevails in both the corporate and noncorporate sectors, and that per-unit net-of-tax earnings of each productive factor are equalized between sectors, was first presented by Harberger (1962) and further elaborated by Mieszkowski (1967). They have adapted the model to explore the implications of various possible types of monopolistic and oligopolistic behavior in the corporate sector; the results of the original model have proved quite insensitive to plausible allowances for noncompetitive behavior.
The chief weakness of the model appears, at this writing, to be the assumption that the path of the capital stock through time is independent of the rate of corporate taxation. If, through a tax-induced reduction in the net rate of return on capital and/or through a tax-induced shift in the distribution of disposable income, the rate of saving is affected, the relative supplies of capital and labor will gradually diverge from the path they would have followed in the absence of a corporation income tax, with consequent effects on the distribution of income. The difficulties confronting attempts to resolve this issue are twofold. First, a dynamic rather than a comparative-static approach is required, which, while not a serious obstacle as such, involves additional parameters whose magnitudes are difficult to estimate and requires the specification of the precise nature of the dynamic structure of the economy. A great deal of further work is needed before our understanding of the economy’s workings can advance to the point where these dynamic aspects can be treated with a degree of precision comparable to that with which problems of comparative statics are handled today.
The second difficulty is conceptual rather than practical. In a comparative-static approach to incidence, excess-burden being neglected, the sum of the changes in real income of the separate groups of the economy is a global reduction in real income equal to the proceeds of the tax; this is no longer true when a dynamic framework is employed. If the rate of saving is reduced by the corporation income tax, the future incomes accruing to individuals are reduced not only because the tax has to be paid each year, but also because less has been saved in the years since the tax was introduced. But it would be wrong, in estimating the incidence of the tax, to count both (a) the full reduction of real income in the year the tax is paid and (fc) the future reduction in real income stemming from the reduction in savings induced by the tax. If one counts (a), one has already accounted for the present value of the future reduction in real income. To take explicit account of the future effects of changes in the savings pattern, one would properly have to convert the entire calculation of incidence to a consumption rather than an income basis and count (c) the current reduction in consumption resulting from the tax paid today plus (d) the future reduction in consumption occasioned by the reduction in future incomes stemming from the current tax-induced reduction in the rate of saving.
When the above difficulties are considered, it appears that the current-income approach (i.e., counting only (a) as the measure of incidence) is preferable, on grounds of both clarity and convenience, to approaches attempting to introduce dynamic responses into the measurement of incidence. Nevertheless, the dynamic responses in question here are of substantial interest in their own right, even if they are not linked to the analysis of incidence. The study of this aspect of the effects of corporation income taxation has only recently begun, the most important early efforts being those of Krzyzaniak (1966) and Sato (1967).
Arnold C. Harberger
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Goode, Richard B. 1951 The Corporation Income Tax. New York: Wiley.
Harberger, Arnold C. 1959 The Corporation Income Tax: An Empirical Appraisal. Volume 1, pages 231-250 in U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Ways and Means, Tax Revision Compendium. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Harberger, Arnold C. 1962 The Incidence of the Corporation Income Tax. Journal of Political Economy 70:215-240.
Harberger, Arnold C.; and Bailey, Martin J. (editors) 1968 The Taxation of Income From Capital. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Krzyzaniak, Marian (editor) 1966 Effects of the Corporation Income Tax: Papers Presented at the Symposium on Business Taxation. Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State Univ. Press. → See pages 107-117, “Efficiency Effects of Taxes on Income From Capital,” by Arnold C. Harberger.
Mieszkowski, Peter 1967 On the Theory of Tax Incidence. Journal of Political Economy 75:250-262.
Musgrave, Richard A. 1959 The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Musgrave, Richard A.; and Krzyzaniak, Marian 1963 The Shifting of the Corporation Income Tax: An Empirical Study of Its Short-run Effect Upon the Rate of Return. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Sato, Kazuo 1967 Long-run Shifting of the Corporation Income Tax. Unpublished manuscript.
Stigler, George J. 1963 Capital and Rates of Return in Manufacturing Industries. National Bureau of Economic Research, General Series, No. 78. Princeton Univ. Press.
yearbook of national accounts statistics. → Published by the United Nations since 1958. Contains detailed estimates of national income and related economic measures for some 76 countries.
IV. PROPERTY TAXES
Property taxes are general and recurring taxes on owners or users of property, based on the capital value or the annual rental value of the assets. They are considered distinct forms of taxation, although many other taxes reach some facet of property ownership or use, including taxes on the income from property, taxes on realized appreciation in property values (capital gains), taxes in a number of European countries on net wealth, wealth transfer taxes or succession duties, and taxes on selected types of personal property, such as motor vehicles.
Property taxation is widespread and is typically used by local rather than national governments. It provides the overwhelming bulk of local government tax revenues in the United States, in the other developed English-speaking countries, in the Netherlands, and in a number of the developing countries, especially those exposed to the British tradition. The tax is also important to local governments in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, and Japan, countries in which it provides roughly 20 to 30 per cent of local government tax revenues.
Property taxes are most important relative to the over-all fiscal system in the English-speaking countries, where the role of local governments tends to be a large one. In Canada and the United States in recent years, the property tax has accounted for more than 45 per cent of the tax revenues of all subnational governments (including states or provinces), about 16 per cent of the total tax revenues of all governments, and more than 4 per cent of national income. It accounted for more than 13 per cent of Ireland’s total taxes; more than 11 per cent of Britain’s; and 6 to 8 per cent in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Denmark, and Japan.
In most countries, the tax applies to land and/or buildings only, but in the United States, some types of personal property are subject to the property tax in all but four states. Business and farm equipment and inventories are commonly taxed, and account for perhaps 75 per cent of the personal property tax base. Motor vehicles are subject to this tax in more than half the states, and household effects are taxed somewhat more rarely. Intangible personal property—securities, bank deposits, etc.—is infrequently taxed; intangibles have provided only about 2 per cent of property tax revenues recently, and all personal property about 19 per cent. In some Canadian provinces, personal property is taxed, but it provides only 1 per cent of revenues nationally; in Japan, personal property provides nearly 40 per cent of revenues.
The most common basis for taxing real property is its annual rental value, in practice usually gross rents assessed as of some earlier date, with statutory rather than actual allowances for expenses. Real property is taxed on the basis of its capital value mainly in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Germany, Austria, and Denmark. The major difference between the customary annual rental value system, such as the British, and the American-Canadian capital value variant is the treatment of land and vacant improvements. In the British system, the tax is based on the rental value of property in its present, actual use, and vacant properties therefore are not taxed. In the American system, in theory, property is valued at market value or some fraction thereof. Market value is, in an equilibrium situation, the capitalized value of expected net returns from property in its most profitable lawful use, not its present use. The capital value basis therefore tends to favor optimal use of land somewhat more than the customary annual value basis does.
The evolution of European property taxes (and their American descendant) from feudal dues into a general tax on property, and their subsequent narrowing to taxes on land and buildings, has been traced by Seligman (1895). Jensen (1931, chapter 2) gives a similar history of the American property tax. The importance of the property tax in revenue systems has declined over the years, with the growing role of national as compared with local finance. In the United States (and in Canada, as well) the property tax has also been displaced by the adoption of consumption and income taxes by state governments, beginning after 1910 but especially in response to the collapse of property values in the early 1930s. Subventions from state tax revenues increasingly replaced local property taxes, and the property tax as a proportion of total state-local taxes declined from 80 per cent in the 1920s to less than 50 per cent by 1946. However, since 1950, despite very rapid increases in the total scale of state-local finance, the property tax has maintained approximately the same relative importance (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1964).
Experience in the United States . In part, the recent buoyancy of the American property tax is related to the large role of receipts from housing in the tax. Estimates are that in 1957 housing provided about 41 per cent of tax revenues and about 44 per cent in 1962. Real estate taxes on housing amount to an average of one-sixth or more of annual rental receipts, or of cash expenditures for housing in the case of owner-occupants. This is in effect an excise tax at a rate far higher than that on any other broad category of consumer expenditure in the United States. Housing property taxes equal, on the average, about 1.5 per cent of property values (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963a).
Slightly less than 10 per cent of American property taxes is derived from real and personal farm property. Relative to property values, farm property taxes are lower than those on nonfarm housing or business property—less than 1 per cent in recent years. However, farm property taxes equal nearly 10 per cent of net farm income, and only a slightly smaller fraction of national income originating in agriculture.
Roughly 45 per cent of the tax comes from non-farm business property. Business property taxes are especially high, however measured, for railroad, pipeline, and other public utility companies. These firms are markedly real-property intensive enterprises and are, furthermore, politically vulnerable to discriminatory taxation. In 1957, estimated property tax payments were equal to 6.3 per cent of net output for railroads and public utilities, 1.4 per cent for manufacturing, and 1.8 per cent for other nonfarm business property.
The American property tax is not a single uniform tax institution but, in reality, thousands of different taxes reflecting differences in the legal coverage of the tax, the economic tax base available, the expenditure requirements to be financed, and the resulting tax rates among the 82,000 governmental units which rely upon the property tax. The tax tends to be of least importance in state-local fiscal systems in the southeastern United States and most important in New England, the Great Lakes states and the northern Plains states. The varying role of state taxes and state aid to local government explains much of this variation, with the property tax more important in those parts of the country where the state government’s financial role is smallest.
Because urban government is costly, property tax rates are higher in urban than in rural areas and higher in the more urbanized states, notably in New England and the Middle Atlantic states, where tax rates frequently exceed 2.5 per cent of the market value of taxable property. In contrast, tax rates in most southern and Mountain states average less than 1 per cent (U.S. Advisory Commission . . . 1962, tables 37 and 41). Urbanization does not explain all the differences, however, since property tax rates in large northeastern cities are distinctly higher than in large cities elsewhere, and those in southern cities distinctly lower (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1963a). These large regional differences do not seem to have had major effects on location of industry, however, in view of the relative rates of growth of states with high and low property and other business taxes (Due 1961, p. 171).
Within large urban areas in the United States, tax rate differences are considerable among the great numbers of separate taxing jurisdictions operating in most individual metropolitan areas, and no doubt they do affect locational patterns. In the older parts of the country, per capita taxable property values tend to be lower in central cities than in their suburbs, expenditure requirements higher, and effective tax rates higher. This will tend to spur migration of business and high income residents from central city locations to suburban ones if tax differentials against the central cities are widening, as appears to be the case.
Among suburban taxing jurisdictions, property tax rates are usually lower and the level of public services higher in communities with higher property values per capita—either because they are dormitory suburbs with high-value houses or because they contain heavy concentrations of nonresiden-tial property, a situation which encourages land use planning designed to maximize the fiscal position of individual suburbs (Netzer 1962, p. 193). The results may be both inefficiency in location patterns and, to the extent that racial and other barriers limit intrametropolitan mobility, adverse effects on interpersonal equity. However, these intrametropolitan property tax differentials may be narrowing over time; the evidence is mixed in this regard.
Shifting and incidence . In theory, taxes on the value of sites—bare land—rest on the owners of the sites at the time the tax is initially levied or increased. The tax cannot be shifted forward to other users of the land, since shifting can occur only if supply can be reduced, which is not possible for land. Prospective purchasers of the sites, faced with a new or higher annual tax burden, will reduce their bids, and the higher tax will be capitalized in the form of lower land prices. There are some complications in this analysis, as Simon (1943) points out, but it is generally accepted.
In general, property taxes on improvements and on tangible personal property used in business can be expected to be shifted forward to final consumers of business services and occupants of housing. This is because the taxes will discourage new real investment in these forms, and over time the reduced supply of capital assets will raise their prices. Owner-occupants of housing will themselves bear higher property taxes because there is no way they can be shifted.
This, at any rate, is the theoretical conclusion in partial equilibrium analysis. A general tax on capital could conceivably be shifted backward to owners of capital, in the form of lowered rates of return on the whole stock of capital, provided that the supply of savings is not responsive to interest rates. Another complication is the time lag required to shift taxes on physical capital forward, since the annual increments are usually small fractions of the total stock. In addition, the partial and unequal nature of the property tax limits shifting. Firms competing in national markets are able to shift local property taxes only to the extent that these taxes are common to their competitors or reflect the value of public services financed by these taxes. But, on the whole, most business property taxes are probably shifted forward and much of the remaining portion possibly shifted backward to land owners, by reducing local land values.
Empirical studies of the incidence of the American property tax by income class based on these “shifting” assumptions have generally agreed that the property tax is, on balance, regressive when compared with current money income. Because of the forward shifting of a substantial part of business property taxes, property taxes on nonresiden-tial property are, in part, equivalent to a general consumption tax, regressive through much of the income range. Property taxes on owner-occupied housing and on rented housing appear to be even more regressive than taxes on nonresidential property. This is mainly because housing consumption outlays constitute a larger proportion of lower than of higher current money incomes.
In combination, residential and nonresidential property taxes are markedly regressive for the lowest income groups but only mildly regressive in the middle ranges of the income distribution. If no allowance is made for income tax savings due to the deductibility of property taxes, the latter are progressive for the highest income groups. When measured on the basis of a broader income definition, or one which averages income over a longer time span, the property tax is very nearly proportional in its incidence. The benefits from expenditures financed from the property tax are distinctly progressive in their incidence, notably in connection with education, as Morgan and his colleagues (1962) show.
On balance, therefore, the American property tax is no mean contributor to income redistribution from the richer income groups to the poorer ones, considered in the aggregate. However, in view of the wide dispersion about the means within income classes and of the many geographic differences, the redistributive effects with regard to individual households are highly uneven; the tax contains a substantial element of interpersonal inequity, however progressive or proportional it may be in the aggregate.
Allocative effects . In general, the American property tax (and property taxes in Canada, Britain, Ireland, and other high property tax countries) tends, over time, to shift resources in the aggregate from private construction to education and other public services. This general effect of the tax, like other economic effects, may not be visible in the empirical evidence, since it can readily be overwhelmed by other factors, such as housing subsidies and the like.
Property taxes also discriminate among inputs, encouraging the substitution of other inputs for real property; to the extent that firms and industries are limited in their opportunities to substitute, the property tax is then discriminatory among industries. Railroads are perhaps the best example of this. The competitive decline of the rails in the face of new transport technology was no doubt inevitable, but it was hastened by the property tax. Railroads are inherently real-property intensive and thus are subject to heavier taxes of this type than are their air, water, and road competitors. Rising property tax rates in the postwar years contributed to a rate of increase in rail charges which hardly assisted the carriers in their efforts to compete.
The American property tax tends to discourage housing in general, since it imposes taxes on this use of the consumer’s dollar which are markedly higher than those on most other uses. Although property taxes are frequently very high in dormitory suburbs, whether measured by house value or by personal income, the deterrent effect there may be small, since the tax is directly tied to school and other expenditure benefits realized by householders. However, in large cities, the tie to expenditure benefits is tenuous for many housing consumers, and property taxes amounting to large fractions of gross rental receipts—25 per cent or more in large northeastern cities—probably inhibit the construction of new rental housing and the rebuilding of the older cities. In any event, property tax rebates or reductions for selected classes of new housing have proved to be among the most effective stimulants yet devised.
Administration—Assessment problem. The fundamental administrative problem in property taxation is that of valuing or assessing property. In a number of countries, including Britain, valuation is done by a central government agency. In the United States, however, assessment of most classes of property is made (except in Hawaii) by local assessors; according to the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (1963, p. 101), there are probably eighteen thousand assessment districts in the country. The quality of local assessors and assessment varies widely; it has been vigorously criticized by students of the problem since the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Some assessors are elected, part-time amateurs using primitive methods and tools; other assessment organizations are large, professional agencies applying all the technological aids available. In the best-administered jurisdictions in the United States, owners of single-family houses with similar market prices are likely to have assessments which vary by less than 10 to 15 per cent; in the worst the average variation may be far in excess of 50 per cent.
Some observers, such as the Advisory Commission, noting the important revenue role of the property tax, have urged its administrative rehabilitation. This involves limiting the coverage of the tax to classes of property which can be discovered and valued practicably, devising large enough assessment districts so that all can be served by full-time professional staffs, and greatly enlarging the role of the states in the provision of technical assistance to and supervision of local assessment.
Other observers are much more pessimistic. They note the inherent difficulties of valuing widely differing assets, only a few of which are actually sold within a short span of time and some of which—like large industrial plants—are never sold. They regard the standard of “good” assessment—assessments for similarly market-valued properties differing in the aggregate by no more than 20 per cent from the average—as an un-acceptably low level of performance as compared with sales and income tax administration. They
query whether some of the most glaring disparities in assessment practices—such as discrimination among classes of property within a city—are not in reality accommodations to a level of taxation which, if applied uniformly, would be economically and/or politically intolerable.
Prospect . Despite its inequities, its questionable impact on economic efficiency, and the poor quality of its administration (at least in the United States), the property tax persists and in revenue terms has been holding its own in the past few years in the United States and in a number of other countries. Part of the reason for this is that property tax revenues have risen rapidly in recent years, along with the level of economic activity. The market value of taxable property—the economic base of the tax—has risen almost as rapidly as gross national product in the postwar period, an apparent interruption to a long-term downward trend in capital-output ratios. Burkhead (1963, p. 70) concludes that the property tax is a far more responsive source of local government revenue than its traditional critics have allowed.
Site value tax (”single tax”). Perhaps the most vigorously advocated alternative to the prevalent systems of real property taxation is the site value tax, first propounded as “the single tax” by Henry George in 1879. The equity argument for site value taxation is that bare site values, or location rents, are created by population growth and general community improvements rather than by the actions of individual landowners, and that therefore taxation of this “unearned increment” is highly equitable. The resource allocation argument is that the site value tax applies to a surplus—the differential returns available from conducting an activity at particular sites—and therefore is economically neutral. Taxation does not reduce the supply of sites, but lowers their after-tax capitalized net returns, or price. But this neutrality is in contrast with the existing property tax, which, by applying to improvements as well as to site values, discourages new construction in general. The existing tax, moreover, tends to encourage low intensity uses, or holding of land idle for speculation, since taxes are lower if improvements are minimal. As noted earlier, the British type of property tax has this effect to a marked degree. Shifting to a site value tax would tend to foster improvements in general, and would discourage withholding of land from use, relative to present property tax practices in most places.
Site value tax advocates have tended to claim much more than this for their proposal. Some, for example, argue that site value taxation by itself can cure most of the ills of the large older cities. Opponents have presented three principal arguments against it. The first is the difficulty of separating site values and improvement values in the case of improved property; this appears to be a real difficulty administratively but not conceptually. The second is an equity argument: large windfall losses and gains would stem from a shift from the present system to the site value tax and would be intensified by the fact that many present landowners have not been the recipients of the “unearned increments” but have paid prices reflecting these to previous owners. The third is the problem of revenue adequacy. It has been estimated that to replace the present yield of American taxes on real property with a tax solely on site values would absorb more than the entire (before-tax) rent of land. These arguments suggest that a partial replacement is perhaps the maximum possibility.
Differentially higher taxation of land, or complete exemption of improvements from general ad valorem taxes on real estate, is practiced in the United States only in Pittsburgh and Hawaii but is widespread in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Canada. In Australia and New Zealand, most local taxing units have exempted improvements from taxation, this trend beginning in the 1890s. In South Africa, most local authorities have either differential taxation or complete exemption of improvements. In Canada, differential taxation is widespread in the four western provinces. Because of so many environmental differences other than the property tax, it is difficult to discern whether the advantages claimed for the site value tax have been realized in these places. Most economists, however, agree that the site value tax should have better resource allocation effects than the prevalent property tax institutions.
Dick Netzer
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Burkhead, Jesse 1963 State and Local Taxes for Public Education. Syracuse Univ. Press.
Due, John F. 1961 Studies of State-Local Tax Influences on Location of Industry. National Tax Journal 14, June: 163-173.
Heilbrun, James 1966 Real Estate Taxes and Urban Housing. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Jensen, Jens P. 1931 Property Taxation in the United States. Univ. of Chicago Press.
Morgan, James N. et al. 1962 Property Taxes and the Benefits of Public Education. Pages 288-308 in Michigan, University of, Survey Research Center, Income and Welfare in the United States: A Study. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Netzer, Dick 1962 The Property Tax and Alternatives in Urban Development. Regional Science Association, Papers and Proceedings 9:191-200.
Netzer, Dick 1966 Economics of the Property Tax. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, New York 1955 Land-value Taxation Around the World. Edited by Harry Gunnison Brown et al. New York: The Foundation.
Seligman, Edwin R. A. (1895) 1928 Essays in Taxation. 10th ed., rev. New York: Macmillan. → See especially pages 19-65, ’The General Property Tax.”
Simon, Herbert A. (1943) 1959 The Incidence of a Tax on Urban Real Property. Pages 416-435 in American Economic Association, Readings in the Economics of Taxation. Homewood, 111.: Irwin.
U.S. Advisory Commission ON Intergovernmental Relations 1962 Measures of State and Local Fiscal Capacity and Tax Effort. Report M-16. Washington: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Advisory Commission ON Intergovernmental Relations 1963 The Role of the States in Strengthening the Property Tax. 2 vols. Report A-17. Washington: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau OF THE Census 1963a Census of Housing: 1960. Volume 5: Residential Finance. Washington: Government Printing Office. → Contains data on real estate taxes in relation to property value, income, and rental receipts. This census is taken decennially.
U.S. Bureau OF THE Census 19636 Census of Governments: 1962. Volume 2: Taxable Property Values. Washington: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau OF THE Census 1964 Census of Governments: 1962. Volume 4, no. 4: Compendium of Government Finances. Washington: Government Printing Office. → Contains comprehensive data on property tax revenues and all other federal, state, and local government financial data for 1962, by states and counties. This census is taken quinquennially, in years ending in 2 and 7.
V. SALES AND EXCISE TAXES
Taxes on the production or sale of commodities are among the oldest taxes known; they play a significant role in the tax structures of most countries of the world. Despite rapid expansion of income taxation in the last century and widespread acceptance of the argument that by usual standards such taxation is superior, the sales and excise taxes have not only maintained their position but in many countries have increased in importance. Despite the long experience with these taxes, major disputes about them continue—on such questions as shifting and incidence, relative effects on economic welfare through resource reallocation, and effects on economic development and the maintenance of full employment.
Sales and excise taxes have traditionally been classified as forms of indirect taxation, although this term has fallen into disuse because there is no generally accepted delineation between such taxes and those labeled direct. On a somewhat different basis of classification, they are designated as consumption taxes (as distinguished from income, wealth, or other taxes), under the assumption, questioned below, that their burden is distributed in relation to consumer expenditures.
The distinction between excises and sales taxes is based on the scope of coverage. Excises apply to particular commodities or related groups of commodities (such as tobacco products), while sales taxes apply to broad categories of commodities, typically to all commodities other than those specifically exempted. Obviously, a broad system of excises, such as that of Spain, does not differ basically from a sales tax and can have broader coverage than a sales tax limited to certain categories, such as the British purchase tax, or one with widespread exemptions, such as those of the Canadian provinces. However, commodity taxes usually fall clearly into one category or the other, and the distinction is useful for purposes of analysis. The terminology as outlined is not universally employed; for example, excises are sometimes referred to as selective sales taxes, and some proposals for a federal sales tax in the United States have referred to the proposed levy as a general excise tax. But the concepts given are now those most commonly employed.
Historical development . Excises are among the oldest forms of taxation, dating back, in their rudimentary form, to ancient Rome. The first use in England came in 1643. France was a major user, especially under Colbert, in the seventeenth century. Except for a few early attempts, the United States did not employ excises until the Civil War, when an extensive system was introduced for war-financing purposes. Only the liquor and tobacco taxes survived, however. Ultimately, other excises were introduced: during World War I, the depression era, and World War II. Since World War II, the taxes have slowly been reduced, and most of the remaining ones, except those on liquor, tobacco, motor fuel and motor vehicles, and telephone service, were repealed in 1965. The states have confined excises largely to liquor, tobacco, and motor fuel, and these three categories are also the major revenue producers among the federal excises and the excises of other countries. In the newly developing economies excises are typically introduced as supplements to the customs duty system when domestic production of liquor and tobacco products is first undertaken.
Sales taxation dates back to the Spanish alcabala, introduced in the fourteenth century. Because this tax was blamed for the commercial decline of Spain, it was not adopted by other countries, and the sales tax did not come into widespread use until the twentieth century. The financial problems during and immediately after World War i led Germany, France, Italy, other Continental countries, and Canada to impose the tax. More countries followed in the depression years and during World War ii; among the most recent national sales taxes are those of Sweden and Denmark. The movement in the United States began in the depression years of the 1930s, when the states were squeezed between declining revenues from other taxes and increasing expenditure needs. Following the success of Mississippi with the tax in 1932, some 29 states levied a sales tax prior to World War n, although six subsequently allowed it to expire. In the postwar era the pressures of rising expenditures led additional states to impose the tax. There has also been a trend toward higher rates and broader coverage. The sales tax movement in the provinces of Canada has been similar to that in the United States.
Forms of excise and sales taxes. Excise taxes may be collected at the manufacturing, wholesaling, or retail level; the manufacturing level is by far the most common because the relatively small number of firms facilitates control. Excises may have specific rates, applied per unit of the physical product, as, for example, motor fuel taxes; or ad valorem rates, applying to the sale price. The former are easier to administer, if the product is highly standardized, but may be regarded as less equitable, since the tax rate does not rise in relation to value, and the yield of the tax is not automatically responsive to price changes. Excise taxes are also often classified in terms of general purpose or philosophy. Those on products such as liquor and tobacco, the use of which the government seeks to penalize as a matter of policy, are known as sumptuary taxes. Typically, these are highly productive of revenue. Luxury excises are ones designed to distribute tax burden in relation to ability to pay, as measured by purchase of luxury articles. Another group of widely used excises is directly related to motor vehicle use and is designed to distribute the costs of highways on the benefit principle. The United States provides a more direct link between the yield of these taxes and the costs of financing highways than do most countries.
The most significant classification of sales taxes is on the basis of stage of collection. Multiple-stage sales taxes are those which apply at two or more stages in the production and distribution channels. The complete turnover tax version applies at all stages in production and distribution: to the sales of materials and parts, as well as to all sales of the finished products—by manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. In practice the turnover taxes in use are not entirely complete or uniform. Lower rates are sometimes applied to sales by wholesalers (e.g., Germany), and retail sales may be excluded (e.g., Belgium). The turnover tax suffers from several major defects: integrated firms are favored over nonintegrated ones, thus encouraging integration; and the over-all tax on a particular product depends upon the number of stages in the production and distribution channels through which it passes.
The single-stage taxes are confined to one stage in production and distribution and avoid the disadvantages arising from the multiple application of the turnover tax. There are three major versions. The manufacturers sales tax, as used in Canada, applies to the sale by the manufacturer of finished products. The wholesale sales tax applies to the last wholesale transaction, that is, the purchase by the retailer. The retail sales tax applies to the final sale at retail. Each of these forms of tax will operate satisfactorily. On the whole, the retail tax, while collected from a much larger number of vendors than the others, gives rise to the fewest problems, because it can be applied to the actual selling price in virtually all instances. Avoidance of discrimination among various types of distribution channels is very difficult with the other single-stage taxes, since the taxable price is influenced by the structure of distribution. With a manufacturers tax, a manufacturer selling at retail is subject to a higher tax on a given product than one selling to a wholesale distributor. Attempts to meet this problem lead to serious complications in the tax. Nonretail taxes also tend to pyramid on the way to the final consumer, because of application of percentage markups. The retail tax, however, is not suitable in a country in which most retailing is conducted on a very small-scale, noncommercial basis, through family shops and market stalls.
The most recent version of the sales tax, the value added tax, as employed in France and accepted as the ultimate standard form of sales tax for the European Common Market countries, involves the application of tax to each firm in the production and distribution channels but only taxes the value added by the firm (in practice, the tax rate is applied to the firm’s gross sales, and from this figure is subtracted the tax paid during the period on goods purchased by the firm). Thus, the evils of the turnover form of tax are avoided, since the type of distribution channel will not affect the amount of tax liability, while the direct impact of the tax is spread out over a much wider range of taxpayers than is the case with the single-stage taxes, and much of the tax is collected from large firms at stages prior to retailing. This form may facilitate exclusion of capital goods from the tax. However, it offers little if any general advantage over the retail sales tax in situations where administration of the latter is feasible.
Present use . It is not feasible to present a detailed survey of existing sales tax structures. Table 1, however, gives a general outline for the major countries. Sales taxes are now employed by all countries of western Europe except Spain (which has an extensive system of excises), although the British purchase tax is of restricted scope. The tax is used by many states in India; by Pakistan, Indonesia, and the Philippines; and by Australia and New Zealand. In Latin America, the tax is used in Brazil by both the national government and the states, and it is a significant revenue source in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Ecuador, and Mexico. In Canada the tax is used both by the dominion government (manufacturers sales tax) and by nine provinces (retail taxes). In the United States the retail sales tax is employed in 43 states, but the federal government uses only a limited list of excises. Countries in early stages of economic development find customs duties the most satisfactory form of commodity tax.
Virtually every country of the world uses some form of excise tax, particularly on liquor, tobacco, and motor fuel; others, especially those not using sales taxes, also apply excises to various luxury goods. No simple summary of excise systems is possible.
It is very difficult to make precise comparisons between countries of relative dependence on various
Table 1 — Sales taxation in major countries, 1967
wholesale
20
taxes. In the United States, sales taxes generally yield about 25 per cent of the revenues of the states in which they are levied, but in a few states they yield as much as 50 per cent. Excises yield about 11 per cent of federal revenue. The Canadian federal sales tax yields about 18 per cent of total federal tax revenue; the provincial sales taxes, 26 per cent of provincial tax revenue.
The turnover tax provides 42 per cent of the German federal revenues; other figures of sales tax yield include 35 per cent in France, 21 per cent in Italy, 40 per cent in Belgium, 19 per cent in the Netherlands.
Shifting and incidence . Traditionally it has been argued that both excises and sales taxes are typically shifted forward, through price increases, to the consumers of the products and thus are borne in relation to consumer spending on the taxed commodities. In purely competitive markets, with a fixed stock of goods on hand in the market period there will be no initial change in price, and temporarily the burden will be borne by the producers. But output and supply will fall, and the market price will rise. Over a long-run period the exact amount of the tax will shift forward, if the industry is one of constant cost conditions. Under increasing cost conditions, the ultimate increase in price will be less than the amount of the tax and a portion of the burden will be borne by the owners of specialized resources used in the industry, the prices of which decline as the volume of the product sold is reduced because of the higher commodity prices.
In nonpurely competitive markets the pattern of incidence is less clear. Typically—and there is considerable empirical evidence of this—prices will be raised immediately in response to the imposition of the tax, since firms take the initiative in setting their own prices and will likely adjust prices upward when they experience a general increase in costs. As long as the various competing firms follow the same policy, the increase is likely to be profitable. There are certain to be exceptions, however. If some firms fail to increase, the others will find an increase unprofitable. The over-all demand for some products may be so elastic that increases are unprofitable. Over a longer period there will be a greater tendency for price to rise by the amount of the tax, since prices must cover average cost. Here again, however, there will be exceptions. A monopolist or a group of firms following a concerted policy and having obtained, prior to the tax, maximum excess profits for the group will find it profitable in most instances to absorb a portion of the tax, since raising price by the full amount would result in a loss in revenue greater than the reduction in cost due to reduced output. It may be argued that a general sales tax can be shifted more easily than excises, since there is less danger of a loss in sales to untaxed commodities. The common practice (often required by law), under retail sales taxes, of adding the tax to the customer’s entire bill, rather than readjusting individual prices, undoubtedly facilitates shifting.
The argument that sales taxes are borne primarily by consumers has been questioned in recent years. Rolph (1952) maintained that a sales tax is borne in the same fashion as a flat-rate income tax, namely, in proportion to factor incomes. Rolph assumed perfectly competitive markets and perfectly inelastic supplies of the factors of production, and he disregarded the use of the revenue received from the tax. Thus, factor demand and factor prices fall. His conclusions, however, have been questioned, particularly in regard to the assumption about the use of the revenues. Buchanan (1960), and Rolph in more recent writings (Rolph & Break 1961, chapter 13), have argued that regardless of the assumption made about the use of the revenue, a sales tax cannot be borne by consumers because a tax rests on consumers only if the general price level increases and general price level increases cannot be attributed to taxes but only to monetary considerations. Musgrave (1959, chapters 10, 15, 16) maintains that the distribution of tax burden depends, not upon the direction of change in prices, but rather upon the relative changes in commodity and factor prices and concludes that a sales tax confined to consumer goods is borne in relation to consumption, whether commodity prices rise and factor prices remain unchanged or factor prices fall while commodity prices remain unchanged. He argues, however, that if the tax applies to both consumption and investment goods, the burden is distributed in the same fashion as that of a proportional income tax, regardless of the direction of change in price levels. Despite this extended theoretical controversy, policy discussions relating to sales taxes generally assume that the tax is, for the most part, shifted to consumers.
The excess burden argument . For a number of years the prime criticism advanced against excise taxes and, to a lesser extent, sales taxes of restricted scope has been that of “excess burden.” A tax on a particular commodity shifts purchases to untaxed commodities, thus resulting in a loss in economic welfare without an offsetting gain to the government. The pioneer statements were those of Hotelling (1938) and Joseph (1939). Critics pointed out that the thesis was valid only if the original revenue allocation was an optimum one and the pattern of income distribution the prefererred one. Other critics, such as Wald (1945), argued that income taxes, by affecting the choice between work and leisure and choices among various economic activities, likewise adversely affected economic welfare. But in a recent study of the question, by Harberger (The Role of Direct and Indirect Taxation in the’ Federal Revenue System 1964), the conclusion is reached that, on the basis of reasonable relevant assumptions, it is likely the excess burden of excises is greater than that of income taxes, primarily because of the limited response of work effort to income tax burdens.
General evaluation . The controversy over the relative desirability of commodity and income taxation has continued for many years with no lessening of intensity. Much of the debate centers on relative economic effects. Supporters of increased reliance on sales and excise taxes argue that income taxes retard economic growth and produce unemployment by discouraging savings, investment in business expansion, and work effort, especally on the part of business executives and professional men. Since sales taxes do not have progressive rates and may be avoided by saving rather than consuming, they do not directly penalize the gains from additional effort or business expansion and give some positive incentive to save more and consume less (except when savings are made for the purchase of goods in the future with the tax still in operation).
The opponents of sales taxation question the seriousness of the adverse effects of the income tax and argue that the greater relative impact of sales taxes on consumption will reduce national income and increase unemployment in situations in which there is some tendency toward unemployment because of inadequate total spending. A sales tax, by concentrating its burden more heavily on persons spending high percentages of their incomes and by providing some limited incentive to save more, may increase the potential rate of capital formation at full employment, but the tax may make it much more difficult to attain full employment and may thus lessen the actual rate of economic growth. Furthermore, to the extent to which the income tax does have adverse effect on the economy, this may be attributed in large measure to the high progressivity of rates and may be eliminated much more simply by changes in the income tax structure than by a shift to a sales tax. The differences attributed to the two forms of taxes are largely a result of the differences in rate structure, rather than in the base of the taxes.
In recent years the emphasis of the discussion has centered on the possibility of the replacement of the corporate income tax by the value added tax. The change has been advocated in large measure on the argument that the foreign exchange position of the country would be improved. Full export rebates would be granted for the value added tax, whereas no rebate is given for the corporate income tax, nor can one be given without violating present GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) rules. The argument that the corporate tax places American exporters at a disadvantage, however, has validity only to the extent that the tax is reflected in higher prices of the products. The change proposed would temporarily aid American exports, whether the tax is now shifted or not, but such a change could easily invite retaliatory moves by other countries, especially if the tax is now not shifted.
Increased use of commodity taxation also has equity implications, and much of the opposition to the taxes has always been based on equity grounds. The income tax can be made progressive relative to income and can be adjusted in terms of various circumstances, such as size of family, which are considered to affect taxpaying ability. On the other hand, a sales tax with a broad coverage is regressive relative to income, because the higher-income groups save a greater percentage of their income, on the average, and spend more on nontaxable services. The tax likewise tends to burden large families more heavily, compared with smaller families, at given income levels (Hansen 1962). Food exemption, however, appears to eliminate regressivity (Davies 1961), but it fails to bring the precise adjustment to tax capacity that can be attained with an income tax. Some persons have suggested that the correct basis for comparing burdens is that of permanent income [see Consumption Function], rather than actual income (Davies 1961). On this basis, even a broad-based sales tax is not regressive. But it may also be argued that actual year-by-year income is the better basis for measuring tax burdens. The significance of the equity argument is, of course, one of value judgment; to many persons the use of some regressive taxes in a tax structure that is progressive over-all is not objectionable. But in terms of usually accepted standards of equity, major reliance on such taxes is undesirable.
Sales and excise taxes are also justified on administrative grounds—as being easier to enforce than income taxes. With improved income tax administration, this argument has lost most of the merit it once had. Furthermore, since the issue is one of using a sales tax along with, not in lieu of, an income tax, the over-all administrative task is obviously greater with a sales tax than without one.
In countries with a federal government, a final argument for sales taxation is the need of the states for autonomous revenue sources, in light of federal domination of the income tax field.
On the question of the choice between sales and excise taxes, the former are less discriminatory against individuals, in terms of their preferences, than excises and are less likely to distort resource allocation. On the other hand, excises, limited to particular commodities, may be easier to administer, may accomplish certain desired goals in tax policy (such as the placing of special burdens on highway users or consumers of tobacco and liquor), and may provide a more acceptable overall distribution of burden. But to raise significant revenue, either rates must be relatively high or many commodities of widespread use must be brought within the scope of the tax, and then the excise system comes to resemble a sales tax.
John F. Due
Buchanan, James M. 1960 Fiscal Theory and Political Economy. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
Davies, David G. 1961 Commodity Taxation and Equity. Journal of Finance 16:581-590.
Due, John F. 1957 Sales Taxation. London: Routledge; Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
Due, John F. 1963a State Sales Tax Administration. Chicago: Public Administration Service.
Due, John F. 1963b Sales Taxation and the Consumer. American Economic Review 53:1078-1084.
Hansen, Reed R. 1962 An Empirical Analysis of the Retail Sales Tax With Policy Recommendations. National Tax Journal 15, March: 1-13.
Hotelling, Harold 1938 The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates. Econometrica 6:242-269.
Joseph, Margaret F. W. 1939 The Excess Burden of Indirect Taxation. Review of Economic Studies 6:226-231.
Morgan, Daniel C. 1964 Retail Sales Tax: An Appraisal of New Issues. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Press.
Musghave, Richard A. 1959 The Theory of Public Finance: A Study in Public Economy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Organization For European Economic Cooperation, European Productivity Agency 1958 The Influence of Sales Taxes on Productivity, by C. Campet. Paris: The Organization.
The Role of Direct and Indirect Taxation in the Federal Revenue System. 1964 Princeton Univ. Press. → A conference report of the National Bureau of Economic Research and the Brookings Institution.
Rolph, Earl R. 1952 A Proposed Revision of Excise-tax Theory. Journal of Political Economy 60:102-117.
Rolph, Earl R.; and Break, George F. 1961 Public Finance. New York: Ronald Press.
Sullivan, Clara K. 1965 The Tax on Value Added. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
U.S. Congress, House, Committee ON Ways AND Means 1964 Excise Tax Compendium: Compendium of Papers on Excise Tax Structure. ... 6 parts in 2 vols. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Wald, Haskell P. 1945 The Classical Indictment of Indirect Taxation. Quarterly Journal of Economics 59:577-596.
Walker, David 1955 The Direct-Indirect Tax Problem: Fifteen Years of Controversy. Public Finance 10, no. 2:153-176.
VI. DEATH AND GIFT TAXES
Taxes upon the transfer of property at death are known as estate taxes if they are imposed on the value of the decedent’s estate as a whole with little or no regard to the status and number of heirs, and as inheritance taxes if they are imposed upon the heirs individually. The estate tax consequently employs a single rate scale applied to the entire estate, while the inheritance tax is calculated separately on the amount received by each heir. The inheritance tax commonly employs a series of rate scales that vary with the degree of relationship of the heir to the decedent.
The tax on gifts made during life (gifts inter vivos) can likewise in principle be divided into a tax collected from the donor and a tax collected from the donee. In practice, only the tax on the donor is employed, and even that is used sparingly, most taxing jurisdictions not levying a tax on gifts inter vivos at all. Some gift taxes are cumulative, in the sense that a progressive rate scale is applied to the sum of gifts made by a given donor over his lifetime, as is the U.S. federal gift tax (Harvard Law School 1963a, chapter 3). Other gift taxes apply the graduated rate scale only to gifts made during a given year, as is the case in the German Federal Republic (Harvard Law School 1963b, chapter 4).
The death tax and the gift tax could be integrated either as a cumulative tax on all transfers made by a given donor during his lifetime or as a cumulative tax on all accessions to a given donee either through gift or inheritance. The cumulative integrated tax on donors has been proposed from time to time in the United States; as yet no country has employed it. The cumulative donee tax, or accessions tax, was in force for a short time in Japan—from 1950 to 1953 (Japan, Ministry of Finance 1963, pp. 9, 91), and exists in an incomplete form in Colombia and Italy (Shoup 1966, p. 13).
History. Taxes on the transfer of property at death have a long fiscal history. The Roman vicésima heredltatum, “the twentieth penny of inheritances,” is mentioned in Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776, book 5, chapter 2, appendix to arts. 1 and 2). In the United Kingdom, the tax dates back to 1694, but not until 1779-1780 did it attain something like its modern form (Palgrave [1894-1896] 1963, vol. 1, pp. 490-493). The U.S. federal government levied an inheritance tax during the Civil War and again during the Spanish-American War (Shultz 1926, pp. 151-155). The present U.S. federal estate tax dates from 1916; many of the state death taxes have longer histories (ibid., chapters 8, 9). Virtually all of the industrialized nations now employ some form of death tax, and it is also common in underdeveloped countries (see United Nations 1954).
The death duty predates the modern type of mass income tax and also the modern general sales tax. In many instances it has a longer history even than the more restricted income taxes of the period before World War n. The widespread and early use of the death tax can be explained largely by the fact that property had to be listed and valued in any event—for transfer to the state or to feudal overlords, under prevailing doctrines regarding land tenure; or to members of the family of the deceased possessing certain minimum rights in the property; or to other inheritors. The occasion thus proved a convenient one for computing a tax base and collecting a tax. Valuation remains, however, a vexing problem with respect to much of the transferred property.
Revenue . Although the history of the death tax has been impressive in terms of longevity and spread, its revenue role has been much less so. Today it rarely accounts for more than one per cent of total tax revenues in any country, despite the fairly steep graduation that characterizes most of the rate structures. While the income tax has been transformed in some countries into a tax that strikes almost every family and while social security payroll taxes and the general sales taxes, both inventions of the twentieth century, have added enormously to fiscal revenues, the estate and inheritance taxes have remained confined to only a small percentage of the populace. Most households in most countries have little or no property, at least relative to their incomes. In the more prosperous countries death taxes have high exemptions, and the starting rates are low. Thus, in the United States in 1961, for example, only some 45,000 out of 1,400,000 adult deaths resulted in estates subject to the federal estate tax (U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 1963, vol. 2, part B, pp. 9-78, table 9-3). No movement has developed in any country to convert the death tax into a mass tax imposed on virtually everyone who dies possessed of property. In any event, conversion to a mass tax would not produce the striking percentage increase in yield that has been experienced under the income tax, since wealth is far more concentrated than income.
Avoidance . Sophisticated avoidance techniques, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom, restrict the yield of the death tax. Under Anglo-Saxon property law concepts, trusts and life estates can be so set up as to skip one or more generations in the passage of property subject to death duties. In the United Kingdom, where expiration of a life estate gives rise, in principle, to full taxation of the corpus on which the life interest is based, tax has been avoided by several devices, notably the discretionary trust. This can be so formulated that owing to the discretion lodged in the hands of trustees as to who shall receive the life payments, it is not legally certain upon the death of one life tenant that any one of the others obtains any greater interest in the property than he had before (Harvard Law School 1957, chapter 3; Wheatcroft 1965, pp. 68-69, 132-137). In the United States, expiry of a life estate or similar property right does not give rise to inclusion of the corpus in the taxable estate of the decedent. Special statistical studies made by the U.S. Treasury have shown that in the wills of wealthy decedents the life estate that skips at least one generation is common (Shoup 1966, chapter 3; Jantscher 1967, chapters 4-7). These particular avoidance techniques are apparently not available in continental European countries because of the absence of the Anglo-Saxon concept of the trust.
In many countries, including the United Kingdom, gifts made during life (gifts inter vivos) are not taxable. In some of these countries, as also in the United States, gifts made within a certain number of years before death, or deemed made in contemplation of death, are included in the taxable estate. Thus, in the United Kingdom gifts made within five years of death are included, in part, in the taxable estate.
Where gifts are subject to a separate gift tax, as in the United States, the lower rate scale of the gift tax and the opportunity for splitting the property into two parts, each of which can obtain the benefit of low brackets (gift tax and estate tax), not to mention certain other technical features, leave a broad avenue for substantial tax reduction by gifts during life. In fact, however, even the most wealthy property holders seem to avail themselves of this possibility far less than a priori reasoning might suggest; the British consequently do not appear to believe that the revenue from their death tax is appreciably imperiled by the absence of a gift tax.
Contributions to charitable, educational, religious, and similar organizations are completely exempt under the U.S. federal estate tax, in contrast to the restricted exemptions, if any, granted in other countries. Once more, the opportunity for complete escape has been utilized rather less than one might expect (Harriss 1949; Shoup 1966, pp. 60-65).
The mobility of elderly wealthy persons is another restraining influence on heavy death taxation. Recently, both the United Kingdom and the United States have altered their death tax laws to include in the tax base real estate located abroad. This change has added pressure on elderly wealth-holders to change their residence and perhaps even citizenship as they reach extreme old age. Again, the number of such decisions will probably prove to be minor compared with the prospective tax saving.
In some respects the death duty offers fewer opportunities for avoidance than does the usual income tax. In the United States, state and local securities are fully subject to inclusion in the decedent’s taxable estate even though during his lifetime the interest on such obligations is exempt from the federal income tax. Property values arising from capital gains are fully included for U.S. estate tax purposes and also for the death duties in Britain, while under the income tax they are given preferential treatment. The percentage depletion provisions in the United States that have caused so much comment with respect to the income tax are, of course, not operative for the death tax.
Effect on consumption . Per dollar of revenue, the death tax probably decreases consumption spending less than most other taxes on households. This is so because the decedent-to-be seems unlikely to decrease his standard of living appreciably in order to improve the prospects of his heirs, prospects that have been impaired by the death tax. The future heirs, in turn, seem unlikely to reduce their current standard of living merely because they are aware that they will later receive less than if no death tax were in force. With respect to the period following transfer of the property at death, it has been cogently argued by Ricardo and others that the heirs tend to look upon the capital that they should preserve as being simply the amount they receive after death tax. They thus feel under no pressure to try to rebuild the estate to a level closer to what it would have been without such a tax (Shoup [1950] 1960, chapters 3, 15). Doctrinal discussion in Anglo-Saxon economic literature over the past century and a half has centered more on the reaction of the decedent-to-be than on the heirs, prospective or actual, and some difference of opinion has developed on this score (Fiekowsky 1959, chapters 1, 3). McCulloch, for example, expressed the opinion that the property owner would attempt to build up his estate somewhat in an effort to recoup for his heirs a part of the value that would be lost by the estate tax. Present-day thought, however, does not follow McCulloch, especially in view of the apparent indifference of wealthy persons as evidenced by their failure to transfer much property during life in order to save tax money for their heirs (Shoup 1966, Appendix F).
On the other hand, it is not at all certain that this failure to take advantage of what appear to be bargain tax rates during life necessarily indicates indifference. The welfare of one’s heirs is weighed against other considerations, some more admirable than others. As modern medicine has enhanced the possibility that an elderly person may live to extreme old age, sometimes under very expensive medical and hospital care, the risk that his financial resources may be exhausted before his death has become correspondingly greater. Dread of dependence on his children and loss of flexibility in arranging for his later years, even if expensive medical care is not a problem, are powerful forces in causing a wealthy decedent-to-be to cling to his wealth, particularly when he believes that he has already given enough to his children to start them in life with substantial advantages and conjectures that further wealth would do them more harm than good. To these motives must be added sometimes a desire to retain psychological control over prospective heirs, and sometimes a gradual drift into senility before the individual can be persuaded to think about death and act on his thoughts. Simple inertia explains much, especially on the part of some elderly women who have little interest in property management, and extremely busy men of affairs who do not pause long enough even to sign a will. Family jealousies also play an occasional role in restraining gifts during life.
The transferor or the heir might recoup some of the death or gift tax by increasing his money-making efforts. The high income tax rates to which this class of persons is commonly subject make this method of capital preservation, as compared with restricting one’s consumption, a difficult one.
Effect on distribution . The distribution of wealth and income, as indicated by a Lorenz curve, has probably been made more nearly equal to a modest degree during the past thirty years or so of graduated death taxation in the United States and the United Kingdom, compared with what it would have been if the same revenue had been raised, for example, by an increment to general sales taxes (Fiekowsky 1959, chapter 3). The result seems not to have been as substantial, however, as has been hoped for by proponents of the tax, to whom a chief virtue of death duties is their presumed tendency to limit accumulation of extreme fortunes and to reduce inequality generally. The explanation for this disappointment, if such it is, lies largely in the number of avoidance devices indicated above and partly in the relatively high level of exemption (for the U.S. federal estate tax it is $60,000) and low rates in the initial ranges. No practical support has developed for the Rignano plan or its variants, which would tax especially heavily and eventually confiscate inheritances that came from inheritances, after two or three or four generations. It is instructive to recall that an inventor of one of these variants, Hugh Dalton, made no move to introduce it into the British law while he was chancellor of the exchequer in the late 1940s (Dalton 1923, pp. 114-118 in 1936 edition; p. 232 in 1954 edition).
Death taxes are said to have forced small, closely held family firms to restrict their rate of growth in order to accumulate liquid assets sufficient to pay the tax upon the death of the founder or other large family owner, or alternatively to have induced them to merge with large firms whose stock is actively traded on exchanges so that liquid assets for payment of the tax could be obtained without restricting growth of the business (Somers 1958, pp. 201-210). The extent to which these effects have in fact materialized is not clear. In the United States the law has recently been amended to guarantee the estate the privilege of a ten-year installment payment provision if the company in question meets certain tests. In any case, an extended period of payment can be granted at the discretion of the tax administration.
Present trends . Among the current trends in death and gift taxation, the most noticeable one seems to be a tendency to personalize the estate tax, so that the amount of tax will vary depending particularly upon the relationship of the heir to the decedent. In this way, the estate tax may become more and more like an inheritance tax. The U.S. federal estate tax allows exemption of up to 50 per cent of an estate with respect to transfer to the surviving spouse, and pressure is growing to exempt completely interspousal transfers and to give some tax reduction for transfers to children.
Another trend, this time working toward an increase in revenue, is evidenced in current discussions of methods by which skipping one or more generations can be reduced, through taxing expiry of life estates and inhibiting the use of discretionary trusts. The task is much more difficult than this brief discussion might indicate, because of the intricacies of property law and the consequent opportunities to avoid even the most complex anti-avoidance measures. However, additional legislation on these subjects may be expected in both the United States and the United Kingdom during the next few years. In the view of some, the death and gift tax system should be so constructed that no matter by what route property is transferred to a generation distant in time, the present value of taxes on the transfers would come to the same thing, as under the proposal by Vickrey of a bequeathing power tax (Vickrey 1947, chapter 8). To achieve this end, however, is to relinquish the relationship of heirs to decedent as grounds for differentiation of the tax.
No trend is apparent with respect to the level of exemptions and the rate and type of graduation. Both the exemption and rate structure have shown great stability over time in most countries; in the United States, for example, the present rate scale dates from 1942. Graduation by brackets, as in the income tax, is characteristic of most death taxes, but the British prefer to graduate by a series of effective (average) rates. Such graduation facilitates an equitable division of the tax between the executors of the estate and owners of parcels of property that, although not appearing in the decedent’s estate, are nevertheless aggregated with his estate in determining the tax rate applicable to such parcels and to the estate (an example is property that was transferred as a gift inter vivos within five years of death).
Jurisdictional problems either among states in a federation or among countries continue to occupy much time and thought of tax lawyers and legislators, but exert little influence on total revenues. In the United States the federal-state issue has been met by allowing up to a certain amount of state death taxes paid to be credited directly against the federal tax, with the consequence that all of the states of the United States, excepting Nevada, impose either the estate or the inheritance tax or both, sometimes indeed rather beyond the limits of the federal credit. The United States has concluded tax conventions with many other countries, chiefly to avoid double taxation of properties of nonresident aliens.
Legal and administrative complications arise through linkages of death and gift taxes with the income tax. In the U.S. federal law, a transfer of property may be an inter vivos gift for gift tax purposes but not for income tax purposes; it is not evident, however, that complete uniformity is desirable. Another linkage arises with respect to capital gains. At present, a capital gain accrued at death is not made subject to the income tax, nor is a capital loss recognized. The heirs take over the property with a new basis for computing capital gain or loss on a future sale. This basis is the value of the property in the decedent’s estate. Accordingly, a capital gain on property held until death is never subject to the income tax, and a capital loss is never allowed. An attempt by the executive to persuade Congress to eliminate this combination of loophole and hardship in the Tax Reform Bill of 1963 failed. Property given during life, on the other hand, does not have its basis stepped up (or down) in this manner; this fact helps explain the reluctance to pass on appreciated property during life rather than at death.
No taxes have had a better reputation to less effect. Favorable comments on death and gift taxation can be found in the most conservative quarters, but these taxes remain minor and of little concern to politicians and voters. In certain academic circles some doubt is beginning to arise whether many of the aims of the estate and gift taxes could not better be achieved by a low-rate annual tax on individual net wealth, which would not be vulnerable to the devices now being employed to skip generations.
Carl S. Shoup
A Critique of Federal Estate and Gift Taxation. 1950 California Law Review 38, no. 1 (Special Issue).
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Fiekowsky, Seymour 1959 On the Economic Effects of Death Taxation in the United States. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard Univ.
Harriss, C. Lowell 1940 Gift Taxation in the United States. Washington: American Council on Public Affairs.
Harriss, C. Lowell 1949 Federal Estate Taxes and Philanthropic Bequests. Journal of Political Economy 57:337-344.
Harriss, C. Lowell 1954 Sources of Injustice in Death Taxation. National Tax Journal 7, Sept.: 289-308.
Harvard Law School, International Program In Taxation 1957 Taxation in the United Kingdom. Boston: Little.
Harvard Law School, International Program In Taxation 1963a Taxation in the United States. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House.
Harvard Law School, International Program In Taxation 1963b Taxation in the Federal Republic of Germany. Chicago: Commerce Clearing House.
Jantscher, Gerald R. 1967 Trusts and Estate Taxation. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Japan, Ministry OF Finance, Tax Bureau 1963 An Outline of Japanese Tax: 1963. Tokyo: The Bureau.
Palgrave, Robert H. (1894-1896) 1963 Death Duties. Volume 1, pages 490-493 in Robert H. Palgrave, Palgrave’s Dictionary of Political Economy. Rev. ed. New York: Kelley.
Pechman, Joseph A. 1950 Analysis of Matched Estate and Gift Tax Returns. National Tax Journal 3, June: 153-164.
Shoup, Carl S. (1950) 1960 Ricardo on Taxation: An Analysis of the Chapters on Taxation in David Ricardo’s Principles. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
Shoup, Carl S. 1966 Federal Estate and Gift Taxes. Washington: Brookings Institution.
Shoup, Carl S. et al. 1949 Taxes on Gifts and Bequests. Volume 2, pages 143-155 in Carl S. Shoup et al., Report on Japanese Taxation. Tokyo: Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
Shultz, William J. 1926 The Taxation of Inheritance. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Shultz, William J.; and Harriss, C. Lowell (1931) 1959 American Public Finance. 7th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. → First published as American Public Finance and Taxation, with William J. Shultz as sole author.
Smith, Adam (1776) 1952 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. → A 2-volume paperback edition was published in 1963 by Irwin.
Somers, Harold M. 1958 Estate Taxes and Business Mergers: The Effects of Estate Taxes on Business Structure and Practices in the United States. Journal of Finance 13:201-210.
United Nations, Technical Assistance Administration 1954 Taxes and Fiscal Policy in Under-developed Countries. New York: United Nations.
U.S. CONGRESS, Joint Committee ON THE Economic Report 1956 Federal Tax Policy for Economic Growth and Stability. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Tax Policy. Washington: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department OF Health, Education AND Welfare 1963 Vital Statistics of the United States: 1961. Washington: Government Printing Office. → See especially Volume 2, part B, pages 9-78, Table 9-3.
Vickrey, William S. 1947 Agenda for Progressive Taxation. New York: Ronald Press.
Wheatcroft, G. S. A. (1953) 1958 The Taxation of Gifts and Settlements, by Stamp Duty, Estate Duty, Income Tax and Surtax. 3d ed. London: Pitman.
Wheatcroft, G. S. A. 1957 Anti-avoidance Provisions of the Law of Estate Duty in the United Kingdom. National Tax Journal 10, March: 46-56.
Wheatcroft, G. S. A. (editor) 1965 Estate and Gift Taxation: A Comparative Study. British Tax Review Guides, No. 3. London: Sweet & Maxwell. → A study of estate and gift taxation in Australia, Canada, Great Britain, and the United States.
Cite this article
See also Estate Planning; Pensions; Retirement Planning; Savings; Social Security.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Duncombe, W.; Robbins, M.; and Wolf, D. ‘‘Chasing the Elderly: Can State and Local Governments Attract Recent Retirees?’’ Aging Studies Program. Paper 22. Syracuse, N.Y.: Center for Policy Research, 2000.
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Nalebuff, B., and Zeckhauser, R. J. ‘‘Pensions and the Retirement Decision.’’ In Pensions, Labor, and Individual Choice. Edited by David A. Wise. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1985. Pages 283–316.
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U.S. Treasury, Internal Revenue Service. Individual Income Tax Returns 1998. Washington, D.C.: IRS, 2001.
Voss, P.; Gunderson, R.; and Manchin, R. ‘‘Death Taxes and Elderly Interstate Migration.’’ Research on Aging 10 (1988): 420–450.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Taxation is the principal means by which governments get the resources to pay for activities such as armed forces, a court system, a health care program, and programs aimed at transferring resources to the destitute or the elderly. Taxation is not, however, the only means by which a government gains control of resources; for example, many countries draft people into the military. Among developed countries, taxation accounts for between 25 and 50 percent of national income. Taxation in developing countries generally raises substantially less than this, primarily due to the difficulty the tax authorities encounter in collecting taxes. Although tax receipts in many countries fall well short of covering current expenditures, the resulting deficits do not imply that the expenditures are costless; payment is simply delayed, and future generations bear the costs of the expenditure.
Taxation is as old as government itself. Indeed, the first known written records, made by the Sumerians about 5,000 years ago, are apparently tax records. Before money was widely used, taxes were paid in kind with grain, cattle, labor, and other valuable objects. Compulsory labor is the earliest form of taxation for which records exist; indeed, in the ancient Egyptian language the word labor was a synonym for taxes.
In Europe before the seventeenth century, most taxes were levied directly on people, depending on their status in society or on the land they owned. About that time, new taxes arose that were associated with the rising tax bases related to commerce, transactions, and urban markets. Some advocated such taxes as a way of introducing equality in taxation, because the privileged classes had managed to obtain virtual immunity from the existing status-based tax system.
Beginning in the nineteenth century, the growing scale and cost of war greatly expanded the revenue needs of many Western countries, and the tax systems expanded to keep up with these needs. The modern income tax began in Great Britain around 1800 to help pay for wars with France . Financing wars was then the major expense of government—from the twelfth to the nineteenth century, between 75 and 90 percent of the English government’s expenditure went to financing wars. The income tax was also a response to a concern that a tax system that relied on land as a tax base was failing to reach the growing commercial wealth and income that arose during the Industrial Revolution .
Resistance to taxes was a theme of the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). In keeping with that spirit, taxes in the United States were relatively low until the twentieth century and are still among the lowest of all developed countries. In 1900 U.S. federal taxes amounted to just 3.1 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ), while state and local taxes comprised another 4 to 5 percent. The U.S. income tax was introduced in 1913, after the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which set aside the constitutional provision that all direct taxes must be levied across states in proportion to their population.
The role of the U.S. federal government expanded greatly during the first half of the twentieth century, and by 1943 federal taxes increased to 19.7 percent of GDP. World War II (1939–1945) was clearly the critical juncture, although the New Deal years of the 1930s were also important. Many programs, particularly Social Security, were introduced during the 1930s and would require much higher taxes in later years. By 2003 federal tax receipts (including social insurance payroll taxes) amounted to 17 percent of GDP, with state and local taxes adding another 8.8 percent. The total share had been roughly constant since the 1970s, but since 2001 federal taxes as a share of GDP have fallen notably due to a series of tax cuts enacted during the George W. Bush administration.
In modern tax systems, a wide range of activities and circumstances can trigger tax liability—the purchase of a good from a retailer triggers a sales tax, the payment of wages for a business to a worker triggers an income tax, or the passing of wealth from one generation to the next triggers estate and inheritance taxes. Although there are a large variety of taxes, certain kinds predominate. Among developed countries, which raise on average about 37 percent of GDP in taxes, slightly more than one-third of tax revenue comes from income taxes; slightly less than one-third comes from various taxes on consumption, including value-added taxes remitted by all businesses; and about one quarter comes from social insurance taxes. The United States stands out among developed nations for its relatively low taxes and for making much less use of consumption taxes. The United States is also the only member country of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, a group of thirty developed countries, without a value-added tax.
On average, poorer developing countries collect taxes that amount to a substantially lower percentage of their national income. Of the tax revenue they do collect, a smaller share comes from income taxes and a larger share from both consumption taxes and, especially, taxes on international trade. The reliance of developing countries on trade taxes reflects the relative ease with which goods can be observed and valued as they cross international borders, which is important in countries where administrative resources are scarce. It also reflects the use of import taxes as a deliberate economic strategy to promote domestic industrial development, as well as the prevalence of easily taxed exports of primary products such as oil, food, and industrial crops. This lower reliance on income taxes is largely due to the difficulty of collecting income taxes in countries with large informal sectors; unlike developed countries, only a small proportion of the workforce is employed by well-established, financially sophisticated companies whose existence facilitates collection of taxes on the income of both businesses and employees.
There are two key aspects to all taxes: Who bears the burden, and what is the effect on the economy? Ascertaining who bears the tax burden is not simply a matter of keeping track of who writes the checks to the government. For example, in the United States most of the income tax liability of employees is remitted by employers in the form of withholding, although it is widely believed that it is the employee, not the employer, who bears the burden through lower take-home pay. The filing of an employee’s tax return reconciles his or her actual tax liability to what has already been remitted, on the worker’s behalf, by the employer.
Taxes can also impose burdens by changing the prices of what people buy, as occurs with cigarette taxes. Taxes can even have an impact on individuals buying untaxed goods. For example, a tax on butter may cause some consumers to switch to margarine, driving up the price of margarine and shifting some of the tax to people who prefer margarine for health reasons.
Some types of taxes, such as the corporation income tax, are legally owed by a business entity, but the tax burden will be shared among the company’s shareholders, workers, and customers to the extent that the company is able to “pass on” the tax burden by, for example, paying lower or charging higher prices for their products. Assessing the burden of the corporation income tax is one of the most controversial questions in the study of taxation, made more difficult by the advent of multinational corporations that have operations, customers, and shareholders in many countries.
The question of who should bear the burden of taxes is separate from who does bear the burden. It is a perennially contentious issue for which there is no right or wrong answer. One aspect is how the burden should be shared across income classes, an issue often referred to as tax pro-gressivity. Intuitively appealing but vague principles—for example, taxes should match the benefits one receives from government activities, or taxes should equalize sacrifice—do not offer much practical guidance, and modern economics has for the most part given up on refining such principles to instead focus on the consequences of different levels of progressivity. Moreover, it is not clear why, in assessing the distributional consequences of government, it makes sense to focus on tax progressivity rather than the progressivity of what the government provides its citizens and how it assesses taxes to pay for those programs.
Aside from progressivity, tax systems should avoid arbitrary distinctions in tax burden based on people’s tastes or characteristics, whether intended or capricious. In the past, such arbitrary taxes have been imposed on minorities; examples include the poll tax collected from Jewish communities in the Holy Roman Empire and the poll tax levied on non-Muslims in the eighth-century Abbasid caliphate of Persia . Modern tax systems often make tax-burden distinctions among families of the same income level, based, for example, on such factors as family size, charitable inclinations, or tastes for cigarettes.
The second question to ask about any tax system is what costs it imposes. The first and most obvious cost is that every dollar of taxes remitted to the government leaves one less dollar for taxpayers to spend on goods and services. For this reason, a responsible government will only raise taxes to provide programs whose value exceeds the private consumption that is given up.
But there are costs over and above the money taxed away. For one thing, collecting taxes requires a substantial bureaucracy. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) budget is over $10 billion per year, although that amounts to only about 0.5 percent of the revenue it collects. Dwarfing that are the costs borne directly by the taxpayers—called compliance costs —which include the value of their time spent on tax matters and money spent on tax software and professional tax preparers and planners. This cost has been estimated to exceed $100 billion a year for the U.S. income tax system, ten times the administrative cost for all taxes combined and about 10 percent of revenues collected.
Administration of a legitimate, nonarbitrary tax system is facilitated when there are observable, measurable things that can serve as tax bases. For example, it is notoriously difficult to enforce taxes on food products grown and consumed by farmers and on the income of self-employed individuals. Most modern tax systems rely on businesses that withhold taxes on employees’ earnings and provide information reports to the tax authority that can be matched with employees’ tax returns. Withholding and information reports are supplemented by random audits, with penalties for noncompliance. In many countries, the employee-withholding system is exact and final so that no tax return need be filed by most employees; the British pay-as-you-earn system is an example.
In spite of these measures, substantial tax evasion occurs. According to the IRS, about 16 percent of the federal taxes that should be paid are not. The noncompliance rate varies widely by the type of income; it is less than 2 percent for wages and salaries and as much as 50 percent for self-employment income, the stark difference reflecting the availability of withholding and information reports for the former but not the latter type of income.
Taxes impose another kind of cost on an economy because they alter the costs and rewards of various behaviors. For example, both income and consumption taxes reduce the incentive to work by reducing the consumption reward per hour of labor supplied to the market. Income taxes, but not consumption taxes, also reduce the reward and therefore the incentive of individuals to save and businesses to invest. These behavioral responses represent costs because they channel resources in socially unproductive directions. For example, from society’s point of view it is costly if income taxes dissuade someone from joining the labor force. Much economic analysis has tried to quantify these behavioral responses; the consensus view is that the overall labor supply response is not large and the saving response is not well understood, but certain other behaviors, such as the timing of capital assets sales to anticipated tax changes, are highly responsive to the tax system. The bigger the behavioral response, the higher the economic cost per dollar raised. Some have estimated that, all in all, the behavioral responses to the U.S. income tax system generate an extra forty cents of social cost for every additional tax dollar raised.
TRADEOFFS
Tax policy is controversial because the objectives often conflict. Although the economic costs could arguably be reduced by making the tax burden less progressive (i.e., reducing how much the tax burden rises with income), many would find such a system to be an unfair shifting of the burden toward low-income people. Simplifying the tax system could save substantial administrative and compliance costs, but a simplified system might render the tax burden less finely tuned to individual circumstances. Many of the debates about tax policy involve such choices. For example, would lowering taxes on entrepreneurial income stimulate enough economic activity to offset the fact that (successful) entrepreneurs are often among society’s wealthiest citizens?
The twentieth-century expansion of the role of government, and the associated need for more tax revenues, seems to have peaked in the 1980s, and on average the worldwide ratio of tax collections to GDP has not changed much since that time. Looking ahead, as national economies become more interconnected, it may become more difficult to collect taxes without substantial crosscountry cooperation. Furthermore, governments may compete to attract businesses by offering lower taxes. Some view this development as a dangerous “race to the bottom” that will undermine the ability of governments to provide public goods and social insurance, while others applaud it as a way to discipline otherwise profligate governments in the same way that competition among companies promotes cost-minimizing business operations.
Especially in the last two decades, the U.S. income tax system has become much more than a way to raise revenue; it also delivers a wide range of social programs. Thus, it is misleading to associate government expenditure programs with what the government does and the tax system with how it pays for what it does because much of what government does is achieved via the tax system. For example, the U.S. income tax subsidizes charitable giving by making it deductible from taxable income. It also promotes homeownership through its favorable tax treatment, and it delivers the country’s biggest antipoverty program via the earned income tax credit. These programs add to the complexity of the tax system, and thus to its administrative and compliance costs, and the constituencies that benefit often oppose efforts to simplify the tax system that would eliminate these programs.
SEE ALSO Earned Income Tax Credit; Inheritance Tax; Negative Income Tax; Tax Credits; Tax Evasion and Tax Avoidance; Tax Relief; Taxes, Progressive; Taxes, Regressive; Transaction Taxes
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Auerbach, Alan J., and Kevin A. Hassett, eds. 2005. Toward Fundamental Tax Reform. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press.
Brownlee, W. Elliot. 2004. Federal Taxation in America: A Short History. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center; Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press.
Messere, Ken, Flip de Kam, and Christopher Heady. 2003. Tax Policy: Theory and Practice in OECD Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
President’s Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform. 2005. Final Report. Simple, Fair, and Pro-growth: Proposals to Fix America’s Tax System. http://www.taxreformpanel.gov/final-report/.
Rosen, Harvey. 2004. Public Finance. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Slemrod, Joel, and Jon Bakija. 2004. Taxing Ourselves: A Citizen’s Guide to the Debate over Taxes. 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Webber, Carolyn, and Aaron B. Wildavsky. 1986. History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Joel Slemrod
17
27
government efforts to keep the procurement price for grain low increased the actual surplus taken. Moreover, the nepmen had to pay a temporary tax on super-profits starting in 1926.
During the Stalinist period the government greatly increased the burden of taxation to an estimated 50 percent of household income. As shown, the principal mode of taxation was on the nationalized manufacturing and mining sectors, plus heavy exactions in kind from the collective and state farms. The Finance Ministry also conducted compulsory bond sales, but these were phased out during the 1950s.
In more recent Soviet times the regime imposed a mild income tax on employees, with a top rate of 13 percent above a certain exempt amount. But authors, physicians in private practice, tutors, landlords, craftsmen and like independents would pay at treble these rates or up to a marginal rate of 81 percent. Bachelors (and small families until 1958) paid a 6 percent surtax, but military personnel, students, and dwarfs were exempt. There was also a fairly stiff tax (from 12 to 48% by 1951) on money and imputed incomes from private plots in addition to a small tax on kolkhoz net income. This was in addition to forced deliveries at lower than market prices.
Soviet authorities strongly preferred indirect taxes over those imposed directly on persons. Apparently they believed workers would be more sensitive to their wages and wage differentials than to the prices they paid—money illusion. However, after 1947 they also endeavored to reduce official prices on goods of mass consumption.
While the turnover tax remained the single largest source of revenue until the 1960s, the type
of tax which increased the most during later Soviet times was that on profits. In 1950 the turnover tax accounted for 56 percent of the total, while deductions from profits provided only about 10 percent. By 1970, however, turnover tax declined to 32 percent, while deductions from profits rose to 35 percent of the consolidated USSR budget. However, the distinction between these two taxes is not sharp: both are enterprise taxes unrelated to the ability of citizens to pay.
To these taxes on profits, which after all belong to the state as owner, might be added retained profits devoted to state-mandated investments. After 1965 the regime added a small charge on net capital and broader rental payments in addition to remittances of the free remainder of profits. The miscellaneous category included large and rising profits from foreign trade—for example, on imported grain or exported oil—a stamp duty on legal documents, an inheritance tax, a local property tax, and a tax on automobiles, boats, and horses. All this added up to a considerable burden of taxation—approximately 45 percent of Soviet national income in the postwar period, about half again as much as in the United States and among the top tax-collection rates on the European continent. Nevertheless, except in oil boom years, the budget usually concealed a 2 to 8 percent deficit, financed by monetary emissions and resulting in inflation during the 1980s especially.
Some of the revenues mentioned above are retained by local or republican governments for their own expenditures. This was particularly high in the less developed regions of Central Asia, as part of the regional subsidy characteristic of Soviet welfare colonialism, as it has been called.
See also: alcohol monopoly; beard tax; tax, turnover
bibliography
Gregory, Paul, and Stuart, Robert. (1998). Russian and Soviet Economic Performance and Structure, 6th ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Holzman, Franklyn D. (1955). Soviet Taxation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kahan, Arcadius. (1985). The Plow, the Hammer, and the Knout. An Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Russia. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Martin C. Spechler
Sources
Costs. As today, there were various costs that prompted colonial authorities to levy taxes on inhabitants. Local and provincial costs such as officials’ salaries, schools (especially in New England ), church expenses (New England and New York town taxes), benevolence efforts, road construction and maintenance, and the militia were paid through taxes. Unlike today, there were no income or sales taxes. In addition to trade duties indirect revenue was acquired largely through internal excise taxes. These allowed for lower individual taxation. The principle of individual (direct) taxation, in whatever form, was generally based on the concept of production. Both direct and indirect taxes were levied on the local and provincial levels. It should be remembered that taxation varied from region to region. The following, therefore, is an overall generalization.
Land Taxes. Both on the local and provincial level a primary measurement of taxation was land. Since land was most colonist’s chief form of production, its value was taxed. The only way to avoid such a tax was to demonstrate that the property was at the time dormant. But for most a considerable amount of their property did produce income and was therefore taxable. On the provincial level a similar system was used with an additional system called quitrents. Quitrents were employed as a means of land taxation. The quitrent had its origin in feudal England . The prefix quit referred to one’s payment obligation to the manor lord as quit or free once the annual rent was met. Royal and proprietary colonies often charged quitrents, which “emphasized the feudal dependence of the American colonies, and was the visible token of such a relation.” Quitrents served as a necessary fixed rate of taxation (as opposed to labor rates which were variable and hard to enforce) for the transition of feudal England’s inhabitants from tenancy to freeholdership. This system found its way first into Virginia and the Carolinas and later Pennsylvania . Some northern colonies adopted it, but it never reached widespread use as in the southern provinces. Quitrents are considered here as a form of taxation since colonial authorities looked to them as a primary means of income for governmental operations (and hopefully personal profit).
Poll Tax. The poll tax was an across-the-board flat labor tax imposed primarily on white adult males. This tax centered around the concept of income-earning labor. Anyone, most commonly white males, who earned an income was subject to this tax. For fathers who put their sons to work on the farm, their labor was also taxed; it was paid by the father as long as he drew the profit of their labor. Fourteenth-century England saw the earliest poll tax. Laborers above the age of fourteen were subject to the tax. Near the end of the seventeenth century the poll tax was abolished in England due to its perceived unfairness. Pennsylvania enacted its first poll tax in 1693 around the same time of its demise in the mother country. The Pennsylvania tax required sixteen-year-old white males who had been free from indentured servitude for at least six months and whose net worth did not exceed a certain amount to pay the tax. For many of the colonies the poll tax covered at least half of the government expenditures on the provincial (as opposed to local) level.
Excise Taxes. Another form of taxation that produced considerable income on the provincial level was the excise (internal) tax, especially on liquor and slaves. Since slaves existed for the owners’ profit, they were a form of production subject to taxation. The most common excise tax in all the colonies was that paid by tavern owners on liquor, a cost passed on to the consumer. Provincial leaders eventually imitated the English Parliament, which established an excise tax on intoxicating drinks in 1643. This, of course, was the period of growing Puritan influence in Parliament, and the tax bore certain social implications. The records show Parliament increasing the excise of liquor in reaction to calls to limit excesses in alcoholic consumption. Although it cannot be shown that such, in England or the colonies, was the only or even the primary reason for the excise tax, the desire for moderation certainly was a motivating factor. One may be surprised to learn that the average alcohol consumption per person was much higher in the American colonial period than today. In 1733 Pennsylvania’s lieutenant governor Patrick Gordon argued for an increase in the excise tax stating that the “debauchery introduced by the vast Consumption of it (liquor) is the crying Sin and disease of the Country; not only Numbers of Single Persons but Families are ruined by it.” Gordon also asserted that the tax was “of much greater importance to the welfare of the Country, than the raising of Money from It.”
Burden. Some assume that the burden of taxation in the colonial era was great due to the more stringent measures (Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Tea Act, and so forth) enacted in the Revolutionary period. The fact is, however, the average colonist’s tax burden was moderate at best. After all, government operations were, compared to today’s standards, low-budget affairs. There were very few full-time office holders. During this period Massachusetts, for instance, employed around six full-time government officials. The highest salary in the colonies usually went to the governor, whose income might exceed, again by today’s standards, $100,000. The absence of a standing army also meant minimal defense costs, costs that of course went up in time of war. On balance, military costs did not become a large concern until the Seven Years War. In short, taxation, though a sporadic concern in the early and middle colonial eras, never became a colonywide source of discontentment.
Sources
Beverley W. Bond, The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1919);
Patricia U. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971);
Jack P. Greene, “The Growth of Political Stability: An Interpretation of Political Development in the Anglo-American Colonies, 1660–1760,” in Greene, Negotiated Authorities: Essays in Colonial Political and Constitutional History (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994), pp.131–162;
Lemuel Molovinsky, “Continuity of the English Tax Experience in Early Pennsylvania History,” Pennsylvania History,46 (July 1979): 233–244.
Cite this article
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Taxation is as old as recorded history. The earliest forms of writing, pictographs from the ancient Near East, are records of taxpayer accounts, paid and owed, to the king. Taxation is the taking of economic resources by a political entity from an individual or collective who is subject to its authority. It is a taking in that taxation is not a freely voluntary exchange, because resources are given under threat of coercion. Economic resources can take the form of money, goods, or service. Political entity refers to an individual (chief, prince), group (tribe, caste), or institution (state, government) that makes claims on and decisions for those from whom economic resources are sought. Their authority to claim economic resources is derived by consent, law, or force. The subjects of taxation are usually territorial based, including social collectives (tribes, villages, colonies, castes), economic collectives (guilds, mercantile companies, incorporated businesses), and individuals and households.
There are two general forms of taxation, direct and indirect. Direct taxation refers to tax claims made on fixed entities, such as a person, a business, land, and property. Indirect taxation refers to tax claims made on economic transactions, such as the sale of goods and services, trade, and commerce. For much of preindustrial history, taxes were direct, such as the poll tax. They were imposed on collectives and paid in kind with service (labor) or goods (a percentage of agricultural harvests). With the rise of capitalist cash economies in the modern period, taxation increasingly was directed toward money and financial assets. The modern state has shown a preference and capacity for indirect taxes as well as direct taxes claimed from individual households and business collectives.
Taxation is a type of exchange relationship between a political entity and its claimed subjects. Exchange is what distinguishes taxation from plunder. The political entity is supposed to provide something in exchange for economic resources. In the earliest forms of taxation, political entities claimed tribute in exchange for protection from physical harm, both from the political entity itself and from others in warfare or robbery. As the relationship evolved historically, taxation became more varied in form and rou-tinized in collection; in exchange, political entities provided more public goods, such as dispensation of justice, enforcement of law and property rights, establishment of economic infrastructure and cultural institutions, and provision of social and economic welfare goods. Some taxes are imposed not just to raise revenue but also to promote or discourage social behavior. For example, a reduced tax burden is meant to encourage charitable donations, while higher tax rates are meant to discourage smoking and drinking.
Taxation serves as the arena where power and wealth collide and connive in society. Each society develops its own system of distribution of tax burdens, progressive or regressive, which inevitably penalizes some and benefits others. Quasi-voluntary compliance occurs when political authorities succeed in providing sufficient goods in exchange and maintain a perception of fairness in the tax burden and a threat of coercion against those who do not pay. If these three factors are not in place, the tendency for evasion and noncompliance increases. Also income tax compliance was enhanced when employers were made to share responsibility for payment with employees. Tax burdens are sometimes effectively hidden in the final costs of goods. Resistance to the revenue claims of political authorities in the form of tax revolts provides some of history’s most notable political conflicts, including the English civil war, the French Revolution , and the American War of Independence.
SEE ALSO Poll Tax; Tax Credits; Tax Relief; Tax Revolts; Taxes; Taxes, Progressive; Taxes, Regressive
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adams, Charles. 1993. For Good and Evil: The Impact of Taxes on the Course of Civilization. London and New York: Madison Books.
Burg, David. 2004. A World History of Tax Rebellions: An Encyclopedia of Tax Rebels, Revolts, and Riots from Antiquity to the Present. New York: Routledge.
Webber, Carolyn, and Aaron Wildavsky. 1986. A History of Taxation and Expenditure in the Western World. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Gerald Easter
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Value-added tax
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What make of aircraft is considered the first jet to fly?
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Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: January 2014
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
CUP AND PLATE QUESTIONS FOR TUESDAY 28TH JANUARY
Questions set by the Waters Green Lemmings and the Bate Horntails.
ROUND ONE:
Q1: The characters Vladimir and Estragon appear?
A: Waiting for Godot.
Q2: What relation was Pliny the Younger to Pliny the Elder?
A: Nephew.
Q3: Which member of the Royal Family is nicknamed “Princess Pushy”?
A: Princess Michael of Kent.
Q4: What was the name of Perry Mason’s secretary?
A: Della Street.
Q5: What famous French film production/newsreel brand, established in 1896, was the first major movie corporation? A: Pathé (Pathé Frères - Pathé Brothers)
Q6: Which King conferred the title “Royal and Ancient” on the Golf Club at St. Andrews?
A: William IV.
Q7: In which U.S. state is the vast majority of Yellowstone National Park?
A: Wyoming.
Q8: Which was the last British group to win the Eurovision Song Contest?
A: Katrina and the Waves (in 1997 with Love Shine A Light).
Q9: In October 2013, Sebastian Vettel won the F1 Driver’s Championship for the 4th consecutive time, but how many other people have achieved this feat?
A: Three: (Juan Manuel Fangio; Alain Prost; Michael Schumacher).
Q10: Which country finished third in the 1966 World Cup? A: Portugal.
Q11: What was the surname of Art Historian and nun, Sister Wendy? A: Becket.
Q12: What is the capital of Tajikistan? A: Dushanbe.
Q13: Which Beatles album followed Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band?
A: Magical Mystery Tour.
Q14: Which detective was created by W J Burley?
A: Wycliffe.
Q15: Which of Enid Blyton’s Famous Five owned Timmy the Dog? A: George.
Q16: In which prison was the television series “Porridge” set? Slade.
Q17: Where in the human body is the radius? A: The forearm (accept arm).
Q18: To which country do the islands of Spitzbergen belong? A: Norway.
Q19: In which year was the Festival of Britain? A: 1951.
Q20: In whose shop window did Bagpuss sit?
A: Emily’s.
Q1: At which English racecourse would you find Devil’s Dyke? A: Newmarket.
Q2: Which is the largest moon in the Solar System? A: Ganymede.
Q3: How many Nobel Prizes are usually awarded each year? A: Six: (Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace and Economics).
Q4: Who was the last King of Italy? A: Umberto II.
Q5: Which Scottish town is home to the football club St. Mirren? A: Paisley.
Q6: Matt Baker (TV presenter) was a Junior British gymnast and sports acrobatics champion until the age of 14, which current TV programme is he co-presenting? A: The One Show.
Q7: In which country is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper? A: Dubai (accept United Arab Emirates).
Q8: What would you be doing if you suffered from Bruxism? A: Excessively grinding your teeth or clenching your jaw.
Q9: What would you be doing if you suffered from Sternutation? A: Sneezing.
Q10: When Ed Milliband beat his brother David to become leader of the Labour Party, who came third? A: Ed Balls.
Q11: Who was the first Christian Martyr, with his feast day on 26th December? A: St. Stephen.
Q12: Which American, in 1921, was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for fiction? A: Edith Wharton for “The Age of Innocence”.
Q13: A new atomic element was confirmed in August 2013. How many does this make in total? A: 115 (Accept 114-116).
Q14: Who captained England when they won the inaugural Women’s Cricket World Cup, held in England in 1973? A: Rachel Heyhoe-Flint.
Q15: What is the easternmost city in England? A: Norwich.
Q16: Which actor played Tony Martin, the canteen manager in Victoria Wood’s sitcom ‘Dinner Ladies’? A: Andrew Dunn.
Q17: Which tragic Hollywood star was born Frances Ethel Gumm in 1922? A: Judy Garland.
Q18: The first wife of British folk singer Ewan MacColl was well known as a left-wing theatre director – who was she? A: Joan Littlewood.
Q19: Who won the 2013 Edinburgh Festival Fringe Comedy Award? A: Brigitte Christie.
Q20: What card game would you be playing if your team won the Bermuda Bowl (the World Team Championship for this sport?) A: Contract Bridge (accept Bridge)
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ROUND THREE:
Q1: Which comedian played Archie the Inventor in “Balamory”? A: Miles Jupp.
Q2: What was name of the lawyer for the defence in the Scopes Monkey trial, held in Tennessee in 1925? A: Clarence Darrow.
Q3: Give one of the Queen’s middle names. A: Alexandra or Mary.
Q4: Which British Prime Minister was preceded by Arthur Balfour and succeeded by Herbert Asquith? A: Henry Campbell-Bannerman.
Q5: Name the “Time Team” archaeologist who died in 2013? A: Professor Mick Aston.
Q6: John Utzon was the Danish architect of which famous building, opened in 1956? A: The Sydney Opera House.
Q7: In the 1920s, who was known as the IT girl? A: Clara Bow.
Q8: Who was the voice behind the comments in the BBC TV series “Grumpy Old Men”? A: Geoffrey Palmer.
Q9: Which Emergency Committee meets in Cabinet Briefing Room A? A: COBRA (hence the name).
Q10: Which Beatles song includes a line about grandchildren called Vera, Chuck and Dave? A: When I’m 64.
Q11: Which long-running Radio 4 panel game was devised in the 1960 by Ian Messiter? A: Just a minute.
Q12: “Common Carder”, “Carpenter” and “Field Cuckoo” are all examples of which type of U.K.insect? A: Bees.
Q13: Which 19th century scientist took the name Gregor on becoming an Augustinian monk? A: Gregor Mendel.
Q14: There are 2 major league baseball teams based in New York City. One is the Yankees. What’s the other called? A: New York Mets.
Q15: What is the currency of Iraq? A: Dinar.
Q16: London Zoo is in which Park? A: Regent’s Park.
Q17: In which year was the racehorse Shergar stolen? A: 1983.
Q18: To be called ‘Right Honourable’ in the UK parliament, an MP must be a member of which other body? A: The Privy Council.
Q19: How many professional fights did Muhammed Ali have during his career? A: 61 (Accept 58-63).
Q20: Oil of vitriol is a common name used for which chemical substance? A: Sulphuric Acid.
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ROUND FOUR:
Q1: Who was the mother of Queen Elizabeth the First? A: Ann Boleyn.
Q2: Opened in 1761, which waterway was the design work of the engineer James Brindley? A: The Bridgewater Canal.
Q3: Which U.S. state only has borders with Alabama and Georgia? A: Florida.
Q4: Blue Agave is a plant used in the production of which type of distilled drink? A: Tequila.
Q5: In which country is the Yucatan peninsula? A: Mexico.
Q6: Laura Trott OBE is a reigning Olympic champion in 2 cycling events. One is the pursuit. What’s the other called? A: The Omnium.
Q7: In Archery, what is a bodkin? A: The metal tip of an arrow.
Q8: The Standard Oil Company was founded by which American in 1870? A: John D. Rockerfeller.
Q9: Who wrote the novel “Tender is the Night”? A: F. Scott Fitzgerald.
Q10: To be a member of a Gurkha Army regiments in the UK Army, you have to be born in which country? A: Nepal.
Q11: What is the literal translation of the French word “biscuit”? A: Twice-cooked.
Q12: Which river flows through the town of Stafford? A: The Stour.
Q13: Which river flows through the town of Carlisle. A: The Eden.
Q14: Which Welsh band had a hit in the 1990s with “Mulder and Scully”? A: Catatonia.
Q15: What colour are the county caps worn by Surrey cricketers? A: Brown.
Q16: The Baltimore Ravens won the 2013 Superbowl. In which state is Baltimore? A: Maryland.
Q17: Who immediately preceded Robert Mugabe as President of Zimbabwe? This person left office in 1987? A: Canaan Banana.
Q18: In 2011, which company appointed Tim Cook as Chief Executive Officer? A: Apple.
Q19: What word is used to describe a red deer that is more than 5 years old? A: A Hart.
Q20: Which Welsh city was once referred to as ‘Copper-opolis’? A: Swansea.
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ROUND FIVE:
Q1: Which Scottish city also famous for Cake and Jam, was once known as ‘Jute-opolis’? A: Dundee.
Q2: As of January 23rd, 2014, who is manager of Southampton football club? A: Mauricio Pocettino.
Q3: What is the name of the tiny computer introduced in 2012 to get children interested in programming? A: The Raspberry Pi.
Q4: Who is the patron Saint of LOST CAUSES (or Cases despaired of? A: St. Jude. Also accept Thaddeus ( …question arose after the storm across southern areas of UK on October 28th 2013).
Q5: In which classic TV quiz did contestants undertake a “gold run”? A: Blockbusters.
Q6: 51 years ago in 1963 President John F. Kennedy was assassinated and the coverage was recently ‘in the news’. What number US President was he? A: 35th.
Q7: The Kinder trespass was a landmark act of social disobedience in the pursuit of National Parks, but in which year did the trespass occur? A: 1932 (accept 1930-34).
Q8: What’s the family name of the Dukes of Westminster? A: Grosvenor.
Q9: Of which satirical magazine was Alan Coren the editor? A: Punch.
Q10: ‘Going for an English’ was a catch phrase used in which 90`s TV programme?? A: Goodness, Gracious Me.
Q11: Who was the first woman to receive the Order of Merit? A: Florence Nightingale.
Q12: What is the name of the body of water between Portsmouth and the north-east shore of the Isle of Wight? A: Spithead.
Q13: Who was the Conservative Party leader directly before David Cameron? A: Michael Howard (Nov 2003 – Dec 2005).
Q14: In the human body, the apocrine and eccrine glands secrete which substance? A: Sweat.
Q15: Who sang at the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee concert while hula-hooping? A: Grace Jones.
Q16: In a music concert, what’s the term used to describe when the orchestra stops playing and a soloist continues to play alone?
A: Cadenza.
Q17: Who played Dirk Gently in BBC4’s eponymous comedy drama? A: Stephen Mangham.
Q18: In the BBC sitcom ‘Porridge’, who played the part of Norman Stanley Fletcher’s cell mate, Lenny Godber? A: Richard Beckinsale.
Q19: Where would you find a lychgate? A: At the entrance to a churchyard.
Q20: Who was President of FIFA immediately before Sepp Blatter took over in 1998? A: Joao Havelange.
ROUND SIX:
Q1: Who played the title role in the film “The Bodyguard”? A: Kevin Costner.
Q2: Which British Field Marshal once wrote… ‘We have in the service the scum of the earth as common soldiers’?
A: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.
Q3: Which country hosted the 1998 World Cup? A: France.
Q4: What’s the meaning of the word ‘GLOSSOLALIA’? A: Speaking in Tongues (Incomprehensible speech in an imaginary language].
Q5 Who was John Major’s deputy Prime Minister? A: Michael Hesletine (appointed 1995).
Q6: What substance did Americans call ‘Liberty Cabbage’ towards the end of World War I? A: Sauerkraut.
Q7: In the Shrek films, which actor voices the cat? A: Antonio Banderas.
Q8: In what year did the New Labour government raise the legal age for buying cigarettes from 16 to 18? A: 2007.
Q9: Which river marks the division between Men of Kent and Kentish Men? A: The Medway.
Q10: What’s the name of the former Conservative Energy ‘adviser’ who suggested in July 2013 that fracking should be carried out in the desolate areas of UK like the North-East of England? A: Lord Howell (George Osborne’s father-in-law) .
Q11 Which poet wrote “The Wasp He Is A Nasty One”? A: Pam Ayres.
Q12: Which universal physical constant is commonly represented by the letter c? A: The speed of light (in a vacuum, which is ~ 700 million mph).
Q13: The M3 motorway runs from London to which other UK city? A: Southampton.
Q14: Which Tom Hanks film features a fortune telling machine called Zoltar Speaks? A: Big.
Q15: In July 2013, which country became the 28th EU member? A: Croatia.
Q16: Clawhammer is a playing style most often associated with which string instrument? A: Banjo.
Q17: Name the last British player previous to Andy Murray to win the Men’s Wimbledon title? A: Fred Perry.
Q18: Who replaced Lewis Hamilton at the Mercedes Formula 1 team for the 2013 season? A: Sergio Perez.
Q19: Accounting for circa.30% of total global tax revenues, what form of tax did France introduce in 1954, W Germany 1968, UK 1973 and China 1984? A: Value Added Tax.
Q20: What make of aircraft is considered the first jet to fly under turbojet power? A: Heinkel. (Heinkel He178 prototype of the Luftwaffe, German Air Force, Aug 1939)
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SUPPLEMENTARIES
QS1: In the 3.30p.m. race at Towcester on 7 November 2013, jockey A.P.McCoy rode his 4000th winner. What was the name of the horse? A: Mountain Tunes.
QS2: On 7 November 2013, the heads of MI5, MI6 and GCHQ appeared together in public for the first time ever in front of Parliamentary Intelligence and Security committee. Name one of these people. A: Andrew Parker(MI5); John Sawers (MI6); Iain Lobban (GCHQ)
QS3: In which year did British Rail run its last main line passenger steam train? A: 1968
QS4: In the 1980s, which character’s catchphrase was “Giz a job”? A: Yozzer Hughes.
QS5: What was the name of the super storm that lashed New England in October 2012? A: Sandy.
QS6: What is the name of Father Ted’s housekeeper? A: Mrs. Doyle.
QS7: What country has the internet top level domain (TLD) suffix .za? A:. South Africa (derived from Dutch for South Africa, Zuid-Afrika - Dutch was the early official colonial language of SA, before Afrikaans, a daughter of and very similar language to Dutch, it developed in SA during and since colonization)
TIE BREAKER: Queensland is the second largest state in Australia, how many square kilometres is it? Answer: 1,727,200 Square Kilometres.
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i don't know
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The process by which cardinals meet to elect a new Pope is called the Papal (what?)?
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How Is a New Pope Chosen?
How Is a New Pope Chosen?
When a pope dies or resigns, the governance of the Catholic Church passes to the College of Cardinals. Cardinals are bishops and Vatican officials from all over the world, personally chosen by the pope, recognizeable by their distinctive red vestments. Their primary responsibility is to elect a new pope.
Following a vacancy in the papacy, the cardinals hold a series of meetings at the Vatican called general congregations. They discuss the needs and the challenges facing the Catholic Church globally. They will also prepare for the upcoming papal election, called a conclave. Decisions that only the pope can make, such as appointing a bishop or convening the Synod of Bishops, must wait till after the election. In the past, they made arrangements for the funeral and burial of the deceased pope.
of a bulletin insert on the
process of electing a new pope.
In the past, 15 to 20 days after a papal vacancy, the cardinals gathered in St. Peter's Basilica for a Mass invoking the guidance of the Holy Spirit in electing a new pope. Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote in a conclave. They are known as the cardinal electors, and their number is limited to 120. For the conclave itself, the cardinal electors process to the Sistine Chapel and take an oath of absolute secrecy before sealing the doors.
The cardinals vote by secret ballot, processing one by one up to Michelangelo's fresco of the Last Judgment, saying a prayer and dropping the twice-folded ballot in a large chalice. Four rounds of balloting are taken every day until a candidate receives two-thirds of the vote. The result of each ballot are counted aloud and recorded by three cardinals designated as recorders. If no one receives the necessary two-thirds of the vote, the ballots are burned in a stove near the chapel with a mixture of chemicals to produce black smoke.
When a cardinal receives the necessary two-thirds vote, the dean of the College of Cardinals asks him if he accepts his election. If he accepts, he chooses a papal name and is dressed in papal vestments before processing out to the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica. The ballots of the final round are burned with chemicals producing white smoke to signal to the world the election of a new pope.
The senior cardinal deacon, currently French Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, announces from the balcony of St. Peter's "Habemus Papam" ("We have a pope") before the new pope processes out and imparts his blessing on the city of Rome and the entire world.
©2017 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
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Papal conclave
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What famous French film production/newsreel brand, established in 1896, was the first major movie corporation?
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Pope Benedict XVI Resignation: Meet the Papal Contenders - ABC News
ABC News
ABC News
With more than 1 billion Catholics worldwide, the face of the church is changing.
It's something the cardinal electors may keep in mind when the conclave to elect a new pope begins sometime in March, said Matthew Bunson, general editor of the Catholic Almanac and author of "We Have a Pope! Benedict XVI."
Joseph Ratzinger, an intellectual and respected cardinal from Germany, was the front-runner for the papacy in 2005, Bunson said. When elected, he became Pope Benedict XVI.
Coming into this conclave, there are no strong favorites.
"I think the cardinals are going to take their time and deliberate to find the exact person who is needed," Bunson said. "I really do think it is wide open right now, more than ever."
Here's a quick look at some of the possible picks for pope:
Pier Marco Tacca/Getty Images
Cardinal Angelo Scola, 71, Italy
Scola was named the Archbishop of Milan in 2011, a prominent post in the Roman Catholic church.
"If we had to pick a front-runner, it's him," Bunson said. "He first is a brilliant theologian and has the intellectual heft to be pope, which is crucial. He has the clear favor of Pope Benedict.
Milan and Venice together have produced five popes in the past century.
Scola is also committed to promoting an understanding across faiths.
He started the Oasis Foundation in 2004, which helps bridge a dialogue between Christians and Muslims.
Helen Alvaré, a professor of law at George Mason University and an advisor to Pope Benedict XVI's Pontifical Council for the Laity, agreed that Scola will be considered papabili -- an Italian word for someone highly qualified for the papacy.
"It would not be surprise me if a Scola, or another great European mind also was determined to be what was needed for the times," she said.
Franco Origlia/Getty Images
Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco, 70, Italy
The Archbishop of Genoa has a "reputation for intellectual heft," Bunson said.
Bagnasco, two-time president of the Italian Bishops Conference, has a history of taking a strong stance on church doctrine.
In 2007, he was the subject of death threats after he led a campaign against proposed Italian legislation to grant some legal rights to unmarried couples, including people in same-sex relationships.
Italians form the largest voting block in the College of Cardinals, with 25 percent of the seats, and could help propel Bagnasco into the papacy.
AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Peter Erdo, 60, Hungary
At 60 years old, Erdo could have a lengthy papacy, bringing stability to the Vatican.
The Hungarian is president of the Council of the Bishops' Conferences of Europe.
When he was named a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003, Erdo said he wanted "to contribute to the strengthening of religious and spiritual life in the face of new challenges and problems that the church in Hungary now faces," the Catholic News Service reported.
Since then, Erdo has had worldwide reach, traveling on behalf of the Vatican.
"He is very much an intellectual, certainly a supporter of the New Evangelization and he represents a staunchly Catholic country," Bunson said. "He is somebody I have been looking at as a real potential dark horse."
Erdo has written about the oppression under a communist regime and has pondered the best ways to restore faith to his country.
In 2006, he wrote a letter to President George W. Bush expressing gratitude for the American support of his predecessor, Cardinal Jozsef Mindszenty, who had been arrested, tortured and later lived for 15 years within the U.S. Embassy in Budapest.
Ralph Orlowski/Getty Images
Cardinal Marc Ouellet, 68, Canada
The former Archbishop of Quebec, who now heads the Congregation of Bishops, has a deep knowledge of the global workings of the church, Bunson said.
"He has had a major role in the appointment of the church's leaders around the world," Bunson said.
And he points out that at 68 years old, Ouellet has age on his side.
Ouellet is someone who could have "worldwide reach," Alvaré said.
"The man who is chosen for the position he has is someone who is understood to have the presence and the future of the church in mind," she said.
Cris Faga/LatinContent/Getty Images
Cardinal Odilo Pedro Scherer, 63, Brazil
If the cardinals believe it is time for a pope from Latin America, Scherer is seen as one of the top candidates. Scherer, a German-Brazilian, is the archbishop of Sao Paolo, the largest diocese located in the country with the most Catholics.
He was appointed in 2011 to the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization and is considered a moderate.
Alessandra Tarantino/AP Photo
Cardinal Leonardo Sandri, 69, Argentina
With a large center of Catholic faithful in Latin America, Sandri could become the first pope from the region.
The 69-year-old, who was born in Argentina to Italian parents, served as a chief of staff in the Vatican, often reading public message when Pope John Paul II was in declining health.
It was Sandri who announced the passing of the pontiff in St. Peter's Square on April 2, 2005.
"He's well-liked around the world," Bunson said.
He currently serves on the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, acting as a liaison with Eastern European Catholic churches.
Sandri is fluent in English, Spanish, Italian, German and French.
Franco Origlia/Getty Images
Cardinal Timothy Dolan, 63, New York
While the thought of an American pope has long seemed impossible, Cardinal Dolan should not be ruled out, Alvaré said.
"History is changing," she said. "We've been at this a while here in the states, [although] not anywhere as long as Europe."
Dolan, an affable cardinal well-known by Catholics in the U.S. and abroad, "has been grappling with some of the leading questions that face the church for the future," Alvaré said.
In September 2012, along with comedian Stephen Colbert, he co-led a discussion on faith and humor at Fordham University.
"If I am elected pope, which is probably the greatest gag all evening, I'll be Stephen III," he told the crowd of students.
Despite Dolan's good standing, Bunson said he has some doubts.
"It strikes me as unlikely, simply because we are the world's last superpower," he said of the U.S. "So I think that might factor in."
Giuseppe Cacace/Getty Images
Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, 68, Austria
The National Catholic Reporter has called Schönborn "among the most interesting figures in the global church."
Schönborn studied under Pope Benedict XVI and has known the pontiff for decades, however, he has exhibited an independent streak, often going against traditional judgment.
Last year, the Austrian stepped in when one of his priests denied a gay man the right serve on parish council after he was overwhelmingly elected.
The cardinal went so far as to host the man and his partner for lunch, The Associated Press reported, and declared him to be "at the right place."
Schönborn has been a critic of the church's handling of its sex-abuse cases. He was rebuked by the Vatican after he reportedly accused Cardinal Angelo Sodano, former secretary of state, of blocking a sexual abuse investigation.
"It should be remembered that in the church, when there are accusations against a cardinal, the competence rests solely with the pope; others may have an advisory role, always with the proper respect for the person," a Vatican statement said, according to the Catholic News Service.
It's the cardinal's tendency to go against the grain in the church that might make him not a viable pick, Bunson said.
Christopher Bellitto, a professor at Kean University in New Jersey who has written nine books on the history of the church, thinks this may work in the Austrian's favor.
"The one who is the most interesting is Schönborn, because he has been hit by both sides," Bellitto said. "You're standing in the middle, and that's a good place to be."
Darren McColleste/Getty Images
Cardinal Sean Patrick O'Malley, 68, Boston
While conventional wisdom says an American will not be elected pope, O'Malley, the archbishop of Boston, has been viewed as a dark horse.
"There are 117 cardinals, and 116 of them want to be pope. I would say the only one that doesn't want to be pope is Sean O'Malley," Thomas Groome, chair of the Department of Religious Education at Boston College, told the Boston Herald .
"I don't think he would be looking for the trappings of power. I think the guys that are looking for it won't get it — at least that's the tradition — and the ones who aren't looking for it are more likely," he said.
The Bostonian is also tech-savvy, a necessary skill for a 21st century pontiff. He tweets to more than 10,000 followers from his @cardinalsean handle.
Jun Sato/Getty Images
Cardinal Robert Sarah, 67, Guinea
While Cardinals Turkson and Arinze emerged as early favorites from Africa, the buzz has shifted to Sarah, who hails from the western African nation of Guinea.
As president of the Pontifical Council Cor Unum, Cardinal Sarah is tasked with organizing Catholic relief around the world.
In 1979, Sarah was appointed Archbishop of Conakry, making him the youngest bishop in the world. Pope John Paul II nicknamed the 34-year-old the "baby bishop," according to the Vatican website.
Ted Aljibe/AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Luis Tagle, 55, Manila
At 55 years old, Tagle is three years younger than Pope John Paul II when he was elected pontiff.
The charismatic Filipino was named a cardinal in Nov. 24, 2012. He served under then-Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger as a member of the International Theological Commission from 1997 until 2002.
Tagle may be the most social media savvy of the bunch. He hosts a YouTube series and maintains a Facebook page.
Yuri Cortez/AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Oscar Rodriguez Maradiaga, 70, Honduras
The Archbishop of Tegucigalpa in Honduras is not only well-schooled in theology, but he also holds a diploma in clinical psychology and psychotherapy from Leopold Franz University in Innsbruck, Austria.
He has been a voice in the fight against poverty and has served as the Vatican spokesman to the International Monetary Fund and World Bank on the issue of third world debt.
Rodriguez Maradiaga made entertainment headlines in 2009 after he reportedly criticized singer Ricky Martin for using a surrogate mother to carry his twin boys, saying "you can't just buy or rent life."
He is president of the Catholic charity Caritas International.
Vittorio Zunino Celotto/Getty Images
Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, 70, Italy
The Italian cardinal is a "deep thinker" who has worked to foster a dialogue between believers and secular forces, Bunson said.
Ravasi serves as the president of the Pontifical Council for Culture and is one of the most prolific tweeters in the College of Cardinals, sending messages from his @CardRavasi handle several times a day.
As a pope, Ravasi would "be engaged with culture and rebuilding culture and civilization in general," Bunson said. "He would be a powerful pick."
Franco Origlia/Getty Images
Cardinal João Bráz de Aviz, 65, Brazil
Cardinal Bráz de Aviz is another powerful pick from Brazil, according to experts, who think it's a strong possibility the next pope could come from the world's most populous Catholic country.
Cardinal Bráz de Aviz took over as prefect for the Vatican's department for religious congregations in 2011.
In February 2012, the Brazilian was elevated from the Archbishop of Brasilia to cardinal.
He is considered a progressive Catholic voice in the country.
When he was 36 years old, Bráz de Aviz, was shot when he came across an armed robbery.
"This was a very difficult moment when I thought my life would end," he said in a video posted on Rome Reports .
Vincenzo Pinto/AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya, 73, Congo
Cardinal Pasinya, one of the older contenders, has been a preacher of peace in his country, particularly during the turbulent 1990s.
"He took an active role in his country's political situation, helping to guide the country in the delicate transition from Zaire to the Democratic Republic of Congo and promoting peace," his biography on the Vatican website says.
In 2012, Pasinya was chosen to preach the Lenten spiritual exercises to the pope, who sent him a letter of thanks and praise, which was posted on the Vatican's website.
"To be able to grasp in your very presence and in your style, Venerable Brother, the particular witness of faith of the Church which believes, hopes and loves on the African continent gave me special joy: a spiritual patrimony that constitutes a great wealth for the entire People of God and for the whole world, especially in the perspective of the New Evangelization," Pope Benedict XVI wrote.
Gregorio Borgia/AP Photo
Cardinal Peter Turkson, 64, Ghana
Turkson, who hails from Ghana, is one of several African cardinals who may be in the running for the papacy.
He is currently the president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, a post he was appointed to by Pope Benedict XVI in 2009.
The job has sent Turkson, who speaks six languages, around the world to handle mediations.
"The fact that an African cardinal is a candidate to be elected pope is the statement to the diversity of the church and the remarkable growth around the world," Bunson said.
Turkson discussed the possible of a black pope at a press conference in 2009, following the U.S. presidential election.
"And if by divine providence -- because the church belongs to God -- if God would wish to see a black man also as Pope, thanks be to God," he said.
Francis Cardinal Arinze, from Nigeria, has also been discussed as a potential pope.
Alberto Pizzolia/AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Albert Malcolm Ranjith Patabendige Don, 65, Sri Lanka
Ranjith, a conservative, was elevated from Archbishop of Colombo to Cardinal in 2010.
He has served as a papal ambassador to Indonesia, the country with the world's largest Muslim population. Approximately 88 percent of Indonesians are Muslim, according to data from the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life.
Alberto Pizzolia/AFP/Getty Images
Cardinal Willem Eijk, 59, The Netherlands
While the Dutch have a reputation for being liberal on social issues, Eijk is viewed as a conservative.
The 59-year-old studied medicine and has doctorate degrees in medical bioethics research and philosophy, according to the Vatican website.
Eijk has taught ethics and moral theology. He previously served on the executive board of the association for pro-life doctors in The Netherlands.
He was elevated from the Archbishop of Utrecht to cardinal in February 2012.
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'The Continental Army' became what in 1784?
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A Brief Profile of the Continental Army - The Armies of 1783 - 1784
A Brief Profile of the Continental Army
© 1999 -- 2008 - John K. Robertson and Bob McDonald
THE ARMIES OF 1783 AND 1784
© Don Troiani
1783 would be a year of nearly continuous reductions, reorganizations and unit redesignations. As news, both official and unofficial, of the nearing of peace reached America, the Congress responded by ordering the ongoing contractions of the army. The first day of the new year once again brought the now fully familiar annual reduction. The ever-essential Massachusetts Line remained the largest, being reduced from ten regiments to eight. Its mainstay sister of the Connecticut Line, reduced to only five regiments under the 1781 establishment, now emerged with but three. The once grand Pennsylvania Line, which had exceeded fifteen regiments between 1777 and 1780, had been virtually destroyed by the Morristown mutiny and its bureaucratic mishandling and now remained as only three regiments. Particularly targeted for virtual elimination were the lines serving in the Southern Department. The Delaware Regiment was furloughed with the new year, and the Maryland Line was reduced from three regiments to one. The remnant of the once grand Virginia Line had met virtual elimination, being captured at the disastrous surrender of Charlestown in 1780 and now disappearing entirely with the disbanding of its single regiment at Fort Pitt. The North Carolina Line was similarly slashed from four regiments to only one.
Only two months later, a second contraction affected the remaining states� units. Each of these included the differentiation of the battalion, now having a variant meaning from that which the term had had in 1775. Now, a battalion was, essentially, a �demi-regiment�, being designed to reduce a unit below the normal regimental size. The long-traditioned 1st New Hampshire Regiment became The New Hampshire Regiment, while the old 2nd regiment became The New Hampshire Battalion. The Rhode Island Regiment of 1781 was redesignated The Rhode Island Battalion, while the same two modifications made in the New Hampshire Line were made in that of New Jersey. Only three weeks following these March 1 modifications, the final remaining North Carolina regiment was furloughed. Thus, the army which had marched in November 1782 to New Windsor, north of West Point, for its final winter cantonment numbered only about 10,200 officers and men present for duty by the following March.
From as early as the mid-summer of 1782, rumors of peace were rife throughout the army. As each proved false, this process of hope and disappointment only added to the boredom and frustration typically associated with the inactivity of a winter cantonment. Even �make busy� projects such as the construction of a major causeway crossing low wetland bisecting the New Windsor camp and of a large meeting hall called the �Temple of Virtue� could not absorb all of the pent-up energy, frustration and irritation of the troops. As to the latter, nearly all the men were at least a year in arrears as to their wages and resultantly had little faith in either the Congress or their home states for restitution. As 1783 progressed, and the rumors of peace became more frequent and apparently believable, the long constrained tensions and animosities increased. In March, the army�s officers corps was brought to intense agitation and to the brink of a coup d�etat by the appearance of two anonymous circulars calling for a final confrontation with the Congress. [For a more thorough discussion of this critical phase of the Revolution, click on this link for �the Newburgh Conspiracy.� ]
The General Orders of April 19 issued by the commander -- timed eight years to the day following the Lexington/Concord eruption -- brought the long awaited announcement of peace. The camp along the Hudson burst forth with rejoicing and celebration, inclusive of a fireworks display such as most of the men had never before seen. Now, moreso than previously demonstrated, all cries were for payment and discharge. Whatever feelings of celebration and goodwill, if any, remained by the end of May were immediately consumed in rage upon receipt of the Congress� final plans for the army. Based on the interpretation that the treaty of peace with Great Britain yet needed to be approved by the Parliament, the Congress resolved that officers and the rank and file were to be furloughed, not discharged, until such time as the final treaty was ratified. If the British reneged and hostilities again emerged, the troops would be called back to service. When this resolution was interpreted with the accompanying one that the men were to receive no more than a month�s back wages in currency, the remainder to be provided for in promissory notes redeemable over time, the furlough was considered a total ruse to avoid payment. The reaction at New Windsor was predictable outrage, as recorded in the May 31 diary entry of a private of the Seventh Massachusetts Regiment:
�This day a tumult is begun on account of the during the war men having furloughs instead of the discharges which they are justly entitled to by their first enlistment, as that specified that we were at the end of the contest to be free. And, now to only furlough us and not to pay us is an odd unheard of piece of injustice and not to be put up with by brave men that have fought and suffered everything but the dissolution of soul and body. For they have never been paid according to contract but been most shamefully deceived and baffled almost in every article of contract made with them and now to be sent into the country naked and destitute of money and almost everything else is what you may call an injury to them, to their poor families and an equal disgrace to the continent that they under God have made free.
Within less than two weeks following this diary entry, the New Windsor huts were virtually abandoned. As a token of the country�s gratitude, the men were permitted to retain their muskets and accouterments, even this gesture having been at the suggestion of General Washington. Thus, the individual state lines of the �for the war men� were marched away from the Hudson Highlands toward home, under the command of their officers to prevent any irregularities or demonstrations while carrying arms. As each crossroads was reached, small groups separated off toward their own home towns. After eight years of service under the most extraordinary deprivations, the army had no final grand review; no welcoming parades awaited the men upon their arrivals. The great bulk of the Continental Army simply faded away during the first half of June. In mid-November after the receipt of unquestionable confirmation of the final treaty with Great Britain being signed, these men were discharged.
The remnant of the force which remained past early June was comprised of men who had enlisted for three years after 1780 and those whose even shorter term enlistments were yet unexpired, these troops being marched from New Windsor to West Point in late June. The two New Hampshire units were consolidated into the single New Hampshire Regiment at this time and served until finally disbanded January 1, 1784. From the prior eight Massachusetts regiments, the shorter term enlistment men were, also in June, reformed into four regiments of the line, these units serving until mid to late December. The remaining short-term men of the Rhode Island Battalion continued under that designation until being disbanded on Christmas Day at Saratoga. The for-the-war men in the five Connecticut Line units were furloughed in early June, the remaining short-term enlistment men being consolidated into the 3rd Connecticut which was redesignated The Connecticut Regiment. This regiment served until the end of December. From these troops at West Point came the force which accompanied General Howe to Philadelphia to put down the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line and these troops were those which established martial law at the request of Governor George Clinton in New York following the evacuation of that city by General Carleton. After seven years of its occupation by the enemy, the city was reclaimed by General Washington and the minute American army on November 25, 1783.
Beginning as early as May 1783, proposals and counter proposals had been exchanged between General Washington and the Congress as to a peacetime military establishment. Although the general�s initial plan was for a permanent army of very modest size, it exceeded the desires of the ever cost-conscious legislators. In early December, Washington ordered General Henry Knox to discharge all but 500 infantry and 100 artillerymen. Once again, remaining enlistment times determined the troops to be discharged and those to be retained in service. Those from New Hampshire and Massachusetts with the longest remaining times became Colonel Henry Jackson�s Continental Regiment. This tiny force of the last Continentals remained at West Point throughout the winter which followed, but in June 1784 the Congress ordered the discharges of all remaining troops excepting 55 caretakers at West Point and 25 at Fort Pitt (current Pittsburgh.) In the same month, Congress developed its own design for the post-war military, consisting of a total of 700 men to be enlisted for one year, this quota being allotted to the states of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Commanded by Josiah Harmar, this unit would be designated The First American Regiment, the seedling of the United States Army.
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United States Army
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What country has the internet top level domain (TLD) suffix .za?
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The Continental Army – U.S. Army During the Revolutionary War
World History
The Continental Army
When the American Revolutionary War’s first battles began, the colonists did not have an organized, standing army. Before the Continental Army was formed, each individual colony had relied on a militia made of citizens, to provide local defense, or temporary regiments were used. Colonists had the desire to reorganize their militia, as tensions with Great Britain increased, and potential conflict was possible.
A national militia was proposed, but the First Continental Congress rejected this idea. The aversion to a standing army was an obstacle, but Congress realized that the war against the British would require organization and discipline in its defense. The colonies tried to reform their own militia, but the soldiers were often lightly armed, with very little training, and there was very little coordination between the states.
Formation of the Continental Army
In April 1775, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized organizing a colonial army of 26 company regiments. This state-motivated action was followed in turn by other New England states, and on June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Congress proceeded to establish a Continental Army for defense purposes. George Washington, a land surveyor with previous military experience, was elected Commander-in-Chief on June 15, 1775. With a plan in place, four major-generals and eight brigadier-generals were appointed.
Army Criteria Set
The Continental Army was made up of troops from all thirteen colonies initially, and after 1776, all thirteen states contributed. The Second Continental Congress granted each state a specified number of regiments to serve under Washington’s command. The recruits would serve limited terms, and the newly formed army was paid for by the states in the form of recruitment bounties, or bonus payments for enlisting. These recruitment bounties could be in the form of land, cattle, cash, or a combination of all. The minimum enlistment age was sixteen, but with parental consent, those 15 years of age could also enlist.
Army Transformations
In 1775, the newly formed army consisted mostly of New England recruits, organized into three divisions, six brigades, and 38 regiments. In 1776, the army was reorganized, following the expiration of initial recruits. Washington asked to broaden the recruiting base, but it remained largely New England states, and consisted of 36 regiments and eight companies.
From 1777 to 1780, the invasion of massive British forces caused the Continental Congress to order each state to contribute one-battalion regiments, proportionate to their state’s population. Commander-in-Chief Washington was also given the authority to raise an additional sixteen battalions, and each recruit’s enlistment terms were extended, in order to avoid troop depletion before the war’s end.
In 1781 and 1782, the Continental Congress went bankrupt, and it was becoming difficult to pay for troops who had already served, and currently serving. It became primarily up to the individual states to pay for the Army, and the support for the war was at an all-time low. Congress eventually voted to cut all funding for the Army. In 1783 and 1784, as peace with Britain prevailed, the Continental Army was succeeded by the United States Army.
Serving Its Purpose
The Continental Army proved to be an effective force of defense. Despite monetary shortages, leaving troops without provisions, shelter, and sometimes basic supplies, the goal to defend was met. Many untrained, unskilled recruits fought through adversity to freedom. Now recognized as the precursor to the United States Army, the Continental Army evolved from colonists who were concerned for their own rights and freedoms, and continues today.
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Who is the famous husband of the also famous Chinese singer Peng Liyuan?
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Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan?
Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan?
Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan? And why should we care?
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Who is Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan?
Maria Puente, USA TODAY 7:05 p.m. EDT June 6, 2013
She's making a splash on the global stage. Why should we care?
Mexican first lady Angelica Rivera with Chinese first lady Peng Liyuan in Mexico on June 4.
(Photo: Yuri Cortez, AFP/Getty Images)
Story Highlights
Some observers compare her to first lady Michelle Obama
An ex-Chinese opera and folk singer, she's more famous than her husband in China
'Time' magazine ime calls her an "icon" on its list of the 100 most influential people in the world
The eyes of the world will be on President Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping as they meet in California this weekend, but fashion types and celebrity watchers will be looking for any sign of Xi's celeb-in-the-making wife, Peng Liyuan.
An ex-Chinese opera and folk singer who's more famous than her husband in China, she has been compared to first lady Michelle Obama and ex-French first lady Carla Bruni, hailed at home and abroad as attractive, stylish and a humanizing face for the new China.
She is virtually unknown in the West until now, after a score of high-profile appearances with her husband in three Latin American countries on their current overseas tour.
But she might not be so visible in America, their last stop: The couple will be tucked away at Sunnylands, the estate of the late Reader's Digest publisher (and President Reagan's BFF) Walter Annenberg in the Republican precincts of Palm Springs. And she won't be meeting with Michelle Obama.
(Photo: Randal Campos, AFP/Getty Images)
Peng arrives here with advance notices as a genuine "celebrity." Fashion editors scrutinized her wardrobe (dark, well-cut trench coat and Tod's look–alike handbag) on the couple's first trip abroad, to Moscow in March. Forbes put her on its list of the World's Most Powerful Women; Time called her an "icon" on its list of the 100 most influential people in the world. It's no accident that the World Health Organization appointed her a goodwill ambassador for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis in 2011.
Before her husband's rise to power, Peng rose to prominence from singing soldier (she was a soprano, attaining the rank of major general in the People's Liberation Army's arts troupe), to the colorfully gowned star for 24 years of the annual Lunar New Year gala on Chinese state television. She married Xi in 1987 after they were introduced by friends.
Those who compare Liyan to Michelle Obama say the two share a fashion sensibility, they're about the same age (Obama is 49, Peng is 50), they're both attractive, and both are moms (Peng's daughter is a student at Harvard). Obama also regularly makes the endless magazine lists of powerful, influential or fashionable people.
Mrs. O's fashion power is so intense, she often moves product with her choices. Peng's fashion is remarkable in that it's not the drab, uniform-style duds worn by her dour predecessors. Already, her favorite Chinese brand, Exception (maker of the stylish trench coat in Moscow), is seeing stronger sales at home because of her.
Still, an American first lady is one of the most famous people in the world, no matter who she is. Before Peng, Chinese first ladies were rarely seen or heard from — ever. That is what makes Peng a standout.
In any case, there won't be any way to compare the two side by side. Mrs. Obama is not going to California, opting to stay home with her two daughters, who are finishing the school year this week.
(Photo: Alexander Nemenov, AFP/Getty Images)
Perhaps the more apt comparison for Peng is to the late Raisa Gorbachev, wife of former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Chic, smart and self-possessed, she was one of Gorbachev's chief assets in helping to soften the impression of the Soviet Union in the West just before the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
So it is with Peng, who has wowed Latin America on the couple's first trip to the West. They've already visited Trinidad and Tobago (where she stole the spotlight with an impromptu solo on steel drums), Costa Rica (where she was pictured cuddling cute kids) and Mexico (where Peng wore a pair of nude, patent, platform pumps just like Kate Middleton's).
Chinese media can't get enough about her; she has gotten more coverage than the official speeches and meetings or the photo grip-and-grins by the men.
"First lady's radiance delights world and boosts soft power," crowed the headline in state-owned Global Times , an English-language paper in China, during the couple's first overseas trip in March.
A more sober assessment comes from Rachel Vogelstein , a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, writing on one of its blogs.
"It remains to be seen whether the spotlight Peng Liyuan has commanded will help humanize China in the eyes of the world," she wrote. "One thing, however, appears certain: As China's influence continues to grow, all eyes will be on its dynamic first lady."
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China's first lady Peng Liyuan: a perfectly scripted life - Telegraph
China's first lady Peng Liyuan: a perfectly scripted life
China's new first lady has dazzled the world, but who is the real Peng Liyuan?
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan arrive in Moscow, Russia Photo: AP
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After decades of stiff and inscrutable leaders, whose wives have been obediently invisible, China's Communist party has finally revealed a softer side: the gracious and elegant Peng Liyuan.
But while the new first lady was almost unknown in the West until she emerged on Xi Jinping's first presidential tour, in her homeland she has been a superstar for three decades.
Well before she met Mr Xi, Mrs Peng was arguably the most famous singer in China. Even today, an old joke still does the rounds in Beijing: "Who is Xi Jinping? He is Peng Liyuan's husband."
Peng Liyun performing during National Day celebrations in Beijing
"It is a mission impossible to find someone more appropriate to represent the image of Chinese women than Peng Liyuan," gushed the Southern People Weekly magazine in 2005.
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24 Mar 2013
"She has a face like a full moon, shining eyes and white teeth, and she is upright and straightforward, frank and friendly".
Her dazzling appearance in Moscow last month, in a well-tailored coat and sky-blue scarf, was merely the latest act in a drama that has been meticulously scripted by the Party since she was just 15-years-old.
"I felt very excited when I saw her get off the plane. I think she deserved it after all these years of hard work. I even cried a little bit," said Wen Sui, a singer who shared a dorm with Mrs Peng for five years at the China Conservatory of Music.
China remains a country where loose talk about the president's wife can land you in serious trouble, so the handful of people who were willing to talk about Mrs Peng were effusive in their praise.
Nor is there a biography of Mrs Peng. The Communist party firmly believes that the less the public knows about its leaders, the better, and has spent years carefully deleting information about Mrs Peng and crafting a narrative so exemplary it is, at times, hard to believe.
China's President Xi and First Lady Peng arriving in Tanzania (Reuters)
Born in Peng village in 1962, in the eastern province of Shandong, Mrs Peng comes from a poor family and the very opposite end of the Communist party to her princeling husband, whose father was a vice-premier of China.
Mrs Peng's father was a lowly official, a schoolmaster who was put in charge of the county Culture bureau. He earned 40 yuan (£4) a month. Her mother, who has been nearly entirely erased from the record, was 25 when she was born and a member of a small touring opera company.
"She spent most of her childhood on the ox cart of the county's playhouse," remembered Wei Zhongping, her father's deputy at the culture bureau.
"I was a born singer," said Mrs Peng on a visit to Singapore in the 1990s.
By the age of five, she said, she could sing a complete folk song. "As a singer, I have won the highest honours in China. Actually I am like the panda: we are both national treasures," she added.
What she shares with Mr Xi, however, are memories of the evils of the Cultural Revolution. When she was four, Red guards arrived at her house to denounce her family.
Her mother was called a spy for having relatives in Taiwan. Her father was made to clean public lavatories for promoting culture that was suddenly considered "feudal", a vestige of old China.
Both Mrs Peng and Mr Xi saw their fathers imprisoned. Both of them were sent into exile in the countryside. Mrs Peng was denied an education.
But she had a golden gift to fall back on: her voice. She quickly learned to sing patriotic songs and, as a skinny 15-year-old teenager, she beat competition from 10,000 other applicants to land a place at her provincial art school.
From there, her career has progressed upwards in one straight line. First she was picked for the elite performance troupe of the local People's Liberation Army.
Then she attended the Conservatory of Music in Beijing. According to the state media, she was a "three points and one line" student. In other words, the daily arc of her life only had three points on it – the music room, the canteen and the dorm.
"She was very tough on herself. I used to ask her why she studied so hard," said Wen Sui, her dorm mate and fellow singer. "She would also help out her poorer classmates, buying them food coupons. Her father, who I met, taught her a lot. He used to tell her: 'I do not care how famous you are, or how much money you have, you have to be a good person above all'.
"I said to him he did not need to keep ramming it in because she was already a good person, but he said when you get high and comfortable in life, you can forget these lessons."
Each month in Beijing she received 52 yuan from the army and sent 40 yuan of it home to help her parents and younger brother and sister.
When she graduated, she was headhunted by the most prestigious arts company of all, the General Political Department of the PLA, which essentially laid the path for her to become China's top propaganda singer.
"Even there," said Mrs Wen, "She put herself in charge of organising the housing for the workers there. She is a perfect leader".
Indeed, her career is utterly blemish-free. She had no boyfriends until she met Mr Xi. She never took money for sponsorship or advertisements. The only deception on record is that she wears five-inch platform shoes underneath her costumes on stage to seem taller.
The only critic who has ever given her a negative review, Jiang Li, said she had sought him out after he wrote that the constant and effusive stream of floral tributes to her on stage as she sang was a distraction.
"She was a little angry when she spoke to me at first. She asked what was wrong with people applauding her and giving her flowers. So then she arranged for me to come and meet her. Her brother picked me up and drove me to her teacher's house, where she was cooking dinner," he remembered.
"We became friends. She is an outstanding singer. The difference between her and others is that she does not have any pretension to her singing, or artificiality or techniques. And she does not compromise for the audience or the market."
"I used to see her walking on the street sometimes, even after she got married to her husband. He could easily have arranged a car for her, but she always took the bus and carried her own shopping," he added.
Peng Liyuan (Rex Features)
Her place at the top table of the Chinese establishment was cemented in 1985 when she spent 20 days on the front line entertaining troops as they fought a border conflict with Vietnam.
The following year she was accepted into the Communist party and made her first appearance on the flagship Spring Festival gala show.
But in 1989 her loyalty was tested again. She was asked to sing to the troops on PLA Day, just a month after the bloodshed in Tiananmen Square.
She applauded as 20 soldiers were honoured for leading the charge against the students.
Peng Liyuan sings to martial law troops following in 1989 (AP)
A photograph of the moment, published at the time in a Hong Kong magazine, has recently resurfaced, prompting a ripple of criticism from Chinese liberals.
Her Prince and the Showgirl relationship with Mr Xi was also carefully scripted, the work of a meticulous, but unknown, matchmaker. The marriage of a famous army singer was of course a highly political matter.
They were introduced in Beijing in the winter of 1986. It was bitterly cold and Mrs Peng wore her green army uniform. She later told the state media that she had dismissed Mr Xi as a "xiang ba lao", a coarse country bumpkin.
Peng Liyuan with her husband Xi Jinping in 1989 (Reuters)
Mr Xi was rising fast in the Party, and had an impeccable background, but was scandalously a divorcee. He had married the daughter of China's ambassador to the UK but the couple broke up when his wife wanted to return to England to study.
In the end, the courtship was brief. On September 1, 1987, a few colleagues were invited to the Red Lady French restaurant in the five-star Yeohwa hotel in Xiamen, where Mr Xi was the deputy mayor. The dinner was a wedding banquet.
For years, their union was a secret from all but a handful of top Party officials. But Mrs Peng later revealed she had eaten so many snails that night she had made herself ill.
Four days later, she went on a singing tour with the PLA, and the couple lived largely separate lives for two decades. Mr Xi was in the south of China and Mrs Peng was in Beijing or on the road, singing as many as 350 shows a year.
It is not uncommon in China for husbands and wives to live apart, and Mr Xi and Mrs Peng pragmatically pursued their own careers.
"I have never done anything for her work and life, and I am not able to do anything. Therefore how could I demand her to do this or that? If everything is fine with her, I am happy," said a surprisingly tolerant Mr Xi, in 2007, to the Youth Express newspaper.
Mrs Peng battled through severe morning sickness and dehydration to perform on the Chinese Spring Festival Gala, perhaps the most watched television show on earth.
"In a way, she was Kate Middleton before Kate Middleton was Kate Middleton," wrote Martin Macmillan in his biography of the couple Together They Hold Up the Sky.
Mr Xi, meanwhile, missed the birth of their daughter, Mingze, because he was busy fighting floods.
For some, the script was too perfect. A cable from the US Consulate in Shanghai from 2007, noted that High Court judges from Zhejiang province, where Mr Xi had been based "reported rumours that Xi was preparing to divorce his wife".
There were enough rumours that Mr Xi was having an affair that the Chinese media issued articles stressing the couple's enduring love and that their "feelings for each other stabilised" after Mingze's birth. Those articles, of course, raised more questions than they answered.
For her part, Mrs Peng described her husband as a "safe harbour" that she longed to return to, and told folksy tales about carrying a special quilt for him all around China while she was on tour.
When asked about her hobbies, she said she liked being at home, sitting on the sofa, watching television with her husband and cooking. Mr Xi likes watching football and playing the Chinese game Go. China's first family is just like any other, according to the state media.
"She can relate to people, but what is unique here in China for a first lady is the people can connect to her. She has been well known for 30 plus years. An entire generation has grown up with her." said James Chau, one of the few journalists who has interviewed Mrs Peng. "She is a tangible face they can hang their hopes and dreams on".
In 2007, as Mr Xi was anointed as China's next leader, she began cutting back her singing appearances and instead took on more charity work.
Ruby Yang, a film director who shot a series of public service advertisements with Mrs Peng remembered how, stranded in tiny Aids-ridden village in Henan province, Mrs Peng had met a young boy, infected with HIV, who had been forced to live in a pigsty. "She was obviously deeply affected," she said. "As a Chinese American, I had no idea she was such a star. I made her do her make-up by the side of the road. But she was professional about it".
But while Mrs Peng's emergence on the world stage has been greeted with delight in China, there are already signs that the Party is uncomfortable at the enormous buzz around her.
While the Chinese media has been giddily comparing Mrs Peng to Jackie Kennedy, Michelle Obama and Carla Bruni this week, the censors have been wiping her name from the internet. Copies of her clothes that were selling on Taobao, an online marketplace, have been removed.
While her glamour may counterbalance her husband's often gruff appearance, and lend him plenty of popular support, there is a fear that a curious public may question why her official biography is so neat and tidy.
"After this trip, the Party will analyse how best to use her going forward, and how to make sure she does not outshine her husband," said Cheng Xiaohe, a professor of International Relations at Renmin university. "She is probably more influential than Michelle Obama since she will be around for ten years and was famous before her husband came into office," he added.
It remains to be seen, however, whether the Communist party is ready to allow her to shine. It is not clear whether her appearance this week is her opening, or final act.
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i don't know
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'The Law of the Instrument' referring to having just one 'tool' (i.e., approach or method) and so treating every situation the same is known popularly as 'Maslow's (what)'?
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Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslow's motivational theory - pyramid diagrams of Maslow's theory
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maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs, concerning the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization), are today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology.
Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970, although various publications appear in Maslow's name in later years. Maslow's PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin formed the basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus monkeys. Maslow later moved to New York's Brooklyn College.
The Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure and terminology - not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with added motivational stages are not so clearly attributable to Maslow. These extended models have instead been inferred by others from Maslow's work. Specifically Maslow refers to the needs Cognitive, Aesthetic and Transcendence (subsequently shown as distinct needs levels in some interpretations of his theory) as additional aspects of motivation, but not as distinct levels in the Hierarchy of Needs.
Where Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is shown with more than five levels these models have been extended through interpretation of Maslow's work by other people. These augmented models and diagrams are shown as the adapted seven and eight-stage Hierarchy of Needs pyramid diagrams and models below.
There have been very many interpretations of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in the form of pyramid diagrams. The diagrams on this page are my own interpretations and are not offered as Maslow's original work. Interestingly in Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, which first introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, there is not a pyramid to be seen.
Free Hierarchy of Needs diagrams in pdf and doc formats similar to the image below are available from this page.
See also the free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Quiz , which can be used to test/reinforce the learning offered in this article.
(N.B. The word Actualization/Actualisation can be spelt either way. Z is preferred in American English. S is preferred in UK English. Both forms are used in this page to enable keyword searching for either spelling via search engines.)
maslow's hierarchy of needs
Each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself.
Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development.
Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs.
Maslow's original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943-1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. At this time the Hierarchy of Needs model comprised five needs. This original version remains for most people the definitive Hierarchy of Needs.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - free pdf diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
This is the definitive and original Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
While Maslow referred to various additional aspects of motivation, he expressed the Hierarchy of Needs in these five clear stages.
Here is a quick simple self-test based on the original Maslow's 5-level Hierarchy of Needs . It's not a scientific or validated instrument - merely a quick indicator, which can be used for self-awareness, discussion, etc.
1970s adapted hierarchy of needs model, including cognitive and aesthetic needs - free pdf diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
N.B. Although Maslow referred to additional aspects of motivation, 'Cognitive' and 'Aesthetic', he did not include them as levels or stages within his own expression of the Hierarchy of Needs.
1990s adapted hierarchy of needs including transcendence needs - free diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
8. Transcendence needs - helping others to achieve self actualization.
N.B. Although Maslow referred to additional aspects of motivation, 'Cognitive', 'Aesthetic', and 'Transcendence', he did not include any of these as additional stages in the Hierarchy of Needs.
Here is a quick self-test based on the extended 8-level Hierarchy of Needs . Like the 5-level Hierarchy of Needs self-test it is not a scientific or validated instrument - merely a quick indicator for helping self-awareness, discussion, etc.
See also the free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Quiz , which can be used to test/reinforce the learning offered in this article.
what hierarchy of needs model is most valid?
Abraham Maslow created the original five level Hierarchy of Needs model, and for many this remains entirely adequate for its purpose. The seven and eight level 'hierarchy of needs' models are later adaptations by others, based on Maslow's work. Arguably, the original five-level model includes the later additional sixth, seventh and eighth ('Cognitive', 'Aesthetic', and 'Transcendence') levels within the original 'Self-Actualization' level 5, since each one of the 'new' motivators concerns an area of self-development and self-fulfilment that is rooted in self-actualization 'growth', and is distinctly different to any of the previous 1-4 level 'deficiency' motivators. For many people, self-actualizing commonly involves each and every one of the newly added drivers. As such, the original five-level Hierarchy of Needs model remains a definitive classical representation of human motivation; and the later adaptations perhaps serve best to illustrate aspects of self-actualization.
Maslow said that needs must be satisfied in the given order. Aims and drive always shift to next higher order needs. Levels 1 to 4 are deficiency motivators; level 5, and by implication 6 to 8, are growth motivators and relatively rarely found. The thwarting of needs is usually a cause of stress, and is particularly so at level 4.
Examples in use:
You can't motivate someone to achieve their sales target (level 4) when they're having problems with their marriage (level 3).
You can't expect someone to work as a team member (level 3) when they're having their house re-possessed (level 2).
maslow's self-actualizing characteristics
keen sense of reality - aware of real situations - objective judgement, rather than subjective
see problems in terms of challenges and situations requiring solutions, rather than see problems as personal complaints or excuses
need for privacy and comfortable being alone
reliant on own experiences and judgement - independent - not reliant on culture and environment to form opinions and views
not susceptible to social pressures - non-conformist
democratic, fair and non-discriminating - embracing and enjoying all cultures, races and individual styles
socially compassionate - possessing humanity
accepting others as they are and not trying to change people
comfortable with oneself - despite any unconventional tendencies
a few close intimate friends rather than many surface relationships
sense of humour directed at oneself or the human condition, rather than at the expense of others
spontaneous and natural - true to oneself, rather than being how others want
excited and interested in everything, even ordinary things
creative, inventive and original
seek peak experiences that leave a lasting impression
See the Maslow interviews DVDs - especially Maslow and Self-Actualization to understand the subject more fully. These films were made in 1968 and are helpful on several levels, and both wonderful teaching and learning aids.
See also the newer Maslow MP3 talks series .
These materials also help to illustrate the far-reaching and visionary nature of Maslow's thinking, several decades ago.
The above materials are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow. Businessballs takes no commission and recommends them simply because they are wonderful materials for all students and followers of Maslow's very special work.
maslow's hierarchy of needs in advertising
To help with training of Maslow's theory look for Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivators in advertising. This is a great basis for Maslow and motivation training exercises:
Biological and Physiological needs - wife/child-abuse help-lines, social security benefits, Samaritans, roadside recovery.
Safety needs - home security products (alarms, etc), house an contents insurance, life assurance, schools.
Belongingness and Love needs - dating and match-making services, chat-lines, clubs and membership societies, Macdonalds, 'family' themes like the old style Oxo stock cube ads.
Esteem needs - cosmetics, fast cars, home improvements, furniture, fashion clothes, drinks, lifestyle products and services.
Self-Actualization needs - Open University, and that's about it; little else in mainstream media because only 2% of population are self-actualizers, so they don't constitute a very big part of the mainstream market.
You can view and download free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs diagrams, and two free Hierarchy of Needs self-tests, based on the original Maslow's five-stage model and later adapted eight-stage model, ideal for training, presentations and project work, at the businessballs free online resources section .
Free diagrams include:
Pyramid diagram based on Maslow's original five-level Hierarchy of Needs (1954).
Adapted seven-level Hierarchy of Needs diagram (which seems to have first appeared in the 1970s - after Maslow's death).
Adapted eight-level Hierarchy of Needs diagram (appearing later, seemingly 1990s).
interpreting behaviour according to maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is an excellent model for understanding human motivation, but it is a broad concept. If you are puzzled as to how to relate given behaviour to the Hierarchy it could be that your definition of the behaviour needs refining. For example, 'where does 'doing things for fun' fit into the model? The answer is that it can't until you define 'doing things for fun' more accurately.
You'd need to define more precisely each given situation where a person is 'doing things for fun' in order to analyse motivation according to Maslow's Hierarchy, since the 'fun' activity motive can potentially be part any of the five original Maslow needs.
Understanding whether striving to achieve a particular need or aim is 'fun' can provide a helpful basis for identifying a Maslow driver within a given behaviour, and thereby to assess where a particular behaviour fits into the model:
Biological - health, fitness, energising mind and body, etc.
Safety - order and structure needs met for example by some heavily organised, structural activity
Belongingness - team sport, club 'family' and relationships
Esteem - competition, achievement, recognition
Self-Actualization drivers - challenge, new experiences, love of art, nature, etc.
However in order to relate a particular 'doing it for fun' behaviour the Hierarchy of Needs we need to consider what makes it 'fun' (i.e., rewarding) for the person. If a behaviour is 'for fun', then consider what makes it 'fun' for the person - is the 'fun' rooted in 'belongingness', or is it from 'recognition', i.e., 'esteem'. Or is the fun at a deeper level, from the sense of self-fulfilment, i.e., 'self-actualization'.
Apply this approach to any behaviour that doesn't immediately fit the model, and it will help you to see where it does fit.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs will be a blunt instrument if used as such. The way you use the Hierarchy of Needs determines the subtlety and sophistication of the model.
For example: the common broad-brush interpretation of Maslow's famous theory suggests that that once a need is satisfied the person moves onto the next, and to an extent this is entirely correct. However an overly rigid application of this interpretation will produce a rigid analysis, and people and motivation are more complex. So while it is broadly true that people move up (or down) the hierarchy, depending what's happening to them in their lives, it is also true that most people's motivational 'set' at any time comprises elements of all of the motivational drivers. For example, self-actualizers (level 5 - original model) are mainly focused on self-actualizing but are still motivated to eat (level 1) and socialise (level 3). Similarly, homeless folk whose main focus is feeding themselves (level 1) and finding shelter for the night (level 2) can also be, albeit to a lesser extent, still concerned with social relationships (level 3), how their friends perceive them (level 4), and even the meaning of life (level 5 - original model).
Like any simple model, Maslow's theory not a fully responsive system - it's a guide which requires some interpretation and thought, given which, it remains extremely useful and applicable for understanding, explaining and handling many human behaviour situations.
maslow's hierarchy of needs and helping others
There are certainly some behaviours that are quite tricky to relate to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
For example:
Normally, we would consider that selflessly helping others, as a form of personal growth motivation, would be found as part of self-actualisation, or perhaps even 'transcendence' (if you subscribe to the extended hierarchy).
So how can we explain the examples of people who seem to be far short of self-actualising, and yet are still able to help others in a meaningful and unselfish sense?
Interestingly this concept seems to be used increasingly as an effective way to help people deal with depression, low self-esteem, poor life circumstances, etc., and it almost turns the essential Maslow model on its head: that is, by helping others, a person helps themselves to improve and develop too.
The principle has also been applied quite recently to developing disaffected school-children, whom, as part of their own development, have been encouraged and enabled to 'teach' other younger children (which can arguably be interpreted as their acting at a self-actualising level - selflessly helping others). The disaffected children, theoretically striving to belong and be accepted (level 3 - belongingness) were actually remarkably good at helping other children, despite their own negative feelings and issues.
Under certain circumstances, a person striving to satisfy their needs at level 3 - belongingness, seems able to self-actualise - level 5 (and perhaps beyond, into 'transcendence') by selflessly helping others, and at the same time begins to satisfy their own needs for belongingness and self-esteem.
Such examples demonstrate the need for careful interpretation and application of the Maslow model. The Hierarchy of Needs is not a catch-all, but it does remain a wonderfully useful framework for analysing and trying to understand the subtleties - as well as the broader aspects - of human behaviour and growth.
self-actualisation, employees and organisations
Maslow's work and ideas extend far beyond the Hierarchy of Needs.
Maslow's concept of self-actualisation relates directly to the present day challenges and opportunities for employers and organisations - to provide real meaning, purpose and true personal development for their employees. For life - not just for work.
Maslow saw these issues fifty years ago: the fact that employees have a basic human need and a right to strive for self-actualisation, just as much as the corporate directors and owners do.
Increasingly, the successful organisations and employers will be those who genuinely care about, understand, encourage and enable their people's personal growth towards self-actualisation - way beyond traditional work-related training and development, and of course way beyond old-style X-Theory management autocracy, which still forms the basis of much organised employment today.
The best modern employers and organisations are beginning to learn at last: that sustainable success is built on a serious and compassionate commitment to helping people identify, pursue and reach their own personal unique potential.
When people grow as people, they automatically become more effective and valuable as employees.
In fact virtually all personal growth, whether in a hobby, a special talent or interest, or a new experience, produces new skills, attributes, behaviours and wisdom that is directly transferable to any sort of job role.
The best modern employers recognise this and as such offer development support to their staff in any direction whatsoever that the person seeks to grow and become more fulfilled.
classic 1968 maslow interviews now on dvd
Both filmed in 1968, after Maslow's heart attack, and obviously prior to his death in 1970, these superb Maslow DVDs show Dr Maslow being interviewed, respectively by Dr Everett Shostrom, and also interestingly, Warren Bennis.
Both films - available here - were made in 1968 and were remastered in black and white in 2007. The remarkable content, and the 1960s styling and production add to the seductive and powerful effect of these films, which stems chiefly from Maslow's brilliant thinking and natural charismatic presence.
Being Abraham Maslow is half an hour long, and features Maslow talking to Warren Bennis about his life, his views of the world and his work. It is utterly compelling and shows Maslow's staggering perception of the issues which challenge society and humankind today - and this was recorded in 1968. The film, basically irresistible throughout, includes some marvelous moments, such as Maslow's questioning observation as to "...how good a human nature does society permit?...", and the visionary statement that: "...The Good Society now has to be one world - it has to be one world or it won't work - nationalism is dead - it just doesn't know it yet..."
He said this in 1968 and still today our leaders don't see it.
Maslow and Self-Actualization is an hour long, in two parts, in which Maslow is interviewed by Dr Everett Shostrom about Self-Actualization, in which Shostrom uses references and quotes extracts from Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, and Maslow explains and develops the themes. The structure is excellent - ideal for teaching and training.
Self-Actualization is presented by Maslow through a series of answers, working through the concept in four sections: honesty, awareness, freedom and trust. Maslow brings these headings to life, conveying some very complex intangible ideas - such as objectivity, detachment, maturity, love, acceptance, modesty and grace - in the most understandable way. Personally this video is one of the most powerful things I've ever seen.
The film can be used as a teaching aid, and/or as the presenter suggests, to help people understand Self-Actualization as goals or values to aspire to: "...ideas for living and being, fully functioning to one's full capacity..."
For anyone teaching or studying motivation, psychology, Maslow, and related areas - or simply interested in living a fulfilled and good life - these films will be fascinating, and for some people deeply inspirational too. Both films are available here .
In terms of format/compatibility, these US-made films wouldn't play on my (cheap) UK DVD player, but they ran happily on my (cheap) UK PC.
The above dvd materials are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow.
additional maslow talks now on mp3
In August 2009 further exciting Maslow material became available for download in mp3 format after extensive work by publisher Maurice Bassett.
Volumes One and Two include a total of 28 and a half hours of Abraham Maslow's talks and workshops at the Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California, from the mid and late-1960s. The materials comprise:
Volume One:
Self-Actualization (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
Psychology and Religious Awareness (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
The Aims of Education (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
The B-language Workshop (5 mp3 files, total playing time 5 hours, 35 minutes)
Weekend with Maslow (9 mp3 files, total playing time 4 hours, 25 minutes)
Volume Two:
The Eupsychian Ethic (6 mp3 files, total playing time 5 hours, 45 minutes)
The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (10 mp3 files, total playing time 9 hours, 45 minutes)
Samples and the entire recordings are available at www.abrahammaslow.com/audio.html
The mp3 materials above are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow.
maslow's modern relevance
When you read Maslow's work, and particularly when you hear him speak about it, the relevance of his thinking to our modern world of work and management is astounding.
The term 'Maslow's Hammer' is a simple quick example. Also called 'The Law of the Instrument', the expression refers metaphorically to a person having just one 'tool' (approach or method available or known/learnt) and so then treating every situation the same. Other writers have made similar observations, but 'Maslow's Hammer' is the most widely referenced comment on the subject. Maslow's quote is from his 1966 book The Psychology of Science - A Reconnaissance:
"I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.." ('Maslow's Hammer' - Abraham Maslow, 1966)
Maslow's explanations and interpretations of the human condition remain fundamentally helpful in understanding and addressing all sorts of social and behavioural questions - forty or fifty years after his death.
You will particularly see great significance of his ideas in relation to modern challenges for work such as in the Psychological Contract and leadership ethics , and even extending to globalization and society.
Maslow is obviously most famous for his Hierarchy of Needs theory, rightly so, because it is a wonderfully simple and elegant model for understanding so many aspects of human motivation, especially in the workplace. The simplicity of the model however tends to limit appreciation of Maslow's vision and humanity, which still today are remarkably penetrating and sensitive.
see also
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Hammer
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The Christian Saint Christopher is most commonly depicted carrying what across a swollen river?
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Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslow's motivational theory - pyramid diagrams of Maslow's theory
New Free Leadership eLearning
Businessballs has partnered with Accipio — an Institute of Leadership and Management (ILM) and Chartered Management Institute (CMI) centre — to offer FREE audio-visual interactive eLearning modules aligned with internationally recognised qualifications (ILM or CMI). Attain learning points for each leadership and management eModule, and gain a Level 3 Award, Certificate or Diploma once you have registered with the awarding body (via Accipio), secured enough learning points and passed the assignments. Accreditation fees apply. Click here to access the eLeadership Academy.
maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model
Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needs model in 1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation, management training, and personal development. Indeed, Maslow's ideas surrounding the Hierarchy of Needs, concerning the responsibility of employers to provide a workplace environment that encourages and enables employees to fulfil their own unique potential (self-actualization), are today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work, notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by Richard Lowry, who is in his own right a leading academic in the field of motivational psychology.
Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970, although various publications appear in Maslow's name in later years. Maslow's PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin formed the basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus monkeys. Maslow later moved to New York's Brooklyn College.
The Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure and terminology - not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with added motivational stages are not so clearly attributable to Maslow. These extended models have instead been inferred by others from Maslow's work. Specifically Maslow refers to the needs Cognitive, Aesthetic and Transcendence (subsequently shown as distinct needs levels in some interpretations of his theory) as additional aspects of motivation, but not as distinct levels in the Hierarchy of Needs.
Where Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is shown with more than five levels these models have been extended through interpretation of Maslow's work by other people. These augmented models and diagrams are shown as the adapted seven and eight-stage Hierarchy of Needs pyramid diagrams and models below.
There have been very many interpretations of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in the form of pyramid diagrams. The diagrams on this page are my own interpretations and are not offered as Maslow's original work. Interestingly in Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, which first introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, there is not a pyramid to be seen.
Free Hierarchy of Needs diagrams in pdf and doc formats similar to the image below are available from this page.
See also the free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Quiz , which can be used to test/reinforce the learning offered in this article.
(N.B. The word Actualization/Actualisation can be spelt either way. Z is preferred in American English. S is preferred in UK English. Both forms are used in this page to enable keyword searching for either spelling via search engines.)
maslow's hierarchy of needs
Each of us is motivated by needs. Our most basic needs are inborn, having evolved over tens of thousands of years. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these needs motivate us all.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that we must satisfy each need in turn, starting with the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself.
Only when the lower order needs of physical and emotional well-being are satisfied are we concerned with the higher order needs of influence and personal development.
Conversely, if the things that satisfy our lower order needs are swept away, we are no longer concerned about the maintenance of our higher order needs.
Maslow's original Hierarchy of Needs model was developed between 1943-1954, and first widely published in Motivation and Personality in 1954. At this time the Hierarchy of Needs model comprised five needs. This original version remains for most people the definitive Hierarchy of Needs.
maslow's hierarchy of needs - free pdf diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
This is the definitive and original Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
While Maslow referred to various additional aspects of motivation, he expressed the Hierarchy of Needs in these five clear stages.
Here is a quick simple self-test based on the original Maslow's 5-level Hierarchy of Needs . It's not a scientific or validated instrument - merely a quick indicator, which can be used for self-awareness, discussion, etc.
1970s adapted hierarchy of needs model, including cognitive and aesthetic needs - free pdf diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
N.B. Although Maslow referred to additional aspects of motivation, 'Cognitive' and 'Aesthetic', he did not include them as levels or stages within his own expression of the Hierarchy of Needs.
1990s adapted hierarchy of needs including transcendence needs - free diagram and free doc diagram
1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
3. Belongingness and Love needs - work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.
4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.
5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.
6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
7. Self-Actualization needs - realising personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
8. Transcendence needs - helping others to achieve self actualization.
N.B. Although Maslow referred to additional aspects of motivation, 'Cognitive', 'Aesthetic', and 'Transcendence', he did not include any of these as additional stages in the Hierarchy of Needs.
Here is a quick self-test based on the extended 8-level Hierarchy of Needs . Like the 5-level Hierarchy of Needs self-test it is not a scientific or validated instrument - merely a quick indicator for helping self-awareness, discussion, etc.
See also the free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Quiz , which can be used to test/reinforce the learning offered in this article.
what hierarchy of needs model is most valid?
Abraham Maslow created the original five level Hierarchy of Needs model, and for many this remains entirely adequate for its purpose. The seven and eight level 'hierarchy of needs' models are later adaptations by others, based on Maslow's work. Arguably, the original five-level model includes the later additional sixth, seventh and eighth ('Cognitive', 'Aesthetic', and 'Transcendence') levels within the original 'Self-Actualization' level 5, since each one of the 'new' motivators concerns an area of self-development and self-fulfilment that is rooted in self-actualization 'growth', and is distinctly different to any of the previous 1-4 level 'deficiency' motivators. For many people, self-actualizing commonly involves each and every one of the newly added drivers. As such, the original five-level Hierarchy of Needs model remains a definitive classical representation of human motivation; and the later adaptations perhaps serve best to illustrate aspects of self-actualization.
Maslow said that needs must be satisfied in the given order. Aims and drive always shift to next higher order needs. Levels 1 to 4 are deficiency motivators; level 5, and by implication 6 to 8, are growth motivators and relatively rarely found. The thwarting of needs is usually a cause of stress, and is particularly so at level 4.
Examples in use:
You can't motivate someone to achieve their sales target (level 4) when they're having problems with their marriage (level 3).
You can't expect someone to work as a team member (level 3) when they're having their house re-possessed (level 2).
maslow's self-actualizing characteristics
keen sense of reality - aware of real situations - objective judgement, rather than subjective
see problems in terms of challenges and situations requiring solutions, rather than see problems as personal complaints or excuses
need for privacy and comfortable being alone
reliant on own experiences and judgement - independent - not reliant on culture and environment to form opinions and views
not susceptible to social pressures - non-conformist
democratic, fair and non-discriminating - embracing and enjoying all cultures, races and individual styles
socially compassionate - possessing humanity
accepting others as they are and not trying to change people
comfortable with oneself - despite any unconventional tendencies
a few close intimate friends rather than many surface relationships
sense of humour directed at oneself or the human condition, rather than at the expense of others
spontaneous and natural - true to oneself, rather than being how others want
excited and interested in everything, even ordinary things
creative, inventive and original
seek peak experiences that leave a lasting impression
See the Maslow interviews DVDs - especially Maslow and Self-Actualization to understand the subject more fully. These films were made in 1968 and are helpful on several levels, and both wonderful teaching and learning aids.
See also the newer Maslow MP3 talks series .
These materials also help to illustrate the far-reaching and visionary nature of Maslow's thinking, several decades ago.
The above materials are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow. Businessballs takes no commission and recommends them simply because they are wonderful materials for all students and followers of Maslow's very special work.
maslow's hierarchy of needs in advertising
To help with training of Maslow's theory look for Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivators in advertising. This is a great basis for Maslow and motivation training exercises:
Biological and Physiological needs - wife/child-abuse help-lines, social security benefits, Samaritans, roadside recovery.
Safety needs - home security products (alarms, etc), house an contents insurance, life assurance, schools.
Belongingness and Love needs - dating and match-making services, chat-lines, clubs and membership societies, Macdonalds, 'family' themes like the old style Oxo stock cube ads.
Esteem needs - cosmetics, fast cars, home improvements, furniture, fashion clothes, drinks, lifestyle products and services.
Self-Actualization needs - Open University, and that's about it; little else in mainstream media because only 2% of population are self-actualizers, so they don't constitute a very big part of the mainstream market.
You can view and download free Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs diagrams, and two free Hierarchy of Needs self-tests, based on the original Maslow's five-stage model and later adapted eight-stage model, ideal for training, presentations and project work, at the businessballs free online resources section .
Free diagrams include:
Pyramid diagram based on Maslow's original five-level Hierarchy of Needs (1954).
Adapted seven-level Hierarchy of Needs diagram (which seems to have first appeared in the 1970s - after Maslow's death).
Adapted eight-level Hierarchy of Needs diagram (appearing later, seemingly 1990s).
interpreting behaviour according to maslow's hierarchy of needs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is an excellent model for understanding human motivation, but it is a broad concept. If you are puzzled as to how to relate given behaviour to the Hierarchy it could be that your definition of the behaviour needs refining. For example, 'where does 'doing things for fun' fit into the model? The answer is that it can't until you define 'doing things for fun' more accurately.
You'd need to define more precisely each given situation where a person is 'doing things for fun' in order to analyse motivation according to Maslow's Hierarchy, since the 'fun' activity motive can potentially be part any of the five original Maslow needs.
Understanding whether striving to achieve a particular need or aim is 'fun' can provide a helpful basis for identifying a Maslow driver within a given behaviour, and thereby to assess where a particular behaviour fits into the model:
Biological - health, fitness, energising mind and body, etc.
Safety - order and structure needs met for example by some heavily organised, structural activity
Belongingness - team sport, club 'family' and relationships
Esteem - competition, achievement, recognition
Self-Actualization drivers - challenge, new experiences, love of art, nature, etc.
However in order to relate a particular 'doing it for fun' behaviour the Hierarchy of Needs we need to consider what makes it 'fun' (i.e., rewarding) for the person. If a behaviour is 'for fun', then consider what makes it 'fun' for the person - is the 'fun' rooted in 'belongingness', or is it from 'recognition', i.e., 'esteem'. Or is the fun at a deeper level, from the sense of self-fulfilment, i.e., 'self-actualization'.
Apply this approach to any behaviour that doesn't immediately fit the model, and it will help you to see where it does fit.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs will be a blunt instrument if used as such. The way you use the Hierarchy of Needs determines the subtlety and sophistication of the model.
For example: the common broad-brush interpretation of Maslow's famous theory suggests that that once a need is satisfied the person moves onto the next, and to an extent this is entirely correct. However an overly rigid application of this interpretation will produce a rigid analysis, and people and motivation are more complex. So while it is broadly true that people move up (or down) the hierarchy, depending what's happening to them in their lives, it is also true that most people's motivational 'set' at any time comprises elements of all of the motivational drivers. For example, self-actualizers (level 5 - original model) are mainly focused on self-actualizing but are still motivated to eat (level 1) and socialise (level 3). Similarly, homeless folk whose main focus is feeding themselves (level 1) and finding shelter for the night (level 2) can also be, albeit to a lesser extent, still concerned with social relationships (level 3), how their friends perceive them (level 4), and even the meaning of life (level 5 - original model).
Like any simple model, Maslow's theory not a fully responsive system - it's a guide which requires some interpretation and thought, given which, it remains extremely useful and applicable for understanding, explaining and handling many human behaviour situations.
maslow's hierarchy of needs and helping others
There are certainly some behaviours that are quite tricky to relate to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
For example:
Normally, we would consider that selflessly helping others, as a form of personal growth motivation, would be found as part of self-actualisation, or perhaps even 'transcendence' (if you subscribe to the extended hierarchy).
So how can we explain the examples of people who seem to be far short of self-actualising, and yet are still able to help others in a meaningful and unselfish sense?
Interestingly this concept seems to be used increasingly as an effective way to help people deal with depression, low self-esteem, poor life circumstances, etc., and it almost turns the essential Maslow model on its head: that is, by helping others, a person helps themselves to improve and develop too.
The principle has also been applied quite recently to developing disaffected school-children, whom, as part of their own development, have been encouraged and enabled to 'teach' other younger children (which can arguably be interpreted as their acting at a self-actualising level - selflessly helping others). The disaffected children, theoretically striving to belong and be accepted (level 3 - belongingness) were actually remarkably good at helping other children, despite their own negative feelings and issues.
Under certain circumstances, a person striving to satisfy their needs at level 3 - belongingness, seems able to self-actualise - level 5 (and perhaps beyond, into 'transcendence') by selflessly helping others, and at the same time begins to satisfy their own needs for belongingness and self-esteem.
Such examples demonstrate the need for careful interpretation and application of the Maslow model. The Hierarchy of Needs is not a catch-all, but it does remain a wonderfully useful framework for analysing and trying to understand the subtleties - as well as the broader aspects - of human behaviour and growth.
self-actualisation, employees and organisations
Maslow's work and ideas extend far beyond the Hierarchy of Needs.
Maslow's concept of self-actualisation relates directly to the present day challenges and opportunities for employers and organisations - to provide real meaning, purpose and true personal development for their employees. For life - not just for work.
Maslow saw these issues fifty years ago: the fact that employees have a basic human need and a right to strive for self-actualisation, just as much as the corporate directors and owners do.
Increasingly, the successful organisations and employers will be those who genuinely care about, understand, encourage and enable their people's personal growth towards self-actualisation - way beyond traditional work-related training and development, and of course way beyond old-style X-Theory management autocracy, which still forms the basis of much organised employment today.
The best modern employers and organisations are beginning to learn at last: that sustainable success is built on a serious and compassionate commitment to helping people identify, pursue and reach their own personal unique potential.
When people grow as people, they automatically become more effective and valuable as employees.
In fact virtually all personal growth, whether in a hobby, a special talent or interest, or a new experience, produces new skills, attributes, behaviours and wisdom that is directly transferable to any sort of job role.
The best modern employers recognise this and as such offer development support to their staff in any direction whatsoever that the person seeks to grow and become more fulfilled.
classic 1968 maslow interviews now on dvd
Both filmed in 1968, after Maslow's heart attack, and obviously prior to his death in 1970, these superb Maslow DVDs show Dr Maslow being interviewed, respectively by Dr Everett Shostrom, and also interestingly, Warren Bennis.
Both films - available here - were made in 1968 and were remastered in black and white in 2007. The remarkable content, and the 1960s styling and production add to the seductive and powerful effect of these films, which stems chiefly from Maslow's brilliant thinking and natural charismatic presence.
Being Abraham Maslow is half an hour long, and features Maslow talking to Warren Bennis about his life, his views of the world and his work. It is utterly compelling and shows Maslow's staggering perception of the issues which challenge society and humankind today - and this was recorded in 1968. The film, basically irresistible throughout, includes some marvelous moments, such as Maslow's questioning observation as to "...how good a human nature does society permit?...", and the visionary statement that: "...The Good Society now has to be one world - it has to be one world or it won't work - nationalism is dead - it just doesn't know it yet..."
He said this in 1968 and still today our leaders don't see it.
Maslow and Self-Actualization is an hour long, in two parts, in which Maslow is interviewed by Dr Everett Shostrom about Self-Actualization, in which Shostrom uses references and quotes extracts from Maslow's book Motivation and Personality, and Maslow explains and develops the themes. The structure is excellent - ideal for teaching and training.
Self-Actualization is presented by Maslow through a series of answers, working through the concept in four sections: honesty, awareness, freedom and trust. Maslow brings these headings to life, conveying some very complex intangible ideas - such as objectivity, detachment, maturity, love, acceptance, modesty and grace - in the most understandable way. Personally this video is one of the most powerful things I've ever seen.
The film can be used as a teaching aid, and/or as the presenter suggests, to help people understand Self-Actualization as goals or values to aspire to: "...ideas for living and being, fully functioning to one's full capacity..."
For anyone teaching or studying motivation, psychology, Maslow, and related areas - or simply interested in living a fulfilled and good life - these films will be fascinating, and for some people deeply inspirational too. Both films are available here .
In terms of format/compatibility, these US-made films wouldn't play on my (cheap) UK DVD player, but they ran happily on my (cheap) UK PC.
The above dvd materials are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow.
additional maslow talks now on mp3
In August 2009 further exciting Maslow material became available for download in mp3 format after extensive work by publisher Maurice Bassett.
Volumes One and Two include a total of 28 and a half hours of Abraham Maslow's talks and workshops at the Esalen Institute, Big Sur, California, from the mid and late-1960s. The materials comprise:
Volume One:
Self-Actualization (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
Psychology and Religious Awareness (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
The Aims of Education (1 mp3 file, total playing time 1 hour)
The B-language Workshop (5 mp3 files, total playing time 5 hours, 35 minutes)
Weekend with Maslow (9 mp3 files, total playing time 4 hours, 25 minutes)
Volume Two:
The Eupsychian Ethic (6 mp3 files, total playing time 5 hours, 45 minutes)
The Farther Reaches of Human Nature (10 mp3 files, total playing time 9 hours, 45 minutes)
Samples and the entire recordings are available at www.abrahammaslow.com/audio.html
The mp3 materials above are published by Maurice Bassett on behalf of the estate of Abraham Maslow.
maslow's modern relevance
When you read Maslow's work, and particularly when you hear him speak about it, the relevance of his thinking to our modern world of work and management is astounding.
The term 'Maslow's Hammer' is a simple quick example. Also called 'The Law of the Instrument', the expression refers metaphorically to a person having just one 'tool' (approach or method available or known/learnt) and so then treating every situation the same. Other writers have made similar observations, but 'Maslow's Hammer' is the most widely referenced comment on the subject. Maslow's quote is from his 1966 book The Psychology of Science - A Reconnaissance:
"I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.." ('Maslow's Hammer' - Abraham Maslow, 1966)
Maslow's explanations and interpretations of the human condition remain fundamentally helpful in understanding and addressing all sorts of social and behavioural questions - forty or fifty years after his death.
You will particularly see great significance of his ideas in relation to modern challenges for work such as in the Psychological Contract and leadership ethics , and even extending to globalization and society.
Maslow is obviously most famous for his Hierarchy of Needs theory, rightly so, because it is a wonderfully simple and elegant model for understanding so many aspects of human motivation, especially in the workplace. The simplicity of the model however tends to limit appreciation of Maslow's vision and humanity, which still today are remarkably penetrating and sensitive.
see also
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The famous BBC Greenwich Meantime hourly signal 'pips' are closest to which musical note (according to ISO 16)?
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DNA evidence supports the idea that what people were the original colonizers of North America?
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"Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins
"Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins
Oldest human genome reveals less of an East Asian ancestry than thought.
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Native Americans may have a more complicated heritage than previously believed.
Photograph by Roland W. Reed, National Geographic
Nearly one-third of Native American genes come from west Eurasian people linked to the Middle East and Europe, rather than entirely from East Asians as previously thought, according to a newly sequenced genome.
Related Content
Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago
Based on the arm bone of a 24,000-year-old Siberian youth, the research could uncover new origins for America's indigenous peoples, as well as stir up fresh debate on Native American identities, experts say.
The study authors believe the new study could also help resolve some long-standing puzzles on the peopling of the New World, which include genetic oddities and archaeological inconsistencies. (Explore an atlas of the human journey .)
"These results were a great surprise to us," said study co-author and ancient-DNA specialist Eske Willerslev , of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
"I hadn't expected anything like this. A genome related to present-day western Eurasian populations and modern Native Americans as well was really puzzling in the beginning. How could this happen?"
So what's new?
The arm bone of a three-year-old boy from the Mal'ta site near the shores of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia (map) yielded what may be the oldest genome of modern humans ever sequenced.
DNA from the remains revealed genes found today in western Eurasians in the Middle East and Europe, as well as other aspects unique to Native Americans, but no evidence of any relation to modern East Asians. (Related: "Is This Russian Landscape the Birthplace of Native Americans ?")
A second individual genome sequenced from material found at the site and dated to 17,000 years ago revealed a similar genetic structure.
It also provided evidence that humans occupied this region of Siberia throughout the entire brutally cold period of the Last Glacial Maximum, which ended about 13,000 years ago.
Why is it important?
Prevailing theories suggest that Native Americans are descended from a group of East Asians who crossed the Bering Sea via a land bridge perhaps 16,500 years ago, though some sites may evidence an earlier arrival. (See "Siberian, Native American Languages Linked—A First [2008]." )
"This study changes this idea because it shows that a significant minority of Native American ancestry actually derives not from East Asia but from a people related to present-day western Eurasians," Willerslev said.
"It's approximately one-third of the genome, and that is a lot," he added. "So in that regard I think it's changing quite a bit of the history."
While the land bridge still formed the gateway to America, the study now portrays Native Americans as a group derived from the meeting of two different populations, one ancestral to East Asians and the other related to western Eurasians, explained Willerslev, whose research was published in the November 20 edition of the journal Nature .
"The meeting of those two groups is what formed Native Americans as we know them." (Learn more about National Geographic's Genographic Project .)
What does this mean?
Willerslev believes the discovery provides simpler and more likely explanations to long-standing controversies related to the peopling of the Americas.
"Although we know that North Americans are related to East Asians, it's striking that no contemporary East Asian populations really resemble Native Americans," he said.
"It's not like you can say that they are really closely related to Japanese, Chinese, or Koreans, so there seems to be something missing. But this result makes a lot of sense regarding why they don't fit so well genetically with contemporary East Asians—because one-third of their genome is derived from another population."
The findings could also allow reinterpretation of archaeological and anthropological evidence, like the famed Kennewick Man , whose remains don't look much like modern-day Native American or East Asian populations, according to some interpretations.
"Maybe, if he looks like something else, it's because a third of his ancestry isn't coming from East Asia but from something like the western Eurasians." (Read about history's great migration mysteries .)
What's next?
Many questions remain unanswered, including where and when the mixing of west Eurasian and East Asian populations occurred.
"It could have been somewhere in Siberia or potentially in the New World," Willerslev said.
"I think it's much more likely that it occurred in the Old World. But the only way to address that question would be to sequence more ancient skeletons of Native Americans and also Siberians."
Intriguing questions also exist about the nature of the advanced Upper Paleolithic Mal'ta society that now appears to figure in Native American genomes.
The Siberian child "was found buried with all kinds of cultural items, including Venus figurines, which have been found from Lake Baikal west all the way to Europe.
"So now we know that the individual represented with this culture is a western Eurasian, even though he was found very far east. It's an interesting question how closely related this individual might have been to the individuals carving these figurines at the same time in Europe and elsewhere."
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Asian people
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Book of Mormon and DNA Studies
Book of Mormon and DNA Studies
Book of Mormon and DNA Studies
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints affirms that the Book of Mormon is a volume of sacred scripture comparable to the Bible . It contains a record of God’s dealings with three groups of people who migrated from the Near East or West Asia to the Americas hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans. 1
Although the primary purpose of the Book of Mormon is more spiritual than historical, some people have wondered whether the migrations it describes are compatible with scientific studies of ancient America. The discussion has centered on the field of population genetics and developments in DNA science. Some have contended that the migrations mentioned in the Book of Mormon did not occur because the majority of DNA identified to date in modern native peoples most closely resembles that of eastern Asian populations. 2
Basic principles of population genetics suggest the need for a more careful approach to the data. The conclusions of genetics, like those of any science, are tentative, and much work remains to be done to fully understand the origins of the native populations of the Americas. Nothing is known about the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples, and even if their genetic profile were known, there are sound scientific reasons that it might remain undetected. For these same reasons, arguments that some defenders of the Book of Mormon make based on DNA studies are also speculative. In short, DNA studies cannot be used decisively to either affirm or reject the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon.
The Ancestors of the American Indians
The evidence assembled to date suggests that the majority of Native Americans carry largely Asian DNA. 3 Scientists theorize that in an era that predated Book of Mormon accounts, a relatively small group of people migrated from northeast Asia to the Americas by way of a land bridge that connected Siberia to Alaska. 4 These people, scientists say, spread rapidly to fill North and South America and were likely the primary ancestors of modern American Indians. 5
The Book of Mormon provides little direct information about cultural contact between the peoples it describes and others who may have lived nearby. Consequently, most early Latter-day Saints assumed that Near Easterners or West Asians like Jared, Lehi, Mulek, and their companions were the first or the largest or even the only groups to settle the Americas. Building upon this assumption, critics insist that the Book of Mormon does not allow for the presence of other large populations in the Americas and that, therefore, Near Eastern DNA should be easily identifiable among modern native groups.
The Book of Mormon itself, however, does not claim that the peoples it describes were either the predominant or the exclusive inhabitants of the lands they occupied. In fact, cultural and demographic clues in its text hint at the presence of other groups. 6 At the April 1929 general conference, President Anthony W. Ivins of the First Presidency cautioned: “We must be careful in the conclusions that we reach. The Book of Mormon … does not tell us that there was no one here before them [the peoples it describes]. It does not tell us that people did not come after.” 7
Joseph Smith appears to have been open to the idea of migrations other than those described in the Book of Mormon, 8 and many Latter-day Saint leaders and scholars over the past century have found the Book of Mormon account to be fully consistent with the presence of other established populations. 9 The 2006 update to the introduction of the Book of Mormon reflects this understanding by stating that Book of Mormon peoples were “among the ancestors of the American Indians.” 10
Nothing is known about the extent of intermarriage and genetic mixing between Book of Mormon peoples or their descendants and other inhabitants of the Americas, though some mixing appears evident, even during the period covered by the book’s text. 11 What seems clear is that the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples likely represented only a fraction of all DNA in ancient America. Finding and clearly identifying their DNA today may be asking more of the science of population genetics than it is capable of providing.
Understanding the Genetic Evidence
A brief review of the basic principles of genetics will help explain how scientists use DNA to study ancient populations. It will also highlight the difficulty of drawing conclusions about the Book of Mormon from the study of genetics.
DNA—the set of instructions for building and sustaining life—is found in the nucleus of almost every human cell. It is organized in 46 units called chromosomes—23 received from each parent. These chromosomes contain about 3.2 billion instructions. Any two individuals share approximately 99.9% of their genetic arrangement, but the thousands of small differences account for the tremendous variation between people.
Genetic variations are introduced through what geneticists call random mutation. Mutations are errors that occur as DNA is copied during the formation of reproductive cells. These mutations accumulate over time as they are passed from generation to generation, resulting in unique genetic profiles. The inheritance pattern of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes (called autosomes) is characterized by continuous shuffling: half of the DNA from both the father and the mother recombine to form the DNA of their children. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the gender of a child (XY for a male, XX for a female). Because only males have the Y chromosome, a son inherits this chromosome mostly intact from his father.
Human cells also have DNA in a series of cell components called the mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is relatively small—containing approximately 17,000 instructions—and is inherited largely intact from the mother. A mother’s mitochondrial DNA is passed to all of her children, but only her daughters will pass their mitochondrial DNA to the next generation.
Mitochondrial DNA was the first type of DNA to be sequenced and was thus the first that geneticists used to study populations. As technology has improved, analysis of autosomal DNA has allowed geneticists to conduct sophisticated studies involving combinations of multiple genetic markers.
Population geneticists attempt to reconstruct the origins, migrations, and relationships of populations using modern and ancient DNA samples. Examining available data, scientists have identified combinations of mutations that are distinctive of populations in different regions of the world. Unique mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles are called haplogroups. 12 Scientists designate these haplogroups with letters of the alphabet. 13
At the present time, scientific consensus holds that the vast majority of Native Americans belong to sub-branches of the Y-chromosome haplogroups C and Q 14 and the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups A, B, C, D, and X, all of which are predominantly East Asian. 15 But the picture is not entirely clear. Continuing studies provide new insights, and some challenge previous conclusions. For example, a 2013 study states that as much as one-third of Native American DNA originated anciently in Europe or West Asia and was likely introduced into the gene pool before the earliest migration to the Americas. 16 This study paints a more complex picture than is suggested by the prevailing opinion that all Native American DNA is essentially East Asian.
While Near Eastern DNA markers do exist in the DNA of modern native populations, it is difficult to determine whether they are the result of migrations that predated Columbus, such as those described in the Book of Mormon, or whether they stem from genetic mixing that occurred after the European conquest. This is due in part to the fact that the “molecular clock” used by scientists to date the appearance of genetic markers is not always accurate enough to pinpoint the timing of migrations that occurred as recently as a few hundred or even a few thousand years ago. 17
Scientists do not rule out the possibility of additional, small-scale migrations to the Americas. 18 For example, a 2010 genetic analysis of a well-preserved 4,000-year-old Paleo-Eskimo in Greenland led scientists to hypothesize that a group of people besides those from East Asia had migrated to the Americas. 19 Commenting on this study, population geneticist Marcus Feldman of Stanford University said: “Models that suggest a single one-time migration are generally regarded as idealized systems. … There may have been small amounts of migrations going on for millennia.” 20
The Founder Effect
One reason it is difficult to use DNA evidence to draw definite conclusions about Book of Mormon peoples is that nothing is known about the DNA that Lehi, Sariah, Ishmael, and others brought to the Americas. Even if geneticists had a database of the DNA that now exists among all modern American Indian groups, it would be impossible to know exactly what to search for. It is possible that each member of the emigrating parties described in the Book of Mormon had DNA typical of the Near East, but it is likewise possible that some of them carried DNA more typical of other regions. In this case, their descendants might inherit a genetic profile that would be unexpected given their family’s place of origin. This phenomenon is called the founder effect.
Consider the case of Dr. Ugo A. Perego, a Latter-day Saint population geneticist. His genealogy confirms that he is a multigeneration Italian, but the DNA of his paternal genetic lineage is from a branch of the Asian/Native American haplogroup C. This likely means that, somewhere along the line, a migratory event from Asia to Europe led to the introduction of DNA atypical of Perego’s place of origin. 21 If Perego and his family were to colonize an isolated landmass, future geneticists conducting a study of his descendants’ Y chromosomes might conclude that the original settlers of that landmass were from Asia rather than Italy. This hypothetical story shows that conclusions about the genetics of a population must be informed by a clear understanding of the DNA of the population’s founders. In the case of the Book of Mormon, clear information of that kind is unavailable.
Population Bottleneck and Genetic Drift
The difficulties do not end with the founder effect. Even if it were known with a high degree of certainty that the emigrants described in the Book of Mormon had what might be considered typically Near Eastern DNA, it is quite possible that their DNA markers did not survive the intervening centuries. Principles well known to scientists, including population bottleneck and genetic drift, often lead to the loss of genetic markers or make those markers nearly impossible to detect.
Population Bottleneck
Population bottleneck is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a natural disaster, epidemic disease, massive war, or other calamity results in the death of a substantial part of a population. These events may severely reduce or totally eliminate certain genetic profiles. In such cases, a population may regain genetic diversity over time through mutation, but much of the diversity that previously existed is irretrievably lost.
Illustration of population bottleneck. Due to a dramatic reduction in population, some genetic profiles (represented here by the yellow, orange, green, and purple circles), are lost. Subsequent generations inherit only the DNA of the survivors.
In addition to the catastrophic war at the end of the Book of Mormon, the European conquest of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries touched off just such a cataclysmic chain of events. As a result of war and the spread of disease, many Native American groups experienced devastating population losses. 22 One molecular anthropologist observed that the conquest “squeezed the entire Amerindian population through a genetic bottleneck.” He concluded, “This population reduction has forever altered the genetics of the surviving groups, thus complicating any attempts at reconstructing the pre-Columbian genetic structure of most New World groups.” 23
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift is the gradual loss of genetic markers in small populations due to random events. A simple illustration is often used to teach this concept:
Fill a jar with 20 marbles—10 red, 10 blue. The jar represents a population, and the marbles represent people with different genetic profiles. Draw a marble at random from this population, record its color, and place it back in the jar. Each draw represents the birth of a child. Draw 20 times to simulate a new generation within the population. The second generation could have an equal number of each color, but more likely it will have an uneven number of the two colors.
Before you draw a third generation, adjust the proportion of each color in the jar to reflect the new mix of genetic profiles in the gene pool. As you continue drawing, the now-uneven mix will lead to ever more frequent draws of the dominant color. Over several generations, this “drift” toward one color will almost certainly result in the disappearance of the other color.
Illustration of genetic drift using colored marbles.
This exercise illustrates the inheritance pattern of genetic material over the course of several generations and shows how drift can result in the loss of genetic profiles. The effect of drift is especially pronounced in small, isolated populations or in cases where a small group carrying a distinct genetic profile intermingles with a much larger population of a different lineage.
A study in Iceland combining both genetic and genealogical data demonstrates that the majority of people living in that country today inherited mitochondrial DNA from just a small percentage of the people who lived there only 300 years ago. 24 The mitochondrial DNA of the majority of Icelanders living at that time simply did not survive the random effects of drift. It is conceivable that much of the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples did not survive for the same reason.
Genetic drift particularly affects mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA, but it also leads to the loss of variation in autosomal DNA. When a small population mixes with a large one, combinations of autosomal markers typical of the smaller group become rapidly overwhelmed or swamped by those of the larger. The smaller group’s markers soon become rare in the combined population and may go extinct due to the effects of genetic drift and bottlenecks as described above. Moreover, the shuffling and recombination of autosomal DNA from generation to generation produces new combinations of markers in which the predominant genetic signal comes from the larger original population. This can make the combinations of markers characteristic of the smaller group so diluted that they cannot be reliably identified.
The authors of a 2008 paper in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology summarized the impact of these forces succinctly: “Genetic drift has been a significant force [on Native American genetics], and together with a major population crash after European contact, has altered haplogroup frequencies and caused the loss of many haplotypes.” 25 Genetic profiles may be entirely lost, and combinations that once existed may become so diluted that they are difficult to detect. Thus, portions of a population may in fact be related genealogically to an individual or group but not have DNA that can be identified as belonging to those ancestors. In other words, Native Americans whose ancestors include Book of Mormon peoples may not be able to confirm that relationship using their DNA. 26
Conclusion
Much as critics and defenders of the Book of Mormon would like to use DNA studies to support their views, the evidence is simply inconclusive. Nothing is known about the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples. Even if such information were known, processes such as population bottleneck, genetic drift, and post-Columbian immigration from West Eurasia make it unlikely that their DNA could be detected today. As Elder Dallin H. Oaks of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles observed, “It is our position that secular evidence can neither prove nor disprove the authenticity of the Book of Mormon.” 27
Book of Mormon record keepers were primarily concerned with conveying religious truths and preserving the spiritual heritage of their people. They prayed that, in spite of the prophesied destruction of most of their people, their record would be preserved and one day help restore a knowledge of the fulness of the gospel of Jesus Christ . Their promise to all who study the book “with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ,” is that God “will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost .” 28 For countless individuals who have applied this test of the book’s authenticity, the Book of Mormon stands as a volume of sacred scripture with the power to bring them closer to Jesus Christ .
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What is the common name for the chemical process by which glue, varnish, filler, etc., hardens when polymer chains become linked following UV radiation, mixing, heat, etc?
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Polymer Materials ~ Artifacts & Shipwrecks ~ New Jersey Scuba Diving
Polymers
Polymer materials - rubbers, plastics, and silicones - are not really of interest as artifacts. They are, however, among the most important materials to divers: without neoprene, nylon, and a bewildering range of other polymer materials, we would not have most of the equipment that makes diving possible !
A polymer is a chemical compound with high molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalent bonds. The simple molecules that may become structural units are themselves called monomers; two monomers combine to form a dimer, and three monomers, a trimer. A structural unit is a group having two or more bonding sites. A bonding site may be created by the loss of an atom or group, such as H or OH, or by the breaking up of a double or triple bond, as when ethylene, H2C=CH2, is converted into a structural unit for polyethylene, -H2C-CH2- .
Polyethylene - the simplest polymer: ---CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2---
Incidentally, stick a hydrogen "H" onto each end of this illustration in place of the squiggly lines, and you have C11H24 - a fairly common form of gasoline ! Many artificial polymers are synthesized from fuel oils; there is no clear delineation between the two. Likewise, many polymers combust just as readily as fuel oils, although often with toxic products, especially those containing chlorine.
In a linear polymer, the structural units are connected in a chain arrangement and thus need only be bifunctional, i.e., have two bonding sites. When the structural unit is trifunctional ( has three bonding sites, ) a nonlinear, or branched, polymer results. Ethylene, styrene, and ethylene glycol are examples of bifunctional monomers, while glycerin and divinyl benzene are both polyfunctional. Polymers containing a single repeating unit, such as polyethylene, are called homopolymers. Polymers containing two or more different structural units, such as phenol-formaldehyde, are called copolymers.
All polymers can be classified as either addition polymers or condensation polymers. An addition polymer is one in which the molecular formula of the repeating structural unit is identical to that of the monomer, e.g., polyethylene and polystyrene. A condensation polymer is one in which the repeating structural unit contains fewer atoms than that of the monomer or monomers because of the splitting off of water or some other substance, e.g., polyesters and polycarbonates.
Many polymers occur in nature, such as silk, cellulose, natural rubber, and proteins. In addition, a large number of polymers have been synthesized in the laboratory, leading to such commercially important products as plastics, synthetic fibers, and synthetic rubber. Polymerization, the chemical process of forming polymers from their component monomers, is often a complex process that may be initiated or sustained by heat, pressure, or the presence of one or more catalysts.
Rubber
Rubber is any solid substance that upon vulcanization becomes elastic; the term includes natural rubber ( caoutchouc ) and synthetic rubber. The term elastomer is sometimes used to designate synthetic rubber only and is sometimes extended to include caoutchouc as well.
Chemistry and Properties
Natural Rubber
All rubber-like materials are polymers, which are high molecular weight compounds consisting of long chains of one or more types of molecules, such as monomers. Vulcanization ( or curing ) produces chemical links between the loosely coiled polymeric chains; elasticity occurs because the chains can be stretched and the crosslinks cause them to spring back when the stress is released. Natural rubber is a polyterpene, i.e., it consists of isoprene molecules linked into loosely twisted chains. The monomer units along the backbone of the carbon chains are in a cis arrangement and it is this spatial configuration that gives rubber its highly elastic character. In gutta-percha, which is another natural polyterpene, the isoprene molecules are bonded in a trans configuration leading to a crystalline solid at room temperature. Unvulcanized rubber is soluble in a number of hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, gasoline, and lubricating oils.
Rubber is water repellent and resistant to alkalies and weak acids. Rubber's elasticity, toughness, impermeability, adhesiveness, and electrical resistance make it useful as an adhesive, a coating composition, a fiber, a molding compound, and an electrical insulator. In general, synthetic rubber has the following advantages over natural rubber: better aging and weathering, more resistance to oil, solvents, oxygen, ozone, and certain chemicals, and resilience over a wider temperature range. The advantages of natural rubber are less buildup of heat from flexing and greater resistance to tearing when hot.
Vulcanization is the treatment of rubber to give it certain qualities, e.g., strength, elasticity, and resistance to solvents, and to render it impervious to moderate heat and cold. Chemically, the process involves the formation of cross-linkages between the polymer chains of the rubber's molecules. Vulcanization is accomplished usually by a process invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839, involving combination with sulfur and heating. A method of cold vulcanization ( treating rubber with a bath or vapors of a sulfur compound ) was developed by Alexander Parkes in 1846.
Rubber for almost all ordinary purposes is vulcanized; exceptions are rubber cement, crepe-rubber soles, and adhesive tape. Hard rubber is vulcanized rubber in which 30% to 50% of sulfur has been mixed before heating; soft rubber contains usually less than 5% of sulfur. After the sulfur and rubber ( and usually an organic accelerator, e.g., an aniline compound, to shorten the time or lower the heat necessary for vulcanization ) are mixed, the compound is usually placed in molds and subjected to heat and pressure. The heat may be applied directly by steam, by steam-heated molds, by hot air, or by hot water. Vulcanization can also be accomplished with certain peroxides, gamma radiation, and several other organic compounds.
The finished product is not sticky like raw rubber, does not harden with cold or soften much except with great heat, is elastic, springing back into shape when deformed instead of remaining deformed as unvulcanized rubber does, is highly resistant to abrasion and to gasoline and most chemicals, and is a good insulator against electricity and heat. Many synthetic rubbers undergo processes of vulcanization, some of which are similar to that applied to natural rubber. The invention of vulcanization made possible the wide use of rubber and aided the development of such industries as the automobile industry.
Natural Rubber
Natural rubber is obtained from the milky secretion ( latex ) of various plants, but the only important commercial source of natural rubber ( sometimes called Para rubber ) is the tree Hevea brasiliensis. The only other plant under cultivation as a commercial rubber source is guayule ( Parthenium argentatum ) a shrub native to the arid regions of Mexico and the SW United States. The easiest way to see raw latex for yourself is to pick a Dandelion. The sticky white liquid that drips from the broken stem is latex.
To soften the rubber so that compounding ingredients can be added, the long polymer chains must be partially broken by mastication, mechanical shearing forces applied by passing the rubber between rollers or rotating blades. Thus, for most purposes, the rubber is ground, dissolved in a suitable solvent, and compounded with other ingredients, e.g., fillers and pigments such as carbon black for strength and whiting for stiffening; antioxidants; plasticizers, usually in the form of oils, waxes, or tars; accelerators; and vulcanizing agents. The compounded rubber is sheeted, extruded in special shapes, applied as coating or molded, then vulcanized. Most Para rubber is exported as crude rubber and prepared for market by rolling slabs of latex coagulated with acid into thin sheets of crepe rubber or into heavier, firmly pressed sheets that are usually ribbed and smoked.
An increasing quantity of latex, treated with alkali to prevent coagulation, is shipped for processing in manufacturing centers. Much of it is used to make foam rubber by beating air into it before pouring it into a vulcanizing mold. Other products are made by dipping a mold into latex ( e.g., rubber gloves ) or by casting latex. Sponge rubber is prepared by adding to ordinary rubber a powder that forms a gas during vulcanization.
Most of the rubber imported into the United States is used in tires and tire products; other items that account for large quantities are belting, hose, surgical tubing, insulators, valves, and gaskets. Vibram is a trade name for both a rubber formulation and a tread design used extensively in footwear, dating back to the 1930s. Uncoagulated latex, compounded with colloidal emulsions and dispersions, is extruded as thread, coated on other materials, or beaten to a foam and used as sponge rubber. Used and waste rubber may be reclaimed by grinding followed by devulcanization with steam and chemicals, refining, and remanufacture.
Most white glues, such as Elmer's, are latex-based. The solvent in Elmer's all-purpose school glue is water. When the water evaporates, the polyvinylacetate (PVA) latex that has spread into a material's pores and crevices forms a flexible bond. Another use for latex that is often overlooked is in paint. Most modern water-based paints ( as well as driveway sealers, etc ) use synthetic latex for a binding agent, which acts much as it does in glue. So chances are, your walls are coated with rubber !
Synthetic Rubber
The more than one dozen major classes of synthetic rubber are made of raw material derived from petroleum, coal, oil, natural gas, and acetylene. Many of them are copolymers, i.e., polymers consisting of more than one monomer. By changing the composition it is possible to achieve specific properties desired for special applications. The earliest synthetic rubbers were the styrene-butadiene copolymers, Buna S and SBR, whose properties are closest to those of natural rubber. SBR is the most commonly used elastomer because of its low cost and good properties; it is used mainly for tires. Other general purpose elastomers are cis-polybutadiene and cis-polyisoprene, whose properties are also close to that of natural rubber.
Among the specialty elastomers are copolymers of acrylonitrile and butadiene that were originally called Buna N and are now known as nitrile elastomers or NBR rubbers. They have excellent oil resistance and are widely used for flexible couplings, hoses, washing machine parts, and gloves. Butyl rubbers are copolymers of isobutylene and 1.3% isoprene; they are valuable because of their good resistance to abrasion, low gas permeability, and high dielectric strength. Neoprene ( polychloroprene ) is particularly useful at elevated temperatures and is used for heavy-duty applications. Of course, Neoprene foam is the primary material of most diving suits.
Neoprene is a common material for o-rings, and is also used as the basis of many contact cements.
Ethylene-propylene rubbers (RPDM) with their high resistance to weathering and sunlight are used for automobile parts, hose, electrical insulation, and footwear. Urethane elastomers are called Spandex and they consist of urethane blocks and polyether or polyester blocks; the urethane blocks provide strength and heat resistance, the polyester and polyether blocks provide elasticity; they are the most versatile elastomer family because of their hardness, strength, oil resistance, and aging characteristics. They have replaced rubber in elasticized materials. Other uses range from airplane wheels to seat cushions. Other synthetics are highly oil-resistant, but their high cost limits their use. Silicone rubbers are organic derivatives of inorganic polymers, e.g., the polymer of dimethysilanediol. Very stable and flexible over a wide temperature range, they are used in wire and cable insulation. AquaSeal is a urethane cement.
Spandex - what would the '80s have been without it ?
History
Pre-Columbian peoples of South and Central America used rubber for balls, containers, and shoes and for waterproofing fabrics. Mentioned by Spanish and Portuguese writers in the 16th century, rubber did not attract the interest of Europeans until reports about it were made (1736-51) to the French Academy of Sciences by Charles de la Condamine and Francois Fresneau. Pioneer research in finding rubber solvents and in waterproofing fabrics was done before 1800, but rubber was used only for elastic bands and erasers, and these were made by cutting up pieces imported from Brazil. Joseph Priestley is credited with the discovery c.1770 of its use as an eraser, thus the name rubber.
The first rubber factory in the world was established near Paris in 1803, the first in England by Thomas Hancock in 1820. Hancock devised the forerunner of the masticator ( the rollers through
which the rubber is passed to partially break the polymer chains, ) and in 1835 Edwin Chaffee, an American, patented a mixing mill and a calendar ( a press for rolling the rubber into sheets. )
In 1823, Charles Macintosh found a practical process for waterproofing fabrics, and in 1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, which revolutionized the rubber industry. On March 17, 1845, the fist rubber band was patented by Stephen Perry of London. In the latter half of the 19th century the demand for rubber insulation by the electrical industry and the invention of the pneumatic tire extended the demand for rubber. In the 19th century wild rubber was harvested in South and Central America and in Africa; most of it came from the Para rubber tree of the Amazon basin.
Despite Brazil's legal restrictions, seeds of the tree were smuggled to England in 1876. The resultant seedlings were sent to Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) and later to many tropical regions, especially the Malay area and Java and Sumatra, beginning the enormous East Asian rubber industry. Here the plantations were so carefully cultivated and managed that the relative importance of Amazon rubber diminished. American rubber companies, as a step toward diminishing foreign control of the supply, enlarged their plantation holdings in Liberia and in South and Central America.
During World War I, Germany made a synthetic rubber, but it was too expensive for peacetime use. In 1927 a less costly variety was invented, and in 1931 Neoprene was made, both in the United States. German scientists developed Buna rubber just prior to World War II. When importation of natural rubber from the East Indies was cut off during World War II, the United States began large-scale manufacture of synthetic rubber, concentrating on Buna S. Today synthetic rubber accounts for about 60% of the world's rubber production.
Edible Rubber
Chicle is the name for the gum obtained from the latex of the sapodilla tree ( Manilkara zapota ) a tropical American evergreen. The sapodilla ( known also by many other common names ) is widely cultivated in tropical regions, including south Florida, for its fruit, which is plum-sized with translucent yellow-brown flesh. Large-scale cultivation of the tree for latex is impractical because it can be tapped only infrequently and varies widely in yield.
Chicle is collected during the rainy season from wild trees in the rain forests. Natives, called chicleros, cut zigzag gashes in the tree trunk and collect the sap in bags. The collected material is boiled until it reaches the correct thickness and is then molded into blocks. These are exported, chiefly to the United States, for use in making chewing gum. Unsystematic and excessive tapping of the sapodilla ( especially in the Yucatan peninsula, where it was most abundant ) is leading to its depletion and has necessitated increasing use of chicle substitutes from other latex-producing plants.
Chewing gum is a confection consisting usually of chicle, flavorings, and corn syrup and sugar or artificial sweeteners. Prehistoric people are believed to have chewed resins. Spruce resin was chewed as a thirst quencher by Native Americans, from whom pioneers adopted the custom. Refined paraffin was later used and then chicle, which was probably first imported into the United States through Mexico. A chicle gum was patented in 1869 by William and Semple.
In the present-day manufacture of chewing gum blocks of chicle are ground, melted, and cleared in a whirling vat, and then the flavorings and other ingredients are added. The gum is rolled through sheeting machinery and chopped into sticks or into candy-coated pellets. Insoluble plastics may be mixed with or substituted for the chicle. The United States is the major producer, exporter, and consumer, of chewing gum.
Plastics
A plastic is any organic material with the ability to flow into a desired shape when heat and pressure are applied to it and to retain the shape when they are withdrawn. Rubbers are really a subset of plastics, known as elastomers, although there is no clear dividing line between the two: many rubbers are quite stiff and hard, and many plastics are stretchy like rubber.
Composition and Types of Plastic
A plastic is made up principally of a binder together with plasticizers, fillers, pigments, and other additives. The binder gives a plastic its main characteristics and usually its name. Thus, polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) is both the name of a binder and the name of a plastic into which it is made. Binders may be natural materials, e.g., cellulose derivatives, casein, or milk protein, but are more commonly synthetic resins. In either case, the binder materials consist of very long chainlike molecules called polymers.
Cellulose derivatives are made from cellulose, a naturally occurring polymer; casein is also a naturally occurring polymer. Synthetic resins are polymerized, or built up, from small simple molecules called monomers. Plasticizers are added to a binder to increase flexibility and toughness. Fillers are added to improve particular properties, e.g., hardness or resistance to shock. Pigments are used to impart various colors. Virtually any desired color or shape and many combinations of the properties of hardness, durability, elasticity, and resistance to heat, cold, and acid can be obtained in a plastic.
There are two basic types of plastic: thermosetting, which cannot be resoftened or reshaped after being subjected to heat and pressure; and thermoplastic, which can be repeatedly softened and remolded by heat and pressure. When heat and pressure are applied to a thermoplastic binder, the chainlike polymers slide past each other, giving the material "plasticity." However, when heat and pressure are initially applied to a thermosetting binder, the molecular chains become cross-linked, thus preventing any slippage if heat and pressure are reapplied.
This genuine plastic ashtray was recovered from inside the Stolt Dagali .
Molding of Plastic
Plastics are available in the form of bars, tubes, sheets, coils, and blocks, and these can be fabricated to specification. However, plastic articles are commonly manufactured from plastic powders in which desired shapes are fashioned by compression, transfer, injection, or extrusion molding.
In compression molding, materials are generally placed immediately in mold cavities, where the application of heat and pressure makes them first plastic, then hard. The transfer method, in which the compound is plasticized by outside heating and then poured into a mold to harden, is used for designs with intricate shapes and great variations in wall thickness. Injection-molding machinery dissolves the plastic powder in a heating chamber and by plunger action forces it into cold molds, where the product sets.
The operations take place at rigidly controlled temperatures and intervals. Extrusion molding employs a heating cylinder, pressure, and an extrusion die through which the molten plastic is sent and from which it exits in continuous form to be cut in lengths or coiled.
Environmental Considerations
Plastics are so durable that they will not rot or decay as do natural products such as those made of wood. As a result great amounts of discarded plastic products accumulate in the environment as waste. It has been suggested that plastics could be made to decompose slowly when exposed to sunlight by adding certain chemicals to them. Plastics present the additional problem of being difficult to burn. When placed in an incinerator, they tend to melt quickly and flow downward, clogging the incinerator's grate. They also emit harmful fumes; e.g., burning polyvinyl chloride gives off hydrogen chloride gas. see Water Pollution
Early Plastics
Natural polymers with plastic-like properties have been used for centuries. These include shellac, tortoiseshell, and horn, as well as many resinous tree saps. Shellac is derived from insects; tortoiseshell is actually from sea turtles, primarily Hawksbills; while horn may be derived from any suitable animal, primarily cattle and sheep. Hard rubber Vulcanite and Gutta Percha were introduced in the 1840s. Bois Durci was developed in the 1850s from animal blood, a byproduct of Paris slaughterhouses. All of these materials could be processed with heat and pressure into articles such as hair combs and items of jewelry.
The first man-made plastic was an invention of English scientist Alexander Parkes. He unveiled Parkesine at the 1862 London International Exhibition. Parkesine, an organic material that could be heated and molded but would retain its shape when cooled, was made by dissolving cellulose nitrate in just a bit of solvent. Unlike rubber, Parkesine could be colored or transparent, and could be carved into any shape. In 1866, four years after the exhibition, Parkes formed the Parkesine Company; it failed after only two years due to high production costs.
None of these materials was of any great industrial significance. The first really important man-made plastic, Celluloid, was discovered circa 1869 by the American inventor John W. Hyatt and manufactured by him in 1872. Celluloid is a transparent, colorless synthetic thermoplastic ( ie meltable and reshapeable ) made by treating cellulose nitrate ( nitrocellulose ) with camphor and alcohol. Celluloid was the first important synthetic plastic and was widely used as a substitute for more expensive substances, such as ivory, amber, horn, and tortoise-shell . Newark NJ was once a major center of celluloid production.
Celluloid is highly flammable, and has been superseded by newer plastics with more desirable properties. It has been used for combs, brush handles, billiard balls ( although they had a tendency to explode ), knife handles, buttons, and other useful objects. Celluloid was also originally used for photographic and movie film. The inevitable breakdown of this natural plastic puts many old films and photos at risk, and most modern photographic films are based on synthetic cellulose acetate rather than celluloid. Surprisingly, celluloid is also edible, at least if you are a goat. It is still used to make ping-pong balls.
Synthetic plastics did not come into modern industrial use until the production of Bakelite in 1909 by the American chemist L.H. Baekeland. Bakelite, or polyoxybenzyl- methylenglycolanhydride, is a synthetic thermosetting (permanent) resin. Bakelite is a condensation polymer of formaldehyde and phenol. In practice, the phenol and formaldehyde are first polymerized to a small extent by using the proper choice of catalyst and temperature. The resulting prepolymer, called a resol, is a low-melting, soluble material, which can then be combined with a filler ( usually cotton linters or wood fibers ) and a pigment and heated under pressure in a mold to yield an object of the desired shape. The pure resin is colorless or amber-colored and very brittle; various fillers, pigments, and other additives are used to give it the desired properties depending on its application. Heating of the prepolymer results in extensive cross-links between the polymer chains, resulting in a tightly bound three-dimensional network.
Bakelite salt shakers from the Mohawk
Bakelite is tough, hard, dimensionally stable and strong, and highly resistant to heat, moisture and most chemicals. It is easily machined and carved, as well as molded, and largely replaced celluloid after its introduction in the early 20th century. Bakelite has been widely used both alone, to form whole objects, and in combination with other materials, as a laminate or a surface coating. It was used as a substitute for hard rubber and amber as well as celluloid. Commercial uses of Bakelite included insulation for electrical apparatus ( since it is a nonconductor ) and the manufacture of certain machinery gears. It was also used for phonograph records and many other articles, useful and ornamental, and as diverse in character as buttons, billiard balls, pipestems, and umbrella handles. Bakelite distributor caps were fitted on Model-T Fords in the 1920s. During the Great Depression, Bakelite sold more than any other commercial product, and was loved by the public for its brilliant and cheerful colors and its affordability. It found extensive use during World War II, but was finally rendered obsolete soon after by newly developed materials like lucite, fiberglass, vinyl and acrylics, although it is still produced in Japan.
Neither Celluloid nor Bakelite are used any more. Celluloid deteriorates over time, but Bakelite is much more durable, and many old Bakelite objects, from telephones to radios to jewelry, are now sought-after as antiques. Pre-World War II shipwrecks such as the Mohawk can yield fine Bakelite artifacts which survive well in the water and are easily cleaned and conserved.
Bakelite: A Revolutionary Early Plastic
Text by Lloyd Fadem and Stephen Z. Fadem, MD Photographs by Doug Congdon-Martin
IT IS HARD TO BELIEVE that one can combine two unlikely substances like carbolic acid and formaldehyde to produce a beautiful and versatile substance such as phenolic resin or "Bakelite, " a revolutionary, non-flammable, early plastic. "The material of a thousand uses, " as it was called, made a splash in the 1920s, '30s and '40s.
Around the turn of the century, the Belgian born scientist Dr. Leo Baekeland, working as an independent chemist, came upon the compound quite by accident. Anyone familiar with the newspaper printing business is aware of the Velox used as a proof; that was his first discovery. Velox was invented in 1899 and is still in use today. After selling the rights to this product to Eastman Kodak for three quarters of a million dollars, he started developing a less flammable bowling alley floor shellac; bowling was becoming the latest rage in New York City. Dr. Baekeland soon realized that a resin that was both insoluable and infusible could have a much wider appeal when used as a molding compound. He obtained a patent and started the Bakelite Corporation around 1910.
Phenolic resin could be produced in a multitude of colors, commonly yellow, brown, butterscotch, green and red. Ommitting the pigment could produce a transparent or translucent effect. The resin could be molded or cast, depending on variations in the formula. For molding, the formula was cooked until resinous, spread out in thin sheets to harden, then ground to a fine consistency. At this point, powdered fillers and pigment were added, to enable the resin to be molded and to add color. This mixture was then put through hot rollers which created large sheets of colored, hardened resin. These sheets were then ground into a very fine powder which was molded under high heat and pressure into the final product form. As a molded material the resin's drawback was the limited range of colors which could be created. For casting, the formula was modified slightly, enabling the resin to be poured into lead molds and then cured in ovens until it polymerized into a hard substance. The liquid resin could be tinted to any color or "marbelized" by mixing two colors together.
For the first ten years or so after its introduction, the resin was used primarily to make electrical and automobile insulators and heavy industrial products. Eventually, uses for the resin spread into the consumer market. Castings were made in the shape of cylinders or blocks, and then sold to novelty and jewelry makers. Industrial designers began experimenting with the new material. Fine craftsmen sculpted the molded products on fast wheels with razor-like tools to carve out designs that the world has not seen since; after World War II, most companies switched to creating designs through the use of patterned molds, instead of hand-carving. Bakelite replaced flammable celluloid, previously the most popular synthetic material for molded items, as a major substance for jewelry production.
The process to the collector of today may not be significant, as Bakelite is now treasured for its unique, unreproducible beauty. A deeply carved half inch bangle bracelet may sell for $225.00, and a two and one half inch bangle may command $900.00. Bakelite often acquires a patina within a few months to a few years of its date of production, and metamorphisizes into a completely different appearing color. The red, white and blue Bakelite designs of yesterday have mellowed into lovely yellows, reds and blacks, enhancing further the value of those rare pieces which have continued to maintain their original color and luster.
Bakelite's many uses allowed it to become a standard item in the family home of the 1930s and 1940s. It was frequently found in the kitchen, in the form of flatware handles, rabbit or chicken napkin holders, salt and pepper shakers, or serving trays. During the Depression Bakelite sold more than any other commercial product, and was loved by the public for its brilliant and cheerful colors and its affordability.
When the Bakelite patent expired in 1927, it was acquired by the Catalin Corporation that same year. They began mass production under the name "Catalin, " using the cast resin formula which enabled Catalin to add 15 new colors to the original five produced by the Bakelite Corporation, which used the limited color range molded formula, as well as the now-famous marbelized effect. One of their most notable products was the Fada bullet radio. The Catalin Corporation was responsible for nearly 70% of all phenolic resins that exist today.
Bakelite-Catalin was sold mostly by Saks Fifth Avenue, B. Altman and Bonwit Teller, but was also on the shelves of F.W. Woolworth and Sears. To the wealthy socialites, whose husbands had fallen on tough times during the Depression, with Tiffany diamonds and Cartier jewelry now well beyond their means, the vibrantly colorful carved jewelry adorned with rhinestones became de riguer for cocktail parties and formal dinners. Yet, Catalin and Bakelite were within everyone's reach with Depression prices ranging from twenty cents to three dollars. Diana Vreeland, editor of Vogue, often spoke of the versatility of Bakelite, as did Elsa Schiaparelli, who was constantly contracting with the Bakelite and Catalin Corporations for exclusive buttons for her dress designs.
But in 1942 Bakelite and Catalin suspended sales of their colorful cylinders to costume jewelry manufacturers in order to concentrate on the wartime needs of a nation which had totally shifted its focus. Defense phones and aviator goggles, as well as thousands of other Bakelite products, found their way to armed forces around the world. The scheme shifted from the 200 vibrant colors which brightened the dark days of the Depression to basic black, the no-nonsense symbol of a nation at war. By the end of the war, new technology had given birth to injection-molded plastics, and most manufacturers switched to less labor-intensive and more practical means of developing products. The next generation of plastics had been born - lucite, fiberglass, vinyl and acrylic - and they were molded into products commonplace in our everyday lives today.
Bakelite and Catalin became obsolete, but survive in the hearts of collectors who hunt flea markets, swap meets and antique shows for the Depression treasures of a generation now consigned to the pages of history. Bakelite was given a boost in the mid-1970s by artist, photographer, and flea market icon Andy Warhol who fell in love with Bakelite carvings and whimsical Martha Sleeper pins, and amassed one of the largest collections.
Upon Warhol's untimely death in 1987, Bakelite reached the high prices which it ironically had never been able to command during its peak in the Depression. It is still quite possible and most exciting to discover that a deeply carved bracelet or a Martha Sleeper designed pin purchased for $10.00 in a junk shop has a real value between $900.00 and $1,500.00!
In conclusion, Bakelite, an early plastic, represented an affordable solution for a unique and short time in history when a nation hinged on the edge of economic disaster and needed a cheerful substitute for the lost elegance of the 1920s. Now, while its usefulness as a practical product has long been replaced, Bakelite exists as a treasure. The prospective collector should acquire a sense and appreciation for Bakelite's true value, and a network of reliable dealers to purchase from.
Several books on the market are invaluable Bakelite aids to the new collector; they are identified below.
The Best of Bakelite and Other Plastic Jewelry, by Dee Battle and Alayne Lasser ... $39.95 + $4 shipping from Deco Echoes
Plastic Jewelry by Lyngerda Kelley and Nancy Schiffer ... $14.95 + $4 shipping from Deco Echoes
Bakelite Jewelry by Tony Grasso ... $12.98 + $4 shipping from Deco Echoes
Lloyd Fadem is a well known collector and mid-century enthusiast whose interest lies in architectural and industrial design of the thirties, forties and fifties. He is currently working on the book, "Cool Stuff." - Stephen Z. Fadem, M.D., is a prominent Houston nephrologist whose hobby is history, with a current fascination on the development of American technology and its impact upon our everyday lives. He is collaborating with his brother on the book "Cool Stuff."
Copyright 1996 Deco Echoes Publications
all rights reserved
Shipwrecks from after the turn of the century ( that's 1900, not 2000, kiddies ) to World War II can yield many fine artifacts in an early plastic material known as Bakelite. Bakelite actually has significant value to collectors as art and antiques. Bakelite artifacts are fun to find. They are generally colorful, and need very little attention to restore to display condition. A little scrubbing with an old toothbrush and a weak acid solution or even vinegar will remove most stains and encrustation - no soaking or other bother required. You can even put them through the dishwasher. Then perhaps a little silicone spray or furniture polish to shine it up, and put it on the shelf. All plastics should be kept away from direct sunlight, as the UV degrades the material.
A set of Bakelite tray handles from the Mohawk .
Nothing remarkable about these except for the fact that they are in near-perfect condition, not even discolored, while the chromed-steel trays themselves had completely dissolved in the seawater. Black Bakelite seems to be the toughest of all the varieties. The upper one is upsidedown, showing the molded-in brass fasteners.
Modern Plastics
New uses for plastics are continually being discovered. Following World War II, optical lenses, artificial eyes, and dentures of acrylic plastics, splints that X-rays may pierce, nylon fibers, machine gears, fabric coatings, wall surfacing, and plastic lamination were developed. More recently a hydrophilic, or water-attracting, plastic suitable for use in non-irritating contact lenses has been developed. Plastics reinforced with fiberglass are used for boats, automobile bodies, furniture, and building panels.
Nylon
Nylon is a synthetic thermoplastic material characterized by strength, elasticity, resistance to abrasion and chemicals, low moisture absorbency, and capacity to be permanently set by heat. After 10 years of research E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company introduced nylon in 1938 as monofilaments for bristles and in 1940 as multifilament yarn for hosiery. Nylon is now manufactured also in the form of sheets, coatings, and molded plastics and used in a variety of products, including fabrics, surgical sutures, thread, insulating wire coverings, mosquito netting and screening, gears and bearings, rope, and tire cords. There are a variety of nylons, all being polyamides frequently made from diamines and dicarboxylic acids. The most generally useful of these is nylon-66, made from hexamethylene amine and adipic acid. Velcro is typically made of nylon.
Delrin is a polyacetal resin that was developed in 1959. It is a tough, translucent, white material which resembles nylon and polypropylene but is somewhat harder. Originally marketed as "synthetic stone", its solvent resistant properties coupled with a good dimensional stability allow Delrin to find all kinds of uses as a substitute for nonferrous metal castings in machine parts, dry-run bearings, and gears, and in other light engineering applications.
Polyester is a synthetic fiber produced by the polymerization of the product formed when an alcohol and organic acid react. The outstanding characteristic of polyesters is their ability to resist wrinkling and to spring back into shape when creased. In addition, polyesters have good dimensional stability, wash and dry easily and quickly, and have excellent wash-and-wear or minimum-care characteristics; one of their principal uses is in apparel fabrics of this kind. Microfiber, which was introduced in 1986, is a variety of polyester that has extremely thin filaments ( half as thick as silk fibers. ) Thinsulate and Polartec are polyester microfibers. Polyesters are also used in casement curtains, throw rugs, and as a cushioning or insulating material. Mylar, Dacron, and Tyvek are varieties of polyester.
Polystyrene is a widely used plastic; it is a polymer of styrene. Polystyrene is a colorless, transparent thermoplastic that softens slightly above 212°F and becomes a viscous liquid at around 365°F. It is resistant to acids, alkalies, oils, and alcohols. It is produced either as a solid or as a foamed plastic marketed under the trade name Styrofoam. Its many uses include electrical and thermal insulation, translucent window panels, storage-battery cases, and toilet articles.
ABS plastic is commonly used in dive gear. A wide spectrum of ABS plastics can be produced by varying the proportions of the three 3 constituent monomers - Acrylonitrile, Butadiene and Styrene, with properties tailored to meet specific requirements. In addition to this great versatility, ABS plastics in general are distinguished by great toughness and high impact strength ( even at low temperatures ), good dielectric properties and excellent dimensional stability. To this is added extremely fine gloss appearance, very wide coloring possibilities and ready availability. All these attributes meant that when ABS was introduced in the mid 1950s, plastics could for the first time offer real competition with many traditional materials such as metals, for making highly durable moldings with great consumer appeal. One of the earliest applications was the famous Lego brick from Denmark.
Vinyl plastics are a group of thermoplastics used in molded products, flexible tubing, material for raincoats, and laminated safety glass. Vinyl plastics are polymers and copolymers of vinyl derivatives ( i.e., derivatives of ethylene, H2C-CH2, ) e.g., vinyl chloride ( H2C=CHCl ) and vinyl acetate ( H2C=CH-OOC-CH3. ) Polyvinyl chloride is an important member of this group. Polytetrafluoroethylene, or Teflon, is also sometimes classed as a vinyl polymer. Polyolefins are a group of vinyl plastics that are polymers of various alkenes, or olefins. The most important are polyethylene and polypropylene.
Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) is a thermoplastic that is a polymer of vinyl chloride. Resins of polyvinyl chloride are hard, but with the addition of plasticizers a flexible, elastic plastic can be made. This plastic has found extensive use as an electrical insulator for wires and cables. It is both waterproof and fire-resistant. Cloth and paper can be coated with it to produce fabrics that may be used for upholstery materials and raincoats. Most plumbing pipe is today made out of PVC. When burned, PVC materials give off a number of hazardous and polluting chlorine compounds.
Polypropylene is a plastic noted for its light weight, being less dense than water; it is a polymer of propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and solvents. Since its melting point is 250°F, it is used in the manufacture of objects that are sterilized in the course of their use. Polypropylene is also used to make textiles, ropes that float, packaging material, and luggage. For diving, polypropylene is the material of choice for floating dive flag lines and lightweight waterproof equipment boxes.
Polyethylene is the most widely used plastic. It is a polymer of ethylene H2C=CH2, having the formula (-CH2-CH2-)n, and is produced at high pressures and temperatures in the presence of any one of several catalysts, depending on the desired properties for the finished product. Polyethylene is resistant to water, acids, alkalies, and most solvents. Its many applications include films or sheets for packaging, shower curtains, unbreakable bottles, pipes, buckets and bins, drinking glasses, and insulation for wire and cable. Polyethylene products are typically labeled LDPE or HDPE, which stands for Low-Density Polyethylene and High-Density Polyethylene.
Polyurethanes are a group of plastics that may be either thermosetting or thermoplastic. Polyurethane can be made into both flexible and rigid foams. The flexible foam is often used in furniture and automobile cushions, in mattresses, and for carpet backings. The rigid foam is used for the thermal insulation of refrigerators, trucks, and buildings. In the furniture industry the rigid foam is molded into mirror frames, chair shells, and other parts that were formerly made from wood. Some polyurethanes are highly elastic materials that are resistant to chemical attack and to abrasion. They are used in such things as solid rubber tires and shoe heels. Lycra, a fiber used in stretch clothing, is a polyurethane. Polyurethanes are also used as decorative and protective coatings, exhibiting high gloss, hardness, and toughness.
Polycarbonates are a group of clear, thermoplastic polymers used mainly as molding compounds. Polycarbonates are prepared by the reaction of an aromatic difunctional phenol with either phosgene or an aromatic or aliphatic carbonate. The commercially important polycarbonates use 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenol)-propane (bisphenol A) and diphenyl carbonate. This polymer is a clear plastic with a slight yellow discoloration. It has excellent electrical properties and a high impact strength.
Polyacrylics are a group of thermoplastics that are transparent and highly decorative. The polyacrylics, or acrylic plastics, are polymers ( and copolymers ) of derivatives of acrylic acid, H2C-CH-COOH. The best-known acrylic plastic is polymethyl methacrylate, sold under the trade names Plexiglas and Lucite. It takes a high polish, is clear and colorless, and is transparent to visible and ultraviolet light. Since it is a thermoplastic, it can be shaped while hot to form a number of objects, such as windshields for airplanes and transparent ornamental objects. Other esters of acrylic acid and methylacrylic acid similarly polymerize and copolymerize to transparent thermoplastics, differing somewhat in hardness and in softening temperatures. Orlon and Rayon are acrylic polymers. Rayon, based on cellulose, is one of the oldest plastics, dating to 1892. It was the first man-made fiber, originally known as "artificial silk", and it is the basis of many textiles, as well as cellophane and Scotch Tape.
Cyanoacrylate, C5H5NO2 ( or Crazy Glue ) is an acrylic resin that cures ( forms its strongest bond ) almost instantly. In glue form, the cyanoacrylate molecules ( monomers ) are suspended in an acid stabilizer which inhibits polymerization. The mixture cures within seconds on contact with water ( specifically, hydroxyl ions. ) This is convenient, since virtually any object you might wish to glue will have at least trace amounts of water on its surface ( especially fingers. )
Cyanoacrylate undergoes a process called anionic polymerization: the molecules start linking up when they come into contact with water, whipping around in chains to form a durable plastic mesh. The glue thickens and hardens until the thrashing molecular strands can no longer move, resulting in an incredibly strong, permanent waterproof bond. Super-glue fuming is sometimes used in criminal investigations to detect latent fingerprints. Another interesting application is the use of cyanoacrylate to close wounds in place of stitches.
Epoxy resins are a group of synthetic resins used to make plastics and adhesives. These materials are noted for their versatility, but their relatively high cost has limited their use. High resistance to chemicals and outstanding adhesion, durability, and toughness have made them valuable as coatings. Because of their high electrical resistance, durability at high and low temperatures, and the ease with which they can be poured or cast without forming bubbles, epoxy
resin plastics are especially useful for encapsulating electrical and electronic components. Epoxy resin adhesives can be used on metals, construction materials, and most other synthetic resins. They are strong enough to be used in place of rivets and welds in certain industrial applications.
Fiberglass is a thread made from glass. It is made by forcing molten glass through a kind of sieve, thereby spinning it into threads. Fiberglass is strong, durable, and impervious to many caustics and to extreme temperatures. For those qualities, fabrics woven from the glass threads are widely used for industrial purposes. Fiberglass fabrics can also be made to resemble silks and cotton and are used for curtains and drapery. A wide variety of materials are made by combining fiberglass with plastic resins. These materials, which are rust proof, are molded into the shape required or pressed into flat sheets. Boat hulls, automobile bodies, and roofing and ceiling compositions are some of the uses to which such material is put.
Acetate is one of the most important forms of artificial cellulose-based fibers; the ester of acetic acid. The first patents for the production of fibers from cellulose acetate appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. During World War I, production of acetylcellulose began on an industrial scale for military applications. Acetate fibers are basically delivered in the form of a continuous textile yarn. Their principal use is in the production of widely used consumer goods, such as men's shirts, women's blouses, underwear, ties, bathing suits, jersey jackets and sweaters, suit fabrics, coats, and sports clothing.
Kevlar is a high-strength synthetic fiber similar to Nylon. It was first produced by the DuPont corporation in the early 1960s, and arrived in commercial products in the 1970s. Kevlar is very strong and very light: by weight about five times as strong as steel. It is a polymeric aromatic amide, an aramid polymer containing a benzene ring, linked together through amide (nitrogen) groups. Because of the high ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms, Kevlar requires high concentrations of oxygen before it starts to burn, leading to very low flammability. The planar aromatic rings polymerize in rigid chains, and hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atoms of one chain, and oxygen of another leads to a strong planar sheet structure. When the material is made into fibers, the flat sheets are spun 360 degrees around the fiber axis, forming the cylindrical fiber shape. Kevlar has a high price at least partly because of the difficulties caused by the use of concentrated acid in its manufacture. An early use for Kevlar was to replace steel cords in car tires. It is now commonly used in bulletproof vests and other types of light armor and extreme sports equipment.
Silicones
Silicone ( properly polysiloxane ) is an inorganic polymer in which atoms of silicon and oxygen alternate in a chain; various organic radicals ( the "R"s above, ) such as the methyl group, CH3, are bound to the silicon atoms. Silicones, which are unusually stable at extreme temperatures ( both high and low, ) may occur as liquids, rubbers, resins, or greases. Silicones are prepared from halides of organic silicon compounds by decomposition. Such compounds are chosen and used in mixtures that allow the desired molecular weight and degree of cross-linking to be obtained in the final polymer.
Apart from use in cast and molded products such as mouthpieces and mask skirts, silicone compounds such as RTV ( Room Temperature Vulcanize, in case you were wondering ) are also used as flexible adhesives and caulks, bonding a wide range of materials including glass, metal, and rubber. Silicone foams are used as fire barriers. Some surgical tubing is made of silicone, although most is latex. Other silicone formulations are used as lubricants and low-friction coatings. Silicones are also used to make the heat resistant tiles on the bottom of the space shuttle, and hair conditioners that don't cause buildup. For scuba diving, silicones are commonly used to form regulator mouthpieces and mask skirts.
Silicones find uses from molded products to adhesives and caulks to lubricants to ...
Polydimethylsiloxane does something strange when mixed with boric acid, or B(OH)3. The resulting mixture is soft and pliable, and you can mold it into any shape easily with your fingers. But it is also very bouncy. What's more, push it gently and it gives way, but hit it hard with a hammer and it cracks ! Strangely, if you spread it over newspaper, and pull it away, it gets printed with a mirror image of the newspaper text. No industrial use was ever found for his wonder material, but tons of it has been sold as toy called Silly Putty.
Other inorganic polymers have been synthesized with backbones of pure silicone, germanium, tin , and alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms.
Biological Polymers
Model of a portion of a typical protein molecule
We are polymers ! Or at least, we are based largely on polymer materials - proteins and nucleic acids or DNA are both organic polymers. Therefore, without polymers, there would definitely be no scuba diving.
Proteins
Protein is any of the group of highly complex organic compounds found in all living cells and comprising the most abundant class of all biological molecules. Protein comprises approximately 50% of cellular dry weight. Hundreds of protein molecules have been isolated in pure, homogeneous form; many have been crystallized. All contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and nearly all contain sulfur as well. Some proteins also incorporate phosphorous, iron, zinc, and copper. Proteins are large molecules with high molecular weights (from about 10,000 for small ones [of 50-100 amino acids] to more than 1,000,000 for certain forms); they are composed of varying amounts of the same 20 amino acids, which in the intact protein are united through covalent chemical linkages called peptide bonds. The amino acids, linked together, form linear unbranched polymeric structures called polypeptide chains; such chains may contain hundreds of amino-acid residues; these are arranged in specific order for a given species of protein.
A protein molecule that consists of but a single polypeptide chain is said to be monomeric; proteins made up of more than one polypeptide chain, as many of the large ones are, are called oligomeric. Based upon chemical composition, proteins are divided into two major classes: simple proteins, which are composed of only amino acids, and conjugated proteins, which are composed of amino acids and additional organic and inorganic groupings, certain of which are called prosthetic groups. Conjugated proteins include glycoproteins, which contain carbohydrates; lipoproteins, which contain lipids; and nucleoproteins, which contain nucleic acids.
Classified by biological function, proteins include the enzymes, which are responsible for catalyzing the thousands of chemical reactions of the living cell; keratin, elastin, and collagen, which are important types of structural, or support, proteins; hemoglobin and other gas transport proteins; ovalbumin, casein, and other nutrient molecules; antibodies, which are molecules of the immune system; protein hormones, which regulate metabolism; and proteins that perform mechanical work, such as actin and myosin, the contractile muscle proteins.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acid any of a group of organic substances found in the chromosomes of living cells and viruses that play a central role in the storage and replication of hereditary information and in the expression of this information through protein synthesis. In most organisms, nucleic acids occur in combination with proteins; the combined substances are called nucleoproteins. Nucleic acid molecules are complex chains of varying length. The two chief types of nucleic acids are DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ), which carries the hereditary information from generation to generation, and RNA ( ribonucleic acid ), which delivers the instructions coded in this information to the cell's protein manufacturing sites.
A substance that he called nuclein ( now known as DNA ) was isolated by 1869 by Friedrich Miescher, but it was only in the last half of the 20th century that that research revealed its significance as the material of which the gene is composed, and thus its function as the chemical bearer of hereditary characteristics. RNA was first made by laboratory synthesis in 1955. In 1965 the nucleotide sequence of tRNA was determined, and in 1967 the synthesis of biologically active DNA was achieved. The amount of RNA varies from cell to cell, but the amount of DNA is normally constant for all typical cells of a given species of plant or animal, no matter what the size or function of that cell. The amount doubles as the chromosomes replicate themselves before cell division takes place; in the ovum and sperm the amount is half that in the body cells.
The chemical and physical properties of DNA suit it for both replication and transfer of information. Each DNA molecule is a long two-stranded chain. The strands are made up of subunits called nucleotides, each containing a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases, , guanine, thymine, and cytosine, denoted A, G, T, and C, respectively. A given strand contains nucleotides bearing each of these four. The information carried by a given gene is coded in the sequence in which the nucleotides bearing different bases occur along the strand. These nucleotide sequences determine the sequences of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of the protein specified by that gene.
Between the genes, or coding loci, on the DNA of higher organisms, there are long portions of DNA, often referred to as "junk" DNA, that code no proteins. Sometimes junk DNA occurs within a gene; when this occurs, the coding portions are called exons and the noncoding (junk) portions are called introns. Junk DNA makes up 97% of the DNA in the human genome. Little is known of its purpose.
In 1953 the molecular biologists J. D. Watson, an American, and F. H. Crick, an Englishman, proposed that the two DNA strands were coiled in a double helix. In this model each nucleotide subunit along one strand is bound to a nucleotide subunit on the other strand by hydrogen bonds between the base portions of the nucleotides. The fact that adenine bonds only with thymine (A-T) and guanine bonds only with cytosine (G-C) determines that the strands will be complementary, i.e., that for every adenine on one strand there will be a thymine on the other strand. It is the property of complementarity between strands that insures that DNA can be replicated, i.e., that identical copies can be made in order to be transmitted to the next generation.
compiled from various sources
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I make no claim as to the accuracy, validity, or appropriateness of any information found in this website. I will not be responsible for the consequences of any action that is based upon information found here. Scuba diving is an adventure sport, and as always, you alone are responsible for your own safety and well being.
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Cure (disambiguation)
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The word sapien in homo sapien refers to being?
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Abrasion: Process of wearing away the surface of a material by friction. Abrasion marks: Marks on a photographic print or film appearing as streaks or scratches, caused by the condition of the developer. Can be partially removed by swabbing with alcohol. Abrasion resistance: Ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and scuffing. Also called scuff or rub resistance. Abrasion test: A test designed to determine the ability to withstand the effects of rubbing and scuffing. Abrasiveness: That property of a substance that causes it to wear or scratch other surfaces. Absorption: In paper, the property which causes it to take up liquids or vapors in contact with it. In optics, the partial suppression of light through a transparent or translucent material. Acceptance sampling or inspection: The evaluation of a definite lot of material or product that is already in existence to determine its acceptability within quality standards. Accelerate: In flexographic printing, as by the addition of a faster drying solvent or by increasing the temperature or volume of hot air applied to the printed surface. Electrical - To speed rewind shafts during flying splices, and in taking up web slackness. Accordion Fold: Bindery term, two or more parallel folds which open like an accordion. Acetone: A very active solvent used in packaging gravure inks; the fastest drying solvent in the ketone family. Activator: A chemistry used on exposed photographic paper or film emulsion to develop the image. Additive primaries: In color reproduction, red, green and blue. When lights of these colors are added together, they produce the sensation of white light. Adhesion: 1) The sticking together of any two materials, e.g., adhesion of ink to paper or film. 2) The attractive force that exists between an electrodeposit and its substrate that can be measured as the force required to separate the two. Adsorb: To attract and hold molecules on a surface, e.g. solvent molecules in a solvent recovery adsorption bed. After-tack: Tack that develops after ink has apparently dried or after a heat-drying operation. Against the Grain: At right angles to direction of paper grain. Age resistance: Shelf life. The resistance to deterioration by oxygen and ozone in the air, by heat and light, or by internal chemical action. Age stability: A test to determine whether an ink formulation can withstand a specific temperature for a specified period without change. Agglomeration: A cluster of undispersed particles. Alcohol: A series of organic compounds characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group; volatile solvents, the most common being ethyl alcohol. Aliphatic solvents: Saturated hydrocarbon solvents derived from petroleum, such as hexane, heptane and VM&P naphtha, used primarily in A-type gravure inks, or as diluents for other inks and coatings. Alkaline paper: Paper made with a synthetic alkaline size and an alkaline filter like calcium carbonate which gives the paper over four times the life (200 years) of acid sized papers (40-50 years). Alkali resistance: Property of an ink, coating or substrate so that it resists film breakdown, color change or color bleed when printed material is subjected to contact with alkaline materials such as soap or detergent. Alteration: Change in copy of specifications after production has begun. Alumina hydrate: Also known as hydrate. A white, inorganic pigment used as an extender in inks and noted for its transparency. Aluminum coating: A coating composed of aluminum paste or powder and a mixing varnish or vehicle. AM (Amplitude Modulation): Halftone screening, as opposed to FM screening, has dots of variable size with equal spacing between dot centers (see halftone). Analog color proof: Off-press color proof made from separation films. Anchor coat: A coating applied to the surface of a substrate to effect or increase the adhesion of subsequent coatings. Anchoring: In flexographic printing, term describing process of bonding or fusing inks to the substrate. Angle of wipe: In gravure and flexographic printing, the angle the doctor blade is set from the centerline of cylinder, before loading. Also called Set Angle. Aniline dyes: Derivatives of coal tar classified by chemical composition. Basic dyes have extreme brightness, but are not fast to light, while acid dyes are less brilliant, but are faster to light. Aniline printing: Early name for rubber plate printing, using fast-drying fluid inks, now obsolete. Anilox inking: In flexography, two roll inking system with smooth fountain roll that transfers inks to an etched metal or ceramic coated metal roll with cells of fixed size and depth that transfer the ink to the plate. Also used in keyless offset. Anilox roll: Mechanically engraved steel and chrome coated metering roll used in flexo presses to meter a controlled film of ink from the contacting elastomer covered fountain roller to the printing plates which print the web. Volume of ink is affected by the cell count per linear inch and dimension of the cell and cell wall of the engraving. Manufactured from copper and chromium plated steel. Also given a coating of aluminum oxide (ceramic) or copper and chrome. Anilox system: The inking system commonly employed in flexographic presses consisting of an elastomer covered fountain roller running in the ink pan, adjustable against a contacting engraved metering roll, the two as a unit adjustable to the printing plate roll, design roll, or plain elastomer coating roll as the case may be. Ink is flooded into the engraved cells of the metering roll, excess doctored off by the wiping or squeezing action of the fountain roll, or a doctor blade and that which remains beneath the surface of the metering roll is transferred to the printing plates. Antifoaming agent: An additive used in ink that prevents or eliminates foaming of a liquid or breaks foam already formed. Anti-halation backing: In photography, coating applied to back of film to prevent halation. Anti-offset or set off spray: In printing, dry spray of finely powdered starch used on press to prevent wet ink from transferring from the top of one sheet to the bottom of the next sheet. Anti-skid varnish: A generally clear resin coating formulated and applied to large flexible packaging to retard slippage during stacking and handling. Antique finish: A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that has a natural rough finish. Aperture: In photography, lens opening or lens stop expressed as a f/no., such as f/22. Apochromatic: In photography, color corrected lenses which focus the three colors, blue, green and red, in the same plane. Applicator roll: Coating; print roll, tint roll, lacquer or varnish roll. Aquatint: An early plate engraving method that created tonal variation by etching through granular material with varying concentrations of etchant. Used only for fine art engraving. Art: All illustration copy used in preparing a job for printing. Artboard: Alternate term for mechanical art. Art director: The individual responsible for overseeing the creative and production process and managing other creative individuals. Ascender: That part of a lower case letter that rises above the main body, as in "b". Asphaltum (Asphalt): A dark colored resinous substance soluble in hydrocarbon solvents. Used as a moisture barrier in heavy laminations. Author's Corrections: Also known as "AC's". Changed and additions in copy after it has been typeset. Automatic processor: In photography, machine to automatically develop, fix, wash, and dry exposed photographic film. In plate making, machine to develop, rinse, gum and dry printing plates. Backlash: Lost motion. Alt: Looseness in the teeth of a gear mechanism, permitting movement of one or more gears without corresponding movement in the connected mechanisms. Back Printing: Printing on the underside of a transparent film. Also called reverse printing. Back up: Printing the second side of a sheet already printed on one side. Back up roll: See impression cylinder. Backbone: The back of a bound book connecting the two covers; also called the spine. Bad break: In composition, starting a page or ending a paragraph with a single word, or widow. Banding: Method of packaging printed pieces of paper using rubber or paper bands. Bare cylinder diameter: The diameter of the actual plate cylinder, before the stickyback and plates are mounted. Base: Often used in referring to a full strength ink or toner. Generally refers to the major ingredient used in a clear lacquer, varnish or ink. May refer to either the solvent or binder system. A cylinder before it is engraved. Base film before addition of coating. Base ink: A single-pigmented ink with high pigment-to-binder ratio, used in packaging applications for blending. Basic size: In inches 25 X 38 for book papers, 20 X 26 for cover papers, 22.5 x 28.5 or 22.5 X 35 for bristols, 25.5 X 30.5 for index. Basis metal: The material upon which coatings are deposited. Basis weight: The weight in pounds of (except wrapping tissue which is 480 sheets) paper of the basic size for the grade. The standard, or basic, size ream varies with different grades of paper according to trade practices. Some papers and boards are made to a certain caliper, or thickness, rather than to a specific weight. Some examples are: Blanks, Heavy Cover, Tough Check, Stencil Board, Pattern, and Template Papers. Bearers: In presses, the flat surfaces or rings at the ends of cylinders that come in contact with each other during printing and serve as a basis for determining packing thickness. Beater: A large mixer in which the pulp for paper is mixed. Beater Dyed: A paper, the pulp for which is colored in the beater. Ben day: A system of dots or patterns used by the engraver to effect shading. Bevel: Angle, ground, honed, or filed on edge of doctor blade. Bezier curve: The description of a character or symbol or graphic by its outline used by drawing programs to define shades. Bind: To fasten sheets or signatures with wire, thread, glue, or by other means. Binding: The process of attaching loose sheets of paper into a book or other multi-page document. Binder: In ink, the adhesive component, or components, of an ink, normally supplied by the resin formulation. Alt: Provide body to dyes and inks and act as fixing agents. Binders: Paper additives which bond paper fibers together, increasing hardness and stiffness of the paper, and reducing linting, picking and dust. Typical binders are starch, gums, and methyl cellulose. Bindery: The finishing department of a print shop or firm specializing in finishing printed products. Bit: In computers, the basic unit of digital information; contraction of Binary Digital. Bit map: In computer imaging, the electronic representation of a page, indicating the position of every possible spot (zero or one). Blade coating: In gravure and flexography, the predominant method of applying coatings to paper, in which an excess of coating is applied to a cylinder and then wiped off with a blade; the excess coating is returned to a reservoir for re-use. Blade extension: In gravure and flexography, the amount the back-up and doctor blades extend beyond the holder, 3/8 to 1/2 inches. Black-and-White: Originals or reproductions in single color, as distinguished by multicolor. Black printer: In color reproduction, the black plate, made to increase contrast of dark tones and make them neutral. Bleach test: A method of measuring tinctorial strength of an ink, or toner, by blending it with an opaque white ink of the same kind, then evaluating the tinting strength of the ink versus a control standard. Bleaching: In papermaking, the introduction of chemical agents such as chlorides or peroxides into pulp to increase its brightness, and, in some pulps, to remove undesirable impurities. Bleed: Printing that goes to the edge of the sheet after trimming. Alt: An extra amount of printed image that extends beyond the trim edge of the sheet or page. Blind embossing: An image pressed into a sheet without oil or foil. Alt: A design that is stamped without metallic leaf or ink, give a base-relief effect. Blister: Small raised area, caused by expansion as of trapped gas or fluid beneath the surface. Blocking: In web printing activities, the sticking together of the top and bottom surfaces of the printed material when they are in contact with the rewind or stock. Blowup: A photographic enlargement. Blueline: A blue photographic proof used to check position of all image elements. Alt: A printer's proof, actually blue on white paper. All AA's and corrections should have been made prior to seeing a blueline. Blushing: A milky, foggy, or flat appearance in an ink or coating due to precipitation or incompatibility of one of the ingredients. Most often caused by excessive moisture condensation. Alt: A print defect consisting of a hazy appearance, encountered in foil printing, and caused by moisture trapped between the ink film and the surface of the substrate. BMP: A computer graphics format not generally used in professional printing. Board: Alternate term for mechanical. Alt: A heavy weight, thick sheet of paper or other fiber substance, usually of a thickness of 0.006" or over. The distinction between board and paper is not definite. Body: In ink making, a term referring to the viscosity, or consistency, of an ink (e.g., an ink with too much body is stiff). Body type: A type used for the main part or text of a printed piece, as distinguished from the heading. Bold-face type: A name given to type that is heavier than the text type with which it is used. Bond & Carbon: Business form with paper and carbon paper. Bond Paper: Strong durable paper grade used for letterheads and business forms. Alt: A grade of writing or printing paper where strength, durability and permanence are essential requirements; used for letterheads, business forms, etc. The basic size is 17 X 22. Book paper: A general term for coated and uncoated papers. The basic size is 25 X 38. Bounce: The abnormal reaction to compression, which results in erratic rotational movement of the cylinders, causing missed or imperfect impressions. Boxboard: Paperboard of sufficient caliper and test to be used in the manufacture of paperboard boxes. Commonly used grades are: news, filled news, chip, straw, jute, patent coated, clay coated. Specifications for boxboard are designated by kink, finish, caliper, dimensions, regular number (for standard sizes 25 X 40 inch sheets) and count (for odd sized sheets). Brass mounted plates: Printing plates which are pre-mounted onto thin gauge brass, ready for the plate cylinder, to which they are attached by one of a variety of clamping methods. Break for color: Also known as a color break. In artwork and composition, to separate mechanically or by software the parts to be printed in different colors. Break-out (Blade edge): in gravure and flexography, a piece of doctor blade material which releases itself from the blade, causing a streak. See burr. Breaking strength: A measure of the strength of paper, films, etc. Brightness: In photography, light reflected by the copy. In paper, the brilliance or reflectance of paper. Brochure: A pamphlet bound in booklet form. Broke: Printed or unprinted paper or paperboard resulting from trimmings or make-ready sheets, generally reusable in paper-making. Bronze: metallic sheen characteristic of some printed ink in which the appearance of the print depends on the angles of viewing and illumination. Bronzing: Printing with a sizing ink, then applying bronze powder while still wet to produce a metallic lustre. Bulk: Thickness of paper stock in thousandths of an inch. In book printing, the number of pages per inch. Bulk pack: Boxing printed product without wrapping or banding. Bump exposure: In photography, an exposure in halftone photography, especially with contact screens, in which the screen is removed for a short time. It increases highlight contrast and drops out the dots in the whites. Buna-N: A synthetic rubber made from butadiene and acrylonitrile, used in the manufacture of flexo plates and rolls. Resistant to aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, cellosolve, and water. Not resistant to aromatic hydrocarbons and esters (acetate), etc. Burn: In plate making, a common term used for a plate exposure. Exposing a printing plate to high intensity light or placing an image on a printing plate by light. Burning a negative or Burning a printing plate. Bursting strength: Resistance of paper to rupture under pressure, as indicated in pounds per square inch on a Mullen tester. Burr: In gravure and flexography, a wire-like sliver formed by blade wear. Butt: Joining images without overlapping Butt fit: Printed colors that overlap one row of dots so they appear to butt. Butt register: Printing two or more colors that exactly meet without any provision for color overlap. Butt splice: An end to end joining of two similar materials. For continuity of surface, design, etc. Often used in joining stickyback, printing plates and webs of substrate in process such as heavy papers and boards at the unwind or rewind where the thickness or the substrate prohibits use of a lap (overlap) splice. Byte: In computers, a unit of digital information, equivalent to one character or 8 to 32 bits. CAD/CAM: Acronym for Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted Makeup or Manufacturing. Caking: The collecting of dried ink upon rollers and plates. Carbonless: Pressure sensitive writing paper that does not use carbon. Calendar: The equipment used in Heat Transfer Printing through which designs are vaporized from the transfer paper into the fabric. Calendar rolls: A set or stack of horizontal cast-iron rolls at the end of a paper machine. The paper is passed between the rolls to increase the smoothness and gloss of its surface. Calendar stack: A group of rolls through which material is passed to reduce thickness, increase density and improve surface smoothness and gloss. Caliper: Paper thickness in thousands of an inch. Camera ready: Type and/or artwork that has been pasted into position to be photographed for plate ready film. Alt: Copy that is ready for photography. Camera-ready copy: Print ready mechanical art. Capillary action: A phenomenon associated with surface tension and angle of contact. That force which transfers inks and coatings from engraved cells to a contacting surface as from an anilox roll. Also the rise of liquids in capillary tubes and the action of blotting paper and wicks are examples of capillary action or capillarity. Caps and small caps: Two sizes of capital letters made in one size of type, commonly used in most roman typefaces. Carbon black: An intensely black, finely divided pigment obtained by burning natural gas or oil with a restricted air supply. Carbon tissue: Light sensitive material attached to gravure cylinders and used as a resist in the chemical etching process consisting of layers of gelatin, dye, photosensitive material, and a paper or plastic backing. Exposed to a screen and a continuous tone image, carbon tissue permits the etching of cells of variable depth according to the degree of exposure in each cell area. Until the advent of electronic engraving, the predominant method of imaging a cylinder. Carload: A truckload of paper weighing 40000 pounds. Case bind: In bookbinding, a type of binding used in making hard cover books using glue. Casein: A protein usually obtained from milk. Used to make sizings, adhesive solutions, and coatings. Used as a binder for aqueous dispersions of pigments for a variety of trades. Cast coated: Coated paper with a high gloss reflective finish. Alt: Coated paper dried under pressure against a polished cylinder to produce a high-gloss enamel finish. Casting machine: Piece of equipment used to form each letter or character of type from melted metal. CCD: Acronym for Charged Couple Device. An electronic scanning device used in imaging systems. CD-ROM: Acronym for Compact Disc-Read-Only Memory. A CD-ROM drive uses the CD format as a computer storage medium. CellosolveJ: A trade name of Union Carbide Corporation for ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, a slow drying, active solvent. Cellulose Acetate Butyrate: A clear thermoplastic material made from cellulose, reacted with both acetic and butyric acid. Used as a packaging film and in coatings, laminations, etc. Centipoise: A unit of measure of viscosity; 100 centipoise equal one poise. Water has a viscosity of 1 centipoise (CP) Central Impression Cylinder Press: Printing press in which the web being printed is in continuous contact with a single large diameter impression cylinder. The color stations are moved in to the central impression cylinder for printing and are arranged around its circumference. Chalking: In printing, a term which refers to improper drying of ink. Pigment dusts off because the vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the paper. Character generation: The production of typographic images using font master data. Generated to screens or output devices. Chemical pulp: In papermaking, treatment of ground wood chips with chemicals to remove impurities such as lignin, resins and gums. There are two types, sulfite and sulfate. Chemistry: In photography and platemaking, a term used to describe the composition of processing solutions. Chill role: The printing roll carrying the background or overall pattern. China clay: A natural white mineral pigment used in paper coatings and as an ink extender. Chipboard: A low quality non-test paperboard made of waste paper for use where specified strength or quality are not necessary. Chlorinated rubber: A chemical compound of chlorine and rubber latex forming a binder for Type T inks. Commercial trade names are Parlon and Alloprene Choke (choking): When trapping color closing the open spaces in a graphic to be filled with another color. Alt: Overlap of overprinting images to avoid color or white fringes or borders around image detail called trapping in digital imaging systems. Choke roll: The printing roll carrying the background or overall pattern. Chop mark: Embossed mark placed on the bottom border of a print to identify the artist, printer, or publisher. Chromalin: A color proofing system. All AA's and corrections should have been made prior to seeing a Chromalin. Chrome: A term for a transparency. Chrome green: A fairly light resistant opaque green pigment made by mixing freshly precipitated iron blue and chrome yellow. Chrome yellow: A light resistant opaque yellow pigment composed essentially of lead chromate. Chromium plate: A thin covering of chromium - usually over a copper or nickel base. Circumferential register control: See running register. Clamp Marks: Marks produced by the clamps that hold the stock in position for guillotine trimming. Clay coated board: A high quality paperboard having a surface coating of pigment or pigment-like solids and appropriate binders. Clean hole: In paper making, a paper defect caused by restricted drainage on the wire in the paper machine in the absence of any foreign matter or contamination. Cling: Tendency of adjacent materials to adhere to each other as in blocking, except that the surfaces can be separated without any visible damage. Closed loop system: In printing, a completely automatic control system. CMYK: The acronym for the four process color inks: Cyan (Blue), Magenta (Red), Yellow and Black. Coated paper: A clay coated printing paper with a smooth finish. Alt: Paper having a surface coating which produces a smooth finish. Surfaces vary from eggshell to glossy. Coated freesheet: In gravure and flexography, the highest grade of paper, containing no ground wood and offering the highest and brightness. Coated groundwoods: The most widely used grade of paper for magazines, classed as #5 Publication Coated papers. Coating: In platemaking, the light-sensitive polymer or mixture applied to a metal plate. In printing, an emulsion, varnish or lacquer applied over a printed surface to protect it. Alt: The outer covering of a film or web. The film may be one side coated or two sides coated. Cobwebbing: A filmy, web-like build-up of dried ink or clear material on the doctor blade, or on the ends of impression rolls. Cockling: A rippling effect given to the surface of a sheet of paper that has not been properly dried. Moisture pickup of the sheet can also cause the cockling or wavy edges. Coefficient of friction tester: A device for measuring the slip resistance of various flexible substrates having an inclinable plane and block upon which to attach samples to attached. Cohesion: That form of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout its mass. Cold color: In printing, a color with a bluish cast. Collate: In binding, a finishing term for gathering paper in a precise order. Collateral Materials: Accompanying or auxiliary material such as advertising and promotional items. Color comprehensive: Design work that illustrates in detail all elements of the proposed finished reproduction. Such as size, layout, color, copy, copy positioning, type style, etc. Colorant: The color portion of an ink; may be a pigment, dye or combination of the two. Color balance: The correct combination of cyan, magenta and yellow to (1) reproduce a photograph without a color cast, (2) produce a neutral gray, or (3) reproduce the colors in the original scene or object. Color bar: A quality control term regarding the spots of ink color on the tail of a sheet. Color blocks: Small square patches of a single color attached to artwork to indicate colors specified by the artist. In gravure, squares placed on cylinders to indicate ink colors to be used in the press. Color correction: Methods of improving color separations. Alt: Any method such as masking, dot-etching re-etching and scanning, used to improve color rendition. Color filter: Filters used in making color separations, red, blue, & green. Alt: A sheet of dyed glass, gelatin or plastic, or dyed gelatin cemented between glass plates, used in photography to absorb certain colors and transmit others. The filters used for color separation are blue, green, and red. Colorimeter: An instrument for measuring color the way the eye sees color. Color key: Color proofs in layers of acetate. Alt: A printer's proof, actually four sheets of colored acetate, for examining the quality of process color separations. Color matching system: A system of formulated ink colors used for communicating color. Color overlap: The slight extension of one color over another. Color overlay: A transparent overlay, usually acetate, on a Black & White drawing on which each additional color is indicated as a guide for reproduction. A term sometimes used at press side referring to the number of colors that overprint each other. Color process: Halftone color printing created by the color separation process whereby a piece of copy is broken down to the primary colors to produce individual halftones and these are recombined at the press to produce the complete range of colors of the original. Color proofs: See off-press proofs, progressive proofs. Color separations: The process of preparing artwork, photographs, transparencies or computer generated art for printing by separating into the four primary colors. Alt: Literally separating the areas of a piece to be printed into its component spot and process ink colors. Each color to be printed must have its own printing plate. Color stations: Each section of the press or set of rollers used to print each individual color. Color transparency: A full-color photographic positive image on a transparent support. Usually viewed with the aid of a lighted color transparency viewer. Colorway: A specific combination of colors in a pattern of a transfer printed design. Comb bind: To plastic comb bind by inserting the comb into punched holes. Combination plate: A s i n g l e e n g r a v i n g t h a t i n c l u d e s b o t h l i n e a n d h a l f t o n e . C o m m e r c i a l r e g i s t e r : C o l o r p r i n t i n g o n w h i c h t h e m i s r e g i s t e r a l l o w a b l e i s w i t h i n "� o n e r o w o f d o t s . C o m m o n i m p r e s s i o n c y l i n d e r p r e s s : I n f l e x o g r a p h y , l e t t e r p r e s s , a n d l i t h o g r a p h y , a p r e s s w i t h a number of printing units around a large impression cylinder. Composite film: Combining two or more images on one or more pieces of film. Complimentary colors: A pair of contrasting colors that produce a hue neutral in color and value when mixed in suitable proportions. Composing stick: A unit used to hold each individual character of type that is needed. The type can be locked into position until the proofs are pulled or a cast is made. Compression set: The extent to which distortion of rubber expressed as percentage of the original thickness has become permanent, after subjecting a test piece to a known load, for a specified time between plates. Computer, analog: A computer that solves a mathematical problem by using analogs, like voltage or density, of the variables in the problem. Computer, digital: A computer that processes information in discrete digital form. Compressibility: The behavior of paper under pressure, such as that applied by the gravure impression roller. A function of basis weight and caliper. No separate test for compressibility exists, but is evaluated during tests for smoothness. Computerized composition: An all-inclusive term for the use of computers to automatically perform the functions of hyphenation, justification and page formatting. Condensed type: A narrow or slender typeface. Consistency: Property of a material that is evidenced by its resistance to flow. The general body characteristics of an ink, for example, viscosity, uniformity. Mostly used to describe the rheological property of an ink - such as "thick", "thin", "buttery". Constant gloss test: A paper test for gloss used on matte or uncoated papers, used to determine if undesirable reflections will hamper readability of the printed sheet under normal viewing conditions. Contact angle: Actual wiping angle of doctor blade on cylinder. Resultant of forces at work in the particular application. Contact area: Area of doctor blade in actual contact with print cylinder when wiping. Contact positive: A positive made from a negative by exposure to light in a contact frame, either continuous tone or screened. Contact print: A photographic print made from a negative or positive in contact with sensitized paper, film or printing plate. Contact screen: A halftone screen on film having a dot structure of graded density, used in vacuum contact with the photographic film to produce halftones. Continuous-tone copy: Illustrations, photographs or computer files that contain gradient tones from black to white or light to dark. Contrast: The tonal change in color from light to dark. Control chart: A visual record of quality performance in a statistical process that is produced by plotting the value of each sample drawn from the process in graph form with the number of the observation along the horizontal axis and the value of the observation along the vertical axis. Conversion: The process of creating a three dimensional (3D) item from a flat sheet of paper. i.e. envelope conversion/box conversion. Converter: Refers to that type of manufacturer who produces printed rolls, sheets, bags or pouches, etc., from printed rolls of film, foil or paper. Copy: All furnished material or disc used in the production of a printed product. Copyfitting: In composition, the calculation of how much space a given amount of copy will take up in a given size and typeface. Also, the adjusting of the type size to make it fit in a given amount of space. Copy preparation: Directions for, and checking of, desired size and other details for illustrations, and the arrangement into proper position of various parts of the page to be photographed or electronically processed for reproduction. Copyright (8): A group of legal rights granted to the author or creator of written or visual work. All work appearing with the 8 symbol or word "copyright" is protected by its creator or his heirs. For more information contact an attorney. Copy viewer: Any device for viewing copy, such as an overhead light from viewing reflective copy, or a light box for viewing transparencies. Copy writer: The individual who writes the prose or "copy" for an advertisement or brochure. Core: A tube on which paper, film, or foil is wound for shipment. The metal body of a roller which is rubber covered. Core holder: Device for affixing core to shaft. Corrugation marks: A paper defect having the appearance of "rope" or "chain" marks parallel to the direction of web travel, caused by adjacent hard and soft spots. Counterchange: To alternate tonal values within a design, e.g. from light against dark to dark against light. Cover paper: A heavy printing paper used to cover books, catalogs, brochures, booklets, make presentation folders, etc. Coverage: Ink or coating mileage: The surface area covered by a given quantity of ink or coating material. In flexography, the extent or degree to which a base material is covered, colored, or hidden by an ink or coating. Hiding power. Cover sheet: A layer of clear material that is taped or laminated over artwork or proofs to protect the surface from damage. Crash: Excessive impression of plate to stock or transfer roll to plate. Characterized by halo effect or double outline. Crash finish: A paper finish with a surface similar to coarse linen. Crash number: Numbering paper by pressing an image on the first sheet which is transferred to all parts of the printed set. Crawling: That property of an ink film in which the wetting of the surface is too poor the film from contracting into drops, leaving a discontinuous covering. Also See Mottle. Creep: The deformation, in either cured or uncured rubber under stress, which occurs with lapse of time after immediate deformation. With rubber covered rolls, the metal roll body is subject to creep, as well as the rubber. Creep can also occur when a roll is kept in storage without turning. Creepage: The slight continuous cumulative tendency of a color to drift out of register or position, in the running direction. Crimp seal: A seal formed with a corrugated pressure type of heat seal mechanism. The seal has a wavy appearance. Crimping: Puncture marks holding business forms together. Chromalin: Trade name for DuPont color proofs. Crop: To eliminate portions of the copy, usually on a photograph or plate, indicated on the original by cropmarks. Alt: To cut off parts of a picture or image. Crop marks: Printed lines showing where to trim a printed sheet. Cropping: Trimming off unwanted areas of an illustration, photo, or other art work. Cross-deckle Misregister: Misregister caused by shrinking of a web between printing units. Cross direction: In paper, the direction across the grain. Paper is weaker and more sensitive to changes in relative humidity in the cross direction than the grain direction. Cross hatch: Regularly crossed over parallel lines to create various effects of tones and shades. Crossmarks: See register marks. Crossover: Printing across the gutter or from one page to the facing page of a publication. Crown: The difference in diameter between the center of a roll and reference points at or near the ends of the face. CRT: Acronym for Cathode Ray Tube - a video display. CTP: Acronym for Computer-to-Plate. Cure or Curing: 1) Conversion by chemical reaction of a wet coating or printing ink film to a solid film. 2) Also refers to the addition of a catalyst. Alt: The step in the manufacture of a rubber roller or a rubber plate in which it is subjected to temperature elevation under pressure for a length of time to vulcanize the elastomer until it reaches its optimum in elasticity and tensile strength. As applied to rubber rollers, the aging cycle required following vulcanization. To treat (with heat) to make infusible. Curl: In paper, the distortion of a sheet due to differences in structure or coatings from one side to the other, or to absorption of moisture on an offset press. Curve direction: Direction of web travel on a flexo press. Cut: Gravure/Flexography - To dilute an ink, lacquer or varnish with solvents or with clear base; to thin. Cut-back: The process of reducing the size of an image so that the printed area produced by such a cut-back can be covered by an overprinting area. Cut-off: In web printing, the cut or print length. Cutscore: In die-cutting, a sharp-edged knife, usually several thousandths of an inch lower than the cutting rules in a die, made to cut part way into the paper or board for folding purposes. Cyan: One of four standard process colors. The color blue. Alt: Hue of a subtractive primary and a 4-color process ink. It reflects or transmits blue and green light and absorbs red light. Cylinder: In flexography, for no particular reason, most rollers in the printing press are called rolls which the rubber plates are mounted, and the one which receives the impression, and these are usually referred to as cylinders, i.e., Plate Cylinders, Impression Cylinder. Cylinder gap: In printing presses, the gap or space in the cylinders of a press where the mechanism for plate (or blanket), clamps and grippers (sheetfed) is housed. Damper: Usually a pivoted gate or valve used to control the flow of air or other gases, as in the dryer. DDES: Acronym for Digital Data Exchange Specifications. Deckle: In papermaking, the width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine. Deckle edge: The untrimmed feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against the deckle. Deflection: Deviation from a straight line under load. Fountain roll pressure against the anilox roll causes both to bend or bow slightly. Excessive bending of both either one will result in uneven ink metering and subsequent non-uniform printing. Defloculation: The dispersion of pigment clusters to smaller units in an ink; the reverse of flocculation. Delamination: The partial or complete separation of the layers of a laminate. Densitometer: A quality control device to measure the density of printing ink. Alt: In photography, a photoelectric instrument which measures the density of photographic images, or of colors. In printing, a reflection densitometer is used to measure and control the density of color inks on the substrate. Density: The degree of color or darkness of an image or photograph. Descender: That part of a lower case letter that extends below the main body, as in "p". Desensitizer: In platemaking, chemical treatment to make non-image areas of a plate repellant to ink. In photography, an agent for decreasing color sensitivity of photographic emulsion to facilitate development under comparatively bright light. Design roll: Printing cylinder' with elastomeric plates affixed in position, for all-over printing. Desktop publishing: A process for creating camera ready and plate ready artwork on a personal computer. Developer: In photography, the chemical agent and process used to render photographic images visible after exposure to light. In lithographic platemaking, the material used to remove the unexposed coating. Dial indicator: A watch-like instrument used to measure concentricity, run-on, deflection, and relative position of mechanical components. Diatomaceous Earth: A substance consisting of the skeletons of billions of microscopic plankton, containing a high amount of silicon. A common paper filler, also used in ceramics, glazes and dynamite. Diazo: A light sensitive coating used on printing plates. Die: Metal rule or imaged block used to cut or place an image on paper in the finishing process. Alt: Any of various sharp cutting forms, rotary or flat, used to cut desired shapes from paper, paperboard or other stocks. Also a carry-over term for printing plates in flexo industries previously letterpress which in early years used metal printing plates, i.e., corrugated, publications, etc. Die cut (verb): To punch out with a sharp tool Cleft, gash, slit or notch left from punching out operation. Die-cutting: Cutting images in or out of paper. Alt: The process of using sharp steel rules to cut special shapes for labels, boxes and containers, from printed sheets. Die-cutting can be done on either flatbed or rotary presses. Rotary die-cutting is usually done in-line with the printing. Die-stamping: An intaglio process for the production of letterheads, business cards, etc., printing from lettering or other designs engraved into copper or steel. Diffusion: A spreading out or equalized dispersion of a material, force, or condition into the surrounding medium; as, the diffusion of heat by conduction; the diffusion of light through a translucent material or reflection from a rough surface; the diffusion of gases, liquids or granular solids into the surrounding medium. Diffusion transfer: In photography and platemaking, a system consisting of a photographic emulsion on which a negative is produced, and a receiver sheet on which a positive of the image is transferred during processing. Digital color proof: An off-press color proof produced from digital data without the need for separation films. Digital imaging: The process of creating a digital copy of an illustrated or photographic image. Digital photography: The process of recording images using a digital camera or a conventional camera with a digital adapter. Digital plates: Printing plates that can be exposed by lasers or other high energy sources driven by digital data in a platesetter. Digital printing: A system of printing, which involves linking state of the art printing presses and computers, bypassing the traditional route of making printing plates. Alt: Printing by plateless imaging systems that are imaged by digital data from prepress systems. Digitized typesetting: In typographic imaging, the creation of typographic characters and symbols by the arrangement of black-and-white spots called pixels or pels. Digitizer: A computer peripheral device that converts an analog signal (images or sound) into a digital signal. Dilatent: Having the property of increasing in viscosity with increase in shear. Dilatent fluids are solid or highly viscous when stirred, and fluid when undisturbed. The condition can occur in flexo inks but is normally considered highly undesirable and one to be avoided through formulation. Diluent: A liquid having no solvent power by itself, used to thin an ink; not having a solvent action. Dimensional stability: Ability to maintain size; resistance of paper or film to dimensional change with change in moisture contact or relative humidity. Direct screen halftone: In color separation, a halftone negative made by direct exposure from the original on an enlarger or by contact through a halftone screen. Dispersing Agents: Materials added in small amounts to facilitate dispersion of a pigment into a liquid medium; also, wetting agents. (Ink Additive) Display type: In composition, type set larger than the text. Distorted: Intentionally compensating of solid particles in a vehicle by mixing or milling. Distortion copy: Copy which is intentionally distorted in preparation, in order to compensate for the effects of dimensional changes due to subsequent processing or operation. Flexographic printing requires such allowances to compensate for shrinkage, stretch, etc. Distortion plate: Plates made from distortion copy. Dithering: A technique of filling the gap between two pixels with another pixel having an average value of the two to minimize the difference or add detail to smooth the result. Doctor blade: In gravure and flexography, a knife-edge blade pressed against the engraved printing cylinder that wipes away the excess ink from the non-printing areas. Alt: Thin flexible steel blade that passes over a cylinder, wiping off excess ink before impression is made on paper. In the pressroom, refers to the entire assembly consisting of blade, doctor blade holder, and all necessary adjusting and loading devices. Doctor blade holder: Upper and lower clamp supports for doctor and back-up blades. Gravure/Flexography Doctor blade Loading: Applying doctor blade pressure against the engraved cylinder. Gravure/flexography Doctor roll: The fountain roll in a flexographic press. Dot: An element of halftones. Using a loupe you will see that printed pictures are made up of many dots. Dot etching: In photography, chemically reducing halftone dots to vary the amount of color to be printed. Dot etching on negatives increases color; dot etching on positives reduces color. Dot gain or spread: A term used to explain the difference in size between the dot on film versus on paper. Alt: A phenomenon, which occurs when wet ink comes in contact with paper. As the halftone dots are applied to the paper, the wet ink spreads, causing the dots to increase in size and halftones to appear darker. A number of factors affect dot gain. Dot growth: The enlargement of a halftone dot from the printing plate to the printed image as a result of pressure needed to transfer the ink onto the substrate. Dots per inch (dpi): A measure of the resolution of a screen image or printed page. Spots per inch (spi) is a more appropriate term. Double burn: Exposing a plate to multiple images. Doughnut: The appearance of a screen dot that has printed the circumference of the cell while not printing a complete dot. Dragout: 1) Excessive ink around shadow areas of the image; usually associated with excessively deep etches, on a non-absorbent (coated) paper. 2) Build-up of pigments on edge of doctor blade which release and occasionally print on the web. Draw-down: A sample of ink and paper used to evaluate ink colors. Alt: In ink making, a term used to describe ink chemist's method of roughly determining color shade. A small glob of ink is placed on paper and drawn down with the edge of a putty knife spatula to get a thin film of ink. Drier: In ink making, a substance added to hasten drying. Drift: 1) The continued deformation of rubber under strain. 2) The change in a given durometer reading after a specified period of time. Driving Side: The side of a flexographic press on which the main gear train(s) are located; also gear side; opposite of operating side. Drop-out: Portions of original artwork that do not reproduce or print, especially colored lines or background areas (often on purpose). Dry back: The change in color or finish of an ink film as it dries. Dry color: Pigment in dry or powder form. Dry cut: A paper defect consisting of a long cut in the paper. This is a calendar cut occurring without wrinkling. Dryer: The auxiliary unit of a flexographic or gravure printing press through which the printed web travels and is dried prior to rewinding. A drying unit placed as required between the color stations. Drying in: Ink drying in cells of a anilox roll or gravure cylinder. In screenprinting, a state where ink has started to dry onto the screen, causing the mesh to clog and resulting in loss of detail and poor definition. Dry-up: See catching up. Dull-coated: A moderately glossy coated publication stock, more reflective than matte, but less so than glossy. Dummy: A rough layout of a printed piece showing position and finished size. Alt: A preliminary layout showing the position of illustrations and text as they are to appear in the final reproduction. A set of blank pages made up in advance to show the size, shape, form and general style of a piece of printing. Duotone: A halftone picture made up of two printed colors. Duplex paper: Paper with a different color or finish on each side. Duplicating film: A film for making positives from positives, and negatives from negatives. In color reproduction, a special film used for making duplicates of color transparencies. Dwell: The time interval during which elements remain in contract or in a static position; pause. Dye: A colored substance, usually differing from a pigment tin its solubility in various solvents. Dye transfer: In photography, a process of producing color prints by tanning photographic emulsions and using them to transfer dye solutions to film or paper coated with gelatin. Dylux: Photographic paper made by DuPont and used for bluelines. Dynamic balance: When the rotating masses are in equilibrium. Dynamic range: Density difference between highlights and shadows of scanned subjects. Eccentricity: Off center or out-of-round condition, such as a roll or cylinder which does not rotate in a true concentric circle in relation to its axis. Edge guide: See web guide. Editing: To review original copy and make necessary changes or corrections before the type is finally set. Efflorescence: A specific form of spontaneous desiccation (drying up). The property of a crystalline substance to become dehydrated or anhydrous when exposed to air and to crumble to a powder. Opposite of delinqescence. Efflux cup: A simple viscometer such as the Zahn, Shell or Hiccup, which give viscosity readings rapidly in terms of the number of seconds required for the cup to empty through an orifice of known size. Gravure/Flexographic/Screen Eggshell finish: A paper similar in appearance to that of an eggshell, and usually with a light cream or "off-white" color. Elastic Elongation: The ability of a material to stretch without breaking. To describe this properly as measured, it is more accurate to speak of "ultimate elongation" or "elongation at break" since its value, expressed as per cent of original length, is taken at the moment of rupture. Elasticity: The property of a substance that enables it to return to its original size or shape after being stretched or deformed. Elastomer: Any rubber-like substance or polymer. Elastomeric: Flexible and resilient. Electronic dot generation (EDG): A method of producing halftones electronically on scanners and prepress systems. Electronic printing: Any technology that reproduces pages without the use of traditional ink, water or chemistry. Electronic publishing: A new process by which information is distributed in electronic or magnetic formats. (i.e. articles available on computer services or books on CD ROM.) Electronic color scanner: This device brings the flexibility of electronic controls to photographic techniques in continuous tone color separations. A high-speed computer is built into the scanner that instantaneously calculates the necessary color correction from the original copy. Electrophotography: Image transfer systems used in copiers to produce images using electrostatic forces. Electrotype: Duplicate relief plate used for letterpress printing. Elliptical dot: In halftone photography, elongated dots that give improved gradation of tones particularly in middle tones and vignettes - also called chain dots. Elmendorf test: A test that determines the tearing resistance of paper. Elongation: Longitudinal deformation resulting from stress, from stretching. Emboss: Pressing an image into paper so that it will create a raised relief. Embossed finish: Paper with a raised or depressed surface resembling wood, cloth, leather or other pattern. Em space: A lateral space equal to the width f the lower case letter "m". Alt: In composition, a unit of measurement exactly as wide and high as the point size being set. So named because the letter "M" in early fonts was usually cast on a square body. Emulsion: Light sensitive coating found on printing plates and film. Alt: The chemically treated side of photographic film. (The dull side not the shiny side.) Depending on the printing process involved, film will be requested as "right reading" emulsion up or emulsion down. Emulsion side: In photography, the side of the film coated with the silver halide emulsion. Enamel: A term applied to a coated paper or to a coating material on a paper. Endprinter: See In-line Press. End product: The final package or printed piece after all blanking, folding, gluing, or heat sealing is done ready for customer use. English finish: A grade of book paper with a smoother, more uniform surface than machine finish. En space: A lateral space equal to half an em space, roughly the width of a lower case "n". Engraved printing: Raised printing produced by a cutaway plate. A similar effect can be achieved with thermography. Engraved roll: Transfer roll having mechanically engraved cells. See Anilox Roll. Engraving: A general term normally applied to any pattern which has been cut in or incised in a surface by hand, mechanical or etching processes. Epoxy resins: Plastic or resinous materials used for strong, fast setting adhesives, as heat resistant coatings and binders, etc. EPS (EPSF) Encapsulate Postscript file: A vector based, computer graphics file format developed by Adobe Systems. EPS is the preferred format for many computer illustrations, because of its efficient use of memory and fine color control. Alt: An alternative picture file format that allows Postscript data to be stored and edited and is easy to transfer between Macintosh, MS-DOS and other systems. Equalizer rod / Meyer rod: A metal rod wound with fine wire around its axis so that liquids can be drawn down evenly at a given thickness across a substrate. Flexographic / Gravure printing. Equivalent weights of paper: Indicates weights of different sizes and different ream weights but of identical basis or substance weights, e.g., 25x38-50 is equivalent in substance to 32x44-74. Etch: In photoengraving, to produce an image on a plate by chemical or electrolytic action. In offset lithography, an acidified gum solution used to desensitize the non-printing areas of the plate; also, an acid solution added to the fountain water to help keep non-printing areas of the plate free from ink. Ethyl cellulose: A cellulose ether, soluble in most organic and hydrocarbon solvents, available as a transparent flexible packaging film. Also used as an ingredient in inks, coatings and adhesives. Eurobind: A patented method of binding perfect bound books so they will open and lay flatter. Evaporation: The changing from the liquid to the gaseous or vapor stage, as when the solvent leaves the printed ink film. Expanded type: A type whose width is greater than normal. Expansion ratio: For foam inks, the ratio of foam volume to original ink liquid, e.g., 7:1 air to ink. Expose: To subject (a sensitive film, plate, etc.) to the action of lights. Exposure: The step in photographic processes during which light produces the image on the light-sensitive coating. Extenders: Materials used to weaken, or extend, a fountain ink without changing its viscosity; usually an extender varnish or an extender transparent white. Extensible: Stretchable as in many packaging materials such as polyethylene which elongate during processing. Extrusion: The production of a continuous sheet or film (or other shapes not connected with flexography) by forcing hot thermoplastic material through a die or orifice. Extrusion coating: A process whereby paper stock is coated by extrusion, normally plastic such as polyethylene; extrusion laminating. Eye marker or eye spot: A small rectangular printed area usually located near the edge of a web or design, to activate an automatic electronic position regulator for controlling register of the printed design with subsequent equipment or operations. Face printing: Printing on the outer surface of a transparent film in contrast to printing on the back (reverse) of film. Facsimile transmission: The process of converting graphic images into electronic signals. Fadeometer: An instrument used to measure the fading properties of inks and other pigmented coatings. Fading: The change of strength or color on exposure to light, heat, or other influences. Fake color: In color reproduction, producing a color illustration by using one image as a key and making the other separations from it manually. False body: Thixotropic flow property of a fluid. When a composition thins on stirring and thickens on standing it is said to exhibit false body. Fanout: In printing, distortion of paper on the press due to waviness in the paper caused by absorption of moisture at the edges of the paper, particularly across the grain. Fastness: Term used to denote the stability or resistance of stock or colorants to influences such as light, alkali, etc. Fast solvent: Solvent of low boiling point that evaporates rapidly; a fast-drying solvent. Feathering: A ragged or feather edge that shows at the edge of type or cuts. Feeder: In printing presses, the section that separates the sheets and feeds them in position for printing. Felt: Fabric used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls on the paper machine. Felt mark: An imperfection in paper surface caused by a coarse felt or the warp of a felt leaving a textured impression on the surface. Felt side: The smoother side of the paper for printing. The topside of the sheet in paper manufacturing. Fiberboard: Fiber sheets that have been produced or laminated to a thickness that provides a degree of stiffness. Fiberboard used for container production may be corrugated board; or solid board, the thicknesses of which are most commonly 0.060, 0.080, 0.100, 0.120, or 0.140 inch. A generic name applied to many products made of fiberboard. Fiberboard, solid: Heavy, solid board, usually 3 or 4 ply, made of two liners and a filler of chipboard, used in shipping containers. Filler: Inert substance in a composition to increase bulk, strength, and/or lower cost, etc. Fill-in: Generally used to refer to the open portions of small type and half tones filled by ink. Film: Unsupported, basically organic, nonfibrous, thin, flexible material of a thickness not exceeding 0.010 inch. Such material in excess of 0.0100 inch in thickness is usually called "sheeting". A variety of special designations, such as gussetted film, "J" film, "U" film, "W" film, etc. refer to films wound with a single or double fold or gusset on one or both sides, the designations describing the shape of a cross-section. Film, cast: Generally refers to films made by coating, or casting, a solution of a film former on an endless belt, drying the solvents, stripping the film from the belt and winding it up. Polyethylene cast film refers to the film made by extruding the molten polyethylene through a flat die onto a series of relatively cool rolls to chill it and winding-up the film so formed. Film Former: A type of resin (binder) with qualities of forming a tough, continuous film; usually refers to such plastics as ethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, chlorinated rubber and vinyl used in inks and coatings. Film gauge: A number indicative of the thickness of films. Film treatment: The surface oxidation of film to increase adhesion of inks. Film, tubular: Generally used to mean polyethylene tubular film - produced by extruding the molten polyethylene in the form of a tube through a round die, cooling the plastic, flattening the tube so formed by means of nip rolls, and winding it up. Filling in (or filling up): In letterpress or offset lithography, a condition where ink fills the area between the halftone dots or plugs up (fills in) the type. Film rip: See Rip film. Fineness of grind: The degree of grinding or dispersion of a pigment in a printing ink or vehicle. Extent to which particle size has been reduced to its ultimate by grinding technique. Fineness of granular structure. Finish: The degree of gloss or flatness of a print or surface. First down color: The first color printed on the substrate. Fixer: Chemical used to stop the developed photographic image from continuing to develop. Fixing: Chemical action following development to remove unexposed silver halide, to make the image stable and insensitive to further exposure. Flash exposure: In halftone photography, the supplementary exposure given to strengthen the dots in the shadow areas of negatives. Flag: A small piece of paper or board inserted in a roll of stock being run so that it extends beyond the edge, to indicate the location of a splice, imperfection, etc., or to designate some change from standard quality, speed, condition; a warning to the operator handling the material during the next operation in the converting process. Flat: A photograph or halftone that is lacking in contrast. Flat bed press: A press-like piece of equipment used in transfer printing to transfer the design by sublimation from paper to fabric. Flat seal: A heat seal characterized by being flat. Compare with crimp seal. Flatbed scanner: A device that scans images in a manner similar to a photocopy machine; the original art is positioned face down on a glass plate. Flat etching: The chemical reduction of the silver deposit in a continuous-tone or halftone plate, brought about by placing it in a tray containing an etching solution. Flex: Another term for deflection of rolls or cylinders in press. Also, bending qualities or characteristics, of any material, including printing substrates. Flexible glue: Animal glue which has been plasticized so that permanently flexible films are formed. Commonly used to denote any flexible adhesive. Flexing strength: The ability of a sheet or film to withstand breakage by folding. Flexing strength may be measured by a test to determine the number of folds required to cause failure. Flexography: A method of direct rotary printing using resilient raised image printing plates, affixed to variable repeat plate cylinders, inked by a roll or doctor blade wiped engraved metal roll, carrying fluid or paste type inks to virtually any substrate. Flocculation: The aggregation of pigment particles in the ink to form clusters or chains; may result in a loss of color strength and a change in hue. Flood: To cover a printed page with ink, varnish, or plastic coating. Flop: The reverse side of an image. Flow: The property of an ink causing it to level out as would a true liquid. Inks of poor flow are classed as short in body, while inks of good flow are said to be long. Rheological properties of a fluid. Fluidity: The ability of a material to flow. The ease of flow of a material. As opposed to viscosity, the greater the viscosity the less fluidity. Fluorocarbons: Organic compounds in which fluorine atoms are bonded to carbon atoms. Example, Teflon* - Trade Mark Reg. DuPont. Flush cover: A cover that has been trimmed the same size as the inside text pages. Flush left (or right): In composition, type set to line up at the left (or right). This page is set flush left and right. Flush paragraph: A paragraph with no indention. Flying: Ink thrown off the press by the inking rollers; throwing, splashing. Flying paster: In web printing, an automatic pasting device that splices a new roll of paper onto an expiring roll, without stopping the press. FM (frequency modulation) screening: A means of digital screening. See stochastic screening. Foaming: A property of a liquid related to its surface tension; frothing. Foaming is a problem mostly with water base ink, usually occurring when inks are circulated through the ink pumps on a press fountain. Another class of inks, called foam inks, are purposely formulated to be applied as a foam. Focal length: In photography, the distance from the center of the lens to the image of an object at infinity. At same size, the distance from copy to image is four times the focal length of the lens. Focaltone: A proprietary color matching system for process color. (Similar to Pantone Matching System) Fog: In photography, silver density in the non-image areas. Alt: A defect in a print or negative containing a deposit of silver extraneous to the intended image. Fog may be caused by improper developing, or by light leaks in the darkroom. F.O.G.: An acronym for Fats, Oils, and Greases a contaminant in waste water which is monitored and limited by municipal wastewater treatment regulations. Common contaminant in water based ink waste and compressor blow-down condensate. Foil: A metallic or pigmented coating on plastic sheets or rolls used in foil stamping and foil embossing. Foil emboss: Foil stamping and embossing a image with a die. Foil stamping: Using a die to place a metallic or pigmented image on paper. Alt: A mechanical process that results in the bonding of colored foil to paper. Foldover: A slitter-caused defect in paper consisting of a rough, irregular edge, either nicked or torn, often accompanied by slitter dust. Also called turnover. 4-color-process: The process of combining four basic colors to create a printed color picture or colors composed from the basic four colors. Folio: The page number. Font: Complete assortment of all the different characters of a particular style and size of type. Form rollers: The rollers, either inking or dampening (lithography), which directly contact the plate on a printing press. Format: The size, style, type page, margins, printing requirements, etc., of a printed piece. Formation: Arrangement of the fibers in a sheet of paper. Irregular arrangement is "wild", uniform formation is "close". Fountain: A pan or trough on a flexographic press in which the fountain roller revolves. Sometimes loosely applied to the entire printing station. Fountain roll: Roll that picks up ink or coating material from the fountain and applies it to the transfer roll. Free sheet: Paper free of mechanical wood pulp. Freeze/Thaw Stability: The ability of an ink system to undergo freezing and thawing cycles. "f" stops: In photography, fixed stops for setting lens apertures. French fold: Two folds at right angles to each other. Frequency distribution: A grouping of statistical data in either tabular or graphic film. Front end system: In electronic publishing, the workstation or group of work stations containing the applications software for preparing pages of type and graphics. Fugitive: 1) Poor color fastness because of exposure to light, heat or other agents. 2) Term used to describe unstable plasticizers that leave a printed film because of their volatility. Furnish: The list of ingredients that make up a particular paper. Fuse: To join two surfaces by heating them to their melting or softening point. Fusible: Capable of being melted or liquefied by action of heat. Fuzz: Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper. Lint appears in much the same manner but is not attached to the surface. Gauge: Also gage. 1) (Noun) an instrument for exact measuring. 2) (Verb) to measure exactly. 3) A standard measure, usually of thickness or diameter, expressed by a number which has a standard dimensional equivalent that varies for different materials and for different standards. Galley proof: Text copy before it is put into a mechanical layout or desktop layout. Gamma: A measure of contrast in photographic images. Gang: Getting the most out of a printing press by using the maximum sheet size to print multiple images or jobs on the same sheet. A way to save money. Gathering: In binding, the assembling of folded signatures in proper sequence. GCR: Acronym for Gray Component Replacement. Gear chart, or gear selector: A handy reference compilation of the various printing lengths, or repeats, obtainable within the different gearing systems. Gear marks: A defect in flexographic printing. Usually appears as uniformly spaced, lateral variations in tone exactly corresponding to the distance between gear teeth. Gear side: See driving side. Gear streaks: In printing, parallel streaks appearing across the printed sheet at same interval as gear teeth on the cylinder. Gel: A state or condition which an ink or vehicle has a jellylike consistency. Gelatin: A hard, colloidal protein, an animal byproduct (mostly from bone). Dissolves in hot water, but is insoluble in alcohol and some other solvents. Used as a coating for carbon tissue and other photographic products. Generation: Stages of reproduction from original copy. A first generation reproduction yields the best quality. Generic: Pertaining to or applicable to all members of a genus or class. Generic designs: Not protected by trademark registration. Ghost bars: A quality control method used to reduce ghosted image created by heat or chemical contamination. Ghosting: A faint printed image that appears on a printed sheet where it was not intended. More often than not this problem is a function of graphical design. It is hard to tell when or where ghosting will occur. Sometimes you can see the problem developing immediately after printing the sheet, other times the problem occurs while drying. However the problem occurs it is costly to fix, if it can be fixed. Occasionally it can be eliminated by changing the color sequence, the inks, the paper, changing to a press with a drier, printing the problem area in a separate pass through the press or changing the racking (reducing the number of sheets on the drying racks). Since it is a function of graphical design, the buyer pays for the increased cost. GIF: An eight bit (256 colors or shades of grey) or less computer file format. Though commonly used to post photographic images to computer bulletin boards, GIF files are almost never used for professional printing. Gigabyte (GB): One billion bytes. Glassine: A type of translucent paper. Gloss: A shiny look reflecting light. Gloss Ink: An ink that dries with a minimum of penetration into the stock and yields a high luster. Gloss Meter: An instrument used to measure the specular (mirror) reflectance from a surface at a given angle. Glue line: The line of adhesive between the two surfaces to be adhered. Also paste line. Grain: In papermaking, the direction in which most fibers lie which corresponds with the direction the paper is made on a paper machine. Grain direction: The direction taken by a majority of the fibers in any sheet of paper. Synonymous with "machine direction", the opposite of "cross direction". Grammage: A term in the metric system for expressing the basis weight of paper. It is the weight in grams of a square meter of the paper expressed in g/m2. Graphic: A non-text item (illustration or photograph) to be printed. Graphic design: A process of problem solving, using visual elements (pictures and type) usually to communicate a concept or idea. Graphic designer: An individual who solves communication problems, using visual elements (pictures and type) to convey an idea or concept. Gray balance: The dot values or densities of cyan, magenta and yellow that produce a neutral gray. Gray level: The number of gray values that can be distinguished by a color separation filter - usually 256. Gray scale: A strip of standard gray tones, ranging from white to black, placed at the side of original copy during photography to measure tonal range and contrast (gamma) obtained. Grease proofness: Resistance of material to grease. Greek: Usually nonsense words and letterforms used in a design to approximate the flow of written language. Used primarily before final text is available. Grippers: The metal fingers on a printing press that hold the paper as it passes through the press. Gripper edge: The leading edge of paper as it passes through a printing press. Also the front edge of a lithographic or wrap-around plat that is secured to front clam of plate cylinder. Gripper margin: Unprintable blank edge of paper on which grippers bear, usually 2 " or less. Grooving the cylinder: Cylinder damage due to foreign material. Grounding: Removal of electric charges by leading them into the ground through electrical conductors. Groundwood pulp: a mechanically-prepared wood pulp used in the manufacture of newsprint and publication papers. Guillotine: Equipment used in finishing or binding operations to trim printed sheets. Alt: A cutting machine in which the cut is made by a long knife that descends vertically on the material to be cut. Gum: A water-soluble amorphous substance exuded by or prepared from plants, which is sticky when moist but hardens upon exposure to air; any material having the above properties, natural or synthetic, regardless of source. Loosely used in reference to unvulcanized rubber. Gusset: The bellows fold or tuck on the side or bottom of a bag; the capacity of the bag is measured with the gusset unfolded. Gutter: The blank space or inner margin from printing area to binding. Hairline: A very thin line or gap about the width of a hair or 1/100 inch. Hairline register: Register within "� 2 r o w o f d o t s . H a l a t i o n : I n p h o t o g r a p h y , a b l u r r e d e f f e c t , r e s e m b l i n g a h a l o , u s u a l l y o c c u r r i n g i n h i g h l i g h t a r e a s o r a r o u n d b r i g h t o b j e c t s . H a l f t o n e : C o n v e r t i n g a c o n t i n u o u s t o n e t o d o t s f o r p r i n t i n g . A l t : A r e p r o d u c t i o n o f a c o n t i n u o u s - t o n e i m a g e (i.e. a photograph or painting), through a screening process, using fine dots of varying size and spacing to reproduce the shades and textures of the original. Halo: An undesirable peripheral outline of the printed image. Hand-set: When type is put into a composing stick by hand instead of by machine. Hard chromium: Chromium plated for engineering rather than decorative applications. Not necessarily harder than decorative chromium. Gravure applications are hard chromium. Hard copy: The permanent visual record of the output of a computer or printer. Also the material sent to a typesetter in typed form, for conversion into typeset material. Alt: The output of a computer printer, or typed text sent for typesetting. Hard proof: A proof on paper or other substrate as distinguished from a soft proof, which is an image on a VDT screen. Hard sized: Refers to a type of paper that has been treated with considerable size to resist water. Opposite of slack-sized. Hardware: Computer and peripherals as distinguished from software, which is a program for operating hardware. Hard dot: See soft dot. Headline copy: Larger, more important, copy of artwork. Head margin: The white space above first line on a page. Heat resistance: The ability to withstand the effects of exposure to high temperature. Care must be exercised in defining degree. Heat seal: A method of uniting two or more surfaces by fusion, either of the coatings or of the base materials, under controlled conditions of temperature, pressure, and time (dwell). Heat seal lacquer: A lacquer which when applied to a stock and dried, is capable of softening under heat and can be sealed to itself or other surface. Heat sealing paper: Any paper coated with heat sealable materials. Heavy-bodied inks: Inks of a high viscosity or stiff consistency. Hermetic: Air tight or impervious to the passage of air. Hexachrome: A proprietary color separation process, developed by Pantone that uses six (6) instead of four process colors. Hiccup: A form of efflux cup viscometer. High-bulk paper: A paper made thicker than its standard basis weight. High key: Term used to describe photographs in which the majority of tones are lighter in value than a middle gray. Highlight: The whitest or lightest areas in a picture represented in a halftone reproduction by the smallest dots or the absence of dots. Holdout: In printing, a property of coated paper with low ink absorption which allows ink to set on the surface with high gloss. Papers with too much holdout cause problems with set-off. Homogeneous: Of the same uniform composition or construction throughout. Hot press: Paper with a smooth surface finish. Hot scuff resistance: Resistance to abrasion or color bleed of a print when it is subjected to hot irons used for package sealing. Hot type: When a casting of melted metal is used to set type copy instead of using the original type characters or a photographic process. HSV: Acronym for hue, saturation and value (or brilliance or luminance)-a color space used in some graphic programs. Hue: In color, the main attribute of a color that distinguishes it from other colors. Humidifier: A device that causes water vapor to be diffused into the atmosphere of an enclosed area. Humidity: The moisture condition of the air. Actual humidity is the number of grains of moisture in the air at any given time. Relative humidity is the percent of moisture relative to the maximum which air at any given temperature can retain without precipitation. Hydrocarbon: Materials composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. General term for family of petroleum solvents. Hydrometer: An instrument used for measuring the specific gravity of a liquid. Hygrometer: An instrument for measurement of the relative humidity of air. Hygroscopic: The ability of a material to absorb or otherwise take up moisture from the surroundings. Hysteresis: A loss of energy due to successive deformations and relaxation. Icicles: Strings of dried ink hanging around cylinder area including applicator, bafflers, etc. Idler rolls: Roller mechanisms on converting machines used to support, smooth or direct the web in its course of travel through a machine. Not driven. Illustrator: An individual who draws or paints original artistic images for use in commercial art. Image: A design or drawing. Image area: Portion of paper on which ink can appear. Image assembly: See stripping. Image carrier: Any plate, form, cylinder or other surface which contains an image, receives ink, and transfers it to another surface or substrate, e.g., gravure cylinders, offset plates, and letterpress stereotypes. Imagesetter: A high-resolution device that prints directly to plate ready film. Imposition: The arranging of pages in a press form to ensure the correct order after the printed sheet is folded and trimmed Alt: The process of positioning multiple pages on a flat sheet of paper to be printed at one time. Impression: In printing, the pressure of type, plate or blanket as it comes in contact with the paper. Alt: Putting an image on paper. Impression bar: A small diameter rod or bar, supported by a back-up member of sufficient rigidity, mounted in place of the impression cylinder for running certain types of work, e.g., porous tissue. Gravure, Flexographic Impression cylinder: In printing, the cylinder on a printing press against which the paper picks up the impression from the inked plate in direct printing, or the blanket in offset printing. Imprint: Adding copy to a previously printed page. Indicia: Postal information place on a printed product. Infeed: A mechanism designed to control the forward travel of the web into the press. Inhibitor: A substance or agent that slows or prevents chemical reactions even though present only in small quantities. Ink, flexographic: Fast drying fluid or paste type inks for flexographic printing. Ink fountain: The reservoir on a printing press that holds the ink. Ink holdout: A paper's ability to resist penetration of ink components beneath its surface. Ink mist: Flying filaments or threads formed by long inks like newspaper ink. Inkometer: An instrument for measuring the tack of printing inks. In-line press: A press coupled to another operation such as bag-making, sheeting, die-cutting, creasing, etc. A multi-color press in which the color stations are mounted horizontally in a line. Insert: A printed piece prepared for insertion into a publication or another printed piece. Intaglio: Any printing process using a recessed image carrier. Refers to fin art copper plate printing from etchings; commercial copper plate " engraving" used for business cards, stationery, stamps and security printing; and all sheetfed and rotogravure printing. General used in an historical context, and to distinguish gravure from other processes, the term is falling into general disuse in the commercial sector of the industry. Intensity: Purity of hue or color tone or the degree of hue as seen by the eye. Interleave: To insert separate sheets of paper, etc., between foil, printed paper, or other stacked sheet material to facilitate handling or to prevent blocking or smudging. Iridescent: A term used to indicate the property that is possessed by certain materials of exhibiting prismatic colors. Irradiation: Treated with ultra-violet light or another high-energy ray. Iodine number: A number that indicates that relative drying potential of vegetable oils; the higher the number, the faster the drying and oxidation. Iron blue: A warm, purplish blue ink, also called Milori Blue. Iron perchloride: Chemical used for copper cylinder etching. Chemical formula: FeCl3. Also known as ferric chloride. Italic: The style of letters that slant, in distinction from upright, or roman letters. Used for emphasis within the text. Jelling: The thickening of an ink or other liquid which cannot be reversed by stirring. Jet: Term used to describe the blackness or intensity of the mass tone of black or near black surfaces. Jog: To align sheets of paper into a compact pile. Journals: The end shafts on which a roll rotates. JPEG: Joint Photographic Electronic Group: A common standard for compressing image data. JPEG is not commonly used in printing because of data loss. Jumbo roll: A roll of web material the outside diameter of which is larger than standard diameter. Justify: In composition, to space out lines uniformly to the correct length. Kern: To adjust the lateral space between individual letters. Key: To code copy to a dummy by means of symbols, usually letters. Insertions are sometimes keyed in like manner. Keyboard: The input device to input information directly into a typesetter, computer, workstation or, as a stand-alone unit, to record it on paper or magnetic tape. Keylines: In artwork, an outline drawing of finished art to indicate the exact shape, position and size for such elements as half-tones, line sketches, etc. Alt: Lines on mechanical art that show position of photographs or illustrations. Key plate: The plate of a set of color plates which carries detail and to which the other plates are registered. Kilobyte (KB): 1,000 bytes. Kiss die cut: To cut the top layer of a pressure sensitive sheet and not the backing. Kiss impression: In printing, a very light impression, just enough to produce an image on the paper. Kiss register: See Butt Register Knock out: To mask out an image. Knurled roll: See Engraved Roll Kraft paper: A paper or board containing unbleached wood pulp (brown in color) made by the sulfate process. Kromecote: A highly polished mirror-like finish on paper. Laid finish: Simulating the surface of handmade paper. Lacquer: A clear resin/solvent coating, usually glossy, applied to a printed sheet for protection or appearance. Lacquer stations: Any gravure unit used to apply overprints. Laid paper: Paper made with a pattern of parallel lines at equal distances, giving a ribbed effect. Lake: An insoluble compound of a dye colorant. A depression or dishing in the surface of a rubber plate. Flexographic Lamella: A blade angle etched or ground to a thinner gauge than the base thickness of the blade stock. Laminant: An adhesive for combining and bonding a combination of films, foils, plastics, papers, or other material in sheet or web form. Laminate: To cover with film, to bond or glue one surface to another. Lamination: A plastic film bonded by heat and pressure to a printed sheet for protection or appearance. Land area: The area of a roller, upon which the doctor blade rides. Lap: An area where on color overprints another adjacent color, usually held to a fine line, but which can vary considerably depending upon the press equipment and the effect created by overprinting two or more colors. Laser: The acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The laser is an intense light beam with very narrow band width that can produce images by electronic impulses from digital media. Lateral adjustment: Move blade toward or away from cylinder; also, parallel blade to cylinder. Layflat: See Eurobind. Layout: The drawing or sketch of a proposed printed piece. In platemaking, a sheet indicating the settings for a step-and-repeat machine. Leaders: In composition, rows of dashes or dots to guide the eye across the page. Used in tabular work, programs, tables of contents, etc. Leading: (Pronounced ledding) The space, measured in points, between consecutive lines of type. (From the strips of lead placed between lines of hot type.) Ledger paper: A grade of business paper generally used for keeping records where it is subjected to appreciable wear so it requires a high degree of durability and permanence. Length: The property of an ink whereby it can be stretched out into a long thread without breaking; long inks exhibit good flow characteristics. Letter spacing: The spacing of letters for proper optical balance. Also adding or subtracting a small amount of space between each letter or character to adjust (justify) the length of a line of copy. Letterspacing: The place of additional space between each letter of a word. Leveling action: The ability of a plating solution to produce a surface smoother than the substrate of base metal. Lightfastness: The resistance of printed or colored material to the action of sunlight or artificial light. Light reflection: The light, striking an object, which is turned back. The opposite of absorption. Light stability: A measure of the ability of a pigment, dye, or other colorant to retain its original color and physical properties either alone or when incorporated into plastics, paints, inks and other colored surfaces upon exposure to sun or other light. Ability of a plastic or other organic film or surface to withstand the deteriorating effect of exposure to sun or other light independently of the stability of any pigmentation it contains. Line copy: High contrast copy not requiring a halftone. Line cut: Engraving made from line copy. Line films: Photographic film that converts all tones of gray to just black or white granular solids. Line growth: The growth of a printed line as a result of pressure between the printing plate and the substrate. Liner: One of the outer, smooth members of corrugated board. Lines per inch: The number of rows of dots per inch in a halftone. Line screen: A number used to express the fineness of a halftone screen, ranging from 25 to 300 or more lines per linear inch. The number refers to the number of dots such a screen is capable of producing in a single row exactly one inch long. Linetone: A form of halftone composed of lines instead of dots. Lint: Loose fibers. Lip of the blade: Wiping edge of a doctor blade. Lithography: A method of printing from a plane surface (as a smooth stone or metal plate) on which the image to be printed is ink-receptive (hydrophobic) and the non-printing area is ink repellant (hydrophilic). Planography. Livering: An irreversible increase in the body of inks as a result of gelation or chemical change during storage. Load: The total weight supported by the force of a roll. It usually is expressed in pounds per linear inch, abbreviated PLI. Local area network (LAN): In electronic publishing, the linking of workstations, storage units (file servers) and printout devices (print servers). Log: A master roll of paper from which finished rolls are slitted, spliced and rewound for shipment to the printer. Logotype (or logo): The name of a company or product in a special design used as a trademark in advertising. Long ink: An ink that has good flow on ink rollers. If the ink is too long, it breaks up into filaments on the press, and causes flying as on a newspaper press. Loupe: A magnifying glass used to review a printed image, plate and position film. Lower case: Small letters in type, as distinguished from the capital letters. M: Abbreviation for a quantity of 1000 sheets of paper. Machine coated: Paper which is coated one- or two-sides on a paper machine. Machine direction: Same as grain direction in paper. Machine finish: The finish applied on the paper machine. The finish is commonly referred to as M.F. Machine glazed: (M.G.) The finish produced in glaze on the wire side of a sheet as it is passed in contact over a single, large diameter, steam-heated cylinder on the Yankee Machine. The finish is commonly referred to as M.G. Machine set: When type is set by using a keyboard on a machine instead of setting each character by hand into a typestick. Machine wire: The continuous copper or bronze wire which is the traveling surface upon which the web of paper is formed. I is usually referred to as the "wire". Magenta: Process red, one of the basic colors in process color. Magenta screen: a dyed contact screen, used for making half-tones. Magnetic storage: Any disc, film, tape, drum, or core that is used to store digital information. Makeover: In platemaking, a plate which is remade. Makeready: All the activities required to prepare a press for printing. Makeup: In composition, the arrangement of lines of type and illustrations into sections or pages of proper length. Mandrel: A shaft upon which cylinders, or other devices, are mounted or affixed. Manipulation: Adjustment to doctor blade required to get optimum results. Marginal words: Call outs for directions on various parts of a business form. Mask: In color separation photography, an intermediate photographic negative or positive used in color correction. In offset lithography, opaque material used to protect open or selected areas of a printing plate during exposure. Alt: Blocking light from reaching parts of a printing plate. Masstone: The reflected color of a bulk ink. Master: A plate for a duplicating machine. Mat: See matrix. Matchprint: Trade name for 3M integral color proof. Alt: A color proofing system developed by 3M. Matrix: A mold in which type is cast in linecasting machines. In stereotyping, the paper mold or mat made from a type form. Matte finish: Dull paper or ink finish. Maximum angle of wipe: Flattest wipe obtainable. Mealiness: See Snow Flaking, specifically middle tones. Measure: In composition, the width of type, usually expressed in picas. Mechanical: A term for a camera-ready pasteup of artwork. It includes type, photos, line art, etc., all on one piece of artboard. Mechanical pulp: In papermaking, groundwood pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade publication papers. Mechanical separation: Mechanical art overlay for each color to be printed. Megabyte (MB): One million bytes. Menu: In electronic publishing, a method for selecting alternative functions displayed as a list on a workstation screen. Selection via mouse key or sequence of keys. Metamerism: A condition when colors match under one light source, but do not match under another light source. Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): A relatively fast drying organic solvent of the ketone family. Highly flammable. Good solvent for nitrocellulose and vinyl lacquers. Small amounts will swell Buna-N plates, large amounts will swell natural rubber. Boiling point 175 degrees F, flash point 24 degrees F. Mezzotint: 1) An early copper plate engraving method that created the impression of tonal variation through patterns of dots cut with tools. Used only in fine art engraving. 2) Any of a variety of special effect screens used to convert line art into fine patterns without the use of halftone dots. Micrometer: Instrument used to measure the thickness of different papers. Middle tones: The tones in a photograph that are approximately half as dark as the shadow area. Mileage: The surface area covered by a given quantity of ink or coating material. Mill roll: Roll of paper, film, or foil as received by converter from mill. Mineral spirits: Hydrocarbon petroleum distillates having a boiling range of approximately 300-350 degrees F. Minimum Angle of Wipe: Sharpest (steepest) wipe obtainable. Misting: A mist or fog of tiny ink droplets thrown off the press by the rollers. Flying. Moire: In color process printing, the undesirable screen pattern caused by incorrect screen angles of overprinting halftones. Alt: Occurs when screen angles are wrong causing odd patterns in photographs. Moisture content: The percentage of water in a finished material such as film or paper, expressed as percent of original weight of the test samples. Moisture proof: Not affected by moisture. A barrier to moisture; although materials which resist passage of moisture are often called moisture proof, their preferable designation is moisture barrier. Moisture wrinkle or welt: A paper defect consisting of wrinkles running in the web direction, caused by dry paper acquiring moisture in storage. Mold: A female form used for the production of desired shapes. To form a matrix or rubber plate. See Matrix. Molding press: A platen press in which matrices or rubber plates are formed. Montage: In artwork, several photographs combined to form a composite illustration. Mottle: The spotty or uneven appearance of printing, mostly in solid areas. Mounting and proofing machine: Device for accurately positioning rubber plates to the plate cylinder and for obtaining proofs for register and impression, off the press. Mounting: The process of affixing plates on a cylinder or base in proper position to register color to color as well as to the wrapper or bag to be printed. Mullen tester: A machine for testing the bursting strength of paper. Multicolor overprinting: The technique of overprinting a given number of transparent colors to produce additional colors without using halftones. Orange, green, purple, and brown may be thus produced by overprinting cyan, magenta and lemon yellow resulting in a total of seven colors from three. Mylar: A polyester film which exhibits exceptional mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Common substrate used in flexographic film printing. Naphthas: Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent derived from petroleum such as hexane, VM&P naphtha, etc. Characterized by low K.B. values. Will swell natural or butyl rubber, have slight effect on Buna-n or Neoprene. Natural drying time: The amount of time taken from the last printing unit until elevated web temperature begins. Negative: In photography, film containing an image in which the values of the original are reversed so that the dark areas appear light and vice versa. (See positive) Alt: The image on film that makes the white areas of originals black and black areas white. Neoprene: A synthetic chlorinated butadiene rubber used in making flexo-rollers resistant to alcohols, cellosolve, water, aliphatic hydrocarbons and to a limited extent esters (acetates). Not resistant to aromatic hydrocarbons. Neutral Sodium Sulfite Process: A chemical pulping method adaptable to many tree species and operable with minimal environmental problems. Newsprint: Paper made mostly from groundwood pulp and small amounts of chemical pulp; used for printing newspapers. Nip: Line of contact between two Rolls. Nitrocellulose: A film former widely used in flexographic and gravure inks; nitrated cellulose. See Pyroxylene. Nodule: A small lump of rounded or irregular shape such as chrome projections on an anilox roll needing additional polishing for removal. Non-fogging film: Film that does not become cloudy from moisture condensation caused by temperature and humidity changes. Non-impact printer: An electronic device like a copier, laser or ink-jet printer that creates images on a surface without contacting it. Non-increment press: A flexographic press capable of printing infinite variable repeats, not dependent on standard gear pitch increments. Non-reproducing blue: A blue color the camera cannot see. Used in marking up artwork. Non-scratch: Inks that have high abrasion and mar-resistance when dry. No-screen exposure: See bump exposure. Nonvolatile: That portion of a material that does not evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Object oriented: An approach in drawing and layout programs that treats graphics as line and arc segments rather than individual dots. Also called vector oriented. Oblong: A booklet or catalog bound on the shorter dimension. OCR: Acronym for Optical Character Reader; a device that allows a computer to read printed or written material. OD: Outside diameter of a part, generally a cylinder or roll. Outside dimensions of a container, package, or part. Off balance weight: Weight added to the doctor blade by its mechanism. Off loading: Relieving the intensive amount of data processing associated with a specific application (i.e., graphics) from the CPU, by performing those calculations in a dedicated or specialized processor. Off-press proofs: Proofs made by photomechanical or digital means in less time and at lower cost than press proofs. Offset: The transfer of improperly or incompletely dried ink from the face of the print to the back of the stock on top of it in the roll or pile. The accidental transfer of ink from the idler or other rolls in a press to the web. Offset core: A core in a substrate roll that protrudes from the roll. Offsetting: See set-off. In printing, the process of using an intermediate blanket cylinder to transfer an image from the image carrier to the substrate. Short for offset lithography. Alt: Also, an unpleasant happening when the images of freshly printed sheets transfer images to each other. Offset paper: Term for uncoated book paper. Offset Printing (Offset Lithography): Commercial printing method, in which ink is offset from the printing plate to a rubber roller then to substrate. OK Sheet: Final approved color inking sheet before production begins. Oleophilic: Oil receptive. Literally - loving oil. A term that may be used in food packaging. Oleophobic: Oil repellant. Literally - hating oil. A term that may be used in food packaging. Opacity: The amount of show-through on a printed sheet. The more opacity or the thicker the paper the less show-through. (The thicker/heavier the paper the higher the cost.) Alt: That property of paper which minimizes the show-through of printing from the back side or the next sheet. Opaque: In photoengraving and offset lithography, to paint out areas on a negative not wanted on the plate. In paper, the property which makes it less transparent. Opaque ink: Ink that conceals all color beneath it. Operating side: That side of a flexographic press on which the printing unit adjustments are located; opposite of driving side or gear side. Optical distortion: Change in appearance of objects viewed through a transparent material adding certain defects such as waviness of surface, etc. Orange peel: 1) A variety of mottle. 2) A finish resembling the dimpled appearance of an orange peel. Organic: Refers to the compounds, in the field of chemistry, containing carbon. Organosol: A suspension of particles in an organic solvent, usually made with vinyl resins, solvents, and plasticizers. Orthochromatic: Photographic surfaces insensitive to red, but sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, green and yellow rays. Oscillation: Side-to-side motion of the doctor blade mechanism over the cylinder. Outline halftone: Removing the background of a picture or silhouetting an image in a picture. Overhang cover: A cover larger in size than the page it encloses. Overlay: In artwork, a transparent covering over the copy where color break, instructions or corrections are marked. Also, transparent or translucent prints which, when place one on the other, form a composite picture. Alt: The transparent cover sheet on artwork often used for instructions. Overprinting: Double printing; printing over an area that already has been printed. Overrun or overs: In printing, copies printed in excess of the specified quantity. (Printing trade terms allow for +/- 10% to represent a completed order.) Overtone: The modifying hue or tone of a color. Overwrap: A wrapper applied around a product, package, carton, box, etc. Packing: In printing presses, paper used to underlay the image or impression cylinder in letterpress, the plate or blanket in lithography, to get proper squeeze or pressure for printing. Page buffering: The ability to spool an entire image to disk and print in a continuous motion. Page count: Total number of pages in a book including blanks. Page description language: In computer imaging, a method for communicating page, font and graphic information from the work station to the printout device. Page makeup: In stripping, assembly of all elements to make up a page. In computerized typesetting and CEPS, the electronic assembly of page elements to compose a complete page with all elements in place on a video display terminal and on film or plate. Pagination: In computerized typesetting, the process of performing page makeup automatically. Palette: The collection of colors or shade available to a graphic system or program. Panchromatic: Photographic film sensitive to all visible colors. Paper master: A paper printing plate used on an offset-duplicator. The image is made by hand drawing, typewriter, or electrophotography. Paste drier: In ink making, a type of drier, usually a combination of drying compounds. Pasteup: See mechanical. Pattern carbon: Special carbon paper used in business forms that only transfers in certain areas. Pattern plate: The engraving or combination of plates used for making the matrices from which rubber plates are made. PDF (Portable Document File): A proprietary format developed by Adobe Systems for the transfer of designs across multiple computer platforms. Penetration: The ability of a liquid (ink, varnish, or solvent) to be absorbed into a substrate. Perfect bind: A type of binding that glues the edge of sheets to a cover like a telephone book, software manuals, or magazines. Perfecting press: A sheet fed printing press that prints both sides of a sheet in one pass. Perforated tapes: Paper tape that is perforated when used on a computer typesetter. The perforated tape can be used to expose the wanted type copy and for future recall just like a floppy disc. pH: A number used for expressing the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A value of 7 is neutral in a scale ranging from 0 to 14. Solutions with values below 7 are acid, above 7 are alkaline. Phenolic: Generic name for phenol-formaldehyde plastic. Photo CD: A proprietary format developed by Eastman Kodak for storing photographic images on a compact disc. Images can be easily accesses for use in professional printing. Photo composition: Process of setting type copy photographically, as opposed to using the method of inking and proofing lead type characters. Photconductor: Materials used in electrophotography that are light sensitive when charged by corona. Photo Copy: A mechanical printing process that uses a light sensitive printing element, magnetic toner and a heating element to fuse the toner to the paper. Photoengraving: A metal plate prepared by the photochemical process, from which the matrix or rubber mold is reproduced. Photograph: An image or picture made by exposing light sensitive film with a camera. Photo illustration: An image, primarily consisting of a photograph or composite image containing a photograph. Photomechanical: Pertaining to any platemaking process using photographic negatives or positives exposed onto plates or cylinders covered with photosensitive coatings. Photo plate: A light sensitive printing plate. The plate is developed like film, and then used on a printing press. Photopolymer coating: In photomechanics, a plate coating consisting of compounds that polymerize on exposure to produce tough abrasion-resistant plates capable of long runs especially when baked in an oven after processing. Photostat: A photographic reproduction on paper. Photostats may be positive or negative. Phototypesetting: The method of setting type photographically. Pica: Printers unit of measure in typesetting. One pica = 1/6 inch. Picking: Printers nightmare that occurs as the surface of a sheet lifts off during printing. Generally a paper manufacturer's quality control problem. Alt: The lifting of the paper surface during printing. It occurs when pulling force (tack) of ink is greater than surface strength of paper. Transfers from the substrate web to a roller - gravure. Pigment: In printing inks, the fine solid particles used to give color, transparency or opacity. Piling: In printing, the building up or caking of ink on rollers, plate or blanket; will not transfer readily. Also, the accumulation of paper dust or coating on the blanket of offset press. Pin register: The use of accurately positioned holes and special pins on copy, film plates and presses to insure proper register or fit of colors. Alt: A standard used to fit film to film and film to plates and plates to press to assure the proper registrations of printer colors. Pinholing: Failure of a printed ink to form a complete continuous film. Visible in the form of small holes in the printed area. Pitch diameter: The measurement of a gear or plate cylinder, determined by dividing the pitch line (or circumference) by Pi. Pitch line: An imaginary circle on the gear, roughly at the point of mesh with the mating gear. Determines the "repeat" of the gear. Also equal to the printing repeat of the cylinder. PIV: Pulsating Invariable Variator. A speed variator control is applicable to various types of equipment, with various specific functions. On printing press it synchronizes line speed of press (gear speed) or draw. Rolls with that or the moving eb. Pixel: In electronic imaging, a basic unit of digital imaging. Pixel depth: The amount of data used to describe each colored dot on the computer screen, i.e. Monochrome is 1 bit deep, Greyscale is 8 bits deep, RGB is 24 bits deep. Images to be printed as CMYK separation should be 32 bits deep. Plasticizers: Liquid or solid additives used to impart flexibility to a dry ink film or overprint varnish. Plastisol: A suspension of particles in an organic liquid, similar to an organosol, but containing no solvents. Plate cylinder: The cylinder of a press on which the plate is mounted. Plate gap: Gripper space. The area where the grippers hold the sheet as it passes through the press. Plate ready film: Final photographic film used to "burn" printing plates. Platen: The heated plates of a printing plate vulcanizer, which press the engraving into the matrix or matrix into the rubber during the plate making process. Also the heated plate on a flat bed transfer printing press, which press the heat transfer paper onto the fabric to produce the finished design. Ply: Each layer in a multi-layered structure. PMS: The abbreviated name of the Pantone Color Matching System. Alt: A proprietary color system for choosing and matching specific spot and process colors PMT: The abbreviated name for photomechanical transfer. Often used to make position prints. Point: For paper, a unit of thickness equaling 1/1000 inch. For typesetting, a unit of height equalling 1/72 inch. Alt: Normally used to measure type size or fractions of a pica for the design process. Polar solvents: Solvents with oxygen in their molecule, such as water, alcohols, esters and ketones. Polyamides: Polymers containing amide groups. For example: Nylon, Versamid Resins, etc. Polyethylene: A synthetic resin of high molecular weight resulting from the polymerization of ethylene gas under pressure. Polymer: A compound formed by the linking of simple and identical molecules having functional groups that permit their combination to proceed to higher molecular weights under suitable conditions. Polymerization: A chemical reaction in which the molecules of a monomer are linked together to from large molecules whose weight is a multiple of that of the original substance. Polypropylene: A synthetic resin of high molecular weight resulting from the polymerization of propylene gas. Polystyrene: a thermoplastic material derived from the polymerization of styrene. Porosity: The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important factor in ink penetration. Position proof: Color proof for checking position, layout and/or color breakout of image elements. Positive: In photography, film containing an image in which the dark and light values are the same as the original. The reverse of negative. PostScript: The computer language most recognized by printing devices. Premakeready: In flexography, process by which surface of printing plates is varied in height for better printability before going on press. Pre-Press: The various printing related services, performed before ink is actually put on the printing press(i.e. scanning, color separating, etc.) Pre-press proofs: See off-press proofs. Presensitized plate: In photomechanics, a metal or paper plate that has been precoated with a light-sensitive coating. Preseparated art: Artwork in which the basic layout, register marks and major color is prepared on illustration board and each additional color plate is drawn on a separate sheet or film overlay. Press number: A method of numbering manufacturing business forms or ticks. Press proof: In color reproduction, an approved copy or version of the final image to be printed, to be used as reference while printing. Pressure-sensitive paper: Paper material with self-sticking adhesive covered by a backing sheet. Primary colors: See additive primaries, subtractive primaries. Prime coat: Base coat applied first to enhance subsequent printing. Printability: The ability of a paper or substrate to produce an acceptable printed image, as distinguished from runnability, which deals only with the paper's ability to pass mechanically through the press. Print quality: A term describing the visual impression of a printed piece. In paper, the properties of the paper that affect its appearance and the quality of reproduction. Printing: The process of applying ink to substrate. Process control: That procedure for examining a process, which aims at evaluating future performance through the use of statistical quality control methods. Process blue: The blue or cyan color in process printing. Process colors: Cyan (blue), magenta (process red), yellow (process yellow), black (process black). Process inks: For high reproduction illustrations by halftone color separation process. Colors are: yellow, magenta, cyan, with or without black. Process lens: A highly corrected photographic lens with a flat field for graphic arts line, halftone and color photography. Process printing: The printing from a series of two or more halftone plates to produce intermediate colors and shades. Production artist (pasteup artist): A skilled laborer who produces finished camera ready or plate ready artwork from the visual elements and instructions provided by the designer or client. Production run: The final printing requested by the customer from the original artwork. Progressive proofs (progs): Proofs made from the separate plates in color process work, showing the sequence of printing and the result after each additional color has been applied. Proofing: The stage of making a number of trial prints to judge the final result prior to editioning. Psychrometer: A wet-and-dry bulb type of hygrometer. Considered the most accurate of the instruments practical for industrial plant used for determining relative humidity. Ragged left: In typesetting, type that is justified to the right margin and the line lengths vary on the left. Ragged right: In typesetting, type that is justified to the left margin and the line lengths vary on the right. Railroading: Printing of a continuous mark or line on the non-image areas of a design, often resulting in the marking or scratching of a cylinder. Can be caused by particles lodged behind the doctor blade. Railroad tracks: A streak developed by oscillation of a nicked doctor blade, resulting in a heavy, wide line printed on the we at the ends of the stroke, with fine lines running in between. Ream: Five hundred sheets of paper. Recto: Right-hand page of an open book. Reducers: In printing inks, varnishes, solvents, oily or greasy compounds used to reduce the consistency for printing. In photography, chemicals used to reduced the density of negative or positive images or the size of halftone dots (dot etching) Alt: Copy that is not transparent. Reflection copy: In photography, illustrative copy that is viewed and must be photographed by light reflected from its surface. Examples are photographs, drawings, etc. Reflective process camera: A camera that is capable of reproducing an original image that has been prepared on an opaque substrate. Register: In printing, fitting of two or more printing images in exact alignment with each other. Alt: To position print in the proper position in relation to the edge of the sheet and to other printing on the same sheet. Register marks: Crosses or other targets applied to original copy prior to photography. Used for positioning films in register, or for register of two or more colors in process printing. Alt: Cross-hair lines or marks on film, plates, and paper that guide strippers, platemakers, pressmen, and bindery personnel in processing a print order from start to finish. Registration: The quality of alignment of the different colored inks as they are applied to paper. (i.e. If the inks can be seen to overlap improperly or to leave white gaps on the page, the printing is said to be "out of registration" or "poor register".) Relative humidity (RH): The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage of the maximum that could be present at the same temperature. Repeat: The printing length of a plate cylinder determined by one revolution of the plate cylinder gear. Repeatability: The ability to keep photo film and the images thereon in proper register. Repeatability is usually measured in micrometers. Reprography: Copying and duplicating. Resin: A complex organic substance that, in solvent solution, forms the gravure varnish; after drying, resins become the binder, or film-forming materials. Resist: In photomechanics, a light-hardened stencil to prevent etching of non-printing areas on plates. Resolution: In electronic imaging, the quantification of printout quality using the number of spots per inch. Respi screen: A contact screen with 110-line screen ruling in the highlights and 220-line in the middle tones and shadows to produce a longer scale and smoother gradation of tones in the light areas of the copy. Retarder: Solvents added to ink to slow the evaporation rate. Retrofit: Backwards integration of advanced capability into a device or program not originally intended for that purpose. Reverse: The opposite of what you see. Printing the background of an image. For example; type your name on a piece of paper. The reverse would be a black piece of paper with a white name. Reverse angle doctor blade: In flexography, similar to doctor blade in gravure except used with much lighter pressure and a reverse angle on the anilox roll. Reverse printing: Printing on the underside of a transparent film. Design in which the copy is "dropped out" and the background is printed. Rewound: After the desired substrate has been printed it is taped to a shaft and wound back into the original unprinted roll form. RGB: Red, Green, Blue - additive primary colors. Rhodamine reds: A class of clean, blue shade organic reds possessing good light fastness often called magenta in process printing. Right-angle fold: In binding, a term used for two or more folds that are at 90 degree angles to each other. Rip film: A method of making printing negatives from PostScript files created by desktop publishing. Rollout: Ink spread for testing or sampling purposes by using a hand-roller. Roller stripping: In lithography, a term denoting that the ink does not adhere to the metal ink rollers on a press. Roto News: Any of five grades of uncoated groundwood manufactured expressly for gravure printing. Rub-proof: In printing, ink that has reach maximum dryness and does not mar with normal abrasion. Rub test: See abrasion test. Rubber: An elastomer material that is capable of recovering from large deformations quickly and forcibly. Rubylith: A hand cut masking film used in screen and flexographic printing. Run-around: In composition, the term describing type set to fit around a picture or other element of the design. Runnability: Paper properties that affect the ability of the paper to run on the press. Alt: The physical ability of a roll of paper or substrate to pass through a press under prevailing conditions of tension and speed without web breaks. Distinguished from printability. Running head: A headline or title repeated at the top of each page. Running In: The process of seating a doctor blade to a cylinder. Also called toning in. Running register: That control on a flexographic press, which accurately positions the printing of each color station, in the direction of the web travel. Also called Circumferential register and Longitudinal register. Saddle stitch: Bind a booklet or magazines with staples in the seam where it folds. Alt: Saddle wire: In binding, to baste a booklet by wiring it through the middle fold of the sheets. Safelight: In photography, the special darkroom lamp used for illumination without fogging sensitized materials. Sans Serif: A typeface that has not tails or curled points (serifs) at the ends. Scale: A defect in coated papers consisting of slightly colored reflective spots, caused by dry coating material embedded in the paper during calendaring. Scan-a-web: In web printing, a rotating mirror arrangement where speed can be varied to match speed of press so image on paper can be examined during printing. Scanner: An electronic device used to make color separations, halftones, duo tones and tri tones. Also a device used to scan art, pictures or drawings in desktop publishing. Scaling: Determining the proper size of an image to be reduced or enlarged to fit an area. Score: A crease put on paper to help it fold better. It is preferable to score heavy paper before folding it, in order to avoid cracking. Alt: To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make folding easier. Scratchboards: Plain white coated boards which may be covered with India Ink or some other black coating and on which a drawing is executed by scratching through the ink and exposing white lines or areas using a scratchboard tool. Screen: See contact screen. Screen angles: In color reproduction, angles at which the halftone screens are placed in relation to one another, to avoid undesirable moir� patterns. A set of angles ofte n u s e d i s : b l a c k 4 5 E�, m a g e n t a 7 5 E�, y e l l o w 9 0 E�, c y a n 1 0 5 E�. A l t : F r e q u e n t l y a d e s k t o p p u b l i s h e r ' s n i g h t m a r e . T h e a n g l e s a t w h i c h h a l f t o n e , d u o t o n e s , t r i t o n e s , a n d c o l o r s e p a r a t i o n p r i n t i n g f i l m s a r e p l a c e d t o m a k e t h e m l o o k r i g h t . S c r e e n - p r i n t i n g : I n flexography, refers to any tone printing work, whether half-tone or Ben Day. Screened print: In photography, a print with a halftone screen made from a halftone negative or by diffusion transfer. Screen ruling: The number of lines or dots per inch on a halftone screen. Screen sizes: Designated by the number of half tone dots in one linear inch of perpendicular or horizontal ruling. Scribe lines: The fine lines on the surface of the plate cylinder in an evenly spaced horizontal and vertical position to aid in mounting rubber plates accurately. Center lines or other positioning guide lines applied to the non-printing areas of a rubber printing plate, to facilitate mounting on a cylinder. Script: A typeface that mimics the appearance of hand written text. Scuff: The action of rubbing again with applied pressure. The damage that has taken place through a rubbing. Scumming: A deposit on ink on the non-printing areas of a gravure cylinder often leaving a residual haze over a large area of web. Sealing solvent: A method of adhering packaging materials which depends on the use of small amounts of a volatile organic liquid to soften the coating or surface of the material to the point where the materials will adhere when the solvent evaporates. Secondary colors: Those obtained by mixing any two of the primary colors in equal proportions. Self cover: A cover of the same paper as inside text pages. Semi-chemical pulp: A combination of chemical and mechanical pulping with properties similar to chemical pulp. Separations: A set of three or four continuous tone or halftone negatives made by color filter exposures from a full color film transparency, photographic print or painting. Each negative represents one of the printer colors abstracted. They are used to make printing plates in color process printing. Serif: The curls and points that appear as adornments on some type faces. Service bureau: The facility that provides professional services to graphics and printing professionals. (i.e. plate ready film, matchprints, color keys, etc..) Set: The strain remaining after complete release of a load producing the deformation in rubber. Set-off: In presswork, when the ink of a printed sheet rubs off or marks the next sheet as it is being delivered. Also called offset. Shade: A color produced by a pigment or dye having some black mixed in it, therefore darkening it. Opposite of tint. Shading: The addition of a color, shade or tone to suggest three-dimensionality, shadow or diminished light in a picture or design. Shadow: The darkest areas of a photograph. Sharp wipe: The resultant angle of the doctor blade to the cylinder as the doctor blade angle is decreased. Also referred to as Steep Wipe. Sharpen: To decrease in color strength, as when halftone dots become smaller; opposite of dot spread or dot gain. Sheetwise: To print one side of a sheet of paper with one plate, then turn the sheet over and print the other side with another plate using same gripper and opposite side guide. Shell cup: A device for measuring viscosity. Shellac: An alcohol-soluble natural resin widely used in flexographic inks. Short ink: Ink that is buttery and does not flow freely. Show-through: In printing, the undesirable condition in which the printing on the reverse side of a sheet can be seen through the sheet under normal lighting conditions. Alt: Printing on one side of a sheet that can be seen on the other side of the sheet. Side guide: On sheetfed presses, a guide on the feed board to position the sheet sideways as it feeds into the front guides before entering the impression cylinder. Side stitch: Binding by stapling along one side of a sheet. Side register: The control of print register on the horizontal axis, i.e., from one edge of the web to the other. Side weld: In bag making, refers to the seal formed by a hot knife cutting through two layers of thermoplastic material, like polyethylene, and sealing that edge. Side wire: In binding, to wire the sheets or signatures of a magazine or booklet on the side near the backbone. Signature: A sheet of printed paper which when folded becomes a part of a book or publication. Alt: In printing and binding, the name given to a printed sheet after it has been folded. Silhouette halftone: A term used for an outline halftone. Alt: A halftone with all of the background removed. Sizing: The treatment of paper that gives it resistance to the penetration of liquids (particularly water) or vapors. Alt: Resins, starches or other compounds added to paper to increase its resistance to penetration of by ink and water. Paper with little sizing, such as newsprint, is called slack-sized; heavily sized papers such as bond and ledger are called hard-sized. Sizing may be mixed in the pulp or applied to the surface of a partially dry web (surfaces sized). Skid: A pallet used for a pile of cut sheets. Skirt: That portion of a bag between the bottom seal and the bottom edge of the bag. Slime hole: A paper defect caused by bacteria or fungus, which replace or impose themselves upon paper fibers. Slip compound: An additive for ink that imparts lubricating qualities to the dried ink film. Slip sheet: A separator between sheets of film, foil, paper, board, etc. to prevent blocking and to facilitate removal of sheets singly. Slipped core: A paper defect in which the paper in a roll is not properly glued to the core. Slit: To cut rolls of stock to specified widths. Either rotary or stationary knives or blades are used with mechanical unwinding and rewinding devices. Slitting: Cutting printed sheets or webs into two or more sections by means of cutting wheels on a press or folder. Slitter: A machine to cut roll stock in the long direction. Three types are widely used. a. Razor blade slitter b. Sheer slitter c. Score cutter. Slitter turnover: An edge break on a roll of paper caused by a slitter, which turns over during winding. The edge of the break protrudes from the roll. Slug: A rubber plate section, usually type, used as an insert. Slug hole: A paper defect resulting from the paper machine picking out a group of fibers superimposed over the sheet. Slur: A condition caused by slippage at the moment of impression between any two of the following: substrate, plate, blanket. Slur stick: A small, specially designed stick of wood or other soft material used to dislodge foreign particles from the edge of a doctor blade. Slurry: A suspensions of solids in water. Smoothness: A physical characteristic of paper describing its levelness or flatness, essential for total contact with the gravure cylinder. Snap: The action of the mesh continually lifting away from the paper during printing. Snowflaking: Condition of a printed area characterized by very small dots of unprinted areas showing throughout a deposited ink. Soft end: A paper defect caused by web thickness variation - one part of the roll feels soft compared with an adjacent end. Soft ink: Descriptive of the consistency of paste inks. Soft proof: See hard proof. Softening point: Temperature at which plastic material will start to deform with no externally applied load. Solids content: The percentage of non-volatile matter of which a compound or mixture is composed, based on weight of the entire mixture. Solid loading: The spring or hydraulic or pneumatic cylinder in a press. When completely compressed, it causes the loading to become direct. Solids content: The percentage of solid material contained in an ink formulation; includes pigment, extender, binder, plasticizers and wax. Solvent: Liquid which dissolves a solid. In ink, the evaporation of solvent leaves the solids behind as an ink film on the substrate. Solvent coating: A type of coating, applied in liquid form, which dries by evaporation. Solvent load: The maximum rate of solvents to be evaporated in a dryer or solvent recovery system. Solvent release: In ink, the ability of a binder to influence the rate of evaporation of a solvent. Souring: The precipitation or coagulation of the ingredients of an ink due to the presence of water or other foreign materials. SPC: Acronym for statistical process control. Specifications: A precise description of a print order. Spectrophotometer: The most sophisticated instrument for measuring brightness and color, able to test at varying wavelengths. Spectrum: The complete range of colors in the rainbow from short wavelengths (blue) to long wavelengths (red). Specular gloss test: A means of measuring paper or ink gloss by determining the amount of light reflected from a sample at specified angles. Spine: The binding edge of a book or publication. Also see backbone. Spiral binding: A book bound with wires in spiral form inserted through holes punched along the binding side. Split fountain: Putting more than one ink in a printing fountain to achieve special color affects. Splitting: See flying. Misting. Splice: The joining of the ends of rolled material. Spoilage: Planned paper waste for all printing operations. Spot color: Single colors applied to printing when process color is not necessary (i.e. one, two and three color printing), or when process colors need to be augmented (i.e. a fluorescent pink headline or a metallic tint). Spot varnish: Varnish used to highlight a specific part of the printed sheet. Spread 1): A design that encompasses two or more facing pages (i.e. the center spread in the morning newspaper). 2): Literally, spreading the ink around a colored object so that there is no gap between it and the next colored object. (i.e. yellow text on a blue background) Stabilizer: Chemical used to stop the developed photographic image from continuing to develop. Stable overlays: A transparent sheet of material used as part of the finished art that will not stretch or shrink. Stack press: Flexographic press where the printing stations are placed one above the other, each with its own impression cylinder. Staging: See stopping out. Staining: When two different color inks touch or overlap each other they create a third color referred to as a stain. Stamping: Term for foil stamping. Starred roll: A paper roll exhibiting a "starred" visual effect on the end of the roll, caused by uneven winding-causes fluctuations in reel tension during press runs. Static eliminator: A device for neutralizing static electricity. Static neutralizer: In printing presses, an attachment designed to remove the static electricity from the paper to avoid ink set-off and trouble with feeding the paper. Step-and-repeat: A procedure for placing the same image on plates in multiple places. Alt: In photomechanics, the procedure of multiple exposure using the same image by stepping it in position according to a predetermined layout or program. Stereotype: Duplicate relief plate used for newspaper printing. Stet: A proof mark meaning let the original copy stand. Stickyback: Double faced adhesive coated material used for mounting elastomeric printing plates to the plate cylinder (flexo). Stippling: Art work in which a series of miscellaneous and usually random dots are used instead of lines. Stochastic screening: A digital screen process that converts images into very small dots (14-40 microns) of equal size and variable spacing. Second order screened images have variable size dots and variable spacing. Also called Frequency Modulated (FM) screening. Stock: The material to be printed. Stopping out: In photomechanics, application of opaque to photographic negatives; application of special lacquer to protect areas on films in dot etching; staging of halftone plates during relief etching. Streaking: Not wiping clean, leaving stripes or lines of color on web. Strength: Usually refers to intensity of a color of ink. Stretch: Intensity of color of flexographic ink. Stretch/shrink factors: Calculations of dimensional change that occur in rubber plate molding and mounting and photopolymer plate mounting when applied to the flexo plate cylinder. Striation: A fine streaky pattern of parallel lines, usually in the direction of the web. flexo, gravure. Strike through: Penetration of ink through the web. Flexo and gravure. Stringiness: The property of an ink to draw into filaments or threads. Striping: A printing imperfection observed when the printed copy becomes alternately more and less intense across the web. Stripped: When separate pieces of film are taped together to create the complete printing image. Strike-on composition: Type set by a direct-impression method, or on typewriter composing machines. Also known as cold type. Stripping: In lithography, the positioning of negatives (or positives) on a flat to compose a page or layout for platemaking. Alt: The positioning of film on a flat prior to platemaking. Stroke of Oscillation: The distance the doctor blade oscillates. Style sheet: A page or group of pages designating the type faces to be used in a design. i.e. Headlines, captions and body text. Stylus: A hard pointed pen shaped instrument used in marking, writing, incising, tracing, etc. Sublimable dyes: Dyes that have the capacity to move from a solid state to gas and back to a solid without passing through a liquid phase. Sublimation: The process in chemistry whereby a solid is volatilized by heat and then converted back into a solid without passing through a liquid phase. Substance: The weight in pounds of a ream (either 480 or 500 sheets) of paper cut to a given size. Substance weight: A term of basis weight when referring to bond papers. Substrate: Any surface on which printing is done. Subtractive primaries: Yellow, magenta and cyan, the hues used for process color printing inks. Sulphate process: The chemical pulping method(s) employing caustic soda and sodium sulfide as reagents to break down wood into free fiber. Called sulfate because the sodium salt introduced is sodium sulfate. Sulfate pulps are also called Kraft. Sulphate pulp: Paper pulp made from wood chips cooked under pressure in a solution of caustic soda and sodium sulphide. Known as kraft paper. Sulphite process: Any of several chemical pulping methods employing bisulfites of calcium, ammonia, magnesium or sodium. Bisulfites in solution with water create sulfurous acid, the active ingredient in this process. Sulphite pulp: Paper pulp made from wood chips cooked under pressure in a solution of bisulfite of lime. Supercalendar: In papermaking, a calendar stack, separate from the papermaking machine, with alternate metal and resilient rolls, used to produce a high finish on paper. Alt: A special calendaring process employing chilled iron rolls and cotton-filled rolls in combination with a steam shower to increase density, smoothness and gloss. Supercalendared Roto News: The highest grade of Roto News paper, also known as Type A. Surface-sized: See sizing. Surface tension: The tendency of a liquid surface to contract rather than flow out. Surprint: In photomechanics, exposure from a second negative or flat superimposed on an exposed image of a previous negative or flat. Swatch: A small piece of material cut for a sample. SWOP: Acronym for Specifications for Web Offset Publications. Tack: In printing inks, the property of cohesion between particles; the separation force of ink needed for proper transfer and trapping on multicolor presses. A tacky ink has high separation forces and can cause surface picking or splitting of weak papers. Tackoscope: See inkometer. Tagged image file format (TIFF): A file format for exchanging bitmapped images (usually scans) between applications. Taper: To become progressively smaller in thickness, diameter, or width as in a cylinder or roll. Tearing bond: A type of bond in which it is necessary to tear fibers of one or the other adhered sheets in order to separate them while at the same time there is no failure in adhesion or cohesion of the adhesive. Tear strip: A narrow ribbon of film, cord, etc, usually incorporated mechanically in wrapper or overwrap during the wrapping operation to facilitate opening of the package. Telescoping: Transverse slipping of successive winds of a roll of material so that the edge is conical rather than flat. Tensile strength: The maximum load in tension that a material can withstand without failure. Terabyte(TB): One trillion bytes. Text: The body matter of a page or book, as distinguished from the headings. Text paper: Grades of uncoated paper with textured surfaces. Thermal dye sublimation: Like thermal printers, except pigments are vaporized and float to desired proofing stock. Similar to Thermal Dye Diffusion Transfer, or D2T2. Thermal printers: These printers use a transfer sheet that carries ink in contact with the paper or transparency, and a heated printhead Thermography: A printing process that results in raised type similar to engraved printing. Thermo-mechanical pulp: In papermaking, made by steaming wood chips prior to and during refining, producing higher yield and stronger pulp than regular groundwood. Thinners: Liquids, solvents and/or diluents, added to fountain ink for the purpose of reducing the viscosity of the ink. Thixotropy: The property of a liquid or plastic material that involves a reversible decrease of viscosity as the material is agitated or worked. Thread: In a press or coating machine, initial passage of a web between the various rollers or other parts of the machine. Throwing: See flying. TIFF: See Tagged Image File Format. Tinctorial strength: The relative ability of a pigment or dye to impart color value to a printing ink. Tints: A shade of single color or combined colors. Alt: 1) A color of very low strength or intensity, usually made by adding a small amount of color ink or toner to a large amount of extender or opaque white. 2) A lighter shade of ink created by printing a finer dot pattern, but using full strength ink. A wide gamut of hundreds of shades can be created by surprinting tints of the process colors. Tissue overlay: Usually a thin transparent paper placed over artwork for protection uses for making color breaks and other printer instructions. Tolerances: The specification of acceptable variations in register, density, dot size, plate or paper thickness, concentration of chemicals and other printing parameters. Toner: Imaging material used in electrophotography and some off-press proofing systems. In inks, dye used to tone printing inks, especially black. Alt: 1) A highly concentrated pigment and/or dye used to modify the hue or color strength of an ink. 2) Black and colored electrostatic imaging materials used in xerographic copiers and in toner-based proofing systems. Tooth: A characteristic of paper, slightly rough finish, which permits it to take ink readily. Alt: In screen printing, an action to roughen the surface of the screen prior to adhering a photo stencil. Transfer roll: Plain roll rotating in contact with another plain roll transferring variable amounts of ink in an inking system. Transfer screens: Halftone screens of different sizes that can be transferred from its original carrier sheet to the artwork by rubbing it with a stylus. Transfer sheets: Carrier sheets of type characters, design elements, or halftone screens that will release the image when pressure is applied. Transfer tape: A peel and stick tape used in business forms. Transfer type: Type characters of different sizes and styles that can be transferred from its original carrier sheet to the artwork by rubbing it with a stylus. Transparency: A positive photographic slide on film allowing light to pass through. Transparent copy: A film that light must pass through for it to be seen or reproduced. Alt: In photography, illustrative copy such as a color transparency or positive film through which light must pass in order for it to be seen or reproduced. Transparent ink: A printing ink that does not conceal the color under it. Process inks are transparent so that the will blend to form other colors. Trapping: In printing, the ability to print a wet ink film over previously printed ink. Dry trapping is printing wet ink over dry ink. Wet trapping is printing wet ink over previously printed wet ink. In prepress, refers to how much overprinting colors overlap to eliminate white lines between colors in printing. Alt: The process of closing gas between different color inks as they appear on the printed page. Trapping color is achieved by use of chokes and spreads. Trim marks: In printing, marks placed on the copy to indicate the edge of the page. Alt: Similar to crop or register marks. These marks show where to trim the printed sheet. Trim size: The final size of one printed image after the last trim is made. Tunnel: The compartment through which the web passes for final drying after printing. Turning bars: An arrangement of stationary bars on a flexo press, which guide the web in such a manner that it is turned front to back, and will be printed on the reverse side by the printing units located subsequent to the turning bars. Twin-wire machine: In papermaking, a four-denier paper machine with two wires instead of one producing paper with less two-sidedness. Two-sheet detector: In printing presses, a device for stopping or tripping the press when more than one sheet attempts to feed into the grippers. Two-sidedness: In paper, the property denoting difference in appearance and printability between its top (felt) and wire sides). Type gauge: In composition, a printer's tool calibrated in picas and points used for type measurement. Typography: The style, arrangement or appearance of typeset matter. The art of selecting and arranging typefaces. UCA: Acronym for Under Color Addition. UCR: Acronym for Under Color Removal- In process multicolor printing, color separation films are reduced in color in neutral areas where all three colors overprint and the black film is increased an equivalent amount in these areas. This improves trapping and can reduce makeready and ink costs. Unbalance: The uneven distribution of weight or forces in a roll. In flexo there are two recognized types of unbalance: Static and Dynamic. Undercut: In printing presses the difference between the radius of the cylinder bearers and the cylinder body , to allow for plate (or blanket) and packing thickness. Under-run: Production of fewer copies than ordered. See over run. Undistorted artwork: Artwork that has been prepared without compensation for the distortion that takes place after the printing plate has been mounted on the printing cylinder. Unit: In multicolor presses, refers to the combination of inking, plate and impression operations to print each color. A 4-color press has 4 printing units each with its own inking, plate and impression functions. Up: Printing two (...three, four, etc) up means printing multiple copies of the same image on the same sheet. UV coating: Liquid laminate bonded and cured with ultraviolet light. UV ink: Solventless ink that is cured by UV radiation. Vacuum back: The top or back of a process camera with a vacuum that can be used to hold the photographic paper or film in place during exposure. Vacuum forming: The process of heating a plastic until it is soft, placing it over a mold and then molding it to form by means of a vacuum. Vacuum frame: In platemaking, a vacuum device for holding copy and reproduction material in contact during exposure. Varnish: A thin, protective coating applied to a printed sheet for protection or appearance. Also, in ink making, it can be all or part of the ink vehicle. Alt: A clear liquid applied to printed surfaces for looks and protection. (UV coating looks better.) Vehicle: In printing inks, the fluid component which acts as a carrier for pigment. Vellum: High quality translucent paper used for tracing. Vellum finish: In papermaking, a toothy finish which is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration. Velox: A black and white photographic print of very good quality that can be used as part of the artwork and later reproduced for printing plates. Verso: The left hand page of an open book. Verticle adjustment: A method of analysis that depends upon measurement of the volume of standard solution consumed in a titration. Vignette halftone: An illustration in which the background fades gradually away until it blends into the unprinted paper. Alt: A halftone whose background gradually fades to white. Vinyl: Informal generic term for any of the vinyl resins, or for film, or other products made from them. Vinyl plastics: Plastics based on resins made from vinyl monomers, except those specifically covered by other classifications such as acrylic and styrene plastics. Typical vinyl plastics are polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinyl butyryl, and copolymers of vinyl monomers and unsaturated compounds. Viscosimeter: Instrument used to measure the viscosity of ink, varnish, or other solution. Viscosity: Resistance to flow. Vulcanization: A curing process in which the physical properties of a rubber are changed. Warm color: In printing, a color with a yellowish or reddish cast. Washup: Removing printing ink from a press, washing the rollers and blanket. Certain ink colors require multiple washups to avoid ink and chemical contamination. Water break: The appearance of a discontinuous film of water on a surface signifying nonuniform wetting and usually associated with surface contamination. Waterless printing: In offset, printing on a press using special waterless plates and no dampening system. Watermark: Translucent mark made in paper while it is still wet for purposes of identification. Waste: A term for planned spoilage. Watermark: A distinctive design created in paper at the time of manufacture that can be easily seen by holding the paper up to a light. Wear in (seat): Break in a rotating doctor blade by applying pressure against cylinder without printing to wear in the blade. Web: A roll of printing paper used in web or rotary printing. Web guide: Device that keeps the web traveling straight or true through the press. Web press: The name of a type of presses that print from rolls of paper. Alt: A high speed printing press that prints on both sides of a continuous roll of paper. Web presses are used for high volume printing such as newspapers and magazines. Web strength: A measure of the physical strength properties of paper when saturated with water, expresses in terms of wet tensile-strength, wet bursting-strength, etc. Web tension: The amount of pull or tension applied in the direction of travel of a web of paper by the action of a web press. Wetting: Surrounding minute particles of pigment with resin solutions during ink-making. Wetting agent: A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread more readily on a solid surface. Whip: See bounce. Whiskers: Hairy edges of shadow areas due to static electricity. Widow: In composition, a single word in a line by itself, ending a paragraph, or starting a page, frowned upon in good typography. Winder Wrinkles: A paper defect caused by a hard spot on the winder reel. Winding: The process of transferring paper from the master machine roll to rolls suitable for use on a press. Also called rewinding. Wire mark: The impression left in a web of paper by the wire of a four-denier machine. Wire O: A bindery trade name for mechanical binding using double loops of wire through a hole. Wire-O binding: A method of wire binding books along the binding edge that will allow the book to lay flat using double loops. See Wire O. With the grain: Folding or feeding paper into the press or folder parallel to the grain of the paper. Woodcut: An illustration in lines of varying thickness, cut in relief on plank-grain wood, for the purpose of making prints. Work and tumble: Printing one side of a sheet and turning it over from the gripper to the tail to print the second side using the same side guide and plate for the second side. Work and turn: Printing one side of a sheet and running it over from left to right using the same side guides and plate for the second side. Wove paper: A paper having a uniformed unlined surface with a smooth finish. Wrinkles: Creases in paper occurring during printing. In inks, the uneven surface formed during drying. Xerography: An electrophotographic copying process that uses a corona charged selenium photoconductor surface, electrostatic forces and dry or liquid toner to form an image. Zahn cup: A device for measuring viscosity. References: Pocket Pal, A Graphic Arts Production Handbook, International Paper Company, July 1995. Gravure Process and Technology, Gravure Association of America, 1991 Glossary of Printing Terms, Print USA, October 27, 1995 Index of (Printing) Terms, Johnathan Lee Lyons, Lyons Digital Media, 1995 Screen Printing: Design & Technique, Nicholas Bristow, 1990 Flexography Principles and Practices, Flexographic Technical Association, 1980 Key Words: Ink Acetone Age stability Agglomeration Alcohol Aliphatic solvents Alkali resistance Base ink Binder Bleach test Body Carbon black Cellosolve Centipoise Chalking China clay Chlorinated rubber CMYK Cold color Colorant Color balance Color blocks Colorimeter Color key Color matching system Contrast Cyan Defloculation Densitometer Density Diatomaceous earth Diluent Dispersing agents Diluent Draw-down Drier Dry back Dye Efflux cup Expansion ratio Extenders Fadeometer Fading Film former Flocculation Foaming Focaltone Freeze/Thaw stability Gel Gelatin Gloss Gloss ink Gloss meter Heavy-bodied inks Hexachrome Hiccup Hot scuff resistance HSV Hue Hydrometer Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Ink mist Inkometer Iodine number Iron blue Lacquer Lacquer stations Length Light fastness Livering Long ink Magenta Mass tone Matte finish Metamerism Mileage Non-drying oils Opaque ink Pallette Paste drier Penetration pH Pigment Plasticizers PMS Polar solvents Primary colors Process blue Process colors Reducers Resin RGB Rollout Rub-proof Short ink Slip compound Slurry Soft ink Solids content Solvent Solvent release Spectrophotometer Spectrum Strength Subtractive primaries Surface tension Tack Tackoscope Thinners Thixotropy Tinctorial strength Tints Toner Transparent ink UV coating UV ink Varnish Vehicle Verticle adjustment Warm color Key Words: Paper Alkaline paper Abrasiveness Basic size Binders Bleaching Bond and carbon Bond paper Book paper Broke Bulk Carbonless Calendar rolls Caliper Carload Cast coated Chemical pulp China clay Clean hole Coated paper Coated freesheet Coated groundwoods Compressability Constant gloss test Corrugation marks Cross-deckle misregister Cross direction Curl Deckle Deckle edge Diatomaceous earth Dimensional stability Dry cut Dull-coated Duplex paper Dylux Efflux cup Emboss Embossed finish Enamel English finish Fake color Felt side Filling in Finish Foil Foldover Free sheet Gloss Goldenrod paper Grain Grammage Groundwood pulp High-bulk paper Hygroscopic Image area Ink holdout Kraft paper Laid finish Laid paper Ledger paper Log M Machine coated Machine direction Matte finish Mechanical pulp Micrometer Moisture wrinkle or welt Mullen tester Neutral sodium sulphite process Newsprint Offset core Offset paper Pattern carbon Point Porosity Pressure sensitive paper Printability Psychrometer Ream Relative humidity Roto news Runnability Scale Semi-chemical pulp Sizing Slime hole Sliped core Slitting Slitter turnover Slug hole Slurry Smoothness Soft end Specular gloss Starred roll Stock Substance weight Substrate Sulphate process Sulphite process Super calendar Super calendar roto news Text paper Thermo-mechanical pulp Tooth Twin-wire machine Two-sidedness UCA UCR Undercut Unit Up Vellum finish Water mark Web Winding Wove paper Wrinkles Key Words: Pre-press Abrasion marks Addition agent Alteration AM Analog color proof Anti-halation backing Aperture Apochromatic Aquatint Art Artboard Art director Ascender Author's corrections Automatic processor Bad break Base cylinder Basis metal Bezier curve Bimetal plate Bit Bit map Black-and-white Blow up Blue line Blue print BMP Board Body type Bold-face type Break for color / color break Brightness Bromide Bump exposure Burn Byte CAD / CAM Camera ready Camera ready copy Caps and small caps Carbon tissue CCD CD-ROM Cell Cell post Character generation Chemistry Chromalin Chrome CMYK Coating Color blocks Color correction Color filter Colorimeter Color key Color proofs Color separations Composite film Computer, analog Computer, digital Computer composition Condensed type Contact positive Contact print Contact screen Continuous-tone copy Contrast Conversion Copy Copy fitting Copy preparation Copyright Copy viewer Copy writer Chromalin Crop Crop marks CRT CTP Density Descender Densitometer Desktop publishing Developer Diazo Diffusion transfer Digital color proof Digital imaging Digital photography Digital plates Digitized typesetting Digitizer Direct screen halftone Display type Dithering Dot Dot etching Dots per inch (dpi) Double burn Dummy Duotone Duplicating film Dye Dye transfer Dynamic range Electronic dot generation Electrophotography Electrostatic plates Electrotype Elliptical dot Em space Emulsion En space EPS Etch Expanded type Exposure Facsimile transmission Film rip Fixing Flat Flatbed scanner Flat etching Flop Flush left Flush paragraph FM screening Focal length Fog Format "F" Stops Galley proof Gamma Gray component replacement Gelatin Generation GIF Gigabyte Goldenrod paper Graphic Graphic designer Gray level Gray scale Greek Gum arabic Gumming Hairline Halation Halftone Halftone gravure Hard chromium Hard copy Hard proof Hardware Hard dot Head margin Helio-Klischhograph High key Highlight Illustrator Imagesetter Iron perchloride Italic JPEG Justify Kern Key Keyboard Keylines Kilobyte Knockout Laminate Land area Lay out Leaders Leading Leveling action Letterspacing Line copy Lines per inch Line screen Local-area-network Logotype Loupe Lower case Magenta screen Magnetic storage Makeover Make up Marginal words Mask Mat Matchprint Matrix Measure Mechanical Mechanical separation Megabyte Menu Mezzotint Middle tones Mylar Non-reproducing blue Object oriented OCR Off-loading Off-press proofs OK sheet Opaque Orthochromatic Outline halftone Overhang cover Over printing Page description language Page make-up Pagination Pallette Panchromatic Paper master Paste-up PDF Photo CD Photoconductor Photo copy Photograph Photo illustration Photomechanical Photo plate Photopolymer coating Phototypesetting Pica Pixel Pixel depth Plate ready film Plate setter Point Position proof Positive Post Script Pre-press Pre-press proofs Presensitized plates Press proof Process lens Production artist Progressive proofs Ragged left Ragged right Reflection copy Resist Resolution Respi-screen RIP film Run-around Running head Sans Serif Scanner Screen Screen angles Screened print Screen ruling Script Serif Service bureau Silhouette halftone Soft proof Step-and-repeat Stereotype Stet Stochastic screening Stone Stopping out Strike-on composition Stripping Style sheet Surprint SWOP Tagged image file format Terabyte Text TIFF Toner Transparency Transparent copy Type gauge Vacuum frame Waterless plate Widow Wipe-on plate Wraparound plate Key Words: Printing Process Additive primaries Adhesion Adsorb After-tack Against-the-grain Airbrush Alteration Angle of wipe Anilox inking Backlash Backup Back-up blade Bearers Bevel Blade coating Blade extension Black printer Blanket Bleed Blind image Blocking Blushing Break-out Bronzing Burr Butt Butt fit Chalking Closed loop system CMYK Coating Cobwebbing Cold color Collotype Color balance Color bar Color key Commercial register Common impression cylinder Conductivity Contact angle Contact area Copy viewer Crash number Crawling Crimping Cross-deckle misregister Cross marks Crossover Cure Cut-off Cut score Cylinder gap Dampeners Dampening system Densitometer Die Die cutting Die stamping Digital printing Doctor blade Doctor blade holder Doctor blade loading Dot gain or spread Doughnut Dryer Drop-out Dryback Drying in Electronic printing Electronic publishing Engraved printing Fanout Feathering Feeder Finish First down color Flood Flop Flying paster Four-color-process Form Form rollers Fountain solution Front end system Fugative Gang Gear streaks Ghost bars Ghosting Gloss Gloss meter Gravurescope Gray balance Grippers Gripper edge Gripper margin Grooving the cylinder Gutter Hairline Hairline register Hickey Holdout Hot scuff resistance Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Icicles Image area Image assembly Image carrier Imposition Impression Impression cylinder Imprint Ink fountain Ink mist Intaglio Jog Kiss die cut Kiss impression Lacquer stations Lamella Laminate Lamination Land area Lapping Laser Lateral adjustment Lip of the blade Makeready Manipulation Maximum angle of wipe Mealiness Minimum angle of wipe Moire Mottleton Mottle Non-impact printer No-screen exposure Off balance weight Offsetting Offset Gravure Offset Lithograhy OK Sheet Oleophilic Opacity Orange peel Oranosol Oscillation Over-run or overs Packing Perfecting press pH Picking Piling Pin register Plate cylinder Plate gap Poor trapping Press number Press proof Printability Print quality Printing Process printing Psychrometer Railroading Railroad tracks Register Register marks Registration Relative humidity Repeatability Reprography Retrofit Reverse Reverse angle doctor blade Roller stripping Rub-proof Runnability Running in Scan-a-web Scavenger marks Score Screen Screen angles Scum Scumming Set-off Shaft deflection Sharp wipe Sharpen Sheetwise Show through Side guide Signature Skid Slur stick Snowflaking Solid loading Solvent load SPC Spectrophotometer Split fountain Spoilage Spot color Spot varnish Staging Static neutralizer Stock Streaking Striping Stroke of oscillation Substrate Surface tension Thermal dye sublimation Thermal printers Tolerances Toner Trapping Trim marks Trim size Two-sheet detector Vignette halftone Warm color Washup Water break Waterless printing Waste Wear in Web Web press Web tension Wetting Wetting agent Whiskers Winding Wire edge With the grain Wood cut Work and tumble Work and turn Wraparound plate Xerography Key Words: Bindery / Finishing Accordian fold Antique finish Backbone Banding Bind Bindery Blind embossing Brochure Bulk pack Case bind Collate Comb bind Cover paper Crimping Crop Crop marks Cutscore DDES Die Die-cutting Emboss Embossed finish Eurobind Flush cover Foil stamping Folio French fold Gathering Guillotine Gutter Insert Kiss die cut Laminate Lamination Layflat Oblong Page count Perfect bind Recto 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i don't know
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QR, Aztec, Cyber, and Data Matrix are types of what?
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2D Barcode Overview (PDF417, DataMatrix, QR-Code, Aztec Code, MaxiCode, Codablock F)
up to 2725 ASCII or 5450 numeric characters
Error recognition
2-44 rows; 4-62 cols; module width X>=0.19mm; row height Y>=8X or Y>=(0.55 * columns)+3; row separator >= X; quiet zone>=10X; bar/space width tolerance Tb = +-(0.4X-0.013mm)
Applications
Health Industry Barcode (HIBC), used for small labels and secure data. Codablock F is a 2D bar code developed by ELMICRON, as an extension of Code 128. Within its capacities, it is possible to cut a given Code 128 into several pieces and to arrange them in a multi-row symbol.
Notes
Multi-row symbology conform to Uniform Symbology Specification; symbol characters identical to Code 128; begins with Code 128 Start A; supports all 128 ASCII Characters and numeric compaction (also values 128-255); EAN/UCC application identifier; Number of rows: 2 to 44; Number of symbol characters per row: 4 to 62; maximum symbol characters available for data: 2725 characters; character self-checking; bidirectionally decodable.
Aztec Code
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Barcode
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Which one of these characters is (at 2012) represented by the three tallest statues in the world?
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2D Aztec Barcode Tutorial | IDAutomation
Verifying Aztec Barcodes
Printed barcode symbols may be easily verified with the Print Quality Assessment feature available in the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner . This quality assurance test will grade the symbol and report any possible problems. The report below was generated when scanning the symbol at the top of the page with PQA enabled:
>> PQA << AZTEC CODE: 3 layers (Compact) => 23x23 modules Data Field: 32 data & 19 checks in GF(256), 0 Erasures & 0 Errors X roughly = 0.020" [A] < Core Symbol: 0 errors [A] < Data Safety Margin = 113% [A] < Horizontal Print Growth = +11% of X [A] < Vertical Print Growth = +14% of X
Reading Aztec Barcodes
The most common method of reading Aztec barcodes is with a camera-based barcode image reader. Most 2D barcode imagers available at IDAutomation perform keyboard emulation and receive power from the USB port so that no external power supply is needed. When a barcode symbol is read using keyboard emulation, the data appears at the cursor as if it had been typed in from the keyboard.
Most 2D barcode imagers have the ability to read Aztec barcodes by default. Many hand-held imagers also read very small symbols such as the IDAutomation 2D Barcode Scanner , which reliably reads Aztec barcodes printed as small as 3 points, which is an X-dimension of 10 mils.
In many cases, there may be a need for the scan to trigger a form or action within an application. IDAutomation has documented simple methods of accomplishing this task in the USB Barcode Scanner Application Integration Guide .
ASCII Function Encoding
Aztec allows ASCII codes to be encoded for various functions such as tabs and returns. In all IDAutomation products, the tilde (~) may be used to encode ASCII functions. For example; ~d009 is used to encode a tab and ~d013 encodes a return. In many development environments, Chr or Char may also be used to encode the ASCII value directly. For example, the programming examples below encode "ECC" <tab> 200:
Java: DataToEncode= "ECC" + (char)9 + "200";
Visual Basic: DataToEncode= "ECC" & Chr(9) & "200"
It is possible to scan and encode international and extended characters with these steps:
Encode the data using byte encoding.
Scan the data via the serial interface option (data bits have to be 8N) on the scanner. Normally, keyboard wedges and USB scanners do not support extended characters above ASCII 128, and only scan characters that are actually on the keyboard. Contact the scanner vendor for more information as some of the scanner's internal settings may need to be changed.
Encoding Modes & Error Correction
Products such as the IDAutomation Aztec Barcode Fonts and the Aztec Barcode Components all support automatic encoding mode. The error correction level encoded in the symbol is specified as a value from 5 to 95. More error correction creates a larger symbol that can withstand more damage.
The Aztec Forms Control supports the following encoding modes.
Auto is used to automatically switch between encoding modes, as needed, to provide the most efficient symbol.
Byte is used to encode data strictly byte.
Text is used for only letters, numbers, and punctuation.
Numeric is used for only numbers.
It is not recommended to use error correction over 23 with large amounts of data, because this may overload the symbol capacity. The default setting of 0 performs the automatic and recommended selection, which is usually a value of 23.
Control Characters and use of the Tilde
IDAutomation Aztec Barcode Fonts , Components and Applications use the tilde character "~" to recognize special characters when "Apply Tilde" or "Process Tilde" is enabled. The following tilde options are available:
~dNNN: Represents the ASCII character encoded by the 3 digits NNN. For example, ~d009 represents a tab, ~d013 represents a return and ~d065 represents the character 'A'.
~1: Represents the character FNC1. When FNC1 appears in the first position (or in the fifth position of the first symbol of a Structured Append), it indicates that the data conforms to the UCC/EAN Application Identifier standard format.
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i don't know
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The word trek was first used in?
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Trek | Define Trek at Dictionary.com
trek
verb (used without object), trekked, trekking.
1.
to travel or migrate, especially slowly or with difficulty.
2.
South Africa. to travel by ox wagon.
verb (used with object), trekked, trekking.
3.
South Africa. (of a draft animal) to draw (a vehicle or load).
noun
a journey or trip, especially one involving difficulty or hardship.
5.
South Africa. a migration or expedition, as by ox wagon.
6.
South Africa. a stage of a journey, especially by ox wagon, between one stopping place and the next.
Origin of trek
1815-25; < Afrikaans < Dutch trek (noun), trekken (v.) to draw (a vehicle or load), migrate
Related forms
Examples from the Web for trek
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Thanks Bro! Royal Charity Donates £100,000 to Harry's South Pole Mission Tom Sykes May 12, 2013
Historical Examples
From the ranch and farm and village they trek to that point in wagons loaded with supplies and holding the entire family.
The Peace Negotiations J. D. Kestell
Calabas Bridge over the Riet River was reached shortly before midnight, after a trek of 27 miles.
Two Years on Trek Louis Eugne du Moulin
To meet him and his family on trek is to glimpse an epitome of his life.
Pan-Islam George Wyman Bury
The soldier on trek and in the trenches constantly talks of his likes and dislikes in the matter of eating and drinking.
British Dictionary definitions for trek
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a long and often difficult journey
2.
(South African) a journey or stage of a journey, esp a migration by ox wagon
verb treks, trekking, trekked
(intransitive) to make a trek
4.
(transitive) (South African) (of an ox, etc) to draw (a load)
Derived Forms
C19: from Afrikaans, from Middle Dutch trekken to travel; related to Old Frisian trekka
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for trek
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1849 (n.); 1850 (v.), "to travel or migrate by ox wagon," from Afrikaans trek, from Dutch trekken "to march, journey," originally "to draw, pull," from Middle Dutch trecken (cf. Middle Low German trecken, Old High German trechan "to draw"). Especially in reference to the Groot Trek (1835 and after) of more than 10,000 Boers, who, discontent with the English colonial authorities, left Cape Colony and went north and north-east.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Africa
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In 1515 the Court of Aldermen of the City of London established what trade as top (based on economic/political power) of an enduring list of livery companies?
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Trek - definition of trek by The Free Dictionary
Trek - definition of trek by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trek
Related to trek: specialized , giant
trek
intr.v. trekked, trek·king, treks
1. To make a slow or arduous journey.
2. To journey on foot, especially to hike through mountainous areas.
3. South African To travel by ox wagon.
n.
1. A journey or leg of a journey, especially when slow or difficult.
2. South African A journey by ox wagon, especially a migration such as that of the Boers from 1835 to 1837.
[Afrikaans, to travel by ox wagon, from Dutch trekken, to travel, from Middle Dutch trecken, to pull.]
trek′ker n.
Word History: In South Africa in the 1800s, a common way of talking about the length of an overland journey was not in miles but in treks—the original meaning of the word trek in English was "a day of traveling by ox cart, one stage in a journey by ox cart." (Transport in the vast spaces of colonial South Africa was often by ox cart, as it was on the Great Plains of the United States during the 1800s, too.) Trek comes from Afrikaans, the language of South Africa that descends from the dialects spoken by the Dutch settlers in the region. The British took control of the Cape Colony of the Dutch in 1806, and eventually the descendants of the Dutch settlers, called the Boers, left the Cape Colony because of economic problems, conflict with the Xhosa, and discontent with British colonial authorities, who had forbidden the slave trade and postulated the equality of whites and nonwhites. From 1835 to 1843, more than 10,000 Boers, the Voortrekkers ("The Foretrekkers"), traveled north and northeast as part of the Groot Trek ("Great Trek") and established independent Afrikaans-speaking states that were eventually incorporated into the British Empire and became part of the modern nation of South Africa. As British settlers arrived in the South African colonies in the 19th century and British influence in the region grew, many Afrikaans words entered the English of South Africa. Eventually, in the 1900s, trek began to be used in other varieties of English with the meaning "a journey or leg of a journey, especially when slow or difficult."
trek
n
1. a long and often difficult journey
2. (Historical Terms) South African a journey or stage of a journey, esp a migration by ox wagon
vb, treks, trekking or trekked
3. (intr) to make a trek
4. (tr) South African (of an ox, etc) to draw (a load)
[C19: from Afrikaans, from Middle Dutch trekken to travel; related to Old Frisian trekka]
ˈtrekker n
2. vi (hike) → fare una camminata lunga e faticosa ; (as holiday) → fare dell'escursionismo (fam) → trascinarsi
trek
(trek) – past tense, past participle trekked – verb
to make a long, hard journey. trek يُسافِر سَفْرَة طَويلَه пътувам дълго и мъчително viajar cestovat trecken vandre; trekke κάνω μακρύ και δύσκολο ταξίδι viajar , hacer un largo viaje vaevalist reisi tegema آهسته و با زحمت مسافرت کردن vaeltaa faire une (dure) randonnée לָצֵאת לְמַסָע אָרוֹך लम्बी यात्रा करना पद यात्रा putovati nagy utat tesz melakukan perjalanan fara í langan og erfiðan göngutúr viaggiare 徒歩旅行す (느릿느릿 또는 고생하며) 여행하다 keliauti veikt ilgu un grūtu ceļojumu membuat perjalanan jauh trekken gjøre en lang og slitsom reise wędrować په کراره او په زحمت سره مسافرت کول viajar a face un drum obositor совершать поход potovati, potovanje prepešačiti resa, vandra เดินทางไกล uzun ve zor bir yolculuk yapmak 艱苦跋涉 робити великий перехід طويل سفر کرنا đi vất vả 艰苦跋涉
noun
a long, hard journey. a trek through the mountains; a trek round the supermarket. trek سَفْرَةٌ طَويلَةٌ وَصَعْبَه дълго и мъчително пътуване caminhada trmácení der Treck trek; trasken rundt μακρινό κουραστικό ταξίδι expedición , caminata , viaje largo y duro vaevaline rännak مسافرت دشوار؛ راه پیمایی دشوار vaellus randonnée , expédition מַסָע אָרוֹך लम्बी यात्रा पद यात्रा putovanje nagy út perjalanan langur og erfiður göngutúr viaggio , camminata 徒歩旅行 (길고 힘든) 여행 kelionė, žygis ilgs un grūts ceļojums perjalanan jauh tocht slitsom reise/tur wędrówka ستونزمن مسافرت، ستونزمن تګ caminhada călătorie, expediţie поход namáhavá cesta, trmácanie naporno potovanje dugo pešačenje lång och mödosam resa การเดินทางที่ยากลำบาก ağır ve zahmetli yürüyüş 艱苦的旅行 перехід, довга подорож طويل مشکل سفر chuyến đi vất vả 艰苦的旅行
trek
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i don't know
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Litmus, used in acidity testing, is extracted from?
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Self made acid/base indicators, PH indicators, homemade litmus paper
A lot of plants with colors other than green are usable as a PH indicators. Some of the most commonly known ones are:
Litmus, a dye extracted from lichens.
Red cabbage extract
The litmus paper is used in labs around the world to test whether a solution is acidic or basic. The advantage of litmus is that it can be stored over many years and remains usable.
Litmus PH indicator
above ph 8.5
Red cabbage
Red cabbage is cheap, very color intensive and can actually indicate the PH of a solution in more find grained steps. The problem is it works best with fresh cabbage and the extract is only usable for a couple of weeks. It is however still a very useful "home made" PH indicator and it's a nice experiment for a science class in school. To make red cabbage extract you cut a few leaves of red cabbage into small slices or you can put them into a mixer.
red cabbage leaves
Add a 50-70% alcohol water solution and let it sit for about 15 minutes. I recommend to use real ethanol and not isopropyl alcohol if you do this experiment with children where it is difficult to avoid that some get in contact with the alcohol. Both ethanol and isopropyl-alcohol are toxic but ethanol is less toxic to humans. Isopropyl causes kidney damages even if it is just used externally over a longer period of time. Short exposure of a hand or the inhalation of the vapor for a few minutes is supposedly not dangerous but ethanol is for sure less dangerous.
red cabbage extraction process
Separate the cabbage from the now dark colored alcohol solution by pressing it through a cheese cloth and fill the red cabbage indicator solution into a small bottle for storage.
red cabbage extract PH indicator
To test the PH of any liquid just add a few drops of the red cabbage extract and then compare the color with the following table.
Red cabbage extract PH indicator
ph 0-1
ph 11-14
More stable PH indicators
Red cabbage is a very good PH indicator but is looses its ability to indicated the PH over a couple of weeks or month depending on how you store the solution. More stable PH indicators that can easily made at home are:
Turmeric (the yellow part of Curry Powder) => very stable, usable for many years
Radish peels => somewhat stable, usable for a few month
Elderberry => stable, usable for a year or two
Radish is similar to red cabbage in the sense that it can indicate the PH in many fine grained steps where as Turmeric and Elderberry have just two colors.
Turmeric as PH indicators
Turmeric powder can be found in the spices section of you supermarket. It is as well the yellow part of Curry Powder.
The best way to store turmeric over longer periods is to store it as powder. To use it just mix a bit of powder with water.
Turmeric PH indicator
above ph 8.6
Radish peels as PH indicator
Radish extract is produced in the same way as red cabbage extract. Just peel the red skin off several radishes and then extract the dye using an alcohol water solution.
radish
ph 11-14
European Elder (sambucus nigra)
The European Eldertree is a shrub that grows best in humid soil and it can get up to 15 feet (5m) high. You can find this bush also in the colder parts of north America (Canada and northern states of the USA). It has white flowers in June and around August time small black looking berries.
sambucus nigra in June/July
sambucus nigra, berries (in August)
The juice from the berries makes an indicator that works exactly like litmus. Use a hand full of dark ripe elder-berries and add about the same volume of water. Cook the berries in the water for about 2 minutes. Filter through a cheese cloth and squeeze it to get as much juice as possible.
Add a bit of pure alcohol (ethanol or propanol) to the liquid as a preservative. You can as well soak acid free art paper or a kitchen sponge towel (kitchen paper towel) with the juice and let it dry to make "litmus paper".
Note that the elder berries are already slightly acidic (mostly ascorbic acid). You have to add a few drops of a soda and water solution to get it into the neutral range or you could leave it as it is and use it as an indicator for the higher ph ranges.
Elder berry PH indicator (similar to litmus)
below ph 4
above ph 8
Both the paper and the liquid are very stable and function for a few years.
Home-made "litmus paper" made from elderberry juice. It's stable and almost as good as real litmus paper.
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Lichen
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What is the English name/translation of the 'cire purdue' process of bronze casting?
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The History of pH Paper | eHow
The History of pH Paper
chemical experiences image by Sergey Galushko from <a href='http://www.fotolia.com'>Fotolia.com</a>
The amount of acidity within a substance is a very important part of many scientific experiments. It is determined by a test conducted with pH paper. The paper changes color when the substance is applied to it, indicating the level of acidity.
pH
Measurement of pH, or the acidity or basicity of a solution, is crucial in many scientific experiments. It is the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration. A high pH balance means a low concentration of ions, and a low pH means a high concentration. Compounds and solutions are mixed with the knowledge of the pH. It is uncertain what the "p" represents, but the "H" refers to hydrogen. The results of a pH test are applied to an internationally recognized pH scale.
pH scale
The pH scale was invented in 1909 by Soren Peder Pauritz Sorenson. He was a chemist at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagan, Denmark. The scale was known as the Sorenson scale until 1924, when it was revised and renamed. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with the number 7 representing neutral pH. Neutral means it is neither acidic or basic. If the pH is less than 7, it is acidic. If it is higher than 7, it is basic.
Litmus Paper
Litmus paper is the most widely used type of pH paper. Schools generally use it for science and chemistry classes. When a solution is applied to the paper, it will change color to reveal the level of pH found. The indicator litmus is red in acidic solutions (pH less than 7) and blue in alkaline (pH greater than 7) solutions.
History
The term "litmus" actually comes from Norse, meaning "to color or dye." It is suspected that the pH paper was first invented in the early 1800s by a French chemist named J.L. Gay-Lussac. Lussac is more known for scientific laws he discovered involving gases and compounds. By noting naturally occurring pH indicators, such as pigments in certain plants, an idea for the paper was formed.
Composition
There are basic materials needed for the composition of pH or litmus paper. These are wood cellulose, lichens and adjunct compounds. The paper itself must be the purest possible so as to avoid misleading results. Because of this, the wood cellulose is treated with solvents prior to the manufacturing of the paper. The lichens are what give the paper its ability to detect acidic or basic properties. Lichens are a type of fungi.
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i don't know
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Auger, reel, fan, sieves, stripper-beater, and cutter-bar are parts of what large piece of machinery?
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Combine harvester | Tractor & Construction Plant Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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A Claas Lexion 460 fitted with a track conversion
The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting, threshing, and cleaning grain crops. The objective is the harvest of the crop; corn (maize), soybeans, flax (linseed), oats, wheat, or rye among others). The waste straw left behind on the field is the remaining dried stems and leaves of the crop with limited nutrients which is either chopped and spread on the field or baled for feed and bedding for livestock.
Contents
[ show ]
History
The first combine was invented by Hiran Moore in 1838. It took many decades for the combine to become popular. Early combines often took more than 16 horses to drive them, and were later combines were pulled by steam engines. George Stockton Berry joined the combine into a single machine using straw to heat the boiler. The header was over forty feet long, cutting over one hundred acres per day.
Early combines, some of them quite large, were drawn by horse or mule teams and used a bull wheel to provide power. In 1902, a combine could harvest enough grain in one hour to make 10 loaves of bread. Tractor -drawn, PTO -powered combines were used for a time. These combines used a shaker to separate the grain from the chaff and straw-walkers (grates with small teeth on an eccentric shaft) to eject the straw while retaining the grain. Tractor drawn combines evolved to have separate gas or diesel engines to power the grain separation. Newer kinds of combines are self-propelled and use diesel engines for power. A significant advance in the design of combines was the rotary design. Straw and grain were separated by use of a powerful fan. "Axial-Flow" rotary combines were introduced by International Harvester "IH" in 1977. In about the 1980s on-board electronics were introduced to measure threshing efficiency. This new instrumentation allowed operators to get better grain yields by optimizing ground speed and other operating parameters.
Combine Heads
Combines are equipped with removable heads (called headers) that are designed for particular crops. The standard header, sometimes called a grain platform (or platform header), is equipped with a reciprocating knife cutter bar, and features a revolving reel with metal or plastic teeth to cause the cut crop to fall into the head. A cross auger then pulls the crop into the throat. The grain header is used for many crops including grains and legumes.
Wheat headers are similar except that the reel is not equipped with teeth. Some wheat headers, called "draper" headers, use a fabric or rubber apron instead of a cross auger. Draper headers allow faster feeding than cross augers, leading to higher throughputs. In high yielding European crops, such headers have no advantage, as the limiting factor becomes grain separation. On many farms, platform headers are used to cut wheat, instead of separate wheat headers, so as to reduce overall costs. Draper headers are not very common in the UK, but a version is used for rape crops to direct cut standing Oil-seed rape crops.
Dummy heads or pick-up headers feature spring-tined pickups, usually attached to a heavy rubber belt. They are used for crops that have already been cut and placed in windrows or swaths. This is particularly useful in northern climates such as western Canada where swathing kills weeds resulting in a faster dry down. Used in UK to harvest Oil-seed rape crops that have been Swathed (Pre cut)
Massey Ferguson introduced the "PowerFlow" header in the 1980s, which had a row of rubber conveyor belts between the cutter bar and the cross feed auger. The crop laying down after cutting and been feed more evenly to the feed auger. They enabled higher outpus in hte dense UK crops and worked well in the direct cutting of rape (usually with a side Knife to stop tangling round the reel drive).
While a grain platform can be used for corn (Maize), a specialized corn head is ordinarily used instead. The corn head is equipped with snap rolls that strip the stalk and leaf away from the ear, so that only the ear (and husk) enter the throat. This improves efficiency dramatically since so much less material must go through the cylinder. The corn head can be recognized by the presence of points between each row. Not very common in the UK as Maize is not a major crop.
Self propelled Gleaner combines could be fitted with special tracks instead of tires or tires with tread measuring almost 10in wide to assist in harvesting rice. Some combines, particularly pull type, have tires with a diamond tread which prevents sinking in mud.These tracks can fit other combines by having adapter plates made, they will fit a JD6620 2WD only having to remove one shield.
Conventional combine
Section of a typical combine, with principal parts labled
The cut crop is carried up the feeder throat by a chain and flight elevator , then fed into the threshing mechanism of the combine, consisting of a rotating threshing drum , to which grooved steel bars are bolted. These bars thresh or separate the grains and chaff from the straw through the action of the drum against the concave , a shaped "half drum", also fitted with steel bars and a meshed grill, through which grain, chaff and smaller debris may fall, whereas the straw, being too long, is carried through onto the straw walkers . The drum speed is variably adjustable, whilst the distance between the drum and concave is finely adjustable fore, aft and together, to achieve optimum separation and output. Manually engaged disawning plates are usually fitted to the concave. These provide extra friction to remove the awns from barley crops.
Sidehill levelling
An interesting technology is in use in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest of the United States in which the combine is retrofitted with a hydraulic sidehill levelling system. This allows the combine to harvest the incredibly steep but fertile soil in the region. Hillsides can be as steep as a 50% slope. Gleaner , Case IH , John Deere , and others all have made combines with this sidehill levelling system, and local machine shops have fabricated them as an aftermarket add-on. Linked pictures below show the technology.
A Massey Ferguson combine fitted with levelling kit (shown tilted to simulate working with the header parallel to the hillside slope
The first levelling technology was developed by the Holt Co. , a California firm, in 1891. [1] Modern levelling came into being with the invention and patent of a level sensitive mercury switch system invented by Raymond (Haywire) Hanson in 1946. [2] Raymond's son, Raymond, Jr., produced levelling systems exclusively for John Deere combines until 1995 as R. A. Hanson Company, Inc. In 1995, his son, Richard, purchased the company from his father and renamed it RAHCO International, Inc. In April, 2007, the company was renamed The Factory Company International, Inc. [3] Production continues to this day.
Sidehill levelling has several advantages. Primary among them is an increased threshing efficiency on sidehills. Without levelling, grain and chaff slide to one side of separator and come through the machine in a large ball rather than being separated, dumping large amounts of grain on the ground. By keeping the machinery level, the straw-walker is able to operate more efficiently, making for more efficient threshing. IH produced the 453 combine which levelled both side-to-side and front-to-back, enabling efficient threshing whether on a sidehill or climbing a hill head on.
Secondarily, levelling changes a combine's center of gravity relative to the hill and allows the combine to harvest along the contour of a hill without tipping, a very real danger on the steeper slopes of the region; it is not uncommon for combines to roll on extremely steep hills.
Currently sidehill levelling is on the decline with the advent of huge modern machines which are more stable due to their width. These modern combines use the rotary grain separator which makes levelling less critical. Most combines on the Palouse have dual drive wheels on each side to stabilize them.
The hillside levelling system in Europe was developed by Italian combines' manufacturer Laverda that still today a leader at producing those systems.
Maintaining threshing speed
Another technology that is sometimes used on combines is a continuously variable transmission . This allows the ground speed of the machine to be varied while maintaining a constant engine and threshing speed. It is desirable to keep the threshing speed since the machine will typically have been adjusted to operate best at a certain speed.
Self-propelled combines started with standard manual transmissions that provided one speed based on input rpm . Deficiencies were noted and in the early 1950s combines were equipped with what John Deere called the "Variable Speed Drive". This was simply a variable width sheave controlled by spring and hydraulic pressures. This sheave was attached to the input shaft of the transmission. A standard 4 speed manual transmission was still used in this drive system. The operator would select a gear, typically 3rd. An extra control was provided to the operator to allow him to speed up and slow down the machine within the limits provided by the variable speed drive system. By decreasing the width of the sheave on the input shaft of the transmission, the belt would ride higher in the groove. This slowed the rotating speed on the input shaft of the transmission, thus slowing the ground speed for that gear. A clutch was still provided to allow the operator to stop the machine and change transmission gears.
Later, as hydraulic technology improved, hydrostatic transmissions were introduced by Versatile Mfg for use on swathers but later this technology was applied to combines as well. This drive retained the 4 speed manual transmission as before, but this time used a system of hydraulic pumps and motors to drive the input shaft of the transmission. This system is called a Hydrostatic drive system. The engine turns the hydraulic pump capable of high flow rates at up to 4000 psi. This pressure is then directed to the hydraulic motor that is connected to the input shaft of the transmission. The operator is provided with a lever in the cab that allows for the control of the hydraulic motors ability to use the energy provided by the pump. By adjusting the swash plate in the motor, the stroke of its pistons are changed. If the swash plate is set to neutral, the pistons do not move in their bores and no rotation is allowed, thus the machine does not move. By moving the lever, the swash plate moves its attached pistons forward, thus allowing them to move within the bore and causing the motor to turn. This provides an infinitely variable speed control from 0 ground speed to what ever the maximum speed is allowed by the gear selection of the transmission. The standard clutch was removed from this drive system as it was no longer needed.
Most if not all modern combines are equipped with hydrostatic drives. These are larger versions of the same system used in consumer and commercial lawn mowers that most are familiar with today. In fact, it was the downsizing of the combine drive system that placed these drive systems into mowers and other machines.
The threshing process
Despite great advances mechanically and in computer control, the basic operation of the combine harvester has remained unchanged almost since it was invented.
First of all the header, described above, cuts the crop and feeds it into the threshing cylinder. This consists of a series of horizontalrasp bars fixed across the path of the crop and in the shape of a quarter cylinder, guiding the crop upwards through a 90 degree turn. Moving rasp bars or rub bars pull the crop through concaved grates that separate the grain and chaff from the straw. The grain heads fall through the fixed concaves onto the sieves. The straw exits the top of the concave onto the straw walkers.
Since the IH 1440 and 1460 Axial-Flow Combines came out in 1977, combines have rotors in place of conventional cylinders. A rotor is a long, longitudinal mounted rotating cylinder with plates similar to rub bars.
There are usually two sieves, one above the other. Each is a flat metal plate with holes set according to the size of the grain mounted at an angle which shakes. The holes in the top sieve are set larger than the holes in the bottom sieve. While straw is carried to the rear, crop and weed seeds, as well as chaff, fall onto the second sieves, where chaff and crop fall though and are blown out by a fan. The crop is carried to the elevator which carries it into the hopper. Setting the concave clearance, fan speed, and sieve size is critical to ensure that the crop is threshed properly, the grain is clean of debris, and that all of the grain entering the machine reaches the grain tank. ( Observe, for example, that when travelling uphill the fan speed must be reduced to account for the shallower gradient of the sieves.)
Heavy material, e.g., unthreshed heads, fall off the front of the sieves and are returned to the concave for re-threshing.
The straw walkers are located above the sieves, and also have holes in them. Any grain remaining attached to the straw is shaken off and falls onto the top sieve.
When the straw reaches the end of the walkers it falls out the rear of the combine. It can then be baled for cattle bedding or spread by two rotating straw spreaders with rubber arms. Most modern combines are equipped with a straw spreader.
Rotary vs. Conventional Design
For a considerable time, combine harvesters used the conventional design, which used a rotating cylinder at the front-end which knocked the seeds out of the heads, and then used the rest of the machine to separate the straw from the chaff, and the chaff from the grain.
In the decades before the widespread adoption of the rotary combine in the late seventies, several inventors had pioneered designs which relied more on centrifugal force for grain separation and less on gravity alone. By the early eighties, most major manufacturers had settled on a "walkerless" design with much larger threshing cylinders to do most of the work. Advantages were faster grain harvesting and gentler treatment of fragile seeds, which were often cracked by the faster rotational speeds of conventional combine threshing cylinders.
It was the disadvantages of the rotary combine (increased power requirements and over-pulverization of the straw by-product) which prompted a resurgence of conventional combines in the late nineties. Perhaps overlooked but nonetheless true, when the large engines that powered the rotary machines were employed in conventional machines, the two types of machines delivered similar production capacities. Also, research was beginning to show that incorporating above-ground crop residue (straw) into the soil is less useful for rebuilding soil fertility than previously believed. This meant that working pulverized straw into the soil became more of a hindrance than a benefit. An increase in corn fed beef production also created a higher demand for straw as fodder. Conventional combines, which use straw walkers, preserve the quality of straw and allow it to be baled and removed from the field.
See also
Museum of Scottish Country Life :- which has the largest collection of Combine Harvesters in Europe (not verified). http://www.nms.ac.uk/museumofrurallifehomepage.aspx
References
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Combine harvester
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The Poise (pronounced 'pwahz', it's French) is a unit of measuring?
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DEUTZ-FAHR - C7000 ND-BA by DEUTZ-FAHR - issuu
DEUTZ-FAHR C7205 - C7205 TS - C7205 TSB C7206 - C7206 TS - C7206 TSB
FEATURES, QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE EXCELLENCE, UNITE WITHIN A BRAND WITH A LONG AND DISTINGUISHED HISTORY
SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY. Elegant design with a fresh new look. C7000 Series express the technological supremacy of the DEUTZ-FAHR brand - a guarantee of excellent threshing performance and superior grain and straw quality from over 100 years of experience and constant evolution in developing harvesting systems. The C7000 is undaunted by challenging conditions and continues to deliver outstanding productivity and threshing quality even in the most difficult crop and terrain conditions. The C7000 Series is powered by Mercedes Benz OM936 7.7 l T4 Final engines to deliver unrivalled performance in the field - offering power outputs from 227 kW (309 HP) to 250 kW (340 HP), depending on the model EGR and SCR technology with AdBlue® additive helps to reduce fuel consumption. The Schumacher cutting system, pick-up reel tines in composite material and fast cutting speed ensure extraordinary header performance combined with outstanding reliability. Superior grain cleanliness and quality are ensured by exclusive, tried and tested DEUTZ-FAHR components such as: the removable double
step grain preparation pan, turbo-fan, large sieves and the DGR (Double Grain Return) system on both sides of the machine. All of these features come together to make the C7000 Series the perfect machines for all operating conditions.The Commander Cab V means these machines are also a pleasure to drive. Boasting innovative materials, superior visibility, operating lights and (optional) Xenon work lights, the cab offers an exclusive driving environment with extraordinary comfort. These machines also offer easy operator access for day-to-day and unscheduled maintenance, with easy, quick access to the drive train areas and other key components of the machine. For unrivalled performance and reliability and class-beating harvesting results, every aspect of the new C7000 Series is conceived for maximum quality and productivity to both the grain and the straw.
4-5 CUTTING TABLE
PERFECT CUTTING RESULTS AND OPTIMUM CROP FLOW.
Planetary gear transmission: high cutting rates in all harvesting conditions.
The feeder auger with full length retractable fingers ensure continuous feed and crop flow.
The sensor skids allow the header to follow the contours of the terrain precisely and make instant adjustments to ensure an even cutting height.
The offset configuration of the knife sections reduce wear and ensures excellent cutting results in all conditions.
The rapeseed kit may be fitted to the grain header for even greater versatility.
The sunflower seed kit harvests the sunflower heads only, for optimised harvesting performance.
SCHUMACHER EASY CUT II CUTTING SYSTEM.
AUTOCONTROL.
Precise, clean cutting results, even at high cutting volume. Offered with cutting widths from 4.20 to 9.00 metres, DEUTZ-FAHR feature a single-piece construction which are sturdy and reliable. With a planetary transmission for very high cutting rates (1220 cuts/minute), the Schumacher Easy Cut II cutting system ensures precise cutting and delivers both outstanding performance and superior cutting quality even when working with green or laid crops and with high crop densities. An innovative optional system with knife presser rollers and knife guide rollers keeps the knife perfectly straight while also reducing vibration, wear and power consumption. In addition to this is a large diameter feed auger with deep flights which, together with retractable auger fingers arranged in a helical layout across the entire auger, contribute to ensuring continuous crop flow to the elevator feeder. Naturally, these headers also feature the same proportional pick-up reel speed technology used on original DEUTZ-FAHR header.
SPECIAL KITS.
The AUTOCONTROL corrects the position of the header to follow the contours of the terrain perfectly in all possible harvesting conditions. The AUTOCONTROL system uses three different sensors to maintain consistent cutting height, lateral float and ground pressure: the driver sets these parameters as needed quickly and easily from the cab, and the system automatically does the rest.
DEUTZ-FAHR headers have been designed for versatility. Both the sunflower and the rape kits are easily fitted to the standard grain header to further extend the crop harvesting variations of the combine harvester, for even more profitable returns on your investment.
6-7 FEEDING AND BALANCE SYSTEM
TECHNOLOGY CREATED FOR UNRIVALLED RESULTS IN ALL TERRAIN CONDITIONS.
The wide opening feeder channel ensures the threshing system is capable of handling large volumes of crop
Adjustable cutting angle for following the contours of uneven terrain perfectly.
The Balance system adjusts the position of the entire machine completely automatically to correct for lateral gradients up to 20% and longitudinal gradients up to 6% and keep the combine harvester perfectly level.
Both standard and Balance axle variants have a load capacity of 25 tonnes, for total peace of mind in even the most challenging conditions. 30” RUBBER TRACKS.
THE DETAILS MAKING THE C7000 SUCH A GREAT MACHINE. Even the details of the C7000 Series are astonishing: The feeder housing is fitted with three alternating feeder bars fastened to three chains with toothed support shafts to prevent vibration and allow large headers to be used. The cutting angle is mechanically adjustable (or adjustable with an exclusive optional electrohydraulic system) ensuring continuous crop feed to the threshing system. The heavyduty electric feeder reverse system for the feed elevator and header eliminates any possibility of feeder system overload.
EXCLUSIVE BALANCE SYSTEM. The C7000 TSB truly shines when harvesting on gradients. Balance technology by DEUTZ-FAHR keeps the entire combine harvester level by compensating for lateral gradients up to 20% and up or downhill horizontal gradients up to 6%. This means that the crop is always harvested uniformly by the threshing system, straw walkers
and cleaning system, for exceptionally high productivity. The BALANCE function is activated by simply pressing a button in the cab, while the driver can manually adjust the position of the combine manually at any time.
RUBBER TRACKS. With a larger footprint for less soil compaction and maximum traction, the new 30” rubber tracks let the machine tackle terrains with soft ground without fear of sinking or causing soil damage through compaction. The tracks are self-cleaning with specially shaped track shoes, while an extremely efficient hydraulic system maintains the correct track tension. The new rubber track system with dedicated reduction gears gives the machine a top speed comparable to a conventional wheeled vehicle, while ensuring compact dimensions of just 3.50 m in width and 4.00 m in height.
8-9 THRESHING SYSTEM
THE PERFECT SYSTEM FOR EVERY NEED.
THRESHING DRUM, CONCAVE AND STRAW BEATER. A broad 600 mm diameter threshing drum measuring 1.27 m in width for the 5 straw walker model and 1.52 m in width for the 6 straw walker model, and a multi-segment concave with a pitch of 121° ensure perfect threshing results in all conditions. TURBO SEPARATOR (photo on LH). A third drum situated behind the straw beater increases threshing capacity in difficult conditions.
CONCAVE ADJUSTMENT. The clearance between the concave and the threshing drum at the input and output can be independently adjusted at the front and rear via electric actuators controlled by the Commander Control.
AN INGENIOUS THRESHING SYSTEM The C7000 Series is equipped with a threshing system built to meet the needs of even the most challenging harvesting job. The sturdy 600 mm diameter threshing drum is designed and built to withstand high stress and strain, to ensure excellent straw and grain quality even in very high production volume conditions. V-belt tension is adjusted automatically in relation to torque to let the system operate at full power in all conditions. The electric threshing drum speed adjustment system varies speed within a range from 420 to 1250 rpm, or between 210 and 625 rpm, if equipped with the reduction gear for particularly delicate crops. The unique geometry of the concave, with a wide pitch of 121°, ensures that the crop is fed through long threshing angle. This ingenious system is extremely effective with grain separation and minimal straw damage. The segments of the concave are easily replaceable to adapt the machine for different crops, setting the most appropriate spacing between the rows of the different segments for the harvesting conditions. The concave is fully adjustable. The front and rear concave positions are adjustable separately directly from the driver seat to obtain the most suitable threshing and flow for all types of crop. The wide range of settings for the concave ensure maximum crop flow in all conditions. For threshing or separating difficult crops, the concave is equipped with de-awning plates engaged from a lever on the exterior of the machine.
MULTI-SEGMENT CONCAVE Adjustable for maximum performance in all working conditions and with all crop types.
TURBO-SEPARATOR. For working in particular difficult conditions in the field, the C7000 TS and TSB models are equipped with a turbo-separator allowing the machine to harvest at the same speed even when working with green or wet straw and with weed infestation. This third drum increases productivity by 20%. The exclusive 5-position electrical adjustment system lets the operator adjust the action of the system in relation to the characteristics and conditions of the threshed crop, and also safeguards the quality of the straw for possible baling.
10-11 CLEANING AND SEPARATION
OUTSTANDING CLEANING, MINIMAL LOSSES.
An overload safety system ensures excellent reliability. The dual grain return system (DGR) has two different operating speeds selectable in relation to the crop processed to ensure complete grain care in all conditions.
An (optional) electrically operated sieve adjustment system lets the operator adjust sieve clearance instantaneously in relation to harvesting conditions.
SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY IMPECCABLE GRAIN CLEANLINESS WITH DEUTZ-FAHR. Unmistakeable: with DEUT Z-FAHR cleaning and separation technology, the C7000 Series meticulously processes every last grain. The large surface area of the five or six straw walkers and the high, long steps (up to 1.52 m in width with a separation area up to 7.60 m 2) ensures effective grain separation. The open walker system ensures that the grain is discharged effectively even when harvesting particularly damp crops. The dedicated return pan ensures that the crop reaches the grain preparation pan area in an even and consistent volume . The tall separator dividers prevents side overload even when working on gradients. The large surfaces of the sieving system
(5.28 m² for C7205 models and 6.32 m² for C7206 models), the 44 tangential flow turbine blades and the double step with adjustable pre-sieve (optional) transfers clean, quality grain to the grain tank. Air is directed across the entire width of the fan housing. Air flow is adjusted electrically from the cab, letting the operator adjust air flow volumes continuously in relation to operating conditions. Un-threshed heads are re-threshed by two return re-threshers - exclusive DEUTZFAHR feature - and discharged directly onto the grain pan to optimise the re-thresh procedure.
12-13 STRAW CHOPPER AND TANK
STRAW DISPERSAL AND GRAIN QUALITY FOR OUTSTANDING PRODUCTIVITY.
STRAW CHOPPER. For even more effective material distribution, the straw chopper may also be equipped with deflectors, adjusted electrically from the cab, to adjust spreading to weather conditions.
UNLOADER. Fast and efficient high clearance grain unloading
VISUAL GRAIN TANK MONITORING. A double window in the cab lets the operator visually check the fill level of the tank and the quality of the grain harvested.
GRAIN TANK. Generous sized grain tank.
EXTREMELY EFFICIENT STRAW CHOPPER AND CHAFF SPREADER. The integrated straw chopper is engaged and disengaged directly from the cab. The high intensity chopping process produces straw residue that will not disrupt subsequent soil preparation operations, even when working modern minimum tillage methods. Unlike some equivalent systems, this system distributes the chopped straw uniformly over the entire working width. A chaff spreader with two 4-paddle rotors distributes the material exiting the sieves across the entire working width of the straw chopper. This produces an ideal straw-chaff mixture, facilitating its subsequent transformation into organic soil material. For rapid, uninterrupted harvesting, the grain tank of the C7000 Series has a capacity of 8500 litres (for the C7205) or 9500 litres (for the C7206), whilst a tank level gauge and viewing window lets the driver quickly check the level and
quality of grain in the tank . The high clearance unloader with a discharge outlet 4.30 m above the ground means that even tall-sided trailers can be loaded with ease. The unloader pipe is available in 3 different lengths (5.00, 5.60 and 6.00 m) to suit the width of the header used. The grain sample hatch is situated within easy reach of the operator. A lever allows selection between chopping or depositing the straw in windrows. The straw is handled gently by the threshing system, producing high volume good quality windrows.
14-15 ENGINE
OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE WITH LOW RUNNING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS.
VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT PUMP. The hydrostatic pump is fitted directly to the engine.
POWERFUL MERCEDES BENZ OM936 7.7 L TIER4 FINAL ENGINES. Engines designed and built for efficiency high performance.
HIGH PERFORMANCE ENGINES AND HYDRAULICS. The C7000 Series is born to deliver impressive performance: with an extraordinary torque reserve, it takes peaks in engine loading easily in its stride. Durable and economical Mercedes Benz OM936 7,7 l engines produce 227 kW (309 HP) on 5 straw-walkers models and 250 kW (340 HP) on 6 straw-walkers models. With SCR technology with AdBlue®, all models offer very low fuel consumption figures. A large rotary screen cleans the cooling air fed to the radiators. Power is taken off on both sides of the engine for high torque and power transfer with minimal drive loss and wear. The 4-range hydrostatic transmission allows you to always find the right speed
for the various harvesting conditions. The ideally spaced ratios ensure that there is always plenty of torque in reserve to tackle the most difficult traction conditions. The header functions are controlled by a Load Sensing hydraulic system, which delivers oil to the various valve controls only when required to optimise the efficiency of the system.
16-17 CAB
EVERY FUNCTION UNDER TOTAL CONTROL IN UNRIVALLED COMFORT.
COMMANDER CAB V. The new Commander Cab V cab has been designed for excellent visibility, to ensure a clear, uninterrupted view of the header and to offer a spacious, comfortable and ergonomic working environment encompassing the unique strengths of the DEUTZ-FAHR brand. The interior of the cab is attractively designed with visually pleasing colours for the relaxing, soft-touch materials. The generously-sized, supportive and fully adjustable operator seat complements the innovative design of the cab. Contributing to the excellent all-round visibility is the steering column with an infinitely adjustable gas strut system. The steering wheel is covered in anti-slip material and moulded for a safe grip. An air conditioning system lets the driver set temperature and air flow to suit personal preference and maintain a comfortable working environment inside the Commander Cab V. High quality finish adds an inimitable touch of premium elegance to the Commander Cab V on the C7000 Series.
Easy access to all controls and settings during operation.
COMMANDER STICK. For controlling: 1) position and inclination of header, 2) cutting angle, 3) pick-up reel position and drive.
Ergonomic seat with mechanical or pneumatic adjustment and adjustable steering column for setting a comfortable driving position.
PASSENGER SEAT. Folds for optimal usage of space in the cab
COMMANDER CONTROL.
VISIBILITY PACK.
The new commander joystick with integrated controls for adjusting the cutting table, pickup reel and for operating the grain discharge pipe, embody state of the art solutions for ergonomics, precision, and with an easily activated emergency stop function - safety. Completing the operator comfort of the C7000 is the new COMMANDER CONTROL MANAGEMENT: a 7“ LED touch screen displaying all vital combine harvester functions both on the road and when working in the field. The user can also configure and store different preset profiles for specific fields, crop type and farm with setup parameters that can then be recalled quickly and easily, cutting the time necessary to prepare the machine and start harvesting. After a job, all operating parameters can be reviewed and saved to a USB storage device, for monitoring the activities performed during a harvest campaign. In addition to using the touch screen interface, the user may also choose to use physical buttons to navigate between functions and set parameters, for total precision even when working in the field.
Designed for improved visibility and even more precise harvesting at night, the VISIBILITY PACK is now available to equip the machine with an even more comprehensive set of work lights. Large, dual rear view mirrors on electrically adjustable telescopic mounts make driving safer and more relaxing. Two flashing beacons complete the standard equipment.
CAMERA KITS. Camera kits with up to 3 cameras for monitoring the area surrounding the combine harvester. Images from the colour and infrared cameras are displayed on the new 7” monitor.
18-19 MAINTENANCE
QUICK MAINTENANCE.
REMOVABLE FROM GRAIN PREPARATION PAN. CAB FILTERS. Easy to replace cab air filters with no tools required.
HYDRAULIC CONNECTORS.
LATERAL ACCESS FOR BELTS. Quick and easy access. Simple drive line layout.
ACCESS FOR RADIATOR CLEANING.
FUEL TANK AND FILTERS. Easy to clean fuel tank area and replace filters.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM.
LARGE OPENING ACCESS PANELS. Simple, quick maintenance is another advantage of the C7000 Series. All maintenance points are logically located and easy to access. Individual panels and components are coated with multiple
layers of anti-corrosion treatment to protect against rust, dirt and moisture: for total peace of mind and long-lasting durability and reliability.
20-21 PRODUCTION PROCESS
STURDY, PRECISE CONSTRUCTION.
Every part of the combine structure is produced with the use of Laser cutting machines which, starting from the 3D drawing, allow the finished piece to be made.
All the painted parts of the machine are treated with an advanced cataphoresis process in which each individual part is immersed in a series of 14 different tanks, starting with a cleaning treatment and polarisation, and concluding with the paint process.
The DEUTZ-FAHR combine harvester production process is "ISO 90012008" certified through "Cer-To", a company specialised in the field.
AN INVESTMENT THAT WILL KEEP ITS VALUE FOR YEARS TO COME. The state of the art equipment and machinery used in the DEUTZFAHR factory ensure that each one of our machines is built to perfection with very high levels of fit and finish. Every combine harvester receives a cataphoresis treatment to prevent any risk of corrosion, while all painted parts are galvanised for maximum corrosion resistance and durability. Thanks to this leading-edge process, DEUTZ-FAHR combine harvesters maintain a high resale value, protecting the initial investment. The advanced assembly
processes and state of the art, high-tech equipment used in the DEUTZ-FAHR combine plant mean that every combine harvester is built and finished to an extremely high quality standard. The exclusive cataphoresis process involves immersing every component in a series of 14 tanks, in which each part is cleaned and then polarised in preparation for subsequent painting. The entire production process for DEUTZ-FAHR combine harvesters has received “ISO 9001 - 2008” certification from the specialised company “Cer-To”.
22-23 TECHNICAL SHEET
TECHNICAL DATA
C7205
HEADER Width option m Hydraulic cutting height adjustment mm Cutting height indicator Oil-immersed planetary knife drive gearbox (1220 cuts/min.) Long right and left crop dividers, fixed No. Of crop lifters "Automatic adjustment of ground pressure, pre-selection of cutting height with height indicator” AutoControl (with lateral floating) Adjustment of the cutting angle (electrohydraulic) Trailer tow hitch Header transport trolley Hydraulic multicoupler Automatic towing hitch Rapeseed header conversion kit with hydraulic controlled side cutter on right Side cutter for rapeseed on left with separate hydraulic control (only with rapeseed header) Sunflower header conversion kit
C7205TS
16 to 45, infinitely variable
•
C7206TS
C7206TSB
TECHNICAL DATA VARICROP Width option Hydraulic cutting height adjustment mm Long right and left crop dividers, fixed Crop lifters (N° depending on cutting width) AutoControl (with lateral floating) 700mm stepless hydraulically movable cutterbar with stainless steel cover Hydraulic angle adjustment Integrated foldable side knives Integrated hydraulic reel drive inside the reel tube Sunflower header conversion kit TRESHING DRUM m Diameter Width mm Bars n° Electrical variator g/min. Threshing drum speed reducer (optional) g/min. CONCAVE Bars n° Wrap angle degrees Separation surfaces m2 Multi-segment concave Laterally operated de-awner plates Electrical adjustment of concave inlet/outlet Conversion for maize harvesting, grain or CCM Conversion for rice harvesting TURBO SEPARATOR Mm Diameter g/min. Rotation speed Electrical adjustment from cab through 5 positions m2 Separation surfaces Wear plates for heavy duty applications STRAW WALKER n° Elements n° Steps Straw walkers open Ball bearing mounts m2 Shaking surface area m2 Total separation surface Walker return surface Electronic straw walker speed control STRAW CHOPPER - CHAFF SPREADER Built-in straw chopper with manually adjustable spread width Electrical spreading width adjustment Chaff spreader with conveyor integrated in the sieves
STD • OPT • - Not available * Optional or standard depending on version
COMBINE 7000 C7205
• • • •
24-25 TECHNICAL SHEET
TECHNICAL DATA CLEANING SYSTEM High performance crossflow fan Pre-sieve Sieve box illumination Opposed action sieves Total ventilated sieve area m2 TAILING RETURN SYSTEM Electronic control of returns level and overload Independent L/R returns with re-threshing system GRAIN TANK Lifting / Capacity litri Discharge in any position Visual and audible grain tank level indicator Interior light / Grain sampling from driving position Extra long 6 m discharge pipe Discharge speed ENGINE Tier 4Final 4 valve Common Rail engine Homologated power (97/68/EC) at rated KW/CV engine speed KW/CV Maximum power (ECE R120) litri Fuel tank litri AdBlue© tank TRANSMISSION / BRAKES / STEERING Hydrostatic transmission with 4-speed gearbox Km/h Forward speed / Reverse speed Pedal operated hydraulic brake, usable as independent brake, mechanical parking brake „BALANCE“ LEVELLING SYSTEM Complete levelling of the combine Compensation for transverse/longitudinal slopes
COMBINE 7000 C7205
(*) Boost power (incremental power) is available duringsimultaneous harvesting and unloading
•
TECHNICAL DATA TYRES front 620 / 75 R30 168 A8 front 650 / 75 R32 167 A8 rear 405 / 70 R20 155 A2 front 800 / 65 R32 STR 172 A8 rear, 500 / 60 -22.5 10 PR front 710/75 R34 178 A8 rear 600/50 R22.5 165 A8 rear 540/65 R24 146 D Rubber track with 4 rollers undercarriage and 915 mm track Rubber track with 4 rollers undercarriage and 716 mm track CAB "CommanderCab V with tinted, thermally insulated glass providing panoramic visibility, comfort driving seat with armrest, passenger seat" CommanderStick with multiple control functions "CommanderControl for electrical control of operation of cutter bar, threshing system, concave, TS, grain tank unloading and threshing system parameter setting" CCM (Combine Control Management) 6 work lights on cab, 1 work light on grain tank, 2 rear work lights Electric mirrors, left and right Workvisibility pack: work lights on sides, under-cab and on handrail Maintenance visibility pack Camera visibility pack: camera on combine rear or on combine rear HEATER AND AIR CONDITIONING 2 xenon work lights Controllo elettronico del regime di giri per scuotipaglia, elevatore granella e di recupero Arresto d’emergenza per barra di taglio MANUTENZIONE Impianto di lubrificazione centralizzato manuale, punti di ingrassaggio: 8 a sinistra, 6 a destra Impianto di lubrificazione centralizzato automatico per ca. 60 punti di lubrificazione Impianto compressore d’aria: capacità 30 l, 3 uscite totali, 2 laterali, 1 vano motore
STD
2330 3410 3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
2330 3410 3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
3226 3105 2996 2648 2500 2191 2006 1511 1246
d Distance between side wall of cutter bar and grain discharge pipe with 4,20 m cutter bar with 4,80 m cutter bar with 5.00 m cutter bar with 5,40 m cutter bar with 5,50 m cutter bar with 6,30 m cutter bar with 6,50 m cutter bar with 7,20 m cutter bar with 7,50 m cutter bar with 8,50 m cutter bar with 9,00 m cutter bar
c
d a b
COMBINE 7000
TECHNICAL DATA DIMENSIONS IN MM g Wheelbase h Length without cutter bar i Length with cutter bar- crop dividers folded in (mm) l Grain tank height WEIGHTS
without header weight with 4.20 m cutter bar weight with 4.80 m cutter bar weight with 5.00 m cutter bar weight with 5.40 m cutter bar weight with 5.50 m cutter bar weight with 6.30 m cutter bar weight with 6.50 m cutter bar weight with 7.20 m cutter bar weight with 7.50 m cutter bar weight with 8.50 m cutter bar weith with 9.00 m cutter bar weight with 9.00 m cutter bar (VARICROP)
C7205
kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg
15075 16275 16595 17265 16715 17355 16955 17575 17155 17785 -
15275 16475 16795 17465 16915 17555 17155 17775 17355 17985 -
15815 17015 17335 18005 17455 18095 17695 18315 17895 18525 -
16390 17590 17910 18580 18030 18670 18270 18890 18470 19100 19350 19050 19470
16590 17790 18110 18780 18230 18870 18470 19090 18670 19300 19550 19250 19670
16990 18190 18510 19180 18630 19270 18870 19490 19070 19700 19950 19650 20070
h
e f g
- Not available Technical data and pictures are guideline only. Whilst making every effort to meet your requirements, DEUTZ-FAHR may make changes at any time and is not required to give notice thereof.
Produced by Marketing/Communication Department - Code 308.8302.3.6-1 - 03/16
I.P.
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i don't know
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The Ottoman Empire (1299-1922) is otherwise defined as the empire of what modern nationality?
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Project MUSE - Calligraphy and the Art of Statecraft in the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkish Republic
Calligraphy and the Art of Statecraft in the Late Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkish Republic
Zoe Griffith (bio)
Abstract
State building and nationalism have been widely examined in the context of both the late Ottoman Empire and the modern Turkish Republic. This article explores the role of Islamic calligraphy and calligraphers during the final decades of Ottoman rule and through the twentieth century in terms of their contribution, both materially and ideologically, to the development of national identity in Turkey. Because calligraphy in Turkey has always enjoyed a unique relationship with Islam, it has been impossible to fully separate the art from the Ottoman-Islamic past. Having survived the transition in modern Turkey from the Arabic to the Latin script, calligraphy thus serves as an alternative, and perhaps subtly oppositional, form of expression in the Turkish Republic. That Islamic calligraphy continues to be appreciated in Turkey demonstrates resistance to the national identity handed down by Kemalists in an attempt to erase Islam and the Turks’ immediate Ottoman past since the 1920s.
The emergence of modern nationalisms out of the multilingual, multiethnic, and religiously diverse empires that until the early twentieth century dominated the region now commonly referred to as the Middle East is truly the stuff of historical high drama. This process has, not surprisingly, implicated itself in the late-twentieth-century and early-twenty-first-century historiography of the region in fundamental ways. Nationalism provides endless fodder for scholars exploring issues of identity politics, ethnic and sectarian violence, and processes of state making and colonial unmaking in the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. On a less deliberate level, modern nationalisms also play a role in shaping the theoretical and methodological framework within which scholars have approached the study of the region, imposing boundaries — both physical and mental — on the study of what was historically fluid and interconnected terrain. The processes by which these boundaries were historically constructed — involving the mobilization of cultural and historical resources from geography and language to religion and “tradition” — are part of an often traumatic educational process by which people are instructed or compelled to conform to an identity that may or may not accurately describe them. Each of the above-mentioned identifiers — geography, language, religion, and shared tradition — has been used (with varying degrees of success), first, by those responsible for commandeering the extensive, long-lived, and heterogeneous Ottoman Empire and, later, by their secular successors during the ongoing formation of the modern Turkish Republic. And each of these elements contributes, powerfully and with unique implications for a modernizing, secularizing society, to the artistic tradition of Islamic calligraphy as it has been practiced — to many minds in its finest form ever achieved — by artists of the Ottoman Empire and of the Turkish Republic to the present day.
One persistent obstacle to the comprehensive study of Turkish national identity is the tendency to overemphasize the degree to which a deliberate, selective identity has been imposed on the Turkish people from the top down. Conversely, exploring the Turkish experience though the tradition of calligraphy as a powerful aesthetic (and strikingly Islamic) legacy of the Ottoman past allows one to engage with subjects and citizens without direct power [End Page 601] over state affairs and avoids an overly administrative or ideological analysis of what has been one of the most radical and oft-studied identity-construction processes of the twentieth century. Why the overtly and unapologetically Islamic calligraphic arts have continued to thrive in the Turkish Republic involves factors that cannot be explained in simple terms of modernization, secularization, de-Ottomanization, or Turkification, to draw on some of the primary keywords in the “vocabulary” of modern Turkish studies.
The Late Ottoman Period: Transformation in an Islamic Empire
Despite the accounts of many Western eyes looking east in the nineteenth century — as well as many indigenous eyes surveying their own environs — the Ottoman Empire was not plagued by the stagnation and loss of creative force so often cited to excuse and enable the European economic penetration of the region that began to assert itself more forcefully in the late eighteenth century. It is incontestable that the two centuries of rapid territorial expansion and military victory leading up to the sixteenth-century “Golden Age” of Ottoman rule (1520–66, during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent) were not repeated in the nearly four hundred years that followed before the empire’s ultimate demise. Instead, “from the end of the sixteenth century on the Occidentals gradually grew from prominent rivals into an overwhelming world force,” having a drastic and, eventually, devastating impact on the Ottoman and other Islamic empires militarily, economically, and culturally. 1 Nevertheless, it was with some of its last (by that time five-hundred-year-old) breaths that the Ottoman state embarked on a fairly distinct program of cultural modernization to accompany its earlier Western-style military and administrative reforms. The founding of the School of Fine Arts (Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi) in Istanbul in 1882, an administrative effort to institutionalize the European-style architecture, music, ballet, opera, and painting that had already emerged in the Ottoman cultural sphere, represents one attempt to counteract imperial destabilization and the perceived cultural superiority of the West. 2 This imperial institution, akin to an elegant but flimsy facade for a crumbling structure, has, in fact, long outlived its founders; I return to it later on as, having been reinforced and made over in the image of the Turkish Republic, it still stands as a veritable lesson in state identity in its own right.
While both the Ottoman ruling elite and their Kemalist successors were drawn into the nationality-building game as a defensive measure against the encroachment of Western hegemony, their conceptions of the most viable and cohesive identity for the population and for the state itself were entirely different. During the Tanzimat period of the mid-nineteenth century (1839–76), Young Ottoman reformers promoted a nonsectarian, pan-Ottoman identity in a effort to dispel nascent nationalisms, particularly among the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans. However, by the final quarter of the same century, the most effectively articulated component of state identity for the “sick man of Europe” was Islam, as Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909) reacted to the loss in the 1877–78 Russo-Ottoman war of many of the empire’s remaining Balkan territories by emphasizing the glue of Muslim identity in the (now somewhat less) multiethnic, multilingual empire. 3 Though the recasting of Ottoman identity in an Islamic idiom has been interpreted as traditionalist or reactionary, there are several critically modern ideas contributing to state builders’ approach to constructing Ottoman identity in the final decades of imperial rule. One must not ignore the simple but significant fact that even before the Hamidian period there were deliberate and conscious efforts to build a national identity — a term that lacked meaning in the Ottoman context [End Page 602] until the mid-nineteenth century — based on elements of Ottomanism, Islamism, and Turkism. These efforts stemmed from ideas of medeniyet (“civilization,” or “the sum of those qualities that give a society its particular character”) or muasirlaşmak, translated by Kemal Karpat as “coming into the age” of modernity in which nationalism prevailed. 4
The distinctly modern reforms of the Hamidian period included an upsurge in state-sponsored religious (Islamic) education, where popular education had before been severely limited in Muslim lands under Ottoman rule in comparison to that available in the empire’s Christian communities. In 1890 an educational institution known as the Darultalim was founded to promote Arabic language and religious education, thirty-eight years before the use of Arabic script for writing Turkish would be abolished in the modern Turkish Republic. 5 In general, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the military general who established the modern Republic of Turkey in the wake of the Turkish war of independence (1919–22), is preeminently associated with the legacy of modernization implemented in Turkey in the twenties and thirties. However, significant reforms, also in the spirit of moving toward Western-style modernity, had been directed decades earlier by leaders with a very different idea of how their modern state ought to look. As this examination shall show, neither of the two extreme routes — exclusively Islamic or rigidly secular — would be able to serve the needs of Turkish society, which was consequently forced instead to take matters of more subtle definition into its own hands.
Calligraphy and the Islamic State
The major, ongoing components of Ottoman/Turkish identity construction that took root in the nineteenth century — cultural and linguistic reforms, the emphasis or denial of Islam in society, and the projection of the strength of the state itself — may be examined through the lens of calligraphy, arguably one of the strongest visual signifiers of the Ottoman state over its centuries of rule. Ottoman achievement in what is also referred to, often interchangably, as Arabic or Islamic calligraphy (in recognition of the Arabic alphabet, in which it is written, or of the intimate connections among the Arabic language, its script, and Islam) has led some to argue for the distinct recognition of “Turkish” or “Ottoman” calligraphy boasting its own original styles and masters. Afterall, as the saying goes, “the Qur’an was revealed in the Hijaz, best recited in Egypt, and best written in Istanbul.” 6 The contemporary master and scholar of Ottoman calligraphy M. Uğur Derman relates this well-known saying directly to the calligraphic school of Şeyh Hamdullah (1436–1520), which Derman locates as marking the beginning of Ottoman preeminence in the art of calligraphy. 7 It is common practice among Ottoman (and now Turkish) calligraphers to trace their “geneology” back through their teachers to Şeyh Hamdullah, as the school associated with him and his students has remained active to this day and includes most of the great names in Ottoman calligraphy (62). With this tradition in mind, the Ottomans and their Turkish republican successors were well aware of the Turkish contribution to the Islamic calligraphic tradition and drew on the talents of Ottoman calligraphers to symbolize the Ottoman state in the form of the imperial tuğra (royal insignia), in the decoration of state-sponsored mosques and monuments, and in the composition of official documents for use at home and abroad (19).
While scribes trained in the art of calligraphy provided an essential service to the empire from the fifteenth century on, it can be easily observed that during the intense period of imperial centralization that dominated the nineteenth century and lasted until the empire’s demise, noteworthy calligraphers were nearly always employed in some of the empire’s most vital posts. In that century calligraphers, a pious group praised and admired for the perfection of their art, can be seen to fill roles as military [End Page 603] qadis (judges trained in Sharia law) and as scribal instructors in the Western-influenced military academies (124). One reisülhattatin (chief imperial calligrapher) in the 1840s, for example, served during his career as the qadi of Istanbul, governor of Mecca, and kadıasker (chief judge) of both Anatolia and European Turkey. 8 Ottoman calligraphers performed essential roles both in running the inner workings of the empire and in creating the image of vitality that the state tried to project to its own subjects and to foreign powers throughout this period of modern state building. The tuğra, that majestic symbol conflating the dynastic and Islamic identity of the sultan, graced all official documents, whether destined for his own nearby provinces or for more distant states. The standardization of the tuğra’s form by the great calligrapher Mustafa Rakım (1757 – 1826) occurred during the reign of Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808–39) ( fig. 1 – 2 ). That the standardization of the imperial tuğra was seen as necessary or desirable during this period of intense centralization and state posturing is not coincidental; Rakım’s ultimate contribution to the empire was to create a uniform template that would be used for all subsequent sultans, with changes oc-curing only in the names from which the tuğra was composed. 9
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Figure 1.
The elements of a tuğra. This tuğra was created by Mustafa Rakım for Sultan Mahmud II. Courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image © The Metropolitan Museum of Art
In this same vein, the Ottomans chose to represent themselves at the request of the United States by commissioning their foremost contemporary calligrapher, Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet (1801 – 76), to decorate the seventeenth level of the staircase of the Washington Monument with an inscription and the tuğra of Sultan Abdülmecid (r. 1839 – 61) in 1853 ( fig. 3 ). 10 The somewhat ostentatious visual impact of the memorial stone erected in Washington on behalf of the sultan contrasts sharply with the extreme simplicity, even austerity, of the stones representing most other nations, states, and organizations involved in the project. 11 Clearly intended as a show of imperial wealth and vitality, [End Page 604] it is unsurprising that the skills of the empire’s preeminent living calligrapher (Mustafa İzzet was also commissioned for the large, circular panels that ring the dome of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul [ fig. 4 ]) were employed in the stone’s execution. 12
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Figure 2.
Tuğra of Sultan Abdülhamid II (r. 1876–1909) by Sami Efendi from 1881, executed according to the template standardized by Mustafa Rakım. Courtesy of the Sakıp Sabancı Museum
Despite this intimate relationship between the state and this art, the trajectory of calligraphy within the Ottoman state eventually diverged from the path of the empire itself and went on to flourish after the state began to falter. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the Ottoman Empire gradually lost its military edge, then the parity it had enjoyed relative to Western states in the preceding two centuries. The relative rise in the military and economic status of the Atlantic states facilitated the uneven integration of the Ottoman Empire into the Western-dominated world economy of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, eventually spelling the empire’s demise in the aftermath of World War I. In light of this dramatic reversal in the fortunes of the Ottoman state, it is a wonder that the art of the Ottomans — their characteristic calligraphic tradition — is often viewed as reaching its height of achievement and creative force in the decades immediately before the empire’s ultimate collapse. 13 How is one to account for such a discrepancy in energy and clout between an Islamic state in the throes of its twilight years and its uniquely flourishing Islamic art? The answer lies precisely in the degree to which Ottoman calligraphy, despite many outward appearences, existed independently of the state — a fact that is historically essential to the maintenance of standards upheld by Ottoman calligraphers and that does much to explain the continuation of and respect for the calligraphic arts in Turkey through the twentieth century. 14
Ottoman calligraphers were often employed by the state in educational posts — teaching scribes in the imperial chancery and in the new military academies or, after its inception in 1914, as art teachers at the Calligraphers’ College (Medrese-tül Hattatin) in Istanbul. But even given the undeniably important relationship between master calligraphers and state [End Page 605] protection and patronage, the state was not ultimately charged with the task of demanding and ensuring the perpetuation of calligraphy in the form perfected and innovated by the men (and few women) whose work — whether commissioned for the state, for a local mosque, or for personal challenge — earned Ottoman artists the esteem of the Islamic and Western worlds. Rather, in keeping with M. Hakan Yavuz’s description of “traditional education in Muslim societies [as] face-to-face and informal and stress[ing] the transmission of knowledge from master to student,” the innovation and perpetuation of calligraphy was ideally traditional under the Ottomans and has continued to favor this educational system into modern times. 15
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Figure 3.
Memorial stone donated to the Washington Monument by Sultan Abdülmecid I in 1853. Courtesy of the US National Park Service
While receiving a salary from his position in the service of the empire, a master calligrapher also had private students from whom no recompense was expected or accepted. 16 In this way, masters could ensure that rather than exhaust their skills training students exclusively for military or scribal service, the seeds of their living knowledge of Islamic calligraphy could fall on fertile and receptive soil, attracting students committed to the rigor of the art and to upholding an elaborate, pious legacy. In this spirit, the primary focus of a master’s private student was on taklid (imitation), of a work either by his own master or by another esteemed artist; when the student was able to perfectly recreate this work — itself presumably “perfectly” executed — he was given his master’s icazet (permission) to carry on the tradition as an autonomous calligrapher, to put his signature to his work, and to take on students of his own. 17 The icazetname, the student’s perfected work of taklid on which the master has indicated his permission in writing, is still bestowed today on students hoping to carry on the calligraphic tradition and the legacy that accompanies it.
Within the contexts of the obvious transformation of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century and the informal (but by no [End Page 606] means casual) process of master-student instruction in the calligraphic arts, one must take note of the aforementioned Ottoman Calligraphers’ College, an institution founded with the help of Şeyhülislam Hayrullah Efendi, the empire’s chief religious official, in 1914. 18 Opening the year the Ottoman state mobilized for war against the entente powers, the school did not officially close under the republican regime until 1928, the year of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s notorious abolition of the Arabic alphabet in favor of a Latin-based alphabet for modern Turkish. 19 The timing of its inception and its demise, with a healthy dose of hindsight, places a spotlight on the degree to which Ottoman calligraphy has been tangled up in the process of state building and the engineering of national identity in Turkey. Very little has been written about the Calligraphers’ College — perhaps its brief and tumultuous life span precluded its becoming an important, recognizable institution — but it is worth noting that nearly all of the calligraphic masters under state employment in 1914 seem to have been recruited as instructors immediately upon the college’s creation. Was the foundation of a college for calligraphy — perhaps the Ottoman art least influenced by contact with the West — and the concentration therein of a corps of artistic masters already bound by occupation to the state a final attempt to assert the existence of an independent and thriving Ottoman culture? 20 With trouble on the horizon, looming even greater than it had for some time, perhaps the Ottoman state builders knew of only one way to protect and preserve that which they considered vital and significant: as with so many aspects of Ottoman society, they made a state-controlled institution out of it.
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Figure 4.
View of the interior of the Hagia Sophia with levhas created by Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet. Courtesy of Talip Mert
[End Page 607]
Kemalist Reforms and the State of Calligraphy in Modern Turkey
A great deal more is known about the matters of state building and cultural engineering that closed the Calligraphers’ College in 1928 than about its founding in 1914. Specifically, 1928 was the year of Mustafa Kemal’s decree replacing the Arabic script, in which Ottoman Turkish had aways been written, with a new Latin-based alphabet, in the first of many major reforms of the Turkish language carried out by the Kemalist republican regime. 21 This move, in the minds of Mustafa Kemal and his ilk, most likely mandated the closing of a remnant Ottoman institution whose sole purpose was the propagation of Islamic calligraphy in Arabic script. 22 A calligraphy school, teaching the skills of writing a peculiarly ornate form of Arabic script, would seem to run counter to a current that aimed to purge the Turkish language — both spoken and written — of as many of its Arabic and Persian elements as possible. These issues obviously fall within the much larger discussion of language reform in the nascent Turkish Republic as a keystone of modernization, democratization, and secularization intended to throw off the “yoke” of Turkey’s Ottoman-Islamic legacy. But as one of the primary means by which the state attempted to define itself against its Ottoman past, the process of language reform ultimately had great implications for Ottoman calligraphy. Mustafa Kemal, having come to power amid the ruins of a centuries-old empire and in the aftermath of the 1919–22 Turkish war of independence, believed that Islam, and the historical tradition associated with Turkey’s Islamic past, formed an impenetrable barrier to modernization and to “catching up” with the West. Operating in the wake of the empire’s demise, he wasted little time in his efforts to eviscerate the Ottoman past, a past both long-standing and immediate for Turks of the 1920s and 1930s, and offered (or rather, insisted on) instead a distinct, new ethnolinguistic Turkish identity. Enduring beyond his death in 1938, the aggressive policies instituted in the republic under the banner of Mustafa Kemal’s legacy have created, in the words of Karpat, “the artificial notion that the six centuries of the Turks’ immediate past are alien to their current life.” 23 The people were quickly reeducated as to their new position as an independent nation, rather than as one component of a heterogeneous empire in which differences were (ideally and ideologically) subsumed to a religious Islamic identity. 24 Thus in the new Turkish Republic, the Turkish Historical Society (Türk Tarih Kurumu) and the Turkish Language Society (Türk Dil Kurumu), both operational to this day, designated a uniform “Turkish” identity that elevated the history of the ancient Anatolian Hittite civilization and a newly engineered modern Turkish language over and above the six-hundred-year Ottoman era and the nearly thousand-year Islamic period of Turkic history. 25
Practical and theoretical components of Kemalism shaped the process of radical language reform, which easily might have had disastrous consequences for the tradition of Islamic calligraphy in a secular, Latin-script-based Turkish society. However, while the formation of modern nationalisms is certainly a calculated, often scientific, process, the end result does not always exactly reflect such pragmatism. As this discussion shall show, the (in most respects) overwhelmingly successful reforms of Ottoman Turkish language and society nevertheless failed to divorce Turkish society from Islam or from the memory of the Ottoman period’s many accomplishments, which constitute a vibrant component of Turks’ pride in their past. It was the real and urgent need to correct Turkey’s problem of illiteracy that presented the greatest practical impetus to language reform, as early republican state builders in 1927 considered an illiteracy rate of nearly 90 percent a major barrier to democratization and Mustafa Kemal’s positivist agenda. 26 The indelible link between the Arabic script and the projected image of the Ottoman sultanate/caliphate as the protector of [End Page 608] Islam had played a role in preventing the implementation of practical language reforms despite the shortcomings of the Arabic script for writing Ottoman Turkish. Mustafa Kemal was not burdened by this identity dilemma and additionally welcomed the engineering of a modern Turkish language that attempted to replace borrowed words and structures with traditional Turkish folk words wherever possible.
Kemalist language reform, while focused on legitimate linguistic problems, is little different in its basic ideology from some of the other radical linguistic and identity constructs of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Mustafa Kemal’s efforts to distance Turkish from its Eastern, Islamic influences, as evidenced by his insistence in 1934 that Turkish was an Indo-European language, are not at all different from the efforts of elite engineers of the Romanian language in the 1780s and 1820s, who went to great lengths to de-Slavicize Romanian in favor of emphasizing purported ties to ancient Roman and modern Italian civilization. 27 This distancing of modern Turkish from Arabic and Persian — intended to erase outward and implicit connections to Turkey’s Islamic neighbors — was only one of many reforms from above that clearly viewed the Turkish populace as a tabula rasa for the ambitious creation of a modern society. The 1925 “Hat Law,” for example, banned the wearing of fezzes and turbans in Turkish society, while the eradication of Arabic script for the writing of Turkish was enacted three years later, in 1928. 28 Turks today do not wear the fez or the turban, but they most certainly recognize calligraphy in the Arabic script as a continuation of an Ottoman Islamic legacy and, for some, as an expression of religiosity of equal relevance today as in centuries past. 29 In light of increasingly draconian measures on the part of the Kemalist regime to stamp out the imprint of Islam on society throughout the twenties and thirties, one must ask how and why the Islamic arts, and calligraphy in particular, were spared a similar fate.
In an article titled “Atatürk and the Traditional Turkish Arts” (“Atatürk ve Geleneksel Türk Sanatları”), Hüseyin Gündüz describes the uncertain and somewhat strained relationship between the state and the master calligraphers working in the 1930s: although the masters who had established themselves during the Ottoman period had been provided by the republican government with new teaching posts at the Academy of Fine Arts, they did not dare teach the “old writing” (eski yazı) in that period when Mustafa Kemal’s reforms were still in the early phases of implementation; they were unsure of their boundaries and reluctant to take any liberties where the state was concerned. In the end, the matter was settled not by the Ministry of Education but around the table at the presidential mansion when the deputy of Istanbul (İstanbul milletvekili), himself a collector of calligraphy, convinced Mustafa Kemal that, because of the Turks’ unique contribution and unparalleled success in the art, its teaching should be continued despite its connection to the old script. Permission was given on the condition that the Arabic letters be used only as an artistic script and not in the context of daily life. The instructors were informed of the decision, and calligraphy began to be taught in the academy. 30 Gündüz’s study, which actually sets out to emphasize Mustafa Kemal’s personal relationship with and appreciation for the traditional arts, provides a glimpse of what might, under slightly different circumstances, have marked the end of the propagation of the Islamic calligraphic tradition in Turkey. Similarly, in a recent article addressing the iconic resonance of Islamic calligraphy during the very period under examination in this article, İrvin Cemil Schick points to the role of republican “counter-elites” who continued to patronize calligraphers and amass calligraphic collections while safeguarding their republican credentials by emphasizing the “artistic” nature of the calligraphic arts over the symbolic, pious, or iconic. 31 It would seem, then, that the threat to calligraphy in the twenties and thirties was [End Page 609] perhaps less existential — whether or not calligraphy as an art form would continue to be practiced at all — than ideo-spiritual — whether artists and their audiences would continue to understand calligraphy in the same terms as they had before.
Many of the master instructors involved in the aforementioned controversy are remembered today as some of the finest calligraphers of the twentieth century. Tuğrakeş. Ismail Hakki Altunbezer (1871 – 1946), Necmeddin Okyay (1883–1976), and Kamil Akdik (1862 – 1941) in particular went on to have productive careers as artists and teachers and to enjoy a great degree of prestige even after the rise of the Turkish Republic and the changes it brought to Turkish society. It is in part because of them that masters of calligraphy born, educated, and practicing their art since the fall of the Ottoman Empire have upheld the same standards that have characterized the Turkish tradition since it took its definitive shape in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. These modern masters, and their teachers, must be credited with the survival of the art even in the absence of traditional forms of patronage, although new ones, which I discuss later, have emerged. In addition to being recognized by the Turkish state as an element of Turkish history, the preservation of calligraphy as a vital institution in modern Turkey is indicative of forms of unofficial or popular influence that have had a hand in shaping a more nuanced and representative Turkish identity than the one initially proposed (and insisted on) by Mustafa Kemal.
Though Mustafa Kemal’s paternal figure continues to be revered on a national scale in Turkey today, his own steps toward the creation of a modern, democratic state have taken on a life of their own. Indeed, despite his proclaimed dedication to Western democratic ideals, democratic elections were not permitted in Turkey until 1950, more than a decade after his death in 1938. That election saw the defeat of Mustafa Kemal’s Republican Party by the Democratic Party, which promply revoked the Kemalist ban on the use of Arabic for the daily call to prayer in Turkish mosques. 32 The democratization of Turkish elections and the relaxation of state control over public affairs in the 1950s served, in the view of Yavuz, to allow Islam to act as a voice of popular opposition to the overinvolvement of Kemalists in determining the character of the Turkish state. 33 A sort of tug-of-war has since developed between the Kemalists, who suspect Turkey’s Islamists of pushing to restore the sultanate/caliphate, and the Islamists (with the support of those in favor of greater democratization) who are drawn to the Ottoman past as a crucial link in the chain of Turkish history. 34 İhsan Yılmaz’s study of the persistent adherence to certain tenets of Sharia law at the popular level in Turkey despite the state’s unequivocal replacement of that system with a Western, secular law code in the early 1920s points to the same phenomenon. 35 The calligraphic tradition, which despite its uncompromising relationship to Arabic script was nevertheless condoned by Kemalist reforms, is hardly the loudest voice of this democratic-Islamist opposition to Mustafa Kemal’s policies. But its transition from an instrument in the service of a proudly Islamic Ottoman state to a widely admired and internationally marketable fine art in Turkey today is particularly intriguing. There are two primary currents by which to explain the importance of calligraphy today. The first, the continuation of the master-student system, complete with the presentation of the icazetname, has managed to uphold stringent professional standards while providing an outlet for personal innovation and creativity without which the art would have stifled long ago. The second involves new institutions that have taken over the role played by the Ottoman state in displaying the achievement of Turkish calligraphers for popular and international consumption.
Maintaining Islamic Calligraphy in a Secular State
While Atatürk might easily ban the use of Arabic script for official purposes among a largely illiterate population, it would have been far more difficult to ban or remove calligraphy, which decorated private homes and defined public [End Page 610] spaces — in the form of levha (framed calligraphic compositions), Korans, and inscriptions featured prominently in mosque architecture, for example — as a familiar visual component of Turkish life. Furthermore, many masters of calligraphy were also experts in important Turkish arts that had no outward Islamic symbolism; Okyay, in addition to his impressive credentials in calligraphy, is also largely credited with ensuring the survival and dissemination of the traditional arts of bookbinding and ebru (marbling), which otherwise would most likely have disappeared in the twentieth century. 36 In the words of Schick, Okyay’s knowledge of Islamic arts (as well as, presumably, his successful ability as a teacher to transmit that knowledge to a new generation of artists) could be viewed as “waging a battle against misguided policies” of the state. 37 These artists, many of whom had found employment in the Ottoman Calligraphers’ College until its closure in 1928, were, as already discussed, subsequently employed in a familiar but somewhat surprising capacity, as instructors at the previously mentioned School of Fine Arts. Despite its Ottoman origins, this Western-oriented institution survived the transition to the republic, undergoing an instructive makeover in the process: its Ottoman title, Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi, bearing several Arabic loan words and a grammatical construction from Persian, was “Turkified” (retaining a touch of French influence) in 1928 to Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi (Academy of Fine Arts). Since 1982 it has formed the core of Mimar Sinan University, a prestigious school of art and architecture that has maintained its connections to Islamic calligraphy as it is practiced in the present day. 38
For these reasons (the visual prominence of calligraphy in public life, the difficulty of legislating private devotion, and the value of multiskilled calligraphic masters), among others, calligraphy was not stamped out by republican alphabet reforms and attempts to erase the Islamic, Ottoman past. But regardless of Mustafa Kemal’s personal or official attitude toward calligraphy, the republican state would have been no more capable (and undoubtedly less interested) than the Ottoman state in ensuring the continuation of calligraphic standards. A fascinating balance has thus been struck wherein the most traditional of artistic instructional systems has continued to provide Turkish calligraphy (here meaning calligraphy executed by those trained in the tradition of Ottoman Turkish calligraphic schools, rather than calligraphy representing the modern Turkish language in its Latin script) not only with a rubric of rigorous standards but also with the creative energy and flexibility to remain relevant in a vastly different cultural, social, and political context.
The career of the Turkish calligrapher and professor Emin Barın (1913–87) is a potent, if exceptional, example of Turkish society taking a role in the process of crafting a national identity that is both compatible with trends of modernization set in motion by Atatürk and familiar with the symbols — many of them Islamic — viewed as integral to the Turkish national character. 39 Barın, who worked as an instructor at Mimar Sinan University in Istanbul, was the son of a calligrapher and received his icazetname from Okyay. Though trained as an expert in traditional Ottoman calligraphic scripts, he represents both the controversy and the creative power implicit in the role of this Islamic art in Turkey today. Barın made a name for himself in exploring the boundaries of calligraphy, and many of his creations are effectively common Islamic themes and patterns in Latin, rather than Arabic, script ( figs. 5 – 6 ). 40 Personally nonreligious, Barin was commissioned to produce the monumental inscription in the modern Turkish alphabet found in Mustafa Kemal’s formidable mausoleum in Ankara, the Anıtkabir, further underlining Barın’s flexibility as an artist as well as the continuation of Turkish calligraphic artists’ service to the Turkish state. Barın’s service is recognized at the Museum of Turkish and [End Page 611] Islamic Arts, which reopened to international acclaim in its present form in Istanbul in 1983. A caption accompanying an exhibit on the illustrious tradition of Turkish calligraphy reads: “Among the masters of calligraphy of the twentieth century are Necmeddin Okyay, Tuğrakeş. Ismail Hakki (Altunbezer), Halim Özyazıcı, and Hamit Aytaç (1891–1982), who continued in the classical forms, whereas Emin Barın (1913–) developed a new, contemporary style.” 41 Written before Barın’s death in 1987 (and, at my last viewing in 2006, unchanged even to record the year of his death), this simple excerpt provides clear insight into official appreciation for his unique work, placing him alongside, yet apart from, the uncontested masters of his day.
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Figure 6.
Emin Barın, “Atatürk” in latin script. Courtesy of Emin Barın collection
Another contemporary recipient of an icazetname earned under the tutelage of Turkish masters in the twentieth century is the foremost American Islamic calligrapher Mohamed Zakariya (1942–). One of the most celebrated international calligraphers of the present day, Zakariya, a California-born convert to Islam, traveled to Turkey to master the art in a nation that he regards as unique in enabling and encouraging calligraphy and calligraphers to thrive and in-novate. 42 He has risen in prominence since the 1980s as a leading authority on the art and as a popular author, lecturer, and illustrator for many Western exhibits and catalogs of Islamic calligraphy. 43 His reputation is such that he was entrusted with the design and artistic execution of the “Eid Greetings” stamp, part of the U.S. Postal Service’s Holiday Celebration series in 2001.
In a seeming paradox, it is the American Zakariya who exemplifies the perseverence of the traditionalist perspective in the contemporary practice of Islamic calligraphy as it is executed and passed down in Turkey today. An American calligrapher working mostly in the Arabic language, he can nevertheless be considered a master of uniquely Ottoman Turkish calligraphic styles and, therefore, a living link in a centuries-old chain of artists. Meanwhile, Barın may be seen as a practitioner who sought to further both the modern and the traditional dimentions of Turkish calligraphy, both of which speak directly to the Turkish experience in the twentieth century. Barın was clearly favored by the state in his day for his ability to use familiar symbols in innovative ways, thus bridging a cultural gap in the name of the republic, and many of his works in Latin script still stand as public [End Page 612] art in Turkish cities. He has not received universal applause, however, and few, if any, highly regarded Turkish calligraphers have followed in his path. Not surprisingly, some calligraphic traditionalists, among them Zakariya, consider the adaptation of Islamic calligraphy to Latin script “an absurdity” because “the [Arabic] script is too deeply embedded in the Muslim outlook to be separated from it.” 44 While there is no debate about the intimate connection between Islamic calligraphy and its spiritual roots, differences have emerged among the upper ranks of serious practitioners, as illustrated by Barın and Zakariya, regarding the role of personal spirituality in the creation of calligraphic arts.
Meanwhile, outside of calligraphic circles the importance of religion and the insistence on Arabic over Latin script appear much subdued. At least one significant market for “Arabic” calligraphy executed in Latin script has emerged, with its center in the Sultanahmet district of Istanbul, where international tourists flock to marvel at the Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts. Here one finds numerous kiosks, shops, and independent artists able and eager to write patrons’ names or favorite quotations in Latin letters that are clearly reminiscent of and designed to recall the magnificent Ottoman calligraphy, executed in the Arabic script, that decorates the monuments in whose shadows these artists work. A clear measure of the degree to which the outside, presumably non-Islamic, world has come to identify modern Turkey with the calligraphic arts, this novelty craft inadvertently reaffirms Barın’s confidence in the ability of the Latin script to convey the familiar essence of Arabic calligraphy.
Still, in the hands of the artists responsible for its vitality, the calligraphic tradition, like any aspect of Turkish society and culture, has had to adapt to new sources of patronage and control since the inception of the Turkish Republic. Having survived the intense official secularism of the early republican era, until around 1950, the past sixty years have in fact seen the reelevation of calligraphy and the celebration of the Ottoman artistic legacy by new forces attempting to preserve a vital component of Turkish identity and history. 45 Barın, an artist, teacher, collector, and instructor in his own right, saw the need to bring together from the various fields artists and connoisseurs with a foot in the calligraphic camp — scholars, bookbinders, and ebru artists in addition to calligraphers — in order to truly preserve the tradition in its entirety. 46 The role of collectors such as Sakıp Sabancı (1933–2004), a successful Turkish businessman, and of museums in Turkey and around the world in the collection, preservation, and dissemination of calligraphy as an aesthetic achievement and as a crucial component of Turkey’s historical Islamic identity cannot be underestimated. As a clear and constructive rejection of the Kemalist mission to erase the Ottoman past, collectors and catalogs (frequently sponsored by major Turkish banks) of calligraphic art assert — with varying degrees of national pride and bias — the importance of an Islamic art that represents not only a historical legacy but also a significant artistic achievement that can be appreciated for its aesthetic perfection alone. 47 This shift toward calligraphy-as-cultural-capital for those with the (usually newly acquired) means to attain it is one important trend contributing to the ongoing viability of calligraphy as an art form since Turkey’s economic rise in the 1980s. 48 The decade of the 1980s saw the publication of a great number of such catalogs, both in Turkey and in the West. Further, the Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA) was founded in Istanbul in 1980 upon the decision of the Seventh Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in 1976. 49 Established for the express purpose of studying and preserving Islamic culture, this institute, located in the heart of Turkey’s cultural capital, has sponsored eight international calligraphy competitions since 1986, with Barın serving on the judges’ panel in the first year and Zakariya taking an award in 2004. 50 The siting [End Page 613] of an international competition for Islamic calligraphy in Turkey’s most historically important and culturally prominent city perhaps signals a revival of self-confidence and the recognition that Turkey has never ceased to contribute to the vitality of art and culture in the Islamic world. It is clear by now, then, that Turks will not allow their legacy of cultural achievement and political power to be diminished by the denial of the role of Islam in their history.
Conclusion
Islamic calligraphy has endured and evolved because of a remarkable ability among its practitioners and patrons to recognize and imitate perfection while at the same time rising to the creative challenge of producing new standards of the ideal. 51 For this reason, it serves as a strikingly apt lens through which to explore culture and social identity, which are areas of constant innovation, reaction, and change. The special relationship that Islamic calligraphy enjoyed under the protection of the Ottoman state furthermore allows an intimate view into the continuing effects of state policy on a long-standing institution. The unique experience of calligraphers, and the illustrious place they hold in the decoration of Turkey’s Islamic identity, therefore offers an artistic and instructive respite, since the field of Turkish studies is generally state driven to the point of “making the state into an omnicompetent behemoth that devours all other actors” on the Turkish stage. 52 The importance of Turkish calligraphy for its contributions to Islam and, subsequently, for Turks’ recognition and celebration of the dynamism and vitality of the Islamic component of their cultural identity has thus turned the art into an arena of identity construction in its own right. In exploring the boundaries of creativity and innovation, Turkish calligraphers are careful not to divorce themselves from a distinct and glorious tradition. Turkish state builders may not have been so careful. It is clear, however, that even in unspoken ways, artists, consumers, and those concerned with building a modern Turkish identity may pick and choose from a rich cultural and historical past, which is anything but obsolete, and may thus form a crucial counterbalance to design from above. [End Page 614]
Zoe Griffith
Zoe Griffith is a PhD student in the Department of History at the University of California, Berkeley. Her research focuses on the Ottoman province of Egypt in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with attention to economic and cultural networks within the Ottoman and wider Mediterranean spheres, material culture, and political and moral economies. She received her BA from the University of California, Los Angeles, in history and Middle Eastern and North African studies in 2006.
Acknowledgment
I express my deep thanks to David Simonowitz, whose patient advice and support were instrumental in bringing this article into existence. I have also benefited greatly from the encouragement and guidance of Nuha Khoury and Bernard O’Kane, who gave generously of their time at a critical juncture. Adam Talib changed my thinking, and Mark Griffith read numerous drafts, each of which benefited from his experience and eclecticism. Finally, I am grateful to the sponsors and organizers of the Sakıp Sabancı International Research Award, to the participants in the conference at which a version of this article was presented in June 2008, and in particular to Amy Singer for her generosity, patience, and perseverance in guiding these articles to collective publication. As always, any remaining faults are entirely my own.
Footnotes
1. Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 14. The Turkish author Orhan Pamuk, winner of the Nobel Prize for literature in 2006, deals with some of the early cultural reverberations of the influence of Western art on traditional Ottoman Islamic arts in his widely acclaimed novel My Name Is Red (New York: Knopf, 2001).
2. Günsel Renda and C. Max Kortepeter, eds., The Transformation of Turkish Culture: The Atatürk Legacy (Princeton, NJ: Kingston, 1986), 16.
3. M. Hakan Yavuz, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003),43; Selim Deringil, “The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808–1908,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35 (1993): 12.
4. The Larger Redhouse Portable Dictionary: English-Turkish, Turkish-English, ed. Serap Bezmez, Richard Blakney, Clifton Harry Brown, and Nilüfer Aydın (Istanbul: SEV Matbaacılık ve Yayıncılık Eğitim Ticaret A.Ş., 2003), s.v. “medeniyet.” Kemal Karpat, ed., Ottoman Past and Today’s Turkey (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 26.
5. Karpat, Ottoman Past, 71.
6. M. Uğur Derman, Letters in Gold: Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Collection, Istanbul (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1998), 21.
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The Palestinian – Israel Conflict » Ottoman Empire
The Palestinian – Israel Conflict
Legal Aspects in a Historical and Political Context
Posts Tagged ‘Ottoman Empire’
1. General Topography and Population
Monday, September 29th, 2008
Several adverse characteristics prevailing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries shaped the economic and social conditions in the Eastern Mediterranean region: under-population, marauding Bedouin clans, poverty, malarial sickness and lack of investment in efficient and scientific land utilisation.
The many descriptions of the region provided by travellers and foreign consuls at the time were generally not grounded on hard data or academic research. They failed to take into consideration that conditions which prevailed in some parts of Palestine did not pertain in others. In examining its economic and political development, Palestine must be divided into
four longitudinal regions paralleling the Mediterranean Sea: (i) the coastal plain, (ii) the hilly region (the Negev and the south) (iii) Judea and Samaria in the central region and (iv) the Galilee in the north;
the Jordan Valley which lies to the east of the Galilee and includes the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee (Tiberias) which forms part of the Great Rift Valley;
the hills of Transjordan.
(see Y. Karmon, Israel: A Regional Geography, John Wiley & Sons London, 1981)
These regions differed from one another in respect of the ethnic origin, population growth and decline, agricultural development and economic vitality.
To the extent that land in the coastal and other plains was capable of being cultivated, wild marauding Bedouin tribes present in these areas discouraged any permanent rural settlement or agricultural development. Consequently the lower flat lying areas were more or less desolate and unproductive. In addition:
the Northern and central coastal plains were swamp-like and malaria-ridden as was the land around the Hula lake and the Lake of Galilee;
the Southern coastal plains were inundated with sand dunes;
Consequently, Arab urban and rural settlements tended to avoid the coastal plains and were to be found mainly in the hill country west of the Jordan River in Judea and Samaria and parts of the Galilee,
Jews, prior to acquiring and developing the barren coastal plains, had a significant urban presence in and around Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias, Safad and Jaffa and in other smaller towns.
a. The Land and Its Indigenous Rural Population
For many centuries, travellers to Palestine described it as sparsely populated, poorly cultivated and widely neglected – an expanse of eroded hills, sandy deserts and malarial marshes. European consuls located in Jerusalem and Cairo during the 18th and 19th centuries confirmed these opinions.
Mark Twain, who had visited the Holy land in 1867, described it as
“[a] desolate country whose soil is rich enough, but is given over wholly to weeds – a silent mournful expanse… Desolation is here that not even imagination can grace with the pomp of life and action… We never saw a human being on the whole route…there was hardly a tree or a shrub anywhere. Even the olive and the cactus, those fast friends of the worthless soil, had almost deserted the country” (Twain “Innocents Abroad” cited in Bard Myths and Facts AICE 2001, p. 30)
The Report of the 1937 Palestine Royal Commission quotes what it believed to be a truthful and unbiased description of the Maritime Plain as it existed in 1913:
”The road leading from Gaza to the north was only a summer track suitable for transport by camels and carts…no orange groves, orchards or vineyards were to be seen until one reached [the Jewish village of] Yabna [Yavne]….Houses were all of mud. No windows were anywhere to be seen….The ploughs used were of wood….The yields were very poor….The sanitary conditions in the village were horrible. Schools did not exist….The western part, towards the sea, was almost a desert. . . . The villages in this area were few and thinly populated. Many ruins of villages were scattered over the area, as owing to the prevalence of malaria, many villages were deserted by their inhabitants”. (Cmd. 5479 p. 233)
The Report also drew on contemporary descriptions of the economic situation in Palestine, written in the 1830s and supplied to the Commission by Lewis French, the British Director of Development:
We found it inhabited by fellahin who lived in mud hovels and suffered severely from the prevalent malaria…. Large areas…were uncultivated… The fellahin, if not themselves cattle thieves, were always ready to harbour these and other criminals. The individual plots…changed hands annually. There was little public security, and the fellahin’s lot was an alternation of pillage and blackmail by their neighbours, the Bedouin”. (Cmd. 5479 pp. 259-260)
Meyer Levin, the American writer (1905 -1981) recounts in “My Search” that it was impossible to travel directly northwards from Tel Aviv to Netanya, some 25 km away without deviating a considerable distance inland because of the intervening marshland. The present-day route of the “old” Tel Aviv – Haifa road still reflects this.
Derived from the reports of foreign travellers and early settlers (Oliphant), cartographers (Van de Velde), and foreign exploratory expeditions (Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF)), Arie Avneri, in a detailed study provides a description of the topographical and demographic conditions prevailing in the various regions of Palestine immediately prior to Jewish settlement.
(Arie L. Avnieri, The Claim of Dispossession- Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs 1878-1948, Yad Tabenkin, Efal, Israel 1982 “Avnieri”)
For example, he notes the fertility of the soil but the sparseness of population and lack of agricultural development in the valleys of the Hula, Kinorot, and the Kishon, owing to their marshy and malarial conditions.
In the valleys of Beit-Shean, Jezreel, and Zevulun, located on the trade routes and where permanent human habitation was possible, Bedouin raids on the settlements – especially in drought years – discouraged any permanent Arab settlement.
Mount Carmel was also waste land. Development was ruined by foreign and local wars and its western slope was malaria ridden, all of which contributed to the abandonment of seventeen villages before Jewish settlers arrived in 1882
(Avnieri pp 49-50).
The coastal area of Samaria (Shomron) starting at the foot of Mount Carmel and stretching south to the Sharon Plain was in a state of desolation and completely ravaged after the military campaigns of Napoleon and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt (see Section 2 below).
The coastal Sharon Plain was poorly cultivated owing to the sandy nature of the soil and marshlands created by the Alexandra River and further south by sand dunes. Those villages which did exist, described in 1874 by C.R.Condor, were miserable and half in ruins, the villagers downtrodden and browbeaten by money–thirsty absentee landlords (Avneiri p.53).
The Mountain Regions were varied in their population. Parts around Tulkarm were relatively well populated, providing a refuge from malaria and protection against Bedouin raiders. Nevertheless, internal feuds between village clans caused many villages to be destroyed, although their inhabitants tended to remain in the area. The lack of security, however, inhibited the fellahin from investing much effort in improving the soil conditions.
Villages lower down the mountain and closer to the sea, such as Auja, Sidna Ali, Ramadan, Kabani and Hadera, were scattered and thinly populated, because of the sandy soil, punctuated by swampy stretches.
Southern Judea and the Negev, although not plagued by malaria, were no better for agricultural use or permanent settlement. These regions lacked rain and were frequently drought ridden, and the soil was sandy, being often invaded by sand dunes.
By way of contrast, Gaza in 1886 was a town with a population of some 20,000 inhabitants (but see section 2 as to their place of origin). Its people were poor and lived mostly from trade with the Egyptians. In the narrow strip between the coastal sands and desert interior, some fellahin were found to be growing fruit, watermelons and vegetables.
b. Lack of Security for Persons and Property
During the first three decades of the 19th century, Palestine, like the remainder of the Ottoman Empire, was in a general state of decline and stagnation. Despite the ten years of Egyptian military occupation of Palestine between 1831-1841 which brought in its wake significant Egyptian migration (see section 2 below), the total indigenous population of the area did not exceed 250,000.
Under Ottoman rule the Arab male fellahin were extremely insecure both in their person and economically, being eligible both for military conscription while at the same time suffering Egyptian and Bedouin incursions into their homesteads.
Bedouin terror prevented any significant permanent settlement in the principal plains of Palestine – the coastal plain and the Plain of Esdraelon – and compelled the Arab fellahin to retreat to the hill country of Judea and Samaria, which was more secure but less productive.
“According to Turkish registration books from 1596, it seems that the [coastal plain] served as home to Bedouins (Arab nomads) and Turkish and Kurdish nomads. In the eighteenth century, according to tradition, the amir (chief) of the Hawara Bedouins, who hailed from Bilad Hareth …in Eastern trans-Jordan, occupied part of the coastal plain by force. Hawara Bedouins did not cultivate the land; rather they occupied themselves with brigandage and inter-tribal wars. The outcome of their predatory activities was that Wadi Hawarith was described in the nineteenth century as abandoned, swampy, and malaria-ridden and that its passage was dangerous. The lands of the Wadi were described by the Ottoman governor of the Jerusalem region (1906-7) as abandoned lands that were sparsely inhabited by Bedouins”…
“Thus only a small part of the country was being used for agriculture. The towns of Palestine at the beginning of the last [19th] century are best defined as large villages each built on a small area and possessing a limited economic base and a small population of up to 10,000”
(Ruth Kark, Changing Patterns of Land Ownership in Nineteenth-Century Palestine, (1984) 10 J of Historical Geography, 357, 374 ; ‘Landownership and Spatial Change in Nineteenth Century Palestine in Transition from Spontaneous to Regulated Spatial Organisation’ Inst. of Geography and Spatial Organisation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, 1983 (“Kark 1983”) pp 185-187
Even by 1895, after the rural population had descended from part of the hilly areas and had begun to settle in plains, only ten per cent of the total area of Palestine was under cultivation, (Kark 1983 p. 189) notwithstanding that Arab urban entrepreneurs and absentee landlords had begun to assemble large tracts of land for resale, following the Ottoman land reform legislation (see section 3.c.ii. below).
c. Fellah’s Economic Situation
Economically, the fellah was generally in a state of chronic poverty and indebtedness to his absentee landlord, seed suppliers and money lenders, owing to a number of interrelated causes: poor soil, lack of water, poor means of communication with the towns, unsuitable marketing arrangements, frequent crop season failures, and an antiquated land system. Even before the first modern Jewish settlement, established in 1855, Palestinian Arab society was already socially fragmented between the peasantry and landowning interests. This became exacerbated after the Ottoman land reform in 1858.
(Haim Gerber, The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East, Lynne Rienner, London, 1987, p.75 (‘Gerber).
Thus, while Palestine as a whole cannot be said to have been desolate and without population as claimed by the Zionists, its people were certainly not thriving. In the hilly areas, the Arab population, while not poverty stricken, was barely self-sustaining. In the plains and the valleys the travellers’ descriptions were a true reflection of the situation – vast desolate expanses devoid of permanent population, malaria infested and subject to the uncontrolled power of the nomadic Bedouin.
Aside from these environmental conditions there were a number of other factors that also contributed to the complex dynamics of the region.
3. Increasing Foreign Diplomatic, Political and Military Involvement in Domestic Ottoman Matters: Consular Protection Extended to Non Ottoman Residents
Saturday, September 27th, 2008
In the wider arena of international power politics a new dimension emerged, in the form of European political, economic and commercial penetration into the Ottoman domain. This arose from three sources:(a) the Capitulations, (b) Ottoman debt burden following the Crimean War, (c) Legislative reforms necessitated by the debt burden and (d) European ‘aid’ extended to support, maintain and modernise the Ottoman Government.
a. The ‘Capitulations’
Origin
Although Christian-European interface with the Arabs in relation to Palestine found its nemesis in the Crusades, and Arab military expansion into Europe reached its watershed with the Ottoman defeat in the Battle of Vienna in 1683, the Ottoman Empire never presented itself as monolithic and impenetrable to European influence. However, after the European victory, the Ottomans found it expedient to enter into agreements with various European states (France leading the way), granting them preferential trading privileges, and exemptions in respect of excise and customs duties expressed in the various Capitulations.
Personal Jurisdiction of Non-Ottoman Subjects
Today, sovereignty is primarily linked to territory but a connection also exists between the sovereign or state on the one hand, and the subject on the other, whereby the latter, if found to be within the jurisdiction of a foreign sovereign or state, could then and still can today, claim in times of danger or personal distress, the extraterritorial protection of his own sovereign or state. The Capitulations therefore also included provisions in which the Ottoman government conceded power to the foreign states to safeguard the interests of their respective subjects. Such protection enabled foreign diplomats, consular officials and non-Muslim merchants to reside in the Ottoman Empire indefinitely without becoming either subjects of the Sultan and/or falling under his jurisdiction.
Foreign Subjects Exempted from Ottoman Local Laws
The Capitulations also contained exemptions from the application of considerable Ottoman legislation to foreign subjects engaged in trade who resided within the Ottoman jurisdiction. Such exemptions included liability to pay Ottoman poll taxes, bearing the cost and inconvenience of billeting Ottoman troops, and conscription from serving in the Ottoman armed forces as well as other financial impositions.
The European powers pressured the Ottomans into extending these privileges to non-Muslim middlemen (dragomans) and many others who could in any way be associated with foreign trade, such as currency changers, European-Arabic translators, warehousemen, artisans and even shopkeepers.
European Extension of the Scope and Exploitation of the Capitulations
In the course of the nineteenth century the abuse of the Capitulations became so rampant that European protection could even be bought as a commodity, and Ottoman deeds of appointment (berati) as dragoman virtually became transferable. The privileges acquired by non-Islamic non-Ottoman subjects were extended to the establishment of foreign banks, post offices and commercial houses, which took full advantage of Turkish weakness. In contrast, the foreign consuls became more powerful, each vying with the other in trying to advance the interests of their respective States.
Foreign Dhimmis (Non Muslims) Also Benefited
The foreign consular exploitation of the capitulations also enabled foreign dhimmis to avoid the indignities which they would otherwise have had to suffer had they been Ottoman subjects. Although non-Muslim Christians and Jews were in Islamic eyes treated as inferior persons, they could nevertheless acquire, if they were non-Ottoman subjects, a degree of consular protection against Ottoman autocracy greater than the Sultan’s own Islamic subjects could achieve for themselves. This could not but engender disaffection between the newly arrived foreign immigrant Jews on the one hand, and the Arab effendis and fellahin on the other hand, with whom they were in contact.
b. Ottoman Foreign Debt Burden and the Costs of Ethnic Uprising in the Empire
During the Crimean War (1853-1856) and for the nineteen years following, the Ottomans incurred heavy foreign indebtedness, which enabled the European states and their consular representatives to exert greater political pressure in favour of the non-Ottoman nationals under their protection. The first foreign loan, contracted in 1854, created a degree of indebtedness which enabled the Western powers to exercise only a limited influence on Ottoman internal affairs. However, from 1863 onwards, debts accumulated and snowballed, so that by 1875 the Empire was bankrupt. In 1876 financial matters were made worse by the uprising of ethnic Bulgarians against Ottoman sovereignty and the involvement of Russia in the process (Russo-Turkish War 1977-78).
Although the uprising was ultimately suppressed with heavy loss of life, ethnic opposition to Ottoman rule was to make the Ottoman government very sensitive to the concentration of ethnic minority groups within the Empire generally and was to influence its future policy regarding the settlement in Palestine of individual Jews and their supportive political and financial organisations.
This notwithstanding, the Ottoman need to repay its European-owed debts still demanded a restructuring of its governmental and financial administration. The latter was achieved by the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration in 1881 which took control over state revenues which benefited, to some degree, by the sale of public lands to sectarian interests, both Christian and Jewish.
The Ottomans found themselves in a cleft stick however. On the one hand, the reorganisation of the public debt management brought them some financial stability but, on the other, the process of reform allowed the European states and their diplomatic and consular representatives to exercise a degree of influence and pressure on Ottoman internal policy that would have been unthinkable a decade or two earlier.
(see Stanford Jay Shaw, Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Cambridge University Press, 1977; Birdal, M. “Cooperation, Commitment and Enforcement: Understanding the Ottoman Public debt Administration” , 2005-03-05 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p71340_index.html
Thus European foreign consuls acquired further leverage to extend legal protection and privileges which hitherto had not been available to their foreign protégés resident in the Ottoman Empire. Unsurprisingly, Jewish and other non-Muslim immigrants arriving in Palestine preferred to retain their original foreign nationalities and claimed protection from the various foreign consuls against the arbitrary treatment meted out by Ottoman officialdom.
Such preference could not have created anything but resentment among the Islamic urban poor and middle class and among the rural fellahin. The exploitation of the 1858 Ottoman land legislation (subsection c.ii. below) by non-Ottoman nationals in their moves to acquire land in Palestine could only have added to this resentment.
c. Ottoman Legislative Reforms Necessitated by Debt
i. Non-Ottoman Subjects Gain Equality with Ottomans
The Capitulations, coupled with the financial consequences of the Crimean War coerced the Ottoman government into introducing important reforms designed to gain the support of its European Allies. Published on the eve of the 1856 Paris Peace Conference, the Hatt-i Humayun (Imperial Rescript) granted to foreign Christians and other non-Muslims rights equal to those of its Muslims subjects in respect of protection of their persons and property, freedom of worship, and provision of education for children of all religious communities.
Also included in the 1856 legislation was permission, at least theoretically, for foreigners to acquire land in their own names without their having to obtain a special firman from the Sultan. For Jewish would-be purchasers, however, there were still other problems to be overcome, as will be shown below.
The point being made at this juncture is the fact that Jewish non-Ottoman subjects resident within the Ottoman Empire generally and Palestine in particular, received extensive diplomatic protection from the vagaries of local Ottoman officialdom, a fact which impacted on an expanding Jewish land acquisition policy. To mitigate the effects of foreign interference in internal Ottoman Affairs and to ‘encourage’ permanent settlers to renounce their foreign protective status, the Ottoman Nationality Law was enacted in 1869, which created a common Ottoman citizenship, irrespective of religious or ethnic divides.
(see Kark, p.359; Maurits H. van den Boogert, Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System: Qadis, Consuls and Beraths In The 18th Century, (Studies in Islamic Law and Society) Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2005
(http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/9004140352/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link Isaiah Friedman, Germany, Turkey and Zionism, 1897-1918, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK 1977 especially Chap 3. hereinafter “Friedman, 1977” )
ii. Ottoman Land Reform Legislation, 1865
Motivated by the need to open up the Empire to foreign investment in order to overcome its financial crisis, the Ottoman government introduced significant reforms in relation to land, its registration, title holding, disposition, benefits and burdens, the totality of which had a major influence upon the redistribution, ownership and occupancy of rural land.
Customary Rights in Land
Prior to the introduction of the Ottoman Land reform legislation, ownership of land evidenced by registration of legal title in government records or written agreements was less important than its physical occupation and cultivation.
Peasants – fellahin – could acquire ‘ownership’ to uncultivated land, nominally owned by the State, if they planted and took its produce for two consecutive years.
They could also acquire rights of pasturage on communally controlled ‘musha’ land located close to the village land and used in common.
From the peasant’s perspective, musha tenure gave him neither incentive to work the land to the best of his ability nor to invest in it. While the system may have encouraged village independence, it also contributed to village disharmony.
“It was common practice for the urban landowning agent, who often functioned as the intermediary between the landowner and the peasantry, to move tenants or other agricultural labourers from plot to plot within a larger area of land so to prevent the fellah from claiming legal title on any particular parcel of land….
Not surprisingly, moving a peasant from one plot to another after every growing season disadvantaged him: it did little to engender a sense of economic security; it created harsh local jealousies over who received the most of often meagre amounts of good and mediocre land; it caused the peasant to extract what he could from his land and, antithetically, dissuaded him from upgrading a land area with physical (weeding, terracing, manuring) investment because the land would become someone else’s during the next growing season. …
Already strained by hamula or clan conflicts, a village regularly withstood periods of uneasiness each time unequal village lands were redistributed. Land disputes, encroachment on another’s land, and uprooting of trees were not uncommon where cultivable lands were sparse and the local village population increased over time.”
Kenneth W. Stein, “One Hundred Years of Social Change: The Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem” in Laurence J. Silberstein (ed) “New Perspectives on Israeli History: The Early years of the State” New York University Press, 1991 pp. 57-81 (hereinafter “Stein”)
http://www.ismi.emory.edu/BookChapters/Hundred%20Years%20Social%20Change.html
Land Reform 1858
In 1858, the Ottoman Government introduced significant land reform legislation in order to help discharge its foreign debts and to finance an ever growing bureaucratic government. This was to be achieved by (i) attracting foreign investment in land development, (ii) increasing central government income from land transfer fees and (iii) imposing higher taxation on both existing worked arable land and from bringing waste land into cultivation. Failure to pay the tax assessed on the land could result in its being forfeited and resold by public auction.
The legislation provided, inter alia, for:
dissolution of the communal musha ‘ownership’ of village lands and its redistribution among villagers into registered plots in accordance with a cadastral survey;
holding of kushans, or title deeds as evidence of ownership or title to the land – independently and distinct from its rights of occupation;
the acquisition of land – other than by purchase or inheritance - by adverse possession (i.e. possession without objection from any other owner claiming valid title) for a period of ten years;
ownership to the land lapsed if it was not worked for three consecutive years (mahlul);
Government forfeiture of land remaining uncultivated for three years (without a legally acceptable reason), which would then be offered for re-sale by public auction;
Non-Ottoman subjects were permitted to purchase land in their own names which, prior to the legislation, could only be done through an Ottoman nominee or with special permission of the Sultan.
Effect of the Legislation on the Fellah
The implementation of the legislation had serious consequences for the Arab fellahin.
It put the fellahin under economic pressure to sell their land holdings, especially the now distributed musha shares, to urban interests or non-resident effendi landlords in order to discharge their pre-existing indebtedness and to reduce the risk of uncertainties in agricultural yields. The landlords in question, after consolidating their holdings into larger parcels, would subsequently sell them at highly inflated prices to Jewish development companies and individuals at considerable profit. Such was the situation that, by 1859, British born Lawrence Oliphant was able to report that almost every acre of the Plain of Esdraelon was under intense cultivation and the nomadic Bedouin presence all but eliminated, owing to the commercial activities of the new landlords, who charged exorbitant rents, payable in hard cash under penalty of instant eviction;
Although land title registration enabled there to be a clear separation between the ownership of land from its occupancy, the registration itself was accompanied by the payment high fees and additional tax valuations. Fellahin therefore preferred to have the ownership of their lands (including the newly redistributed musha) registered formally in the name of urban notables while they continued to cultivate the land in a share-cropping arrangement as previously.
Land registration also enabled the Ottoman officials to identify those eligible for compulsory military service. Fellahin, forcibly taken into the Ottoman army and away from their lands for more than three years, often found on their return that their land was now “owned” by another.
The separation of legal title from the rights of occupancy enabled absentee effendi landlords to threaten with eviction the Arab fellah who worked the land if he failed to pay his rent, and enabled the landlord to sell the property over his head to would be Jewish purchasers. The Arab fellah naturally felt resentment against the Jew rather than against the effendi because, prior to the legislation, there was hardly any market for land, and if a fellah failed to pay his rent, the landlord really had no option but to permit the fellah to remain in occupation and allow the latter’s indebtedness to increase.
As a consequence of these reforms, the Arab fellah in Palestine became inexorably dependent upon those who would provide him with temporary relief from economic hardship, and yet were, at the same time, the main cause of his situation. Ultimately, by necessity, he forfeited individual control over his own life and livelihood to others:
The Ottoman reform movement strengthened and benefited a relatively small, urban, landowning elite of no more than several thousand out of a population of more than half a million. Through the dependency of the patron-client relationships that evolved, landowning interests accrued local political prestige and influence, ensured themselves access to the accumulation and disposal of land, and used land as a commodity to obtain capital for maintaining their comfortable lifestyle. (Stein)
Government Sales of State Lands Ultimately Purchased by Jews
Registration of land ownership, as distinct from its occupancy, also encouraged the sale of government owned land to large scale Arab land speculators such as Alfred Sursoq of Beirut who purchased some 200,000 dunams at a suspiciously low price. The speculators were prepared subsequently to re-sell their interests at greatly inflated prices to Jewish land development companies. Such was the situation that by the end of the Ottoman period only 144 extensive landowners owned 3.1 million dunams (1 acre = 4.047 dunams). (Kark)
iii. Socio-Economic Consequences of the Land Reform
Thus, what started as an attempt by the Ottomans to bring about land reform as one of the means to ease their debt burden, ended with the abandonment by many Palestinian peasants of their agricultural occupations and their gravitation to nearby urban centres. While not yet ‘political refugees,’ because they still remained in their patrimony, nevertheless in the decades before the 1947 UN partition resolution, many Palestinians were already disenfranchised by their own leadership and then displaced from villages and from lands which they had either regularly or periodically worked.
The sale of land and the movement of the peasant population to the towns resulted in the fellah’s loss of his traditional livelihood. It created economic friction and an ever widening cultural gap between himself and the urban Palestinian population. To this was added social and economic unrest felt from an increasing non-Muslim presence in the Land.
Although the legislation had the effect of enabling Jews to purchase land directly and occupy legally in their own names, the implementation of the law encountered regional opposition, forcing its suspension by the Ottoman central government.
This notwithstanding, continual foreign consular pressure coerced the Porte to remove the suspension and to permit Jewish purchasers to take advantage of the legislation when the occasion arose – as it did later in the 1880’s.
(see Raphael Patai, Musha’a Tenure and Co-Operation in Palestine, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 51, No. 3 (Jul. – Sep., 1949), pp. 436-445; Gerber, especially Chapter 5; also Islam, Land & Property, Research Series, paper 2, Islamic Land Tenures and Reform, UN-Habitat 2005, http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/3546_86904_ILP%202.doc ; N. Forni, Land tenure policies in the Near East Land tenure policies in the Near East, UN Food and Cultural Organisation, http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y8999T/y8999t0f.htm ; David Hurwitz, Agrarian Problem of the Fellahin, in Enzo Serini and R.E. Ashrey (eds), Jews and Arabs in Palestine, Hechalutz Press, New York, 1936 p.49
d. German ‘aid’ extended to support, maintain and modernise the Ottoman Government
As part of the Porte’s efforts in extracting itself from its weak financial and political situation, it turned to Germany for assistance. She responded by making investment in transportation – communication infrastructure and transferring military and civilian administrative know-how to the Ottoman government. It naturally brought with it an extension of Germanic hegemony, trade links in the Middle East and military dependence on and strategic subordination to Germany’s political interests.
In particular, Germany financed and constructed a railway intended to run from Berlin to Baghdad, with an extension of the Hejaz branch from Damascus to Ma’an and thence to Medina – deep into the heart of the Arabian Peninsula. The new railway links were to be used to develop Ottoman internal communications, the transportation of grain, collection of taxes, military conscription and troop movement.
This last purpose was to become of crucial strategic value to Germany in the coming 1914-1918 World War. It converted the Hejaz into a strategic military asset; the numerous inlets along the peninsula provided German submarines with safe havens and opportunities to attack and sink Allied shipping en route to the Gulf and to India. Any German expansion eastwards towards would endanger British oil interests in the region, as well as undermine British commercial and strategic interests in the Suez Canal and unhindered access to Indian subcontinent and the Far East.
The German supplied organisational know-how for the restructuring and training of the Ottoman military machine also was to raise British fears. These brought repercussions in World War I when the indigenous Hashemites of the peninsula were faced with the choice of supporting the Central Powers (Germany,Austro-Hungary and the Ottomans) against the Western Allies. As will be shown later, Hussein, King of Hejaz succeeded in extracting from Britain the latter’s recognition of a Hashemite sphere of influence extending well beyond the Hejaz: establishing the Hashemite kingdoms of Iraq and Transjordan, as well as asserting a claim to the territory west of the Jordan River. This was, of course, to have a direct impact on Jewish aspirations to establish a homeland in Palestine.
In civilian matters, the Porte attempted to restructure its governmental organisation in accordance with Weberian concepts of industrial specialisation and governmental bureaucratic organisation; abandoning government traditionally based of nepotism and the sale of offices to the highest bidder and to replace it with one founded on meritocracy and specialisation as the bedrock for hierarchical authority.
As will be shown in Section 4 next following, this impacted on the loci of Arab centres of political power in Palestine. Ultimately, Chapters V and VI will show how these changes influenced in turn both the effendi and the fellah in their respective relationship with the Jewish immigrants and their supporting organisations as well as with the British military and civilian governments after World War I.
Also not to be overlooked was Germany’s political support of Theodore Herzl in his attempts to obtain a Charter from the Sultan for the establishment of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine. Far from being altruistic, such support was intended to achieve two objectives: (i) to establish in the eastern Mediterranean the potential for a political entity friendly to German interests and (ii) as a means for ridding Germany of its Jews. This subject is also examined more closely in Chapter V.
3. Jewish-Israeli Narrative
Friday, September 12th, 2008
Israel’s frame of reference and perception of the conflict is different from that presented by the Palestinians. She claims that the Jewish people, whom she represents in part, has had an unbroken connection with ‘Eretz Yisrael’ – the Land of Israel from before the rise of Christianity and Islam, notwithstanding their exile by the Romans in the first century.
“Judea capta est,” inscribed on the arch of Titus (“Judea has been captured”) memorialises the Roman victory over the Jews, their majority forced into exile, taken into slavery and later dispersed throughout the Roman Empire for over two millennia. Throughout this period, they were denied both freedom of national self-expression and the claim of their “right of return” to re-establish a patrimonial sovereignty in their homeland. For the remnant in Palestine, there followed subjugation and suffering under the oppressive yoke of successive conquerors: Byzantine, Arab, Crusader, Mameluke and Ottoman. The Jewish remnant was a spent force, militarily and politically, but it nevertheless maintained a physical and spiritual continuity in and with the Land. Acting as caretakers, Jews maintained a vigorous religious presence, mainly in urban centres throughout the country (see Chapter II below), praying for the “return unto Zion”, a day on which Jewish national sovereignty would be, prophetically, restored as it had been under the previous Babylonian exile. That day was to come on November 29, 1947 when the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 181.
Until the eighteenth century, the Jewish people in the Diaspora were seen both as a religion and as a nation.
As a nation they made attempts to return to the Land but were frustrated by conflicts from emanating from without.
As a religious group, they were compared to Christians and Muslims and as a nation, they could be compared to Turks or Frenchmen.
However, civic unity in Christianity and in Islam especially, was based on uniformity of belief, within neither of which could Jewish destiny be fulfilled. This made it absolutely impossible for a Jewish group to be anything other than second-class subjects.
It needed the sixteenth century reformation in Christianity and the rise of the nation state in the eighteenth, for Jewish religious imperatives to be redirected and asserted towards the possibility of reviving the notion of a Jewish State in Palestine. However, religious motivation from within was insufficient to meet the economic and political challenge. It required the addition of European anti-Semitism later in the nineteenth century to motivate secular and emancipated Jews to organise politically – in a decentralised movement, meeting centrally at its annual congresses – to advance their political objective for matters.
The emergence of the possibility of the establishment of Israel as a Jewish State came to materialise as a consequence of World War I which saw the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and World War II which saw the decline of the British Empire. As central power became less effective, so burgeoned the demand for self-determination and the illegitimacy of colonialism backed by American democratic ideals.
In the political restructuring of Europe and the Middle East following the conclusion of WWI, the articulated voice of the Jewish people made itself heard among the nations as did the voices of the Arabs. Although both Zionists and some Arab leaders saw the possibility of working together in regional co-operation, the Great Powers had their own interests in the Middle East to consider:
America wanted political stability in the region, secure access to oil and to replace Britain as the Great Power;
France sought to protect what was left of her commercial and cultural interests despite the fact that she played no significant part in the war for control of the Middle East;
Britain maintained her belief in a continuing need to be able to control – a little or no cost to herself – the Suez Canal to ensure a secure passage to India, access to the Iranian and Syrian oil fields and her commercial interests in the Far East.
Co-incidentally she also had an interest in containing the expansion of French influence in the region.
For the Allies, an independent and unified Arab Middle East did not bode well if they were to achieve these diverse and conflicting objectives. To the extent that Jewish interests coincided with those of the Great Powers generally, and of Great Britain in particular, they were accommodated, but in so doing they were played off against Arab tribal sensibilities and Islamic religious principles.
Israel’s contemporary claim to legitimacy is premised on:
an uninterrupted physical, spiritual and cultural connection between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel since before the second century – as expanded in Chapter II;
involuntary dislocation and dispersion of the majority the Jewish people from the land since the second century;
the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire after World War I which gave the impetus to the rise of both Jewish and Arab nationalism;
the victory of the Allies over the Central powers and the disposition of the conquered territory in accordance with a new regime introduced into international law – mandate or trustee territory;
the Balfour Declaration expressing its support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
The Treaty of Sevres 1920, under which Turkey ceded its sovereignty over Palestine and accepted the Balfour declaration with its incorporation into the Mandate as an international agreement. This formed a constituent part of the Middle East post war settlement between the Allied and Central Powers in which Turkey, Britain and the United States participated and in which both Jews and Arab expressed their interests.
Notwithstanding attempts by the British mandatory power to frustrate the clear objectives of the Mandate, and despite the fomentation of Islamic religious opposition against the establishment of a Jewish homeland, the Jewish people succeeded in creating a viable political and economic entity.
British financial investment and a colonial style of government coupled with an infusion of Jewish capital, migration and labour brought a higher standard of living to the Palestinian population – both Arab and Jewish - than that enjoyed in the neighbouring states.
However, the economic advances in Palestine attracted Arab immigration from outside of its borders. Rather that regulating such Arab migration, the British Administration, contrary to the terms of the Mandate, placed restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine which prevented the creation of a Jewish majority in cis-Jordan – Palestine;
Arab violence fomented by anti-Zionist elements in the British Administration, and the continued demographic Jewish imbalance made more favourable to the Arabs by British immigration policy ultimately led to violence between Arab and Jew.
The Mandatory found its solution in a proposal to partition the territory lying to the west of the Jordan River between Arab and Jew while retaining certain strategic locations to itself.
The Jews accepted the Mandatory’s partition proposal but the Arabs rejected it.
World War II intervened, creating the Holocaust.
Although this tragedy gave a big impetus towards partition, British policy remained steadfastly against any change in its Palestinian immigration policy, with the result that Jews became actively obstructive to continued British rule, both civilly and militarily:
Britain, unable to control the violence directed against her Administration, referred the matter to the United Nations General Assembly;
The Assembly recommended in Resolution 181, passed on November 29, 1947, the partition of Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab.
Again the Jews accepted the proposal, but the Arabs rejected it.
Britain decided to surrender its mandate. In the process of the British military withdrawal, armed conflict broke out between Jews and Arabs with the British Administration publicly taking a more or less neutral stand while surreptitiously assisting the Arabs.
On the day following the final British withdrawal on May 14, 1948:
The Jewish population of Palestine declared themselves as the self governing state of Israel in accordance with the UNGA Resolution and the major powers (excluding Britain) accorded her international recognition.
The Arab Palestine failed to follow the same course.
Instead,
contrary to international law, five Arab armies invaded the nascent Jewish State but failed to eliminate her;
Jordan became an occupying power of the West Bank (Judea and Samaria including Jerusalem) and Egypt took control of the Gaza strip.
In the process,
between 600,000 and 800,000 Arab Palestinians left or abandoned their homes on the advice of the Arab leadership, or for fear of Jewish brutality which failed to emerge, while a number Palestinians were driven out in the military confrontation between Jewish forces and the Arab armies;
the Jewish population living in East Jerusalem, the West Bank (Etzion Block) and Gaza were killed or evicted; and
the surrounding Arab states evicted, without compensation, their Jewish population which numbered over 800,000 in consequence of the establishment of the Jewish state.
A humanitarian problem was thus created:
the majority of Palestinian Arab refugees found themselves languishing in camps located in the Jordanian controlled West Bank and Egyptian controlled Gaza or in camps located in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria.
Apart from Jordan, Palestinian Arab refugees were neither offered citizenship nor otherwise absorbed by their host states.
The new State of Israel absorbed all the Jewish refugees driven out from the Jerusalem, West Bank and Gaza, and those Jews evicted from the Arab states.
The United Nations ultimately arranged a cease fire between the belligerents:
Israel organised itself as a civic society within the cease fire-lines as determined in Armistice Agreements made between herself and the invading states- Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and Egypt respectively, while reserving her claims over the territory held by Jordan and Egypt.
However:
the Armistice Agreements were constantly breached by Arab terrorist infiltration emanating out of Jordan and Egypt; and
Egypt breached international law and the Armistice Agreement with Israel by blockading the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping intermittently from 1948 until 1956, thereby prevented free access to the Israeli southern port of Eilat, as well as closing the Suez Canal to all shipping bound for other Israeli ports. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/FREEDOM+OF+NAVIGATION-+INTRODUCTION.htm ;
The blockade was broken by a joint British, French and Israeli attack on the Suez Canal in 1956 in response to Egypt’s nationalisation of the international waterway. As part of the withdrawal arrangements, UN peace-keeping troops were stationed along the Egyptian border with Israel while the maritime nations gave their undertaking to support Israel should Egypt seek to re-impose its blockade.
In 1967,
Egypt re-imposed its maritime blockade in the Straits of Tiran and closed the Canal to Israel shipping;
the maritime nations failed to implement their guarantee,
the UN removed its peace-keeping force; and
the armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan were poised in offensive mode against Israel which was threatened with annihilation.
Israel’s appeals to the Security Council were in vain and on June 5, 1967 she executed pre-emptive self defensive strikes against Egypt, and Syria and retaliated against Jordanian attack, in what later became known as the “Six Day War.”
Israel overcame the immediate threats facing her and gained control and occupation of
the previously held Jordanian positions on the West side of the Jordan River including Jerusalem;
Egyptian occupied Gaza Strip and Egyptian sovereign territory in Sinai;
Syrian sovereign territory in the Golan Heights
The Arabs rejected Israeli offers of peace at the Khartoum: “no negotiation; no recognition and no peace.”
The United Nations Security Council passed UNSC Resolution 242 which was accepted by both Jews and Arabs. Unfortunately the terms of the Resolution have been interpreted differently by the parties.
With intensive American support, extended peace negotiations took place between Israel and her adversaries in the 1980’s and a cold peace reigns between Israel and Egypt which regained all of the territory it lost in 1967.
A slightly warmer peace pertains with Jordan which relinquished in favour of the Palestinians all its claims to the territory lying to the west of the Jordan River.
In taking military control of the West Bank and Gaza, over which no state has exercised legitimate sovereignty since the Ottoman defeat in 1920, Israel has the best claim to title based on the Treaty of Sevres 1920, Article 95; Palestine Mandate 1922, Article 8 and on the UN Charter, Article 80.
Based on the above international agreements and also consistent with the laws of belligerent occupation Israel, has also erected a number of military outposts in the West Bank territory to maintain the peace as well as establishing a number of civilian settlement blocks in the West Bank. Some of these have been erected on land owned by Jews prior to 1948 and others on undeveloped and unoccupied public or waste land owned by the Ottoman government in 1918.
While not illegal, a significant number of settlements have created a political obstacle to peace.
Following secret direct negotiations between Israel, led by Yitzhak Rabin, and the PLO, headed by Yassir Arafat, the parties succeeded – with Norwegian and American assistance – to agree the Oslo Accords in 1993 which included
mutual recognition of the opposing party;
an undertaking by Israel for a transfer of civilian powers to a Palestinian Authority, the members of which were to be chosen by Palestinians within the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza in free and democratic elections;
an interim arrangement on Palestinian self government by the Palestinian Authority for a period of five years; and
an undertaking to commence negotiations on a number of “Final Status” issues within three years of the commencement of the interim agreement- from which such issues had specifically been excluded.
The Accords provided for and resulted in:
recognition by Israel of Palestinian aspirations and of the PLO as representing the Palestinian population in negotiations;
PLO recognition of Israel as having a legitimate existence;
An undertaking by the PLO to cease violence and to resolve its conflict with Israel by negotiation;
the admission into Gaza and the West Bank from their exile in Tunis, of the PLO political leadership and military of elements of its organisation in the form of a “strong police force” to maintain the peace and suppress terrorism in Palestinian self governing territory;
a withdrawal and redeployment of Israeli forces from a large proportion of the Palestinian urban territory it captured in 1967; and
Palestinian self rule exercised over approximately 95% of the Palestinian population;
Unfortunately the parties have been able to resolve the political issues which appear to remain outstanding between them- sovereignty over Jerusalem, the extent of territorial; adjustments secure borders and the “Right of Return” of Palestinians refugees. Neither has there been a cessation of Palestinian violence. In 2000, final status negotiations between Israel and the PLO broke down and the Palestinians resorted to armed attack on Israel’s civilian population waged by suicide bombers recruited, trained, armed and operationally directed by Hamas, an organisation linked to the Muslim Brotherhood and Fatah, one of the militant wings of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation.
To counteract these attacks Israel has:
initiated targeted killings against the Palestinian terrorist leadership;
temporarily re-entered a number of Palestinian cities in 2002 to eliminate terrorist nests and destroy bomb building factories;
attempted to prevent the smuggling of weapons and armaments through subterranean tunnels between the Gaza Strip with Egypt; and
commenced the erection of a terrorist security barrier situated mainly on previously held Arab land on the West Bank beyond the 1948 Israeli-Jordanian cease fire lines, the route of which has been adjusted many times to minimise the personal and economic hardship to Palestinians.
The barrier has dramatically reduced Israeli civilian casualties but its erection has brought international condemnation and an adverse advisory non-binding opinion issued by the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The opinion has, however, been subjected to serious professional criticism as being politically motivated and based on incorrect factual information. The ICJ opinion is inconsistent with a number of rulings made by the Israel Supreme Court based on detailed and actual facts on the ground.
International intervention in the search for a resolution to the conflict has been renewed as part of a global concern over continuing instability in the Middle East generally which has given rise to fears of an interruption or even a cessation in oil supplies to the West and the bringing into question by certain Middle Eastern powers of Israel’s very legitimacy.
The United States, under its own auspices and those of the United Nations, the European Union and Russia initiated a new peace proposal – “A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict” (Road Map) in 2003. Thus far, the initiative has failed to produce any concrete results towards a rapprochement between Israel and the Palestinians.
In order to reduce continuing military confrontation between Israel and Palestinian militants, Israel took unilateral action and withdrew her military occupation and civilian settlements completely from the Gaza Strip in 2005, leaving the physical infrastructure and economic assets in the form of extensive greenhouses available for Palestinian use.
Palestinian elections held in 2005 brought victory to the Hamas party, whose declared political and military objectives are the elimination of Israel as an independent Jewish State. Since then an internecine conflict has been carried on between Hamas and Fatah for control over the Palestinian Authority, its assets and political largesse funded from abroad.
The Gaza Strip, now completely controlled by Hamas, is currently (2008) being employed both for smuggling weapons and ammunition from Egypt contrary to the Oslo Accords and as a staging area for the launching of short and medium ranged rockets directed against Israel civilian targets located inside Israel ‘proper’ i.e. well within the ‘green’ 1948 cease fire line.
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i don't know
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The New Model Army and The Levellers were groups in which war?
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1642-1652: The Diggers and the Levellers
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1642-1652: The Diggers and the Levellers
A history of the radical movements the Diggers and the Levellers which sprung up around the English Civil War.
The political and social upheaval that resulted from the English Civil War in the seventeenth century [effectively two conflicts between 1642 -1646 and 1647/48] led to the development of a set of radical ideas centred around movements known as ‘Diggers’ and ‘Levellers’
The Diggers [or ‘True Levellers’] were led by William Everard who had served in the New Model Army. As the name implies, the diggers aimed to use the earth to reclaim the freedom that they felt had been lost partly through the Norman Conquest; by seizing the land and owning it ‘in common’ they would challenge what they considered to be the slavery of property. They were opposed to the use of force and believed that they could create a classless society simply through seizing land and holding it in the ‘common good’.
To this end, a small group [initially 12, though rising to 50] settled on common land first at St George’s Hill and later in Cobham, Surrey and grew corn and other crops. This small group defied the landlords, the Army and the law for over a year. In addition to this, groups travelled through England attempting to rally supporters. In this they had some successes in Kent and Northamptonshire. Their main propagandist was Gerard Winstanley who produced the clearest statement of Digger ideas in ‘The Law of Freedom in a Platform’ published in 1652. This was a defence and exposition of the notion of a classless society based in secularism and radical democracy
The relatively small group of followers of Digger ideas was never particularly influential and was quite easily suppressed by Cromwell and Fairfax.
The most significant of these movements were The Levellers whose revolutionary ideas resonated throughout the succeeding centuries, mostly notably in the demands of the Chartists in the nineteenth century.
The Levellers’ ideas found most support in the ranks of the ’New Model Army’, formed by Oliver Cromwell in 1645 and were largely responsible for the defeat of the Royalist forces led by Charles I, particularly in the decisive Battle of Naseby in June 1645.
By the end of the first civil war in 1646 Leveller ideas were particularly influential and culminated in the Putney Debates where ordinary soldiers debated revolutionary ideas with their generals; it was at this series of meetings that Leveller Colonel Thomas Rainborough argued the case for universal suffrage:
“I think that the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest he, and therefore truly, sir, I think it is clear to every man that is to live under a government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that government.”
Unfortunately, this outbreak of democracy within the ranks of the army was relatively short-lived; the outbreak of the second civil war in 1647 allowed the generals to reassert their authority and Leveller influence began to wane. An attempted mutiny by Leveller soldiers was brutally suppressed in Burford, Oxfordshire in 1649; leaders were executed by Cromwell’s soldiers and others were tried for high treason.
Why this brutal suppression? What did the generals find so threatening about the Levellers?
Who were the Levellers?
The Levellers were a relatively loose alliance of radicals and freethinkers who came to prominence during the period of instability that characterised the English Civil War of 1642 – 1649. The most prominent Levellers were John Lilburne, Richard Overton, William Walwyn, John Wildman, Edward Sexby and Colonel Thomas Rainborough.
What bound these people together was the general belief that all men were equal; since this was the case, then a government could only have legitimacy if it was elected by the people. The Leveller demands were for a secular republic, abolition of the House of Lords, equality before the law, the right to vote for all, free trade, the abolition of censorship, freedom of speech and the absolute right for people to worship whatever religion [or none] that they chose. This programme was published as ‘The Agreement of the People’.
These ideas came out of the social classes from which the Levellers originated; they were mainly skilled workers and peasants and the ‘petty bourgeoisie’. Since many of them had fought in Cromwell’s New Model Army they were used to discussion, argument and the free dissemination of ideas; it was this intelligent debate allied to the need for discipline that had led to the defeat of the Royalists and the victory of the republic.
The Levellers were essentially radical idealists; their demands could be seen as a form of early socialism [they were pretty much the same as the demands of the Chartists some two hundred years later], but they had little or no understanding of the workings of a capitalist economy. It is unfair, though, to expect this of them since capitalism as an organised form of social production would only assert itself much later in the development of Britain as an industrial nation.
Indeed, it is important to note that their views on the social order were not particularly progressive; these were rooted in the notion that prior to 1066 and the Norman Conquest a democratic society had existed in Anglo-Saxon times where the land was held in common by the people [perhaps this is in line with Karl Marx’s idea of the concept of ‘primitive communism’; that is, the form of social organisation that existed in pre-industrial society].
The victory of William the Conqueror in 1066 had enabled him to impose a form of foreign [that is, Norman] domination on the people. [1] This enabled him to reward his followers with huge swathes of land seized from the formerly ‘free men’ of England. This was particularly so in the North of England where opposition was brutally suppressed.
The Levellers argued that since God had created all men as equals, the land belonged to all the people as a right. Their programme was, then, essentially an attempt to restore the situation that they believed had existed previous to the Norman Conquest; they wanted to establish a ‘commonwealth’ in which the common people would be in control of their own destiny without the intervention of a King, a House of Lords and other potential oppressors.
The Agreement of the People was drawn up by a committee of Levellers including John Lilburne which was to have been discussed at a meeting of the commonwealth armies at Newmarket in June 1647. In brief this is what they asked for:
· Power to be vested in the people
· One year Parliaments, elected by equal numbers of voters per seat. The right to vote for all men who worked independently for their living and all those who had fought for the Parliamentary cause
· Recall of any or all of their MPs by their electors at any time
· Abolition of the House of Lords
· Democratic election of army officers
· Complete religious toleration and the abolition of tithes and tolls
· Justices to be elected; law courts to be local and proceedings to be in English [not French!]
· Redistribution of seized land to the common people
"[T]here had never been anything like such a spontaneous outbreak of democracy in any English or Continental Army before this year of 1647, nor was there anything like it thereafter till Workers’ and Soldiers’ Councils met in 1917 in Russia" [2]
It is hardly surprising, given this programme of demands, that the rich and powerful felt threatened by the Levellers. This is particularly so, given that some of the Leveller demands, almost 400 years on, have still not been met! Since Leveller demands went so much further than Cromwell and other republican leaders could even begin to meet, then they had to be crushed.
The outbreak of the second civil war gave them the opportunity to do this and so the movement which would have surely rid the people of the parasitical classes once and for all was brutally put down.
The final victory of the Parliamentary forces later in 1648 not only led to the execution of the King, but also the suppression of Leveller ideas for a time.
Leveller ideas, though, posed a real challenge to the power and authority of Cromwell particularly with their attitude to the situation in Ireland. The New Model Army had been set up to defend Parliament at home, not to act as a mercenary force which would advance the imperialist ambitions of the English ruling class. The Catholics in Ireland, it was argued, had a claim to freedom and equality which was just as valid as that which the Levellers were arguing for at home.
In ‘The English Soldier’s Standard’, it was argued that military intervention in Ireland would only mean that the Irish would become a subject people exploited by precisely those who the Levellers were struggling to overcome in England. The point was that influential levellers were implacably opposed to the reconquest of Ireland.
When significant elements of the New Model Army refused to embark for Ireland it was obvious that a crucial point had been reached. Radical elements had to be crushed in order for Cromwell to assert his authority. This was achieved at Burford in Oxfordshire where Fairfax and Cromwell surprised the Levellers and defeated them [albeit it with only a handful of casualties]. From this time [May 1649] the New Model Army was completely in the control of Cromwell.
This does not mean, though, that Leveller ideas were totally eradicated. On May Day 1649, the third and final version of the ‘Agreement of the People’ was published. This is the last collective statement of the Leveller leaders and is their most complete political programme. Its preface stated:
“Peace and freedom is our design; by war we were never gainers, nor ever wish to be.”
In this version of the Agreement, there is a restatement of essential Leveller ideas, though there is a divergence between them and the aims of the Diggers to eradicate the ownership of private property. In all other respects, the programme is not dissimilar to earlier versions; the emphasis is still on universal [male] suffrage, accountable government, religious toleration, civil rights, and so on.
Leveller ideas mainly appealed to the dispossessed in society; that is, those who were most threatened by what the Levellers were proposing were unlikely to be persuaded by appeals to the ‘common good’. Since the Levellers were unable to mobilise their followers to any great degree and, given their defeat at Burford, they lacked the ability to challenge the army or government, it is almost inevitable that they were unable to pose any future threat to the ruling class or [restored] Monarchy.
Nevertheless, this is not to say that Leveller ideas are irrelevant or were consigned to the ‘dustbin of history’. Both the Levellers and Diggers are of crucial importance to the development of working class history since they stand in the proud tradition of English radicalism and challenge to the ruling orthodoxy.
Like the Tolpuddle Martyrs and the Chartists of a later period, the Diggers and Levellers posed a serious threat to the ruling class; their direct appeals to the poor and dispossessed resonate throughout the centuries – whilst the language and mode of expression may have changed, the essential demands of these radicals remain as vibrant and necessary today as they were when they were first put.
Some 450 years after the Diggers established their commune at Cobham, we still need to establish the common ownership of property and the development of society based on need, rather than profit. The words of Winstanley echo throughout the centuries:
“When men take to buying and selling the land, saying ’This is mine’, they restrain other fellow creatures from seeking nourishment from mother earth…..so that he that had no land was to work for those, for small wages, that called the land theirs; and thereby some are lifted up into the chair of tyranny and others trod under the footstool of misery, as if the earth were made for a few and not for all men.”
Our task must to be rescue the words of the Diggers and Levellers from obscurity and to locate them quite firmly in the context of working-class history and struggle; to seek inspiration from their words and actions; to ensure that all of these disparate voices are united under the common theme of working class resistance to poverty and oppression
Jim Fox
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English Civil War
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A graviton is a term in?
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The Levellers
The Levellers
References
During the English Civil War some radicals began writing and distributing pamphlets on soldiers' rights. Radicals such as John Lilburne were unhappy with the way that the war was being fought. Whereas he hoped the conflict would lead to political change, this was not true of most of the Parliamentary leaders. "The generals themselves members of the titled nobility, were ardently seeking a compromise with the King. They wavered in their prosecution of the war because they feared that a shattering victory over the King would create an irreparable breach in the old order of things that would ultimately be fatal to their own position." (1)
William Prynne , a leading Puritan critic of Charles I, became disillusioned with the increase of religious toleration during the war. In December, 1644, he published Truth Triumphing , a pamphlet that promoted church discipline. On 7th January, 1645, Lilburne wrote a letter to Prynne complaining about the intolerance of the Presbyterians and arguing for freedom of speech for the Independents . (2)
John Lilburne and the Levellers
Lilburne's political activities were reported to Parliament. As a result, he was brought before the Committee of Examinations on 17th May, 1645, and warned about his future behaviour. Prynne and other leading Presbyterians, such as his old friend, John Bastwick , were concerned by Lilburne's radicalism. They joined a plot with Denzil Holles against Lilburne. He was arrested and charged with uttering slander against William Lenthall , the Speaker of the House of Commons . Lilburne was released without charge on 14th October, 1645. (3)
John Bradshaw now brought Lilburne's case before the Star Chamber. He pointed out that Lilburne was still waiting for most of the pay he should have received while serving in the Parliamentary army. Lilburne was awarded £2,000 in compensation for his sufferings. However, Parliament refused to pay this money and Lilburne was once again arrested. Brought before the House of Lords Lilburne was sentenced to seven years and fined £4,000.
This picture of John Lilburne appeared on the
front-cover of a Leveller pamphlet published in 1646.
John Lilburne received support from other radicals. In July, 1946, Richard Overton , launched an attack on Parliament: "We are well assured, yet cannot forget, that the cause of our choosing you to be Parliament men, was to deliver us from all kind of Bondage, and to preserve the Commonwealth in Peace and Happiness: For effecting whereof, we possessed you with the same power that was in ourselves, to have done the same; For we might justly have done it ourselves without you, if we had thought it convenient; choosing you (as persons whom we thought qualified, and faithful) for avoiding some inconveniences." (4)
While in Newgate Prison Lilburne used his time studying books on law and writing pamphlets. This included The Free Man's Freedom Vindicated (1647) where he argued that "no man should be punished or persecuted... for preaching or publishing his opinion on religion". He also outlined his political philosophy: "All and every particular and individual man and woman, that ever breathed in the world, are by nature all equal and alike in their power, dignity, authority and majesty, none of them having (by nature) any authority, dominion or magisterial power one over or above another." (5) In another pamphlet, Rash Oaths (1647), he argued: "Every free man of England, poor as well as rich, should have a vote in choosing those that are to make the law." (6)
In 1647 people like John Lilburne and Richard Overton were described as Levellers. In demonstrations they wore sea-green scarves or ribbons. (7) In September, 1647, William Walwyn , the leader of this group in London , organised a petition demanding reform. Their political programme included: voting rights for all adult males, annual elections, complete religious freedom, an end to the censorship of books and newspapers, the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords , trial by jury, an end to taxation of people earning less than £30 a year and a maximum interest rate of 6%. (8)
An Agreement of the People
The Levellers gained considerable influence in the New Model Army . In October, 1647, the Levellers published An Agreement of the People . As Barbara Bradford Taft has pointed out: "Under 1000 words overall, the substance of the Agreement was common to all Leveller penmen but the lucid phrasing of four concise articles and the eloquence of the preamble and conclusion leave little doubt that the final draft was Walwyn's work. Inflammatory demands were avoided and the first three articles concerned the redistribution of parliamentary seats, dissolution of the present parliament, and biennial elections. The heart of the Leveller programme was the final article, which enumerated five rights beyond the power of parliament: freedom of religion; freedom from conscription; freedom from questions about conduct during the war unless excepted by parliament; equality before the law; just laws, not destructive to the people's well-being." (9)
The document advocated the granting of votes to all adult males except for those receiving wages. The wage-earning class, although perhaps numbering nearly half the population, were regarded as "servants" of the rich and would be under their influence and would vote for their employer's candidates. "Their exclusion from the franchise was thus regarded as necessary to prevent the employers from having undue influence, and there is reason to think that this judgement was correct." (10)
Colonel Thomas Harrison was sympathetic to the demands of the Levellers and in November, 1648, he began negotiating with John Lilburne . "He attempted to persuade the Levellers that before the agreement could be perfected it was necessary for the army to invade London and prevent parliament from concluding a treaty with the king." He argued that any agreement was likely that the New Model Army . would be disbanded, with the consequence "that you will be destroyed as well as we." (10a).
Lilburne admitted that Harrison was "extremely fair" in the negotiations. "We fully and effectually acquainted
him with the most desperate mischievousness of their attempting to do these things, without giving some good security to the nation for the future settlement of their liberties and freedoms; specially in frequent, free, and successive representations, according to their many promises, oaths, covenants and declarations; or else as soon as they had performed their intentions to destroy the King (which we fully understood they were absolutely resolved to do, yea, as they told us, though they did it by martial law), and also totally to root up the Parliament, and invite so many members to come to them as would join with them, to manage businesses, till a new and equal representative could by an agreement be settled ; which the chiefest of them protested before God was the ultimate and chiefest of their designs and desires... I say, we pressed hard for security, before they attempted those things in the least, lest when they were done we should be solely left to their wills and swords." (10b)
Putney Debates
On 28th October, 1647, members of the New Model Army began to discuss their grievances at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin , but moved to the nearby lodgings of Thomas Grosvenor, Quartermaster General of Foot, the following day. This became known as the Putney Debates . The speeches were taken down in shorthand and written up later. As one historian has pointed out: "They are perhaps the nearest we shall ever get to oral history of the seventeenth century and have that spontaneous quality of men speaking their minds about the things they hold dear, not for effect or for posterity, but to achieve immediate ends." (11)
Thomas Rainsborough , the most radical of the officers, argued: "I desire that those that had engaged in it should speak, for really I think that the poorest he that is in England hath a life to live as the greatest he; and therefore truly. Sir, I think it's clear that every man that is to live under a Government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that Government; and I do think that the poorest man in England is not at all bound in a strict sense to that Government that he hath not had a voice to put himself under; and I am confident that when I have heard the reasons against it, something will be said to answer those reasons, in so much that I should doubt whether he was an Englishman or no that should doubt of these things." (12)
John Wildman supported Rainsborough and dated people's problems to the Norman Conquest : "Our case is to be considered thus, that we have been under slavery. That's acknowledged by all. Our very laws were made by our Conquerors... We are now engaged for our freedom. That's the end of Parliament, to legislate according to the just ends of government, not simply to maintain what is already established. Every person in England hath as clear a right to elect his Representative as the greatest person in England. I conceive that's the undeniable maxim of government: that all government is in the free consent of the people." (13)
Edward Sexby was another who supported the idea of increasing the franchise: "We have engaged in this kingdom and ventured our lives, and it was all for this: to recover our birthrights and privileges as Englishmen - and by the arguments urged there is none. There are many thousands of us soldiers that have ventured our lives; we have had little property in this kingdom as to our estates, yet we had a birthright. But it seems now except a man hath a fixed estate in this kingdom, he hath no right in this kingdom. I wonder we were so much deceived. If we had not a right to the kingdom, we were mere mercenary soldiers. There are many in my condition, that have as good a condition, it may be little estate they have at present, and yet they have as much a right as those two (Cromwell and Ireton) who are their lawgivers, as any in this place. I shall tell you in a word my resolution. I am resolved to give my birthright to none. Whatsoever may come in the way, and be thought, I will give it to none. I think the poor and meaner of this kingdom (I speak as in that relation in which we are) have been the means of the preservation of this kingdom." (14)
These ideas were opposed by most of the senior officers in the New Model Army , who represented the interests of property owners. One of them, Henry Ireton , argued: "I think that no person hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom, and indetermining or choosing those that determine what laws we shall be ruled by here - no person hath a right to this, that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom... First, the thing itself (universal suffrage) were dangerous if it were settled to destroy property. But I say that the principle that leads to this is destructive to property; for by the same reason that you will alter this Constitution merely that there's a greater Constitution by nature - by the same reason, by the law of nature, there is a greater liberty to the use of other men's goods which that property bars you." (15)
A compromise was eventually agreed that the vote would be granted to all men except alms-takers and servants and the Putney Debates came to an end on 8th November, 1647. The agreement was never put before the House of Commons . Leaders of the Leveller movement, including John Lilburne , Richard Overton , William Walwyn and John Wildman , were arrested and their pamphlets were burnt in public. (16)
Parliament and the Levellers
On 1st August, 1648, the House of Commons voted for Lilburne's release. The next day the House of Lords agreed and also remitted the fine imposed two years earlier. On his release Lilburne became involved in writing and distributing pamphlets on soldiers' rights. He pointed out that even though soldiers were fighting for Parliament, very few of them were allowed to vote for it. Lilburne argued that elections should take place every year. Lilburne, who believed that people were corrupted by power, argued that no members of the House of Commons should be allowed to serve for more than one year at a time.
The House of Commons was angry with Thomas Rainsborough for his support of democracy in the Putney Debates and General Thomas Fairfax was called before Parliament to answer for his behaviour. For a time Rainsborough was denied the right to take up his post as Vice Admiral. Eventually, after support from Fairfax, Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton , Parliament voted 88 to 66 in favour of him going to sea.
As a supporter of the Levellers, Rainsborough was unpopular with his officers and he was refused permission to board his ship. Parliament now appointed the Earl of Warwick as Lord High Admiral and Rainsborough returned to the army. On 29th October, 1648, a party of Cavaliers attempted to kidnap Rainsborough while he was in Doncaster . During the struggle to capture him he was mortally wounded. At his funeral in London the crowd wore sea-green scarves and ribbons. (17)
Oliver Cromwell made it very clear that he very much opposed to the idea that more people should be allowed to vote in elections and that the Levellers posed a serious threat to the upper classes: "What is the purport of the levelling principle but to make the tenant as liberal a fortune as the landlord. I was by birth a gentleman. You must cut these people in pieces or they will cut you in pieces." (18)
In July, 1648, the Levellers published their own newspaper, The Moderate . Edited by Richard Overton it included articles by John Lilburne , John Wildman and William Walwyn . The articles written by Overton were more radical than contemporary writings by other Leveller leaders. Whereas radicals like Lilburne opposed the trial and execution of the Charles I , for example, Overton supported it as necessary for securing English liberties. (19)
The newspaper controversially encouraged soldiers in the New Model Army to revolt. In March 1649, Lilburne, Wildman, Overton and Walwyn were arrested and charged with advocating communism. After being brought before the Council of State they were sent to the Tower of London . (20)
This picture of John Lilburne appeared in a pamphlet published in 1649.
Riots and protests broke out in London where the Levellers had a strong following. Ten thousand signatures were collected in a few days to a petition demanding the release of John Lilburne. This was soon followed by a second petition signed and presented entirely by women. There were also disturbances in the army and it was decided to send the most disgruntled regiments to Ireland . (21)
A petition of well over 8,000 signatures, calling for Lilburne to be released, was presented to the House of Commons . Sir John Maynard , the MP for Totnes , led the campaign to have Lilburne set free. Maynard was a great supporter of religious freedom and Lilburne described him as a "true friend and faithful and courageous fellow-sufferer" for his beliefs. Maynard told fellow members about "what this brave invincible Spirit hath suffered and done for you." As a result of the debate in August, 1648, the House of Lords cancelled Lilburne's sentence. (22)
New Model Army
Soldiers continued to protest against the government. The most serious rebellion took place in London . Troops commanded by Colonel Edward Whalley were ordered from the capital to Essex. A group of soldiers led by Robert Lockyer , refused to go and barricaded themselves in The Bull Inn near Bishopsgate , a radical meeting place. A large number of troops were sent to the scene and the men were forced to surrender. The commander-in-chief, General Thomas Fairfax , ordered Lockyer to be executed.
Lockyer's funeral on Sunday 29th April, 1649, proved to be a dramatic reminder of the strength of the Leveller organization in London. "Starting from Smithfield in the afternoon, the procession wound slowly through the heart of the City, and then back to Moorfields for the interment in New Churchyard. Led by six trumpeters, about 4000 people reportedly accompanied the corpse. Many wore ribbons - black for mourning and sea-green to publicize their Leveller allegiance. A company of women brought up the rear, testimony to the active female involvement in the Leveller movement. If the reports can be believed there were more mourners for Trooper Lockyer than there had been for the martyred Colonel Thomas Rainsborough the previous autumn." (23)
John Lilburne continued to campaign against the rule of Oliver Cromwell . According to a Royalist newspaper at the time: "He (Cromwell) and the Levellers can as soon combine as fire and water... The Levellers aim being at pure democracy.... and the design of Cromwell and his grandees for an oligarchy in the hands of himself." (24)
Lilburne argued that Cromwell's government was mounting a propaganda campaign against the Levellers and to prevent them from replying their writings were censored: "To prevent the opportunity to lay open their treacheries and hypocrisies... the stop the press... They blast us with all the scandals and false reports their wit or malice could invent against us... By these arts are they now fastened in their powers." (25)
Woodcut from the pamphlet, The World Turned Upside Down (c. 1649)
David Petegorsky , the author of Left-Wing Democracy in the English Civil War (1940) has pointed out: "The Levellers clearly saw, that equality must replace privilege as the dominant theme of social relationships; for a State that is divided into rich and poor, or a system that excludes certain classes from privileges it confers on others, violates that equality to which every individual has a natural claim." (26)
Although he agreed with some of the Leveller's policies, including the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords , Cromwell refused to increase the number of people who could vote in elections. Lilburne attacked Cromwell's suppression of Roman Catholics in Ireland and Parliament's persecution of Royalists in England and the decision to execute Charles I .
In February, 1649, John Lilburne published England's New Chains Discovered . "He appealed to the army and the provinces as well as Londoners to join him in rejecting the rule of the military junta, the council of state, and their ‘puppet’ parliament. Leveller agitation, inspired by his example, revived. He was soon in the Tower again for the suspected authorship of a book which parliament had declared treasonable". (27)
In another pamphlet Lilburne described Cromwell as the "new King." On 24th March, Lilburne read his latest pamphlet, out loud to a crowd outside Winchester House, where he was living at the time, and then presented it to the House of Commons later that same day. It was condemned as "false, scandalous, and reproachful" as well as "highly seditious" and on 28th March he was arrested at his home. (28)
Richard Overton , William Walwyn and Thomas Prince , were also taken into custody and all were brought before the Council of State in the afternoon. Lilburne later claimed that while he was being held prisoner in an adjacent room, he heard Cromwell thumping his fist upon the Council table and shouting that the only "way to deal with these men is to break them in pieces … if you do not break them, they will break you!" (29)
In March, 1649, Lilburne, Overton and Prince, published, England's New Chains Discovered . They attacked the government of Oliver Cromwell pointed out that: "They may talk of freedom, but what freedom indeed is there so long as they stop the Press, which is indeed and hath been so accounted in all free Nations, the most essential part thereof.. What freedom is there left, when honest and worthy Soldiers are sentenced and enforced to ride the horse with their faces reverst, and their swords broken over their heads for but petitioning and presenting a letter in justification of their liberty therein?" (30)
The supporters of the Leveller movement called for the release of Lilburne. This included Britain's first ever all-women petition, that was supported by over 10,000 signatures. This group, led by Elizabeth Lilburne , Mary Overton and Katherine Chidley , presented the petition to the House of Commons on 25th April, 1649. (31) They justified their political activity on the basis of "our creation in the image of God, and of an interest in Christ equal unto men, as also of a proportionable share in the freedoms of this commonwealth". (32)
MPs reacted intolerantly, telling the women that "it was not for women to petition; they might stay home and wash their dishes... you are desired to go home, and look after your own business, and meddle with your housewifery". One woman replied: "Sir, we have scarce any dishes left us to wash, and those we have not sure to keep." When another MP said it was strange for women to petition Parliament one replied: "It was strange that you cut off the King's head, yet I suppose you will justify it." (33)
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Russian Winter Hats - Ushanka
FAQ
An Ushanka (also known as Trapper hat, Aviator hat, Shapka, Chapka etc.) is a traditional, yet stylish, Russian winter hat with ear flaps, which is extremely warm to handle the frigid Russian winters. It has ear flaps, which can be folded up and tied at the top of the hat, or tied at the chin. Wearing ear flaps down protects ears, bottom of the chin, nape and top of the back of the neck from the cold. The word ushanka translates from Russian as "with ears". Ushi means ears in Russian language.
Throughout history, old fashioned Russian Ushanka has inspired various other hat styles, such as Trapper, Bomber® brand hats or Aviator hats. Numerous other winter hats with earflaps, spawned by the original Ushanka style, are common in the countries of the former USSR, China, North Korea, Eastern Europe and others. Unlike many cheap knock-offs and offers of Ushanka "style" hats, our hats are top quality genuine products made in Russia, Ukraine or Belarus from the highest quality locally manufactured materials only!
Ushankas worn by the Russian and former Soviet soldiers were often made from artificial fur. Army officer Ushanka hats are made from mouton or sheepskin (lambskin).
Rabbit, arctic fox, mink, muskrat and many other types of fur can be used for manufacturing non-military winter hat models.
An Ushanka Russian winter hat will keep you cozy and comfortable all winter long while keeping you fashionable. It features the classic Russian hat style. Just tie the warm ear flaps beneath the chin, on top of the crown of your head, or at the back, this will give you three different styles or looks.
Ushanka winter hat is more than just stylish, the combinations of how you wear it to the conditions of the weather, make it invaluable!
Ushanka has been time-tested over centuries of use by the hardy Russians to withstand their harsh winters. There is no better hat made for this in the world. Get one now and fear no winter storm.
All of our products are made in Russia, Belarus or Ukraine from the highest quality locally manufactured materials only. Guaranteed!
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Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok | Russia Beyond The Headlines
Russian winter hats: Ushanka, kubanka, petushok
Russians know winter and cold weather. More importantly, they know how to dress when the wind bites, particularly when it comes to winter headgear.
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Ushanka always keeps the ears from freezing. Source: Reuters
A warm winter hat, called “shapka” in Russian, is an essential element of Russian winter attire. For a fact, Russians don't wear shapkas with T-shirts, as shown in the Hollywood movie “Armageddon.” But the country is very rich in all kinds of shapkas; the range of materials, designs and images is almost endless.
The most widely recognized Russian winter hat is “ushanka,” a thick and warm hat with earflaps. The design dates back to the 17th century, when someone invented the “treukh” (literally, “three ears”).
The treukh is a round fur hat, usually made of sheepskin, with a broad flap at the back that covers the neck all the way to the shoulders, and two smaller earflaps. For added protection from the wind and freezing cold, the earflaps have straps that can be tied up under the chin.
The treukh. Aquarel. Source: Feodor Solntsev
The treukh was especially popular in central and northern Russia, where winters are particularly damp and chilly. It may sound surprising, but winters in Siberia are actually less daunting than in Moscow: the Siberian temperatures are lower, but low humidity makes those temperatures feel less chilly and easier to bear.
The modern ushanka design is relatively recent. After the 1917 Bolshevik revolution , units of the White Army, which fought for the Tzar and were led by Gen. Kolchak, were issued very practical hats called “Norvezhka” (literally, "Norwegian”).
As the name implies, the design was invented by Norwegian conquerors of the North. Its main difference from the treukh is that the earflaps are much longer, so they can be tied up under the chin for extra warmth, or on top of the head to get them out of the way when it’s not too cold. The Red Army soon borrowed that successful design as well.
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During the period when Russia fought in World War II from 1941 to 1945, entire fur factories were pressed into making nothing but ushankas for the Red Army’s needs. Various Russian uniformed agencies continue to use the ushanka to this day, in various color schemes (grey for the police, black for the Navy, etc.).
The military uniform code requires that the earflaps always remain tied up at the top for extra decorum. The soldiers who have to spend long hours in bitter cold when they are out on patrol or guard duty have found a solution to this problem. They wear ushankas that are a couple of sizes too big for them; their heads completely drown in those hats, but at least it keeps their ears from freezing.
Ushankas now are the part of the Russian winter military uniform. Source: ITAR-TASS
The successful military design soon became a runaway success with civilian Soviet hatters. Most of the Soviet men owned at least one such hat, made of fur, deerskin, beaver skin, and other materials.
Decades of Olympic style in Team Russia’s uniforms
A rival design that emerged in the mid-1970 was the so called “petushok” (literally, cockerel). These tall and flat knitted hats look like a cockscomb, hence their name. Many were emblazoned with the word Sport, or decorated with fir-tree or reindeer patterns.
Quite a few also had a pom-pom or a bobble at the top. The petushok design soon became so iconic that it was even made part of the Russian national team's Olympic uniform at the Vancouver Games in 2010.
Yet another popular Russian hat is the “kubanka,” so named after the southern province of Kuban. The design arrived to Russia from Central Asia and the Caucasus; the Russian Cossacks in Kuban were the first to appreciate its merits.
A classical kubanka (and its variation called papakha) is a round hat with a flat top, made of soft karakul lambskin. A kubanka made of long fur, such as black fox, was an extremely fashionable accessory coveted by every Soviet woman.
It was made popular by the comedy “Irony of Fate,” which every Russian TV channel still feels obliged to run on more than one occasion every Christmas season, in honor of a long-standing tradition. The main heroine of the film sports a magnificent kubanka.
The main heroine of the "Irony of Fate" wore the most fashionable hat in the USSR. Source: Press Photo
Kubankas remain fashionable to this day. Many Russian women have inherited them from their mothers, who often stored them on top of tall round jars, to keep the shape and avoid any damage to the fur.
The Irony of Fate: How to understand Russians
Kubankas can be worn with classical or flared overcoats in the 1960s style, so long as these coats don't have a fur collar.
A combination of a fur coat and a fur hat is considered a faux pas among Russian fashionistas, although nothing beats it for sheer warmth.
Ushanka, meanwhile, isn't giving up without a fight, either. In fact, it has made it into the winter collections of such famous brands as Paul Smith, Bally, and Ralph Lauren.
The Chanel 2013-2014 collection also includes ushanka-like hats made of brightly colored dyed fur.
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Nintendo Wii U Launched in America
Nintendo Wii U Launched in America
Posted by: Ferry Groenendijk
Nintendo’s Wii U console launched Sunday November 18th, 2012 in America and Canada! As the first new home video game system in six years, it’s aiming to change the landscape of games and entertainment with its new Wii U GamePad controller. With more than 30 launch-day games for all types of players, Wii U arrives just in time for the holidays and is poised to be the must-have gift of the season.
Mii characters invaded New York the past day to celebrate the U.S. launch of Wii U:
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Here’s the Nintendo World Store Wii U midnight launch event video:
The Wii U Basic Set will be available at a suggested retail price of $299.99 and includes a white Wii U console with 8 GB* of internal storage, one white touch-screen GamePad controller, AC adapters for both the console and controller, a sensor bar and an HDMI™ cable. The Wii U Deluxe Set will be available at a suggested retail price of $349.99 and its components are black. This set includes all elements from the Basic Set, as well as the Nintendo Land game, increased internal storage totaling 32 GB*, a console stand, a GamePad stand and a GamePad charging cradle. People who purchase the Deluxe Set also will be enrolled in the Deluxe Digital Promotion, which allows Deluxe Set owners to earn points when they purchase downloadable games and then redeem those points for codes that earn them credit toward even more fun digital content in the online Nintendo eShop.
Here’s the Wii U and New Super Mario Bros. U launch game TV commercial:
Wii U GamePad: The controller features a 6.2-inch touch screen that redefines how people interact with their games, their entertainment and one another. It comes with dual analog sticks and traditional buttons for gaming. The GamePad is wirelessly connected to the console, providing a perfectly integrated second-screen experience with the TV, no matter how it’s being used. Different players can enjoy different experiences in the same game, depending on which controller they opt to use. Players can even move select games from the TV to be played on the GamePad or use the GamePad as a TV remote control.
Wii U Games: Wii U is launching with 29 packaged games, plus a handful of digital games, marking the largest launch lineup in Nintendo history. Nintendo-published games available on launch day include Nintendo Land™, New Super Mario Bros. ™ U, SiNG PARTY™ and NINJA GAIDEN™ 3: Razor’s Edge. Third-party publishers also will have an amazing array of games available on launch day, such as Just Dance® 4, Assassin’s Creed® III and ZombiU™ from Ubisoft, Skylanders Giants™ and Call of Duty®: Black Ops II from Activision Publishing, Inc., Disney Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two from Disney Interactive, EA SPORTS™ FIFA Soccer 13 and Madden NFL 13 from Electronic Arts, NBA 2K13 from 2K Sports and Batman: Arkham City™ Armored Edition and Scribblenauts™ Unlimited from Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. A number of these titles will also be available for purchase digitally in the Nintendo eShop alongside a strong launch-day lineup of downloadable digital-only games, including Little Inferno from Tomorrow Corporation, Trine 2™: Director’s Cut from Frozenbyte, Chasing Aurora from Broken Rules, Mighty Switch Force: Hyper Drive Edition from WayForward and Nano Assault NEO from Shin’en. Wii U owners can expand the storage capacity of their systems by adding their own USB external hard disc drives. Downloadable content for select games, such as additional levels or maps, will roll out in December following a system update. Wii U is backward compatible with almost all Wii™ games and Wii accessories.
Miiverse: Miiverse™ is a global community in which gamers from all over can share experiences, discuss games and learn more about the video games they love. Using their personalized Mii™ characters, players with broadband Internet access can enter Miiverse and see games and entertainment content they have interacted with recently, expressed interest in learning more about or that their friends are playing or discussing. They can also challenge their friends to play together, ask for help from the Miiverse community about a difficult level or discover elements of their favorite games they never knew existed. Miiverse is integrated seamlessly into the Wii U experience.
Video on Demand: In the coming weeks, an array of favorite movies and TV shows will become available to Wii U owners on Amazon Instant Video and to Hulu Plus and Netflix subscribers. These services will also be accessible from Nintendo TVii. Wii U owners will also be able to watch YouTube videos and channels through the YouTube application, as well as sign in to their account and control the application with the GamePad. Wii U owners who have connected their systems to the Internet will receive a notification as each video application becomes active.
Nintendo TVii: In December, Nintendo will activate this unique application that will transform how people find, watch and engage with TV shows, movies and sports. Nintendo TVii makes watching TV simple and fun by bringing together a program guide, remote control and social interaction into one, seamless second-screen experience on the GamePad. Nintendo TVii comes with Wii U at no additional charge and requires no additional equipment. It works with existing cable and satellite channels. Viewers can engage with others in a variety of ways, such as commenting on moments as they happen on live TV, and then sharing those thoughts via Miiverse, Facebook and Twitter. Users can also discover more about what they’re watching, as information from a variety of sources is automatically linked to the program they are watching, including sports data. Nintendo TVii is customizable for every member of the family.
Wii U Video Chat: Wii U owners can video chat with one another on a broadband Internet connection using the built-in camera and microphone of the Wii U GamePad. Friends and family members far away can see and talk with one another in real time using this service at no additional charge.
Internet Browser: Wii U comes with a browser that lets users surf the Web from the comfort of their couches. Users can browse purely on the GamePad while watching a program on TV. Additionally, they can pause a game, launch the browser and search for something, and then re-enter the game right where they left off.
“The value of Wii U goes well beyond day one,” Fils-Aime said. “Nintendo will be enhancing the Wii U experience with continuous updates and new services for Wii U owners.”
Is your body ready for the Wii U console? 😀
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Nintendo Wii U: Japanese launch date and price announced | Technology | The Guardian
Nintendo Wii U: Japanese launch date and price announced
Nintendo reveals two Wii U console bundles and a controversial pricing structure for its forthcoming console
Nintendo has announced the Japanese launch date and price for the Wii U console. Photograph: Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images
Thursday 13 September 2012 06.16 EDT
First published on Thursday 13 September 2012 06.16 EDT
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Nintendo has announced the Japanese release date and pricing details for its forthcoming Wii U console.
The machine will launch in Japan on 8 December in two packages: a white basic bundle, priced at ¥26,250 (£209), will include the console, one GamePad and an 8GB hard drive; the black premium edition boasts a 32GB hard drive and will retail at ¥31,500 (£251).
The new console – which comes with a tablet-style GamePad, complete with its own display – is thought to be slightly more powerful than the Xbox 360 and PS3 machines.
The Japanese press conference only mentioned two potential launch titles, New Super Mario Bros U and mini-game collection NintendoLand.
It is expected that a full launch line up will be revealed at European and North American press events being held on Thursday afternoon.
"A lot of attention is going to focus on the price to start off with, and that's understandable," said Michael French, editor-in-chief of industry news site MCV .
"But the UK trade and retailers were always prepared for something around the £250 mark. Nintendo deciding to offer two SKUs suggests it is being mindful of price and trying to create models that are both as affordable as possible for families this Christmas and have appeal to the more dedicated or digital savvy consumer.
"Given Nintendo's profit-strapped financials in the wake of the 3DS launch price and swift price drop, I imagine this device is priced to include some decent margin for Nintendo to keep investors happy, too."
A likely UK price of more than £200 has surprised some industry pundits, especially as the hugely successful Nintendo Wii console launched ay £179.99.
"It's all about the value proposition, it's not necessarily about the headline price," says Piers Harding-Rolls, senior principal analyst at Screen Digest .
"It's the content and the experiences the machine will offer. I think there will be a large pent up demand from Wii users; they'll be excited by Wii U over the Christmas period, but it's down to games.
"The 3DS was an important lesson for Nintendo – the content wasn't there for that console. They need to get the games content right this time."
Nintendo also has a significant challenge communicating the unique features of its machine. Wii U was first revealed under the codename Project Cafe in 2011 and was officially named at that year's E3 games conference in Los Angeles.
However, there was some confusion over whether the console's controller was a standalone device. The publisher will need to tell mainstream consumers why they need a smaller screen in their hands while playing games on their television.
Certainly, this is a vital launch for Nintendo, which earlier this year posted its first annual losses for more than 30 years. Its 3DS handheld console performed poorly after launch and although sales have improved, it won't be enough to adequately boost Nintendo's bruised financials.
A big Christmas hit, with Wii U sales in the region of 2m-3m before the end of the year, could ensure the veteran games company has a very happy new year.
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.sa Domain Registration - Register .sa Domains - Saudi Domain .sa
.sa Domain Name
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(iii) your domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
In the administrative proceeding, the complainant must prove that each of these three elements are present.
b. Evidence of Registration and Use in Bad Faith. For the purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(iii), the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be present, shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith:
(i) circumstances indicating that you have registered or you have acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark or to a competitor of that complainant, for valuable consideration in excess of your documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name; or
(ii) you have registered the domain name in order to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, provided that you have engaged in a pattern of such conduct; or
(iii) you have registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or
(iv) by using the domain name, you have intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to your web site or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of your web site or location or of a product or service on your web site or location.
c. How to Demonstrate Your Rights to and Legitimate Interests in the Domain Name in Responding to a Complaint. When you receive a complaint, you should refer to Paragraph 5 of the Rules of Procedure in determining how your response should be cpr144449003101 prepared. Any of the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be proved based on its evaluation of all evidence presented, shall demonstrate your rights or legitimate interests to the domain name for purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(ii):
(i) before any notice to you of the dispute, your use of, or demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; or
(ii) you (as an individual, business, or other organization) have been commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights; or
(iii) you are making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue.
d. Selection of Provider. The complainant shall select the Provider from among those approved by ICANN by submitting the complaint to that Provider. The selected Provider will administer the proceeding, except in cases of consolidation as described in Paragraph 4(f).
e. Initiation of Proceeding and Process and Appointment of Administrative Panel. The Rules of Procedure state the process for initiating and conducting a proceeding and for appointing the panel that will decide the dispute (the "Administrative Panel").
f. Consolidation. In the event of multiple disputes between you and a complainant, either you or the complainant may petition to consolidate the disputes before a single Administrative Panel. This petition shall be made to the first Administrative Panel appointed to hear a pending dispute between the parties. This Administrative Panel may consolidate before it any or all such disputes in its sole discretion, provided that the disputes being consolidated are governed by this Policy or a later version of this Policy adopted by ICANN or the .sa Registry.
g. Fees. All fees charged by a Provider in connection with any dispute before an Administrative Panel pursuant to this Policy shall be paid by the complainant, except in cases where you elect to expand the Administrative Panel from one to three panelists as provided in Paragraph 5(b)(iv) of the Rules of Procedure, in which case all fees will be split evenly by you and the complainant.
h. Our Involvement in Administrative Proceedings. We do not, and will not, participate in the administration or conduct of any proceeding before an Administrative Panel. In addition, we will not be liable as a result of any decisions rendered by the Administrative Panel.
i. Remedies. The remedies available to a complainant pursuant to any proceeding before an Administrative Panel shall be limited to requiring the cancellation of your domain name or the transfer of your domain name registration to the complainant.
j. Notification and Publication. The Provider shall notify us of any decision made by an Administrative Panel with respect to a domain name you have registered with us. All decisions under this Policy will be published in full over the Internet, except when an Administrative Panel determines in an exceptional case to redact portions of its decision.
k. Availability of Court Proceedings. The mandatory administrative proceeding requirements set forth in Paragraph 4 shall not prevent either you or the complainant from submitting the dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for independent resolution before such mandatory administrative proceeding is commenced or after such proceeding is concluded. If an Administrative Panel decides that your domain name registration should be canceled or transferred, we will wait ten (10) business days (as observed in the location of our principal office) after we are informed by the applicable Provider of the Administrative Panel's decision before implementing that decision. We will then implement the decision unless we have received from you during that ten (10) business day period official documentation (such as a copy of a complaint, file-stamped by the clerk of the court) that you have commenced a lawsuit against the complainant in a jurisdiction to which the complainant has submitted under Paragraph 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure. (In general, that jurisdiction is either the location of our principal office or of your address as shown in our Whois database. See Paragraphs 1 and 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure for details.) If we receive such documentation within the ten (10) business day period, we will not implement the Administrative Panel's decision, and we will take no further action, until we receive (i) evidence satisfactory to us of a resolution between the parties; (ii) evidence satisfactory to us that your lawsuit has been dismissed or withdrawn; or (iii) a copy of an order from such court dismissing your lawsuit or ordering that you do not have the right to continue to use your domain name.
5. All Other Disputes and Litigation.
All other disputes between you and any party other than us regarding your domain name registration that are not brought pursuant to the mandatory administrative proceeding provisions of Paragraph 4 shall be resolved between you and such other party through any court, arbitration or other proceeding that may be available.
6. Our Involvement in Disputes.
We will not participate in any way in any dispute between you and any party other than us regarding the registration and use of your domain name. You shall not name us as a party or otherwise include us in any such proceeding. In the event that we are named as a party in any such proceeding, we reserve the right to raise any and all defenses deemed appropriate, and to take any other action necessary to defend ourselves.
7. Maintaining the Status Quo.
We will not cancel, transfer, activate, deactivate, or otherwise change the status of any domain name registration under this Policy except as provided in Paragraph 3 above.
8. Transfers During a Dispute.
a. Transfers of a Domain Name to a New Holder. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another holder (i) during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded; or (ii) during a pending court proceeding or arbitration commenced regarding your domain name unless the party to whom the domain name registration is being transferred agrees, in writing, to be bound by the decision of the court or arbitrator. We reserve the right to cancel any transfer of a domain name registration to another holder that is made in violation of this subparagraph.
b. Changing Registrars. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded. You may transfer administration of your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending court action or arbitration, provided that the domain name you have registered with us shall continue to be subject to the proceedings commenced against you in accordance with the terms of this Policy. In the event that you transfer a domain name registration to us during the pendency of a court action or arbitration, such dispute shall remain subject to the domain name dispute policy of the registrar from which the domain name registration was transferred.
9. Policy Modifications.
We reserve the right to modify this Policy at any time with the permission of ICANN. We will post our revised Policy at least thirty (30) calendar days before it becomes effective. Unless this Policy has already been invoked by the submission of a complaint to a Provider, in which event the version of the Policy in effect at the time it was invoked will apply to you until the dispute is over, all such changes will be binding upon you with respect to any domain name registration dispute, whether the dispute arose before, on or after the effective date of our change. In the event that you object to a change in this Policy, your sole remedy is to cancel your domain name registration with us, provided that you will not be entitled to a refund of any fees you paid to us. The revised Policy will apply to you until you cancel your domain name registration.
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Saudi Arabia
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What country experienced the world's biggest electricity power-cut in July 2012?
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.sa Domain Registration - Register .sa Domains - Saudi Domain .sa
.sa Domain Name
.sa Domain Registration
.SA Domains are intended for businesses and individuals interested in expanding their brand or service in Saudi Arabia. Whether a native or a visitor, a .SA Domain Registration will give your website the credibility needed to succeed within Saudi Arabia.
.sa Domain registration time frame is 1 Month.
Available Services for .sa
Check requirements for additional fees / instructions
Saudi Arabia Domain Registration Time Frame: 1 Month
Are Individual .sa domain registrations allowed?
Company or legal entities registrations allowed for .sa?
Are there requirements, documents, or information needed for .sa?
Registrant must provide a copy of a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. Select trustee service at checkout if you require a local administrative contact.
Individuals: Copy of Saudi national identification card or equivalent document issued by the Ministry of Interior of Saudi Arabia. Registrant cannot be underage.
Violating rights to third parties, names and activities that are illegal, offensive or criminal are prohibited. See FAQs for complete restrictions.
Does .sa domain have a special use?
Other information I need to know about .sa?
Are there any additional fees for .sa?
Do I need a trademark/brand name to register .sa?
WHOIS Privacy service available?
Trustee / Proxy service offered? Fees?
Don't Have All of These Requirements for Saudi Arabia .sa? Our trustee service provides the required local contact information. Note: Registration for 2 years may be required on some extensions.
Trustee service for this extension requires the following information: Copy of Registered trademark in Saudi Arabia or Saudi company incorporation documents required. Trustee service provides the local administrative contact.
Available at Checkout
.sa Trustee / Proxy Fee: 119.00 USD per 1 Year
.sa Trustee / Proxy Application Fee: 0.00 USD
.sa Domain Description
Saudi Arabia is home to the holiest sites in Islam and is considered the 'Land of Two Holy Mosques.' Reaching the Saudi Arabian people may be difficult, because it is not easy to travel to there, however, if you register .SA Saudi Arabia domain for your website you can reach them quickly via the web. The Saudi Domain name .SA will make it so you can further the reach of your business. .SA domains are intended to be used by businesses, individuals, and organizations. Don’t wait with your .SA Domain Registration.
.sa Domain FAQs
have minimum of 3 and a maximum of 63 characters;
begin with a letter or a number and end with a letter or a number;
use the English character set and may contain letters (i.e., a-z, A-Z),numbers (i.e. 0-9) and dashes (-) or a combination of these;
neither begin with, nor cpr144449003101 end with a dash;
not contain a dash in the third and fourth positions (e.g. www.ab- -cd.sa); and
not include a space (e.g. www.ab cd.sa).
Trustee Service helps you satisfy most local presence requirements when there are restrictions on registering a domain name.
cpr144449003101
?Grace period for .sa domain name?
Grace periods vary for country code Top Level Domains (ccTLD) including Internationalized Domain Names (IDN). Some registries require renewal up to 60 days in advance of the domain name expiration date. It is your responsibility to pay for your Renewal Fees in advance of the due date specified by 101domain regardless of the domain name expiration date. Failure to pay your Renewal Fees prior to the cpr144449003101 due date will result in a fee of $150 to renew your .sa domain. There may be a restore period between when the domain expires and when the domain can be registered again. In the event that you do not pay by the renewal date, your site may be inaccessible during this time so it is very important that you renew this extension before the renewal date.
The most recent source for this dispute policy can be found at: www.icann.org/en/help/dndr/udrp/policy
Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy
1. Purpose.
This Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Policy") has been adopted by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ("ICANN"), is incorporated by reference into your Registration Agreement, and sets forth the terms and conditions in connection with a dispute between you and any party other than us (the .sa registrar) over the registration and use of an Internet domain name registered by you. Proceedings under Paragraph 4 of this Policy will be conducted according to the Rules for Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy (the "Rules of Procedure"), which are available at www.icann.org/udrp/udrp-rules-24oct99.htm, and the selected administrative-dispute-resolution service provider's supplemental rules.
2. Your Representations.
By applying to register a domain name, or by asking us to maintain or renew a domain name registration, you hereby represent and warrant to us that (a) the statements that you made in your Registration Agreement are complete and accurate; (b) to your knowledge, the registration of the domain name will not infringe upon or otherwise violate the rights of any third party; (c) you are not registering the domain name for an unlawful purpose; and (d) you will not knowingly use the domain name in violation of any applicable laws or regulations. It is your responsibility to determine whether your domain name registration infringes or violates someone else's rights.
3. Cancellations, Transfers, and Changes.
We will cancel, transfer or otherwise make changes to domain name registrations under the following circumstances:
a. subject to the provisions of Paragraph 8, our receipt of written or appropriate electronic instructions from you or your authorized agent to take such action;
b. our receipt of an order from a court or arbitral tribunal, in each case of competent jurisdiction, requiring such action; and/or
c. our receipt of a decision of an Administrative Panel requiring such action in any administrative proceeding to which you were a party and which was conducted under this Policy or a later version of this Policy adopted by ICANN or the .sa Registry. (See Paragraph 4(i) and (k) below.)
We may also cancel, transfer or otherwise make changes to a domain name registration in accordance with the terms of your Registration Agreement or other legal requirements.
4. Mandatory Administrative Proceeding.
This Paragraph sets forth the type of disputes for which you are required to submit to a mandatory administrative proceeding. These proceedings will be conducted before one of the administrative-dispute-resolution service providers listed at www.icann.org/en/dndr/udrp/approved-providers.htm (each, a "Provider").
a. Applicable Disputes. You are required to submit to a mandatory administrative proceeding in the event that a third party (a "complainant") asserts to the applicable Provider, in compliance with the Rules of Procedure, that
(i) your domain name is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark or service mark in which the complainant has rights; and
(ii) you have no rights or legitimate interests in respect of the domain name; and
(iii) your domain name has been registered and is being used in bad faith.
In the administrative proceeding, the complainant must prove that each of these three elements are present.
b. Evidence of Registration and Use in Bad Faith. For the purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(iii), the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be present, shall be evidence of the registration and use of a domain name in bad faith:
(i) circumstances indicating that you have registered or you have acquired the domain name primarily for the purpose of selling, renting, or otherwise transferring the domain name registration to the complainant who is the owner of the trademark or service mark or to a competitor of that complainant, for valuable consideration in excess of your documented out-of-pocket costs directly related to the domain name; or
(ii) you have registered the domain name in order to prevent the owner of the trademark or service mark from reflecting the mark in a corresponding domain name, provided that you have engaged in a pattern of such conduct; or
(iii) you have registered the domain name primarily for the purpose of disrupting the business of a competitor; or
(iv) by using the domain name, you have intentionally attempted to attract, for commercial gain, Internet users to your web site or other on-line location, by creating a likelihood of confusion with the complainant's mark as to the source, sponsorship, affiliation, or endorsement of your web site or location or of a product or service on your web site or location.
c. How to Demonstrate Your Rights to and Legitimate Interests in the Domain Name in Responding to a Complaint. When you receive a complaint, you should refer to Paragraph 5 of the Rules of Procedure in determining how your response should be cpr144449003101 prepared. Any of the following circumstances, in particular but without limitation, if found by the Panel to be proved based on its evaluation of all evidence presented, shall demonstrate your rights or legitimate interests to the domain name for purposes of Paragraph 4(a)(ii):
(i) before any notice to you of the dispute, your use of, or demonstrable preparations to use, the domain name or a name corresponding to the domain name in connection with a bona fide offering of goods or services; or
(ii) you (as an individual, business, or other organization) have been commonly known by the domain name, even if you have acquired no trademark or service mark rights; or
(iii) you are making a legitimate noncommercial or fair use of the domain name, without intent for commercial gain to misleadingly divert consumers or to tarnish the trademark or service mark at issue.
d. Selection of Provider. The complainant shall select the Provider from among those approved by ICANN by submitting the complaint to that Provider. The selected Provider will administer the proceeding, except in cases of consolidation as described in Paragraph 4(f).
e. Initiation of Proceeding and Process and Appointment of Administrative Panel. The Rules of Procedure state the process for initiating and conducting a proceeding and for appointing the panel that will decide the dispute (the "Administrative Panel").
f. Consolidation. In the event of multiple disputes between you and a complainant, either you or the complainant may petition to consolidate the disputes before a single Administrative Panel. This petition shall be made to the first Administrative Panel appointed to hear a pending dispute between the parties. This Administrative Panel may consolidate before it any or all such disputes in its sole discretion, provided that the disputes being consolidated are governed by this Policy or a later version of this Policy adopted by ICANN or the .sa Registry.
g. Fees. All fees charged by a Provider in connection with any dispute before an Administrative Panel pursuant to this Policy shall be paid by the complainant, except in cases where you elect to expand the Administrative Panel from one to three panelists as provided in Paragraph 5(b)(iv) of the Rules of Procedure, in which case all fees will be split evenly by you and the complainant.
h. Our Involvement in Administrative Proceedings. We do not, and will not, participate in the administration or conduct of any proceeding before an Administrative Panel. In addition, we will not be liable as a result of any decisions rendered by the Administrative Panel.
i. Remedies. The remedies available to a complainant pursuant to any proceeding before an Administrative Panel shall be limited to requiring the cancellation of your domain name or the transfer of your domain name registration to the complainant.
j. Notification and Publication. The Provider shall notify us of any decision made by an Administrative Panel with respect to a domain name you have registered with us. All decisions under this Policy will be published in full over the Internet, except when an Administrative Panel determines in an exceptional case to redact portions of its decision.
k. Availability of Court Proceedings. The mandatory administrative proceeding requirements set forth in Paragraph 4 shall not prevent either you or the complainant from submitting the dispute to a court of competent jurisdiction for independent resolution before such mandatory administrative proceeding is commenced or after such proceeding is concluded. If an Administrative Panel decides that your domain name registration should be canceled or transferred, we will wait ten (10) business days (as observed in the location of our principal office) after we are informed by the applicable Provider of the Administrative Panel's decision before implementing that decision. We will then implement the decision unless we have received from you during that ten (10) business day period official documentation (such as a copy of a complaint, file-stamped by the clerk of the court) that you have commenced a lawsuit against the complainant in a jurisdiction to which the complainant has submitted under Paragraph 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure. (In general, that jurisdiction is either the location of our principal office or of your address as shown in our Whois database. See Paragraphs 1 and 3(b)(xiii) of the Rules of Procedure for details.) If we receive such documentation within the ten (10) business day period, we will not implement the Administrative Panel's decision, and we will take no further action, until we receive (i) evidence satisfactory to us of a resolution between the parties; (ii) evidence satisfactory to us that your lawsuit has been dismissed or withdrawn; or (iii) a copy of an order from such court dismissing your lawsuit or ordering that you do not have the right to continue to use your domain name.
5. All Other Disputes and Litigation.
All other disputes between you and any party other than us regarding your domain name registration that are not brought pursuant to the mandatory administrative proceeding provisions of Paragraph 4 shall be resolved between you and such other party through any court, arbitration or other proceeding that may be available.
6. Our Involvement in Disputes.
We will not participate in any way in any dispute between you and any party other than us regarding the registration and use of your domain name. You shall not name us as a party or otherwise include us in any such proceeding. In the event that we are named as a party in any such proceeding, we reserve the right to raise any and all defenses deemed appropriate, and to take any other action necessary to defend ourselves.
7. Maintaining the Status Quo.
We will not cancel, transfer, activate, deactivate, or otherwise change the status of any domain name registration under this Policy except as provided in Paragraph 3 above.
8. Transfers During a Dispute.
a. Transfers of a Domain Name to a New Holder. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another holder (i) during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded; or (ii) during a pending court proceeding or arbitration commenced regarding your domain name unless the party to whom the domain name registration is being transferred agrees, in writing, to be bound by the decision of the court or arbitrator. We reserve the right to cancel any transfer of a domain name registration to another holder that is made in violation of this subparagraph.
b. Changing Registrars. You may not transfer your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending administrative proceeding brought pursuant to Paragraph 4 or for a period of fifteen (15) business days (as observed in the location of our principal place of business) after such proceeding is concluded. You may transfer administration of your domain name registration to another registrar during a pending court action or arbitration, provided that the domain name you have registered with us shall continue to be subject to the proceedings commenced against you in accordance with the terms of this Policy. In the event that you transfer a domain name registration to us during the pendency of a court action or arbitration, such dispute shall remain subject to the domain name dispute policy of the registrar from which the domain name registration was transferred.
9. Policy Modifications.
We reserve the right to modify this Policy at any time with the permission of ICANN. We will post our revised Policy at least thirty (30) calendar days before it becomes effective. Unless this Policy has already been invoked by the submission of a complaint to a Provider, in which event the version of the Policy in effect at the time it was invoked will apply to you until the dispute is over, all such changes will be binding upon you with respect to any domain name registration dispute, whether the dispute arose before, on or after the effective date of our change. In the event that you object to a change in this Policy, your sole remedy is to cancel your domain name registration with us, provided that you will not be entitled to a refund of any fees you paid to us. The revised Policy will apply to you until you cancel your domain name registration.
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i don't know
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The 21st century's second and last solar transit (across the Sun) of what planet happened in 2012?
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Everything you need to know: Venus transit on June 5-6 | Astronomy Essentials | EarthSky
Everything you need to know: Venus transit on June 5-6
By Bruce McClure in Astronomy Essentials | June 5, 2012
Venus appeared as a small dark dot crossing sun’s face for last time this century on June 5-6, 2012. Last transit of Venus in our lifetimes! Transit times and more here.
June 2012 guide to the five visible planets
Venus’ transit day has passed – the last transit of Venus for the 21st century! The brightest planet, Venus, passed right in front of the sun for nearly seven hours on June 5-6, 2012, but, from many places, the transit was in progress at sunrise or sunset. During the transit, Venus appeared in silhouette as a small, dark dot moving in front of the solar disk. This exceedingly rare astronomical event – a transit of Venus – won’t happen again until December 11, 2117. However, a transit of Mercury will take place on May 9, 2016.
Gallery: Venus transit June 5-6, 2012
As with any solar eclipse, you must have proper eye protection to view a planet transiting across the sun. Click on the following link to hear why eclipses glasses and welder’s glass might not be best for viewing a solar eclipse, to learn how to make an indirect viewing system, and to find a webcast: What’s the best way to view the June 5-6 transit of Venus safely?
Transit of Venus June 8, 2004. Image Credit: Wikimedia Commons
Who saw the June 5-6, 2012 transit of Venus?
Depending on where you live worldwide, the transit of Venus happened on June 5 or 6, 2012. If you live in the world’s Western Hemisphere (North America, northwestern South America, Hawaii, Greenland or Iceland), the transit started in the afternoon hours on June 5. In the world’s Eastern Hemisphere (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia or New Zealand), the transit was first seen at sunrise or in the morning hours on June 6.
Map of where June 5-6, 2012 Venus transit will be seen. Image Credit: Michael Zeiler, eclipse-maps.com
Transit Computer giving the Universal Time for your sky
The chart above shows the times of the 2012 transit of Venus in Universal Time (essentially the same as UTC). To know when any astronomical event occurs in your part of the world, you need to translate the times to your time zone. Here’s how to do that: How do I translate Universal Time into my time?
Be careful and watch for the time of sunset or sunrise in your location. In the continental United States, for example, the greatest transit took place just before sunset for most of us. During last month’s solar eclipse, which was also at sunset for U.S. locations, many people told us they missed out because their viewing location was hindered by trees or tall buildings. Don’t let that happen to you! If you’re in the continental U.S., be sure to find a viewing location with a clear view of the horizon. To know the time of sunset or sunrise for your location, try this site, which will let you create a custom sunrise/sunset calendar: Sunrise/sunset times for your sky
From the mainland U.S., the West Coast saw more hours of the transit than the East Coast did. Here in Austin, Texas, we got to see the first half of the transit, but the second half took place after sunset – or when the sun was beneath our horizon.
In the world’s Eastern Hemisphere, it was as equally important to find a level eastern horizon on June 6. For Africa, Europe, much of Asia and western Australia, the sun rose (on June 6) as the transit was taking place. Elsewhere in the Eastern Hemisphere, the transit started in the morning hours on June 6.
More great links on 2012 transit of Venus
Contact I: ingress exterior – Venus’ first contact with sun’s exterior
Contact II: ingress interior – Venus first seen totally within solar disk
Greatest transit: transit center – center of transit
Contact III: egress interior – Venus last seen totally within solar disk
Contact IV: egress exterior – Venus’ last contact with sun’s exterior
The contact times (I, II, greatest transit, III and IV) on the above illustration are given in Universal Time. It is important to note that these times are for an imaginary observer at the Earth’s center – not the Earth’s surface. So if you translate from Universal Time to the clock time in your time zone, it’ll give you a ballpark reference of your local transit times, which won’t be off by any more than a maximum of plus or minus seven minutes.
Why is a transit of Venus so rare?
The last transit of Venus was June 8, 2004. But don’t be fooled by that proximity in time. Transits of Venus are very rare, plus transits tend to occur in pairs. They occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of up to 121.5 years. Before 2004, the last pair of transits were in December 1874 and December 1882.
Venus, the second planet outward from the sun and next planet inward from Earth, swings between the Earth and sun (at a point called inferior conjunction) five times every eight years, or one time in every 584 or so days. (See the Diagram of Venus’ orbit around the sun below.) More often than not, Venus passes above or below the solar disk at inferior conjunction – that point in its orbit where Venus passes out Earth’s evening sky and into Earth’s morning sky.
Diagram of Venus’ orbit around the sun
Venus passes in between the Earth and sun at inferior conjunction
Top: Venus at inferior conjunction not aligned with node; Bottom: Venus at inferior conjunction aligned with node. At inferior conjunction, Venus passes between the Earth and sun.
If Venus and Earth revolved around the sun on the same plane, there would be five inferior conjunctions – and five transits – of Venus every eight years. However, Venus’ orbital plane is inclined to Earth’s orbital plane by 3.4o. Because the orbital planes of the two planets don’t quite mesh, a combination of factors is necessary for a transit of Venus to take place in Earth’s sky.
For half of Venus’ orbit, Venus travels south of the Earth’s orbital plane, and for the other half of Venus’ orbit, Venus travels north of the Earth’s orbital plane. At two places in Venus’ orbit, Venus crosses the Earth’s orbital plane at points called nodes. If Venus is going from south to north, it’s called an ascending node, or if going from north to south, it’s called a descending node.
If Venus at inferior conjunction closely coincides with one of its nodes, then a transit of Venus is in the works. On June 5-6, 2012, Venus swings to inferior conjunction and sufficiently close to its descending node to present the last transit of Venus until December 11, 2117.
Bottom line: Here’s everything you need to know about the last transit of Venus in this century on June 5-6, 2012. The exact date will depend on your hemisphere on Earth. During the transit, Venus will appear in silhouette as a small, dark dot moving in front of the solar disk. The next transit of Venus won’t be until December 11, 2117. This post has times of the transit, and links to tips for safe viewing and more.
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Venus
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What organization won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize?
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A transit of Venus, an age of wondrous science - CNN.com
A transit of Venus, an age of wondrous science
By Meg Urry, Special to CNN
Updated 9:59 AM ET, Wed June 6, 2012
Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.
Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Venus appears as a black spot against the sun on Tuesday, as seen from the west side of Manhattan in New York. Astronomers around the world are training their telescopes on the skies to watch the transit of Venus as it passes between Earth and the sun.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Ray Dobbins of New York uses a telescope to observe the transit of Venus at the High Line park in Manhattan.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Venus last passed between the sun and Earth in 2004. It won't happen again for 105 years.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – New Yorkers gather to witness the event on Tuesday. Watching without special glasses will permanently damage your eyes, experts say.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – CNN iReporter Christopher Oskoian snapped this shot of Venus in transit from Flint, Michigan.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Observers in New York's Riverside Park view the event through special cardboard glasses.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – An ultraviolet image taken from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft shows Venus at the top left of the sun.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Astronomy students in Mexico City look at the sun through telescopes.
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Photos: Photos: Venus transits the sun
Venus transits the sun – Venus crosses the sun, as seen from Mexico City. The entire transit takes 6 hours and 40 minutes.
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Meg Urry says we should take the chance to view Venus' transit
The alignment needed for the event happens only once a century or so
The next one will take place in 2117, she says
Tonight, Tuesday, June 5, as the sun set on the East Coast, the planet Venus began its "transit" across the face of the sun. Pay close attention: Barring a miracle of future medicine, this is your only chance to witness such a crossing. The next one will take place in 2117.
That's because the transit of Venus is basically an eclipse, just like when the moon passes across the face of the sun. It requires a close alignment of the sun, Venus and Earth. The moon is not nearly as large as Venus but it is so close to Earth that its disk covers nearly the entire solar disk. Venus, on the other hand, is so far away that it appears as a small black dot covering about 3% of the solar disk.
Venus orbits the sun every 226 Earth-days, compared to our 365 days, so the two planets sort of pass each other relatively often. But their orbits lie in slightly canted planes, so the alignment needed for an eclipse happens only once a century or so.
Nearly 500 years ago, Johannes Kepler figured out the orbits of the planets. He understood that Venus was 30% closer to the sun than Earth, and that Mars was 50% more distant. But he didn't know how to measure the distance from any planet to the sun.
Meg Urry
A century after Kepler, Edmund Halley, of comet fame, proposed measuring the distance from Earth to the sun using a series of observations of the transit of Venus from widely separated points on Earth.
Halley did not live to measure the next transit of Venus, in 1761, but others mounted worldwide expeditions that did the trick. The best measurements of that transit were made by Jeremiah Dixon and Charles Mason, of Mason-Dixon-line fame. Today, we can measure interplanetary distances far more accurately than the transit method allows, though amateurs can still contribute their measurements using an app from Astronomers Without Borders. As for the specialness of the transit, well, it's rarer than passages of Mr. Halley's famous comet.
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'Science Guy' Bill Nye explains it all 04:33
The transit of Venus can't be observed with the Hubble Space Telescope because the extreme brightness of the sun would destroy the telescope and its instruments. But astronomers have figured out a clever way for Hubble to "observe" the effects of the transit on the light from the sun: by looking at the moon. The moon "shines" in reflected sunlight, so it is basically a weak mirror that is safe for Hubble to observe.
The reason astronomers want to observe reflected sunlight during the transit of Venus is to test whether they can detect the faint imprint of passage of the sun's light through the atmosphere of Venus. They have used similar observations of more distant stars to find "exoplanets" (planets orbiting stars other than the sun) and in a few rare cases, to measure characteristics of the exoplanet atmospheres.
The goal of the Hubble observations is to find signs of life and/or habitability, such as water or carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Hubble will focus its cameras on the moon for the full six hours of the transit of Venus. So the transit of Venus is now being used to help us learn about other Solar Systems.
Venus is the second closest planet to the sun, after Mercury; Earth is third; Mars is fourth. That means only Mercury and Venus (and our moon) can cause eclipses from a vantage point on the Earth. But if we lived on Jupiter, Earth and Mars could also be seen (rarely!) transiting across the sun.
Here is the poor man's way to "see" the transit of the Earth across the sun: look with the Hubble Space Telescope at Jupiter in 2014, to see the reflected light of the sun from Jupiter's surface. (The light falling on Jupiter, and being reflected from there, is what we would see if we lived on Jupiter. The sun is too bright for Hubble to observe directly.)
Those Hubble measurements would reveal whether signs of life on Earth -- signs of us! -- are detectable in starlight as a planet with an atmosphere transits across the star.
Drake Deming, professor at the University of Maryland, points out that Earth can be seen transiting the sun from many vantage points throughout our galaxy. If there is intelligent life out there, maybe it is looking for signs of life on Earth from such transits.
You may have witnessed the last transit of Venus in 2004. But the one before that was visible only to your great-great-grandparents, on December 6, 1882.
As William Harkness (1837-1903), then director of the U.S. Naval Observatory, said on the eve of the 1882 transit: "There will be no other transits of Venus 'til the 21st century of our era has dawned upon the Earth. When the last transit occurred the intellectual world was awakening from the slumber of ages, and that wondrous scientific activity, which has led to our present advanced knowledge, was just beginning. What will be the state of science when the next transit season arrives God only knows. Not even our children's children will live to take part in the astronomy of that day."
You are in that day, another age of wondrous scientific activity. What will the world of your great-great grandchildren be like in 2117?
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i don't know
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What Sesame Street character featured in anti-Romney advertising in the 2012 US election?
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Sesame Street Becomes Part of 2012 Elections Picture | 'Sesame Street' Through Its 43 Years - ABC News
ABC News
'Sesame Street' Through Its 43 Years
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Sesame Street Becomes Part of 2012 Elections
A woman wearing a costume of "Sesame Street" character Big Bird holds a sign in support of public broadcasting during the "Million Puppet March" in Washington Nov. 3, 2012.
Nicholas Kamm/AFP/Getty Images
Sesame Street Becomes Part of 2012 Elections
A woman wearing a costume of "Sesame Street" character Big Bird holds a sign in support of public broadcasting during the "Million Puppet March" in Washington Nov. 3, 2012.
Nicholas Kamm/AFP/Getty Images
Sesame Street Becomes Part of 2012 Elections
Members of the Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement Action Fund dressed in "Sesame Street" costumes hold a protest next to supporters of Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney outside a campaign stop for Romney in Van Meter, Iowa, Oct. 22, 2012.
Charlie Neibergall/AP Photo
Muppet Mania! 'Sesame Street' Takes Over 'GMA'
Kevin Clash, the master puppeteer behind the lovable and popular "Sesame Street" character Elmo, holds a picture of the original character sketch. The only description written on the "First Sketch for ELMO" drawing was that the little monster be "short, red." "Elmo used to be much wider," Clash said.
ABC News
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
The "Sesame Street" muppets took over the "Good Morning America" Times Square studio Sept. 20, 2011. Grover, Elmo and Rosita hopped into the anchor chair alongside Robin Roberts and Josh Elliott at 8 a.m. when George Stephanopoulos had to leave on an assignment.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Rosita got to work behind the scenes in our Times Square studio.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Elmo joined the anchors on the couch. The "Sesame Street" gang visited "GMA" to celebrate the start of their 42nd season.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Elmo snuggled up to Robin Roberts and gave our anchor a kiss.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Oscar the Grouch interrupted Sam Champion's weather forecast.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Cookie Monster joined "Chew" co-host Clinton Kelly and "GMA's" Lara Spencer in the kitchen to whip up some delicious fall desserts.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Muppet Mania! 42 Years of 'Sesame Street'
Lara Spencer shares a sweet treat with Cookie Monster.
Lou Rocco/ABC
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Bert and Ernie
Two of television's most famous roommates, Bert and Ernie, were the only muppets created by Jim Henson to appear in the pilot episode of "Sesame Street." Ernie was originally performed by Henson and his affectionate song about his squeaky toy duck, "Rubber Duckie," became a modest hit, reaching No. 16 on the Billboard chart. Here are some other famous faces that have appeared on "Sesame Street."
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Season 1 cast
The original 1969 cast of "Sesame Street" would soon become household names. They included Gordon, Susan, Mr. Hooper and Bob, played by Bob McGrath, who remains a member of the cast today. Other familiar faces include Bert, Ernie and Big Bird.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Diane Saywer
Diane Sawyer appeared on a 2003 episode of "Sesame Street" and sang "It All Adds Up," accompanied by Elmo the muppet at first -- and eventually joined by a whole cast of muppets.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Barbara Walters
Barbara Walters appeared in "The Sesame Street Special," a.k.a. "Put Down the Duckie," in 1988.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Mad Men
Season 40 of "Sesame Street" featured a parody of the AMC program "Mad Men," a period drama about the world of advertising on New York City's Madison Ave. in the 1950s.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine, 2009
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary orginal oscar
A bit of trivia for "Sesame Street" fans: the original Oscar the Grouch was not green. As seen in this photo from the first season, Oscar was gold.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary oscar
Oscar the Grouch, in all his natty green glory.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Adam Sandler
Comedian Adam Sandler shared a big cookie with Cookie Monster when he guest-starred last season.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Julia Roberts
Before she even had children, actress Julia Roberts was a fan of the show. In 1990, she made an appearance with Elmo.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Stevie Wonder
Musician Stevie Wonder hung out with muppet Grover in an episode from the early 1970s. Wonder performed his hit "Superstition."
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Sarah Jessica Parker
In a "Sesame Street" episode called "Waiting for Something Big," a parody of "Sex and the City," Sarah Jessica Parker patiently waits for her friend Big Bird.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine, 2009
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Michelle Obama
First lady Michelle Obama plants a garden with Big Bird, Elmo and some kids. Obama participated in the filming of the 40th anniversary episode of the popular children's show.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine, 2009
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary palestine
A sign for the Palestinian version of the show says "Shariah Simsim" -- "Sesame Street" in Arabic. Atop the sign are the numbers 1,2 and 3.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved.
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Abby Cadabby, Zoe and Rosita
Abby Cadabby, Zoe and Rosita sing about the number seven as part of Sesame Street's 40th season.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: RIchard Termine
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Season 1 cast
The cast of the 40th season of "Sesame Street." In the background is Hooper's Store.
TM and © 2009 Sesame Workshop. All Rights Reserved. Photo Credit: Richard Termine, 2009
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary google
On the 40th anniversary of the children's program "Sesame Street," Big Bird's legs graced Google's home page.
google.com
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Cookie Monster Google
Ahead of the Nov. 10 premiere of the 40th season of "Sesame Street," Google.com Thursday featured Cookie Monster in the "Google Doodle," the icon on the site's home page.
google.com
Sesame Street 40th Anniversary Robin Roberts Diane Sawyer
GMA's Robin Roberts and Diane Sawyer, along with some special little friends, congratulate the cast of Sesame Street on the show's 40th anniversary. Hanging out with Robin and Diane are Zoe, Grover, Abby Cadabby and their human pal Gordon.
Steve Fenn/ABC
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Big Bird
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Among Time magazine's 2012 100 Most Influential Persons in the World, Portia Lucretia Simpson-Miller was elected leader for the second time of what Caribbean island?
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The Colbert Report | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Description
March 31, 2006
In the last day of Women's History Month, Stephen introduces a segment which was to have paid tribute to women all over the world. The video opening features images of strong women in history, including a prominent spot for Miss Piggy .
April 18, 2006
Stephen presents his regular "Threat Down" where he lists the top 5 threats to America . The number one threat (as usual) is bears, mainly Winnie the Pooh . Stephen urges parents to keep their kids away from "this bear-friendly propaganda masked as entertainment." He continues his rant telling parents to "go into your children's room and remove anything with Fozzie Bear , the Berenstain Bears, Sugar Bear, Yogi and Boo-Boo, the Care Bears, the Snuggle Bear and, of course, Huggy Bear." A picture accompanies each name.
April 26, 2006
While discussing his feelings on the national anthem being sung in Spanish, Stephen shares the day's installment of "The Word," which in this case is "English." Stephen says that the pro-Spanish agenda is even targeting our children. A clip from Plaza Sésamo is played, after which Stephen states "It's called Plaza Sésamo. And I, for one, don't want to know how to get there."
June 19, 2006
The Daily Show concludes with a brief check-in with Colbert at The Colbert Report. Colbert's show description paid homage to The Muppet Show , including a video clip of Sam the Eagle from episode 104 .
Stewart: Welcome back to the program. Before we go we're going to check in with our good friend Stephen Colbert at The Colbert Report. Stephen?
Colbert: Thanks Jon. Up next on a very special episode: space travel, sure it's possible, but for pigs ? An update on Scandinavian cuisine with our in-house chef , and then our very special guest star Harry Belafonte will lead Fozzie and the gang in a chaotic, and hilarious, version of the " Banana Boat Song "...Day-O! It's so good even Statler and Waldorf will allow themselves to smile. All that plus a final off-key trumpet note from Gonzo . Jon?
Stewart: Stephen, it sounds like you have a dubious collection of guests there.
Sam Eagle: (clip from The Muppet Show) With a few exceptions, the characters on this program are weird and peculiar and not to be trusted.
Stewart: That's our show, join us tomorrow at 11. Here it is, your moment of Zen.
November 9, 2006
In the episode's teaser, Stephen signals the opening title sequence with "Sorry Cookie Monster , C is for Colbert. This is the Eponymous Report!"
November 11, 2006
In the opening of the episode, Stephen announces his interview with PBS ' Jim Lehrer stating "the interview will be brought to you by Archer Daniels Midland, the letter R and viewers like you" (referring to the letter/number sponsors on Sesame Street and the underwriters who fund PBS programming).
January 27, 2007
The Daily Show concludes with a brief check-in with Colbert at The Colbert Report. Jon attempts to embarrass Colbert by showing a clip of Stephen as the letter Z in All Star Alphabet .
Colbert: Schumer is our guest next week. Smart move, Chuckie, saving the best for last.
Stewart: Yes, yes, you do occasionally go last. Am I right, my friend?
Colbert: What do you mean?
Stewart: Well, I was browsing the kids aisle at the video store last week and...um..
(clip from All Star Alphabet is shown)
Stewart: You know, Stephen, when I watched that I really believed you were alphabetically last.
Colbert: Yeah, you know what Z stands for, Jon - Zrevenge! I will have my zvengeance!
April 19, 2007
Colbert and guest Sean Penn partake in a "Meta-Free-Phor-All" mock game show in response to Penn's criticism of George W. Bush. In between each question, a computer seemingly randomizes the next topic as displayed on a projection screen with images shuffled by in roulette style. One of these images is Cookie Monster, remaining on screen for only a second.
April 25, 2007
During the installment of "The Four Horsemen of the A-pop-calypse," Colbert attacks Albert Einstein and his theory of relativity stating that "'C' does not stand for the speed of light. 'C' is for cookie , and that's good enough for me. If you have a problem with it, take it up with Professor Monster ," followed by a clip of Cookie Monster singing "C is for Cookie."
July 17, 2007
The episode begins with Colbert's teaser of material to come later in the show. Segment subtitles shown on-screen often involve wordplay. For the forthcoming interview with ant expert Mark Moffett, the subtitle reads " The Great Moffett Caper ."
July 31, 2007
Colbert continues his coverage of Hollywood's "wrist violence" in addendum to his own wrist injury the previous week. Included in a montage of clips are scenes from Harry Potter and The Empire Strikes Back amongst others which feature some form of wrist injury. After Colbert emerges from his hiding position, he urges viewers to write Congress about this travesty, if not for themselves, then at least for the children. A scene from The Muppets Take Manhattan follows, with the doctor twisting Kermit 's wrist around to test for signs of amnesia. Colbert remarks, "Stay strong, Kermie."
August 16, 2007
Colbert announces himself as the winner of the 2007 Iowa Straw Poll , but concedes that Mitt Romney was actually the "numerical winner." A Sesame Street segment with Guy Smiley appears to represent Romney
January 16, 2008
Guy Smiley footage is again used, this time to illustrate Mitt Romney's victory during the Michigan Republican primary . On this occasion, a clip from a Beat the Time segment with Grover is used as Stephen states that "time is running out for the Romney campaign."
January 17, 2008
Colbert closes the show saying "Goodnight, Mr. Snuffleupagus ."
January 28, 2008
Guy Smiley footage appears yet again when Colbert assumes that Mormon Thomas Monson could have "killed" Gordon B. Hinkley (due to lack of a cause of death) in order to control Mitt Romney. Colbert then claims that it would be "so easy to see Monson turn Romney into his puppet."
February 11, 2008
For perhaps the last time, Guy Smiley is seen at the end of a montage celebrating Mitt Romney's campaign for President of the United States , following news that the former Massachusetts Governor would be suspending his campaign.
February 26, 2008
Coverage of the Academy Awards opens with an "Oscars That Are Destroying America" graphic depicting other famous Oscars, including Oscar de la Hoya, Oscar de la Renta, and Oscar de la Grouch.
March 17, 2008
Samantha Power appears as a guest for her first interview since she was dismissed from Barack Obama's presidential election campaign for calling Hillary Clinton a monster. Colbert asked her to clarify what kind of monster she meant, and suggested that there's a way to make it positive: "What about a good monster, like Cookie Monster ? [laughter and applause] And her campaign slogan -- I'm helping you out here! -- the campaign slogan could be ' C is for Clinton: that's good enough for me'."
March 31, 2008
Introducing architect Michael Reynolds: "My guest tonight builds houses out of garbage. Big deal, Oscar the Grouch has been doing that for years."
April 29, 2008
John McCain's superstitions are discussed in an article published by the Washington Times, leading to a list of some lucky items the U.S. Senator carries around with him, including a feather. According to the article, during McCain's run for the presidency in 2000, he once misplaced his feather which resulted in a panic until his wife discovered the item in one of his suits. Colbert suggests that McCain only told her it was indeed his lucky feather to cover up for having been seeing another tall blonde. A picture of Big Bird is displayed alongside Cindy McCain.
May 28, 2008
Colbert opens saying, "Tonight's show was brought to you by the number 1 and the letter me."
June 16, 2008
In memory of Tim Russert, footage is shown of Colbert's 2007 Meet the Press appearance in which Russert commented on the fact that Colbert changed his name's pronunciation from "Khol-bert" to "Khol-bear." Holding up a Bert doll, Russert comments, "On Sesame Street , there are two characters, Ernie and..." Colbert responds, "Bert." Russert asks, "B-E-R-T. So why aren't you Col-bert?" Looking at this footage, Colbert comments, "This supposedly objective interview show was clearly brought to you by the letter T ."
July 29, 2008
Colbert covers New York's 14th Congressional District in his recurring "Better Know A District" series. Colbert comments, "The district extends across the East River into Queens, home of Kaufman Astoria Studios , where Sesame Street is filmed," at which point a picture of the cast is shown. Stephen continues, "Due to rising property values, Oscar the Grouch now sublets his garbage can for $4,000 a month" (accompanied by a picture of a couple living in the can).
September 2, 2008
In reference to Colbert's months-long challenge to his viewers to make John McCain interesting by manipulating his image against a green background, the show's teaser provides a title screen that reads " It's Not Easy Being Greenscreened ."
September 25, 2008
In response to claims made by both John McCain and Barack Obama that they represent the "party of Roosevelt" ( Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Democrat, Theodore Roosevelt a Republican), Colbert sets out to decide which was the greatest Roosevelt. After examining each man's credentials and coming up with a tie, Colbert declares his own personal favorite the winner: Roosevelt Franklin , who he describes as "Sesame Street’s borderline racist Muppet from the 1970s." As an example of his oratorical skills, a clip is played of Roosevelt Franklin leading his class in a recitation about loud and soft. Colbert submits that the character "is the Roosevelt for our times: for he represents blue states and red states, in that he's purple."
October 16, 2008
Marking the show's third anniversary, Colbert lists meeting Cookie Monster among his greatest achievements of the past year. In archival footage taken at the Smithsonian Institution from his original coverage in January, Colbert attempts to get Brent Glass to add a portrait of Colbert to the Smithsonian's collection. In footage not shown in the previous segment, standing in front of a Kermit the Frog puppet in the Smithsonian's collection, Colbert asks, "My portrait has been on television, and so has Kermit. So do you begin to see the value of having my portrait in here?"
October 22, 2008
Commenting on John McCain and Sarah Palin's personification of the middle class as personalities with children's character-like names such as "Joe the Plumber," Colbert quips, "These are the people in your neighborhood. They're the people that you meet when you're walking down the street. They're the people that you meet each day."
October 30, 2008
Deciphering his own word association code to determine the outcome of the upcoming presidential election, an image of Guy Smiley is used to connect "white guy" and "smiley face."
November 3, 2008
In a list of Winners and Losers throughout the 2008 presidential campaign, Colbert declares Numbers as a big winner, citing that they've been used everywhere in the media. A montage of clips follow in which candidates and news reporters use numbers to back up their facts. The last three clips are from Sesame Street, ending with the Count at the beginning of Episode 0666 . A still shot of the Two-Headed Monster follows as Colbert states, "Clearly Sesame Street had the most balanced of election coverage. Their lead anchor really gave equal time to left and right."
January 15, 2009
In a retrospective of George W. Bush's relationship with the press, after commenting on the revelation that reporter Jeff Gannon was both a planted reporter and a former gay escort, Colbert comments, "Unfortunately, some people in the Press Corps weren't puppets, they just looked like them- like Helen Thomas, long-time lover of both Statler and Waldorf . One of the freakiest three-ways imaginable."
February 4, 2009
During the segment "Who's Not Honoring Me Now", Colbert complains about the second place winner of the Bocuse d'Or cooking competition, Jonas Lundgren of Sweden. Colbert then shows a clip of Lundgren, which is footage of the Swedish Chef singing his theme on The Muppet Show. "I don't even think that's Swedish," remarks Colbert.
February 12, 2009
Playing word association to predict the winners of the Oscars, Colbert uses Oscar the Grouch to connect Oscar Wilde with trash cans.
February 23, 2009
Oscar is again referenced in the teaser for Colbert's Academy Awards coverage.
April 28, 2009
In the segment "Who's Not Honoring Me Now?," Stephen chastises the Pulitzer Prize Committee who awarded Steve Reich for his 2007 composition "Double Sextet." After listening to a sample, Colbert says, "That is what I call head-banger music; in that it was clearly written by someone banging their head against a piano. I believe we have footage of Mr. Reich composing." A clip follows of Don Music exclaiming "I'll never get it!" as Reich's piece substitutes the sound effects from Music's head striking the keyboard.
May 5, 2009
When describing Ronald Reagan's nominee Robert Bork for Supreme Court Justice in 1987, Colbert calls the vetting process history's gold standard. It included "a fiery speech by Ted Kennedy, an anti-Bork commercial narrated by Gregory Peck , and this scathing editorial..." A clip of The Swedish Chef on The Muppet Show follows with captions for Chef's dialogue as he sings his theme. "A far-right originalist has been nominated for the Supreme Court. He must be stopped. His name is Bork! Bork! Bork!" Colbert remarks, "Poor guy never knew what Borked him."
May 20, 2009
Promoting DonorsChoose.org, Colbert goes through a list of schools around the country who need various types of school supplies. Mrs. G in Texas is asking for an "Elmo Visual Presenter" to enhance their multimedia learning. Colbert: "Now, for your information, the Elmo Company has nothing to do with Elmo from Sesame Street. And just so there's no more confusion, I suggest they change their name to the Multimedia United Projection Plan for Education and Teachers, or M.U.P.P.E.T. Should clear things right up."
Earlier in the show, Colbert remarks "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi is up to her Elmo -sized eyeballs in media guano over what she did or did not know about waterboarding."
June 1, 2009
The return of Guy Smiley as Mitt Romney is used in a piece about Chief Justice nominee Sonia Sotomayor. "You don't think his judgement and empathy were forged by long, hard days working at his family's mayonnaise farm?"
June 29, 2009
Discussing the census, Colbert states that we have to attack counting. "Counting uses Arabic numerals, and it is a known associate of vampires." A picture of Count von Count accompanies the statement.
July 1, 2009
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i don't know
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Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland, granddaughter to King Carl XVI Gustaf, became 2nd in line to what nation's throne when born in 2012?
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Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden | Royalty Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
485pages on
14 July 1977 (1977-07-14) (age 39)
Stockholm, Sweden
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (Swedish: Victoria, Sveriges kronprinsessa, hertiginna av Västergötland, Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée; born 14 July 1977) is the heiress-apparent to the Swedish throne . If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Sweden's fourth queen regnant (after Margaret , Christina and Ulrika Eleonora ).
Contents
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Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden, and is the eldest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and German-born Queen Silvia (née Sommerlath). She is of Swedish, German, and Portuguese Brazilian (through her maternal grandmother) ancestry. One of her distant ancestors was Chief Tibiriçá, a famous Amerindian chief from São Paulo. She is a member of the Royal House of Bernadotte . Born as a Princess of Sweden, she was designated Crown Princess in 1979 (SFS 1979:932) ahead of her younger brother. Her first place in succession formally went into effect on 1 January 1980 with the parliamentary change to the Act of Succession that introduced equal primogeniture . Victoria is currently the only female heir-apparent in the world and is usually styled HRH The Crown Princess. Through her father, a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II , Victoria is also in the line of succession to the British and other Commonwealth thrones , being currently 213th in the line.
Her given names honor various relatives. Her first name comes primarily from her great-great-grandmother, Victoria of Baden , the queen-consort of Sweden as wife of King Gustaf V . The same name also glorifies her (twice-over paternally) great-great-great-grandmother, Victoria of the United Kingdom . Her other names honour her great-aunt Ingrid of Denmark ; her maternal grandmother, the Brazilian Alice Sommerlath (née de Toledo); and her ancestor Désirée Clary , the queen-consort of Charles XIV John and a former fiancée of Napoleon I .
She was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 27 September 1977. Her godparents are King Harald V of Norway , her maternal uncle, Ralf Sommerlath, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands , and her aunt Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld .
Education
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Victoria attended a state elementary school (Ålstensskolan) and Enskilda Gymnasiet in Stockholm, graduating in 1996. She next studied for a year (1996/97) at the Université Catholique de l'Ouest at Angers in France, and in the fall term of 1997 participated in a special program following the work of the Parliament of Sweden. During the years 1998 to 2000, Victoria resided in the United States, where she studied various subjects at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
In May 1999 she was an intern at the Swedish Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 2000, she studied conflict resolution and international peacekeeping at the Swedish National Defense College (Försvarshögskolan). Victoria followed the Swedish presidency of the European Union and completed a study program at the Government Offices (Rosenbad) in 2001.
During spring semester 2002, Victoria completed a study program with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), and in June and September was an intern at the United Nations in New York; in the fall she was an intern at the Swedish Trade Council's offices in Berlin and Paris. In 2003, Victoria's education continued with visits to Swedish businesses, a study and intern program in agriculture and forestry, as well as completion of the basic soldier training at SWEDINT (the Swedish Armed Forces International Centre).
In 2004, Victoria continued with visits to Swedish businesses, and that fall she continued with courses in political science, international relations and conflict resolution at the Swedish National Defense College. In 2005, she continued with private tutored studies in society-related subjects as well as some courses at the University of Stockholm.
In 2006, Victoria enrolled in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs' Diplomat Program, running from September 2006 to June 2007. The program is a training program for young future diplomats and gives an insight to the ministry's work, Swedish foreign and security policies and Sweden's relations with the rest of the world. The education entails lectures, seminars, group work and visits to authorities and institutions. In 2007, Victoria studied French privately and held an internship at the Permanent Representation of Sweden to the European Union. In June 2009, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Uppsala University.
Change in status
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She was made Crown Princess and heir apparent on 1 January 1980 by the change made in 1979 to the Act of Succession of 1810 ( Successionsordningen ). This constitutional reform meant that the throne would be inherited by the monarch's eldest child without regard to sex. This not only made Victoria the first heiress apparent to the Swedish throne, but also made her the first female in the line of succession. The retroactive constitutional change was apparently not supported by her father, who favored his son as heir-apparent because he was born as such, a view that has been commented on in the media.
When she became heiress, she also was made titular Duchess of Västergötland, which is one of the historical provinces of Sweden.
Prior to this constitutional change, the heir-apparent to the throne was her younger twin brother, the then- Crown Prince Carl Fredrik He is now fourth in line to the throne, behind the daughter and son of the Crown Princess after him is Carl Fredrik`s four children then Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland . She also has a younger sister, Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland .
Declaration of majority
Edit
Victoria's declaration of majority took place in the Hall of State at the Royal Palace of Stockholm on 14 July 1995. As of the day she turned 18, she is allowed to act as Head of State when her father is not in the country. Victoria made her first public speech on this occasion.
Located on its usual dais in the background was the same silver throne that her father used at his enthronement, still in symbolic use since 1650.
Later, the Royal Family took part in the annual public celebration on Öland of her birthday, called Victoria Day.
Royal duties
Edit
As heir apparent to the throne, Victoria is a working member of the Swedish Royal Family with her own agenda of official engagements, and she holds a significant supportive role to her father. Victoria attends the regular Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs and the information councils with Government ministers headed by the King, and steps in as a temporary regent (Riksföreståndare) when needed. Victoria also takes part in the regular official dinners hosted by the King and Queen, state visits to Sweden, high level and official visits from foreign dignitaries, the opening of the Riksdag (Parliament), celebrations of the Swedish National Day and the annual Nobel Prize festivities.
Victoria has made many official trips abroad as a representative of Sweden. Her first major official visit on her own was to Japan in 2001, where she promoted Swedish tourism, design, music, gastronomy and environmental sustainability during the "Swedish Style" event. That same year, Victoria also traveled to the West Coast of the United States, where she participated in the celebrations of the Nobel centenary.
In 2002, she paid official visits to Kosovo where she visited Camp Victoria, the United States, Spain, Uganda and Ethiopia. In 2003, she made official visits to Egypt and the United States. In early 2004, she paid an official visit to Saudi Arabia, as a part of a large official business delegation from Sweden, and in October 2004, she traveled to Hungary.
In January 2005, Victoria made a long official visit to Australia, promoting Swedish Style and businesses, and in April she visited Bangladesh and Sri Lanka to follow aid work and become informed about the work in the aftermath of the tsunami. In April 2005, Victoria made an official visit to Japan where she visited the Expo 2005 in Aichi, laid the foundation for a new IKEA store in Yokohama together with Princess Takamado and met with Emperor Akihito , Empress Michiko , Crown Prince Naruhito and Sayako Kuroda . In June 2005, Victoria traveled to Turkey on an official visit where she participated in the Swedish Business Seminar and Sweden Day celebrations in Ankara during a historic visit, which was organized by the Swedish Embassy in Ankara and Swedish Trade Council in Istanbul. Victoria also visited the historic sights such as the Blue Mosque, Topkapı Palace and Hagia Sophia. This was the first official Royal visit from Sweden to Turkey since 1934. In September 2005, she made an official visit to China.
In March 2006, Victoria made an official visit to Brazil where she followed the Volvo Ocean Race and visited projects supported by the World Childhood Foundation, such as the Abrigo Rainha Sílvia. In December, she paid a four-day official visit to Paris where she attended a French-Swedish soirée arranged by the Swedish Chamber of Commerce, the Swedish Trade Council and the Swedish Embassy, during which she also awarded the Prix d’Excellence 2006. The visit to Paris also included events with the Swedish Club in Paris, attendance at a church service in the Sofia Church (the Swedish church in Paris), a study visit to the OECD headquarters and meetings with the Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría, the Swedish Ambassador to the OECD, Gun-Britt Andersson, and other senior officials. She also attended a gala dinner hosted by La Fondation Pour L’Enfance at Versailles.
The Crown Princess's household
Crown Princess Victoria was given her own household in October 2004. The Crown Princess's household is headed by the Marshal of the Court. The Crown Princess's household’s task is to coordinate the official engagements of The Crown Princess.
The Crown Princess Victoria Fund
Edit
The Crown Princess Victoria Fund was set up in 1997 and is run as a part of Radiohjälpen, the fundraising branch of Sveriges Television and Sveriges Radio. The fund’s aim is to provide support for leisure and recreational activities for children and young people with functional disabilities or chronic illnesses. Applications can be addressed to the fund year round and the use of grants can cover everything from compensations to assistants at recreational trips to leisure activities such as horseback riding, skiing, wheelchair floor-ball, camps and outings.
Every summer, Sveriges Television carries out fundraising drives for the fund via messages on television, these are especially concentrated around the Swedish national holiday on 6 June and the Crown Princess's birthday, Victoriadagen, on 14 July. On the Crown Princess's birthday, when a long televised entertainment program is aired from Borgholm where the people and the Royal Family celebrate Victoria, the public is also able to call in and donate money at the same time as they compete for prizes.
The Crown Princess Victoria Fund’s means mainly derive from donations by the public, but large companies such as Arla Foods, Swedbank and AB Svenska Returpack are constant sponsor partners. Additional support comes from The Association of Swedish Bakers & Confectioners who every year arrange a national “princess cake week” during which the participating cafés and bakeries give 2,50 SEK per sold princess pastry and 10 SEK per sold princess cake to the fund. The result of this fund-raising drive is usually presented to Victoria herself on her name day on 12 March every year; in 2007, the total amount was 200,000 SEK. Congratulatory and memorial cards are also issued by Radiohjälpen benefiting the fund, a simple way to pay respects and do a good deed in one act. In 2006, The Crown Princess Victoria Fund raised a total of 5,5 million SEK.
Every year Victoria visits one or several clubs or projects that have been granted money. These visits are not announced via the official royal diary but kept private, instead Sveriges Television often accompanies her and airs short programs from these visits at some time during the year.
Personal life
Edit
Though Victoria had long refused to discuss her private life, she had frequently been the object of press speculation regarding purported romances. Only two men were confirmed as her boyfriends. Both of those relationships lasted for a considerable length of time.
Victoria’s first such boyfriend was Daniel Collert . They socialized in the same circles, went to the same school and were already friends when their romance developed in the mid-1990s. When Victoria moved to the United States in 1998 to study and recover from her eating disorders, Collert moved with her across the Atlantic and settled in New York. In September 2000, Victoria's relationship with Collert was confirmed in an interview with her at Expo 2000, and later by then-Director of the Press and Information Department at the Royal Court Elisabeth Tarras-Wahlberg . They broke up in 2001.
In May 2002, Swedish newspaper Expressen reported that Victoria had a new boyfriend, her personal trainer at Master Training, Daniel Westling . When the news broke and the media turned its attention on him, it was obvious that he did not like being in the public eye. Once Westling was photographed crossing a street against a red light in order to avoid a camera. In July 2002, Victoria and he were pictured kissing for the first time at a birthday party for Caroline Kreuger, a close friend of Victoria's.
In a popular personal report called Tre dagar med Victoria, which profiled her work during a three-day period that aired on TV4 in December 2004, Victoria commented on criticism directed at Westling, “Many unfair things are written. I understand that there is speculation, but some day justice will be done there, too.” Victoria also gave her opinion that happiness is important, and that these days it is not so much about background and pedigree but about two people who have to live with each other. She said that if they are not happy and comfortable with each other, it is impossible to do a good job.
During her April 2005 visit to Expo 2005 in Nagakute, Victoria was interviewed by Mikio Yikuma of the Japanese newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun. Yikuma brought up the subject of royals marrying commoners, to which the princess responded, "I think the general idea with the Swedes is that the modern way is to marry someone you love, not necessarily based on where she or he comes from." Though she did not mention Westling by name, Victoria did admit, "There is someone in my life", but that marriage was not on her mind then. The interview was conducted at the Swedish embassy in Tokyo and published in the paper on 18 April 2005.
Engagement and marriage
See Engagement of Crown Princess Victoria and Daniel Westling
Swedish media have often speculated about upcoming engagements and marriages for Victoria. On 24 February 2009, rumors that wedding plans were imminent became particularly intense preceding an information council between the King and Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt. Under the terms of the Swedish Act of Succession , the government, if requested by the King, must approve a marriage of a Prince or Princess of Sweden. Otherwise, the prince or princess loses his or her right to the throne. Later that day, it was confirmed that permission had been granted and that Victoria would marry Daniel Westling in the summer of 2010. The wedding date was set in Stockholm Cathedral for 19 June 2010, the 34th anniversary of her parents' marriage and the 11th anniversary of her younger brother and sister-in-law`s marriage.
See Wedding of Crown Princess Victoria, and Daniel Westling
The wedding took place on 19 June 2010. More than 1200 guests including royalty and statesmen from various countries were invited to the wedding ceremony which took place at Stockholm Cathedral . After the wedding the newlyweds were driven through Stockholm in a coach and then rowed in the antique royal barge Vasaorden to the royal castle where the wedding banquet was held. On the evening before the wedding, there was a gala concert dedicated to the couple in the Stockholm Concert Hall (where the Nobel Prizes are handed out).
More than half a million Swedes waved with Swedish flags and cheered the couple from in their cortege, from the church to the castle. The popularity of the monarchy exploded after the wedding, and a SIFO showed that more than 70% of the Swedes supported the monarchy and only 16% wanted to abandon it.
Following their wedding the Duchess and Duke of Västergötland moved to Haga Palace .
Children
Edit
On 17 August 2011 the Swedish royal court announced that Crown Princess Victoria was pregnant and expecting the couple's first child in March 2012. At 4:26 am on 23 February 2012, Victoria gave birth to a baby girl, measuring 51 cm long (20 inches) and 3,280 grams (7 pounds, 3 ounces). The newborn is second-in-line to the Swedish throne.
Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne (Oscar Carl Olof of Sweden)
Godchildren
Edit
Victoria has thirteen godchildren, four of whom are heirs to monarchies:
Leopold Sommerlath, son of Victoria's cousin Patrick Sommerlath and Camilla Lundén .
Diana Engsäll, daughter of Victoria's friends Andrea Brodin Engsäll and Niclas Engsäll.
Ian Persson, son of Karl-Johan and Leonie Persson.
Baroness Madeleine von Dincklage, daughter of Victoria's cousin Baroness Sybilla Ambler von Dincklage and Baron Cornelius von Dincklage.
Vivien Sommerlath, daughter of Victoria's uncle Jörg Sommerlath and Simone Sommerlath.
Giulia Sommerlath, daughter of her cousin Thomas Sommerlath and Susanne Sommerlath.
Isabella Chloé Nilsson, daughter of one of her closest friends Caroline Kreuger Nilsson and Jesper Nilsson.
Anorexia
Edit
In 1996, it was established that Victoria suffered from anorexia, it was however not confirmed until the next year. Already at that time she was getting professional help, but given her public position in Sweden it was getting increasingly difficult to handle the situation. Victoria had planned to study at Uppsala University, but after intense media speculation and public discussion when pictures of an evidently too slim Victoria in sleeveless dresses at the Order of the Innocence’s ball and the gala dinner for the incoming state visit from Austria surfaced in April 1997, the Royal Court decided to confirm what was feared.
After a press release from the Royal Court announced that Victoria had eating disorders in November 1997, plans changed for her and she moved to the United States where she received professional help and studied at Yale University. By making this drastic decision, Victoria lived an anonymous life while getting professional help and recovering without having to worry about media speculations or if people were recognizing her on the streets.
In an interview with Björn Carlgren for SVT2 in June 1999, Victoria said, “It was a really hard time. This kind of illness is hard, not only for the individual but for the surroundings. Today I’m fine.”
In November 2002, the book “Victoria, Victoria!” came out, speaking further about her eating disorder. Victoria said: “I felt like an accelerating train, going right down... during the whole period. I had eating disorders and was aware of it, my anguish was enormous. I really hated how I looked like, how I was... I, Victoria, didn’t exist. It felt like everything in my life and around me was controlled by others. The one thing I could control was the food I put in me”. She further said that “What happened cost and I was the one who stood for the payments. Now I’m feeling well and with the insights I’ve acquired through this I can hopefully help someone else”.
Titles, styles, honors, and arms
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Sweden
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Which bank was fined a record $1.9bn by US authorities for money-laundering in Dec 2012?
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princess margaretha mrs ambler : definition of princess margaretha mrs ambler and synonyms of princess margaretha mrs ambler (English)
8 External links
Early life
Princess Margaretha was born at Haga Palace outside Stockholm . She is the first child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten , and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and Princess Margaret of Connaught (aka Crown Princess Margareta of Sweden).
Although the eldest child, as a female, she was never heir to the throne according to the Swedish constitution current at the time. She was educated privately at the Haga Palace and then at the Stockholm dressmaking school, Märthaskolan (Martha School). [1]
Courtship and marriage
In the 1950s Princess Margaretha had a relationship with Robin Douglas-Home , a Scottish aristocrat . He came to visit her in Sweden, but they never married. There was speculation in the press that this was due to Princess Sibylla forbidding the match, [2] but Princess Margaretha's nanny and confidante Ingrid Björnberg states categorically in her memoirs that the breakup between the two was caused by Princess Margaretha's reluctance to enter into an engagement with Douglas-Home. [3]
She met her future husband, businessman John Ambler , at a dinner party in the United Kingdom in 1963 and their engagement was announced on 28 February 1964. He was John Kenneth Ambler ( Dorking , Surrey , 6 June 1924 – 31 May 2008), son of Captain Charles Ambler and wife Louise Gwendolen Cullen.
They were married on 30 June 1964, in Gärdslösa Church, Gärdslösa , on the isle of Öland , and settled at Chippinghurst Manor in Oxfordshire . As a result of her unequal marriage, she lost her style of Royal Highness and became Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler.
Princess Margaretha and her husband separated in 1994 [4] , but never divorced. [5] He died on 31 May, 2008.
Children
Princess Margaretha and John Ambler's marriage has produced three children:
Sibylla Louise Ambler (b. London, 14 April 1965), named after her maternal grandmother, Princess Sibylla. She married Baron Henning von Dincklage (b. Esslingen am Neckar , 29 April 1971). The couple had two children and lives in Munich. Their daughter Madeleine was one of Crown Princess Victoria 's bridesmaids. [6]
Charles Edward Ambler (b. London, 14 July 1966); he married Helen Ross (b. Huddersfield , 3 March 1969). The couple had two children.
James Patrick Ambler (b. Oxford , 10 June 1967); he married Ursula Mary Shipley (b. St Austell , 9 July 1965). They had two children.
Royal duties
Princess Margaretha lives near Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire, in the UK, and does not perform any official engagements on behalf of the Royal Family.
She does take part in family events as part of the extended royal family, such as royal birthdays and weddings. Princess Margaretha was a guest at the 2010 Wedding of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and Daniel Westling . [7]
She also used to open the annual Swedish Church Christmas Bazaar in London. [8]
Honours
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i don't know
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Name the ex-construction worker who died in 2012, whose video-taped beating by Los Angeles police and their initial subsequent acquittals sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots?
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Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: 12th February–the questions
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
SET BY THE LAMB SHANKS
Vetted by the Plough Horntails and Ox-Fford
ART AND LITERATURE
1 Which poet versified about a “dirty British coaster with a salt-caked smokestack” in the poem Cargoes?
(John Masefield)
2 Which modern Poet Laureate was commemorated with a memorial stone in Westminster Abbey in December 2011?
(Ted Hughes)
3 Octarine (the colour of magic) is the eighth colour of the spectrum on which world?
(The Discworld – as written about by Terry Pratchett)
4 Who (or what) complained “Here I am, brain the size of a planet, and they ask me to take you to the bridge. Call that job satisfaction, 'cause I don't”?
(Marvin, the paranoid android, in Douglas Adam’s Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy)
5 What musical instrument of the woodwind family is an aerophone , or reedless wind instrument producing its sound from the flow of air across an opening?
(Flute, or piccolo)
6 Who sculpted the version of the Three Graces statue commissioned by John Russell, the 6th Duke of Bedford that is now on display alternately in the National Gallery of Scotland and the Victoria and Albert Museum?
(Antonio Canova)
7 Kubla Khan and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are two of the main works of which poet?
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
8 Pablo Picasso created which painting in response to the bombing of a Basque town by warplanes from Germany and Italy in 1937. What is the name of the painting?
(Guernica)
9 Who are the Samuel Becket characters Vladimir and Estragon waiting for?
(Godot – in the play waiting for Godot)
10 The ‘trio’ to March No. 1 in D of the Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches is better known as the music to which song?
(Land of Hope and Glory)
‘ELF N’SAFETY
(Most questions are taken from the health and safety test labourers on a construction site have to pass. They are mostly Health and Safety related, but the odd one does mention “Elf” as well)
1 Fire extinguishers can contain one of four substances – water, powder, foam and what?
(Carbon dioxide – CO2 – accept also Halon or wet chemicals)
2 Which part of your body is most likely to be injured if you lift heavy loads?
(Your back)
3 Name one of the two animals that carry Weil’s Disease, also known as Leptospirosis, in their urine?
(Rats or Cows)
4 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act is the primary piece of legislation regulating workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. In which decade was it passed into law?
(1970s - 1974 )
5 What is sort of creature is Dobbie in the Harry Potter books and films?
(A House Elf – full name required)
6 If someone is injured at work who should record it in the accident book?
(The injured person or someone acting for
them)
7 Which colour identifies the ‘live’ wire in a modern (new) 240 volt electricity supply?
(Brown)
8 Which 1960s car (sister to the Wolseley Hornet) was also a ‘mini with a boot’?
(Riley Elf - full make and model required)
9 How are legionella bacteria passed on to humans?
(Through fine water droplets such as sprays or mists)
10 What is the early sign of noise damaging your hearing?
(Temporary deafness)
GEOGRAPHY
1 What is the name of the village near Dorchester, built at the instigation of Prince Charles as a response against “modernist” architectural design?
(Poundbury)
2 Which member of the Commonwealth is formed of ten Provinces and three Territories?
(Canada)
3 In which range of Irish mountains does the River Liffey rise?
(Wicklow Mountains)
4 What is the capital of Burkina Faso?
(Ouagadougou)
5 In which English county is most of the Forest of Dean?
(Gloucestershire)
6 What colour is a Geography pie in Trivial Pursuits?
(Blue)
7 Cape York is the northernmost point of which Commonwealth country?
(Australia)
8 Which African country was called Nyasaland until 1964?
(Malawi)
9 What country is Budejowice in (pronounced boo day yo vit ze)?
(The Czech Republic – it is also known as Budweis)
10 The River Hafren flows out of Wales near Crew Green in Shropshire. What is it called in English?
(River Severn)
HISTORY
1 What did Enola Gay do on the 6th August 1945?
(Dropped the first atomic bomb – Enola Gay was the name painted on the nose of the B29 Superfortress bomber plane that carried the bomb)
2 Which century saw Macclesfield get it’s royal charter?
(13th Century – in 1261)
3 What, according to the chronology published by Bishop James Ussher, began at nightfall preceding Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC?
(The creation of the earth)
4 What was Lieutenant General James Thomas Brudenell, the 7th Earl of Cardigan, doing on the 25th of October 1854?
(Leading the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava)
5 For how many years did Macclesfield Borough Council exist as a local government district?
(35 years - 1 April 1974 to 31 March 2009 – accept 2 years either way)
6 What was seen from the earth in April 1910 and February 1986 (and should next be visible in July 2061)
(Halley’s Comet)
7 What did BOAC and BEA become when they merged in 1974?
(British Airways)
8 In what year was the M25 motorway completed?
(1986 -allow 2 years either way)
9 In December 1926, the United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs Corporation merged with two other companies. What was the name of the merged company?
(ICI or Imperial Chemical Industries)
10 In what year did the Battle of the Boyne take place?
(1690)
(A tasty round in honour of the sausages served by Marshall at the Lamb)
1 Which European country is the traditional home of Chorizo?
(Spain)
2 Who advertised Cookstown Sausages on TV in the 1960s & 70s with the punch line “the best family sausages”?
(George Best – full name needed)
3 What is a Gloucester Old Spot?
(A pig - reputedly their meat is the best for making sausages)
4 Which traditional children’s seaside entertainment usually features a policeman, a string of sausages and a crocodile in a red and white striped tent?
(A Punch and J udy show)
5 What is the German for sausage?
(Wurst – with the ’w’ pronounced ‘v’)
6 ‘Pigs in blankets’ are a traditional accompaniment to roast turkey at Christmas. What are they?
(Small sausages - usually chipolatas -wrapped in bacon).
7 What specific type of sausage is usually contained within a ‘proper’ hot dog (not just a ‘hot dog sausage)?
(Frankfurter, also accept Wiener)
8 Princess Anne’s first father-in-law was a sales director at which famous sausage making company?
(Walls)
9 Which toothy TV presenter can claim broadcasting a clip of a dog that barked or growled ‘sausages’ on one of her shows?
(Esther Rantzen)
10 What is the brand of sausages produced by the pig farming TV presenter friend of Jamie Oliver, who also used to be a PhD student of Entomology?
(Jimmy’s Farm)
1 What would be removed from your body if you underwent a nephrectomy?
(A Kidney)
2 What is the name of the law that states ‘To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction’?
(Newton’s third law of motion – accept Newton’s Law)
3 What is the name for a line on a weather map connecting lines of equal atmospheric pressure?
(Isobar)
4 The discoveries of sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium are all credited to which scientist?
(Sir Humphry Davy)
5 Daubenton’s and Soprano Pipistrelle are types of what mammal?
(Bats)
6 Quercus Robur is the Latin name for which unrivalled king of the forest in Britain, synonymous with strength, size and longevity?
(the English Oak tree)
7 What medical treatment was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, who acted upon his observation that milkmaids who caught the cowpox virus did not catch smallpox?
(The process of vaccination)
8 Which malleable metal alloy traditionally consists of 85–99% tin, with the remainder consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth and sometimes, less commonly today, lead
(Pewter)
9 Dry air, at ground level, is approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Which inert gas is most of the remaining 1%?
(Argon
10 What human characteristic is Craig Venter acknowledged to have been the first person to map (or sequence)
(The human genome)
1 Give the name of either of the London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic Mascots?
('Wenlock' - named after Much Wenlock or ‘Mandeville’ – named after Stoke Mandeville Hospital)
2 Which US city is represented in baseball by the Indians, in American football by the Browns, and in basketball by the Cavaliers?
(Cleveland)
3 Football – at which stadium will the 2013 UEFA Champions’ League Final be played (Wembley Stadium)
4 Football - w hich nation won the African Cup of Nations this last weekend?
(Nigeria – beat Burkina Faso 1 - 0)
5 Who has held the Men’s Triple Jump World Record since 1995?
(Jonathan Edwards - 18.29m)
6 At which course will the 2013 Open Golf Championships be held?
(Muirfield)
7 Which American writer said ‘golf is a good walk spoiled’?
(Mark Twain)
8 Who has owned (or part owned) the racehorses Queensland Star, Rock of Gibraltar and What a Friend?
(Sir Alex Ferguson)
9 Punter, tight end and strong safety are players positions in which sport?
(American Football)
10 Kumasi Ashanti Kotoko Football Club (nicknamed The Fabulous Porcupines!) have won their country’s league championship 21 times. Which West African country is this?
(Ghana)
HOW MUCH?
(All costs valid on 7th February 2013)
1 How much is a first class stamp for a standard size letter up to 100g in weight?
(60p)
2 How much is a pint of semi-skimmed milk delivered to your doorstep by Smiths Dairies of Macclesfield
(62p - accept 58p to 66p – some companies charge 72pm)
3 How much is a copy of the Macclesfield Express?
(65p)
4 How much (in pence) is a Euro worth?
(85p) (accept 80p to 90 p)
5 How much is a litre of unleaded at the Esso on Churchill Way Macclesfield?
(135.9p) (accept 132.9p to 138.9p)
6 How much is the national minimum wage per hour for an adult over 21?
(£6.19)
7 How much is a prescription (if you pay for it)?
(£7.65)
8 How much is a replacement 32 page passport for an adult (through the standard service)?
(£72.50)
9 How much is a colour television licence?
(£145.50)
10 How much is the basic personal tax allowance for the 2012-2013 tax year
(£8105)
Set by the Plough Horntails, vetted by the Ox-Fford
1. In which county is the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst?
A. Berkshire
2. Which organization won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize?
A. The European Union
(for having, over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe)
3. Name the ex-construction worker, whose video-taped beating by Los Angeles police and their initial subsequent acquittals sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots?
A. Rodney King
4. Who began his speech, "Where is Dave?" at the 2012 UK Conservative Party Conference?
A. Boris Johnson
5. British actor Brian Cobby (1929-2012) provided the first male voice for what British announcements?
A. Speaking Clock
6. Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, Mike Nesmith and who else formed the 1960s pop group “The Monkees”?
A. Peter Tork
7. In which nation's London embassy has Wikileaks founder Julian Assange sought diplomatic asylum since June 2012?
A. Ecuador
8. Who played the part of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in the 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony?
A. Kenneth Branagh
9. In 2012 British MP Nadine Dorries controversially appeared on what reality TV show?
A. I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here
10. What event caused Twitter's servers to crash on 25 June 2009?
A. Michael Jackson's death
11. What word for 'the end of the world' referred originally to a revelation?
A. Apocalypse (from Greek apo, 'un', and kaluptein, 'to cover' - the book of Revelation in the Vulgate [4th century Latin/Roman Catholic Bible] is also known as the Apocalypse)
12. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was founded in 1991 as a 'successor entity' to what?
A. The USSR (or Soviet Union - the CIS remains at 2013 a relatively loose membership organization for Russia and several ex-Soviet bloc nations - it seeks to coordinate members activities/rules, etc., in areas of trade, law, finance, security, etc)
13. What was the original name of UK-founded communications technology company O2?
A. Cellnet (accept BT Cellnet)
14. Which film is credited with originating the obsession / jealousy term 'bunny boiler'?
A. Fatal Attraction (1987, in which the spurned Glenn Close character Alexandra 'Alex' Forrest breaks into her former lover's house and boils the family’s pet rabbit).
15. Who was the last English Tudor monarch?
A. Elizabeth I (1533-1603, reigned 1558-1603)
16. Who was the first winner of the TV “talent” show the X Factor in 2004?
A. Steve Brookstein
17. What is the more common name for Nitrous Oxide?
A. Laughing Gas
18. Ian Botham played for three County cricket teams during his career. Somerset was one of them; name either of the other two.
A. Durham or Worcestershire
19. What football club did Gordon Banks play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal?
A. Leicester City
20. The last Briton to win the women’s singles at Wimbledon was Virginia Wade in 1977. Who did she beat?
A. Betty Stove
21. The last Briton to win the Women’s singles at the French Open was Sue Barker. In what year did she win?
A. 1976 (accept 1975-1977)
22. Which 1935 film based on a novel of 1859 has the last line “It’s a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done. It’s a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known.”
A. A Tale of Two Cities
23. Which 1991 film has the last line “I do wish we could chat longer, but I'm having an old friend for dinner. Bye.”
A. The Silence of the Lambs
24. Give a year in the life of John Wesley.
A. 1703-1791
25. Give a year in the life of Daniel Defoe.
A. 1659-1731
26. The Niagara Falls are situated on the Niagara River, which drains Lake Erie into which other Lake?
A. Lake Ontario
27. Above which Canadian city are The Plains of Abraham?
A. Quebec City
28. Which British City has a railway station named after a series of novels by Sir Walter Scott?
A. Edinburgh (Waverley Station)
29. In which British city is there an underground rail system nicknamed 'The Clockwork Orange'?
A. Glasgow
30. Which river runs through Lisbon?
A. Tagus (accept Tajo or Tejo – transliterated from the Portuguese)
31. Which river runs through Buenos Aires?
A. River Plate (Rio de la Plata)
32. What was the name of Captain Cook’s ship on his 1768 voyage to the Pacific Ocean and Australia?
A. HMS Endeavour
33. Which Yorkshire city is known as “Woolopolis" - a reference to the Victorian era wool making industry in the city, in the style of Manchester's "Cottonopolis?
A. Bradford
34. In which modern country are the ruins of the ancient city of Troy?
A. Turkey
35. According to Greek mythology who commanded the Greek army in the Trojan War?
A. Agamemnon
36. In which film did Meryl Streep win her first Acting Oscar?
A. Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
37. In which film did Emma Thompson win her only Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role?
A. Howard’s End (1992)
38. What was the name of the female British biophysicist whose work on X-ray diffraction images assisted in the discovery of the helical structure of DNA.
A. Rosalind Franklin
39. Who, in 1865, was the first Englishwoman to qualify as a medical doctor?
A. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
40. What is the first name of the detective Maigret?
A. Jules
41. Which element gets its chemical symbol from its original Greek name hydrargyrum?
A. Mercury (Hg)
42. Who is credited with the quote “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”?
A. US President Harry S Truman
43. What is the name of the cartoonist who created Andy Capp?
Reg Smythe.
44. What is the fruit of the Blackthorn called?
A. The Sloe
45. In Greek mythology Pygmalion was the king of which country?
A. Cyprus
46. 'At the Castle Gate', from Jean Sibelius's incidental music work Pelléas et Mélisande, is the theme music for which long running BBC TV programme?
A. The Sky at Night.
47. In Spain and Portugal, what is the title given to daughters of the sovereign?
A. Infanta.
48. In the nursery rhyme, what was the only tune that Tom the piper’s son could play?
A. Over the hills and far away.
49. Alef, Bet, Gimel are the first three letters of which alphabet?
A. Hebrew
50. Which BBC Director General was appointed and resigned in 2012?
A. George Entwistle.
51. In which US state was 'Custer's Last Stand' at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?
Montana
52. For his appearance in which film did Sean Connery win his only Oscar for Best Supporting Actor?
A. The Untouchables (appearing as Jim Malone)
53 What was the name of the line of fortifications built by France along its eastern frontier between 1929 and 1934?
Maginot Line
54. Who wrote the Billy Bunter stories?
A. Frank Richards.
55. Which English dramatist was murdered by his lover Kenneth Halliwell in 1967?
A. Joe Orton.
56. Who is the youngest singer to have a number one hit in the UK charts?
A. Jimmy Osmond (aged 9 years and 8 months in 1972 with Long Haired Lover From Liverpool)
57. Who wrote the novel “Cold Comfort Farm”?
A. Stella Gibbons.
58. Who was the architect of Coventry Cathedral?
A. Basil Spence
59. Which by surface area is the largest lake in Wales?
A. Lake Bala (Llyn Tegid)
60. When BBC Radio 1 started on Saturday, 30 September 1967 Tony Blackburn was the first disc jockey. But which former Crackerjack presenter was the second disc jockey to broadcast on the new station, hosting Junior Choice?
A. Leslie Crowther
61. BBC Radio 2 was also launched on 30 September 1967 as a successor to The Light Programme. But what was the name of the predecessor to The Light Programme?
BBC Forces Programme. (Accept also ‘General Forces Programme’ or just ‘Forces Programme’
62. Who was nicknamed “The Little Corporal”?
Napoleon Bonaparte N.B. He was also known as ‘Corporal Violet`
63. Who was known as “The Sailor King”?
William IV (1765 - 1837)
64. In which capital city would you find the district of “Foggy Bottom”?
Washington DC
(The location of the Watergate Building, US Department of State, Kennedy Centre for the Performing Arts amongst others.)
65. What was the name given by Benjamin Russell to the action taken by the Governor of Massachusetts in 1812 in order to maintain political control for his party.
Gerrymander (The Governor’s name was Elbridge Gerry. Russell used the term “gerrymander” when it was observed that one district subject to voting boundary changes looked like a salamander.)
66. In folklore, what did Finn mac Cool supposedly build?
NOTE TO QUESTION MASTER: If asked, the name is spelt in several different ways: Fionn mac Cumhail, Finn McCool or Finn MacCooill
A. The Giant’s Causeway
(in Antrim, Northern Ireland)
67. In which country is the newspaper La Stampa published?
A. Italy
68. “All the news that’s fit to print” is the slogan of which newspaper?
A. New York Times
69. What was the name of the German battleship scuttled in the River Plate in 1939?
A. Graf Spee.
70. There are four remaining original copies of the Magna Carta dating from 1215 in existence. Two are currently housed in the British Library, give the location of either of the other two copies?
A. Lincoln Cathedral (accept Lincoln Castle where it is often on display) or Salisbury Cathedral (the best remaining copy)
71. What legislation was introduced as a complement to Magna Carta to provide rights and protection for the Common Man, and provided the statute longest in force in English history?
A. The Charter of the Forest
(In force from 1217 to 1971. Final clauses replaced in 1971 by Wild Creatures and Forest Laws Act 1971 .)
72. Name the poet who was the first to be buried in the location now termed “Poet’s Corner” in Westminster Abbey?
Geoffrey Chaucer (in 1556)
73. What is the Metropolitan Police Operation Weeting designed to investigate?
It is the Police investigation into phone hacking by the News of the World.
74. Eugene Andrew Cernan is currently the last ever man to do what?
A. Walk on the Moon (during the Apollo 17 mission)
75. What’s the scientific name for the ‘winter vomiting bug’ that affected more than 100,000 people in the UK over the Christmas 2012 period?
Norovirus
76. What is the condition hyperemesis gravidarum better known as?
Acute morning sickness (accept morning sickness)
77. What was the name of the hospital in London where the Duchess of Cambridge spent time recovering from ‘acute morning sickness’ and whose staff were subject to a tragic “prank call” from Australian Radio DJs?
King Edward VII Hospital
78. The BBC program ‘Sherlock’ was voted top TV show 2012 in a Radio Times poll. What’s the name of the actor that plays the title role?
Benedict Cumberbach
79. What’s the name of the person who plays Camilla Fortescue-Cholmondeley-Browne in the BBC TV series ‘Call The Midwife’?
Miranda Hart
80. Attempts to obtain water samples from Lake Ellsworth were abandoned on December 25th 2012. On which continent is Lake Ellsworth situated?
Antarctica (Lake Ellsworth is a sub glacial lake located under approximately 2 miles of ice)
81. Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner is currently President of which country?
Argentina (renowned for harping on about the Falkland Islands)
82. Goodluck Jonathan (full name Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan) is currently the President of which country?
Nigeria
83. What’s the name of the current Secretary of State for Defence as at January 21st 2013?
Philip Hammond
84. What’s the name of the current (as at January 21st 2013)UK government Minister of State for Universities and Science
David Willetts
85. The first London Underground line (The Metropolitan) recently celebrated its 150th year since opening. Name one of the 7 stations that were on this line on that opening date in 1863.
Paddington; Edgware Road; Baker Street; Portland Road; Gower Street; King’s Cross; Farringdon Street.
86. The Victoria Line on the London Underground was ‘officially’ opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969. Name either of the terminus stations on this line.
Walthamstow Central; Brixton
87. What is buckram used for?
It is stiffened cloth (cotton or linen) that is used in book-binding. (Also sometimes for stiffening clothes,)
88. At one time based in Didsbury, in which field of endeavour was the Shirley Institute involved?
Textiles research. (Originally just cotton as the British Cotton Industry Research Association, but now also includes wool, rayon and man-made fibres)
89. Which fictional ship’s captain’s last words were “Floreat Etona”?
A. Captain Hook
90. Monte Cervino is the Italian name for which mountain?
A. Matterhorn
91. Which stately home is the seat of the Dukes of Bedford?
Woburn Abbey
92. Which stately home is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough?
Blenheim Palace.
93. Two sports are to be added to the 2016 Olympic Games. Name one of them.
Rugby Sevens or Golf.
94. In which year were the first Winter Olympic games held?
A. 1924 in Chamonix, France
95. The city of Sheffield is at the confluence of 5 rivers. Name one of them.
A. Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley, Porter or Don.
Which Australian novelist published 16 books before winning the Booker Prize in 1982 with "Schindler's Ark"?
Thomas Keneally
97. Who is the Manager as of 22nd Feb 2013 of Swansea City football team?
Michael Laudrup
98. Name a member of the group “One Direction” other than Harry Styles?
A. Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, or Louis Tomlinson
99. Later set to music by Edward Elgar, who wrote the original poem “The Dream of Gerontius”?
A. Cardinal Newman.
100. Who is the current as of 22nd Feb 2013 Manager of the England Women’s Football team?
Hope Powell
|
Rodney King
|
In 2012 'The Orphan of Zhao' became the first play of which country to be produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company?
|
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League: February 2013
Macclesfield Pub Quiz League
QUESTIONS SET BY THE WHARF AND THE
OX-FFORD C
1. Q Which member of England’s 1966 World Cup winning team also played one first-class cricket match for Essex?
A Geoff Hurst
2. Q What sort of creature is a krait?
A A snake
3. Q In which European country would you find the village of Y?
A France
4. Q What spirit is normally added to white crème de menthe to make a stinger?
A Brandy
5. Q Which cartoon character wears yellow and black checked trousers and a matching scarf?
A Rupert the Bear
6. Q In what film does Michael Caine say ‘Not many people know that’, after being given the line to say as an in-joke?
A Educating Rita
7. Q Which American poet who lived as a recluse for most of her life wrote the lines:
Because I could not stop for Death, Death kindly stopped for me
The carriage held but just ourselves, And Immortality?
A Emily Dickinson
8. Q Which cartoon dog has a brother called Spike?
A Snoopy
9. Q Which legendary American record producer is currently serving a prison sentence for second-degree murder?
A Phil Spector
10. Q What kind of apple is on the Beatles Apple label?
A Granny Smith
11. Q What colour jersey does the Best Young Rider in the Tour de France wear?
A White
12. Q Which 19th century writer’s only completed novel was entitled The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket?
A Edgar Allan Poe
13. Q Which guitarist replaced Brian Jones in The Rolling Stones?
A Mick Taylor
14. Q Which philosopher famously claimed that ‘God is dead’?
A Friedrich Nietzsche
15. Q In Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book what sort of creature is Akela?
A A wolf
16. Q Which former NBA basketball 'bad boy' was renowned for dying his hair bright colours?
A Dennis Rodman
17. Q What is the fourth book of the Old Testament?
A Numbers
18. Q In 1982, who became the first poet to win a Pulitzer Prize posthumously?
A Sylvia Plath
19. Q In which year did a terrorist group kill eleven hostages at the Olympic Games?
A 1972
20. Q Which 1946 film was an adaptation of Raymond Chandler's crime novel of the same name?
A The Big Sleep
21. Q Which influential German philosopher wrote Being and Time?
Martin Heidegger
22. Q Which American society magazine merged into Vogue in 1936 but was revived under its own name in 1983?
Vanity Fair
23. Q Who composed the opera Hänsel und Gretel?
Engelbert Humperdinck
24. Q Which country is the world’s largest producer of saffron?
A Iran
25. Q In which American state is the military base Area 51 located?
A Nevada
26. Q Which American state is home to the Joshua Tree National Park?
A California
27. Q What drink contains a 3% concentration of grape, blackcurrant and raspberry?
A Vimto
28. Q What is generally believed that the word `pop` refers to in Pop Goes the Weasel?
A To pawn (there are several possible interpretations of the word weasel)
29. Q How many lions are depicted on the United Kingdom royal standard used in England?
Q Seven (one represents Scotland)
30. Q Energy firm British Gas is owned by which company?
A Centrica
31. Q In the game Cluedo, which room can be accessed via the secret passageway from the study?
A The kitchen
32. Q What term describes perfect eyesight and a form of cricket?
A 20/20
33. Q In which country is the Serengeti National Park?
A Tanzania
34. Q Which of Edward I’s castles is located on Anglesey?
A Beaumaris
35. Q Whose death on the same day knocked the deaths of C S Lewis and Aldous Huxley off the front page?
A John F Kennedy’s
36. Q In which H G Wells novel was humanity split into two groups, the Eloi living above ground and the Morlocks below?
A The Time Machine
37. Q What would you find in an ossuary?
A The bones of the dead
38. Q Which superhero has the alter ego Steve Rogers?
A Captain America
39. Q In Channel 4’s The Snowman and the Snowdog what are the Snowdog’s ears made from?
A Socks
40. Q Name the passenger ship hijacked in 1985 off Egypt by the Palestine Liberation Organisation.
A Achille Lauro
41. Q Which famous jazz musician co-wrote Ain’t Misbehavin’?
A Fats Waller
42. Q Who was the first man ever seen on Channel Four?
A Richard Whiteley
43. Q What family of birds includes crows, ravens, jackdaws and magpies?
A Corvids (Corvidae)
44. Q What is the present name of the African country previously known as Dahomey?
A Benin
45. Q Name the author of the Wallander stories.
A Henning Mankell
46. Q What is studied in selenology?
A The Moon
47. Q Which creature is the world’s largest ruminant?
A The giraffe
48. Q What is the name of Japan’s high speed network of bullet trains?
A Shinkansen
49. Q Which austere sect originating in eighteenth century England was founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee?
A The Shakers
50. Q Name the author of the Millennium Trilogy.
A Stieg Larsson
51. Q Name the BP drilling rig which suffered an explosion in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010.
A Deepwater Horizon
52. Q Who in the bible boasted of killing a thousand of the enemy using the jawbone of a donkey?
A Samson
53. Q Which word can refer to a breed of cats, rabbits or goats?
A Angora
54. Q Which group’s first hit single was entitled New York Mining Disaster 1941?
A The Bee Gees
55. Q In Greek mythology who was the wife of Agamemnon and mother of Orestes?
A Clytemnestra
56. Q In which country does the beer Singha originate?
A Thailand
57. Q In which English county is the resort of Sidmouth?
A Devon
58. Q What is Canada’s largest island?
A Baffin Island
59. Q The Miller Brewing Company has its headquarters in which American city?
A Milwaukee
60. Q What 1970’s TV series featured Anthony Valentine as Major Horst Mohn?
A Colditz
61. Q Name the composer of the musical A Chorus Line, who died last year.
A Marvin Hamlisch
62. Q Who was the father of King James I of England?
A Lord Darnley
63. Q When Nick Clegg issued his much-parodied apology in September 2012, what was he apologising for?
A Breaking his promises on tuition fees
64. Q Which Abba song begins with the lines:
Where are those happy days, they seem so hard to find
I tried to reach for you, but you have closed your mind?
A SOS
65. Q Which king disliked his wife so much that he refused to allow her to attend his coronation?
A George IV
66. Q Which major sporting event was cancelled in October 2012 because of Superstorm Sandy?
A The New York Marathon
67. Q Who recently took over from Mike Harding as presenter of the Folk Show on Radio 2?
A Mark Radcliffe
68. Q Which range of mountains, originally known as the pale mountains, is named after a French mineralogist who first described its characteristic rock?
A The Dolomites (named after Dolomieu)
69. Q In which Belgian town is the Menin Gate, the location of the nightly Last Post ceremony which honours the dead of World War I?
A Iepers (Ypres)
70. Q Also in Belgium, what is Tyne Cot the largest example of?
A Commonwealth war graves cemetery
71. Q Charles Duke was the youngest man to do what?
A Walk on the moon (aged 36 when he landed with Apollo 16 in 1972)
72. Q Who preceded Chris Moyles as presenter of the Radio 1 breakfast show?
A Sara Cox
73. Q Stephen Spielberg has won the Best Director Oscar twice; name either film.
A Schindler’s List or Saving Private Ryan
74. Q Only four women have ever been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director; name any one of them.
A Lina Wertmüller (Seven Beauties, 1976), Jane Campion (The Piano, 1993), Sofia Coppola (Lost in Translation, 2003) Kathryn Bigelow (The Hurt Locker, 2009, the only female winner of this award)
75. Q Name the person that links these bands: The Housemartins, Beats International, The Brighton Port Authority.
A Norman (aka Quentin) Cook (accept Fatboy Slim)
76. Q Currently Europe’s biggest construction project, what is the name of the new east to west underground rail link currently being built under London, designed to link Berkshire to Kent and Essex?
A Crossrail
77. Q What is the threshold for Inheritance Tax per person in the UK?
A £325,000
78. Q Paul Di’Anno, Bruce Dickenson and Blaze Bailey have all been lead singers with which British Heavy Metal band?
A Iron Maiden
79. Q Which stand-up comic and actor completed 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief?
A Eddie Izzard
80. Q The ceremonial county of Cheshire is divided into four unitary authorities; Cheshire East, and Cheshire West & Chester are two of them; name either of the other two.
A Warrington or Halton
81. Q The US Interstate Highway system is named after which president?
A Dwight D Eisenhower (Full name is Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways)
82. Q Following the demise of the World Trade Center in 2001, what is now the tallest building in New York City?
A The Empire State Building (it was the tallest building in the world until the 1972 completion of the World Trade Center)
83. Q In which city is the Mercury City Tower, currently the tallest building in Europe at 28 metres taller than the Shard?
A Moscow
84. Q Name the team that Lance Armstrong rode for when ‘winning’ his seven Tour de France titles.
A US Postal / Discovery (accept either – the team was the same but changed sponsor in 2005)
85. Q Who has won more Olympic medals than anyone else?
A Michael Phelps (18 gold, 2 silver 2 bronze medals)
86. Q In Greek mythology, who was the goddess of the harvest and mother of Persephone?
A Demeter
87. In the Watergate scandal, what role did Mark Felt play?
He was Deep Throat (the journalists' secret source within the FBI)
88. Q Which motorway was planned but never built in the 1970s? It would have linked the M6 and M1, following the same route as the current A50.
A M64
89. Q In which major sporting event were brothers John and Jim Harbaugh recently pitted against each other?
A The Superbowl (they were the head coaches of the two competing teams)
90. Q The television series O.T.T. was a late-night follow-up to which kids’ show?
A TISWAS
91. Q Who was the host of the 2013 BAFTA awards ceremony?
A Stephen Fry
92. Q In what way are scientists Marie Curie and Lise Meitner unique?
They are the only women to have chemical elements named after them (curium and meitnerium)
93. Q The Caprivi Strip connects which country to the Victoria Falls?
A Namibia
94. Q In which English county was Branston Pickle originally made?
A Staffordshire (in the village of Branston, near Burton)
95. Q According to the RSPB, what is the most common species of bird in the UK?
A The wren (estimated 8.5 million breeding pairs)
96. Q The Oresund Bridge connects Copenhagen with which Swedish city?
A Malmö
97. Q The flag of which country features the Southern Cross constellation and a bird of paradise?
A Papua New Guinea
98. Q The 1991 film The Pope Must Die (about a small-town priest who is named Pope due to a clerical error), stars which British comedy actor?
A Robbie Coltrane
99. Q Which word relating to the election of a new Pope comes from the Latin meaning "with a key"?
A Conclave
100. Q What are the police called in the Republic of Ireland?
A The Garda
101. Q Which ITV historical drama series stars Michael Kitchen as a scrupulously honest police detective?
A Foyle’s Law
102. Q Baron Williams of Oystermouth became Master of Magdalen (pron. Maudlin) College Cambridge last month. What was his previous job?
A Archbishop of Canterbury
103. Q Which company, once Britain’s third-largest brewer, owns the Costa Coffee and Premier Inn brands?
A Whitbread
104. Q Which Peace laureate is the only person from Ghana ever to win a Nobel prize?
A Kofi Annan
105. Q Which 1988 film, starring Gene Hackman and Willem Dafoe, was loosely based on the investigation into the murders of three American civil rights activists in 1964?
A Mississippi Burning
106. Q Which fictional group included Mr Truman and Mr Winkle?
A The Pickwick Club
107. Q Which famous singer got his stage name from a hearing aid shop?
A Bono (the shop is called Bonavox)
108. Q Which singing group consists of Una Healey, Rochelle Humes, Mollie King, Frankie Sandford and Vanessa White?
A The Saturdays
109. Q Which group of acids combine to form proteins?
A Amino acids
110. Q What adjective is to pangolin as ‘scaly’ is to echidna?
A Spiny (they are anteaters)
111. Q Omnishambles was named by the Oxford English Dictionary as the Word of 2012. In which TV sitcom did it originate?
A The Thick of It
112. Q Which mythical creature is said to originate in sightings of the manatee or the dugong?
A Mermaid
113. Q Which government post, said by some to date back to the year 605, is currently held by Chris Grayling?
A Lord Chancellor
114. Q Which insurance company was Michael Winner advertising when he said ‘Calm down dear, it’s only a commercial’?
A e-Sure
115. Q What first name is shared by the 16th president of the USA, the creator of Dracula, and Dr Van Helsing in that story?
A Abraham (Lincoln and Stoker)
116. Q Which surname is shared by the first person to hit a golf ball on the moon, and the character who shot JR in Dallas?
A Shepherd (Alan and Kristin)
117. Q Which keyboard instrument, sometimes known as a pump organ, is worked by bellows, which are operated by the feet to drive air through metal reeds?
A Harmonium
118. Q Who played the title role in the 1959 bio-pic Al Capone?
A Rod Steiger
119. Q Who was the last person to become president of the USA after being defeated in a previous election?
A Richard Nixon
120. Q In 2002, when Salt Lake City hosted the Winter Olympics, who was Chairman and CEO of the Organising Committee?
A Mitt Romney
SUPPLEMENTARIES
1. Q How many US states were there at the start of the American Civil War?
A 34 (accept 33-35) (West Virginia was admitted as the 35th state midway through the war)
2. Q At what age are cardinals no longer eligible to vote in a papal conclave?
A 80
3. Q Running 46 miles from West Ruislip to Epping, which is the longest of London Underground’s lines?
A Central Line
4. Q Which film character was played by Dave Prowse and voiced by James Earl Jones?
A Darth Vader
5. Q Which European country became a full member of the United Nations in 2002, having been an ‘observer state’ since 1946?
A Switzerland
6. Q Which strip cartoon character had a wife called Helga, and children called Hamlet and Honi?
A Hagar (the Horrible)
7. Q Who was Frank Bruno’s manager for all but his last five fights?
A Terry Lawless
Tiebreak
Q In the 2001 census, over 390,000 people in England and Wales gave their religion as Jedi. How many did so in 2011?
A 176,632
S2. The Sound of Laughter. Peter Kay.
S3. Dreams from my Father.
Barack Obama.
SHIPS - REAL AND FICTIONAL
1. What was the name of the ship in which Jim Hawkins, Long John Silver and the rest sailed to Treasure Island?
A. The Hispaniola.
2. What was the name of Captain Ahab's whaler in the novel Moby Dick?
A. The Pequod.
3. What is the name of the Royal Navy corvette, commanded by Lt. Commander Ericson, that is central to the novel The Cruel Sea, by Nicolas Monserrat?
A. The Compass Rose.
4. What was the name of the Royal Navy frigate on which most of the action of the BBC radio sitcom The Navy Lark took place?
A. HMS Troutbridge.
5. Which ship (whose name is that of a Cotswold river) arrived at Tilbury in June, 1948, with the first large group of post-war West Indian immigrants to the UK?
A. The MV Empire Windrush. (Accept Windrush).
6. The artist Turner painted a famous picture of an old battleship, which had fought at Trafalgar, being towed to the breakers' yard. What was the name of the ship?
A. The Temeraire (accept "the Fighting Temeraire", because that's how Turner described it, although that wasn't its actual name).
7. The artist Gericault painted a famous picture of the desperate survivors of the shipwreck of a French naval frigate in 1816, drifting in the Atlantic on a raft. What was the name of the frigate?
A. The Medusa (La Meduse - the painting is called The Raft of the Medusa).
8. On board which US Naval battleship did the Japanese sign articles of surrender in August, 1945?
A. USS Missouri.
Supplementaries:
S1. Which bulk carrier cargo vessel, which sank during a typhoon south of Japan in September, 1980, is the largest British ship ever to be lost at sea?
MV Derbyshire.
S2. What is the name of the Pirate brig commanded by Captain Hook in J. M. Bam'e's Pefer Pan?
A. The Jolly Roger.
HISTORY
1. Which English monarch was honoured by the Pope with the title "Defender of the Faith"?
A. Henry VIII.
2. Which King of Norway was defeated and killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066?
A. Harold Hardrada.
3. Who was Emperor at the time of the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD?
A. Claudius.
4. The Byzantine Emperors recruited their elite Varangian Guard primarily from among which people?
A. The Vikings. (Accept Scandinavians).
5. The battles of Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde and Malplaquet were fought during which war?
A. The War of Spanish Succession.
6. The battles of Minden, Plassey, Quiberon Bay and -Quebec were fought during which war?
A. The Seven Years' War.
7. Which city was the capital of Charlemagne's Empire?
A. Aachen (accept Aix-la-Chapelle).
8. The ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra, famous for her liaisons with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, had a brother with whom she fought for the throne. What was his name?
A. Ptolemy.
Supplementaries:
S1. Which city was the first capital of the Roman province of Britannia after the invasion of 43 AD?
A. Colchester (accept Camulodunum).
S2. Which major political and military leader was defeated and killed at the Battle of Evesham in 1265?
A. Simon de Montfort.
1. Who are the 2012 County Cricket champions?
A. Warwickshire.
2. Which rugby player scored a try on his debut for England against Scotland at Twickenham on 2nd Feb this year?
A. Billy Twelvetrees.
3. The Paralympic sport of wheelchair rugby was originally known by what name?
A. Murder ball.
4. In which winter sport resort would you find the Cresta Run?
A. St. Moritz.
5. Currently the World's No 1 in Womens' Tennis, who won the Australian Open Women's Tennis final last month?
A. Victoria Azarenka.
6. Who won the Snooker Masters final last month, and is the current Snooker World Number One?
A. Mark Selby.
7. Which is the only English football club to have twice lost managers who left to become England manager?
A. Ipswich Town (Alf Ramsay and Bobby Robson).
8. Which sporting title is currently held by David Price?
A. British Heavyweight Boxing Champion. Supplementaries:
S1. Which was the last football club for which George Best played professionally?
A. Bournemouth (1982 - 83).
S2. . What name is given to English Cricket's raucous but loyal band of away supporters, following the team all over the world?
A. The Barmy Army.
1. On which river does the city of Hereford stand?
A. The Wye.
2. On which river does the city of Peterborough stand?
A. the Nene.
3. In which bay have the world's highest tides been recorded?
A. The Bay of Fundy (Newfoundland).
4. What name is given to the strong westerly winds found in the southern hemisphere, generally between latitudes 40 and 50 degrees south?
A. The Roaring Forties.
5. Which country has administrative responsibility for Easter Island?
A. Chile.
6. Which country has administrative responsibility for the Galapagos Islands?
A. Ecuador.
7. In which Italian city could you cross the river via the Ponte-Vecchio?
A. Florence.
8. In which Spanish city could you visit the Alhambra Palace?
A. Granada.
9. Into which sea does the River Jordan flow?
A. The Dead Sea.
10. Which was England's, and the World's, first garden city?
A. Letchworth.
1. Who played Private Ryan in the film Saving Private Ryan?
A. Matt Damon.
2. Who played Clarice Starling in the film The Silence of the Lambs
A. Jodie Foster.
3. Which English king has been portrayed twice, in different films, by Peter O'Toole?
A. Henry II. (In The Lion in Winter, and Becket).
4. In the final scene of the 1968 film Planet of the Apes, what does astronaut Taylor, played by Charlton Heston, find sticking out of the sand?
A. The remains of the Statue of Liberty.
5. Which actor has been nominated for an Oscar for his portrayal of Abraham Lincoln in Stephen Spielberg's film Lincoln?
A. Daniel Day-Lewis.
6. Which notorious Nazi was played by Gregory Peck in the film The Boys from Brazil?
A. Josef Mengele.
7. On which instrument did Anton Karas play the famous theme for the 1949 film The Third Man?
A. The zither.
8. Who composed the famous slashing music for the shower murder scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film Psycho?
A. Bernard Herrmann.
S1. Which animated comedy film had the tag line "Escape or die frying"?
A. Chicken Run.
S2. Which Vietnam War film had the tag line "the first casualty of war is innocence"?
A. Platoon.
SCIENCE AND NATURE
1. Which prehistoric sea creature, known from its fossil remains, has been given a name which means fish-lizard?
A. Ichthyosaur.
2. What comes next in this sequence: Permian, Triassic, Jurassic?
A. Cretaceous.
3. To which family of birds do fieldfares and redwings belong?
A. Thrushes (turdidae).
4. To which family of birds do bramblings and siskins belong?
A. Finches (fringillidae).
5. The North Star, or Polaris, is part of which constellation?
A. The Little Bear, or Ursa Minor.
6. What precisely happened to comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July, 1994?
A. It crashed into Jupiter.
7. Which chemical compound is the active ingredient working as a raising agent in baking, by releasing carbon dioxide?
A. Sodium Bicarbonate, or bicarbonate of soda.
8. Sodium Hypochlorite is the active ingredient in which common household product?
A. Bleach.
S1. What substance is the main component of the exoskeletons of crustaceans?
A. Chitin.
S2. Which element, chemical symbol Bk, takes its name from the California University
city in which it was discovered in 1949?
A. Berkelium. (After Berkeley).
ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
1. Name the private eye played by Trevor Eve in a 1979 - 80 TV drama series.
A. Eddie Shoestring.
2. Which actor, who died recently, played the medical examiner Quincy in the US TV drama series of that name?
Jack Klugman.
3 Which composer wrote marches for both the 1937 and 1953 coronations?
William Walton (Crown Imperial and Orb and Sceptre).
4 Who composed the opera The Flying Dutchman?
1. A. Richard Wagner.
5 Who painted The Blue Boy?
A. Thomas Gainsborough.
6 Who painted The Persistence of Memory?
A. Salvador Dali.
7 In the novel by Mary Shelley, what is Dr. Frankensteinvs first name?
A. Viktor.
8. The 1964 play, Royal Hunt of fhe Sun, by Peter Shaffer, is set mainly in which
country?
S1. . In which town do Wallace and Gromit live?
A. Wigan.
S2. The songs How to handle a Woman and If ever I would leave you are from which 1960 musical?
A. Camelot. By Lerner and Loewe.
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
1. In Greek mythology, which princess was chained to a rock as a sacrifice to appease a sea monster, but was rescued by Perseus?
A. Andromeda.
2. What name is given to the boundary dividing Cyprus between Turkish and Greek sectors?
A. The Green Line.
3. Of what kind of wood was the Kontiki raft made?
A. Balsa.
4. What is the knife carried by Gurkha soldiers called?
A. A kukri.
5. In the pantomime, what is the name of Aladdin's mother?
A. Widow Twankey.
6. In what country is the port of Pusan (or Busanj?
A. South Korea.
7. What name is given to the debris left by a glacier?
A. Moraine.
8. Blue Vinney is a cheese associated with which county?
A. Dorset.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Which body part of the jester Yorick makes a brief appearance in the play Hamlet?
A. His skull.
10. What type of musical piece is a berceuse?
A. A cradle song, or lullaby.
11. What is meant by speaking "sotto voce"?
A. In a low voice, or whisper, so as not to be generally heard.
12. What sea lies between the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles?
A. The Sea of Marmora.
13: The Black Prince was the son of which English king?
A. Edward III.
14. Which dish, thought to be of Indian origin and often eaten for breakfast, consists mainly of rice, flaked fish and boiled eggs?
A. Kedgeree.
15. Established in 1925, what was the name of the state news agency of the Soviet
Union?
A. TASS.
16. On Boxing Day last year Mark Cahill became the first Briton to have a transplant of which part of his body?
A. The hand.
17. In Geometry, what term is used for a straight line which just touches a curve at a single point without crossing it?
A. A tangent.
18. The Dome of the Rock, one of the holiest shrines of Islam, is located in which city?
A. Jerusalem.
19. What was the name of Michael Jackson's luxurious California ranch?
A. Neverland.
20. Who was appointed Poet Laureate in May, 2009?
A. Carol Ann Duffy.
21. Which is the highest mountain in Antarctica?
Mount Vinson. (Accept the Vinson Massif).
22. Who composed the music that was used as the signature tune for the 1970s TV series The Onedin Line?
A. Aram Katchaturian.
23. Alfred E. Neuman is the fictional mascot whose likeness regularly appears on the cover of which humorous publication?
A. Mad magazine.
24. Who would wear a "suit of lights"?
A. A matador, or bull fighter.
25. Situated overlooking the Hudson River in New York State, what is the name of the United States Military Academy?
A. West Point.
26. Which royal duke, the son of King George II, became known as "the Butcher" for his role in putting down the Jacobite rebellion in 1746?
A. William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. (Accept Cumberland).
27. Who has been appointed to replace Mervyn King as the Governor of the Bank of England in 2013?
A. Mark Carney.
28. Who won golf's Open Championship at Royal Lytham and St. Anne's in 2012?
A. Ernie Els.
29. During the Second World War Dr. Archibald Mclndoe achieved fame for his work in what field?
A. Plastic surgery. In particular, facial reconstruction for RAF pilots who had been shot down and burnt.
30. What was The Emperor Augustus's personal name, before he received the title Augustus?
A. Octavius (or Octavian).
31. Tasseography, or tasseomancy, is a means of telling fortunes by what process?
A. By reading tea leaves or coffee grounds.
32. Who is the presenter of the ITV Quiz Show The Chase?
A. Bradley Walsh.
------------------------------------------------
33. Which popular weekly publication, which first appeared in December, 1937, ceased print publication last December after 75 years, though it will continue to appear on-line?
A. The Dandy.
34. In Aristophanes' play Lysistrata, how does the eponymous protagonist attempt to end the war between Athens and Sparta?
A. By persuading the women of Greece to withhold their sexual favours until the men stop fighting.
35. Which poet was interrupted by "a person from Porlock"?
A. Coleridge (while he was writing Kubla Khan, causing him to forget how to finish it).
36. According to the song, where did Molly Malone "wheel her wheelbarrow through streets broad and narrow"?
A. Dublin ("In Dublin's fair city").
37. In the days when telephone exchanges had names, which institution could be reached by dialling Whitehall 1212?
A. Scotland Yard. (Accept Metropolitan Police).
38 Whom did Angela Merkel replace as German chancellor in 2005?
A. Gerhard Schroder.
39. Complete this comment by George Bernard Shaw: "Those who can do, those who can't................... "
A. Teach.
40. In Greek mythology, which princess helped Theseus escape from the Labyrinth after he killed the Minotaur by giving him a ball of thread to find his way out?
A. Ariadne.
----------------------------------------------------
41. What is the name of the large park in Dublin whose landmarks include the Wellington monument?
A. Phoenix Park.
42. Complete the saying: "There's no smoke without..."
A. Fire.
43. What melancholy first was experienced by Liverpool MP William Huskisson in September, 1830?
A. The first man to be killed by a railway locomotive.
44. What name is given to an otter's den?
A. A holt.
45. How many goals in total, for club and country, did Lionel Messi score in the calendar year 2012?
A. 91-accept 87-95.
46. If "the sheep's in the meadow, and the cow's in the corn", Where's the boy who looks after the sheep?
A. He's under the haystack, fast asleep. (Little Boy Blue).
47. In the Bible, who was the father of Joseph, he of the multi-coloured coat?
A. Jacob (also known as Israel).
48. In Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, into what creature is Bottom the weaver temporarily transformed?
A. An ass.
49. Tesserae are used to create what kind of art?
A. Mosaics.
50. The A830 road from Fort William to Mallaig is popularly known by what name?
A. The Road to the Isles.
51. Marks and Spencer started life as Marks Penny Bazaar in which city?
A. Leeds.
52. Mentioned in the Book of Exodus, Zipporah is the wife of which Biblical figure?
A. Moses.
53. How did Mel Greig and Michael Christiansen make the news in December?
A. They were the Australian DJs who made the hoax phone call pretending to be the Queen and Prince Charles and enquiring about the Duchess of Cambridge.
54. Etymologically speaking, what do the following flowers have in common: Magnolia, Fuchsia, Lobelia and Dahlia?
A. They are all named after botanists; Pierre Magnol (French), Leonhart Fuchs (German), Matthias de Lobel (Belgian) and Anders Dahl (Swedish).
55. During the Second World War, what was the emblem of the Free French Army?
A. The cross of Lorraine. (A cross with two cross-pieces).
56. In which town is the National Library of Wales located?
A. Aberystwyth.
57. In Russian cuisine, what kind of foodstuff is a blini?
A. A small pancake.
58. If Kirsty Young is number 4, Sue Lawley 3, and Michael Parkinson 2, who was Number 1 ?
A. Roy Plomley. Presenters of the radio show Desert island Discs.
59. Which sea lies between the peninsula of Lower California (Baja California) and the Mexican mainland?
A. The Sea of Cortez. (Accept also Vermillion Sea, or Gulf of California).
60. During the Manchu, or Qing, Dynasty in China (1644- 1912), what were Chinese men compelled to wear as a sign of submission to their Manchurian overlords?
A. The pigtail. (Also known as the queue). Enforced with a slogan: "Keep your hair and lose your head, or keep your head and cut your hair".
61. Who was the author of the Tilly Trotter trilogy, dramatised for TV in 1999?
A. Catherine Cookson.
62. At sea, how long is a dog watch?
A. Two hours.
63. If "Polly put the kettle on", who took it off again?
A. Sukey.
64. Who (13th Feb) is Secretary of State for Work and Pensions?
A. Ian Duncan Smith.
----------------------------------------------
65. YaketySax, by James Q. "Spider" Rich and Boots Randolph, is best known as the signature tune for which long-running TV "comedy" show?
A. The Benny Hill Show.
66. In imperial measures, how many pecks are there in a bushel?
A. Four.
67. First published in Manchester in 1839 by printer and publisher George Bradshaw, "Bradshaws" were what type of guide?
A. Railway guide and timetable.
68. Amblin Entertainment is the name of whose production company?
A. Stephen Spielberg.
69. Which ex-wife of a former president was sentenced in 2003 to 5 years in jail for fraud and theft, but has since returned to active politics?
A. Winnie Mandela.
70. What are "the Honours of Scotland"?
A. The Scottish Crown Jewels. (The Crown, the Sceptre and the Sword of State).
71. How is the character Archie Rice known in the title of the John Osborne play in which he is the protagonist?
A. The Entertainer.
72. In the Dandy, what was the distinguishing feature of the enormous cow pie which was Desperate Dan's favourite dish?
A. A pair of horns sticking out of the crust.
------------------------------------------------
73. What precisely, on their accession to office, did the following US presidents, and no others, have in common: Andrew Johnson, Chester Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson?
A. They were all vice-presidents who came to office as a result of the assassination of the previous president. (Respectively, Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley and Kennedy).
74. Who is the recently elected president of Egypt, who is already being accused of betraying the revolution by liberal opponents?
A. Mohammed Morsi.
75. What is Miss Piggy' surname?
A. Lee.
76. In which field of activity is the Stanislavski system used to improve professional skills and techniques?
A. Acting.
77. Complete the following saying: "A miss is as good as..... "
A. A mile.
78. Which playwright was born Tomas Straussler in Czechoslovakia in 1937?
A. Tom Stoppard.
79 With which English county would you associate the cheese Yarg.
A. Cornwall.
80. The adjective porcine refers to the characterstics of which animal?
A. The pig.
81. Who in 1991 became France's first female Prime Minister?
A. Edith Cresson.
82. In Geology, what name is given to sediment such as sand or mud deposited by a river?
A. Alluvium.
83. What name is given to a hare's nest?
A. A form.
84. Frances O'Grady was recently elected as the first woman to hold which public office?
A. General Secretary of the TUC.
85. How many strings has a balalaika?
A. Three.
86. In Geometry, what name is given to the longest side of a right-angled triangle?
A. The hypotenuse.
87. What are moss, garter and cable varieties of?
A. Knitting stitches.
88. In which city, in late November, 1943, did the three Allied war leaders, Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet for the first time?
A. Teheran.
89. Who is the presenter of the BBC Quiz Show Pointless?
A. Alexander Armstrong.
90. What was the nationality of jockey Scobie Breasley?
A. Australian.
91. Who captained the 1990 English rebel cricket tour of South Africa?
A. Mike Getting.
92. Which American "Pop artist" used a traditional comic book style of painting, including thought bubbles and lettering, as in his picture Whaam!!?
A. Roy Lichtenstein.
93. The Golden Temple, the holiest shrine of the Sikhs, is located in which city?
A. Amritsar.
94. What is the name of the French Stock Exchange?
A. La Bourse.
95. Which town serves as the port for the city of Edinburgh?
A. Leith.
96. Which singer recently announced the release in March of The Next Day, his first album for over a decade?
A. David Bowie.
97. What is the surname of W. E. Johns' hero "Biggles"?
A. Bigglesworth.
98. What is the name of Beatrix Potter's home in the Lake District?
A. Hill Top Farm.
99. The creator of Thunderbirds died recently at the age of 83. Who was he?
A. Gerry Anderson.
100. Where on a fish is the caudal fin?
A. The tail.
101. What name is given to a loud speaker which produces low frequency sounds in a
domestic sound system?
102. The land of Serendip is the old name for which country?
A. Sri Lanka (accept Ceylon).
SET BY THE LAMB SHANKS
Vetted by the Plough Horntails and Ox-Fford
ART AND LITERATURE
1 Which poet versified about a “dirty British coaster with a salt-caked smokestack” in the poem Cargoes?
(John Masefield)
2 Which modern Poet Laureate was commemorated with a memorial stone in Westminster Abbey in December 2011?
(Ted Hughes)
3 Octarine (the colour of magic) is the eighth colour of the spectrum on which world?
(The Discworld – as written about by Terry Pratchett)
4 Who (or what) complained “Here I am, brain the size of a planet, and they ask me to take you to the bridge. Call that job satisfaction, 'cause I don't”?
(Marvin, the paranoid android, in Douglas Adam’s Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy)
5 What musical instrument of the woodwind family is an aerophone , or reedless wind instrument producing its sound from the flow of air across an opening?
(Flute, or piccolo)
6 Who sculpted the version of the Three Graces statue commissioned by John Russell, the 6th Duke of Bedford that is now on display alternately in the National Gallery of Scotland and the Victoria and Albert Museum?
(Antonio Canova)
7 Kubla Khan and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner are two of the main works of which poet?
(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)
8 Pablo Picasso created which painting in response to the bombing of a Basque town by warplanes from Germany and Italy in 1937. What is the name of the painting?
(Guernica)
9 Who are the Samuel Becket characters Vladimir and Estragon waiting for?
(Godot – in the play waiting for Godot)
10 The ‘trio’ to March No. 1 in D of the Pomp and Circumstance Military Marches is better known as the music to which song?
(Land of Hope and Glory)
‘ELF N’SAFETY
(Most questions are taken from the health and safety test labourers on a construction site have to pass. They are mostly Health and Safety related, but the odd one does mention “Elf” as well)
1 Fire extinguishers can contain one of four substances – water, powder, foam and what?
(Carbon dioxide – CO2 – accept also Halon or wet chemicals)
2 Which part of your body is most likely to be injured if you lift heavy loads?
(Your back)
3 Name one of the two animals that carry Weil’s Disease, also known as Leptospirosis, in their urine?
(Rats or Cows)
4 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act is the primary piece of legislation regulating workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. In which decade was it passed into law?
(1970s - 1974 )
5 What is sort of creature is Dobbie in the Harry Potter books and films?
(A House Elf – full name required)
6 If someone is injured at work who should record it in the accident book?
(The injured person or someone acting for
them)
7 Which colour identifies the ‘live’ wire in a modern (new) 240 volt electricity supply?
(Brown)
8 Which 1960s car (sister to the Wolseley Hornet) was also a ‘mini with a boot’?
(Riley Elf - full make and model required)
9 How are legionella bacteria passed on to humans?
(Through fine water droplets such as sprays or mists)
10 What is the early sign of noise damaging your hearing?
(Temporary deafness)
GEOGRAPHY
1 What is the name of the village near Dorchester, built at the instigation of Prince Charles as a response against “modernist” architectural design?
(Poundbury)
2 Which member of the Commonwealth is formed of ten Provinces and three Territories?
(Canada)
3 In which range of Irish mountains does the River Liffey rise?
(Wicklow Mountains)
4 What is the capital of Burkina Faso?
(Ouagadougou)
5 In which English county is most of the Forest of Dean?
(Gloucestershire)
6 What colour is a Geography pie in Trivial Pursuits?
(Blue)
7 Cape York is the northernmost point of which Commonwealth country?
(Australia)
8 Which African country was called Nyasaland until 1964?
(Malawi)
9 What country is Budejowice in (pronounced boo day yo vit ze)?
(The Czech Republic – it is also known as Budweis)
10 The River Hafren flows out of Wales near Crew Green in Shropshire. What is it called in English?
(River Severn)
HISTORY
1 What did Enola Gay do on the 6th August 1945?
(Dropped the first atomic bomb – Enola Gay was the name painted on the nose of the B29 Superfortress bomber plane that carried the bomb)
2 Which century saw Macclesfield get it’s royal charter?
(13th Century – in 1261)
3 What, according to the chronology published by Bishop James Ussher, began at nightfall preceding Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC?
(The creation of the earth)
4 What was Lieutenant General James Thomas Brudenell, the 7th Earl of Cardigan, doing on the 25th of October 1854?
(Leading the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava)
5 For how many years did Macclesfield Borough Council exist as a local government district?
(35 years - 1 April 1974 to 31 March 2009 – accept 2 years either way)
6 What was seen from the earth in April 1910 and February 1986 (and should next be visible in July 2061)
(Halley’s Comet)
7 What did BOAC and BEA become when they merged in 1974?
(British Airways)
8 In what year was the M25 motorway completed?
(1986 -allow 2 years either way)
9 In December 1926, the United Alkali Company and British Dyestuffs Corporation merged with two other companies. What was the name of the merged company?
(ICI or Imperial Chemical Industries)
10 In what year did the Battle of the Boyne take place?
(1690)
(A tasty round in honour of the sausages served by Marshall at the Lamb)
1 Which European country is the traditional home of Chorizo?
(Spain)
2 Who advertised Cookstown Sausages on TV in the 1960s & 70s with the punch line “the best family sausages”?
(George Best – full name needed)
3 What is a Gloucester Old Spot?
(A pig - reputedly their meat is the best for making sausages)
4 Which traditional children’s seaside entertainment usually features a policeman, a string of sausages and a crocodile in a red and white striped tent?
(A Punch and J udy show)
5 What is the German for sausage?
(Wurst – with the ’w’ pronounced ‘v’)
6 ‘Pigs in blankets’ are a traditional accompaniment to roast turkey at Christmas. What are they?
(Small sausages - usually chipolatas -wrapped in bacon).
7 What specific type of sausage is usually contained within a ‘proper’ hot dog (not just a ‘hot dog sausage)?
(Frankfurter, also accept Wiener)
8 Princess Anne’s first father-in-law was a sales director at which famous sausage making company?
(Walls)
9 Which toothy TV presenter can claim broadcasting a clip of a dog that barked or growled ‘sausages’ on one of her shows?
(Esther Rantzen)
10 What is the brand of sausages produced by the pig farming TV presenter friend of Jamie Oliver, who also used to be a PhD student of Entomology?
(Jimmy’s Farm)
1 What would be removed from your body if you underwent a nephrectomy?
(A Kidney)
2 What is the name of the law that states ‘To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction’?
(Newton’s third law of motion – accept Newton’s Law)
3 What is the name for a line on a weather map connecting lines of equal atmospheric pressure?
(Isobar)
4 The discoveries of sodium, magnesium, potassium and calcium are all credited to which scientist?
(Sir Humphry Davy)
5 Daubenton’s and Soprano Pipistrelle are types of what mammal?
(Bats)
6 Quercus Robur is the Latin name for which unrivalled king of the forest in Britain, synonymous with strength, size and longevity?
(the English Oak tree)
7 What medical treatment was discovered by Edward Jenner in 1796, who acted upon his observation that milkmaids who caught the cowpox virus did not catch smallpox?
(The process of vaccination)
8 Which malleable metal alloy traditionally consists of 85–99% tin, with the remainder consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth and sometimes, less commonly today, lead
(Pewter)
9 Dry air, at ground level, is approximately 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Which inert gas is most of the remaining 1%?
(Argon
10 What human characteristic is Craig Venter acknowledged to have been the first person to map (or sequence)
(The human genome)
1 Give the name of either of the London 2012 Olympic & Paralympic Mascots?
('Wenlock' - named after Much Wenlock or ‘Mandeville’ – named after Stoke Mandeville Hospital)
2 Which US city is represented in baseball by the Indians, in American football by the Browns, and in basketball by the Cavaliers?
(Cleveland)
3 Football – at which stadium will the 2013 UEFA Champions’ League Final be played (Wembley Stadium)
4 Football - w hich nation won the African Cup of Nations this last weekend?
(Nigeria – beat Burkina Faso 1 - 0)
5 Who has held the Men’s Triple Jump World Record since 1995?
(Jonathan Edwards - 18.29m)
6 At which course will the 2013 Open Golf Championships be held?
(Muirfield)
7 Which American writer said ‘golf is a good walk spoiled’?
(Mark Twain)
8 Who has owned (or part owned) the racehorses Queensland Star, Rock of Gibraltar and What a Friend?
(Sir Alex Ferguson)
9 Punter, tight end and strong safety are players positions in which sport?
(American Football)
10 Kumasi Ashanti Kotoko Football Club (nicknamed The Fabulous Porcupines!) have won their country’s league championship 21 times. Which West African country is this?
(Ghana)
HOW MUCH?
(All costs valid on 7th February 2013)
1 How much is a first class stamp for a standard size letter up to 100g in weight?
(60p)
2 How much is a pint of semi-skimmed milk delivered to your doorstep by Smiths Dairies of Macclesfield
(62p - accept 58p to 66p – some companies charge 72pm)
3 How much is a copy of the Macclesfield Express?
(65p)
4 How much (in pence) is a Euro worth?
(85p) (accept 80p to 90 p)
5 How much is a litre of unleaded at the Esso on Churchill Way Macclesfield?
(135.9p) (accept 132.9p to 138.9p)
6 How much is the national minimum wage per hour for an adult over 21?
(£6.19)
7 How much is a prescription (if you pay for it)?
(£7.65)
8 How much is a replacement 32 page passport for an adult (through the standard service)?
(£72.50)
9 How much is a colour television licence?
(£145.50)
10 How much is the basic personal tax allowance for the 2012-2013 tax year
(£8105)
Set by the Plough Horntails, vetted by the Ox-Fford
1. In which county is the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst?
A. Berkshire
2. Which organization won the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize?
A. The European Union
(for having, over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe)
3. Name the ex-construction worker, whose video-taped beating by Los Angeles police and their initial subsequent acquittals sparked the 1992 Los Angeles Riots?
A. Rodney King
4. Who began his speech, "Where is Dave?" at the 2012 UK Conservative Party Conference?
A. Boris Johnson
5. British actor Brian Cobby (1929-2012) provided the first male voice for what British announcements?
A. Speaking Clock
6. Davy Jones, Mickey Dolenz, Mike Nesmith and who else formed the 1960s pop group “The Monkees”?
A. Peter Tork
7. In which nation's London embassy has Wikileaks founder Julian Assange sought diplomatic asylum since June 2012?
A. Ecuador
8. Who played the part of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in the 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony?
A. Kenneth Branagh
9. In 2012 British MP Nadine Dorries controversially appeared on what reality TV show?
A. I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here
10. What event caused Twitter's servers to crash on 25 June 2009?
A. Michael Jackson's death
11. What word for 'the end of the world' referred originally to a revelation?
A. Apocalypse (from Greek apo, 'un', and kaluptein, 'to cover' - the book of Revelation in the Vulgate [4th century Latin/Roman Catholic Bible] is also known as the Apocalypse)
12. The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was founded in 1991 as a 'successor entity' to what?
A. The USSR (or Soviet Union - the CIS remains at 2013 a relatively loose membership organization for Russia and several ex-Soviet bloc nations - it seeks to coordinate members activities/rules, etc., in areas of trade, law, finance, security, etc)
13. What was the original name of UK-founded communications technology company O2?
A. Cellnet (accept BT Cellnet)
14. Which film is credited with originating the obsession / jealousy term 'bunny boiler'?
A. Fatal Attraction (1987, in which the spurned Glenn Close character Alexandra 'Alex' Forrest breaks into her former lover's house and boils the family’s pet rabbit).
15. Who was the last English Tudor monarch?
A. Elizabeth I (1533-1603, reigned 1558-1603)
16. Who was the first winner of the TV “talent” show the X Factor in 2004?
A. Steve Brookstein
17. What is the more common name for Nitrous Oxide?
A. Laughing Gas
18. Ian Botham played for three County cricket teams during his career. Somerset was one of them; name either of the other two.
A. Durham or Worcestershire
19. What football club did Gordon Banks play for when he won his 1966 World Cup medal?
A. Leicester City
20. The last Briton to win the women’s singles at Wimbledon was Virginia Wade in 1977. Who did she beat?
A. Betty Stove
21. The last Briton to win the Women’s singles at the French Open was Sue Barker. In what year did she win?
A. 1976 (accept 1975-1977)
22. Which 1935 film based on a novel of 1859 has the last line “It’s a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done. It’s a far, far better rest I go to than I have ever known.”
A. A Tale of Two Cities
23. Which 1991 film has the last line “I do wish we could chat longer, but I'm having an old friend for dinner. Bye.”
A. The Silence of the Lambs
24. Give a year in the life of John Wesley.
A. 1703-1791
25. Give a year in the life of Daniel Defoe.
A. 1659-1731
26. The Niagara Falls are situated on the Niagara River, which drains Lake Erie into which other Lake?
A. Lake Ontario
27. Above which Canadian city are The Plains of Abraham?
A. Quebec City
28. Which British City has a railway station named after a series of novels by Sir Walter Scott?
A. Edinburgh (Waverley Station)
29. In which British city is there an underground rail system nicknamed 'The Clockwork Orange'?
A. Glasgow
30. Which river runs through Lisbon?
A. Tagus (accept Tajo or Tejo – transliterated from the Portuguese)
31. Which river runs through Buenos Aires?
A. River Plate (Rio de la Plata)
32. What was the name of Captain Cook’s ship on his 1768 voyage to the Pacific Ocean and Australia?
A. HMS Endeavour
33. Which Yorkshire city is known as “Woolopolis" - a reference to the Victorian era wool making industry in the city, in the style of Manchester's "Cottonopolis?
A. Bradford
34. In which modern country are the ruins of the ancient city of Troy?
A. Turkey
35. According to Greek mythology who commanded the Greek army in the Trojan War?
A. Agamemnon
36. In which film did Meryl Streep win her first Acting Oscar?
A. Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
37. In which film did Emma Thompson win her only Oscar for Best Actress in a Leading Role?
A. Howard’s End (1992)
38. What was the name of the female British biophysicist whose work on X-ray diffraction images assisted in the discovery of the helical structure of DNA.
A. Rosalind Franklin
39. Who, in 1865, was the first Englishwoman to qualify as a medical doctor?
A. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
40. What is the first name of the detective Maigret?
A. Jules
41. Which element gets its chemical symbol from its original Greek name hydrargyrum?
A. Mercury (Hg)
42. Who is credited with the quote “If you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen”?
A. US President Harry S Truman
43. What is the name of the cartoonist who created Andy Capp?
Reg Smythe.
44. What is the fruit of the Blackthorn called?
A. The Sloe
45. In Greek mythology Pygmalion was the king of which country?
A. Cyprus
46. 'At the Castle Gate', from Jean Sibelius's incidental music work Pelléas et Mélisande, is the theme music for which long running BBC TV programme?
A. The Sky at Night.
47. In Spain and Portugal, what is the title given to daughters of the sovereign?
A. Infanta.
48. In the nursery rhyme, what was the only tune that Tom the piper’s son could play?
A. Over the hills and far away.
49. Alef, Bet, Gimel are the first three letters of which alphabet?
A. Hebrew
50. Which BBC Director General was appointed and resigned in 2012?
A. George Entwistle.
51. In which US state was 'Custer's Last Stand' at the Battle of the Little Bighorn?
Montana
52. For his appearance in which film did Sean Connery win his only Oscar for Best Supporting Actor?
A. The Untouchables (appearing as Jim Malone)
53 What was the name of the line of fortifications built by France along its eastern frontier between 1929 and 1934?
Maginot Line
54. Who wrote the Billy Bunter stories?
A. Frank Richards.
55. Which English dramatist was murdered by his lover Kenneth Halliwell in 1967?
A. Joe Orton.
56. Who is the youngest singer to have a number one hit in the UK charts?
A. Jimmy Osmond (aged 9 years and 8 months in 1972 with Long Haired Lover From Liverpool)
57. Who wrote the novel “Cold Comfort Farm”?
A. Stella Gibbons.
58. Who was the architect of Coventry Cathedral?
A. Basil Spence
59. Which by surface area is the largest lake in Wales?
A. Lake Bala (Llyn Tegid)
60. When BBC Radio 1 started on Saturday, 30 September 1967 Tony Blackburn was the first disc jockey. But which former Crackerjack presenter was the second disc jockey to broadcast on the new station, hosting Junior Choice?
A. Leslie Crowther
61. BBC Radio 2 was also launched on 30 September 1967 as a successor to The Light Programme. But what was the name of the predecessor to The Light Programme?
BBC Forces Programme. (Accept also ‘General Forces Programme’ or just ‘Forces Programme’
62. Who was nicknamed “The Little Corporal”?
Napoleon Bonaparte N.B. He was also known as ‘Corporal Violet`
63. Who was known as “The Sailor King”?
William IV (1765 - 1837)
64. In which capital city would you find the district of “Foggy Bottom”?
Washington DC
(The location of the Watergate Building, US Department of State, Kennedy Centre for the Performing Arts amongst others.)
65. What was the name given by Benjamin Russell to the action taken by the Governor of Massachusetts in 1812 in order to maintain political control for his party.
Gerrymander (The Governor’s name was Elbridge Gerry. Russell used the term “gerrymander” when it was observed that one district subject to voting boundary changes looked like a salamander.)
66. In folklore, what did Finn mac Cool supposedly build?
NOTE TO QUESTION MASTER: If asked, the name is spelt in several different ways: Fionn mac Cumhail, Finn McCool or Finn MacCooill
A. The Giant’s Causeway
(in Antrim, Northern Ireland)
67. In which country is the newspaper La Stampa published?
A. Italy
68. “All the news that’s fit to print” is the slogan of which newspaper?
A. New York Times
69. What was the name of the German battleship scuttled in the River Plate in 1939?
A. Graf Spee.
70. There are four remaining original copies of the Magna Carta dating from 1215 in existence. Two are currently housed in the British Library, give the location of either of the other two copies?
A. Lincoln Cathedral (accept Lincoln Castle where it is often on display) or Salisbury Cathedral (the best remaining copy)
71. What legislation was introduced as a complement to Magna Carta to provide rights and protection for the Common Man, and provided the statute longest in force in English history?
A. The Charter of the Forest
(In force from 1217 to 1971. Final clauses replaced in 1971 by Wild Creatures and Forest Laws Act 1971 .)
72. Name the poet who was the first to be buried in the location now termed “Poet’s Corner” in Westminster Abbey?
Geoffrey Chaucer (in 1556)
73. What is the Metropolitan Police Operation Weeting designed to investigate?
It is the Police investigation into phone hacking by the News of the World.
74. Eugene Andrew Cernan is currently the last ever man to do what?
A. Walk on the Moon (during the Apollo 17 mission)
75. What’s the scientific name for the ‘winter vomiting bug’ that affected more than 100,000 people in the UK over the Christmas 2012 period?
Norovirus
76. What is the condition hyperemesis gravidarum better known as?
Acute morning sickness (accept morning sickness)
77. What was the name of the hospital in London where the Duchess of Cambridge spent time recovering from ‘acute morning sickness’ and whose staff were subject to a tragic “prank call” from Australian Radio DJs?
King Edward VII Hospital
78. The BBC program ‘Sherlock’ was voted top TV show 2012 in a Radio Times poll. What’s the name of the actor that plays the title role?
Benedict Cumberbach
79. What’s the name of the person who plays Camilla Fortescue-Cholmondeley-Browne in the BBC TV series ‘Call The Midwife’?
Miranda Hart
80. Attempts to obtain water samples from Lake Ellsworth were abandoned on December 25th 2012. On which continent is Lake Ellsworth situated?
Antarctica (Lake Ellsworth is a sub glacial lake located under approximately 2 miles of ice)
81. Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner is currently President of which country?
Argentina (renowned for harping on about the Falkland Islands)
82. Goodluck Jonathan (full name Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan) is currently the President of which country?
Nigeria
83. What’s the name of the current Secretary of State for Defence as at January 21st 2013?
Philip Hammond
84. What’s the name of the current (as at January 21st 2013)UK government Minister of State for Universities and Science
David Willetts
85. The first London Underground line (The Metropolitan) recently celebrated its 150th year since opening. Name one of the 7 stations that were on this line on that opening date in 1863.
Paddington; Edgware Road; Baker Street; Portland Road; Gower Street; King’s Cross; Farringdon Street.
86. The Victoria Line on the London Underground was ‘officially’ opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969. Name either of the terminus stations on this line.
Walthamstow Central; Brixton
87. What is buckram used for?
It is stiffened cloth (cotton or linen) that is used in book-binding. (Also sometimes for stiffening clothes,)
88. At one time based in Didsbury, in which field of endeavour was the Shirley Institute involved?
Textiles research. (Originally just cotton as the British Cotton Industry Research Association, but now also includes wool, rayon and man-made fibres)
89. Which fictional ship’s captain’s last words were “Floreat Etona”?
A. Captain Hook
90. Monte Cervino is the Italian name for which mountain?
A. Matterhorn
91. Which stately home is the seat of the Dukes of Bedford?
Woburn Abbey
92. Which stately home is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough?
Blenheim Palace.
93. Two sports are to be added to the 2016 Olympic Games. Name one of them.
Rugby Sevens or Golf.
94. In which year were the first Winter Olympic games held?
A. 1924 in Chamonix, France
95. The city of Sheffield is at the confluence of 5 rivers. Name one of them.
A. Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley, Porter or Don.
Which Australian novelist published 16 books before winning the Booker Prize in 1982 with "Schindler's Ark"?
Thomas Keneally
97. Who is the Manager as of 22nd Feb 2013 of Swansea City football team?
Michael Laudrup
98. Name a member of the group “One Direction” other than Harry Styles?
A. Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, or Louis Tomlinson
99. Later set to music by Edward Elgar, who wrote the original poem “The Dream of Gerontius”?
A. Cardinal Newman.
100. Who is the current as of 22nd Feb 2013 Manager of the England Women’s Football team?
Hope Powell
Q1. What is the name of the larger bone in the upper arm?
A1. The Humerus
Q2. Henry Cavendish was the first to recognise which gas as a separate element?
A2. Hydrogen (He called it flammable air)
Q3. Which acid is secreted into the stomach (by the parietal (AKA oxynic) cells?)
A3. Hydrochloric Acid
Q4. The luminous flux of an electric light bulb is now given in what units?
A4. Lumens
Q5. What is the unit of electrical resistance?
A5. The Ohm
Q6. Haemoglobin found in blood contains which metallic element?
A6. Iron
Q7. What is the former planet Pluto now defined as?
A7. Dwarf Planet
Q8. Which ligaments in the human body are so named because they form an X shaped cross?
A8. Cruciate
Supplementaries
S1.Q. Which drug used to treat malaria is obtained from the bark of the cinchona tree?
S1 A. Quinine
S2.Q. What is the name most generally given to the geocentric theory of the arrangement of the solar system, ie that the earth is in the middle and the sun moon and planets move round it
S2 A. The Ptolemaic System
Q1. Who writes about Tracey Beaker?
A1.(Dame) Jackie Wilson
Q2. In which city are most of the surviving works of Charles Rennie Mackintosh?
A2. Glasgow
Q3. Who was Poet Laureate between C Day Lewis and Ted Hughes?
A3. John Betjeman
Q4. Shadrack, Marlon, Cain and Mandy are all members of which TV family?
A4. The Dingles (Emmerdale)
Q5. Who composed Rhapsody in Blue?
A5. Gershwin
Q6. In which play by Arthur Miller do we meet Willie Loman?
A6. Death of a Salesman
Q7. Chief Wiggum controls law and order in which fictional TV town?
A7. Springfield (The Simpsons)
Q8. Which famous US Actress joined the cast of Downton Abbey this last autumn?
A8. Shirley McClain
S1.Q What politically sensitive music album celebrated its 25year anniversary in August 2012?
S1.A. Graceland (Paul Simon)
S2.Q. In which fictional county is The Archers set?
S2.A. Borsetshire
Round 3: Sport
Q1. The equestrian events at the Olympics are usually held “out of town”. At which Olympic host city were they held furthest away?
A1. Melbourne 1956 (held in Stockholm!)
Q2. Elli Simmonds was one of three para-olympians nominated for BBC Sports Personality of 2012. Name one of the other two.
A1. Sarah Storey or David Weir
Q3. Which Wimbledon men’s singles champion won on a wild card?
A3. Goran Ivanisevic.
Q4. Which team will Lewis Hamilton drive for in the forthcoming season?
A4. Mercedes
Q5. What sporting venue is colloquially known as "Billy Williams' cabbage patch?
A5. Twickenham
Q6. Where was the Derby held during both World Wars?
A6. Newmarket
Q7. In which city would you find the two English league grounds which are closest to each other?
A7. Nottingham
Q8. Only 5 disciplines have been in every Olympics of the modern era (ie since Athens in 1896). Swimming, Gymnastics and Athletics are 3. Name 1 of the other 2.
A8. Cycling or Fencing
S1Q. What notable sporting feat did Lukas Rossel achieve in summer 2012?
S1A. He beat Nadal at Wimbledon
S2Q. Where was the Test Match played in November which saw both Alistair Cook and Kevin Pieterson equalling the English record for the number of test centuries - within 10 minutes of each other?
S2A. Mumbai ( accept, reluctantly) Bombay
Round 4: Geography
Q1. Which river runs through Kendal in the Lake District?
A1. The River Kent (The name Kendal is a variation on Kent Dale!)
Q2. The British Sugar Loaf mountain overlooks Abergavenny. Which foreign city is also overlooked by the Sugar Loaf?
A2. Rio de Janeiro
Q3. What is the state capital of Oregon?
A3. Salem
Q4. Which is the first English county entered by the river Severn?
A4. Shropshire
Q5. On which Hawaiian island is Pearl Harbour?
A5. Oahu
Q6. Apart from the small city airport, which city’s airport do travellers to Florence use?
A6. Pisa
Q7. What is the capital of Belarus?
A7. Minsk
Q8. What is the state capital of Maine?
A8. Augusta
S1.Q. What is the most southerly point of mainland Europe?
S1A. Tarife (not Gibralter)
S2.Q. What is the highest point of Bodmin moor?
S2.A. Brown Willie
Q1. Who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, thus triggering WWI?
A1. (Gavrilo) Princip
Q2. Which of Napoleon’s generals became King of Sweden?
A2. Bernadotte
Q3. What is the War of Northern Aggression more generally called?
A3. The American Civil War.
Q4. Of which country was Zog king until forced to flee in 1939?
A4. Albania
Q5. Which British PM took UK into WW1?
A5. Herbert Asquith
Q6. At the end of which war was Germany united in 1871?
A6. Franco-Prussian
Q7. In which castle was Edward II murdered?
A7. Berkeley
Q8. Which British PM was in office at the end of WW1?
A8. David Lloyd-George
S1.Q. How were Tzar Nicholas II and George V related?
S1.A. First cousins (their mothers were sisters)
S2.Q. What was the name of the ruling house of Britain immediately before it was changed to Windsor in 1916?
S2. A. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Round 6: Katherines, Kates, Kittys
Q1. In which novel do you find Kitty Bennet?
A1. Pride and Prejudice
Q2. Give a year in the life of Catherine the Great of Russia.
A2. 1729 to 1796
Q3. Which Katy sung The Closest Thing to Crazy?
A3. Katie Melua
Q4. Which Kate was recently awarded a CBE for services to drama?
A4. Kate Winslett
Q5. Who wrote What Katy Did?
A5. Susan Coolidge
Q6. In which novel do you find Catherine Earnshaw?
A6. Wuthering Heights
Q7. Who was the husband of Catherine of Braganza?
A7. Charles II
Q8. Whose pocket did Kitty Fisher find?
A8. Lucy Locket
Supplementaries
S1.Q. Which KT’s music was behind the opening titles of the Devil Wears Prada (It was Suddenly I See)
S1.A. KT Tunstall
S2.Q. What Shakespeare play is Kiss Me Kate based on?
S2.A. The Taming of the Shrew
Round 7: The History of Geography
Q1. What is the name given to the Viking map which shows they reached North America?
A1. The Vinland Map
Q2. What was the other name for Constantinople/Istanbul?
A2. Byzantium
Q3. Name one of the boats in Columbus’ fleet of three
A3. The Santa Maria, the Pinta, the Nina (or the Santa Clara, the official name)
Q4. What is the Roman town of Uriconium now called?
A4. Wroxeter
Q5. What was Harare called formerly?
A5. Salisbury
Q6. Who, in the 17th Century, produced the first Atlas of the Counties of Great Britain?
A6. John Speede (Born in Farndon, Cheshire)
Q7. What do we call the Roman Isca Dumnorium?
A7. Exeter
Q8. Name one of the 2 leaders of the expedition that first crossed Australia South to North (in 1860/61)
A8. Burke and Wills
S1.Q. Who first rounded the Cape of Good Hope?
S1.A. Bartholemew Dias
S2.Q. Who invented the map projection that shows the shape of the countries accurately, but distorts their relative size (Greenland looks bigger than S America!)
S2.A (Gerardus) Mercator
Q1. Which 60’s band sang about “Itchycoo Park?”
A1. (Small) Faces
Q2. Lyme Park was left to the National Trust by which family?
A2. The Legh family (in 1946)
Q3. In which British City is The Parks Cricket Ground?
Q3. Oxford
Q4. The South Downs way runs through the South Downs National Park from Eastbourne to which city (approx 100 miles)?
A4. Winchester
Q5. Tatton Park was left to the National Trust by which family?
A5. The Egerton family (in 1958)
Q6. The sports stadium Candlestick Park is in which US City?
A6. San Fransisco.
Q7. Name either creator of South Park
A7. Trey Parker or Matt Stone
Q8. Which singer had a hit in the 60’s with Macarthur Park?
A8. Richard Harris
1Q Who wrote and published a famous series of walking guides
for the Lake District, published in the form of handwritten
notes?
2. Q Which fictional family live at 742 evergreen Terrace?
A. The Simpsons
3. Q. For which county does Alistair Cook, England’s highest
century maker, play?
4. Q. Whose words were set to Beethoven’s 9th, and are now
known as to the Ode to Joy?
A. Schiller
5. Q Who was the last British monarch to be born outside Britain?
A. George II
6. Q What is the alternative name for the hedge sparrow?
A. The dunnock
7. Q. Who lost his job as secretary of state over the ramifications of a speeding charge?
A. Chris Huhne
8. Q. ‘Ungood’, ‘Plus good’, ‘Crime think’ and ‘Double think’ are
words and concepts from which fictional language?
A. Newspeak
9. Q. Who was the first Christian martyr?
A. Stephen
10. Q. What was the name of the Shipping area now called Fitzroy?
A. Finesterre
11. Q. Who was the new judge on Strictly Come Dancing in this last
(2012) series?
12. Q. Which Premiership Rugby club does Danny Cipriani play for?
A. Sale Sharks
13.Who composed ‘Pictures at an Exhibition’?
Mussorgsky
14.What is Mitt Romney’s first name?
Willard
15. How many Pope Benedicts have there been, including the
present one?
16.Which was the first preserved/heritage railway in the world?
The Tal-y-Llyn in Mid-Wales
17. What was the name of the woman, who by refusing to
give up her seat to a white man sparked the bus boycott in
Montgomery Alabama in1955, as turning point in the civil
rights campaign in the USA?
Rosa Parkes
18. Hejera, The Hissing of Summer Lawns, Court and Spark and
Don Juan’s Reckless Daughter, were all albums by which
singer songwriter and painter?
19. What is the county town of Wiltshire?
Trowbridge
20. What are the Hacked Off group hacked off about?
Press intrusion (accept any answer which shows
knowledge of this, however phrased)
21. What toy, originating in China, was originally a military
signalling device?
22. Which TV channel staged the Paralympics?
Channel 4
23. Which cologne was best when ‘splashed all over’ as advised
by Henry Cooper and Kevin Keegan?
Brut
24. In the news recently, how is Chalara fraxinea better known?
Ash die back.
25. How many red balls are there on a snooker table?
Fifteen
26. What is the name given to the small magnifying eyeglass used
by jewellers?
27. Which French painter & businessman (b 1848) changed his
lifestyle and moved to Tahiti?
Paul Gauguin
28. In which US Mountain range is Mount Rushmore (The one
with the US Presidents carved on it?)
The Black Hills (of Dakota)
29. Who was given a passport for the first time for 24 years, and
was able to accept the Nobel prize personally, having been
awarded the prize in absentia?
Aung San Suu Kyi (accept close approximation – Suu Kyi
is the ‘surname’)
30. For what is Australian Sir Edmund Barton famous?
He was the first Australian Prime Minister (1901- 1903)
31. What was the name of the rover that successfully landed on
Mars last August?
31. Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck all started their career
with which Rock Band?
32. What is the name of the alloy of mercury and other metals
used in dental fillings?
Amalgam
33. Name this just retired ex- captain from the description. Born in Tasmania, known as Punter, fond of greyhound racing?
Ricky Ponting
35. How many noughts are there in a quintillion (using the now
widely accepted American usage?)
36. On which island did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
St Helena
37. Which river flows through Timbuktu?
The Niger
38. How many operas make up Wagner’s Ring Cycle?
Four
39. How many London clubs are the Football Premier League this
season?
Six (QPR, Arsenal, Spurs, Fulham, Chelsea, W Ham)
40. Who was the first king of Israel?
Saul
41. Name one of the three Dashwood sisters in Jane Austen’s
Sense and Sensibility
42. Who won last year's Bradford by-election (maj. 10,140)?
George Galloway
43. What was the currency of Malta before it entered the euro-
zone?
44.Name the film with the following plotline: this deals with the
life a Nobel Laureate in Economics who as a brilliant but
asocial mathematician accepts secret work in cryptography,
after which his life takes a turn to the nightmarish.
A Beautiful mind
45. What was known in the past as Oil of Vitriol?
Sulphuric Acid
46. What is Mount Kosciuszko’s claim to fame?
Highest mountain in Australia
47. Which Gilbert & Sullivan opera is sub-titled The Slave of Duty?
The Pirates of Penzance
48. A strike of which workers provoked the General Strike of
1926?
49. In which year did the first London Under ground train run?
1863 (no leeway as there was enormous media coverage
for the 150th anniversary this January!)
50. Who wrote the poem which is included in the 1930’s Post
Office documentary Night Mail?
51. Who was the great-nephew of the Roman Emperor Claudius,
who succeeded him?
52. What in traditional art,(apart from a type of cloud) is a Nimbus?
A type of Halo.
53. What is the connection between Test Match Special and
James Bond?
The evil Blofeld gets his name from TMS’s Henry Blofeld
(Ian Fleming was taken with the name)
54. In which London Borough is the Olympic Stadium situated?
London Borough of Newham
55. In which city of the North West is the recently restored – and
prize-winning - Ordsall Hall?
Salford (not Manchester – Salford is a separate city)
56. The body of which historical figure is believed to have been
recently dug up from under a car park?
Richard III
57. What was the name of Mitt Romney’s running mate?
Paul Ryan
58. Q. What is the chemical component predominate in red wine and extracted from the skin and stem that gives the wine it taste
and structure?
59. In Lord of the Rings who is Arwen’s father?
Elrond
60. Which was the first London Underground line?
The Metropolitan
61. In an Indian restaurant, what would you get if you ordered
Saag?
62. Who hosts the lunchtime news and music programme on
Radio 2?
63. Apart from France, name 1 0f the 2 European countries
which fought on the side of the colonies in the US War of
Independence?
Spain or the Dutch Republic
64. What is the name of the developers who are driving the
development of the new Macclesfield Town Plan?
Wilson Bowden
65. Which jazz saxophonist was known as Bird?
Charlie Parker
66. What toy has a name that means come back, come back?
Yoyo
67. To which party does Paul Nuttall, (one of the Macclesfield
MEP’s) belong?
68. Who wrote the Dalziel & Pasco detective books?
Reginald Hill
69. Jimmy Anderson has dismissed Sachin Tendulkar more than
anyone in Tests. How many times?
Nine
70. What was the currency of Cyprus before it joined the euro-
zone?
71. Which fictional family live at 1313 Mockingbird lane,
Mockingbird Heights?
72. Which painter is famous for painting water-lilies?
Monet
73. Which member of the royal family abseiled down the new
London landmark, the Shard?
74. Who was the Minister for Propaganda in Nazi Germany?
Joseph Goebbels
75. Which lo-cost motor manufacturer, a subsidiary of Renault,
will be launched in UK in 2013 with models called Sandero &
Duster?
76. Parr and Grilse are the names given to development stages of
which fish?
77. As whom are Valentine and Proteus referred to in the title of a
Shakespeare Play?
78. What is a cabochon?
A large (convex) precious stone
79. Which cricketer was once offered the throne of Albania?
C.B Fry
80. Which Rugby League team represent Salford – for now?
Salford Reds
81. Name the film with the following plotline: this film is about
an Irish author and artist, born with severe cerebral palsy,
who proved he didn't need a voice to speak to the world. He
turned this impediment into a skill and became one of Ireland's
leading intellectuals
82. What was the composition that Wallace & Grommit brought to
the proms this last season?
(my) Concerto in Ee lad.
83. Who took over from Gordon Burns on North West tonight?
Roger Johnstone
84. What craft means little hook in French?
Crochet
85. Which was the first narrow gauge industrial railway in the
world?
The Ffestiniog, in North Wales
86. Who does Rosalind marry in As You Like It?
Orlando
87. Which Tree do we get turpentine from?
The Pine
88. Until his appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury, where was Justin Welby, bishop?
Durham
89. Which objects appear in Andy Warhol’s most famous pop art
paintings?
90. Which company’s trademark of a red triangle was the first ever
to be registered?
91. What is the painting medium called which uses egg-white?
Tempera
92. Which British painter was given an OM last year?
David Hockney
93. Who took over from Paul Jones as lead singer in Manfred
Mann?
94. Which motor manufacturer will market the following models
(amongst others) in its range for 2013 – Citigo & Rapid
Skoda
95. Name one of David Copperfield’s two wives (first name will do)Dora or Agnes
96. One of the earliest TV cooks, what was the name of The
Galloping Gourmet?
Graham Kerr
Supplementary Questions:
1Q . Which singer-song writer was too ill to attend the premiere of his work The Titanic Requiem?
Robin Gibb (both names needed!)
2.Q Who won the second highest number of votes, behind Bradley
Wiggins in BBC’s Sport’s Personality of the Year 1212?
Jessica Ennis
3. Q. On a roulette wheel, what colour is the zero?
White on a Green background (accept either)
4. Q. What is the forename of the son of Dick Francis who’s taken over
writing the racing thrillers?
5. Q. When Chelsea put 8 past Aston Villa in December 2012 how many
different players scored?
6.Q. Michael Parkinson has recently presented a series on the Sky Arts
channel. What was its name?
Master Class.
|
i don't know
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Lady Gaga cancelled her 2012 tour to which country after threats of chaos from protestors?
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Lady Gaga Indonesia concert cancelled after threats - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
Lady Gaga Indonesia concert cancelled after threats
Updated May 28, 2012 00:38:09
Map: Indonesia
Pop diva Lady Gaga has cancelled her Indonesian concert after Islamic hardliners promised "chaos" if she entered the Muslim nation.
Promoters had indicated a deal was being hammered out to tone down the June 3 concert in Jakarta, but the US star's management had stood firm, vowing there would be no compromise to appease religious conservatives.
"Lady Gaga's management has considered the situation minute to minute, and with threats if the concert goes ahead, Lady Gaga's side is calling off the concert," Minola Sebayang, lawyer for promoters Big Daddy, told reporters.
"This is not only about Lady Gaga's security, but extends to those who will be watching her."
The flamboyant performer, who has nearly 25 million followers on Twitter - the highest number on the social networking site - wrote just hours before the announcement was made: "There is nothing Holy about hatred."
Indonesians will be protected from sin brought about by this Mother Monster, the destroyer of morals. Lady Gaga fans, stop complaining.
Habib Salim Alatas
After the announcement the show was off, thousands of her fans, who call themselves "little monsters", sent a flurry of Twitter messages to persuade her to go ahead with the concert.
'The devil's messenger'
Earlier this month Jakarta police refused approval for the show after the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) threatened violence if Lady Gaga performed, calling her a "devil's messenger" who wears only a "bra and panties".
Big Daddy president director Michael Rusli said it was "unfortunate" the show, part of Lady Gaga's tour of Asia that drew protests from Christian groups in the Philippines and South Korea, had to be called off.
"For the past few days we have communicated with the government and Lady Gaga's side. The government has given support, but this is not about the permit," he said.
"The cancellation is really due to concerns over security."
More than 50,000 tickets had been sold for the event at the Bung Karno Stadium, but FPI Jakarta chairman Habib Salim Alatas said the cancellation was "good news" for Muslims in Indonesia.
"FPI is grateful that she has decided not to come. Indonesians will be protected from sin brought about by this Mother Monster, the destroyer of morals," he said.
"Lady Gaga fans, stop complaining. Repent and stop worshipping the devil. Do you want your lives taken away by God as infidels?"
She's creative, not provocative... I'm going to tweet to her to tell her that she should just come and not worry. The police can take care of FPI.
Agus Murdadi
The FPI has about seven million followers and has been known to raid pubs and clubs.
'Creative, not provocative'
Lady Gaga is scheduled to play three shows in Singapore this week. She was due to play in Jakarta after that, before flying to New Zealand and Australia, and then to Europe on her Born This Way Ball tour.
Indonesian fans had suggested that Big Daddy look for another venue outside the capital after Jakarta police refused to give approval, but Mr Rusli said "this is a huge concert so it can't be moved elsewhere".
"Nowhere else in Indonesia can accommodate that many people", he said, insisting the 26-year-old singer was "prepared to adapt to Asian culture".
The star's manager Troy Carter said in Singapore on Thursday Lady Gaga would not tone down her concerts.
Disappointed student Agus Murdadi, 17, said he had been waiting for months to see his idol.
"I'm shocked. She's creative, not provocative. I bought a ticket because I want to see her dancing and singing Judas in front of me," he said.
"I'm going to tweet to her to tell her that she should just come and not worry. The police can take care of FPI. I hate the FPI."
Another fan, Muh Fadli Firdaus, tweeted: "Sorry for everything, we still love you."
Ninety percent of Indonesia's 240 million people identify themselves as Muslim, making it the world's largest Islamic-majority nation.
In the past, pop stars including Beyonce and The Pussycat Dolls have been allowed to perform in the country on condition they wore more conservative dress than usual.
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Indonesia
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Name the French president who began his term in 2012?
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Lady Gaga's cancelled concert a blow to tolerance in Indonesia? (+video) - CSMonitor.com
Lady Gaga's cancelled concert a blow to tolerance in Indonesia? (+video)
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Muslim men shout slogans during a rally against US pop singer Lady Gaga's concert that is scheduled to be held on June 3, outside the US Embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, Friday, May 25. Lady Gaga cancelled her sold-out concert in Jakarta, the biggest on her Asia tour, Sunday, May 28, because of Islamist vigilante threats.
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Jakarta, Indonesia — For Lady Gaga ’s Indonesian fans, Sunday was a day of mourning. For the country’s 240 million citizens, most of them Muslim, it was the culmination of weeks of debate over whether Islamist hardliners are gaining ground in Indonesia .
Lady Gaga cancelled her sold-out concert in Jakarta , the biggest on her Asia tour, Sunday due to threats from a group of Islamists who call the American pop star a “devil worshiper” and complained that her style and dance moves are pornographic.
The Lady Gaga saga is one of many incidents recently, where Islamist groups have threatened or used violence against what they say are attempts to destroy Indonesia’s religious and moral fabric. Some worry recent events could mark a resurgence of violent Islamist activism that could ultimately threaten the democratic gains Indonesia has made since the end of the Soeharto dictatorship in 1998.
Recommended: In Pictures Lady Gaga's fans and foes
“This is part of the dilemma of the transition to democracy,” says Ulil Abshar Abdalla, head of the department for policy studies within the ruling Democrat Party . “On one hand we have the phenomena of rising intolerance, and on the other hand we have a weak government unable to address this issue.”
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Indonesia is a secular state and has made strides by allowing much greater freedom of speech and expression since the end of Soeharto's rein.
In the years following Soeharto's ouster, Indonesia was wracked by sectarian violence, separatist movements, and Al Qaeda -style terror attacks like the 2002 Bali nightclub bombings that killed more than 200 people. But by the middle of the past decade, Indonesia's transitional crisis had cooled. Militant groups were on the run, and emerging democratic institutions were finding ways to mitigate communal conflicts that earlier had been flaring into violence.
But this month, Islamist hardliners led by the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) have been throwing their weight around. They injured several people attending an event by Irshad Manji , a Canadian proponent of liberal Islam and a lesbian. On May 6 protestors in a Jakarta suburb launched stones and death threats to disperse Protestant worshipers forced to pray on the sidewalk since local authorities stopped construction of their church in 2010.
The FPI has a long reputation of vandalizing bars and nightclubs for selling alcohol. It has also violently attacked Christian worshipers and smaller Muslim sects, namely the Ahmadiyah, a group persecuted in many majority-Muslim countries as heretical for not believing that Muhammad was the last prophet.
Rights activists accuse the police of turning a blind eye, allowing the FPI to act with impunity.
“The police over the past decade have basically tolerated the FPI and others, allowing them to grow,” says Andreas Harsono, a researcher with Human Rights Watch Indonesia.
“The government is pretty sure that this rising conservatism, rising radicalism among certain segments of society is very dangerous and should be dealt with,” says Mr. Abdalla. But fears of a backlash from social conservatives have led to official pacifism from the government.
Cause for concern?
Though most of Indonesia's population dismisses the FPI as a group of thugs not to be taken seriously, activists are worried.
“The majority of people here I believe are moderate, but they don’t realize the situation is getting more and more serious,” says Harsono, who says groups such as the FPI and Hizbut Tahrir, which advocates for a pan-Islamic caliphate, are growing increasingly influential.
Some estimate the FPI to be some 30,000- strong. The group's chairman, Habib Rizieq, has more than 140,000 Facebook followers.
“The FPI has real power and real friends in the government,” says Harsono, who also says that the current chief of the National Police has befriended several FPI leaders.
Those friends have helped shield many hardliners from punishment, say activists, who point to an attack in February 2011, when a mob of some 1,000 Islamists killed three Ahmadiyah men. Despite video evidence, a court later sentenced 12 of the attackers to short prison terms of between four and six months.
“People are really frustrated with the FPI, but they are afraid,” says Tunggal Pawestri, one of the founders of Indonesia Without FPI, a small group of rights activists who are trying to push back against hardliners. “It’s only people who have a lot of guts who can protest in public.”
It’s the police and government’s responsibility to enforce the law and ensure the safety of its citizens, she says echoing the sentiments of many Indonesians.
The police say they do what they can, saying they had more than 5,000 officers on hand to guard the Lady Gaga concert and were fully prepared to provide adequate security.
“We’re not afraid of the FPI, if they threaten someone we will investigate and send the case to the court,” says National Police spokesman Saud Usman Nasution, adding that Islamists are free to protest.
Increasingly violent
But those protests had become increasingly threatening in the lead up to the concert. After saying they would use violence to prevent Lady Gaga from getting off the plane in Jakarta, one FPI member broadcast on Facebook that he had snapped up more than 100 concert tickets, heightening concerns that the group would try to create chaos inside the venue. During a protest last Friday a coalition of militant organizations threatened to burn the stadium.
On Sunday the FPI reacted with jubilation to the cancellation, thanking those who fought to “defend the moral health” of the nation.
Meanwhile, fans and supporters poured out their sympathy. “She doesn’t teach violence. She teaches us to be confident,” says Adiyanti Firdausi, who participated in a flash mob dance on Sunday in honor of Lady Gaga dressed in costume from the Judas video, a bandana wrapped around her headscarf.
While many said they were disappointed –some were on the verge of tears – others worried how the decision would reflect on Indonesia internationally. “It means the situation in Indonesia is becoming more severe,” says Ms. Firdausi.
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What is the year 2012 in Roman numerals?
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How Do You Write This Year in Roman Numerals?
How do you write this year in Roman numerals?
Question: How do you write this year in Roman numerals ?
The year is 2013. How do you write this year in Roman numerals?
Answer: This year in Roman numerals is MMXIII. Each M stands for 1000; X stands for 10; each I stands for a single digit. Roman numerals are added together.
M+M =2000 X=10 I+I+I=3; MM+X+II = 2000+10+3= 2013. 2014 will be MMXIV or MMXIIII (although writing 4 as IIII instead of IV is frowned upon today).
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2012
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Which famous hairdresser who died in 2012 created the wedge-bob?
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2012 in roman numerals
2012
About This Tool
The online Roman Numerals Converter is used to convert Roman numerals to Hindu-Arabic numerals or vice versa.
Roman Numerals
Roman numerals stem from the numeral system of ancient Rome. For example, 2017 in roman numerals is MMXVII and 2016 in roman numerals is MMXVI.
The first ten Roman numerals are I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X.
Roman Numerals Chart
The following is the list of roman numerals from 1 to 1000:
Hindu-Arabic Numerals
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How many Sundays are in 2012?
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How many Sundays in 2012
How many Sundays in 2012
›› How many Sundays are there in 2012?
There are exactly
53
Sundays in the year 2012.
The answer to this question is not always simple. Most of the time, it will equal the number of weeks in a year, but that's only true for some of the days of the week.
Most years have 365 days, but a leap year has 366 days. That adds up to 52 weeks (where each week is exactly 7 days) PLUS 1 or 2 additional days. The year 2012 has exactly 366 days.
Now if the year starts on a Sunday in a non-leap year, you end up with 53 Sundays. Or if either of the first two days lands on a Sunday during a leap year, then you can also get 53 Sundays. Check the calendars below for January and December of 2012 to see exactly where the year starts and ends.
›› January, 2012 calendar
December 31st, 2012 is a Monday. It is the 366th day of the year, and in the 4th quarter of the year. There are 31 days in this month.
›› Count days in a year
Select which day you want to count, then enter a year.
Due to date calculation restrictions, the allowable range of years is from 1753 to 2038.
How many
›› How Many Days calculator
This site provides a tool to count the number of any selected day of the week over an entire year. You can pick any year and find out things like the number of Tuesdays in 2017 .
Don't forget to check out the other date calculator tools available on the site, like the Days From Today calculator that helps you find the date occurring exactly X days from now. Or if you're trying to count the total number of days between two dates, you can use the Date Difference calculator .
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fifty three
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Who in 2012 made the first submarine solo dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the lowest point of the oceans (subsequently to release a 3D film of the dive)?
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How many Sundays in 2013
How many Sundays in 2013
›› How many Sundays are there in 2013?
There are exactly
52
Sundays in the year 2013.
The answer to this question is not always simple. Most of the time, it will equal the number of weeks in a year, but that's only true for some of the days of the week.
Most years have 365 days, but a leap year has 366 days. That adds up to 52 weeks (where each week is exactly 7 days) PLUS 1 or 2 additional days. The year 2013 has exactly 365 days.
Now if the year starts on a Sunday in a non-leap year, you end up with 53 Sundays. Or if either of the first two days lands on a Sunday during a leap year, then you can also get 53 Sundays. Check the calendars below for January and December of 2013 to see exactly where the year starts and ends.
›› January, 2013 calendar
December 31st, 2013 is a Tuesday. It is the 365th day of the year, and in the 4th quarter of the year. There are 31 days in this month.
›› Count days in a year
Select which day you want to count, then enter a year.
Due to date calculation restrictions, the allowable range of years is from 1753 to 2038.
How many
›› How Many Days calculator
This site provides a tool to count the number of any selected day of the week over an entire year. You can pick any year and find out things like the number of Sundays in 2017 .
Don't forget to check out the other date calculator tools available on the site, like the Days From Today calculator that helps you find the date occurring exactly X days from now. Or if you're trying to count the total number of days between two dates, you can use the Date Difference calculator .
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i don't know
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Andy William's (1927-2012) TV Show featured what animal who liked cookies?
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Andy Williams Interview | Archive of American Television
Submitted by Anonymous on Mon, 2011-12-26 01:43.
Get well Andy! Your work will live forever.
Submitted by zankhe43 on Wed, 2010-12-15 04:04.
@christer1947ify For God's sake-you're on the internet-all you have to do is google it--NO he's not dead.
Submitted by SuperBunie on Mon, 2010-12-13 22:45.
I am so in love with him and his music
Submitted by filmmekker on Sat, 2010-12-04 11:25.
@sexysmileslimbody34 He's 78 here...
Submitted by pianomanmaestro on Mon, 2010-11-29 04:23.
Man he looks great for his age.............
Submitted by suckmydongfull on Thu, 2010-10-28 16:36.
He's not interesting enough to be telling stories that slowly...
Submitted by kramer87 on Mon, 2010-10-25 23:34.
@tonyromano1 it STILL is like velvet! I saw him in 2006, 2007 and 2008. All Christmas shows. Andy id STILL the MAN!
Submitted by ankapmt on Fri, 2010-10-15 12:10.
legend
Submitted by tonyromano1 on Thu, 2010-10-07 19:34.
@srbrunson You are right!!! His voice was like velvet.
Submitted by Veggieman87 on Fri, 2010-10-01 02:30.
Still sounds exactly the same. Wonderful singer, seems like a very nice man.
Submitted by louiswalsh2009 on Sun, 2010-09-12 21:10.
Its sad that singers / performers like this will never come around again... My favourite all time singer.
Submitted by Inconnu2006 on Fri, 2010-08-27 18:26.
I loved the bear begging for cookies. That bit in his shows always cracked me up!
Submitted by unholyimage on Sat, 2010-08-21 01:34.
@christer1947ify His official web page has "a living legend" on the very first page. So, I doubt he's dead. He looks good here too.
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Bear
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A Judy Garland dress which sold for $302,000 in 2012 was worn in which movie?
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The Andy Williams Show (TV Series 1969–1971) - IMDb
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Coming back to television after taking a year off, Andy Williams hosted this musical/comedy variety show. While his earlier programs had stuck with more traditional music, this new show ... See full summary »
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Title: The Andy Williams Show (1969–1971)
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Coming back to television after taking a year off, Andy Williams hosted this musical/comedy variety show. While his earlier programs had stuck with more traditional music, this new show embraced rock, flower power, and psychadelia whole-heartedly. Each broadcast usually included a few of Andy's classics, along with some regular comedy routines like Cookie Bear, Big Bird, and the humor songs of Ray Stevens. Written by Jean-Marc Rocher <[email protected]>
20 September 1969 (USA) See more »
Company Credits
Best of the Comedy - Variety Shows
7 March 2001 | by consortpinguin
(NH -- the First primary State) – See all my reviews
"The Andy Williams Show" was the best of the comedy - music - variety shows that were so popular in the 1950s and 1960s. And it was almost the last -- I think the Carol Burnett Show, another excellent program, went a few seasons longer. This type of show was very entertaining, hosted by a singer or comedian, and some of the more popular ones I remember were Perry Como, George Gobel, Garry Moore, Red Skelton, and Dean Martin. It's a shame that genre is gone now.
I liked the Andy Williams Show because it kept the traditional format yet was hip, using with some of the comedy techniques from "Laugh In." Andy Williams always sang a few numbers and acted in comedy skits. One running gag featured a bear who would always try to mooch a cookie form the easy-going Andy, who would always get mad and send the bear packing. Ray Stevens sang either one of crazy comedy songs like "The Streak" or one of his nice songs like "Everything is Beautiful." Charlie Callas, another regular, did his crazy "Captain Weird" routine. Andy always had good guest stars, a few whom I remember are Little Richard, Gladys Knight and the Pips, and the Bee Gees.
I remember one show right after congress enacted the Cable Television Act which mandated public access stations. The Nelson family were the guests and they put on a great skit about what local access programming might be like in a small town. It was a riot, with no script and performers who kept forgetting their lines and camera operators who kept moving the camera. Far from Hollywood quality - not exactly Ozzie and Harriet. Years later I became active in local access TV in a small town and I hope we did a better job than that. Congress later removed the access requirement.
I kept rooting for the bear, but he never got a cookie!!
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"Who began his speech, ""Where is Dave?.."" at the 2012 UK Conservative Party Conference?"
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Conservative conference: Boris Johnson tribute to PM 'Dave' - BBC News
BBC News
Conservative conference: Boris Johnson tribute to PM 'Dave'
By Brian Wheeler Political reporter, BBC News in Birmingham
9 October 2012
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Media captionBoris Johnson: 'If I am a mop, Dave, then you are a broom cleaning up the mess...'
London Mayor Boris Johnson has paid tribute to Prime Minister David Cameron, praising his "firm leadership" and ability to take "tough decisions".
Mr Johnson began his speech by gazing out into the audience and saying: "Where is Dave?"
Having spotted the prime minister, the London mayor wished him a happy birthday and backed his strategy to "turn the country round".
Mr Johnson has had a hero's welcome from Tory activists in Birmingham.
But he has denied trying to upstage the PM, who gives his big speech on Wednesday.
'Can-do country'
Mr Johnson, who who is riding high after the London Olympics and his re-election, said Britain had a "chronic tendency to underestimate what we can do".
The London games, he added, showed "we are a can-do country, a creative, confident can-do country".
In an upbeat speech - packed with jokes and digressions - he talked up what he sees as his main achievements as mayor and paid tribute to some of the politicians, including Sir John Major and Labour figures such as Tony Blair and Ken Livingstone, who had contributed to making the Olympics a success.
He joked that his defeated rival for the mayoralty, Mr Livingstone, was now well and truly "finished" after receiving a round of applause at a Tory conference.
Image caption David Cameron laughs and points during Boris Johnson's speech
He joked that Mr Cameron had called him a "blond-haired mop" in the Daily Telegraph, adding: "If I'm a mop then you are a broom, a broom that is cleaning up the mess left by the Labour government and a fantastic job you are doing.
"And I thank you and I congratulate you and your colleagues George Osborne, the dustpan, Michael Gove, the jey cloth, William Hague, the sponge.
"Because it is the historic function of Conservative governments over the last hundred years to be the household implements, so effective on the floor of the house to clear things up after the Labour binge has got out of control."
Mr Cameron laughed along with Mr Johnson, the man seen as a potential future leadership rival, even when the mayor, a classical scholar, ribbed him about claiming to not know the meaning of Magna Carta.
'Age of enterprise'
The mayor ended his speech with a rallying cry to Tory activists, who gave him a standing ovation.
He said: "We fought to keep London from lurching back into the grip of a Marxist cabal of taxpayer-funded chateauneuf du pape-swilling tax minimisers and bendy bus fetishist.
"I will fight to keep this country from lurching back into the grip of the two Eds, Miliband and Balls. Unreformed, unpunished, unrepentant about what they did to the economy and the deficit they racked up.
"We need to go forward now from the age of excess under Labour.
"Through the age of austerity to a new age of enterprise in which we do what we did in the Olympics and build a world-beating platform for Britain for British people and businesses to compete."
'Comedian'
Mr Johnson later told the BBC Radio 4's World At One programme he would welcome the "spotlight" moving on from talk about his future plans, speculation which he described as "tired and hackneyed".
Asked about the furore surrounding Mr Johnson at the conference, Tory donor and strategist Lord Ashcroft said the mayor of London was "doing a great job" and part of his appeal was that "he is a comedian".
But he said talk about Mr Johnson as a future leader was media-driven and not "relevant" to the party's primary goal of winning a majority at the next election.
"Those are long-term matters. If he ever had those ambitions, he has to get to Parliament, there has to be a leadership contest... you are talking a long timescale even if it is hypothetically possible."
Mr Cameron has insisted he does not envy Mr Johnson's "rock star" status, and says he accepts other people will be more popular than him while he is prime minister in difficult times for the country.
Asked on BBC Radio 4's Today programme what Mr Johnson could get him for his birthday, which he is celebrating on Tuesday, Mr Cameron said: "He's giving me a relatively light day, which is good of him.
"The point is, we are lucky in the Conservative Party to have some big and popular figures to take the message out across the country as well as having someone who is a first class Mayor of London."
Asked if Mr Johnson could be sent abroad to do something following his time as mayor, Mr Cameron quipped: "I'm not sure which country deserves him the most, but I will take that one away and think about it."
An opinion poll for The Observer gave Boris Johnson a net +30 rating among voters, compared with -21 for the prime minister.
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Boris Johnson
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Name the retired software pioneer and 2012 fugitive from a murder inquiry who fled Belize and surfaced in Guatemala?
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Sketch: David Cameron, delivery man - Telegraph
Conservative
Sketch: David Cameron, delivery man
Michael Deacon watches the Prime Minister talk up Britain as a business in his speech to the Conservative Party Conference 2012.
By Michael Deacon , Parliamentary Sketchwriter
4:02PM BST 10 Oct 2012
Comments
David Cameron wants to sell Britain to the world, and to do it, he’s using salesman’s patter. In his speech to the Tory conference he talked about us as if we weren’t merely a nation, but a business. “Britain,” he promised three times, “can deliver!”
I kept expecting him to add, “And it’s free if you live within five miles!
My head was filled with the heartening image of the Prime Minister cycling round the globe, pushing takeaway-style flyers through other countries’ letterboxes, complete with a proud list of Britain’s wares.
“Special discounts on beer, steel, organic chemicals and TV costume dramas! Call now to claim your FREE BAE Systems rocket launcher!”
In tone and content, Mr Cameron’s speech sought to stress the differences between him and his rivals. First, his main rival in the Conservatives. Unlike Boris Johnson, the man who puts the “party” into “party conference”, he kept jokes to a minimum; this wasn’t Comedy Dave.
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Instead he aimed for gravitas. He spoke of the depth of our economic woes, the decline of the West. He spoke of his father’s disability (“No heels on his feet and legs about a foot shorter than they’re meant to be”). When he spoke of his late son (“I always thought some people saw the wheelchair, not the boy”), his voice cracked.
He also contrasted himself with Ed Miliband. “Today,” he said at the start, “I’m going to set out a serious argument [about the economy]”. Subtext: “Unlike that waffler Miliband last week – he didn’t even mention the deficit. I’m a realist, he’s a fantasist.” Mr Cameron responded to Labour’s taunts about his background:
“I’m not here to defend privilege, I’m here to spread it.” And, to pay back Mr Miliband for appropriating Disraeli, he appropriated a Labour hero: today’s Tory reforms were as vital “as those of Beveridge 60 years ago”.
This was all well said. But the speech unwittingly highlighted a familiar problem: Mr Cameron is desperate to appeal to everyone. Thus he repeatedly contradicts himself. If you don’t like his first line of argument, he’ll happily offer you the opposite line of argument instead.
Take tax. One minute he boasted that the Tories were cutting income tax on the richest; the next minute he boasted that the Tories were taxing the richest more than Labour did.
It was the same with exam results (rising grades are evidence of grade inflation – except when they’re rising at my beloved Academies, in which case they’re evidence of glorious improvement).
And it was the same with unemployment (there’s too much paperwork and bureaucracy – so, er, we’re making the jobless sign contracts saying they’ll “do their bit”).
He said he wanted the Tories to be “for everyone: north or south, black or white, straight or gay”. He might as well have added “pro-tax or anti-tax, pro-bureaucracy or anti-bureaucracy”.
And, for that matter, “pro-borrowing or anti-borrowing”: he derided Labour as “the party of One Notion: borrowing”, yet his own Government borrows more and more all the time.
But perhaps this just goes to show what a professional salesman Mr Cameron is. He’s ready to sell you anything.
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What nationality is Carlos Slim, the richest person in the world according to Forbes 2012?
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World's wealthiest people 2012: Forbes magazine - Forbes: 5 wealthiest people - Pictures - CBS News
Forbes: 5 wealthiest people
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World's wealthiest people 2012: Forbes magazine
Four of the five tycoons atop Forbes magazine's list of the wealthiest people on Earth are self-made billionaires. The 2012 rankings size up 1,226 fat cats, according to net worth individually. Billionaire Li Ka-shing, pictured, made the top ten list - find out who came out ahead of him.
Credit: iStockphoto
1. Carlos Slim Helu
Mexican mogul Carlos Slim Helu tops Forbes' list of the richest people in the world for the third year in a row. The 72-year-old billionaire is the son of a Lebanese immigrant, a father of six and the chairman of Telemex, which controls 80 percent of Mexico's landline telephone market. Slim's net worth of $69 billion outranks the second wealthiest on the list by $8 billion, despite being down $5 billion from a year ago.
Credit: Getty Images
2. Bill Gates
At $61 billion, Bill Gates is ranked No. 2 on Forbes' rich list. The 56-year-old tycoon dropped out of Harvard University in 1975 and co-founded Microsoft Corp. ( MSFT ). He's America's wealthiest person.
Bill Gates and his billionaire bud Warren Buffett have talked many of the world's wealthiest individuals into signing the " Giving Pledge ," an effort to convince the richest people to give at least 50 percent of their wealth away to philanthropic causes.
Credit: Getty Images
3. Warren Buffett
Third wealthiest on Forbes' list is the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway ( BRK.A ), Warren Buffett. He is arguably the most successful investor in the world. The 81-year-old "Oracle of Omaha" holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Nebraska, a Master of Science degree from Columbia University and has a net worth of $44 billion.
Credit: Getty Images
4. Bernard Arnault
Bernard Arnault claims the No. 4 spot on Forbes' list of the world's wealthiest. The chairman of Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH) oversaw strong sales in 2011 of his company's lines of highly coveted designer goods, which boosted the company's profit 22 percent. His net worth of $41 billion makes the 63-year-old Frenchman Europe's richest person.
Credit: Getty Images
5. Amancio Ortega Gaona
Seventy-five-year-old Amancio Ortega Gaona has a net worth of $37 billion, which makes him fifth on Forbes' list of the richest people. Spain's Ortega retired last year as chairman of Inditex, a global fashion firm and the parent company of Zara -- a tremendously popular chain of retail stores. Inditex shares in the past year have jumped roughly 25 percent. The boost in Inditex's market value pushed him into the top 5 of the world's wealthiest for the first time.
Credit: Getty Images
World's wealthiest people 2012
Oracle CEO Larry Ellison, Brazilian billionaire Eike Batista, former H&M chief executive Stefan Persson, Chinese businessman Li Ka-shing and discount supermarket mogul Karl Albrecht make up the rest of Forbes' top 10 list of the world's wealthiest people for 2012. Click here to see the full list.
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Mexican
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Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury, the world famous performance artist who died in 2012, is better known by what name?
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Carlos Slim - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Carlos Slim
For his son, see Carlos Slim Domit .
This name uses Spanish naming customs ; the first or paternal family name is Slim and the second or maternal family name is Helú.
Carlos Slim
Carlos Slim, October 24, 2007
Born
World's wealthiest person (2007, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013)
Net worth
US$ 73 billion (2013) [1]
Religion
Soumaya Domit (m. 1967–1999, her death)
Children
Carlos Slim Helú (
Spanish pronunciation:
[ˈkaɾlos esˈlim eˈlu] ; born January 28, 1940) is a Mexican business magnate , investor, and philanthropist. Slim has been ranked by Forbes as the richest person in the world since 2010. [3] His extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate , Grupo Carso , SA de CV, have amassed interests in the fields of communications, technology, retailing, and finance. Presently he is the chairman and chief executive of telecommunications companies Telmex and América Móvil .
América Móvil, which in 2010 was Latin America’s largest mobile-phone carrier, accounted for around US$49 billion of Slim's wealth by the end of 2010. [4] His corporate holdings as of March 2013 have been estimated at US$73 billion. [3]
Contents
[ edit ] Early life
Slim was born in Mexico City , Mexico in 1940 to Maronite Catholic parents Julián Slim Haddad and Linda Helú, both of Lebanese descent. [5] [6] His father, born Khalil Salim Haddad Aglamaz, emigrated to Mexico from Lebanon (then part of the Ottoman Empire ) at the age of 14 in 1902 and changed his name to Julián Slim Haddad. [5] It was not uncommon for Lebanese children to be sent abroad before they reached the age of 15 to avoid being conscripted into the Ottoman army; four of Haddad's older brothers were already living in Mexico at the time of his arrival. [7]
Carlos Slim's mother, Linda Helú Atta, was born in Parral, Chihuahua , of Lebanese parents who had immigrated to Mexico in the late 19th century. Her parents upon immigrating to Mexico had founded one of the first Arabic language magazines for the Lebanese-Mexican community, using a printing press they had brought with them. [7]
In 1911, Julián established a dry goods store, La Estrella del Oriente (The Star of the Orient). By 1921, he had purchased real estate in the flourishing commercial district of Mexico City. These enterprises became the source of considerable wealth. [7]
In August 1926, Julián Slim and Linda Helú married. They had six children: Nour, Alma, Julián, José, Carlos and Linda. Julián senior, who had been influential in the Lebanese-Mexican business community, died in 1953. [7]
[ edit ] Business career
This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.
(February 2011)
Slim and his siblings were taught basic business practices by their father, and at the age of 12, Slim bought shares in a Mexican bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his father's company. [8] He went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico , while simultaneously teaching algebra and linear programming there. Slim began his career as a trader in Mexico. He would go on to form his own brokerage firm -- a firm that later expanded to invest in individual businesses, ranging from construction and manufacturing to retail and restaurants. In 1965 he incorporated Inversora Bursátil and then bought Jarritos del Sur. In 1966, already worth US$40 million, [9] he founded Inmobiliaria Carso. Three months later he married Soumaya Domit Gemayel (the Carso name derives from the first three letters of Carlos and the first two of Soumaya) and they remained married until her death in 1999. [7]
Construction, real estate and mining businesses were the focus of his early career. By 1972 he had established or acquired a further seven businesses in these categories, including one which rented construction equipment. In 1976 he branched out by buying a 60% interest in a printing business and in 1980 he consolidated his business interests by forming Grupo Galas as the parent company of a conglomerate that had interests in industry, construction, mining , retail , food, and tobacco . [7]
In 1982 the Mexican economy , which had substantially relied on oil exports, contracted rapidly as the price of oil fell and interest rates rose worldwide. Banks and other businesses were nationalized, crippled or collapsed and the peso was devalued.[ citation needed ] At this time, and during the period of recovery to 1985, Slim invested heavily. He bought outright, or a large percentage of, numerous Mexican businesses, including Reynolds Aluminio, General Popo ( General Tire 's trading name in Mexico), Bimex hotels and Sanborns , a food retailer. He also acquired a 40% interest in the Mexican arms of British American Tobacco and 50% of that of The Hershey Company . He moved into financial services as well, buying Seguros de México and creating from it, along with other purchases such as Fianzas La Guardiana and Casa de Bolsa Inbursa, the Grupo Financiero Inbursa . Many of these acquisitions were financed by the cash flows from Cigatam, a tobacco business which he bought early in the economic downturn. [7]
He added the Nacrobre group of companies – which trade in copper and aluminium products – in 1988 , along with a chemicals business, Química Fluor, and others. [7]
In 1990 the Grupo Carso was floated as a public company, with share placements initially in Mexico and then worldwide. [7]
Later in 1990 he acted in concert with France Télécom and Southwestern Bell Corporation in order to buy landline telephony company Telmex from the Mexican government. [7] By 2006, 90 percent of the telephone lines in Mexico are operated by Telmex, whilst his mobile telephony company, Telcel , operates almost eighty percent of all the country's cellphones. [10] Telcel was created out of the Radiomóvil Dipsa company. [7]
In 1991 he acquired Hoteles Calinda (today, OSTAR Grupo Hotelero) and in 1993 increased his stakes in General Tire and Grupo Aluminio to the point where he had a majority interest . [7]
In 1996 Grupo Carso was split into three companies – Carso Global Telecom, Grupo Carso, and Invercorporación – and the following year Slim bought the Mexican arm of Sears Roebuck . [7]
1999 saw Slim expanding his business interests beyond Latin America. He set up Telmex USA and also acquired a stake in Tracfone , a US cellular telephone company. At the same time he established Carso Infraestructura y Construcción, S. A. (CICSA) as a part of the Grupo Carso, this being a construction and engineering company. [7] It was also at this time that he had heart surgery and subsequently passed on much of the day-to-day involvement in the businesses to his children and their spouses. [10]
América Telecom, the holding company for América Móvil was incorporated in 2000. It took stakes in various cellular telephone companies outside Mexico, including the Brazilian ATL and Telecom Americas concerns, Techtel in Argentina, and others in Guatemala and Ecuador. In subsequent years there was further investment in this sphere, including deals involving companies in Colombia, Nicaragua, Peru, Chile, Honduras, and El Salvador. 2000 also saw a venture with Microsoft which led to the start of the Spanish T1msn portal, later renamed ProdigyMSN. [7]
He formed Impulsora del Desarrollo y el Empleo en America Latina SAB de CV (IDEAL – roughly translated as "Promoter of Development and Employment in Latin America"), a Mexico-based company primarily engaged in not-for-profit infrastructure development. This was in 2005, when he also invested in the Volaris airline. [7]
Having amassed a 50.1% stake in Cigatam, the tobacco company, Slim reduced his holdings by selling a large part of that to Philip Morris in 2007 for $1.1bn, while in the same year also selling his entire interest in a tile company, Porcelanite, for $800m. He also licensed the Saks name and opened Saks Fifth Avenue in Santa Fe , Mexico. The following year saw him take a 6.4% stake in The New York Times Company , [7] which increased to 8% by 2012. [11]
On December 8, 2007, Grupo Carso announced that the remaining 103 CompUSA stores would be either liquidated or sold, bringing an end to the struggling company as it was then known; [12] although the IT Tech part of CompUSA continues under the name Telvista with U.S. locations in Dallas, Texas (U.S. Corporate Office) and Danville, Virginia. Telvista has five centers in Mexico (three in Tijuana, one center in Mexicali, and one in México City). [13] After 28 years Slim became the Honorary Lifetime Chairman of the business. He is also Chairman of Teléfonos de Mexico , América Móvil , and Grupo Financiero Inbursa .
He is building Plaza Carso in Mexico City where most of his ventures will now share a common headquarters address. [14]
[ edit ] Personal fortune
On March 29, 2007, Slim surpassed Warren Buffett as the world's second richest person with an estimated net worth of $53.1 billion compared to Buffet's $52.4 billion. [15]
On August 4, 2007, The Wall Street Journal ran a cover story profiling Slim. The article said, "While the market value of his stake in publicly traded companies could decline at any time, at the moment he is probably wealthier than Bill Gates ". [16] According to The Wall Street Journal, Slim credits part of his ability to "discover investment opportunities" early to the writings of his friend, futurist author Alvin Toffler . [16]
On August 8, 2007, Fortune reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest man. Slim's estimated fortune soared to $59 billion, based on the value of his public holdings at the end of July. Gates' net worth was estimated to be at least $58 billion. [16] [17]
On March 5, 2008, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's second-richest person, behind Warren Buffett and ahead of Bill Gates. [18]
On March 11, 2009, Forbes ranked Slim as the world's third-richest person, behind Gates and Buffett and ahead of Larry Ellison . [18]
On March 10, 2010, Forbes once again reported that Slim had overtaken Gates as the world's richest man, with a net worth of $53.5 billion. At the time, Gates and Buffett had a net worth of $53 billion and $47 billion respectively. [18] He was the first Mexican to top the list. [19] It was the first time in 16 years that the person on top of the list was not from the United States. [20] It was also the first time the person at the top of the list was from an "emerging economy." [21]
In March 2011, Forbes stated that Slim had maintained his position as the wealthiest person in the world, with his fortune estimated at $74 billion. [3]
In December 2012, According to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, Carlos Slim Helú remains the world's richest man with an estimated net worth of $75.5 billion. [22]
On March 5, 2013, Forbes stated that Slim is still maintaining his first place position as the wealthiest person on the globe, with an estimated net worth of US$73 billion. [23]
[ edit ] Philanthropy
The Museo Soumaya, a free-admission museum sponsored by Slim
In 1995 he established Fundación Telmex, a broad-ranging philanthropic foundation. This followed the creation of his eponymous non-profit philanthropic foundation, Fundación Carlos Slim Helú in 1986. In 2007 Slim announced that the latter body had been provided with an asset base of $4 billion and that it would be establishing Carso Institutes for Health, Sports and Education. Furthermore, it was to work in support of an initiative of Bill Clinton to aid the people of Latin America. [7] Because Mexican foundations are not required to publish their financial information, it is not possible to confirm Slim’s claims of charitable giving through a public source.
Among the activities of Fundación Telmex has been the organisation of Copa Telmex, an amateur sports tournament which in 2007 was recognised by Guinness World Records as having the most participants of any such tournament in the world, a record which it extended in 2008. Together with Fundación Carlos Slim Helú, this organisation announced in the same year that it was to invest more than $250 million in Mexican sports programmes, from grass-roots level to Olympic standard. [7]
The Fundación Carlos Slim Helú sponsors the Museo Soumaya in Mexico City which contains the world's second-largest (and largest private) collection of Rodin sculptures, including The Kiss . Named after Slim's late wife, Soumaya Domit, the Museo Soumaya holds 66,000 pieces, including religious relics, works by Leonardo Da Vinci , Pablo Picasso , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , and coins from the viceroys of Spain. In particular, the museum holds the largest Dalí collection in Latin America. [24] It was inaugurated in 2011 by the President of Mexico, Nobel Prize laureates and other celebrities. [25]
In 2000, Slim, along with ex-broadcaster Jacobo Zabludowsky organized the Fundación del Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México A.C. (Mexico City Historic Downtown Foundation), with the objective to revitalizing and rescuing Mexico City's historic downtown area to enable more people to live, work and find entertainment there. [7] He has been Chairman of the Council for the Restoration of the Historic Downtown of Mexico City since 2001. [26]
In 2011 he, along with the President of Mexico, Mexico City Mayor and Mexico City Archbishop, inaugurated the first phase of Plaza Mariana close to Basilica de Guadalupe . [27] The complex, whose construction was funded by Slim, includes an evangelization center, museum , columbarium , health center, market and parking lot. [28]
In May 2011, Slim was mentioned in Forbes ' World's Biggest Givers after donating $4 billion to his foundation. [29]
[ edit ] Achievements
Slim has been vice-president of the Mexican Stock Exchange and president of the Mexican Association of Brokerage Houses.[ when? ] He was the first president of the Latin-American Committee of the New York Stock Exchange Administration Council, and was in office from 1996 through 1998.
Slim was on the Board of Directors of the Altria Group (previously known as Philip Morris) until his resignation in April 2006. Slim was also on the Board of Directors of Alcatel . Slim currently sits on the Board of Directors for Philip Morris International . He was on the Board of Directors of SBC Communications until July 2004, when he quit to devote more time to the World Education & Development Fund, which is focused on infrastructure, health and education projects. In 1997, just before the company introduced its iMac line, Slim bought 3% of Apple Inc. 's stock.
In 2008 it was reported that Slim had shown an interest in buying the Honda Formula One team. [30] Telmex sponsored the Sauber F1 team for the 2011 season. [31] [32] [33]
[ edit ] Criticism
The Mexican magnate's growing fortune has caused controversy because it has been amassed in a developing country where average per capita income does not surpass $14,500 a year, and nearly 17% of the population lives in poverty. [34] Critics claim that Slim is a monopolist , pointing to Telmex's control of 90% of the Mexican landline telephone market. Slim's wealth is the equivalent of roughly 5% of Mexico's annual economic output. [35] Telmex, of which 49.1% is owned by Slim and his family, charges among the highest usage fees in the world, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . [36]
According to Professor Celso Garrido, an economist at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Slim's domination of Mexico's conglomerates prevents the growth of smaller companies, resulting in a shortage of paying jobs and forcing many Mexicans to seek better lives in the United States of America. [37] The Mexican Senate, which has received contributions from Carlos Slim, has made it easier for firms to hire and fire workers, and shorten labor disputes.
Slim has stated, "When you live for others' opinions, you are dead. I don't want to live thinking about how I'll be remembered," by Mexican people claiming indifference about his position on Forbes list of the world's richest people and has said he has no interest in becoming the world's richest person. When asked to explain his sudden increase in wealth at a press conference soon after Forbes annual rankings were published, he reportedly said, "The stock market goes up ... and down", and noted that his fortune could quickly drop. [35]
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i don't know
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British actor Brian Cobby (1929-2012) provided the first male voice for what British announcements?
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Brian Cobby - Telegraph
Obituaries
Brian Cobby
Brian Cobby, who has died aged 83, broke a female monopoly that had lasted half a century when, in 1985, he became the first male voice of the speaking clock.
Brian Cobby Photo: JOHN CONNOR PRESS ASSOCIATES
5:52PM GMT 18 Nov 2012
The service was launched in 1936, with Ethel Jane Cain the first incumbent. She was paid 10 guineas for her trouble, and could be heard by callers dialling 846 (or TIM) until 1963. Patricia Simmons then took over until 1985, when British Telecom replaced its outmoded analogue system with a modern digital one, which was relaunched as the speaking clock, “sponsored by Accurist”.
That December BT launched a “Golden Voice” competition among its employees to find Pat Simmons’s successor; Cobby, an amateur actor who had previously done voice-over work, but who was then a switchboard operator at a telephone exchange in Withdean, Brighton, decided to enter.
There were more than 5,000 applicants, with Cobby the only man to be included in the final pool of 12 candidates. But when the winner was announced on December 21, it was his name that was selected. He then spent just one hour recording the components of the 8,640 daily announcements required for the role. As the voice of the nation’s timekeeping service, however, his warm yet authoritative tones were heard hundreds of millions of times.
Brian Cobby was born on October 12 1929 in Brighton, and attended City of Oxford high school for boys before going on to do National Service with the British Forces Network radio station in Hamburg. His first credit came in 1960 with For Members Only, a short film for which he provided the voice-over. He then acted in The Pursuers, a television series about the adventures of a British detective, but his lilting tones won him most acclaim, and voice work rolled in, notably on commercials for soap flakes, painkillers and Stork margarine.
In 1965 he appeared as an actor in the popular drama Crane, and spent much of that year travelling back and forth between Morocco and Wembley to film a complicated combination of interior and exterior shots. He also claimed to have been involved in recording the celebrated countdown “5 ... 4 ... 3 ... 2 ... 1 ... Thunderbirds are go!!!”, though the creator of the futuristic puppet adventure, Gerry Anderson, reportedly insisted that Peter Dyneley, who provided the voice of Jeff Tracy throughout the series, was the source of the track.
Other small roles and voice work followed, but by 1985 Cobby had abandoned his career in acting, which he had come to think of as an “expensive luxury”.
After becoming the voice of the speaking clock, however, his performing career took off again: he guest-starred in episodes of Doctor Who, and appeared on screen alongside Madonna in the 1996 Academy Award-winning film Evita.
Brian Cobby was a keen gardener and a puzzle enthusiast. He also claimed to enjoy an uninterrupted flow of fan mail from lonely “mature ladies” who would call the speaking clock for company on long winter nights.
He is survived by his brother Clive.
Brian Cobby, born October 12 1929, died October 31 2012
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Speaking clock
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Davy Jones (1945-2012) fronted what popular 1960s pop group?
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At the third stroke...we will wish you a happy 80th birthday | News | Surrey and Hants News
Surrey and Hants News
>
Happy birthday to the Speaking Clock. The national institution turns 80 on July 24.
The Speaking Clock was the first of the pre-recorded information services in the UK, provided through telephones.
Created for people who wanted to know the time and did not have a watch or clock to hand, the clock was initially only available in the London directory area, with the first British Speaking Clock introduced on July 24, 1936, using the voice of Jane Cain between then and 1963.
The Speaking Clock was designed and constructed at the Post Office Engineering Research Station at Dollis Hill in North London. The time announcements were automatically co-ordinated on the hour with Greenwich meantime signals.
In order to access the service, subscribers would dial the first three letters of the word ‘time’ as dials at the time included letters as well as numbers to aid automatic calls. Dialling T. I. M. led to its common name ’TIM’. The service went national six years later.
David Hay, head of BT Heritage, said: “The BT Speaking Clock is a national treasure. Even though we live in the digital age, more than 12 million calls are made each year to the BT Speaking Clock to get an accurate time check.
“Eighty years ago BT’s technology created the Speaking Clock which remains a much loved part of British life today. The Speaking Clock has reached octogenarian status and celebrating its birthday demonstrates BT’s determination to preserve the heritage of the world’s oldest communications company.”
Jane Cain, the first voice, won of a Post Office ‘Golden Voice’ competition, and her voice was used from 1936 until 1963. Pat Simmons, a London telephone exchange supervisor, became the second voice from 1963 until 1985. The third voice belonged to Brian Cobby who became the first male voice at 11am on April 2, 1985. An actor by profession before he joined BT as an assistant supervisor at a Brighton exchange, Brian was selected from 12 finalists in BT’s competition on December 5, 1984. Users who were around in the 1960s who listen hard enough might detect a familiarity – Brian was also the voice of “5-4-3-2-1 Thunderbirds are go!” in the famous Gerry Anderson TV series.
The fourth and current voice is Sara Mendes da Costa from Brighton & Hove. She became Speaking Clock voice at 8am on April 2, 2007. Sara won a BT competition during 2006 to find a new voice from the public, which had almost 18,500 entrants, simultaneously raising more than £200,000 for BBC Children in Need.
Sara Mendes da Costa, said: “I am very proud to be the fourth permanent voice for the Speaking Clock and have been since April 2, 2007, nearly ten years ago.”
Originally the accuracy of the BT Speaking Clock was one-tenth of a second, but it is now accurate to within 30 microseconds.
Time for facts
* The BT Speaking Clock has been ticking 24-hours a day, seven days a week since 24 July 1936 – which is 80 years, more than 29,000 days, more than 700,000 hours or more than 42 million minutes, more than 2.5 billion seconds;
* Big Ben checks its time with the Speaking Clock;
* The Speaking Clock is accurate to within 30 microseconds;
* In its first year the service registered nearly 13 million calls;
* Initially only available in the London area and went nationwide in 1942;
* The Speaking Clock is also known as TIM and Timeline.
* The Speaking Clock can be reached by dialling 123 on a BT phone line; the number may vary on other networks.
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i don't know
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Name the NASA Mars Science Laboratory rover which landed on Mars in 2012?
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Mars Science Laboratory
Fun
Send a Postcard to Curiosity - 08/06/2013
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Curiosity's Mission
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Landing On Mars
Follow Curiosity through the Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) phase. Interactive >> At a Glance >>
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Or, how big is the Mars Science Laboratory rover? Ask Dr. C, your personal Mars expert!
Curiosity
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Hear directly from science team members on what the rover has done recently. Read Latest Update >>
Curiosity's Location
See a map of Curiosity's current location and check out the mission clock, which tells you how many days Curiosity has been on Mars. More >>
Latest Raw Images - 07/16/2014
Want to see the latest images from Curiosity? Click here to see images by day (sol). See raw images >> Best of Image Gallery >>
Follow Curiosity's Journey
Follow Curiosity's journey, get the latest traverse info and daily weather data. With regular updates as the rover explores Mount Sharp! Start Now >>
Curiosity Scientific Data
NASA's Planetary Data System archives and distributes scientific data from NASA planetary missions, astronomical observations, and laboratory measurements, including Curiosity! Get Data >>
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Curiosity
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Name the RBS banker stripped of his knighthood in Jan 2012?
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Radioisotope Power Systems: Mars Science Laboratory
No
Mars Science Laboratory
NASA's nuclear-powered Curiosity rover used the camera on its robotic arm to capture dozens of high-resolution images that were combined into this self-portrait image.
Mars Science Laboratory "Curiosity"
Launched on Nov. 26, 2011
Designed to seek signs of habitability on past or present Mars
Powered by: one MMRTG for power and heat
Goals: NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a large, powerful science rover designed to study the layered rocks of Gale Crater on the Red Planet. Its main objectives are to try to determine if life ever arose on Mars, to characterize the planet's climate and geology, and to help prepare for human exploration.
During its two-year primary mission, Curiosity will analyze samples drilled from rocks or scooped from the ground as it explores with greater range than any previous Mars rover. Its assignment: Investigate whether conditions have been favorable for microbial life and for preserving clues in the rocks about possible past life.
Accomplishments: The rover successfully landed on Aug. 5, 2012 using guided entry and a sky crane system - new techniques that enhance NASA's capabilities for delivering payloads to the surface of Mars.
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i don't know
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Justin Welby was appointed to what famous old position in 2012?
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Archbishop of Canterbury appointment - ITV News
7 November 2012 at 1:46pm
Archbishop of Canterbury appointment
The Bishop of Durham packing food parcels in Sunderland
Credit: ITV Tyne Tees
The Bishop of Durham has returned to the North East after news of his appointment as the next Archbishop of Canterbury.
Justin Welby joined volunteers at Sunderland Minster, packing food parcels to be distributed to those in need.
Tony Blair: new Archbishop is a 'good choice'
Former Prime Minister Tony Blair says the appointment of Justin Welby as the new Archbishop of Canterbury is a "very interesting choice, and a very good one".
Mr Blair was commenting after today's announcement that the former Bishop of Durham would become the new head of the Church of England. He said:
"I think Justin Welby is a very interesting choice, and a very good one.
"Not just the Church of England, but the faith part of our society needs strong leadership, innovative leadership, and a little bit of sparkle and enthusiasm.
"I think he'll bring something very, very special to the job."
"One of the hardest things will be to leave Durham"
The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, has expressed his excitement about taking up the new position but also sadness at leaving Durham.
The Rt Reverend Justin Welby has been Bishop of Durham for almost a year and has been now been officially announced as the next Archbishop of Canterbury after the Queen gave her royal approval to the nomination.
In a speech to the media, the new Archbishop said that although he would be going to a new position, he would not forget the people of Durham whom he has loved working with so much
Rt Rev Welby on Dr Rowan Williams
"I want to say at once that one of the biggest challenges is to follow a man who I believe will be recognised as one of the greatest Archbishops of Canterbury, Rowan Williams.
He is some one with a deep love for Jesus Christ, an infectious spirituality, extraordinary integrity and holiness, immense personal moral and physical courage, and of course one of the world's principal theologians and philosophers.
To be fully serious, the church world wide owes him a great debt, more than it knows, and I shall be continuing to seek his advice and wisdom. I can only wish him, Jane and the family a wonderful end to his time at Canterbury and joy in their new roles."
Rt Rev Welby on his Archbishop appointment
"To be nominated to this post is both astonishing and exciting. It is something I never expected, and the last few weeks have been a very strange experience.
It is exciting because we are at one of those rare points where the tide of events is turning, and the church nationally, including the Church of England has great opportunities to match its very great but often hidden strengths.
I feel a massive sense of privilege at being one of those responsible for the leadership of the church in a time of spiritual hunger, when our network of parishes and churches and schools and above all people means that we are facing the toughest issues in the toughest place."
Rt Rev Welby on sexuality
"We also face deep differences over the issue of sexuality. It is absolutely right for the state to define the rights and status of people co-habiting in different forms of relationships, including civil partnerships. We must have no truck with any form of homophobia, in any part of the church.
I support the House of Bishop's statement in the summer in answer to the government's consultation on same sex marriage. I know I need to listen attentively to the LGBT communities, and examine my own thinking.
I am always averse to the language of exclusion, when what we are called to is to love in the same way as Jesus Christ loves us. Above all in the church we need to create safe spaces for these issues to be discussed honestly and in love."
Bishop of Durham becomes Archbishop of Canterbury
The Rt Reverend Justin Welby, the current Bishop of Durham, has been officially announced as the next Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Queen has approved the nomination. He will be enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury in Canterbury Cathedral on 21st March 2013.
"I feel a massive sense of privilege at being one of those responsible for the leadership of the church in a time of spiritual hunger, when our network of parishes and churches andschools and above all people means that we are facing the toughest issues in the toughest place.”
– Rt Reverend Justin Welby
56-year-old Bishop Welby is a former oil executive, who was first ordained as a deacon in 1992.
He will succeed the retiring Dr Rowan Williams as the 105th Archbishopof Canterbury.
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Archbishop of Canterbury
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In which 2012 sporting event was the Chinese Ren Cancan defeated by its first ever female Olympic Gold medal winner?
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Justin Welby - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
I Love to read n write about Interesting People
Justin Welby
Diocese Diocese of Canterbury (delegated to the Bishop of Dover)
Ordination 1992 (deacon) 1993 (priest)
Consecration 28 October 2011 by John Sentamu
Children Johanna Welby, Katharine Welby
Books Can Companies Sin?: Whether', H̀ow' and Who' in Company Accountability
Parents Gavin Bramhall James Welby, Jane Gillian, Baroness Williams of Elvel
Education Trinity College, Cambridge, St John's College, Durham, Eton College
Profiles
Archbishop of canterbury justin welby revd dr atherstone biographer and revd dr vibert
Sponsored Links
Justin Portal Welby (born 6 January 1956) is the 105th Archbishop of Canterbury and the most senior bishop in the Church of England. Welby was the vicar of Southam, Warwickshire, and most recently was the Bishop of Durham, serving for just over a year. As Archbishop of Canterbury he is the Primate of All England and the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion.
Welby's early career was in the oil industry. In 1989, he studied for ordination at St John's College, Durham. After several parochial appointments he became the Dean of Liverpool in 2007 and the Bishop of Durham in 2011.
Welby's theology is reported as representing the evangelical tradition within Anglicanism. Some of his publications explore the relationship between finance and religion and, as a member of the House of Lords, he sits on the panel of the 2012 Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards.
Enthronement of justin welby 105th archbishop of canterbury highlights c bbc 2013
Early life and education
Welby was born on 6 January 1956 in London, England. His father, known as Gavin Bramhall James Welby, was born Bernard Gavin Weiler, in Ruislip, West London, in 1910, and died in 1977. He was an alcoholic. Welby's paternal grandfather, Bernard Weiler, was a German Jewish immigrant and an importer of luxury items; shortly after the First World War broke out, he changed the family name to Welby. Welby did not find out about his father's Jewish ancestry until he was an adult.
Welby's mother was Jane Gillian Portal (born 1929). She served as one of Winston Churchill's personal secretaries from December 1949 until her marriage to Gavin Welby in April 1955; she once took a very young Welby to tea with the aged Churchill. Through his mother, Welby is connected to British and Empire politics and religion. Jane Portal was the daughter of Iris Butler (1905-2002), a journalist and historian, whose brother Rab became Conservative deputy prime minister, later Baron Butler of Saffron Walden. Their father was Sir Montagu Butler, Governor of Central Provinces of British India between 1925 and 1933. He was the grandnephew of the first Bishop of Natal, John William Colenso.
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Welby's parents were divorced in 1959. His mother married a banker and company director, Charles Williams, in 1975 (who, when elevated to the House of Lords as a Labour life peer in 1985, took the title of Baron Williams of Elvel). Welby's stepfather was the nephew of career soldier Brigadier Arnold de Lerisson Cazenove and Elizabeth Laura Gurney, of a family of Quaker bankers and reformers.
Welby was educated at St Peter's School, Seaford, and Eton College. He went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in history and law in 1978; as per tradition this was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA (Cantab)) degree.
Business career
Welby worked for 11 years in the oil industry, five of them for the French oil company Elf Aquitaine based in Paris. In 1984 he became treasurer of the oil exploration group Enterprise Oil PLC in London, where he was mainly concerned with West African and North Sea oil projects. He retired from his executive position in 1989 and said that he sensed a calling from God to be ordained.
During his oil industry career, Welby became a congregation member at the evangelical Anglican church of Holy Trinity in Brompton, London.
In July 2013, following the report of the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards Commission, Welby explained that senior bank executives avoided being given information about difficult issues to allow them to "plead ignorance." He also said he would possibly have behaved in the same way and warned against punishing by naming and shaming individual bankers which he compared to the behaviour of a lynch mob.
Ministry
Welby was at first rejected for ordination by John Hughes, the Bishop of Kensington, who told him: "There is no place for you in the Church of England." Welby was subsequently accepted for ordination, with the support of the Vicar of Holy Trinity Brompton, Sandy Millar.
From 1989 to 1992, Welby studied theology and trained for the priesthood at Cranmer Hall and St John's College, Durham, where he was awarded a BA degree and DipMin in 1992. He then became a curate at Chilvers Coton and St Mary the Virgin, Astley (Nuneaton) from 1992 to 1995. He then became rector of St James' Church, Southam, and later vicar of St Michael and All Angels, Ufton, Diocese of Coventry, from 1995 to 2002.
In 2002, Welby was appointed a canon residentiary of Coventry Cathedral and the co-director for international ministry at the International Centre for Reconciliation. In 2005, he was appointed sub-dean and Canon for Reconciliation Ministry.
Welby was appointed Dean of Liverpool Cathedral in December 2007 and was installed there on 8 December 2007.
Welby has written widely on ethics and on finance, featuring in books such as Managing the Church?: Order and Organisation in a Secular Age and Explorations in Financial Ethics. Welby's dissertation, an exploration into whether companies can sin, marks his point that the structure of a system can "make it easier to make the right choice or the wrong choice." His dissertation led to the publication of a booklet entitled Can Companies Sin?: "Whether", "How" and "Who" in Company Accountability, which was published by Grove Books in 1992. He has said that the Benedictine and Franciscan orders in the Anglican churches, along with Catholic social teaching, have influenced his spiritual formation.
Interviewed by the BBC in 2011, Welby said that to be appointed Bishop of Durham was both challenging and a huge privilege: "I was astonished to be offered the role. It is a passionate desire to see a church that is vigorously full of spiritual life, serving Jesus Christ and serving those around it." His election was confirmed at York Minster on 29 September 2011 and he left Liverpool Cathedral on 2 October. He was consecrated as a bishop at York Minster on 28 October 2011 and was enthroned as Bishop of Durham in Durham Cathedral on 26 November 2011. He was introduced to the House of Lords on 12 January 2012, where he sits on the Lords Spiritual bench. He gave his maiden speech on 16 May 2012. He was asked to join the Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards in 2012.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Welby emerged as a candidate to be the next Archbishop of Canterbury; on 6 November 2012 the bookmakers Betvictor, Ladbrokes and William Hill suspended betting on his being appointed. On 9 November 2012 Welby's appointment to the position was announced. In January 2013, Welby said that he had regarded it as "a joke" and "perfectly absurd" for him to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, because he had only been a bishop for a short time. His confirmation of election ceremony to the See of Canterbury took place at St Paul's Cathedral on 4 February 2013; on the following day it was announced that Welby would be appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, as all archbishops are; the order for his appointment was made on 12 February and he swore the oath on 13 March.
Welby was enthroned as the Archbishop of Canterbury at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013, which in the calendar of the Anglican churches is an observance of Thomas Cranmer.
Welby's schedule included an official visit to the Vatican on 14 June 2013, with visits to senior Curial officials, including Cardinal Kurt Koch, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, an official audience with Pope Francis and prayer at the tombs of Saint Peter and Pope John Paul II.
Islam
In July 2014, Welby acknowledged that there was a problem with young Muslim youths travelling to the Syrian civil war and elsewhere to wage jihad but the numbers were “extraordinarily small”, and so he scoffed at concerns over the potential for trouble as "hysterical... I think we’re in danger of slipping into a very fearful culture". In 2015, he offered his support for British air strikes against ISIS in Syria. Welby believes that the problem of Islamic extremism is far deeper than combating Islamic jihadists such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Al Qaeda; and that the Gulf monarchies and Saudi Arabia need to be challenged as their "own promotion of a particular brand of Islamic theology has provided a source from which ISIL have drawn a false legitimization."
Welby is concerned about persecution of Christians in Muslim nations and elsewhere.
Ordination of women as bishops
Welby favours Anglican consecration of women as bishops. Following a rejection of the legislation to allow women to be consecrated bishops by the General Synod in November 2012, Welby spoke of a "Very grim day, most of all for women priests and supporters."
In July 2013, Welby stated:
In November 2013, Welby stated he aims to ordain women as bishops while allowing space for those who disagree.
In February 2014, Welby calls on Anglicans to avoid fear, prejudice and suspicion and to grasp "cultural change in the life of the church":
Welby would like discipline applied over appointments to prevent opponents of women as bishops feeling alienated. Welby hopes to avoid a zero sum game where people feel gain for one side inevitably means loss for the other, he sees need for caution, co-operation and unity.
Fuel suppliers
Welby feels rises in energy prices in the UK appear "inexplicable". He also feels that energy companies have a responsibility towards customers and should take account of this rather than only maximising their own opportunities.
Welby is concerned about Fuel poverty which he feels is serious as energy costs have risen while incomes remain static or decline.
Poverty
Referring to poverty in the UK in March 2013, Welby criticised UK government changes which cap benefits below inflation.
In a speech at Christmas 2013 Welby said:
In a speech at Easter 2013 Welby said:
Referring to poverty in the UK and generally Welby said that "we should all share concern for the poor and the marginalised, should work to build communities where people act responsibly towards one another, whether we are rich or poor we all have the same dignity. William Beveridge, R. H. Tawney and William Temple played a significant part in establishing the post-war welfare state in the United Kingdom and were committed Christians. We do not have the luxury of saying, 'Something must be done' without doing anything ourselves."
Welby has said that justice of the powerful is not justice at all and judges should decide issues based on truth and the common good rather than class and money. Welby quoted Nelson Mandela that "dealing with poverty was a matter of justice rather than charity." Welby felt that speaking out about poverty, fuel bills, financial insecurity affecting families and Credit unions is part of the Christian duty to love ones neighbour.
Welby hopes that people will resolve to help deal with poverty in their own neighbourhoods. In a BBC television broadcast he said, "I want to suggest this year that each of us makes a resolution to try and change the world a bit where we are."
High-interest lending
In July 2013, Welby spoke out against the payday lending sites and met with Errol Damelin, chief executive of Wonga. Welby pledged that the Church of England would support credit unions as society needs to "provide an alternative" to the "very, very costly forms of finance" that payday lending services represent. He noted that he did not want to make legal payday lending illegal as this would leave people with no alternative to using criminal loan sharks.
Shortly after this well-publicised intervention in the public debate, it emerged that the Church of England's pension fund had invested money in Accel Partners, a venture capital firm that had invested in Wonga. This led to accusations of hypocrisy and Welby noted that the investment was "very embarrassing" for the church. Welby and the Church's Ethical Investment Advisory Group were unaware of their investment in Wonga.
Welby also said that the Ethical Investment Advisory Group ought to reconsider rules which allow investment in companies that make up to 25% of their income from gambling, alcohol or high-interest lending.
Food banks
Welby is concerned about increasing need for food banks which would have been "unthinkable" a decade ago. He called the plight of hungry poor people shocking because he did not expect that in the UK.
Welby disagrees strongly with David Anthony Freud, Baron Freud, currently Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, because Welby believes the UK government cuts to benefits have caused or contributed to the surge in food banks. Welby cites Church of England investigation showing social services referred 35% of Durham residents who use food banks when benefits they were entitled to were not paid. Welby stated,
Before Christmas 2013, Welby urged people to give 10% of what they spend at Christmas to food banks.
Modern slavery
Welby condemns modern slavery as a crime against humanity, he joined with Pope Francis and leaders of other faiths, Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish and Muslim, in a joint declaration they would work together aiming to end modern slavery by 2020. Forced labour and prostitution, human trafficking and organ trade were specifically mentioned but all relationships that do not respect human equality, freedom and dignity were condemned.
Persecution of Christians
Welby is concerned that Christians are persecuted in some parts of the world, notably in the Middle East, and fears that some risk their lives going to church. Welby also noted that Christians and other religious minorities were made to suffer terribly and were killed in Iraq, which violates article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. People should document human rights violation to enable future prosecutions and to destroy the culture where those responsible expect no adverse consequences. Welby noted that Christians and other minorities face persecution for their faith in many areas worldwide, he cited Syria, South Sudan and the Central African Republic among others. Welby urged the United Kingdom to open doors to refugees. Pope Francis also spoke out about religious persecution.
Sexuality and same-sex marriage
In March 2013, Welby stated that "My understanding of sexual ethics has been that, regardless of whether it's gay or straight, sex outside marriage is wrong." He reiterated this belief again later in 2013, further noting that "To abandon the ideal simply because it’s difficult to achieve is ridiculous.”
Welby affirms the Church of England's opposition to same-sex marriage, but at his first press conference spoke out strongly against homophobia and stated that he is "always averse to the language of exclusion, when what we are called to is to love in the same way as Jesus Christ loves us." He also said "I know I need to listen very attentively to the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) communities, and examine my own thinking prayerfully and carefully." Prior to his enthronement he stated that he did not have doubts about the church's policy in opposing same-sex marriages but remained "challenged as to how we respond to it". "You see gay relationships that are just stunning in the quality of the relationship", he said, adding that he had "particular friends where I recognise that and am deeply challenged by it".
Welby sees problems with special services of blessing for same sex couples.
Personal life
Welby is married to Caroline (nee Eaton) and they have had six children. In 1983, their seven-month-old daughter, Johanna, died in a car crash in France. Referring to the tragedy, Welby explained, "It was a very dark time for my wife Caroline and myself, but in a strange way it actually brought us closer to God." Welby established a special day for bereaved parents in Coventry Cathedral. There is now an annual service commemorating the lives of children who have died. A book with the names of lost children is on display in the cathedral and anyone who has lost a child under any circumstances can ask for their child's name to be added to the book.
Welby acknowledges his privileged education and upbringing and has been praised for sending his own children to local state schools.
Welby is a French speaker and Francophile, having lived and worked in France. An announcement about his appointment as Bishop of Durham listed his hobbies as "most things French and sailing".
Styles
The Revd Justin Welby (1992–2002)
The Revd Canon Justin Welby (2002–2007)
The Very Revd Justin Welby (2007–2011)
The Rt Revd Justin Welby (personal: 2011–2013)
The Lord Bishop of Durham (office: 2011–2013)
The Most Revd Justin Welby (personal: 4–12 February 2013)
His Grace The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury (office: 4 February 2013 – present)
The Most Revd and Rt Hon Justin Welby (personal: 12 February 2013 – present)
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2012 was the 300th anniversary of the world's first industrial steam-powered machine, which was a?
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The Worlds First Steam Engine 300th Anniversary - YouTube
The Worlds First Steam Engine 300th Anniversary
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Published on Nov 14, 2012
The replica Newcomen Pumping Engine at the Black Country Living Museum in Dudley has been brought back to life for the 300th anniversary of the first recorded practical application of steam power. The self-acting valve gear is a clanking cacophony of joy! The restoration team were helped by Guy Martin and the engine was featured in the Channel 4 documentary series 'How Britain Worked' (as was my own miniature Newcomen engine model, used by Guy to demonstrate how the engine works!) See my other vids for some footage of my little 'un in action!
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What city hosted the richest (biggest prize) horse race in 2012?
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Thomas Newcomen steam engine replica unveiled in Dudley - BBC News
BBC News
Thomas Newcomen steam engine replica unveiled in Dudley
14 July 2012
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Image caption Newcomen's achievement featured in a recent set of Royal Mail commemorative stamps
A replica of the world's first steam engine has been unveiled in the West Midlands to mark the 300th anniversary of the original machine.
Devon-born Thomas Newcomen's engine was first used to pump water from a deep coal mine shaft in Dudley in 1712.
The invention allowed miners to extract previously inaccessible coal.
The replica at the town's Black Country Living Museum has undergone a £100,000 refurbishment and was shown at a steam festival over the weekend.
Mr Newcomen's design was adopted by other mines across the country after it became operational in September 1712, and has been credited as helping to ignite the Industrial Revolution.
David Eveleigh, from the museum, said: "This anniversary is of massive significance to the museum, to Dudley, to the wider Black Country and arguably, to the entire world.
"We are very proud that the museum's unique association with the Newcomen steam engine provides us with the opportunity to mark this momentous historical event of 1712."
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In 2012 fossils of 1.9m years-old Homo rudolfensis were discovered in?
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New Human Species? Fossil Find 'Clearly Distinct' From Other Early Humans, Researchers Say | The Huffington Post
New Human Species? Fossil Find 'Clearly Distinct' From Other Early Humans, Researchers Say
08/08/2012 02:46 pm ET
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By: Charles Choi, LiveScience Contributor Published: 08/08/2012 01:05 PM EDT on LiveScience
New fossils from the dawn of the human lineage suggest our ancestors may have lived alongside a diversity of extinct human species, researchers say.
Although modern humans, Homo sapiens, are the only human species alive today, the world has seen a number of human species come and go. Other members perhaps include the recently discovered "hobbit" Homo floresiensis .
The human lineage, Homo, evolved in Africa about 2.5 million years ago, coinciding with the first evidence of stone tools. For the first half of the last century, conventional wisdom was that the most primitive member of our lineage was Homo erectus , the direct ancestor of our species. However, just over 50 years ago, scientists discovered an even more primitive species of Homo at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania they dubbed Homo habilis, which had a smaller brain and a more apelike skeleton.
Now fossils between 1.78 million and 1.95 million years old discovered in 2007 and 2009 in northern Kenya suggest that early Homo were quite a diverse bunch, with at least one other extinct human species living at the same time as H. erectus and H. habilis.
"Two species of the genus Homo, our own genus, lived alongside our direct ancestor, Homo erectus, nearly 2 million years ago," researcher Meave Leakey at the Turkana Basin Institute in Nairobi, Kenya, told LiveScience.
Meave Leakey carefully excavates the new face KNM-ER 62000. Researchers might be able to reconstruct what this new human species might have eaten by looking at its teeth and jaws.
A skull known as KNM-ER 1470, found in 1972 in Kenya, was at the center of the debate over the number of species of early Homo living nearly 2 million years ago. It had a larger brain and a flatter face than H. habilis, leading some researchers to declare it a distinct species they dubbed Homo rudolfensis . [ See Photos of the New Homo Fossils ]
However, making comparisons between these fossils was difficult, because no single purported H. rudolfensis specimen contained both the face and the lower jaw, details needed to see if it was indeed separate from H. habilis. Any supposed differences between H. habilis and H. rudolfensis might, for instance, have been due to variations between the sexes of a single species.
The newly discovered face and lower-jaw fossils, uncovered within a radius of just more than 6 miles (10 kilometers) from where KNM-ER 1470 was unearthed, now suggest that KNM-ER 1470 and the novel finds are indeed members of a distinct species of early Homo that stands out from others with its uniquely built face.
"It had very flat facial features — you could draw a straight line from its eye socket to where its incisor teeth would be," researcher Fred Spoor at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, told LiveScience. "This shows east Africa about 2 million years ago was quite a crowded place with many diverse species of early Homo," Spoor said.
The environment was more verdant back then than it is today, with a larger lake. "There was plenty of opportunities ecologically to accommodate more than one hominid species ," Spoor said.
Other researchers suggest these new fossils are not enough evidence of a new human species . However, "these are really distinctive shape profiles — it really shows something completely different," Leakey said. "I feel pretty confident that we're not just dealing with variation in one species."
In principle, researchers might be able to reconstruct what this new species might have eaten by looking at its teeth and jaws. "The incisors are really rather small compared to what you'd find in other early Homo," Spoor said. "In the back of the mouth, the teeth are large, telling us a lot of food processing was going on there ... it may be possible it ate more tough, plantlike foods than meat."
Other extinct human fossils discovered in that area are thought to belong to H. habilis. As such, at least two different species once lived in that site in northern Kenya. However, it remains possible these other fossils do not belong to H. habilis, suggesting yet another species lived there at the same time, paleoanthropologist Bernard Wood at George Washington University at Washington, D.C., who did not take part in this research, said in a review of this work.
The scientists detail their findings in the Aug. 9 issue of the journal Nature.
Follow LiveScience on Twitter @livescience . We're also on Facebook & Google+ .
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Who famously accused Tony Abbott of sexism and misogyny in 2012?
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New human species identified from Kenya fossils - BBC News
BBC News
New human species identified from Kenya fossils
By Pallab Ghosh Science correspondent, BBC News
8 August 2012
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Image caption A new species of human: One of several co-existing in Africa two million years ago
Researchers studying fossils from northern Kenya have identified a new species of human that lived two million years ago.
The discoveries suggests that at least three distinct species of humans co-existed in Africa.
The research adds to a growing body of evidence that runs counter to the popular perception that there was a linear evolution from early primates to modern humans.
The research has been published in the journal Nature .
Anthropologists have discovered three human fossils that are between 1.78 and 1.95 million years old. The specimens are of a face and two jawbones with teeth.
Nature was developing different human prototypes only one of which, our species, was ultimately successful
Professor Chris Stringer, Natural History Museum, London
The finds back the view that a skull found in 1972 is of a separate species of human, known as Homo rudolfensis. The skull was markedly different to any others from that time. It had a relatively large brain and long flat face.
But for 40 years the skull was the only example of the creature and so it was impossible to say for sure whether the individual was an unusual specimen or a member of a new species.
With the discovery of the three new fossils researchers can say with more certainty that H.rudolfensis really was a separate type of human that existed around two million years ago alongside other species of humans.
For a long time the oldest known human ancestor was thought to be a primitive species, dating back 1.8 million years ago called Homo erectus. They had small heads, prominent brows and stood upright.
But 50 years ago, researchers discovered an even older and more primitive species of human called Homo habilis that may have coexisted with H. erectus. Now it seems H. rudolfensis was around too and raises the distinct possibility that many other species of human also existed at the time.
This find is the latest in a growing body of evidence that challenges the view that our species evolved in a smooth linear progression from our primate ancestors.
The human lineage
Instead, according to Dr Meave Leakey of the Turkana Basin Institute in Nairobi, who led the research the find shows that there was a diversity early on in the evolution of our species.
"Our past was a diverse past," she told BBC News, "our species was evolving in the same way that other species of animals evolved. There was nothing unique about us until we began to make sophisticated stone tools."
Image caption The March of Progress had many dead ends
In other groups of animals many different species evolve, each with new traits, such as plumage, or webbed feet. If the new trait is better suited to the environment then the new species thrives, if not it becomes extinct.
According to Professor Chris Stringer of the Natural History Museum in London, fossil evidence is increasingly suggesting that human evolution followed the same pattern.
"Humans seem to have been evolving in different ways in different regions. It was almost as if nature was developing different human prototypes with different attributes, only one of which, an ancestor of our species, was ultimately successful in evolutionary terms," he said.
According to Dr Leakey, the growing body of evidence to suggest that humans evolved in the same way as other animals shows that "evolution really does work".
"It leads to amazing adaptions and amazing species and we are one of them," she said.
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Which nation defied international warnings when launching a rocket in Dec 2012?
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North Korea fires rocket seen as covert missile test
North Korea fires rocket seen as covert missile test
North Korea on Sunday defied international warnings and launched a long-range rocket.
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North Korea fires rocket seen as covert missile test North Korea on Sunday defied international warnings and launched a long-range rocket. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1Xb80um
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North Korea fires rocket seen as covert missile test
Kirk Spitzer, USA TODAY 11:44 p.m. EST February 6, 2016
In this Oct. 10, 2015, file photo, a drone is paraded in Pyongyang, North Korea.
(Photo: AP)
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TOKYO —In another apparent act of defiance of international norms, North Korea fired a long-range missile over Japanese airspace Sunday, bringing quick condemnation from the United States and its allies in the region.
The launch is widely believed to be a test of a new missile system that could reach as far as the United States, and comes only weeks after North Korea conducted its fourth nuclear weapons test. Both are banned by U.N. resolutions.
North Korean state television said in a special broadcast Sunday that it had placed an observation satellite into orbit. However, U.S. Pacific Command in Hawaii said it had “detected and tracked today what we assess was a North Korean missile.”
Secretary of State John Kerry called Sunday's test "a major provocation" that threatens the security of the region and the United States and said the U.S. would work with members of the U.N. Security Council on "significant measures" to hold North Korea to account for the launch.
National Security Adviser Susan Rice condemned the test in a statement, saying it "represents yet another destabilizing and provocative action” and “a serious threat to our interests.”
Japan Prime Minister Shinzo Abe said the launch was “intolerable” and a clear violation of United Nations Security Council resolutions. Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga said Abe had directed the government to consider expanding current sanctions against North Korea.
U.S. forces tracked the missile and at no time did it pose a threat to the United States or its allies, Pacific Command said in a statement Sunday.
North Korean television said the launch was ordered by leader Kim Jong Un and that the country would continue to launch satellites in the future.
Japan’s Ministry of Defense said the launch took place at 9:31 a.m. local time. It said the missile separated into five segments before passing over Japan’s southwest island chain, with the final segment landing the western Pacific Ocean about 1,242 miles south of the island of Okinawa.
Japan had deployed Patriot anti-ballistic missile systems and three warships equipped for missile defenses prior to the test but did not attempt to shoot down the missile or debris on Sunday, according to the defense ministry.
It is the first test of long-range missile technology by North Korea since December 2012. Under U.N. Security Council resolutions, the country is banned from testing long-range missiles or nuclear weapons.
Japan’s Kyodo News Service reported that China had expressed “regret” over the launch.
Abe ordered his government to quickly analyze the launch and provide information to the nation.
North Korea tested what it said was a hydrogen bomb in early January.
International governments worry nuclear tests and long-range missile launches signal Pyongyang is getting closer to creating a nuclear warhead small enough to fit on an intercontinental missile capable of reaching targets as far away as the U.S. West Coast.
"We absolutely cannot allow this," Abe told reporters at the prime minister's residence, according to The Associated Press. "We will take action to totally protect the safety and well-being of our people."
The United States, Japan and South Korea immediately requested an emergency meeting of the UN security council to discuss the launch, council diplomats told Reuters. The meeting was likely to take place on Sunday in New York.
The North's move came less than a day after the reclusive nation moved up the window for its planned launch to Feb. 7-14 from Feb. 8-25. No reason was given for the change.
While the North claims such efforts are a benign attempt to develop the capability for putting satellites into space, outside governments say it is a cover for testing ballistic missiles. That move constitutes yet another major violation of U.N. Security Council resolutions banning Pyongyang from carrying out any nuclear or ballistic missile tests.
Recent commercial satellite imagery analyzed by U.S. researchers showed tanker trucks at the launch pad at North Korea's Sohae facility, which likely indicates the filling of fuel and oxidizer tanks in preparation for the launch, The Associated Press reported.
North Korea tested nuclear explosive devices in 2006, 2009 and 2013, and claimed it successfully delivered a satellite into orbit in December 2012, the last time it launched a long-range rocket.
South Korean analysts speculated the secretive North Korean leadership, which is sensitive to symbolic gestures, was trying to pull off the launch ahead of Feb. 16, the birthday of late dictator Kim Jong Il, the father of current leader Kim Jong Un.
Ahead of the launch, the South Korean defense ministry said Seoul and the U.S. deployed key military assets, including the South's Aegis-equipped destroyers and radar spy planes, to track the North Korean rocket after its launch. The U.S. stations more than 28,000 troops in the South as a buttress against North Korean aggression.
On Friday, President Obama spoke by phone with President Xi Jinping of China, North Korea's only major ally, and the two sides agreed a launch would represent a "provocative and destabilizing action," the White House said.
The two leaders said they would coordinate their responses to Pyongyang's recent nuclear test and would not accept North Korea as a nuclear weapon state.
"The leaders emphasized the importance of a strong and united international response to North Korea's provocations, including through an impactful U.N. Security Council Resolution," the White House said.
China, however, is unlikely to join any call by the U.S. and South Korea to tighten sanctions against North Korea. Beijing worries a strong economic move against North Korea might provoke a regime collapse and send refugees streaming across the border, analysts say. China is responsible for about 70% of the North's trade volume, according to South Korean estimates.
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A traffic police officer directs traffic on a road in Pyongyang Dec. 2, 2016 Believed to be hand-picked for their looks, Pyongyang's female traffic police are a familiar sight at intersections around the capital, where traffic volumes have noticeably increased in recent years.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
Kim Jong-Un at Fishery Station No. 15 of the Korean People's Army unit 549 Dec. 15, 2016.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
Baek Hyun-kyung is a tour guide at the Three Charters of National Reunification Monument where she works on the outskirts of Pyongyang Dec. 2, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
A member of North Korea's under-20 women's football team is welcomed back at Pyongyang airport after beating France to win the 2016 FIFA under-20 Women's World Cup Dec. 6, 2016.
KIM WON-JIN, AFP/Getty Images
Kim Jong-Un at the Wonsan Shoes Factory in Kangwon Province in this photo released on Dec. 9, 2016.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
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Korean People's Army (KPA) lieutenant and tour guide Hwang Myong-jin poses for a photo in front of a hut where negotiations for the Korean War armistice agreement were held in 1953, at Panmunjom near the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea Nov. 30, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
Sailor Kim Il-Soo poses for a photo on a boat used to host wedding photo shoots on the Taedong river in Pyongyang Nov. 25, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean traffic police women chat next to a residential building while off duty Oct. 18, 2016, in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Kim Jong-Un interacting with people while inspecting the outpost on Kali Islet and the defence detachment on Jangjae Islet in the West Sea, Nov. 13, 2016.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
North Koreans walk past a residential building as they use an overhead bridge to cross a major intersection Oct. 18, 2016, in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Koreans are seen in silhouette as they make their way across an intersection at the end of a work day Oct. 18, 2016, in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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Azalea, whose Korean name is "Dalle", a 19-year-old female chimpanzee, smokes a cigarette at the Central Zoo in Pyongyang, North Korea Oct. 19, 2016. According to officials at the newly renovated zoo, which has become a favorite leisure spot in the North Korean capital since it was re-opened in July, the chimpanzee smokes about a pack a day. They insist, however, that she does not inhale.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Students stretch following an under-14 training session at the Pyongyang International Football School in Pyongyang, Sept 22, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
A North Korean boy in his school uniform walks past a playground in a residential area on Saturday, Oct. 15, 2016, in Pyongyang, North Korea.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Spectators cheer as parachutists perform an aerial display during the Wonsan International Friendship Air Festival, Sept 24, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean female MiG-21 fighter pilots Rim Sol, left, and Jo Kum Hyang, right, walk past a MiG-21 plane at the Wonsan International Friendship Air Festival, Sept 24, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Korean boys play in a fountain feature during a hot afternoon Sept. 23, 2016, in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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Residents look up at a big screen TV in front of Pyongyang railway station showing television presenter Ri Chun-Hee officially announcing that the country successfully tested a nuclear warhead earlier in the day on Sept. 9, 2016. North Korea has successfully tested a nuclear warhead, it said which said the "maniacal recklessness" of young ruler Kim Jong-Un would lead to self-destruction.
Kim Won-Jin, AFP/Getty Images
This is a national meeting to celebrate the 68th founding anniversary of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in Pyongyang, Sept. 9, 2016.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un while inspecting the Taedonggang Pig Farm in Pyongyang, Aug.18, 2016
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
A North Korean man gulps down a glass of draft beer during a beer drinking competition held Aug. 12, 2016 in Pyongyang. This competition was held during a beer festival along the Taedong River in the North Korean capital.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un inspects the Chollima building materials complex in Pyongyang, July 27, 2016.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
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A surface-to-surface medium long-range strategic ballistic rocket Hwasong-10, also known by the name of Musudan missile, being launched at an undisclosed location, North Korea. According to South Korea and Japan's officials, North Korea test-fired a ballistic missile off its east coast early Aug 3, 2016.
KCNA, via European Pressphoto Agency
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North Korean soldiers peep into a conference room in the United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission Conference Building during a ceremony marking the 63rd anniversary of the signing of the Korean War ceasefire armistice agreement at the truce village of Panmunjom, South Korea.
Kim Hong-Ji, AP
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Military personnel stand during a rally at Kim Il Sung Square July 2, 2016, in Pyongyang. They were celebrating the new title of chairman of the new State Affairs Commission given to leader Kim Jong Un at a meeting of its national parliament.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
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A missile is fired during a drill by Hwasong artillery units of the Strategic Force of the Korean People's Army, photo released on July 21, 2016 . North Korea said its latest ballistic missile tests trialled detonation devices for possible nuclear strikes on US targets in South Korea and were personally monitored by supreme leader Kim Jong-Un.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
Fairground participants ride a big swing in Pyongyang July 9, 2016.
Ed Jones, AFP/Getty Images
Performers meet North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un at an art performance staged by the amateur art groups of the Korean People's Army (KPA) units in Pyongyang July 16, 2016.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
A traffic police woman directs vehicles at a street junction in front of a sidewalk decorated with flags of the ruling party, the Workers' Party in Pyongyang, May, 5, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Koreans push their bicycles in the rain on a pathway along the Pothong River in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Taxis wait for passengers at the Pyongyang train station May 5, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
People walk on a rail tracks in Pyongyang, April 18, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
People ride the escalators at the Puhung metro station in Pyongyang, April 16, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
A woman carries a bag next to a board in Pyongyang suburbs April 17, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
City view of Pyongyang, April 17, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
A metro employee on board the newest cars at the Puhung metro station in Pyongyang, April, 13, 2016. They have one of the deepest metros in the world consisting of two lines with these recently added new cars.
Franck Robichon, EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
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A live-shell firing drill by artillery sub-units under large combined units of the North Korean Army, is shown in this undated photo, under the simulated conditions of beating back enemy forces conducting a surprise night landing. The photo was released by North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on April 12, 2016.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
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Kim Jong Un, left, Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army, issues an order to conduct the ground jet test of a new type high-power engine of inter-continental ballistic rocket and comes to the Sohae Space Center to guide the test.
KCNA via EPA
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A rocket is displayed during the Immortal Flower Festival 'Kimilsungia' in Pyongyang, North Korea on April 13, 2016. The country is preparing to mark the 'Day of the Sun' celebrating the day of birth of the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung. on April 15.
Franck Robichon, EPA
Young women participate in a rehearsal ahead of the 'Day of the Sun' celebrations at Kim Il Sung Square on Wednesday, in Pyongyang.
Franck Robichon, EPA
This is a view of the Pyongyang, North Korea skyline on April 12, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EPA
Pyongyang Station is shown in late evening April 12th in Pyongyang,.
Franck Robichon, EPA
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An image of the operation of a new type large-caliber multiple rocket launching system at an undisclosed location in North Korea is released from KCNA on March 24, 2016. North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un has claimed an "historic" advance in the country's nuclear strike capability with the successful test of a solid-fuel rocket engine, state media said.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
A man cycles past the Kim Il Sung square on Wednesday, ahead of the 'Day of the Sun' celebrations in Pyongyang, North Korea.
Franck Robichon, EPA
Young boys get the view of Pyongyang, North Korea from a bus window, April 12.
Franck Robichon, EPA
Waitresses work on April 12, in a restaurant of the Koryo Hotel in Pyongyang, North Korea.
Franck Robichon, EPA
A tramway rides past the Pyongyang Station in Pyongyang, on April 12, 2016.
Franck Robichon, EPA
Pedestrians walk along a street in Pyongyang, North Korea.
Franck Robichon, EPA
A large mosaic representing Kim Il-Sung, left, and Kim Jong-Il in Pyongyang suburbs, North Korea is shown on April 12, 2016. An ethnic Korean U.S. citizen was sentenced to 10 years in jail for espionage.
Franck Robichon, EPA
A worker unloads a bag of fertilizer from a conveyer belt at Hungnam Fertilizer Complex in Hungnam, South Hamgyong Province, North Korea, March 13, 2016.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
A shipbuilder works at the Hongwon Shipyard in Hongwon County, South Hamgyong Province, March 12, 2016.
Jon Chol Jin, AP
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Newly manufactured shoes are seen at Wonsan Shoes Factory in the Kangwon Province, March 14, 2016. North Koreans are being mobilized en masse to boost production and demonstrate their loyalty to leader Kim Jong Un in a 70-day campaign aimed at wiping out "indolence and slackness." To show their loyalty, workers are putting in extra hours to boost production in everything from coal mining to fisheries.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
A North Korean soldier walks past a truck near goods piled up on a dockyard in Sinuiju, North Korea, March 14, 2016.
AP
North Koreans load goods on a dockyard with a Chinese and North Korean national flags in Sinuiju, North Korea, as seen from Dandong in northeastern China's Liaoning province, Feb. 26, 2016 .
AP
This undated photo released by North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on April 2, 2016 shows a missile test of a new-type anti-air guided weapon system at an unknown location.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
Kim Jong-Un inspecting the test of a new-type anti-air guided weapon system at an unknown location. photo released on April 2, 2016.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un inspecting the Plant under the Ryongsong Machine Complex in North Korea.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
A woman cycles with her child riding in a basket in Kaesong on Feb. 22, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Bicycle riders in Kaesong on Feb. 22, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Korean People's Army Lt. Col. Nam Dong Ho is silhouetted against the truce village of Panmunjom at the Demilitarized Zone on Feb. 22, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
The North Korea's women soccer team fills up custom forms in front of a globe structure as they prepare for departure to Beijing at Pyongyang's International Airport on Feb. 23, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Two people cycle past a planetarium at the Three Revolutions Exhibition Hall in Pyongyang on Feb. 23, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
A cashier prepares a receipt for customers at a local restaurant in Kaesong on Feb. 22, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Solar panels hang from windows of an apartment building in Kaesong.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Soldiers guard the truce village of Panmunjom at the Demilitarized Zone on Feb. 22, 2016.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un attends a concert marking the 70th founding anniversary of the KPA military band in Pyongyang, in this photo released Feb, 23, 2016.
Korean Central News Agency
A boy pushes a cart of cabbage along a main road in Hyangsan County, north of Pyongyang, on Dec. 3, 2015.
Wong Maye-E, AP
South Korean army soldiers close a gate in Paju, near the border with North and South Korea, on Feb. 8, 2016.
Ahn Young-joon, AP
A North Korean woman walks down the streets of Pyongyang on Dec. 1, 2015.
Wong Maye-E, AP
The 105-story pyramid-shaped Ryugyong Hotel towers over residential apartments and snow-covered trees and fields in Pyongyang on Dec. 3, 2015.
Wong Maye-E, AP
People ride in a boat in the Yalu River near Dandong on Feb. 9, 2016.
Helene Franchineau, AP
North Korean soldiers patrol next to the border fence near the town of Sinuiju on Feb. 10, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
A man works on a boat on the banks of the Yalu River on Feb. 10, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
The sun rises over a bridge on the banks of the Yalu River in the Chinese border town of Dandong opposite the North Korean town of Sinuiju on Feb.10, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
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A man rides his bicycle in front of a portion of the Great Wall on Hwanggumpyong Island, which is located in the middle of the Yalu River between the North Korean town of Sinuiju and the Chinese town of Dandong, on Feb. 9, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
A man and his son ride in a boat on the Yalu River near the town of Sinuiju across from the Chinese border town of Dandong on Feb. 9, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
People board a boat on the Yalu River near the town of Sinuiju across from the Chinese border town of Dandong on Feb. 9, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean soldiers stand on the banks of the Yalu River near the town of Sinuiju on Feb. 8, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean soldiers in a watchtower observe a soldier walking on the banks of the Yalu River in the town of Sinuiju on Feb. 8, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
A North Korean soldier smokes a cigarette on the banks of the Yalu River in the North Korean town of Sinuiju, in an image taken from across the river in the Chinese border town of Dandong Feb. 8, 2016.
Johannes Eisele, AFP/Getty Images
North Korean military personnel celebratein Kim Il Sung Square in Pyongyang Jan. 8, 2016, afterNorth Korea said it conducted a hydrogen bomb test.
Jon Chol Jin, AP
A pair of North Korean soldiers walk through a field in Sakchu county, North Korea, Jan. 7, 2016.
AP
North Koreans clap at a rally after North Korea said it had conducted a hydrogen bomb test.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
A North Korean soldier looks across the border with China from his post in Sakchu County, North Korea, Jan. 7, 2016.
AP
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North Korean veterans gather before the start of a parade in Pyongyang, North Korea. Leader Kim Jong Un declared that his country was ready to stand up to any threat posed by the United States as he spoke at a lavish military parade to mark the 70th anniversary of the North's ruling party and trumpet his third-generation leadership on Oct. 10, 2015.
Maye-E Wong, AP
A barbed-wire fence marks a military checkpoint near the Demilitarized Zone that separates South and North Korea on Jan. 6, 2016, in Paju, South Korea.
Chung Sung-Jun, Getty Images
North Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un watches a military firing contest in a photo released Jan. 5, 2016. Reports did not specify when Kim viewed the contest, but it is presumed to be his first military-related field guidance of 2016.
Rodong Sinmun via European Pressphoto Agency
North Koreans watch a news broadcast on a video screen in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Jan. 6, 2016.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
North Koreans watch a news broadcast on a video screen outside a Railway Station in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Jan. 6, 2016.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
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Hyeon Soo Lim, pastor of the Light Korean Presbyterian Church in Toronto, is escorted to his sentencing in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Dec. 16, 2015. North Korea's Supreme Court sentenced him to life in prison with hard labor for what it called crimes against the state.
Jon Chol Jin, AP
Members of North Korea's Moranbong Band perform with the State Merited Chorus in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Oct. 11, 2015.
Charles Dharapak, AP
A North Korean soldier gathers straw in a field in Sinuiju, North Korea, seen from across the border in Dandong in northeastern China's Liaoning province on Jan. 6, 2016.
Chinatopix via AP
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, accompanied by commanding officers of the Korean People's Army, visit the Kumsusan Palace where his father, Kim Jong-Il, lies, on Dec 17, 2015.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
A picture made available on Oct. 25, 2015, shows a general view of Mount Kumgang covered in fog on North Korea's east coast.
Yonhap via European Pressphoto Agency
This picture released from North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency on Nov. 8, 2015, shows Kim Jong Un attending a photo session with military education officers.
AFP/Getty Images
A North Korean traffic police woman directs vehicles at an intersection on Sept. 15, 2015, in Pyongyang, North Korea, as residents commute at the end of the workday.
Wong Maye-E, AP
This undated picture released from North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on September 14, 2015, shows North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un inspecting the construction site of the Paektusan Hero Youth power station in Ryanggaung province.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
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A picture released by the Rodong Sinmun, the newspaper of the ruling North Korean Workers Party, on Sept. 8, 2015, shows North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, center front, and Miguel Diaz-Canel Bermudez, second from right, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba and first vice-president of the Council of State, watching an art performance by the Moranbong Band and the State Merited Chorus in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Sept. 7, 2015. Bermudez led a Cuban delegation to North Korea to mark the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between North Korea and Cuba.
Rodong Sinmun, European Pressphoto Agency
This undated photo released by North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on Sept. 5, 2015, shows North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, center, at the Sinuiju Measuring Instrument Factory in North Pyongan Province.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
In this Aug. 23, 2015, photo, North Koreans read the public copy of a daily newspaper on the platform of a subway station in Pyongyang, North Korea.
Dita Alangkara, AP
A station officer waits for trains to arrive on the platform of a subway station in Pyongyang, North Korea, Aug. 22, 2015.
Dita Alangkara, AP
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Portaits of the late North Korean leaders Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il glow on the facade of a building as the Juche Tower, top left, one of the city's landmarks, is seen in the background at dawn in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Aug. 19, 2015.
Dita Alangkara, AP
This undated picture released from North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) on Aug. 18, 2015, shows North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, second from left, visiting the Taedonggang Combined Fruit Farm in Pyongyang.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
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People line up Aug. 16, 2015, at kiosk in Pyongyang, North Korea. Street stalls that offer North Koreans a place to spend -- or make -- money on everything from snow cones to DVDs are flourishing in Pyongyang and other North Korean cities, modest but growing forms of private commerce in a country where capitalism is officially anathema.
Dita Alangkara, AP
A newlywed couple pose, during a photo shoot on Sijung Ho beach in North Korea, on Aug. 18, 2015. The couple gathered with their friends and family members to have their pictures taken after their wedding ceremony.
Dita Alangkara, AP
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People dance during the celebration of the Liberation Day as the portrait of North Korean leaders Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il are seen in the background at Kim Il Sung Square in Pyongyang, North Korea, on Aug. 15, 2015. Thousands of people take part in the celebration that commemorates the 17th anniversary of the liberation of the Koreas from Japanese colonial rule.
Dita Alangkara, AP
North Korean soldiers watch as fireworks explode, July 27, 2015, in Pyongyang, North Korea, as part of celebrations for the 62nd anniversary of the armistice that ended the Korean War.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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North Koreans bow in front of bronze statues of the late leaders Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il at Munsu Hill, July 27, 2015, in Pyongyang, North Korea. North Koreans gathered to offer flowers and pay their respects to their late leaders as part of celebrations for the 62nd anniversary of the armistice that ended the Korean War.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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Staff wait at the check-in counters of the new international airport terminal building at Pyongyang airport, July 1, 2015, in Pyongyang, North Korea. The unveiling underscores an effort to attract more tourists and to spruce up the country ahead of the celebration of a major anniversary of the founding of its ruling Worker's Party in October this year.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
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An Air Koryo plane sits on the tarmac in front of the new Pyongyang International Airport terminal building, in Pyongyang, North Korea. Air Koryo is the only carrier to have been awarded just one star in rankings released recently by the UK-based SkyTrax consultancy agency.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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Men and women pump their fists in the air and chant "defend!" as they carry propaganda slogans calling for reunification of their country during the "Pyongyang Mass Rally on the Day of the Struggle Against the U.S.," attended by approximately 100,000 North Koreans to mark the 65th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War at the Kim Il Sung stadium, Thursday, June 25, 2015, in Pyongyang, North Korea. The month of June in North Korea is known as the "Struggle Against U.S. Imperialism Month" and it's a time for North Koreans to swarm to war museums, mobilize for gatherings denouncing the evils of the United States and join in a general, nationwide whipping up of the anti-American sentiment.
Wong Maye-E, AP
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A farmer stands in front of a field June 24, 2015, in South Hwanghae, North Korea. There has been almost no rain in this part of the country, according to farmers and local officials interviewed by the Associated Press. While the situation in the area that the AP visited looks grim, it is unclear how severe the drought is in the rest of the country.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, center, visits the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun on April 15 to celebrate the 103rd birthday of his grandfather, the late president Kim Il-Sung, in Pyongyang.
KCNA, AFP/Getty Images
A national meeting is held on April 14 at the Pyongyang Indoor Stadium.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, center, inspecting Unit 1016 of Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force on March 10.
KCNA via AFP/Getty Images
North Korean workers plant seedlings in a field on Feb. 3 in Jaeryong, Hwanghae province.
KCNA via European Pressphoto Agency
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un enjoys his Dec. 1 visit to an artillery unit at an undisclosed location.
Korean News Service via European Pressphoto Agency
A state photo from December 5 shows North Korean leader Kim Jong-un observing the North Korean military's winter training at an unknown location in North Korea.
Korean News Service via, epa
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Soldiers and citizens rally at Kim Il Sung Square in Pyongyang, North Korea, to protest a United Nations resolution condemning their country's human rights record Tuesday, Nov. 25, 2014. Protesters at the rally Tuesday on the square carried banners praising their leaders and condemning the United States. The banner in the center reads: "Let's defend with our lives the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea headed by supreme leader Kim Jong Un."
Jon Chol Jin, AP
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North Koreans gather in front of a portrait of their late leader Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il, right, paying respects to their late leader Kim Jong Il, to mark the third anniversary of his death, Wednesday Dec. 17 at Pyong Chon District in Pyongyang, North Korea. North Korea marked the end of a three-year mourning period for the late leader Kim Jong Il on Wednesday, opening the way for his son, Kim Jong Un, to put a more personal stamp on the way the country is run.
Kim Kwang Hyon, AP
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This picture taken by North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency on December 17 shows North Korean people offering prayers before portraits of late leaders Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il in Pyongyang for the third anniversary of late leader Kim Jong-Il.
Korean News Service via, AFP/Getty Images
A December 13, handout photo shows North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un visiting the Korean People's Army navy unit 189.
Korean News Service via, AFP/Getty Images
Kim Jong-Un applauds the participants in the second meeting of Korean People's Army (KPA) exemplary servicemen's families in Pyongyang in this handout image.
Korean News Service via, AFP/Getty Images
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This handout picture released from North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency on December 9, 2014 shows North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un holding up a boy as he joins a photo session with the participants in the second meeting of Korean People's Army exemplary servicemen's families in Pyongyang.
Korean News Service via, AFP/Getty Images
An undated picture from North Korea's official Korean Central News Agency on December 5, 2014 shows North Korean leader Kim Jong-Un inspecting the new year combat and political drill of the Korean People's Army
Korean News Service via, AFP/Getty Images
People enjoy a ride at the Kaeson Youth Amusement Park on Sept. 3 in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
People shoot targets at an arcade at the Kaeson Youth Amusement Park.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Koreans enjoy an amusement park ride.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Women wait for customers at a makeshift photo service stand.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Koreans scream on the free-fall ride.
Wong Maye-E, AP
A portrait of North Korean leader Kim Jung Un posing with judo gold medalist An Kum Ae decorates the wall at a local gymnasium on Sept. 2 in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
North Korean athletes practice on a trampoline.
Wong Maye-E, AP
A North Korean subway station staff member waits for the arrival of a train on Sept. 1 in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
A boy arm wrestles with former NFL player Bob "The Beast" Sapp during a wrestling goodwill tour on Aug. 29 in Pyongyang.
Wong Maye-E, AP
Kim Jong-Un attends the test firing of a new high-performance tactical rocket on Aug. 15.
KNS AFP/Getty Images
People bow to portraits of the late North Korean leaders Kim Jong Il and Kim Il Sung on Dec. 17 in Pyongyang. It is the second anniversary of the death of Kim Jong Il.
David Guttenfelder, AP
North Koreans visit Mansu Hill to pay their respects to former leaders Kim Il Sung, left, and Kim Jong Il in Pyongyang.
AP
Soldiers prepare to place flowers at the statues of North Korean leaders Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il on Mansu Hill.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, center, presides over an event to marking the second anniversary of the death of his father, Kim Jong Il, in Pyongyang.
AP
North Korean leader Kim Jong Un attends an event in Pyongyang.
AP
Military officials applaud during an event marking the second anniversary of the death of Kim Jong Il.
AP
People bow at the statues of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il on Mansu Hill.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
People place flower bouquets before the statues of late North Korean leaders Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il on Mansu Hill.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
Women sweep around the statues of the late North Korean leaders Kim Il Sun, left, and Jong Il on the eve of the second anniversary of the death of Kim Jong Il on Dec. 16 in Pyongyang.
David Guttenfelder, AP
North Koreans lay flowers at the base of statues of the late leaders Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il at Mansu Hill in Pyongyang.
David Guttenfelder, AP
North Korean soldiers gather at Kumsusan memorial palace as they stage a rally supporting their leader, Kim Jong Un, in Pyongyang.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
Soldiers march during a rally at the Kumsusan memorial palace.
Korean Central News Agency via AFP/Getty Images
Jang Song-thaek is escorted in court on Dec. 12. The uncle of leader Kim Jong Un was executed after a shocking purge, with the state branding the once-powerful man a "traitor."
Yonhap via AFP/Getty Images
A man watches a television news program showing the uncle of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un, Jang Son Thaek, at his trial at a railway station in Seoul.
Ahn Young-joon, AP
Military vehicles parade during a ceremony marking the 60th anniversary of the Korean War armistice on July 27 in Pyongyang, North Korea.
AP
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The American Football Super Bowl final in 2012 is branded by what Roman numerals?
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Breaking: North Korea Defies International Warnings - Launches Long-Range Rocket
The AP reported:
North Korea on Sunday defied international warnings and launched a long-range rocket that the United Nations and others call a cover for a banned test of technology for a missile that could strike the U.S. mainland.
The launch, which South Korean officials confirmed about two hours after an eight-day launch window opened Sunday morning, follows North Korea’s widely disputed claim last month to have tested a hydrogen bomb. It will be considered a further provocation by Washington and its allies and likely draw more sanctions and condemnation from the United Nations.
North Korean rocket and nuclear tests are seen as crucial steps toward the North’s ultimate goal of a nuclear armed long-range missile arsenal. North Korea says its nuclear and missile programs are necessary to defend itself against what it calls decades of U.S. hostility.
Leader Kim Jong Un has overseen two of the North’s four nuclear tests and three long-range rocket tests since taking over after the death of his father, dictator Kim Jong Il, in late 2011. North Korea says its rocket launches are satellite missions, but the U.S., South Korea and others say they are a covert test of ballistic missile technology. The U.N. Security Council prohibits North Korea from nuclear and ballistic missile activity.
Total: 184
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i don't know
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Sir Patrick Moore, world-leading expert on astronomy for six decades who died in 2012, was technically qualified at what academic level?
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The 'X' Zone Radio Show - May 2012
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
ATUL KUMAR MEHRA - The Power of the Mind - Atul kumar Mehra was born in New Delhi, India. From early childhood he showed much interest in the power of the mind, especially after his father Mr. Raghu Nath Mehra taught him the techniques of Concentration, Yoga and Meditation. He realized he was able to perceive future events, which led him to study Numerology and Palmistry. In college he developed different talents like Poetry and Creative writing; he worked professionally in the theatre. He was also awarded as best athlete for 100 meters Sprint and Long Jump. He completed his Masters Degree in India and placed special interest in learning different languages, which would later serve him to communicate while living abroad. He worked as a model and professional actor in television commercials and series' in Venezuela. He was initiated as a Grand Master Reiki and Master Karuna Reiki. Currently, he works with Color Therapy, Holistic Healing and has extensive knowledge in Swedish and Thai therapeutic massages, Aromatherapy and Manual Lymphatic Drainage among other techniques. - www.atulnet.net
SEGMENT 3
DR. DOUG ROKKE - Depleted Uranium - DU contaminates land, causes ill-health and cancers among the soldiers using the weapons, the armies they target and civilians, leading to birth defects in children. Professor Doug Rokke, ex-director of the Pentagon's depleted uranium project -- a former professor of environmental science at Jacksonville University and onetime US army colonel who was tasked by the US department of defense with the post-first Gulf war depleted uranium desert clean-up -- said use of DU was a 'war crime'. Rokke said: 'There is a moral point to be made here. This war was about Iraq possessing illegal weapons of mass destruction -- yet we are using weapons of mass destruction ourselves.' He added: 'Such double-standards are repellent.' The latest use of DU in the current conflict came on Friday when an American A10 tankbuster plane fired a DU shell, killing one British soldier and injuring three others in a 'friendly fire' incident. According to a August 2002 report by the UN subcommission, laws which are breached by the use of DU shells include: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the Charter of the United Nations; the Genocide Convention; the Convention Against Torture; the four Geneva Conventions of 1949; the Conventional Weapons Convention of 1980; and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which expressly forbid employing 'poison or poisoned weapons' and 'arms, projectiles or materials calculated to cause unnecessary suffering'. All of these laws are designed to spare civilians from unwarranted suffering in armed conflicts.
SEGMENT 4
ERIK STEARNS - When Justice Goes Wrong - On February 10, 2004 in Austin, TX, a dog was stabbed. The accused and later convicted, was none other than Erik Stearns. His story begins with that incident on that fateful day. It was later determined that he was the only suspect in the case, merely because he was the only one to complain about the barking dog to the apartment management in person. Later that day, his house was entered and during his apprehension by the law, his house was searched with no plain sight probable cause. There was none. It turns out that the cops never even found a weapon or any tangible evidence and no search warrant. In addition, his name and face were plastered all over the media. This didn't help his case as his court-appointed lawyer would do nothing to represent him thus landing him in jail for a whole year. Upon returning, he tried to connect with his old communities and friends, but found that his name was also slandered by many prominent members of those communities. He was further accused of other things, one of those being of "trying to corner a child". This also was not the case, nor is there any evidence or any other official documentation to substantiate that claim. Yet, these people continue to pursue him, sending slanderous and other attack-oriented emails to his contacts and venues that he performs at, plastering flyers at places where he plays to "educate" the audience, intimidating him, etc. Yet these are the same people whom in the same breath, would tell you all about how they are in the modern "burning times" and how they are persecuted.
SEGMENT 5
DAVID J PITKIN - Ghosts - David Pitkin retired from teaching in Saratoga Springs, NY, following a 35-year career instructing in African/Asian Culture Studies and World Religions. He co-founded PSI (Parapsychology Study and Investigations) in the city in 1972, offering monthly lectures and annual e.s.p. conventions featuring national figures in parapsychology. Since visiting a haunted barn when teaching in Oneida County, then Saratoga's "Riley House" in 1978, and experiencing a number of paranormal phenomena, he has collected folktales of hauntings. He is also a professional storyteller, employed by Ft. William Henry in Lake George, NY, during the summer. Pitkin also entertains at conventions and Capital District First Night celebrations. He holds Bachelors and Masters degrees in Social Studies Education from S.U.N.Y., Albany, and a Masters in Counseling Psychology from Goddard College, Plainfield, VT. He is also a credentialed Reiki Master.
SEGMENT 6
MARK AMARU PINKHAM - North American Grand Prior International Order of Gnostic Templars - At the time of the original Knights Templar the world was not ready for the synthesis of east-west spirituality that they created. Their subsequent downfall and suppression was at least partly precipitated by their synthesized "heretical" doctrines and rites. Some of the Secret Societies that developed continued their work. However, the mission of these organizations was also blocked by certain power hungry authority figures governing the sacred and profane institutions of the West. Today, due to the increase of higher frequencies that we are experiencing and the enormous shift in consciousness that is occurring, many of these authoritarian institutions are crumbling to their foundations and their leaders are being besieged with controversy and lawsuits. NOW is the time that we present-day Templars have another chance at achieving our goal of assisting to establish a one-world spirituality!
SEGMENT 7
WALTER T SHAW - The World's Most Notorious Jewel Thief (Retired) - Walter Shaw is considered the world's most notorious jewel thief, having taken an estimated $70 million from the rich and famous from Long Island to Florida. Invite him on your show to share his fascinating life story. The turning point, according Shaw, came when his inventor father was ripped off by corporate America and then the Mafia. At 12 years old he watched his dad go to jail for making a device for mobsters to make toll-free, untraceable phone calls. New York mob boss Carlo Gambino then took him under his wing saying, "The only difference between us and these politicians, judges and senators, is they have a license to steal and we don't need one." Soon after, Walter's revenge on the rich and famous began. Hear about his so-called "Dinner Time Burglar" theft ring that stole jewelry while victims ate dinner downstairs. Among the reported victims were Liberace, the DuPonts and Firestone families. Shaw was never caught in the act, but did do time when others implicated him in crimes. Shaw spent more than 11 years in prison alongside Ted Bundy for a while. Since his release he's appeared on Oprah, Rachael Ray, Montel Williams, and Inside Edition to talk about burglary prevention, and has written a book about his life, "A License to Steal."
SEGMENT 8
TARA GREENE - Tarot Card Readings - Psychic since a child, and having visions and dreams of the Future, at 17 Tara bought her first Tarot deck and read voraciously about mysticism, symbols and psychology. Psychologist Dr. Tana Dineen, using the Tarot as a legitimate psycho-therapeutic tool became Tara's first Tarot teacher in 1990. Further instruction came from Tarot master Joseph Peidelstein. Tara has a Diploma in Transformational Counseling from the Lifespace Institute, Toronto,1993. Tara attended many psycho-therapeutic, arts therapy and spiritual workshops with notables such as; Starhawk, Gabrielle Roth, Marion Woodman, Richard Bandler, John Bradshaw, Carol Pearson, Shaun McNiff etc. in the late 80's and '90's to further her knowledge and personal growth.
Wednesday, May 30 2012
SEGMENT 1
DELPHINE SAXINGER - Dephine's Natural Health - Delphine Saxinger has been working in alternative medicine since 1995. She learned to talk to the body from Al Berry, a renowned healer who lived in B.C. He perfected a way of healing called 'Body Management' wherein one could ask the body questions and receive answers. Over the years Delphine has expanded what Mr. Berry taught, asking many more in depth questions that cover all possible illnesses, diseases, and imbalances. She came to realize that the amount of questions and how they are asked is unlimited and totally safe. Your body would never let me hurt it. With an increased number of questions, I am able to fine tune the body and discover any point of distress or imbalance and measure it. Delphine uses a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the best. Your body wants to be at its healthiest, to have its organs in the proper position and avoid exposure to anything that would harm it by ingestion or application. - www.talkingtothebody.ca
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DR SUSAN SHUMSKY - How to Hear the Voice of God - Dr. Susan Shumsky, foremost spirituality expert, pioneer in the personal development field, highly-acclaimed and greatly respected professional speaker, New Thought minister, Doctor of Divinity, and award-winning author, has practiced self-development disciplines since 1967. Her books, Divine Revelation, in continuous print with Simon & Schuster for 12 years, as well as the COVR award-winning books Miracle Prayer and Exploring Chakras, and her books Exploring Meditation, Exploring Auras, and How to Hear the Voice of God, have been published in several languages worldwide. Dr. Shumsky's personal mentor was enlightened spiritual master from India, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of Transcendental Meditation, and guru of the Beatles and Deepak Chopra. She lived in Maharishi's ashrams in secluded areas, including the Himalayas of India and the Swiss Alps, for 20 years, and was on his personal staff for 7 years. Then she studied New Thought and metaphysics for another 21 years. Since 1970 Dr. Shumsky has taught yoga, meditation, prayer, and intuition to thousands of students in the U.S., Canada, Europe, and the Far East. Dr. Shumsky has done about 420 speaking engagements and over 420 media appearances since her first book was published, including Woman's World, GQ, Cosmopolitan, and PBS pledge drive specials. She is the founder of Divine Revelation®, a complete technology for contacting the divine presence and listening to the inner voice. She now lives in a motor home and travels extensively and continually, facilitating workshops, seminars, spiritual retreats, as well as tours to India and other sacred destinations.
SEGMENT 3
DR NICK BEGICH - Mind Control, HAARP, RFID's and More - Dr. Nick Begich serves as Executive Director of The Lay Institute on Technology, Inc., a Texas non-profit corporation. He is also the publisher and co-owner of Earthpulse Press Incorporated, an Alaska based organization. Dr. Begich is the eldest son of the late United States Congressman from Alaska, Nick Begich Sr., and political activist Pegge Begich. He is well known in Alaska for his own political activities. He was twice elected President of both the Alaska Federation of Teachers and the Anchorage Council of Education. He has been pursuing independent research in the sciences and politics for most of his adult life. Begich received his doctorate in traditional medicine from The Open International University for Complementary Medicines in November 1994. He co-authored with Jeane Manning the book Angels Don't Play This HAARP; Advances in Tesla Technology. Begich has also authored Earth Rising I & II, both with the late James Roderick. He has published articles in science, politics and education and is a well known lecturer, having presented throughout the United States and in nineteen countries. He has been featured as a guest on thousands of radio broadcasts reporting on his research activities including new technologies, health and earth science related issues. He has also appeared on dozens of television documentaries and other programs throughout the world including BBC-TV, CBC-TV, and TeleMundo.
SEGMENT 4
LA MARZULLI - The Nephilim Trilogy - L.A. Marzulli, author, composer and researcher had no use for God after the age of 13, when he stopped attending the Catholic church of his parents. When he was 18, his 16-year-old girlfriend was killed in an accident. Deeply affected by this, he felt there was no God whatsoever. To ease the pain, he sought relief from many sources including drugs. By the age of 21, Marzulli moved into an ashram. Though he'd left the church, he found himself drawn to other spiritual expressions, especially the New Age movement. His fascination with unusual phenomena drew him deeper and deeper into the supernatural and occultist world. By age 30, however, he realized something crucial: that none of his experiences did a thing to change what was on the inside. Marzulli sees his former involvement in the occult as the basis of his current calling: "Having my roots in the occult, then becoming a Christian-all I went through-has enabled me to look at this phenomenon from both an insider's view and a biblical view. I want to steer people away from getting involved, and arm people to know what to say to someone who is involved in the occult." L.A. Marzulli holds an honorary doctorate (D. Min.) from Pacific International University for his research on Nephilim. A talented musician and composer who has recorded a number of albums, he is also the Worship Pastor at Mercy Christian Community Church in Agoura Hills, CA. L.A. Marzulli lives in Malibu with his wife and two daughters.
SEGMENT 5
DR GEORGINA CANON - Discovering the Interlife: Your Journey Between Lifetimes, Your Life Between Lives - OHC Director Georgina Cannon, is a Board Certified Consulting Hypnotherapist, Doctor of Metaphysical Counselling, NLP Master, Timeline practitioner, Past Life Regression Therapist and accredited Instructor for the National Guild of Hypnotists, the Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association and the International Board of Regression Therapies. She is also on the Advisory Board of the National Guild of Hypnotists. Georgina is a certified hypnosis instructor trainer - a teacher of those who teach hypnosis. Georgina specializes in enabling clients to achieve major life changes, healing personal and emotional issues, and she facilitates Past Life Research and Regression and Life Between Lives sessions. Georgina is available in the clinic on Tuesday and Wednesday; otherwise by special appointment.
SEGMENT 6
MAYA - The Power of Illusion - Maya is devoted to releasing all fears and living in truth 100%. She lived 29 years in the hamster wheel of life, righteously blaming the world for all her suffering. Epiphany struck at age 30 when she was led to wonderful spiritual teachers and was firmly asked to look deep within. Change simply happened due to her determination to release all limiting thoughts and actions. She decided to clean up her act 100%. Maya is a computer engineer who has worked in Corporate America for the last 10 years as Technical Lead and Project Manager. She currently lives in San Jose with her 13 year old son. She enjoys romance, food, painting, nature, music, dance, project management and empowering people in corporate. Maya is a computer engineer who has worked in Corporate America for the last 10 years as Technical Lead and Project Manager. She currently lives in San Jose with her 13 year old son. She enjoys romance, food, painting, nature, music, dance, project management and empowering people in corporate.
SEGMENT 7
DR WILLIAM SCHNEID - Serial Killers! What Makes Them? Who Are They? - Dr. Schneid has been actively involved in the field of law enforcement for over 40 years. His assignments included Internal Affairs, Narcotics Task Force as well as patrol and investigative duties. He taught at the Rio Hondo Regional Police Academy on Officer Survival and Ethics. He has consulted with and been assigned to various federal agencies and task forces during the past 40 years. He has been routinely appointed by Los Angeles County Superior and Municipal Court judges as an expert in Alternative Sentencing and narcotics. He has lectured on prison reform and was instrumental on aiding in the movement of mentally ill inmates from the Los Angeles County Old Men's Central Jail to the new Twin Towers facility. He is regarded as a "professional seeker of truth" and holds no bias to either the defense nor the prosecution. He has been called upon by both "sides." He is the recipient of the Law Enforcement Medal of Honor and the Medal for Valor. He is a licensed private investigator in the State of California PI15860. He is certified by the State of California Peace Officer Standards and Training bureau through Supervisory Level. He received his Ph.D. in 1994 with dual majors of criminology and psychology graduating summa cum laude in his Bachelor's, Master's and Ph.D. He has testified in court as an expert in narcotics; the penal system and alternative sentencing and is credited with over 3,500 arrests during his career in law enforcement. He has testified, as an expert, in excess of 300 cases. The majority of cases have been criminal in nature. He is an authority on negligent hiring prevention and is an expert in profiling, threat assessment, risk analysis and terrorism. Tonight we will be talking about identity theft.
SEGMENT 8
MAGICAL MYSTICAL MATTIE - Reading of the Runes - Over the years, Mattie has been using his unique reading talents to help people better understand their tomorrows and their destiny. A tarot and runes reader from Toronto, Ontario, Mattie has been touching the hearts from all those who seek his infinite wisdom.
Tuesday, May 29 2012
SEGMENT 1
PETER WOOLFORD -The Genesis Grid Faces University Investigation - Astronomer Sir Patrick Moore has revealed he still hates the Germans, seven decades after his beloved fiancée was killed in a bombing raid. The 89-year-old has warned there "may be another war" and added "the only good Kraut is a dead Kraut" as he disclosed his thoughts on Europe, Sky at Night and his late love. Saying a German general once told him "You won two wars. You won't win the third." Sir Patrick admitted he hoped the prediction, which referred to an 'economic war' would be proved wrong. "We must take care," he told the Radio Times. "There may be another war. The Germans will try again, given another chance. A Kraut is a Kraut is a Kraut. "The Germans tried to conquer us. The French betrayed us. The Belgians did very little and the Italians made us our ice cream. "The English are best. Stand up for England!" Sir Patrick, who suffers from a spinal injury sustained in the war which flared up a decade ago, also insisted he would keep a promise to his Group Captain to never speak of his battle record and maintained his history would remain a secret. It is rumoured he performed remarkable heroics as a young Flight Lieutenant, with a distinguished career in intelligence, all as yet unconfirmed by Sir Patrick himself. But, he added, he had a "rather interesting war" after "fiddling" his age and medical records to become an officer at 17. - www.genesisgrid.co.uk
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
JASON LEIGH - The Quest for Evidence of UFOs - Jason Leigh is a member of 'The International Space Sciences Organization,' 'The UFO Scientific Research Center' and 'The American Legion.' He has been a UFO/Paranormal Investigator for over 30 years and worked in Broadcast TV-news and Production for almost 20 years as a live cameraman, editor, writer, ENG photographer and director. His film production company, Workhorse Productions, filmed the famed 1994, "Checks, Crooks and Counterfeits" (c) by Jason Leigh, which was used as a training film by National Food store chains, FDIC Banks and Law Enforcement Agencies in training to detect counterfeits and made National media news. It remains the ONLY such commercial training film in the world. Jason dabbled in acting, having served one year on the stage with The Repertory Theatre, completed Dr. Joe Siefifth's School for Southern Gentlemen and having a 'supporting cast part' in Clint Eastwood's movie, "The Beguiled," directed by the late and great, Mr. Don Siegel. Jason worked as a very young man in the writing of television and radio commercials as well as recording 'voice overs' of accented parts--at minimum wage. He attended various Universities and City Colleges throughout the USA, making the Dean's List for Academics and was the Editor of the Student Newspaper. He worked for NASA in the Top Security Level 'Final Testing' of the Space Shuttle Project, until a serious on-the-job injury ended his career. He is an Honorably Discharged U.S. Navy Veteran of the Vietnam War, having worked with the Navy SeaLs and assigned to the Hawaiian Armed Services Police. Jason Leigh is a 'proven clairvoyant,' of which ability, he attributes as a 'God-given-gift.' (for documents of proof). He is an Award Winning writer, Poet and Songwriter - with his website winning the acclaimed 'Golden Web Award' for seven (7) straight years. His sighting and videotaping of an 'undisputed' Broad-daylight UFO over Cleburne, Texas of June 11, 1995, remains "the Best Documented" case in the annals of Ufology and of scientific study. His published book (CD and e-book), "PowerGlide" details his lifelong experiences of clairvoyance and UFO sightings and contains this entire website and all published research papers and documents. He has been the guest of many of the leading radio talk show Hosts discussing paranormal topics for over 10 years.
SEGMENT 3
SIR KNIGHT DARYL BREESE - Vatican Claims That Aliens Do Not Clash With Church Doctrine - Believing that the universe may contain alien life does not contradict a faith in God, the Vatican's chief astronomer said in an interview published Tuesday. The Rev. Jose Gabriel Funes, the Jesuit director of the Vatican Observatory, was quoted as saying the vastness of the universe means it is possible there could be other forms of life outside Earth, even intelligent ones. "How can we rule out that life may have developed elsewhere?" Funes said. "Just as we consider earthly creatures as 'a brother,' and 'sister,' why should we not talk about an 'extraterrestrial brother'? It would still be part of creation." In the interview by the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, Funes said that such a notion "doesn't contradict our faith" because aliens would still be God's creatures. Ruling out the existence of aliens would be like "putting limits" on God's creative freedom, he said. The interview, headlined "The extraterrestrial is my brother," covered a variety of topics including the relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and science, and the theological implications of the existence of alien life. Funes said science, especially astronomy, does not contradict religion, touching on a theme of Pope Benedict XVI, who has made exploring the relationship between faith and reason a key aspect of his papacy. The Bible "is not a science book," Funes said, adding that he believes the Big Bang theory is the most "reasonable" explanation for the creation of the universe. The theory says the universe began billions of years ago in the explosion of a single, super-dense point that contained all matter. But he said he continues to believe that "God is the creator of the universe and that we are not the result of chance." Funes urged the church and the scientific community to leave behind divisions caused by Galileo's persecution 400 years ago, saying the incident has "caused wounds." In 1633 the astronomer was tried as a heretic and forced to recant his theory that the Earth revolved around the sun. Church teaching at the time placed Earth at the center of the universe. "The church has somehow recognized its mistakes," he said. "Maybe it could have done it better, but now it's time to heal those wounds and this can be done through calm dialogue and collaboration." Pope John Paul declared in 1992 that the ruling against Galileo was an error resulting from "tragic mutual incomprehension." The Vatican Observatory has been at the forefront of efforts to bridge the gap between religion and science. Its scientist-clerics have generated top-notch research and its meteorite collection is considered one of the world's best. The observatory, founded by Pope Leo XIII in 1891, is based in Castel Gandolfo, a lakeside town in the hills outside Rome where the pope has a summer residence. It also conducts research at an observatory at the University of Arizona, in Tucson.
SEGMENT 4
KAL KORFF - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
SEGMENT 5
LORNA REICHEL - Aura Imaging Specialist - Lorna Reichel is an Aura Imaging Specialist, Subtle Energy Consultant, Artist, Teacher, and Inter-Dimensional Photographer, with a private practice in Clifton Park, NY. She has over 20 years experience with energy & consciousness in health & healing, & training through the Centre For Biofield Sciences, UK, an affiliate of the Institute of Complementary Medicine, UK. Her interests include researching patterns of thought, and the shifts that occur in the "Auric Field" when people use their intention to clear and balance their energies, and for healing. She likes to teach people about the fascinating world of subtle energy. Using visual presentations she shows physical proof that we are multi-dimensional beings and that energy fields exist all around us. Lorna is a seasonal practitioner in the wellness Center at Omega Institute for Holistic studies. She is the creator of the Atlantis Healthy Vibes Emporium, a store and website www.atlantisvibes.com offering tools and services for creating health.
SEGMENT 6
LOU RICCIUTI - Depleted Uranium - According to a August 2002 report by the UN subcommission, laws which are breached by the use of DU shells include: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the Charter of the United Nations; the Genocide Convention; the Convention Against Torture; the four Geneva Conventions of 1949; the Conventional Weapons Convention of 1980; and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which expressly forbid employing 'poison or poisoned weapons' and 'arms, projectiles or materials calculated to cause unnecessary suffering'. All of these laws are designed to spare civilians from unwarranted suffering in armed conflicts. DU has been blamed for the effects of Gulf war syndrome -- typified by chronic muscle and joint pain, fatigue and memory loss -- among 200,000 US soldiers after the 1991 conflict. It is also cited as the most likely cause of the 'increased number of birth deformities and cancer in Iraq' following the first Gulf war. 'Cancer appears to have increased between seven and 10 times and deformities between four and six times,' according to the UN subcommission. The Pentagon has admitted that 320 metric tons of DU were left on the battlefield after the first Gulf war, although Russian military experts say 1000 metric tons is a more accurate figure. In 1991, the Allies fired 944,000 DU rounds or some 2700 tons of DU tipped bombs. A UK Atomic Energy Authority report said that some 500,000 people would die before the end of this century, due to radioactive debris left in the desert. The use of DU has also led to birth defects in the children of Allied veterans and is believed to be the cause of the 'worrying number of anophthalmos cases -- babies born without eyes' in Iraq. Only one in 50 million births should be anophthalmic, yet one Baghdad hospital had eight cases in just two years. Seven of the fathers had been exposed to American DU anti-tank rounds in 1991. There have also been cases of Iraqi babies born without the crowns of their skulls, a deformity also linked to DU shelling.
SEGMENT 7
TANIA GABRIELLE - Numerology - Tania Gabrielle is a renowned expert in the ancient science of Numerology. She counsels multi-millionaires, religious leaders, best-selling authors, business owners, celebrities, parents and their children to capitalize on the powerful numerological vibrations in their name and date of birth. Her active involvement with Pythagorean Numerology dates to her days as a student at Amherst College. As a composer, Tania was already deeply aware of the relationship between the harmonic vibrations of musical tones and number ratios. Tania has been featured as a guest repeatedly on Hay House Radio and wsRadio as well as radio shows across the U.S. and Canada. She has given readings at numerous seminars including as a guest speaker at "Hay House's I Can Do It!" conference and Matthew Furey's "Zero Resistance Internet Marketing Seminar." In her free e-newsletter and Blog Tania gives up-to-date explanations of current events, people in the news, politicians and celebrities, and how their names and numbers are affecting them right now. Every week she interviews bestselling authors, world-renowned scientists and spiritual teachers on her popular radio show By The Numbers. Tania Gabrielle's first book, The Unrevealed Secrets of Political Success: How Names And Birthdays Shape Political Destinies, available in September 2008, will focus on the effect names and numbers have on world leaders. Using examples of famous politicians throughout history to the present day, she demonstrates how their names and birthdays set a definite tone for their careers. Her unique approach utilizes three sources of Numerology - Pythagorean, Chaldean and Ancient Egyptian.As a composer, Tania Gabrielle has enjoyed performances and radio broadcasts worldwide by Grammy-award-winning artists. Critical acclaim for her works has been as consistently enthusiastic as audience response. In addition to her busy career as Celebrity Numerologist, Tania also composes soundtracks for films
SEGMENT 8
MITCH BATTROS - Earth Changes TV - Reno, Nevada Urged to Prepare for the Worse as Earthquakes Continue - Mitch Battros began production of his syndicated television show "Earth Changes TV" in 1995. In November 2002, he switched to radio broadcasting and presents a "live" one hour broadcast every Tuesday and Thursday from 9 PM to 10 PM (Pacific). This show can be reached from anywhere in the world via the internet. "A Moment of Clarity" On January 3rd 1995 Mitch experienced his first ever earthquake, which measured at 5.3 magnitude near his home located in Seattle, Washington. It was almost immediately after this profound 'shaking moment' he knew his journey was to help people prepare for coming earth changing events. Within three months of his 'moment of clarity', Mitch signed up for training with the Red Cross Disaster Team, Mental Health Unit. Soon after, he also joined the Emergency Management Office and conducts field trainings.
Monday, May 28 2012
SEGMENT 1
JIM KOEPKE - Government Corruption Talked About by a Federal Employee Whistleblower - Just in time for the 2008 election year, "Good Enough for Government Work" is a highly realistic portrayal of sex crazed, booze swilling bureaucrats who use your tax dollars to enjoy their life to the fullest. Written by a government employee who has seen it all, this work of highly realistic fiction will shock you. Jim Koepke is a longtime government employee whose work ethic has gotten him into lots of trouble while winning countless awards for excellence in management and government. Inspired to write "Good Enough for Government Work" while watching millions of tax dollars poured down the drain, Jim wants readers to think carefully about who they vote for this year. This is Jim's fourth book. He is nationally recognized as an expert on the subject of President John F. Kennedy's assassination.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
WILLIAM J FEDERER - Tyranny of the atheist minority - USA Today published Feb. 25, 2008, the results of the U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, conducted by The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. This survey "of the people" reported that 80.2 percent of Americans hold Judeo-Christian beliefs (51.3 percent Evangelical/Mainline Protestant Christian; 23.9 percent Catholic; 1.6 percent Orthodox & other Christian; 1.7 percent Mormon; and 1.7 percent Jewish.) Those not reporting or who said nothing in particular represented 12.9 percent, while 1.2 percent were Unitarian-Universalist-Spiritual-New Age-Native; 0.7 percent Buddhist; 0.6 percent Muslim; 0.4 percent Hindu; 0.3 percent Other World Religions, 2.4 percent agnostic ... and only 1.6 percent atheist. Imagine that - only 1.6 percent atheists, yet their beliefs are becoming the law of the land.
SEGMENT 3
HARRY MEDVED - Fandango Filmgoers Have a Jones for "Indiana" - Several thousand fans on Fandango, the nation's leading moviegoer destination, were asked in the spring to pick the films they are most interested in seeing this summer. INDIANA JONES AND THE KINGDOM OF THE CRYSTAL SKULL leads the list as Summer 2008's most anticipated movie, with fan interest nearly double that for the nearest movie. THE DARK KNIGHT ranks second and SEX AND THE CITY ranks third among the summer "must-sees." The late Heath Ledger's role as The Joker in THE DARK KNIGHT is the top pick for Most Anticipated New Character Portrayal, followed by GET SMART's Steve Carell and HULK's Edward Norton. Harrison Ford is the top choice for All-Time Favorite Action Movie Star, while his on-screen persona, Indiana Jones, ranks as the All-Time Favorite Action Movie Character. Harry Medved is the world's leading authority on movie locations. He is the author of the best-selling St. Martin's Press travel guide, HOLLYWOOD ESCAPES, now in its third printing - and previously co-wrote (with his radio host/film critic brother Michael Medved) four pioneering books about bad movies, including THE FIFTY WORST FILMS OF ALL TIME and THE GOLDEN TURKEY AWARDS (we made infamous such films as "Attack of the Killer Tomatoes" and Ed Wood's "Plan 9 from Outer Space"). Currently he works at the nation's leading moviegoer destination, Fandango, where he is the head of PR - and he previously headed up communications for Yahoo! Movies, Warner Bros. Online and the Screen Actors Guild.
SEGMENT 4
BRIAN DAVID ANDERSEN - The Moon / Earthquakes / Electro Magnet Fields - The Great Pyramids of Egypt have been riddles and puzzles for investigators over countless centuries. Pivotal portions of the riddles and puzzles have been solved and pieced together. This task was completed when the author thought, experimented and discovered outside of the present day traditional scientific box by deciphering the true, realistic and functional components inside a cosmically connected circle and the Great Pyramids. For the past 500 years, scientists, mathematicians, philosophers, Napoleon and countless others have attempted to decode and calculate the dimensions, aspects and geometric structure of the four-sided Great Pyramid with confusing and contradictory results. The confusion and contradictions end now. The angle of inclination or the slope of the four-sided Great Pyramid is estimated to be more than 50 degrees and less than 52 degrees (see figure 1). Every scientist and mathematician who has tried to determine the exact slope of the four walls ends up with a number that includes a difficult and complicated fraction such as 51.84444. The fraction numbers work fine when paying odd amounts for tax on purchased items but they are totally maddening and unacceptable when constructing massive engineering projects that require precision and accuracy.
SEGMENT 5
PEGGY SUE GERRON - Interest In Buddy Holly's Widow Threat To Stop Buddy Holly's Peggy Sue from Publishing Her Biography - Television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet all over the world were filled with news stories starting January 10, 2008 as Maria Elena Holly sent a cease & desist letter to Peggy Sue Gerron and the publisher of her biography, Whatever Happened To Peggy Sue and threatened to take Gerron to court. Gerron's name was made famous in the late 1950's after Buddy Holly wrote the hit song, Peggy Sue. Maria Elena Holly said that Peggy Sue Gerron's, Whatever Happened to Peggy Sue?, is unauthorized and will harm Holly's name, her reputation and that of her company, Holly Properties. "It's very interesting that this woman makes up all these stories," she said. "He never, never considered Peggy Sue a friend." Peggy Sue Gerron responded by claiming her 1st Amendment right to publish her story about her relationship with rock n roll legend, Buddy Holly, and others who had a great impact on her life.
SEGMENT 6
DOUG KELLEY, ParaNexus Co-Founder/Director - In addition to co-founding ParaNexus, Doug Kelley is also the Founder of the SPIRITeam based in Punta Gorda, FL. He is a certified Hypnotherapist, and human development trainer, coach, and the author of numerous articles, eBooks, and five published books. Doug has trained tens of thousands of people in leadership, relationship, and communication skills over his 25+ year career of professional speaking.
and
JARI MIKKOLA - ParaNexus Co-Founder/Director - In addition to co-founding ParaNexus, Jari Mikkola is the Founder of In the Shadows--Paranormal Project based in Denver, CO. He is also an international SAP Business Intelligence Architect & Project Manager within the Aerospace and High-Tech industries where he often takes on many roles from local and wide area networks to corporate global infrastructures. His management skills are often sought after by Fortune 500 companies.
SEGMENT 7
REV. SHANE FLANNIGAN - Professional Deep Trance Channeller - Rev.Shane Flannigan is a professional International Deep Trance Channeller who channels a spirit energy known to him as "Zoltach". Zoltach identifies himself as a 200 year old Jesuit priest who roamed Bulgaria. Shane currently resides with his family in the Niagara Region. He has spent the past 20 years in the public and private law enforcement fields which was his dream. In 2004 everything changed in his life as a result of a violent on duty confrontation with a 7 time convicted criminal offender that ended his career. Since that incident his life has changed completely. Shane currently operates his own private practice counselling service as well, "Giant Life Solutions" which specializes in many types of alternative therapies for his clients.
SEGMENT 8
ROB McCONNELL - Open Mike - Strong earthquake leaves more than 8,700 dead in China - At least 8,700 people are dead and thousands more injured after a massive earthquake rocked southwest China on Monday afternoon. The quake, measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale, was the worst to strike China since the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, which claimed 242,000 lives. The violent quake jolted Wenchuan County, 159 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital Chengdu, at 2:28 p.m. Monday. A spokesman with China Seismological Bureau (CSB) said the intense quake was felt in at least 16 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, including Beijing, Shanghai and Tibet. The shocks, which were even felt in the Thai capital of Bangkok, 1,800 kilometers from the epicenter, leveled buildings, cut transport and electricity supplies, and caused flights to and from the affected areas to be canceled or postponed. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, who arrived near the quake center Monday afternoon by plane, said the quake was a "major disaster" and called for calm. and courage. Officials in Sichuan said at least 8,533 people were dead in the province as of 10 p.m. Monday.
Sunday, May 27 2012
SEGMENT 1
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - LIVE From The LA Book Fair - The Return of Planet-X - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold / platinum, multi-award winning music producer / recording artist / songwriter / publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DENNIS BALTHASER - The Roswell New Mexico UFO Crash - As a young man, Dennis Balthaser would look into the night sky and wonder at the secrets it held. Some years later Dennis bought a book about UFOs and his wonder turned to investigation. Today he has a library with over 90 books in reference to ufology. Dennis served 3 years ('59-62) with the United States Army in the 815th Engineering Battalion. After some 33 years in Civil Engineering, Dennis retired from the Texas Department of Transportation in 1996. Having been keenly interested in the Roswell Incident of 1947, Dennis decided to move to Roswell, New Mexico, to pursue his avocation: Ufology. Initially Dennis worked as an Engineering Consultant in Roswell, volunteering his time at the International UFO Museum and Research Center on weekends. Nine months later he resigned from the engineering firm, assuming the duties of IUFOMRC Operations Manager, served on the Board of Directors and became the UFO Investigator for the Museum, as a full time volunteer. Due to his love of ufology, his dedication and his exhaustive work, Dennis is regarded as a leading investigator and ufologist by his peers, communicating regularly with such well known researchers as Stanton Friedman, Donald R. Schmitt, Wendy Connors, and others in their quests to find the truth. Currently, in that Dennis is no longer affiliated with the Museum, he is able to devote his full time as an independent researcher/investigator to the Roswell Incident, Area 51 and underground bases research, and frequently lectures on these and other topics, related to ufology. Dennis is a Certified Mutual UFO Network Field Investigator, a member of Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association, and belongs to several ufology organizations.
SEGMENT 3
ELIZABETH JOYCE - Psychic - At eight years old, Elizabeth's psychic powers were revealed to her family when she announced that the elderly tenant upstairs had died. (She died within three days of this prediction) Elizabeth's grandmother, Ella Russell Hemphill from Warner, New Hampshire, was herself a medium and recognized Elizabeth's gift at age five, when Elizabeth spent a year living with her. Priscilla, Elizabeth's mother, grew up in a spiritual home where visions were commonplace. Although she herself was not psychic, Priscilla accepted it as "the gift of knowledge" as she did not like the word "psychic". She was a bit afraid of the circumstances as she was a strong Christian and felt this "gift" was not readily accepted by the public. She did not welcome more eccentricity in her life, however, and would do nothing to encourage it in her daughter, the last born of two sets of identical twins. Their lifelong relationship very close and loving, but Elizabeth became estranged from her sisters at her mother's death in 1991. Thousands of people have witnessed Elizabeth Joyce's incredible psychic powers on TV shows such as Unsolved Mysteries, Beyond Chance and The Psychic Detectives; She is a frequent guest on radio shows across the country and is now a "regular" on the X-Zone Radio with Rob McConnell. She has been profiled in Women's Day Magazine, Wall Street Magazine, The National Enquirer, The New York Times and other national media. Elizabeth is the author of numerous articles and guided meditation audio cassettes. Her book Psychic Attack-Are You A Victim has just been released by IUniverse. (Oct. 2007)
SEGMENT 4
DR WILLIAM SCHNEID - Serial Killers! What Makes Them? Who Are They? - Dr. Schneid has been actively involved in the field of law enforcement for over 40 years. His assignments included Internal Affairs, Narcotics Task Force as well as patrol and investigative duties. He taught at the Rio Hondo Regional Police Academy on Officer Survival and Ethics. He has consulted with and been assigned to various federal agencies and task forces during the past 40 years. He has been routinely appointed by Los Angeles County Superior and Municipal Court judges as an expert in Alternative Sentencing and narcotics. He has lectured on prison reform and was instrumental on aiding in the movement of mentally ill inmates from the Los Angeles County Old Men's Central Jail to the new Twin Towers facility. He is regarded as a "professional seeker of truth" and holds no bias to either the defense nor the prosecution. He has been called upon by both "sides." He is the recipient of the Law Enforcement Medal of Honor and the Medal for Valor. He is a licensed private investigator in the State of California PI15860. He is certified by the State of California Peace Officer Standards and Training bureau through Supervisory Level. He received his Ph.D. in 1994 with dual majors of criminology and psychology graduating summa cum laude in his Bachelor's, Master's and Ph.D. He has testified in court as an expert in narcotics; the penal system and alternative sentencing and is credited with over 3,500 arrests during his career in law enforcement. He has testified, as an expert, in excess of 300 cases. The majority of cases have been criminal in nature. He is an authority on negligent hiring prevention and is an expert in profiling, threat assessment, risk analysis and terrorism. Tonight we will be talking about identity theft.
SEGMENT 5
MISS BONNIE - Psychic, Medium, Clairvoyant - Miss Bonnie is an Internationally Recognized Clairvoyant Medium, Reiki Master/Teacher, Medical Intuitive, Astrologer, Hypnotherapist, Shamanic Practitioner and Minister. She is also a published poet. Her voice is heard weekly on Radio Stations all over the U.S. Miss Bonnie's office is located in Ohio where she counsels clients and teaches Reiki classes as well as provides healing sessions Miss Bonnie also heads a metaphysical Institute called Intuitive Arts which provides insight and referrals for those who are 'seekers on the path'. She is available for lectures, ceremonies, events, home visits, and over-the-phone consults for those living outside of Ohio.
SEGMENT 6
DR RICHARD HAMMOND - The Unknown Universe - Winning awards from NASA for his research and teaching, and international acclaim for his research on gravity, Richard Hammond, Ph.D., turns our view of the cosmos upside down in his new title, The Unknown Universe: The Origin of the Universe, Quantum Gravity, Wormholes, and Other Things Science Still Can't Explain.
SEGMENT 7
AMIRAH - Soul Mystic - AMIRAH is a SoulMystic - a masterful healer and spiritual teacher . Her reputation is far reaching on an international scale working on exorcisms, missing persons, personal counseling and education. She has spent almost 3 decades immersed in healing and intuitive arts and has been a guest on numerous radio shows. While some people call Amirah a ghost buster or psychic, she is technically a clairvoyant. She works long-distance like a 'psychic spam guard'. Using her clairvoyant abilities she releases energetic contamination from the aura, the body, and other spaces allowing for optimal life experience. Since an after-death experience while in Egypt in 1998, AMIRAH's life changed from working as a successful corporate sales executive to serving individuals on their life path. She continues to receive wisdom from beyond and remains deeply connected to LightBeings who continue to share information about Earth and consciousness changes. Amirah continues to guide Sacred Journeys to Egypt to expand client's spiritual awareness and understanding.Amirah also has a very unique and uncanny ability to use her gift as a spiritual life-coach to assist clients get to know who they really are and discover their life purpose. Amirah is one of the few mediums in the world that does not ask questions but rather answers them for her clients. Her Spiritual Mentoring Program teaches clients to get their own psychic messages and guides them getting into alignment with their true life purpose.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner LIVE from Prague in the Czech Republic - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Saturday, May 26 2012
SEGMENT 1
GERI WEIS-CORBLEY - Top 10 Good News for Earth Day - This Earth Day, give your audience some good news. Which animals are making a comeback from the brink? What is the progress we've made on global warming? How have things improved since the first Earth Day? The Good News Network will unveil its Top 10 list of Good News for the Earth on April 16. Now in its 11th year of publishing good news online, the Good News Network is #1 on Google. Managing editor and founder, Geri Weis-Corbley, a former Washington DC TV news professional, is the world's first positive news expert, appearing on Washington Post Radio, BBC World Service, and many other broadcasts. She was featured in Woman's Day magazine, Fast Company, and newspapers around the country.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DR WIL HORTON - Mind Control Expert About Polygamist Raid In Texas - Dr. Wil Horton is the author of the ground breaking book "Mind Control: How to Get Others to Do What You Want". Dr. Wil has trained hundreds in the art of mind control techniques and has personally hypnotized over 50,000 people! As a hired expert witness by the state of Florida, Dr. Wil has helped prosecute a major case involving hypnosis and is a leading expert in the field of subconscious communications. Dr. Wil has won multiple awards in the field of hypnosis, including 'Presenter of the Year' from the National Guild of Hypnosis, 'Educator of the Year' from the International Association of Counselors and Therapists, and the highest award given by the Hypnosis Hall of Fame. Dr. Wil is also an Army vet and Naval Reservist, holds two black belts in Karate, is an FBI trained crisis/hostage negotiator and is a respected author on hyponsis. His book Primary Objective: "NeuroLinguistic Psychology and Guerrilla Warfare," a psychological thriller with mind control at its core, has been optioned to be made into a feature film.
SEGMENT 3
PHILIP COOK - Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence -Mr. Philip Cook is a noted journalist who has received awards for his reporting from the Associated Press and the Professional Journalism Society among others. His work objectively examines and explains relevant research results, the feelings and problems of interviewed victims, and provider and media response to the issue. He has examined scores of national and international domestic violence and family programs and evaluated their potential for helpful replication. His presentations on the subject of male abuse victims have received high praise from a diverse spectrum of society such as "Dear Abby", leading domestic violence experts, attorneys, physicians, law enforcement, and numerous mental health professionals. He has served as a founding board member of Stop Abuse for Everyone, our organization dedicated to helping victims of domestic violence regardless of gender or sexual orientation. Mr. Cook has appeared on numerous national radio and television shows such as MSNBC, Fox TV's "The Crier Report, "The O'Reilly Factor," "Montel Williams," "The Home and Family Show," and many others, He is the author of the pioneering book, Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence (Praeger,1977). His articles on domestic violence have been published in several publications, including the Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment and the book, Family Interventions in Domestic Violence: A Handbook of Gender-Inclusive Theory and Treatment (Hamel & Nicholls, 2006).
SEGMENT 4
ALEXANDRA HOLZER - Paranormal Investigations - Alexandra Holzer is a member of the SCBWI Organization, Poetry.com, Firstwriters.com and IMDBpro.com. Her father is the original ghost hunter, published Author Professor Hans Holzer, Ph.D of 163 plus titles in the genres of parapsychology, the supernatural, religion and healing. Most famous for "Amityville Horror: The Possession", "Ghosts", "America's Haunted Houses" and most recently "The Journey of the Magi" and "Murder in Amityville: Fact or Fiction". While raising four incredible children, she wrote children's short stories, poetry, sci-fi/fantasy novels, screenplays and supernatural horror thrillers. Alexandra's new book 'Lady Ambrosia' has been Field Nominated for the Printz Award for Young Adult Literature by the American Library Association.- www.hauntingholzer.
SEGMENT 5
CLIFF MICKELSON - Morgellons Update - Morgellons disease is right out of science-fiction novels in that the symptoms are certainly not ordinary. The victims report strange animal-like and other forms exiting their skin, usually accompanied by lesions covering many parts of their bodies. Most victims report 'brain fog', chronic fatigue, severe depression, deep pain in their joints, loss of hair and nails and in some cases a strong urge to commit suicide. There are a host of other debilitating physical and psychological symptoms as well. Mr. Mickelson, himself a Morgellons victim for over 8 years, has methodically investigated Morgellons disease and has concluded that the possibility exists that there may be links to unintended consequences of genetically modified agricultural experiments gone bad or to deliberate or accidental releases of GMO weaponization programs. However, since little is currently known about this disease except that it apparently has no cure and as of yet has not been accurately identified... it is important to remember that all options are still on the table. Until peer reviewed and published science is on hand, no one particular theory holds any more or less actual credibility than another.
SEGMENT 6
ANNA DEE OLSEN - Growing Up Amish - The Amish are a fascinating and quaint society that has maintained an air of idyllic innocence-living off the land, away from cell phones and the 24-hour news cycle. But beyond the barn raisings and the bonnets, one girl found a hypocritical and unforgiving society that stifles individualism, worships a vengeful, punishing God, practices corporal punishment -and worse. At the age of 24, suffering from depression from living under the threat of eternal damnation and years of trying to be someone she simply wasn't, Anna Dee Olson left her family and the Amish community for modern life. She went to college, got a job, married and had children. Today, she lives a full and happy life. And she's ready to reveal what it was like to grow up Amish. She'll share what courtship and marriage is like in the Amish world, a typical day without electricity, running water, phones, computers, television, buttons, or zippers, and how she survived the rebellious teenage years, when cameras and radios were considered contraband. Anna now lives in Minnesota with her husband and children. She is the author of "Growing Up Amish."
SEGMENT 7
MARIE D JONES - 2013: The End of Days or a New Beginning? - The 5,125-yearlong Mayan calendar ends on December 21, 2012, which many claim portends a massive global transformation. Some dread its arrival, believing it will be the beginning of the end. Others await it with delicious anticipation, expecting it to be the catalyst for a quantum leap of consciousness, the dawning of a true New Age. Others wonder if anything at all will occur--remember Y2K? 2013: The End of Days or a New Beginning? examines all of the popular myths, prophecies, and predictions circulating about 2012, including the Mayan teachings of time acceleration and global awakening on a consciousness level. Furthermore it takes an in-depth look at lesser-known predictions and prophecies, and at the more scientific and reality-based challenges we will face. Some of the questions this book explores include: * Will cosmic and earthly chaos disrupt our lives with destructive sunspot cycles, volcanic super-eruptions, monster storms, mass extinctions, and asteroid threats? * Will huge leaps in technology create bionic humans, computers that think, and an end to all disease--possibly even death itself? * Will economic and geopolitical powers shift out of the West and into the "the New Eurasia," with new wars being fought over dwindling resources as global warming takes its toll?* Will this be the evolution revolution of human consciousness--or the final countdown that leads to Armageddon itself? * Will it be the apocalypse so many have feared--or the rebirth of the world and the transformation of humanity? There is much, much more to the 2012 enigma than just an ancient calendar, and 2013: The End of Days or a New Beginning? will prove it.
SEGMENT 8
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future. www.bibleufo.com we already have over 500 articles for the month of May in our "Real News section here:
Friday, May 25 2012
SEGMENT 1
MARTA WILLIAMS - Animal Communicator - Communicating intuitively with animals means mentally sending and receiving thoughts, images, and emotions. In this kind of communication you do not read body language or make guesses based on behavior. Most animal communicators work from a distance using just a description and do not even see a picture of the animal. Animals are masters at intuitive communication. They talk to each other intuitively and are able to intuitively 'sense' people and the environment very well. (Take heed if your otherwise pleasant dog suddenly displays an intense dislike for a stranger.) In humans, on the other hand, intuitive ability has been suppressed and repressed by our modern cultures. We still use it - for example, to scope out a strange person or new situation - but our intuition is usually unconscious and uncontrolled. Intuition is not gift possessed by a few special people. Everyone is intuitive and can learn to communicate intuitively. If you love animals, then on some level you are already doing this. With study and practice you can learn to do it very well. The idea of intuitive communication with animals and nature challenges long-held beliefs, like the beliefs that other species are inferior to humans intellectually and do not have the emotional or spiritual capacity humans do. In my work I have come to see these beliefs as untrue and now identify them as some of the root causes for the ecological imbalances and crises we are now facing.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DALTON WALKER - A Very Strange and Unusual Rock - Dalton Walker, Jr. has a rock in his possession that is confirmed not a meteorite. It did not fall out of the sky. It is confirmed not from this earth through preliminary laboratory testing. Source of origin unknown. In 2000, testing was conducted by NASA. In 2003 testing was conducted by US Department of Energy and the US Food and Drug Administration. After government testing all files have been sealed. What he does know and what he can confirm through experiments; there is a strange and unusual energy emitted from this rock unknown to scientists. This energy stops ice melting at room temperature or any temperature above freezing. This energy also kills insects instantly, mummify insect bodies after death in four days, causes damage to all electrical equipment and MELTS GLASS WITH NO HEAT! This is caused by some form or several forms of suspected non-ionizing radiation. He has learned the energy emitted may be composed of multiple forms of radiation. Testing for these forms of radiation can only be done by testing in the non visible radiation light spectrum. This energy cannot be detected with a Geiger counter.
SEGMENT 3
PSYCHIC ELLEN - From Premiere Psychics - Ellen is an empath, an interpreter of dreams and a clairvoyant. Due to the time constraints during mini-readings, Ellen asks that your questions be as specific as possible. Please do not ask Ellen anything that you do not truly want to know as she will tell you the truth with humor and compassion. She will answer medical questions. Ellen believes that psychic readings are a sacred event between two people and considers it an honor to read for you here on The X-Zone Radio and T.V. show as well as through Premiere Psychics. Ellen reminds everyone that no psychic reading should ever take the place of the advice of a competent medical or legal professional.
SEGMENT 4
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
SEGMENT 5
JULES NAUDET - The Daily Lives of Twelve of The Holiest People In The World - In the documentary "In God's Name," Jules and Gédéon Naudet gained unprecedented access to the world's most high-profile spiritual leaders. From the Dalai Lama tending to his orchids or the Rabbi of Israel dropping his children off at school, the Naudets can give your listeners a rare glimpse into the daily lives of twelve of the most holy people alive today. The Naudets document their quest in a new book by the same name, inspired by their visits to the centers of major religions all over the world. With unprecedented access to the daily lives of spiritual leaders such as Pope Benedict XVI, Rabbi Yona Metzger and The Dalai Lama, the Naudets reveal the thoughts of these luminaries on ageless questions about beliefs, life and death, and the nature of God. Each chapter provides a first-hand account from one of twelve holy individuals as they engage in religious and everyday practices, providing insight on their own faith filled-journeys. The voices of the twelve leaders tapped for this compilation come from very diverse backgrounds, but manage to come together to "represent a true testament to the spirituality of humankind at the beginning of this new millennium," as the authors note. The book offers a rare opportunity for all those - devout, skeptical, or in between - to come to know some of the most holy people alive today.
SEGMENT 6
SIRONA KNIGHT - Dream Interpretation - Sirona was born on Samhain when the veil is the thinnest between this world and all other dimensions. Sirona has had a diverse family heritage extending on one side to Northern Italy, tracing her lineage back to the De Medicis, and on the other side Scotch-Irish, Welsh, and British ancestry. Her ancestors include James Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institute. For over twenty years psychology, folklore, and spirituality have fascinated her, but her first love has always been the Earth-spirited tradition of the Goddess. She's a vegetarian and has been a Third Degree Craftmaster of the Celtic Gwyddonic Druid Tradition for over 13 years. Sirona also has a master's degree in Stress Management from California State University. Her readers are her life blood, so Siroan does media appearances, chats on the Net, regular guest appearances at Barnes and Noble in Chico, California, and is a Guest of Honor and High Priestess at the annual Real Witches Ball at Salem West in Columbus, Ohio. Sirona has been a Contributing Editor for Magical Blend magazine for the past three years and a featured writer for New Age Retailer and Aquarius magazines. Her home is on ten wooded acres in the Sierra Foothills of Northern California, where she lives with her spiritual and writing partner, Michael, their son, Skylor, their dogs (beagles), and a family of cats.
SEGMENT 7
NATHAN BROWN - The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology - Nathan Robert Brown is a Graduate Teaching Assistant, pursuing a Master of the Arts in English, at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas, as well as a student of Dr. Evans Lansing Smith. He has been the author of such books as The Pocket Idiot's Guide to Surviving College, The Everything Paying for College Book, Fallen Angels of Vengeance, and The Everything Krav Maga for Fitness Book. He is currently under contract with Alpha for a new book, World Religions at Your Fingertips. Nathan, since childhood, has had a driving passion for the study of myth and folklore. In adulthood, mythological study has become the major focus of his academic career. Nathan is an expert on the applications and structures of trinities in mythology and world religions. Upon completing his Master's Program at Midwestern State University . he plans to continue his education by pursuing a Ph.D in Rhetoric and/or Mythological Studies.
SEGMENT8
ROBERT HUNNICUT - - A ghostly encounter 32 years ago in an Arizona theater was the beginning of Bob Hunnicutt's journey into the world of the ghosts and hauntings. A theater ghost challenged his notions of the existence of life after death and helped him to realize that science could not easily explain everything and known hauntings in Tucson, Tombstone and Bisbee helped to fuel his curiosity and intensify his search for answers. For the past 18 years, Bob has investigated cases of phenomena associated with a wide variety of hauntings of private residences and businesses, historic locations and landmarks throughout the state of Georgia, the Southeast as well as portions of the Mid-west. He has conducted investigations with renowned clergy, investigators, psychics and ghost hunters including demonologist John Zaffis, psychic Chip Coffey, Reese Christian and Sharon Johns, Patrick Burns, Patti Starr and exorcist Father Andrew Calder.
Thursday, May 24 2012
SEGMENT 1
JOE BULLARD - The Mystery of the Coral Castle in Florida - Joe Bullard was born in Florida in 1951. He attended the University of West Florida and graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Journalism in 1974. He found out about the Coral Castle on the television series called "In Search Of" in September of 1984. During this time he was working at Lake City Community College as Public Information Director and Professor of a newspaper class. Joe spent 10 years of research at Coral Castle and started writing "Waiting for Agnes" in February of 1995. It took him five years to get the story on paper and almost four years to publish it. We will also be discussing The Bermuda Triangle.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
ROB McCONNELL - Open Mic - Tell us what's on your mind! Whether it's ghosts, hauntings, UFOs, the North American Union to the Canadian Seal Hunt - for or against - give Rob a call at 1-877-528-8255. BRIAN DAVID ANDERSON joins Rob to discuss his theory that the Moon influences earthquakes and volcanoes.
SEGMENT 3
CHIEF ROY S JONES JR - who is a hereditary Haida Gwaii Chief (Queen Charlotte Islands) who has been involved, for many years, in marine ecosystem management, seal product development from abundant and humanely captured seals and seal hunt advocacy programs. - The Seals & Sealing Network is committed to the conservation of the world's seals through sound scientific management and the principles of humane, sustainable and wise use, balanced with the economic realities and traditions of maritime peoples. Advancing respectful hunting practices is central to our purpose. This includes certifying the welfare, health and sustainability of seal herds while promoting maximum utilization of the meat, oil and pelts of abundant populations. To this end we support educational efforts to enhance understanding of the relationship between conservation and sustainable use. SUSTAINABLE USE: "... the use of resources at a rate which will meet the needs of the present without impairing the ability of future generations to meet their needs." Brundtland Commission, 1987
SEGMENT 4
WAYNE MORIN - The Crimes Against Humanity at Napa State Hospital in California - Since Wayne Morin first came on to The 'X' Zone Radio Show we have heard about crimes against humanity, the people who have been placed in the custody of the officials at Napa State Hospital in Napa, California. The stories are horrific and sound as if they were from a horror film. Unfortunately, the stories are real, the victims, trapped by a system whose crack they fell through. Murder, suicide, sexual assault, physical abuse, trafficking of narcotics and the sale of alcohol to the patients of the state run institution. As of yet, even though former patient and not patient advocate and crusader, Wayne Morin has done everything he could to end these horrid events, including taking a polygraph test, which he passed, not one criminal charge has been files and no one has been arrested.
SEGMENT 5
ANGELICA JOY - I Can't Get Sick - Angelica Joy is an in-demand speaker and wellness consultant. For the past twenty-five years, she has been an avid student of holistic dietary and lifestyle principles and practices. In her book, Angelica imparts the fruits of her explorations and discoveries, sharing the health secrets she has personally adopted and fine-tuned to create a life of phenomenal wellness and immunity. Her health quest turned into a serious avocation in the 1980's when she pioneered teaching popular whole foods cooking classes in several Connecticut communities in the days before the organic foods movement went mainstream. She also free-lanced as a whole foods chef. Her down-to-earth dietary and lifestyle strategies are easy to understand and follow. Angelica's comprehensive wellness agenda evolved from her efforts to solve a series of personal health challenges. Her studies involved explorations into numerous holistic dietary and lifestyle approaches, including macrobiotics, "green" living, pH balance, food combining for optimal digestion, and allergy management. She also experimented with healing modalities of mind, body, and spirit, including homeopathy, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, meditation, and Reiki. I Can't Get Sick! offers a distillation of these explorations. Angelica is a retired educator with over thirty years of public school teaching experience. She holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Case Western Reserve University, a Master's Degree in French Literature from New York University, a Sixth Year Degree in Elementary Education from Southern Connecticut State University, and a Reiki Master Certificate. At present, in addition to wellness coaching, she enjoys writing in a variety of literary genres, and tutoring students of all grade levels and ages in a variety of academic subject areas. She is the author of a children's book entitled My Cat, Merigold.
SEGMENT 6
PASTOR HARRY WALTHER - Satan's Rapture - Pastor Harry (Walther) has studied Bible Prophecy, Nostradamus, the occult and ancient civilizations for over twenty years. Pastor Harry has published two books, THE ANSWER- TWO RAPTURES in 1986 and JUNE 6 2006 (666) ANTICHRIST REVEALED and founded www.satansrapture.com/ Sept 1997. Pastor Harry also studied the Bible Code since 1998 and found the Next Terror Attack on America for May 2008 "I believe we are in The Biblical End Times and between 2008 and 2012 AD we will see the fulfillment of Bible Prophecy.
SEGMENT 7
ANNAMARIA HEMINGWAY - Practicing Conscious Living and Dying: Stories of the Eternal Continuum of Consciousness - Annamaria Hemingway is a Ph.D. candidate and currently writing her dissertation on The Near-Death Experience: A Mythic Model for Conscious Living and Dying. She also writes articles for various magazines and her work is primarily focused on all aspects of conscious living and dying. She is also a member of the International Association for Near-Death Studies.
SEGMENT 8
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future. www.bibleufo.com
Wednesday, May 23 2012
SEGMENT 1
PATTIE FREEMAN - Hypnosis, Mind Control and The C.I.A - Pattie Freeman is a Master Certified Hypnotherapist and resides is Arizona. Pattie has a office is Scottsdale where she sees clients for varies cases from weight loss to regression to UFO experiences to CIA Abductions. She also uses hypnosis by phone helping people by just her voice. Very effective and her methods have proven to be 97% effective concerning matters of the mind. Since Hypnosis is a natural state of mind she has been written in various publications and has her own line of CDs and books. Pattie has been seen on the "The Best Damn Sports Show Period" Successfully hypnotized Rob Dibble and currently has other athletes enhancing their sports techniques. Her stage shows have people amazed how she gets them in her hypnotic sleep so fast and lets their mind perform routines all in good fun.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
ANNA ROBLES - Psychic Teacher, Medium, Spiritual Healer & Life Coach - Anna Robles is a Psychic Teacher and founder of Manifestingtruth.com. Her gifts include mentoring, mediumship, spiritual intuitive, psychic readings and holistic healing. Born with the gift of sight, Anna also posses the psychic ability to connect to the 'other side' as a medium. As a little girl, she has always known about her abilities; however did not fully comprehend her gifts as a psychic medium. She was unaware that she was communicating with Angels. She would have visions and receive messages for others. As the years passed, she began to have encounters with psychic phenomena. As a young adult, she offered psychic readings for friends and family. Furthermore propelling her gift and honing in on her craft to become validated in her work today. Over a decade ago, great tragedy struck Anna's life that would change its course forever. As her relationships and finances fell apart, she lost all sense of inner peace. She began doubting what role she had to play in this world. But, somehow she clung to the knowledge that she still had her power of clarity and prayed for true spiritual guidance. Anna was awakened by a strange light in her bedroom door. She saw an image of an Angel who came to her and said, "You must help others understand how to connect to God." One week passed as Anna found herself drawn to people who had taken the path of true spiritual calling. One day in going for a reading herself, was told that she needed to use her gifts of clairvoyance to help others. Anna told the reader that she loved helping people, but didn't know where to begin. The reader showed her and since then has become a close personal friend of her and her family. One day, Anna's Angels came to her and told her that her life would change forever. They told her that she would help others with her psychic ability and gifts. Now eleven years later, the message is coming to fruition as she is helping many people. Anna clearly states that she is not only a psychic, but a mentor, teacher and counselor to many clients all over the world. She will teach you how to manifest your true desires with simple techniques that are proven effective. She also empowers you with accurate psychic readings including names, dates, and descriptions of your true soul mate and spiritual path. Her healings are done through loving Universal Energy. God has given her great gifts and she is here to share them with you. Today, Anna is doing her life's work and true calling. Attracting wonderful people into her life, she manifested loving relationships, financial success and true inner peace. This is what she wants for you.
SEGMENT 3
ELLEN - Psychic, Metaphysician, Interpreter of Dreams - Ellen is an empath, an interpreter of dreams and a clairvoyant. Due to the time constraints during mini-readings, Ellen asks that your questions be as specific as possible. Please do not ask Ellen anything that you do not truly want to know as she will tell you the truth with humor and compassion. She will answer medical questions. Ellen believes that psychic readings are a sacred event between two people and considers it an honor to read for you here on The'X' Zone Radio and T.V. show as well as through Premiere Psychics. Ellen reminds everyone that no psychic reading should ever take the place of the advice of a competent medical or legal professional.
SEGMENT 4
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
SEGMENT 5
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - The Return of Planet-X - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold/platinum, multi-award winning music producer/recording artist/songwriter/publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia.
SEGMENT 6
DAN STIH - Healthy Living Spaces:Top 10 Hazards Affecting Your Health - Dan Stih is President of Healthy Living Spaces LLC, Indoor Environmental Testing & Solutions in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Mr. Stih inspects homes and commercial buildings to identify and correct sources indoor air quality complaints, including but not limited to mold and moisture, bacteria, odors, chemicals (VOCs) and formaldehyde, allergens and pesticide exposure. He is also one of the few qualified to perform surveys and assessments of electromagnetic field exposure from power lines and wiring errors. Stih is the Director of the New Mexico chapter of the Indoor Air Quality Association, a board member of the certification body of the American Indoor Air Council and a member of a committee of The Indoor Environmental Standards Organization (IESO).
SEGMENT 7
CAROLYN BARTZ - Secrets Of Cat Attitude Revealed - Is your daily cry "Scotty Beam Me Up, my cat has attitude? The secret really is out of the bag with the no copycat book "Secrets of Cat Attitude Revealed". Carolyn Bartz (the real cat's meow on cat behavior) shares her 12-year personable experience and insight to solving problems from the cat's point of view. Carolyn says she "is right over your shoulder" to a better relationship with your cat. From litter box to areas outside the box she'll share medical facts that reveal why your cat can't help it! Hear about the history of cats and the mythology surrounding them and take her fun family quiz to see how much you really know about your favorite feline.
SEGMENT 8
AMETHYST WYLDFYRE - Working with Angels - Amethyst Wyldfyre awakened to the re-membrance of my psychic lineage in 2002 and began the long process of learning to be open, aware and fearless in using these gifts. When I was a child my mother often would say that she was very psychic and that my great grand mother read the tea leaves to her when she was young. I believe we are all born with intutitive and psychic abilities, however we are conditioned to deny these gifts and to conform to the collective belief that the only way to God is through an intermediary. When our gifts aren't recognized they can lie dormant for years and begin to atrophy like unused muscles. Part of the work of awakening to our multi-dimensional senses is recognizing how and when Spirit speaks to us and bringing our awareness to our gifts, practicing and honing them like a personal trainer would do with the body.
Tuesday, May 22 2012
SEGMENT 1
CAL OREY - The Healing Powers of Olive Oil: A Complete Guide to Nature's Liquid Gold - Cal Orey is an author and a popular international journalist. She has a master's degree in English from San Francisco State University, and for the past twenty years, has written thousands of articles for national and international magazines. She specializes in topics on human and pet health, nutrition, beauty, and Earth changes. Her books include the international best-selling vinegar book The Healing Powers of Vinegar (translated in 15 languages) and The Healing Powers of Olive Oil, A Complete Guide to Nature's Liquid Gold (Kensington, Feb. 2008)
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DIANE LADLEY - Historic Ghost Tours of Naperville - Since 1992 Diane has shivered spines and tickled funnybones with an amazing repertoire of ghost stories, songs and poems, from giggly G-rated ghost stories for children, to hair-raising R-rated ghost stories for the bravest adults! (she even has a funny X-rated ghost story!). Diane weaves ghost stories with a dramatic flair that enrapts her audiences under a spell of delicious fright ... and laughter! Rendered partially disabled with fibromyalgia (fie-bro-my-alja) in 2004, Diane could no longer take her ghost stories to audiences around the nation--so instead, she brought the audiences to her beloved hometown, by founding Historic Ghost Tours of Naperville, Illinois. Now she leads visitors to the actual sites of true paranormal encounters, masterfully telling the haunted local history and eerie legends, while her Ghost Guests get the hands-on thrill of using authentic ghost hunting equipment along the way -- sometimes with uncanny results.
SEGMENT 3
WILLIAM CONSTANTINE - The New Spiritual Paradigm - Born an Indigo Child, of the Star Child Evolution, William has ascended into the ninth dimension of consciousness - which is also considered Full Christ Consciousness. He continues to raise his vibration and consciousness level aiming for the thirteenth dimension which is Universal Consciousness. William has survived a life fraught with every possible personal challenge available to the human experience: the foster care system, enduring a 2 ½ year molestation, the tragic loss of his grandparents, the loss of his birth mother to AIDS, being homeless for a duration more than once, divorce/separation, and so much more. All of this by the age of 26! William is far from throwing himself a Pity Party! Instead, he seems to be empowered by these experiences - and devotes his life to sharing his message of love and healing to the world! With his message of unity - "We are all one. There is nothing that separates us - except whatever illusion we choose to create. We are all GOD and thus we are all love. Love is all there is anything else is an illusion." As a Psychic, William, has been included in the, Akashic Who's Who of Psychics and Mediums, as well as, The Best Psychic Medium Directory. He has made astoundingly accurate predictions; the release of John Mark Karr, OJ Simpson's acquittal, Michael Jackson's vindication, that both an African American and a Woman would run for presidency (made in '06), and countless others.
SEGMENT 4
RALPH ELLIS - The History That They DON'T Want You To Know and How The Scientific Community, Archaeologists and Theologians Have Been Feeding You Misinformation. - Adam and Eve were Pharaoh Akhenaton and Nefertiti ?? It would seem that the Israelites were not just in Egypt, they were Egyptians themselves. Now this is not fanciful material, it is all well researched and backed up by copious amounts of historical data. If anything people say there is too much data, but you cannot make revolutionary claims without copious evidence. Ralph Ellis claims he can forcefully argue each and every point - proving his point!
SEGMENT 5
DAEL WALKER - Crystal Skulls- DaEl Walker is the Director of the Crystal Awareness Institute. For over 25 years he has focused research on subtle energy, crystals, healing, and sensitivity training. He has taught in 9 countries on 4 continents. He was the first western healer to teach healing to Japan. In February 1996, he was the only international speaker at the first New Age Expo in Asia, in Hong Kong. November 1996 he was the only American among 28 presenters at the first "Conference of Alternative Therapies" held in Eastern Europe, in Romania. His presentation was officially voted Best of Conference by the attendees. In 1998 he received the Martin De La Cruz Prize from the Academia Mexicana de Medicina Tradicional, at the 12th International Conference on Traditional Medicine, cosponsored by the University of New Mexico. This prize is given each year to the individual or organization that has contributed the most to alternative healing. He has been involved in Crystal Skull Research since 1986 when he was part of a team of researchers who went to Canada and worked with the Mitchell-Hedges Skull. He has since worked on 27 crystal skulls and is the guardian of Rainbow, an ancient crystal skull. He is now traveling with the skull and bringing it to the attention of the world. DaEl is part Native American, descended from the Cherokee tribe. He is an elder in the Spirit Horse Medicine Society.
SEGMENT 6
BISHOP SHAMMAH WOMACK-EL - Bishop Tells of Bible's Secret Support of Astrology - Bishop Shammah Womack-El is a former Pentecostal Church leader, now the presiding Prelate of the large independent ministry of the Temple of Radiant Light in Bloomfield, New Jersey. He is the author of 19 books, "The Bible Is Astrology" being the latest. Dr. Womack-El is a private consultant to high-profile organizations and youth groups and is in high demand as a conference speaker. Womack-El is also a Naturopathic Holistic Scientist and a master Herbalist.
SEGMENT 7
DOUGLAS JAMES COTTRELL - The Most Powerful Intuitive of Our Time - Douglas James Cottrell (1949 - Present) is a Canadian psychic or trance clairvoyant, healer and author. His deep trance meditation style is often compared to that of Edgar Cayce. In 2003 Douglas dictated a book from the trance state, which was published the following year as Secrets of Life. He has been variously called a mystic, seer, prophet, "The Man With the X-ray Eyes," "Canada's Edgar Cayce," and "The Most Powerful Intuitive of Our Time." Douglas James Cottrell was born on December 30, 1949 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His parents were working-class, operating a small business delivering kindling wood to people's homes. In 1968 Douglas married Karen, and in June of that year, they had their first child, Cheri-Anne. Although she appeared normal, Cheri-Anne soon began to express behavioural abnormalities, and by the age of two was diagnosed as severely mentally and physically retarded, prone to a convulsive disorder. Following the medical advice at that time, Douglas and Karen allowed Cheri-Anne to be institutionalized at Plainfield Children's Home in Belleville, Ontario, believing she only had a few months to live. In 1975, a co-worker at the Toronto Star newspaper, where Douglas worked as a pressman, gave Douglas a book about Edgar Cayce, an American deep trance psychic from the 1930s, known mainly for his so-called health "readings". Douglas was a skeptic, and although he was highly critical of tea-cup readers, palmists, and tarot card readers, he found Cayce's ability to be credible. Fascinated with the information contained in the Cayce material, Douglas began to wonder what information could be revealed about his daughter, were Cayce still alive. At that time Douglas was unaware that others were demonstrating a similar phenomenon as Cayce, but he soon discovered such an individual, and in a most unusual way. Douglas claims that while he was working in his basement, he had a strong urging to leave what he was doing, go upstairs and turn on the television. The program in progress was "World of the Unexplained" with Allen Spraggett, a paranormal researcher. Spraggett's guest was Ross Peterson, a medical intuitive from the United States who demonstrated Cayce-like clairvoyant abilities in trance. Douglas eventually contacted Peterson and he and Karen had their first of several consultations with him in Toronto. Even though Cheri-Anne was hundreds of kilometers away in Belleville, Peterson was able to discuss her conditions as if reading her medical chart. Cottrell was impressed with both the level of accuracy and amount of detail that Peterson provided. This inspired him to explore deep trance meditation in himself. fter taking courses in meditation from Peterson, Douglas began conducting experiments in intuition and remote viewing, aided by his family doctor and his chiropractor. In time, these experiments began involving more and more subjects, who returned with their friends and relatives. With verification provided by the medical doctor and chiropractor, Douglas's confidence and trust in this ability grew, and he was able to relax further and deeper. In 1978 Douglas quit his full-time job at the Toronto Star to devote his time to giving deep trance meditation consultations to the public. By the late 1970s, he was giving four hour-long sessions per day, seven days a week. Karen acted as "conductor" for the sessions, guiding Douglas into and out of the hour-long meditation, and recording the session on tape (replaced in 2005 with a digital recorder). Since 1975 Douglas has given an estimated 24,000 such consultations (or "readings"). In 1998, the process began to catalog these sessions to preserve the information. He and Karen live in London, Ontario. They have four children: Cheri-Anne, Douglas, Louise, and Jason. Cheri-Anne died January 27, 2006 at the age of 38.
SEGMENT 8
BEATRICE MAROT - Psychic and Tarot Reader to the Stars from Hollywood, California - To ask The Priestess in Hollywood about your future or spiritual journey - Call Toll Free - 1-877-528-8255 - This is a special mission statement for the goals that Bea Marot is here to achieve with her Spirit Guide Merlin to make this world a better place through the Media. Media literally means "Mother Goddess." Bea has an interesting theory since she teaches about the Mother Goddess energy or the feminine divine CREATIVE POWER of every being that strives for greatness. Her method of communication with your soul is through the movie projector in your mind and it's ability to absorb knowledge through imagery, symbolism, visions and dreams. All the mind's a stage and the world is it's reflection. It's all in your imagination. That's where reality begins . . .the dream state. The reflective pool in which we can see a vision unfold like a movie within the mind's eye.
Monday, May 21 2012
SEGMENT 1
LT. ERIC SHINE - Lt. Eric Shine Nails U.S. Coast Guard for Military Tribunals over U.S. Civilians - and now they're Retaliating - Today, we are facing despots in government, who, under the blanket of national security, are prosecuting "civilians" before a series of military tribunals. Contrary to military tradition, the U.S, Coast Guard is succeeding it its excess by declaring itself to be a branch of military that can arrest, carry on detention, prosecute, adjudicate and even punish civilians. Lt. Eric Shine is a case in point. Eric Shine is being charged with..... "being depressed." The 46-year-old former Merchant Marine and whistleblower is being hauled in front of a military tribunal and charged with nothing more than a state of mind, with no allegations of misconduct or negligence in his actions. Lt. Shine, has been subjected to years of harassment and legal proceedings ever since he wrote his reports on malfeasance of government contractors working on a ship on which he was an officer. Besides losing both of his homes, he has been stripped of his office and has not had the benefit of legal representation owed to him. Lt. Eric Shine's background reads as a packet of pedigrees: his father and brother attended West Point, he himself graduated with honors from Kings Point, the sister academy to West Point and Annapolis where his uncle attended.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DALTON WALKER - A Very Strange and Unusual Rock - Dalton Walker, Jr. has a rock in his possession that is confirmed not a meteorite. It did not fall out of the sky. It is confirmed not from this earth through preliminary laboratory testing. Source of origin unknown. In 2000, testing was conducted by NASA. In 2003 testing was conducted by US Department of Energy and the US Food and Drug Administration. After government testing all files have been sealed. What he does know and what he can confirm through experiments; there is a strange and unusual energy emitted from this rock unknown to scientists. This energy stops ice melting at room temperature or any temperature above freezing. This energy also kills insects instantly, mummify insect bodies after death in four days, causes damage to all electrical equipment and MELTS GLASS WITH NO HEAT! This is caused by some form or several forms of suspected non-ionizing radiation. He has learned the energy emitted may be composed of multiple forms of radiation. Testing for these forms of radiation can only be done by testing in the non visible radiation light spectrum. This energy cannot be detected with a Geiger counter.
SEGMENT 3
PAUL WRIGHT - Prison Profiteers - Prison Profiteers brings together a formidable array of lawyers, prisoners, journalists and advocates to provide a unique look at who, exactly, is benefiting from mass imprisonment. Prison Profiteers takes readers on an investigative journey behind the bars of our nation's prisons to the front lines of its mass incarceration crisis and into the realm of its financially motivated private investors. The United States, with just five percent of the world's population, is responsible for incarcerating an astounding twenty five percent of the world's inmates. Thanks to thirty years of mass incarceration, the number of people in state and federal penitentiaries has dramatically increased from an estimated 300,000 to 2.3 million. The numbers are shocking, yet while much research has focused on the social issues that surround incarceration in the U.S., until now, little attention has been given to the individuals and commercial enterprises that profit from prisons and their related services. Prison Profiteers approaches the subject from a unique angle-not who is being harmed by current policies of mass imprisonment but rather who benefits from such policies. From investment banks that issue bonds for prison construction, to the companies that staff and manage prisons, and the organizations that provide medical care, we learn how they benefit and how much they profit. Paul Wright is the founder and editor of Prison Legal News, an independent monthly magazine that reports on the criminal justice system. He co-edited Prison Nature with Tara Herivel and The Celling of America with Daniel Burton-Rose. He is a 2005 Petra Foundation Fellow and the 2007 recipient of the James Madison Award from the Washington Coalition for Open Government.
SEGMENT 4
DOUGALL FRASER - Psychic, Clairvoyant & Author - Everyone wants to know when and where they will find true love, if they should change careers, how to find the courage to follow their dreams. In short, everyone would like a peek into their future! Whether you want to examine your past, present or future, Dougall Fraser has a special ability to tune into the lives of his clients. His gift is clairvoyance (second sight). His fresh voice, irreverent wit and dead-on predictions got him named Best Psychic in Dallas at the age of 20, and he soon relocated to New York, where he quickly became one of the City's top psychics. Dougall knew at a very early age that he saw the world and others differently. He could easily perceive the desires, problems and secrets in people's lives -- not always an easy gift to have. He gave his first reading at the age of 8 and was regularly counseling adults while he was still in grade school. By the time he was 14, he began to truly understand his abilities and how to best use them for the greater good. He has studied massage, meditation, psychology and healing extensively to enhance his natural talent. Dougall has maintained a professional practice for more than ten years and is now recognized as one of the country's top psychics, with a regular international clientele. With his own spiritual belief system, Dougall believes that we all have an individual blueprint for our lives. "It's my understanding that my ability is to help one understand their true destiny and continue on the path the universe has prepared for them."
SEGMENT 5
STEPHANIE MCWILLIAMS - Feng Shui Designer and Host of HGTV's "Fun Shui"- We spend over 12 hours a day in our home. Whether we know it or not, we're being powerfully influenced by all the hidden psychological messages in our surroundings, either moving us forward or holding us back. If we're feeling stuck, our home may be the main culprit. HGTV Fun Shui host and designer Stephanie McWilliams can help your audience clear the clutter and create an inspiring home environment to welcome more passion, love, health and abundance into their life. Once a Feng Shui skeptic herself, McWilliams' natural people-skills and wit makes the ancient art of Feng Shui exciting, practical and a whole lot of fun. Plus, she scrapes away all the Chinese influences so your audience can easily understand the basic nature of space and energy, and see their life begin to change. She'll explain how a TV, ceiling fan, paint colors and footboards in the bedroom can kill your sex life, why your kitchen, closets and clutter can make you fat and guaranteed ways Feng Shui can put more money in your wallet. McWilliams is a certified Feng Shui consultant and certified interior Designer. Feng Shui originated in China, yet it is not Chinese in nature. is about energy, which is in everything on the planet - from Texas to Paris, and from Japan to Africa. Feng Shui takes a look at the powerful relationship we have with our environment, and helps us to artfully arrange these spaces so we feel as good as we possibly can. When we feel better and begin to think more optimistically about our hopes & dreams, we can draw these opportunities powerfully into our lives.
SEGMENT 6
RIC WHITE - Director "The Bell Witch Haunting" and "Nightmare's from the Mind of Poe." - "The Bell Witch Haunting" is a feature film based on America's most legendary and true haunting. The movie is a supernatural thriller that mixes a frightful ghost story and history to create an entertaining suspenseful account of actual events that happened from 1817 to 1821, in which a vengeful spirit tortured John Bell and his family, leaving him in a terrifying fight to save his children and his own life! The DVD includes the 2-hour Feature Film, 45 minutes of Behind the Scenes and over 40 minutes of Deleted Scenes. The DVD, trailer, photos and information on the legend and movie are on the website "Nightmares from the Mind of Poe" is a feature film depicting four of Edgar Allan Poe's most well-known works of suspense and horror - "The Raven", "The Cask of Amontillado", "Premature Burial" and "The Tell-Tale Heart"...in Poe's words, the way he wrote them. Throughout Edgar Allan Poe's life he was plagued with nightmares and the death of those he loved, which was the basis for many of his stories and poems. In the film, because of the insomnia, sadness and despair that Poe experienced in real life, he often finds himself in the middle of his nightmares as the victim or antagonist.
SEGMENT 7
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - The Return of Planet-X - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold/platinum, multi-award winning music producer/recording artist/songwriter/publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Sunday, May 20 2012
SEGMENT 1
PMH ATWATER - The Big Book of Near-Death Experiences: The Ultimate Guide to What Happens When We Die - Near-death states can occur to anyone at any age, including new borns and infants, and remain vivid and coherent lifelong. Come explore with one of the original researchers in the field of near-death studies. P.M.H. Atwater began her work in 1978. Nine books have been published since then about her findings. She is uniquely qualified to offer guidance and comfort in the areas of death and dying, the near-death experience, altered states of consciousness, the transformative experience, the soul's journey before birth and after death, and the reality of spirit and the spiritual realms.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DR. HAROLD KATZ - The 10 Germiest Places in Your Life! Bacteriologist Reveals Surprising Places Where Germs Are Waiting To Make You Sick - Little bacteria bugs live everywhere, and crawl on everything around us. Bacteriologist and oral care expert Dr. Harold Katz will warn your listeners about the 10 Germiest places in your life. All the microscopic germs you never thought of are waiting to make you and your listeners sick. Find out where the e-coli in your life is hiding!
SEGMENT 3
ROBERT LANCASTER - StopSylviaBrowne.com - Sylvia Browne. It's a name which causes strong reactions in a lot of people. To her fans, who believe that she is a "true psychic medium," she is a down-to-earth, spiritually deep woman who, with the help of her "spirit guide" Francine, can see the future, diagnose illnesses, find lost children, and communicate with the dead. To skeptics, who believe that she has not proven any of her purported abilities, she is almost certainly a fraud, using stage tricks such as "cold reading" to simulate psychic abilities, preying on the grieving, the ill, and the spiritually needy. Who is right?
SEGMENT 4
TARA GREENE - Tarot Card Readings for one and all who call 1-877-528-8255 - Since 1991 Tara, a Certified Tarot reader, naturally gifted intuitive, Certified Transformational Psychotherapist of authentic Romanian Gypsy background. Tara has entertained, enlightened, guided and impressed literally thousands of clients with her in-depth Tarot consultations at top Corporate events, private parties, trade shows and private personal readings in Toronto and surrounding area for clients of- The Granite Club, Holt Renfrew, Cirque du Soleil, York University, American Express, MacDonald's, Toronto Real Estate Board, Rothschild's Canada among many, others.
Segment 5
BRYAN TEMMER - Alien Apex Resort - Bryan Temmer is the founder & president of Alien Apex Resort, Inc. As a long-time rollercoaster enthusiast and science fiction buff, Bryan combined the information he obtained from his research, his unique and creative ideas, his interest in the alien & UFO phenomenon, and his desire to entertain and provide happiness to others, into his vision called the Alien Apex Resort Theme Park
SEGMENT 6
JOHN JAY HARPER - Prepare for the Worst, Because Solar Storms Are About to Get Ugly - Every 11 years or so, the sun gets a little pissy. It breaks out in a rash of planet-sized sunspots that spew superhot gas, hurling clouds of electrons, protons, and heavier ions toward Earth at nearly the speed of light. These solar windstorms have been known to knock out power grids and TV broadcasts, and our growing reliance on space-based technology makes us more vulnerable than ever to their effects. On January 3, scientists discovered a reverse-polarity sunspot, signaling the start of a new cycle - and some are predicting that at its peak (in about four years) things are gonna get nasty. Here's a forecast for 2012. Detours - Clumps of ions in the atmosphere could interfere with GPS. Satellite signals are slowed by bumping into particles, meaning your trusty navigator may lose its way. Remember those colorful paper things called maps? Falling Satellites - Increased solar energy heats Earth's atmosphere, causing it to expand. That's a drag on low-flying satellites and can even knock them out of orbit. A solar storm in 1979 deposited Skylab on Australia. - Layovers in Alaska - Particles are drawn to Earth's magnetic poles, right through popular flight paths. Electrons absorb the energy in shortwave signals, causing radio blackouts - and unscheduled stops in Anchorage. - Light Shows - Auroras occur when waves of charged particles light up gases in the upper atmosphere. As more particles stream in, the so-called aurora oval grows, bringing the "northern lights" as far south as Key West.
SEGMENT 7
ASHLEY COURTLAND STINNETT - Our Second Amendment: A Guarantee of Freedom - Ashley Courtland Stinnett was born and raised in Huntington, WV. He first started acting and modeling at age 17 more as a hobby than a potential career opportunity. Over the next several years what started as a hobby turned into a full time job. Stinnett began working for various talent agencies on the East Coast doing print, catalog, film, and television work. In 2001, Stinnett moved to Wilmington, NC where he worked at Screen Gem Studios. While he Wilmington, he worked on numerous television shows including the hit show "Dawson's Creek". In 2002, he returned back to Huntington to finish his BA at Marshall University. After graduating in 2004, Stinnett put his talents to work by starting up a small production company. In 2005, Stinnett's company released his first film "Lake Forest" which received a limited theatrical release soon followed by a worldwide DVD distribution. The film which Stinnett directed and starred in received so much media coverage he decided to begin work on another project. Having grown up a hard line conservative, Stinnett's goal was to promote causes he cared deeply about. He wrote and produced the half hour documentary "Our Second Amendment: A Guarantee of Freedom" which was released worldwide in March of 2006. In addition to being a successful actor and filmmaker, Stinnett has served as a writer and journalist since 2004, a guest fill-in talk radio host for Clear Channel Communications since 2005, and a political analyst for various media outlets.
SEGMENT 8
HONOURABLE PAUL HELLYER - From Global Warming to The Extraterrestrial Presence and Technology - Paul Hellyer was Canada's youngest Member of Parliament when he was first elected in 1949 and the youngest cabinet minister appointed to Louis S. St. Laurent's government eight years later. After a stint in opposition he subsequently held senior posts in the governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre E. Trudeau, who defeated him for the Liberal Party leadership in 1968. The following year, after achieving the rank of senior minister, which was later designated Deputy Prime Minister, Hellyer resigned from the Trudeau cabinet on a question of principle related to housing. Although Hellyer is best known for the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces and for his 1968 chairmanship of the Task Force on Housing and Urban Development, he has maintained a life-long interest in macroeconomics. This led him to form Action Canada, a populist movement dedicated to the concepts of full employment and low inflation with an emphasis on quality-of-life issues. Through the years, as a journalist and political commentator, he has continued to fight for economic reforms and has written several books on the subject. A man of many interests, Hellyer's ideas are not classroom abstractions. He was born and raised on a farm and his business experience includes manufacturing, retailing, construction, land development, tourism and publishing. He has also been active in community affairs including the arts and studied voice at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. His multi-faceted career, in addition to a near lifetime in politics, and union membership as a radio and TV commentator, gives Hellyer a rare perspective on what has gone wrong with the economy and what has to be done about it. - www.paulhellyerweb.com
Saturday, May 19 2012
SEGMENT 1
DR GEORGINA CANNON - The Ontario Hypnosis Centre - The Ontario Hypnosis Centre's Director Georgina Cannon is a Board Certified Consulting Hypnotherapist, Doctor of Metaphysical Counselling, NLP Master, Timeline practitioner, Past Life Regression Therapist and accredited Instructor for the National Guild of Hypnotists, the Medical and Dental Hypnotherapy Association and the International Board of Regression Therapies. She is also on the Advisory Board of the National Guild of Hypnotists. At the 2004 NGH Convention, Georgina received the Charles Tebbetts Award for Teaching and Education, for Spreading the Light. She is the first Canadian and the first woman recipient. In 2005, Georgina was inducted into The Order of Braid, in recognition of outstanding achievement, dedication and service to the hypnosis profession.* On the first Monday of every month, 8:00 pm Eastern Standard Time, Georgina hosts a chat room on shirleymaclaine.com, discussing and answering questions about past life regression and the benefits of hypnosis and hypnotherapy. Georgina is a featured monthly guest on the only English speaking radio station in Spain, REM Radio, which broadcasts all over Europe. She is also a monthly guest on X-Zone radio with Rob McConnell, an internationally syndicated radio talk show.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
SHERRY SHRINER - From UFOs, Aliens on Earth to the Bible Code - Sherry Shriner says that she is a servant of the Most High God, Yahweh, and His Friend, that He is her best friend, and that she couldn't live without Him. With only two years she commenced proclaiming His Name, and at the age of five she become re-born in Him. According to her, several years ago the Lord told her that she will speak to the Nations. To do so she has been anointed by Yahweh and given a key to the Bible Codes. Since then she sees herself as King David's granddaughter, a Watchman of the Lord, and a Prophet to the Nations who will stand against Giants. -Sherry Shriner was nominated as the very first member of The 'X' Zone Order of Woo Woos - CLICK HERE
SEGMENT 3
ROBERT MORNING STAR - Is there a UFO / UN Connection? - Robert D. Morningstar is currently Co-Editor of UFO Digest. RDM is a civilian intelligence analyst, and photo analyst living in New York City. He is a graduate of Power Memorial Academy ('67) with a degree in psychology from Fordham University ('74). While at Fordham University, Robert D Morningstar was recruited as a research associate in some of the earliest studies of "Artificial Intelligence" in a program sponsored by ONI & IBM. During the 1970s, Robert D Morningstar became a "China Watcher," specializing in Chinese language studies, as well as, a Yang Family Tai Chi master, acknowledged by the Hong Kong Tai Chi Masters Association and the highest-ranking masters in. RDM has taught Tai Chi for the East Asian Studies Department at Oberlin College (1980-81) and as an Adjunct Lecturer at Hunter College (1994-95), City University of New York. From 1992-1994, he served as a consultant and movement therapist in the Behavioral Sciences Department at The International Center for the Disabled in New York City teaching Movement Therapy, Stress Management and Behavioral Modification Programs. During the 1990s, Robert D Morningstar dedicated himself to investigating the JFK Assassination and exposed the doctoring of the Zapruder Film and the alteration of the medical and forensic evidence in the Warren Commission Report. Robert has been studying UFOs since the mid-1950s and has had several close encounters while airborne and on the ground (most recently in September '07). Morningstar is a civilian pilot, FAA-certified Instrument Ground Instructor and a USG certified Weather Specialist. Robert D Morningstar works regularly with victims of alien abduction around the world (via Internet) and uses Tai Chi, Taoist meditation methods to relieve trauma resulting from PTSS (post traumatic stress syndrome) of ETAP. Morningstar teaches psychic and psychological skills (like Remote Viewing) to combat "intruders" and thwart psychic attacks and alien abductions.
SEGMENT 4
ROBERT "UFO BOB" KUEHN - The Suppression of UFOs Over Wisconsin - Bob Kuehn, also infamously known as "UFO BOB" is 77 years old, grew up in Lomira, Wisconsin and has had lifelong telepathic communication with a lady named Evianna, who's from the Pleiadian Star System and she has actually brought herself onto numerous radio shows that bob has appeared on. "UFO BOB" was transported into an extraterrestrial craft when he was 4 years old. "UFO BOB" was a professional musician, served in the army 3 years & obtained medical experience in there. "UFO BOB" has done architectural work, has had a hobby with the EAA in Oshkosh in building airplanes & is a vegetarian. "UFO BOB" has also lived in the long lake, Wisconsin area of the kettle moraine state forest and seen countless craft that he knows are of et origin. "UFO BOB" subsequently had a yearly convention started in long lake called UFO Days which will celebrate it's 19th year in July. "UFO BOB" claims to be right on the level with what he has to state tonight.
SEGMENT 5
DR. KATHLEEN PUCKETT - Hunting the American Terrorist: The FBI's War on Homegrown Terror - The civil liberties the Constitution guarantees are a cornerstone of the United States. They protect the citizen of the United States from random government searches, assure speedy trials and the right to counsel, and give means to challenge detentions under habeas corpus. But, since 9/11, many of these rights have been grievously infringed by the very people charged with defending our Constitution. They tell us they're doing it for our own good, to keep us safe. But, does our safety require us to surrender the very principles that make the United States what it is? Dr. Kathleen Puckett, Ph.D., and Terry Turchie answer with an emphatic no. Terry Turchie led the federal task force that cracked the UNABOMBER case, and Dr. Puckett was the behavioral expert. They say what they learned from that and other homegrown terrorist cases can be used to defeat international terrorism, within the rule of law and under the Constitution. Terry Turchie is a former FBI deputy assistant director of counter terrorism. Dr. Kathleen Puckett is a former FBI psychological profiler in the counter terrorism unit. Their new book is titled "Hunting the American Terrorist: The FBI's War on Homegrown Terror."
SEGMENT 6
KURT ANNAHEIM - Suppressed Technology, Inventions and Energy - Technology is vital to our humanity, community, enlightenment, welfare, comfort, progress, safety, liberty and enjoyment of life and health. Where would mankind be without the technological advances of the ages? Even societies that want a simpler life use technology. Sometimes "leaders", deny people the advancements that are possible. An unenlightened and dependent people are more easily controlled, thus the insecurity of these "leaders", becomes the greatest obstacle to the true progress of their people. This is not leadership. The industrialists that brought us yesterdays progress aren't glad to see technological advancements that may upset their position in the social order of the society they are exploiting. Pollution, disease and territorial ambitions are clearly affected by the advancement or lack thereof with technology. UCSA is dedicated to bringing technologies that improve the quality of life and that are non-invasive and environmentally friendly. Our major field of research is free energy.
SEGMENT 7
DOUG ELWELL - The Truth About St. Patrick - Thought you knew everything about St. Patrick? Think again! This warrior saint pulled no punches when he revolutionized Irish religious and political life. Doug Elwell will impress our audience with the dramatic stories of St. Patrick's childhood abduction, his escape from slavery, his spiritual battle to defeat the druids and many other fascinating tales. Elwell publishes Mysterious World, an online journal to exotic travel destinations around the world. The first book is "Mysterious World Ireland." Doug has a bachelor's degree in cinema & photography from Southern Illinois University and master's degrees in marketing communications and ancient history from Wheaton College.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Friday, May 18 2012
SEGMENT 1
RUTA FOX - What's So Hot About The Ah Ring? - It happens in a split second, that moment when genius strikes and a new idea is born. Just ask Ruta Fox. She was unemployed when her moment happened. Fox started selling diamond pinky rings to her friends, who, like her, happened to be single. She knew she was onto something special when she called it The Ah Ring, and decided it would symbolize being "A, available and happy." It is the first and only diamond ring designed for single women. With no business background, no financing, no experience and no help, Fox set up shop in her apartment and began to build her empire. Fate soon intervened when Oprah eatured The Ah Ring in O, The Oprah Magazine and sales soared. Fox had unknowingly tapped a potential market of 55 million single women, including Hollywood's top single celebrities. Fox recently appeared on CNBC's The Big Idea with Donny Deutsch, EXTRA! and numerous radio talk shows. She was also featured in Entrepreneur, USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, Harper's Bazaar and hundreds of other publications.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
ROB McCONNELL & THE OPEN MIC HOUR - It was all the rave within the UFO community just a couple of weeks ago when members of the UFO community claimed that a private meeting had been held at the United Nations concerning the landing of extraterrestrials. This, many claimed to be the smoking gun that Ufology has been waiting for. However, not unlike the alleged crash at Roswell, the Phoenix Lights, the UFO over O'Hare Airport and most recently, the Wal Mart sized UFO over Stephsville, Texas this story too has fizzled out. Why does this keep happening? Rob McConnell takes a look at this "phenomena" and the possible motives by those perpetrating them. Your calls will be welcomed at 1-877-0528-8255. If there are people in the audience who have credible sightings, and who do not mind being questioned about them, whether it be ghosts, hauntings, UFOs, Alien Abductions and even furry old Bigfoot, the lines will be open at 1-877-528-8255. - www.xzoneradio.com
SEGMENT 3
RON FRANSCELL - Crime's lasting legacy of evil - The Crime that Changed Casper, Wyoming - When 18-year-old Becky Burridge and her 11-year-old sister Amy drove to the grocery store in quiet Casper, Wyoming they never could have predicted what would happen next. After Becky's car got a flat-tire on their trip home, the sisters accepted a ride from two strangers that would lead to abduction, rape, and murder and end in a horrific tragedy that would haunt their town forever. Ron Franscell was the girls' neighbor at the time; his account of the events that rocked Casper, Wyoming that day in 1973 will grip The 'X' Zone Nation today and leave them shocked at the brutality of the girls' abductors. Franscell is a journalist whose work regularly appears in the Washington Post, Chicago Sun-Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Denver Post, San Jose Mercury-News, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. He is the author of "The Darkest Night."
SEGMENT 4
LINDA DRAKE - Psychic / Medium Author - Linda Drake is an intuitive life path healer and has a successful life path healing practice. She teaches classes and lectures at metaphysical and health expos and conferences nationwide. She has been working with Spirit as a healer for many years. After being miraculously healed of two life debilitating diseases, Linda was convinced to walk the healing path with Spirit. During a "near death experience" she was shown the purpose of her life. She has become a true channel for Spirit; using her intuitive gifts of clairvoyance and clairaudience along with her ability to channel Spirit healing and Reiki as she has devoted her life to helping others heal. She connects you with your angels, guides and Spirit giving you their messages of guidance, recovery and healing after profound loss. Linda works closely with the Angelic realm allowing her to connect you with your loved ones and friends that have passed over. This in itself brings great healing to those on both sides. During these healing sessions loved ones in spirit often come forward eager to assist in the healing of any karma that has been created. Linda's book "Reaching Through the Veil to Heal"(Llewellyn Books 2006) it is about death, grief and communicating with loved ones in spirit. This book will capture your heart with the true life stories of loss and the journey of recovering from the depths of grief. You will find yourself laughing one moment and crying the next. It will bring you a unique perception of death that will release your fears yet bring you great comfort about the world beyond death. She is currently working on two others books which are channeled from Spirit and Abraham, bringing you healing words of wisdom that will touch your heart, giving you the tools to change you life, as well as giving you confirmation of your spiritual path.
SEGMENT 5
DAWNA MARKOVA - Random Acts of Kindness - Inspirational speaker and writer Dawna Markova, Ph.D is internationally known for her groundbreaking work in helping people learn with passion and live on purpose. She is the CEO of Professional Thinking Partners, a group of consultants whose expertise lies in the expansion of human capacity. As one of the editors of the Random Acts of Kindness series, she helped launch a national movement to help counter America's crisis of violence. Dawna is the author of numerous books including the bestsellers Random Acts of Kindness and I Will Not Die an Unlived Life. Dawna was recently honored with the Visions to Action Award, "for people who have made a profound contribution to the world." A long-term cancer survivor (she was told she had six months to live almost thirty years ago), Dawna has appeared on numerous television programs, and is a frequent guest on National Public Radio and New Dimensions. She offers seminars and workshops and speaks at business and educational conferences throughout the United States, inspiring audiences to live with purpose and passion. She lives in northern California.
SEGMENT 6
DR DANEEN PETERSEN - Stop The North American Union - DR DANEEN PETERSON - Stop The North American Union - Daneen G. Peterson, Ph.D., an author who writes and speaks about the coming North American Union (NAU). Her articles, published on a variety of online news Journals, and Chronicles are heavily researched and referenced with 'clickable' URLs that will take the reader directly to the source material. Her accompanying photos and graphics add to her vivid exposés. All of her articles can be found archived on the http://www.StopTheNorthAmericanUnion.com website. At one time she was a professor at both Temple and Jefferson Universities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she taught behavioral science research methodology and statistics. After leaving academia, she created and directed the first Department of Research and Program Evaluation for Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America's National Office in Philadelphia, PA, where she worked with some 512 agencies in all fifty states. Dr. Peterson is currently researching and writing on the issue of the One World Order and the United States Government's covert and illegal acts to create a North American Union without the Constitutionally required consent of Congress or informing 'We the People.' She has been an invited guest on many talk radio programs and makes personal appearances to discuss her in-depth research to expose the brazen, surreptitious, and treasonous acts by our own government to force us into a North American Union. A North American Union that will be a carbon copy of the European Union (EU) which will end our Constitutional Republic, Bill of Rights, legal system and freedoms. Working in secret, our Executive Branch is 'harmonizing' our ALL of our regulatory laws with Mexico, a corrupt oligarchy, and Canada, a socialist parliamentary system. Their goal . . . a totalitarian police state.
SEGMENT 7
ELLEN - Psychic Readings For One and All Who Call - Ellen, from Premiere Psychics, is a clairvoyant who will tell you what she sees, hears and feels regarding your situation. The more specific your question is, the more details she will be able to receive. Ellen uses her gift, a sense of humor and a large dose of compassion to deliver answers to her callers' questions. She will field any question you may have but specializes in romantic relationships, all matters of the spirit and dream interpretation.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Thursday, May 17 2012
SEGMENT 1
BRUCE F. ROSEN - If You Ever Need Me, I Won't Be Far Away - An investment officer at a major financial firm by day, Bruce F. Rosen is a writer by night. An award winning writer as early on as in high school, Rosen has written professionally for over three decades and has been featured in such publications as The San Francisco Chronicle, The San Francisco Examiner, and Asian Week where he was a reporter. In addition to a stint as a journalist in Chinatown, he has crafted essays on sports, politics, economics, and music. The piece that he wrote on his boyhood idol, Sandy Koufax, appeared in the Baseball Hall of Fame. And, his series of 'slice of life' pieces titled "Diary of a Creative Banker", including one that focused on Princess Diana, aired on the BBC. Featured on the cover of the international publication Personal Excellence, Bruce shares this honor with such great company as Deepak Chopra and Nelson Mandela. He is also slated to do an event at Hue-Man Bookstore in New York which has hosted the likes of Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison and former President Bill Clinton. Interviews include Unlimited Realities, Healthylife.net's Healing Heart and Home and Strategies for Living plus the nationally syndicated The Block with Tim. And, a review by a founding member of the National Book Critic's Circle compares Rosen's work to that of Tolstoy. Rosen blends the unique characteristic of being able to grasp the complexity of economics with a graceful narrative writing style. He has a Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy from U.C. Santa Barbara and an M.A. in International Relations from San Francisco State University. His memoir, IF YOU EVER NEED ME, I WON'T BE FAR AWAY, is dedicated to his mom, Alma Lorraine Rush. The father of two sons, he lives and works in San Francisco. - www.almarosepublishing.com .
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
WILLIAM BERTRAM MacFARLAND - Patriot, Soldier, Spy and Assassin - William Bertram MacFarland never sought -- or even imagined -- a role as a special assistant to President John F. Kennedy. Eager for adventure and travel after graduating from Duke University with degrees in mathematics and physics, MacFarland entered the intelligence arm of the government, did extensive military training, became a U.S. Army Ranger, trained in special operations and hand to hand combat techniques and advanced parachute training, and went through intensive training in Russian language and culture at the language school in Monterrey, California. He was assigned as a diplomatic courier to the U.S. Embassy in Moscow when he was turned over to the Soviet Union. He was ultimately rescued, near the point of death, in a clandestine operation carried out by two high-ranking Soviet generals and was entrusted by them with information which became vital to the peaceful resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis. He describes himself as "a patriot, a soldier, a spy, and an assassin." - www.bertiemac.com
SEGMENT 3
DR LANI LEARY - No One Has To Die Alone - Dr. Lani Leary has over twenty-five years of experience as a psychotherapist working with chronically ill, dying, and bereaved clients. She served as the director of mental health services at Whitman Walker AIDS clinic, as a professor of Death Studies at George Mason University, and as a researcher at the National Cancer Institute of NIH. Leary also garners wisdom from her personal experience-her mother's death when she was a child, her father's death from cancer, her own profound near- death experience-and has sat with over 500 people as they died. Dr. Leary has spoken nationally at over 250 conferences, writes a bereavement column for www.healingthespirit. org, and is the author of Healing Hands an international, bestselling audiotape on therapeutic touch and pain management. - www.drlanileary.com
SEGMENT 4
JOHN ROWE - Pilot Shares His UFO Experiences On The 'X' Zone - John Rowe is a retired airline pilot and I spent 38 years in the cockpit of Delta aircraft. During that time he watched and listened as a UFO was sighted by one of Delta's jets near Atlanta GA. At that time, 1967 John was the third pilot on a DC-8. This sighting was made not only by air line crews but Atlanta radar. John states that a Delta jet actually chased the UFO with Atlanta ATC providing permission to do so. Later on in 1975 John Rowe personally witnessed a UFO 1/2 mile south of Brady, Texas. It crossed the road in front of John one night less than 200 feet above the ground. John had two dogs in the front seat of his truck and they cowered as he had never seen them do before or after during this sighting.
SEGMENT 5
ROB McCONNELL & Guests will discuss the High Price of Gas and what it is leading up to! - Oil futures shot back above $107 a barrel Thursday after the bombing of an Iraqi oil pipeline diverted investors' attention away from a stabilizing U.S. dollar. Retail gas prices, meanwhile, inched up overnight while diesel prices slipped. The bombing of a key Iraqi oil pipeline Thursday morning appeared to cut oil exports from the southern oil city of Basra, despite oil officials' statements to the contrary. Dow Jones Newswires reported that exports from southern Iraqi terminals have been reduced to about 1.2 million barrels a day from a normal rate of 1.56 million barrels a day. "We're going to be getting less oil because of the explosion," said James Cordier, founder of OptionSellers.com, a Tampa, Fla., trading firm. For traders, the big factor is that Iraqi oil supplies were cut by a deliberate act of terrorism, Cordier said. That raises the prospect of more attacks, and less oil. Light, sweet crude for May delivery rose $1.68 to settle at $107.58 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange after earlier rising as high as $108.22. Crude futures, also aided earlier in the week by a flagging U.S. dollar, are up 6.6 percent since Monday. The news from Iraq added to supply concerns stoked Wednesday when the government reported that domestic crude oil inventories were mostly unchanged last week, while fuel supplies fell more than expected.
SEGMENT 6
PATRICK COOKE of THE COOKE REPORT will discus Earth Hour - Earth Hour is a global effort to turn off lights for one hour to demonstrate a commitment to the issue of climate change, Saturday night, March 29 2008. Earth Hour began in Sydney, Australia, in 2007 with more than 2,000,000 homes and businesses turning off their lights for an hour on March 31. This year the event is going international to try and cut back on power use around the world as much as possible. Earth Hour will be followed by a whole day of environmental consciousness raising activities on Earth Day April 22. On August 14, the Province of Ontario will host Blackout Day, the fifth anniversary of the 2003 power blackout that crippled much of the province and parts of the United States. People for that event will take the Blackout Challenge to use less energy on that day.
SEGMENT 7
ELIZABETH JOYCE - Psychic Readings for one and all who call - 1-877-528-8255 - Elizabeth Joyce grew up in Ridgewood, New Jersey. At eight years old, Elizabeth's psychic powers were revealed to her family when she announced that the elderly tenant upstairs had died. (She died within three days of this prediction) Elizabeth's grandmother, Ella Russell Hemphill from Warner, New Hampshire, was herself a medium and recognized Elizabeth's gift at age five, when Elizabeth spent a year living with her. Thousands of people have witnessed Elizabeth Joyce's incredible psychic powers on TV shows such as Unsolved Mysteries, Beyond Chance and The Psychic Detectives; She is a frequent guest on radio shows across the country and is now a "regular" on the X-Zone Radio with Rob McConnell. She has been profiled in Women's Day Magazine, Wall Street Magazine, The National Enquirer, The New York Times and other national media. Elizabeth is the author of numerous articles and guided meditation audio cassettes. Her book Psychic Attack-Are You A Victim has just been released by IUniverse. (Oct. 2007) Ms. Joyce is a member of the Academy of Religion and Psychical Research; profiled in six books, three of which are The Psychic Yellow Pages (2001) by Dr. Hans Holzer, The World's Greatest Psychics (2004) by Francine Hornberger, and the Akashic Who's Who of Psychics, Mediums and Healers (2005) by Victorialynn Weston. Elizabeth Joyce is recognized for her clairvoyant ability to help find missing persons, dream analysis, past-life regression work, mediumship, astounding psychic gifts, accurate predictions and spiritual guidance. Elizabeth is the founder of her organization, Visions of Reality, and teaches classes and seminars on improving your psychic and intuitive abilities. Elizabeth Joyce has just founded the Bucks County Metaphysical Association located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania; a non-profit organization dedicated to the knowledge and growth of understanding metaphysics. The BCMA is building a metaphysical library for the county's use and donates proceeds from it's functions to local charities.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Wednesday, May 16 2012
SEGMENT 1
DAVID WARNER - Out-of-Body Experience & Near-Death Experience - For David A Warner, everything around him was fading. He lost awareness-finding himself, seconds later, waking into darkness. With his heart racing, being covered in sweat and experiencing memory loss, he ran for his life out of his brothers dark basement room. Running upstairs and down the hallway towards his bedroom, a flicker of memory ignited the event-striking like lightening. He immediately froze-with chilling vibrations moving up and down his spine-acknowledging his first out-of-body experience (OBE). On July 27, 1987 he experienced an event that forever changed his way of thinking and maturity-such that included life after death, self-realization, and a spiritual awareness. This has helped him facilitate in-depth documenting, and scientific research into the OBE. It's definitely a gift from God to explore thousands of experiences and allowing him to share his story. Author of the web site, InvisibleLight.us, the information that is offered helps bring awareness to the community about what is possible through the OBE consciousness. Invisible Light presents statistics, validations, journals, experiments, upcoming radio interviews, video, for visitors to explore and more. The key ingredient to having a successful out-of-body experience-as quoted by David-is "Faith, Hope, Love, and Intent will Project You There!"
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DR. BRUCE CORNET, PHD - AOP Researcher, Geologist, Paleobotanist, Palynologist - Bruce has initiated a research project to install passive detection and monitoring devices at UFO hot spots around the US. He has many of his own outstanding sighting photos and videos on his web site. And, he is an authority on events that have been occurring in the Pine Bush, NY area from the 1980's to the present time. Dr. Bruce Cornet is on the staff of the National Institute for Discovery Science.
SEGMENT 3
JAMES GILLILAND - ECETI - Most recently James has been featured in John Savages' and Michael Knight's documentary "Contact Has Begun" His Story with James Gilliland. James Gilliland plays the key figure in the movie documentary, Contact Has Begun. This movie is also featured in, The Viel is Lifting, and the new soon to be released movie, Thrive. He has appeared to numerous to mention radio shows. He has been a speaker at many events and featured on the The History Channel's, "UFOs Then and now: Hot Spots", ABC and FOX news, King 5 (Seattle) TV's Evening Magazine, Elaine Smitha, Daylene Gates Simply Spiritual, Off The Record with Ted Loman, International UFO Congress, and many other national and now international TV, radio and other media events. His articles and UFO reports have been featured by Magical Blend and UFO Magazine and have been regularly featured by major UFO information outlets such as Filer's Files, UFO Roundup, CAUS, MUFON, Skywatch International, PSI Applications, UFORC.Com, The Virtually Strange Network.
SEGMENT 4
OPEN MIC WITH ROB McCONNELL and SUPERMAN: The lines are open to you, The 'X' Zone Nation. Let's hear your paranormal stories, questions and comments. But the one question that we are asking you is: Do you believe that the object witnessed by a handful of people in Stephenville, Texas was in fact a large extraterrestrial ship? The next question to you is do you think that the military has to tell the general population what it is doing? And finally, what are your feelings about the North American Union? Give us a call toll free at 1-877-528-8255. - www.xzoneradio.com & www.xzonetv.com
SEGMENT 5
DENNIS BALTHASER - Full time independent researcher/investigator to the Roswell Incident, Area 51 and underground bases research - As a young man, Dennis Balthaser would look into the night sky and wonder at the secrets it held. Some years later Dennis bought a book about UFOs and his wonder turned to investigation. Today he has a library with over 90 books in reference to ufology. Dennis served 3 years ('59-62) with the United States Army in the 815th Engineering Battalion. After some 33 years in Civil Engineering, Dennis retired from the Texas Department of Transportation in 1996. Having been keenly interested in the Roswell Incident of 1947, Dennis decided to move to Roswell, New Mexico, to pursue his avocation: Ufology. Initially Dennis worked as an Engineering Consultant in Roswell, volunteering his time at the International UFO Museum and Research Center on weekends. Nine months later he resigned from the engineering firm, assuming the duties of IUFOMRC Operations Manager, served on the Board of Directors and became the UFO Investigator for the Museum, as a full time volunteer. Currently, in that Dennis is no longer affiliated with the Museum, he is able to devote his full time as an independent researcher/investigator to the Roswell Incident, Area 51 and underground bases research, and frequently lectures on these and other topics, related to ufology. Dennis is a Certified Mutual UFO Network Field Investigator, a member of Great Pyramid of Giza Research Association, and belongs to several ufology organizations.
SEGMENT 6
RICKY ROEHR - President of the US THE RAELIAN MOVEMENT - Where do we come from? What is the purpose of life? How can we live peacefully and happily? - This incredible revelation shares knowledge on science, religion, love, relationships, government, meditation, infinity, sensuality, eternal life, and so much more... "Now is the time to stop believing, and begin to understand." - Rael. The Raelian Revolution is boldly bringing about a complete paradigm shift on our planet. The Messages given to Rael by our human Creators from space contain the world's most fearlessly individualistic philosophy of love, peace, and non-conformism: a beautiful combination of spirituality, sensuality, and science
SEGMENT 7
DR. DANEEN PETERSON - Stop The North American Union - Daneen G. Peterson, Ph.D., an author who writes and speaks about the coming North American Union (NAU). Her articles, published on a variety of online news Journals, and Chronicles are heavily researched and referenced with 'clickable' URLs that will take the reader directly to the source material. Her accompanying photos and graphics add to her vivid exposés. All of her articles can be found archived on the StopTheNorthAmericanUnion.com website. At one time she was a professor at both Temple and Jefferson Universities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she taught behavioral science research methodology and statistics. After leaving academia, she created and directed the first Department of Research and Program Evaluation for Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America's National Office in Philadelphia, PA, where she worked with some 512 agencies in all fifty states. Dr. Peterson is currently researching and writing on the issue of the One World Order and the United States Government's covert and illegal acts to create a North American Union without the Constitutionally required consent of Congress or informing 'We the People.' She has been an invited guest on many talk radio programs and makes personal appearances to discuss her in-depth research to expose the brazen, surreptitious, and treasonous acts by our own government to force us into a North American Union. A North American Union that will be a carbon copy of the European Union (EU) which will end our Constitutional Republic, Bill of Rights, legal system and freedoms. Working in secret, our Executive Branch is 'harmonizing' our ALL of our regulatory laws with Mexico, a corrupt oligarchy, and Canada, a socialist parliamentary system. Their goal . . . a totalitarian police state.
and
CONNIE FOGAL - Leader of the Canadian Action Party (CAP) - The North American continent is being transformed from three sovereign nations Canada, USA, Mexico) into one regional corporate power base, the North American Union. Unlike the creation of the European Union, there is no public political/ academic discourse on the merits, or pros and cons of a North American Union building up to a vote within each nation as to the wish of the people to join such a union. Instead the union is being created by stealth, is already well on its way to fruition, and is being imposed on us by our own elected representatives and government with no opposition. The driving force is corporate. The Chief Executive Officers of the most powerful corporations operating in the three countries want this union and have been working for some time devising their strategies and goals. Their facilitators are first, unelected officials and bureaucrats who move easily between corporations and government; second, former elected officials like John Manley , former Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; third, the heads of the three nations, Martin, Bush, and Fox; and finally, the governments and the rest of the elected members who apparently just rubber stamp what is put in front of them by the unelected officials- few questions, if any asked. The ultimate enforcement mechanism for the North American Union is a police state. The tools for the police state are "anti-terrorist" laws which, in themselves, are a ruse to strip the citizens of civil liberties in order to prevent dissent against the police state. The Orwellian justification is "security", "safety".
SEGMENT 8
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future.
Tuesday, May 15 2012
SEGMENT 1
SHEA VAUGHN - SheaNetics - Shea Vaughn is a national mind-body expert, wellness author and coach and a recognized spokeswoman for creating well-being at any age. Ms. Vaughn is also the founder and CEO of SheaNetics®, a doctor endorsed revolutionary East-meets-West wellness and exercise lifestyle practice that delivers a powerful mind-body experience and ignites your potential to look and feel your best on the inside and out. Shea has appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, the Marilyn Denis Show, is a regularly featured health and fitness expert on Chicago's Windy City LIVE and The Best Ever You Network and is a frequent wellness commentator for other TV, radio, and print media and corporate events. Her SheaNetics DVD/CD Mind-Body Collection offers dynamic one-of-a-kind full body workouts and along with her new book, Shea Vaughn's Breakthrough - The 5 Living Principles to Defeat Stress, Look Great and Find Total Well-Being, invite you to live the life you deserve! "Breakthrough to a new you" at www.sheanetics.com
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DON MORDSANI - Princes and Ogres - Don Mordasini, M.A., MFT, a clinical psychotherapist in the San Jose, California area for over 18 years, has an extensive background in both psychology and Eastern thought. Following four years as a naval officer, he became a stockbroker, and twenty years later culminated his career as a vice president of Dean Witter and Co. At the height of his success, he asked himself, "Is this all there is
?" Unable to assuage the disquieting voice inside, he abandoned his career to pursue a life of meaning. After confronting personal and health issues, he focused on more spiritual pursuits including studies in Buddhism and other Eastern philosophies and traditions. As he began to better understand the link between a person's well-being and their spiritual and emotional awareness, he opted to pursue a career in psychology. After studying at the California Institute for Integral Psychology he earned a Masters Degree from the Professional School of Psychology in San Francisco in 1991. While starting a private clinical practice he met his spiritual teacher Shri Ananda Ma, who he followed to India. While there, he engaged in spiritual practices, studied ancient teachings, learned about different forms of yoga, and trekked the Himalayas. He now has an apartment in India. Helping many families by combining the best of Western and Eastern Psychology with modern medicine, he wrote Wild Child, How to Help Your Child With ADD and Other Behavioral Issues, in 2001. Combining the power and wisdom of myth with grounded psychology to show how we can live a more balanced life, Don's second book, PRINCES and OGRES: Integration of Psyche and Soul, will be released in 2012. - www.donmordasini.com
SEGMENT 3
DR. CRAIG HOGAN - Induced After Death Communication - Craig Hogan co-authored "Induced After-Death Communication:A New Therapy for Healing Grief and Trauma" with Allan Botkin, Psy.D. describing the use of eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in inducing after-death communication with patients in psychotherapists' offices. Over three dozen psychotherapists have now induced thousands of after-death communications during sessions with patients. Dr. Hogan is the author of "Your Eternal Self" presenting the scientific evidence that the mind is not confined to the brain, the afterlife is a reality, people's minds are linked, and the mind affects the physical world. The book is hailed as "number one from the standpoint of offering the reader the full gamut of phenomena supporting the survival hypothesis in clear and concise language" and "an eye-opening look at the pseudo natural and everything related to the human mind-highly recommended for anyone into the science beyond the mundane world" He is the author of "Applying the Science of the Afterlife" and is a board member of the Academy of Spirituality and Paranormal Studies.
SEGMENT 4
LESLIE RULE - Where Angels Tread - Leslie Rule is the best-selling author of two suspense novels and four nonfiction books on ghosts. She has also published dozens of articles in national magazines, including a November, 2005 article on ghosts and murder in READER'S DIGEST. Leslie grew up in a family of writers in a creaky old house on a windy cliff which overlooked Puget Sound. "My mother (author Ann Rule) made it no secret that our house was haunted," says Leslie. "She loved to tell company about the ghost that shared our home. When I was a little girl, I thought everyone lived in a haunted house!" Leslie's spooky childhood sparked a lifelong fascination with ghosts. "I swore I would never write true crime, because that is my mom's genre," says Leslie. "But the ghost cases I researched so often involved murder, that my latest book overlaps with my mom's genre." Ghosts in the Mirror - Rule documents more than dozens of stories of paranormal apparitions that reveal themselves on the other side of the looking glass. In addition to writing, Leslie is also a photographer and an artist. Many of her photographs of cops and killers can be seen in her mother's true crime books. "She started taking me to trials with her when I was seventeen!" says Leslie. "I learned early that if I was going to get a good shot of a murderer, I could not be afraid to get up close to them and snap a picture during breaks in the courtroom."
SEGMENT 5
DICK CRISWELL - UFOs - With the developing fascination of UFO/Paranormal research in the Indianapolis area, Mr. Criswell hosted UFO and paranormal meetings in his home beginning in 1986. During this time he met Richard Hoagland who introduced him to Dr. Michael Wolf. In 1994 Mr. Criswell became a team member on a project with Dr. Wolf called the ALPHA COM. In 1997 he co-hosted a national radio show on the cable news network called Star Fire Program. Mr. Criswell has also hosted local radio shows in the Indianapolis area, as well as numerous speaking engagements on a variety of UFO/Paranormal topics. Within the last three years Mr. Criswell has been facilitating UFO/Paranormal talks at area Indianapolis, Indiana businesses and gatherings. Dick Criswell retired in 2006 and is now dedicating countless hours of his time to research and investigating UFO's and the paranormal. Dick is currently in talks with fellow enthusiasts and is creating a business plan to begin a national UFO/Paranormal research facility. They are hoping to develop an international UFO/Paranormal interest group.
SEGMENT 6
JIM MORONEY - Alberta UFO Study Group - Jim Moroney has over 20 years of experience in UFO research and is an accomplished public speaker. A grounded highly proficient professional educator, he has captivated audiences with his personal experiences and his insight into the UFO phenomenon. A formal education in science, transpersonal psychology and health and safety, Jim Moroney is the author of the "New Bridge" and Director of the Alberta UFO Study Group. Jim instructs health and safety and occupational hygiene courses at the University of Calgary and has also instructed at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and University of Alberta. He is a recognized speaker at UFO Conferences and has appeared on the Local and National Television and documentaries. Jim's style is collaborative and his presentations are engaging and effective with a dose of humor. He has dedicated himself to exploring this controversial subject and sharing his knowledge with those who wish to listen. A guest on national television and radio he has delivered to numerous conferences and symposiums. Topics include "Contact - A Process To Understand", "Planning for the Extraterrestrial Presence", "UFO's - What Can We Predict and How Should We Plan".
SEGMENT 7
WAYNE BARTSCH - Crimes Against Humanity At Napa State Hospital - Shortly after midnight on Christmas, Orrin Patrick, a 45-year-old mentally ill patient at Napa State Hospital, led a young orderly into the starkly lit dayroom on Unit T-7. There, lying in a pool of blood on the speckled linoleum floor, was John Reed, 48, of Yuba City. He had been pummeled in the face and strangled. To hospital employees and patients' rights advocates, Reed's slaying exposes a fundamental flaw in California's mental health system: Criminally inclined, often violent patients are now in the majority at state hospitals - and the hospitals are ill-equipped to handle them. The problem has reached a critical stage at Napa State Hospital, which has a severe employee shortage and where staff members are given only rudimentary training on how to deal with criminal behavior. With more than 100 job vacancies at the hospital, the nursing staff has barely enough time to clothe, feed and medicate patients, let alone deal with violent outbursts.
SEGMENT 8
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future.
Monday, May 14 2012
SEGMENT 1
MICHELLE WHITEDOVE - Michelle Is The Winner Of 2008 America's Psychic Challenge! - Naturally gifted since childhood, Michelle has many God given talents. These abilities enable her to connect with her Guardian Angels and Spirit Guides to give clear and accurate information about Personal Issues, World Events, and the Future. She has a 98% accuracy rate with her readings. As a CLAIRVOYANT (clear seeing) Michelle receives visions of people, places, things, and of the past, present & future, she is CLAIRAUDIENT (clear hearing) listening to messages from the other side, CLAIRSENTIENT (psychic senses of smelling, tasting, and feeling) , as an EMPATH she takes on the sensations of the physical and emotional states of being. Michelle's ability as a SPIRIT-MEDIUM is astounding and contacting departed loved ones is a rare gift. With one foot in the spirit realm and one on the earth plane, she is able to see and converse with spirits that have crossed to the other side. These souls communicate telepathically through feelings and pictures. No words exist which can describe the intensity of this communication. This direct connection helps many people put closure to relationships, healing their hearts by knowing that our soul is eternal and our loved ones do indeed survive death. As a MEDICAL INTUITIVE, Michelle can see into the physical body and advise her client to seek appropriate medical help. Spiritual and Physical Healing is a gift Michelle uses when spirit calls her to do so. As an intuitive healer she is able to see the physical or emotional problems within the persons being. Through prayer, her compassion towards the sick opens a healing force from the heavens, causing many patients to release pain and suffering. Using all of her gifts, as a PSYCHIC DETECTIVE Michelle can help to solve crimes, disappearances, and mysteries. She is able to give previously unknown information by creating a "Psychic Profile" to help investigators and relatives unravel the truth about events that occurred.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
CAROL TAYLOR - Niagara Area Paranormal Society- Carol Taylor is a 42 year old mother of 3 who resides in Welland, Ontario. As a very young child Carol had a gift for communicating with those who were deceased. Not only could she see and hear people who crossed over but she started to have visions and precognitive experiences of future events as well. Due to activity her own homes growing up, Carol started to investigate on her own when she was in her early teens. About 6 years ago, Carol decided to take this a step further and she opened up a community group online in MSN where she taught people how to research and investigate activity in their own homes as well as develop their psychic abilities. A few years ago, Carol made the decision to leave MSN groups and created another updated and expanded website. This new website provides a safe haven for those who are experiencing paranormal phenomena and wish an objective, open platform in which to express their concerns and get the help they seek. Carol also started to teach psychic development locally. After many years of investigating on her own, Carol founded the group Niagara Area Paranormal Society. They currently have 4 members on their team and are looking to expand. They investigate paranormal phenomena mostly at private residences in and around the Niagara Region.
SEGMENT 33
ELIZABETH JOYCE - Psychic Readings for one and all who call - 1-877-528-8255 - Elizabeth Joyce grew up in Ridgewood, New Jersey. At eight years old, Elizabeth's psychic powers were revealed to her family when she announced that the elderly tenant upstairs had died. (She died within three days of this prediction) Elizabeth's grandmother, Ella Russell Hemphill from Warner, New Hampshire, was herself a medium and recognized Elizabeth's gift at age five, when Elizabeth spent a year living with her. Thousands of people have witnessed Elizabeth Joyce's incredible psychic powers on TV shows such as Unsolved Mysteries, Beyond Chance and The Psychic Detectives; She is a frequent guest on radio shows across the country and is now a "regular" on the X-Zone Radio with Rob McConnell. She has been profiled in Women's Day Magazine, Wall Street Magazine, The National Enquirer, The New York Times and other national media. Elizabeth is the author of numerous articles and guided meditation audio cassettes. Her book Psychic Attack-Are You A Victim has just been released by IUniverse. (Oct. 2007) Ms. Joyce is a member of the Academy of Religion and Psychical Research; profiled in six books, three of which are The Psychic Yellow Pages (2001) by Dr. Hans Holzer, The World's Greatest Psychics (2004) by Francine Hornberger, and the Akashic Who's Who of Psychics, Mediums and Healers (2005) by Victorialynn Weston. Elizabeth Joyce is recognized for her clairvoyant ability to help find missing persons, dream analysis, past-life regression work, mediumship, astounding psychic gifts, accurate predictions and spiritual guidance. Elizabeth is the founder of her organization, Visions of Reality, and teaches classes and seminars on improving your psychic and intuitive abilities. Elizabeth Joyce has just founded the Bucks County Metaphysical Association located in Doylestown, Pennsylvania; a non-profit organization dedicated to the knowledge and growth of understanding metaphysics. The BCMA is building a metaphysical library for the county's use and donates proceeds from it's functions to local charities.
SEGMENT 4
JULIE SCANDORA - Parents, Are You Listening or Lecturing? - We want to know that our children are safe and that they are happy. The only way we can ever truly know that everything is as it should be in their lives is through talking with them and hearing what they say. But are we tuning out what our kids are really telling us? Or worse still, are we creating an environment in which they feel unable to come to us for help? Teacher and author Julie Scandora says that parents need to treat children with respect to ensure a trusting relationship.
SEGMENT 5
JIM HUMBLE - The Miracle Mineral Supplement of the 21st Century - Jim Humble is the author of "The Miracle Mineral Supplement of the 21st Century" from which he donates all above profits to the charity of overcoming malaria in Africa, and he is an active member of the Kinnaman Foundation. Jim was an aerospace research engineer for 25 years; he set up the testing of A-bombs, worked on the lunar rover space vehicle and tested electronic systems for ICBM's. He wired the first US computer-operated machine, and invented the first automatic garage door opener and digital phone alarm system to be used in Los Angeles. Jim set up his own company specializing in gold mining equipment, creating over 200 products and authoring five books on gold mining and safety. He discovered MMS in 1997 and has worked with it ever since, helping thousands of people since that time.
SEGMENT 6
DAN HALL - Ghost Stories - Walking with the Dead - Explore haunted sites with filmmaker Dan T. Hall as he searches for answers to paranormal questions that still resonate from his 2006 documentary Central State: Asylum for the Insane. Go inside the Rivoli Theater closed since 1992 in search of evidence of "Lady Rivoli." Travel to a bygone era at Tuckaway House, where turn-of-the-century celebrities are said to still pay frequent visits at 3 a.m. And follow the film crew through the Hartford City Jail, witnessing unexplained phenomena as investigators wander the cells and traverse the dungeon level. These and other unexplained events are captured in this haunting documentary. Indianapolis-based independent filmmaker Dan T. Hall, whose documentary Central State: Asylum for the Insane sold out the IMAX last year, is known for his diversity in subject matter and genre. Other credits to his name include the feature films, EZ Money, The Lil' River Rats and the Adventure of the Lost Treasure and 587: The Great Train Robbery. Hall is currently in preproduction on a psychological thriller.
SEGMENT 7
DR DAVID GRUDER - The Best Defence Against Cheating - This Valentines Day, ask integrity enhancement expert Dr. David Gruder about the Valentines gift that lasts through the entire year: relationship integrity. Far beyond merely avoiding affairs, relationship integrity is about creating synergy. Far better than compromise, synergy builds bridges between each partner's deepest intentions, to create strong, happy, durable and mutually fulfilling relationships. Our listeners will recieve the gift of enhancing their relationship integrity: a couple's best insurance policy against affairs. Dr. Gruder, a clinical psychologist, marriage & family therapist and integrity development expert, is the founder of the Integrity Pledge and the author of "The New IQ: How Integrity Intelligence Serves You, Your Relationships and Our World.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - Kal's Korner - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Sunday, May 13 2012
SEGMENT
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Planet-X & Our Changing World - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold/platinum, multi-award winning music producer/recording artist/songwriter/publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
DR SUSMIT KUMAR - Why American Troops Won't Affect the Outcome in Iraq - The handling of the war in Iraq is the single most divisive issue in America today. Whether or not the U.S. Government should withdraw, surge or stay the course is debated in barbershops, at kitchen tables and in Pentagon offices. Middle East Expert Dr. Susmit Kumar lays out in his new book "The Modernization of Islam" why American troops can no longer serve a purpose in Iraq and how America's current presence is just delaying the inevitable: Islamic Extremists taking over the Iraqi Government. However, Dr. Kumar uses history to reveal why this is actually a necessary step for Iraq to become a Democracy. Dr. Susmit Kumar is the author of "The Modernization of Islam" and obtained his Ph.D. in only two and a half years from Pennsylvania State University. Dr. Kumar is a previous member of the India Administrative Service, which influences and implements government policy. He is also Founding President of the Prout Institute of United States. Dr. Kumar has been published internationally with numerous articles on topics like international politics, history and economics.
SEGMENT 3
OPEN MIKE with ROB McCONNELL& PATRICK COOKE - The Space Show - The Navy shooting down a decaying satellite and the eclipse - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future.
SEGMENT 4
ELLEN - Psychic- Ellen has been a working clairvoyant for many years. She specializes in soul mate relationships but is eager to talk with you about any topic you wish. Ellen will take medical questions so long as it is understood that no psychic reading can ever take the place of seeking qualified medical advice. She will tell you the truth, and considers a psychic reading to be a sacred event between two people. Ellen is an interpreter of dreams and is comfortable with all matters of the spirit!.
SEGMENT 5
TED KEMENCZKY - New York Strange Phenomena Investigators - Oliver von Kemenczky is the founder of New York Strange Phenomena Investigators (NY-SPI), headquartered in Manhattan. NY-SPI is a scientific research group dedicated to the systematic investigation of UFO sightings, UFO abduction reports, and related extraordinary occurrences. Oliver has nearly 20 years of experience as a UFO researcher and field investigator. Officially, his interest in UFOs began in childhood. His parents, who encouraged him to look at the subject with an open mind, were his inspiration. His mother helped plant the seeds of his curiosity, while his father (an engineer, inventor, and amateur astronomer) helped teach him how to examine the UFO phenomenon from a technical perspective. It soon became a hobby. Over the past 10 years, Oliver has been a key player with New York City's Intruders Foundation (IF), working closely with author, artist, and veteran UFO abduction investigator Budd Hopkins. IF is a research and support organization that examines UFO close encounters, especially those where the witnesses report having had strange dream-like experiences, a sense of "missing time," or memories of potential "alien abductions." IF also offers a network of support, providing sympathetic help and understanding to individuals who feel they may have had these experiences. It was through the Intruders Foundation that Oliver developed friendships and solid associations with fellow researchers Ted Davis, Dennis Anderson, and Jed Turnbull.
SEGMENT 6
WILLIAM MARKS - Editor - Water Voices from Around The World - Three years in the making - Water Voices is a tabletop (13 inches H x 10 inches W) hardcover book containing 230 pages and 400 color photographs - many with informative captions. Each of the seventy-seven (77) authors in this book provides unique water knowledge. Certainly, there is wisdom in our paying attention to the guidance proffered by these profound people from all walks of life, including several recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Stockholm Water Prize, and the Heinz Award. Information about each author can be found in the book's 'Biographies' section. Water Voices from Around The World is published in consideration and support of the United Nations' effort for the "International Decade of Action 'Water for Life', 2005-2015." This decade-long UN water effort was initiated by the Republic of Tajikistan, and supported by 148 UN member states. We are thankful for Tajikistan President Emomali RAHMON'S water initiative and contribution to this important United Nations' effort. Water Voices from Around The World provides a visual journey into the esoteric and mystical worlds of water, while the letters and articles present guidance, new insights, and unique research about this universally rare and precious entity. - www.watervoices.com
SEGMENT 7
DR BETH HARRISON - Genetically Engineered Food - What you don't know about genetically engineered food could harm you? Would you buy and eat food that hasn't been proven safe? Probably not intentionally, yet that's exactly what we are doing every day because we eat foods that have been genetically engineered. Beth Harrison, Ph.D. author of the new book Shedding Light on Genetically Engineered Food says research by independent scientists shows that genetically engineered (GE) food, which has infiltrated the foods we eat, may pose serious risks to our health. Biotechnology scientists can freely take the genetic material out of one organism and place it in another, creating new life forms that would not otherwise occur in nature (e.g., flounder genes in tomatoes). They are changing the most fundamental characteristics of the very food we eat without knowing what it will do to people who eat it. Furthermore, because GE food is unlabeled, we're being kept uninformed about it by companies that are making billions of dollars in profits.
SEGMENT 8
DAVID OATES - Reverse Speech? - The theory of Reverse Speech, well thought through and written by the founder of Reverse Speech David Oates, states that our brain has two modes of communication as it has two hemispheres, each one being responsible for different functions. One is the conscious forward speech mode, which occurs overtly and is controllable. The other is the unconscious or Reverse Speech mode, which occurs covertly and is uncontrollable. As Reverse Speech is known to occur mostly in a relaxed state, this mode is formed in the right brain hemisphere, where the emotional function content is located. Both modes compliment and co-exist alongside each other. Conscious and unconscious modes relate to each other and reflect the psyche in the dynamics of interpersonal communication. With a reversal one looks at the overall complementarity, that is, looks where the reversal occurs in the forward speech as well as looking at paragraph and sentence structure, in fact the whole context. Reverse Speech reveals a persons thought and feeling processes at the time of speech. Everyone can hear and process it, as it occurs in the right brain, the unconscious brain hemisphere, one is unaware of it consciously. Often we call this intuition.
Saturday, May 12 2012
SEGMENT 1
DR. TIMOTHY SCOTT - The Truth About Antidepressants, Antipsychotics and How We've Been Deceived - Dr. Scott has been called "one of the most humane and clear writers on what is wrong with the way we deliver mental health" by William Glasser, M.D., psychiatrist, father and author of Reality Therapy. John Friedberg, M.D., neurologist and author of Shock Treatment is Not Good for Your Brain, wrote, "A professional lifetime has gone into this book. . . . Dr. Scott joins science with common sense to educate the reader as to the state of the art in psychiatry and pharmacology today. Mixing personal detail, history and eye-opening facts, the author's writing style is disarmingly low-key: it feels like personal advice from a favorite teacher. . . ." Dr. Scott's conclusions from the more than 1,800 references in the scientific literature cited in America Fooled are a challenge to the status quo: "It will sell by the millions and be hugely influential . . . . The correspondence around this book is going to be amazing!" (Douglas Turkington, M.D., author of Cognitive Therapy of Schizophrenia and Fellow, Royal College of Psychiatry, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Great Britain)
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
NEIL JAMIESON-WILLIAMS - Paganism - Neil Jamieson-Williams has had many of the interesting occupations that writers like to list in their biographies so that they don't appear as dull, bookish dweebs -- however, this usually just serves to make them appear as unemployable dilatants. The only occupation that he wants mentioned is that he used to work in radio as a writer-producer and an on-air presenter. The reason why he wants this mentioned is that it pertains to his forthcoming book and this way he doesn't have to write a new bio. Neil holds degrees in anthropology and sociology and he is a Professor of social sciences at a college of applied arts and sciences in southern Ontario. He is not permitted to reveal his academic affiliation as his employer strongly disapproves of his research area and has demanded that Neil provide no academic affiliation for any conference papers that he presents, any journal articles or books that are published, or any other form of publication of his work. Neil has been a practicing Modern Pagan since 1983, when he was initiated into one of the many variants of the Feri tradition of Wicca. He is also an initiate of the Odyssean tradition. Neil has been studying Modern Pagans in Ontario since 1987. Neil lives in a modest sized city in southern Ontario with his family.
SEGMENT 3
DR FRED BAUGHMAN - The Northern Illinois University Murders Due to 'Chemical Imbalances' or 'Chemical Balancers' - Drugs?' - Fred A. Baughman Jr., MD has been an adult & child neurologist, in private practice, for 35 years. Making "disease" (real diseases--epilepsy, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, etc.) or "no disease" (emotional, psychological, psychiatric) diagnoses daily, he has discovered and described real, bona fide diseases. It is this particular medical and scientific background that has led him to view the "epidemic" of one particular "disease"--Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)--with increasing alarm. Dr. Baughman describes this himself. Referring to psychiatry, he says: "They made a list of the most common symptoms of emotional discomfiture of children; those which bother teachers and parents most, and in a stroke that could not be more devoid of science or Hippocratic motive--termed them a 'disease.' Twenty five years of research, not deserving of the term 'research.,' has failed to validate ADD/ADHD as a disease. Tragically--the "epidemic" having grown from 500 thousand in 1985 to between 5 and 7 million today--this remains the state of the 'science' of ADHD." In addition to scientific articles that have appeared in leading national and international medical journals, Dr. Baughman has testified for victimized parents and children in ADHD/Ritalin legal cases, writes for the print media and appears on talk radio shows, always making the point that ADHD is fraudulent--a creation of the psychiatric-pharmaceutical cartel, without which they would have nothing to prescribe their dangerous, addictive, Schedule II, stimulants for--namely, Ritalin (methylphenindate), Dexedrine (dextro-amphetamine), Adderall (mixed dextro- and levo-amphetamine) and, Gradumet, and Desoxyn (both of which are methamphetamine, 'speed,' 'ice'). The entire country, including all 5-7 million with the ADHD diagnosis today, have been deceived and victimized; deprived of their informed consent rights and drugged--for profit! It must be stopped. Now!
SEGMENT 4
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future.
SEGMENT 5
POPPY LYNN - Looking Into Your Future - All her life she has had an extraordinary gift of sight and insight, and she has used this gift to help people better understand and control the direction of their lives. We all have tremendous capacity for spiritual growth and personal success in whatever we choose to do. Sometimes all we need is to just see more clearly what is 'right before us'. Give our lives a little 'definition'. One of the simplest and best ways to Define Your Life is with Poppy Lynn's tarot readings, which can either be personal consultations of up to an hour in length, or, if you want to add something interesting and special to a party or other gathering.
SEGMENT 6
J.A. LEARY - He Worked on the Space Shuttle - Author J. A. Leary knows the meaning of the phrase "the sky's the limit" better than just about anyone else. As a software engineer, he spent years designing processing software for the space shuttle's main engines at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. With the safety of those on board the shuttle at stake, Leary learned what it is like to work on high-pressure projects that the entire world is watching. He also became entrenched in the policies and bureaucratic procedures that govern every aspect of the U.S. space program. In recent years, NASA projects have been criticized for being too gargantuan, too costly, and simply irrelevant, given the myriad of other challenges facing America today. Tonight on The 'X' Zone, Leary will addressthese topics. He will also discuss NASA's most notable successes and failures. Leary, a software engineer at Rocketdyne, was educated as a mathematician andcomputer scientist. He is the author of "The AngelHunter", a just-published psychological thriller.
SEGMENT 7
MELISSA ABRAHAM - Weird and Wacky Funerals - Weird and Wacky Funerals - These days more and more people are going beyond simple cookie-cutter burials and cremations. Options for saying goodbye to the dearly departed are practically endless. Melissa Abraham will shock your audience, warm their hearts and keep them laughing as she shares captivating true stories of the strangest send-offs like customized coffins shaped like wine bottles and giant Kit-Kats, and being embalmed into a coffee table. You'll hear about sisters who kept their mother embalmed for 10 years, visiting every Saturday, because they couldn't bear to say goodbye, and ashes turned into diamond rings or used in a build-a-reef project off Florida's coast. We all think about how we'll make our mark in life. Why not explore how to make your final act unique? Launched in October, 2007, "When We Remember: Inspiration & Integrity for a Meaningful Funeral," has already reached individuals and funeral associations in twenty-one countries. By consulting with religious leaders, funeral directors and psychologists, Melissa addresses all aspects of planning to assist families through the stressful period of decision-making.
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily.
Friday, May 11 2012
SEGMENT 1
PASTOR HARRY WALTHER - Satan's Rapture - Pastor Harry (Walther) has studied Bible Prophecy, Nostradamus, the occult and ancient civilizations for over twenty years. Pastor Harry has published two books, THE ANSWER- TWO RAPTURES in 1986 and JUNE 6 2006 (666) ANTICHRIST REVEALED and founded www.satansrapture.com/ Sept 1997. Pastor Harry also studied the Bible Code since 1998 and found the Next Terror Attack on America for May 2008 "I believe we are in The Biblical End Times and between 2008 and 2012 AD we will see the fulfillment of Bible Prophecy.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
RICHARD P JACKSON - Paranormal Investigator, Exorcist and Energy Healer - For twenty years, Richard p. Jackson has been involved in some of the most noted of psychic, and supernatural events. As a multi gifted medium and psychic, few have the hands on credentials and accolades in such a wide variety of situations and perspectives. Theologians, medical, historical and researchers have witnessed his skill at maneuvering spiritual law and gifts to have a vast array of witnessed accounts of altering and making better, the condition of our spiritual realm. From origins of investigations, hauntings and spiritual presence, Richard has successfully donned the mantles of message and trance mediumship, personal and spiritual development, and as an accredited practitioner and instructor of over a dozen healing techniques, and some of his own, soon to be published discoveries. Known as an authentic healer, spiritual photographer, think tank and abductee regressionist, psychic and dehaunter to name a few.
SEGMENT 3
ERIK GILES - Antichrist Code Broken: The Apollyon Intercepts - There's been a lot of talk about the Mayan Long Calendar and what its end on Dec. 21 may portend for the world, but are you aware of the equally ancient Prophecy of the Popes and the biblical book of Revelation? All three prophecies are converging in their end stages, says fraud strategist Erik Giles, And when he digs through the numbers, he finds a disturbing pattern. Erik Giles has spent his career as a fraud analyst - specializing in preventing identity theft - because he has a unique skill set when it comes to pattern recognition, analyzing data and creating rules for it. He graduated from Penn State with a bachelor's in telecommunications and from Case Western Reserve University with an MBA. - www.threeprophecies.com
SEGMENT 4
GLENN KIMBALL - Glenn Kimball is an author, educator and lecturer. He has successfully completed all course work for a Ph.D. in Communications. He was the former president of International Exchange School and has taught school at Southern Illinois University. He has been collecting ancient texts since the age of fifteen and is famous for being able to integrate very diverse texts into a contiguous story line. Due to the censorship of time and doubt, most of the documents and oral stories chronicling the early life of Jesus were destroyed, lost, or forgotten. After 25 years of research, during which Kimball visited museums, Indian tribes, medicine men, and universities, he assembled some of the missing links and unsolved mysteries of Christianity.
SEGMENT 5
DR. PATRICIA DOYLE - Bioterrorism - On November 16, The American Association of Physicians and Surgeons publicly condemned the forced vaccinations of children in Prince Georges County which is located in Maryland. Presently there are 1600 parents in Prince Georges County who have not had their child immunized for a variety of reasons. The position of the association comes at the heels of a court order by the state's attorney general's office in which the parents were ordered to appear in court so that their children could receive up to 17 doses of immunizations. If the parents choose not to attend they could be fined up to $50 for every day that their child is out of compliance.
SEGMENT 6
LAURA MILLAR - Dr. Love - Internationally Syndicated Columnist, "Dr. Love" joined Rob McConnell in studio in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. From falling asleep during sex to love and harmony within the family unit. Dr. Love is now a contributing columnist in The 'X' Chronicles Newspaper.
SEGMENT 7
DR DAVID GRUDER - The Psychology of A Conspiracy - Dr. David S. Gruder, Ph.D., D.CEP, is the Executive Director of Integrity Revolution, LLC (and its subsidiary, Willingness Works®) in Del Mar, California, through which he lectures, trains and consults worldwide in Personal, Relationship & Leadership Integrity Development. His doctorate is in clinical psychology with a secondary emphasis in organizational development and conflict resolution. For almost three decades, Dr. Gruder has provided organizational analyses, staff training, team development and executive mentoring, for executives, administrators, leaders, businesses and academic institutions. This has been in addition to having maintained a waiting-list private psychotherapy practice from 1980 until 2000. The Willingness Works® website, www.willingness.com, is a Starburst Best-of-the-Web Top 100 Self-Discovery Website. He also maintains two other websites that are helping to spark and integrity revolution.
SEGMENT 8
THOMAS LYONS - Modern Day Mystic - Over the years, author, mystic, and spiritual minister Rev. Thomas F. Lyons has worked as a truck driver, a radio disc jockey, a writer and book editor, and at dozens of other professions while seeking out knowledge and understanding anywhere he could find it. He's also taught astrology, received initiation into various spiritual and mystical groups, and established Mystic Light Ministries with his wife Rhonda as a way to broaden the outreach of their collective spiritual work. Lyons also works an Agni Dhatu energy therapist, as an Angelic Life Force teacher, and is the editor of the upcoming Desert Spirit Magazine. Thomas F. Lyons, a Massachusetts native, today lives in Southern California. He is the author of Modern Day Mystic: An Extraordinary Journey through the Labyrinth of Today's Alternative Spiritual Culture and the co-author and editor of Fear No Evel: An Insider's Look At Hollywood with Shelly Saltman.
Thursday, May 10 2012
SEGMENT 1
TERRY JAMES - Nephilim Imperatives: Dark Sentences - Prophecy expert and lecturer Terry James is the general editor of RaptureReady.com, the #1 prophecy website on the Internet. Founded in 1989, the website receives more than 8 million visitors each month and has more than 4,000 active members. One of the site's main features is the Rapture Index, a constantly updating gauge that measures end-time issues and events in the news. Any event that has biblically prophetic relevance is assigned a ranking. The combined rankings serve as an end-times speedometer, signaling the speed at which the world is moving toward Armageddon. The index has been featured by Time Magazine, The New York Times, The Chicago Tribune, The Los Angeles Times, The Rolling Stone, The Economist, Christianity Today, CNN, the BBC, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, and many others. The "rapture" is an event in Christian eschatology (the study of the end times) in which it is believed that all born-again Christians will be taken from earth into heaven at a specific moment by Jesus Christ, signaling the apocalypse. Its introduction and popularization in Christian belief with books such as the Left Behind series of novels, is relatively recent. The timing of when the rapture will take place is a key point often discussed and debated between denominations and individuals who accept the belief. James is a member of the PreTrib Research Center Study Group and believes that the rapture will occur prior to the seven-year tribulation described in the book of Revelation. The study group is founded by Dr. Tim LaHaye, coauthor of the Left Behind series. In addition to James' work as the editor of Rapture Ready, he is also a prolific author of prophecy-related books including his new book, The Nephilim Imperatives (Anomalos Publishing ISBN 9780978845360 2008) and Are You Rapture Ready? (Penguin, 2004). Other works include Foreshadows of Wrath and Redemption, Forewarning, and Foreshocks of Antichrist published by Harvest House, and Earth's Final Days, Raging Into the Apocalypse, The Triumphant Return of Christ and Storming Toward Armageddon published by New Leaf. In 1993, James lost his eyesight due to a degenerative retinal disease called retinitis pigmentosa. With the aid of Jobs Accessible Word System (JAWS), a voice synthesis program, he is able to write and use the Internet. Prior to losing his eyesight, James worked in the field of marketing and public relations for more than 25 years. James earned a B.A. in advertising design with a minor in political science from University of Arkansas at Little Rock. He and his wife Margaret continue to reside near Little Rock. - www.raptureready.com
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
NANCY PENTTILA - Whole Body Wellness Centre - Nancy Penttila is the co-founder of the Whole Body Wellness Centre in her hometown of Timmins , Ontario , Canada . She began her career working as a Registered Practical Nurse with the Victorian Order of Nurses and she also enjoyed working with disabled children. She found this field to be a very rewarding and invaluable experience; however, she felt a burning desire to shift her focus toward holistic health care over the years. Her passion for the mind-body connection led her to seek formal training by some of the nation's foremost healers and become a Master Hypnotherapist and Neuro-Linguistic Programming Master Practitioner. In addition, she has completed all levels of the German New Medicine Program, she is a Reconnective Healing Practitioner who holds an advanced certification to perform The Reconnection. She is also a Registered Massage Therapist and views herself as a life long student that has a profound desire to learn more about complementary healing in order to be the best healer that she can possibly be! This vast diversity of knowledge allows her to create and offer programs of care that are unique and best suited for her patient?s needs. During the past decade she has also studied various healing art forms such as holistic nutrition & detoxification, the mind-body connection, energy medicine & spiritual healing, exercise physiology as well as the art of yoga, Pilates and meditation. Knowing that 95% of diseases can be prevented, she teaches her patients how to restructure their present state of health by focusing on the prevention of disease and ailments through the various therapies that she offers. Her primary goal is to enhance the quality of life of others by inspiring them to become aware of their inner rhythms and by empowering them to make the necessary changes in their lives that will allow new found levels of health and vitality to unveil themselves.
SEGMENT 3
RANDY HOYLE - Freedom Of Speech Poetry Festival - Randy co-founded Freedom Of Speech Poetry Festival, and produced for eleven years. In 2004 he wrote The Ballad Of Dred Scott, a historical fiction novella about a man who is chosen to be the champion of the universe to bring an end to slavery in America before the Civil War. And how his fight for freedom helped Abraham Lincoln become president. The book was recently picked up by Amazon Kindle and during a promotion sold a hundred copies in about an hour. The book was used to teach courses at two universities. - www.jaxtr.com/charliegorilla
SEGMENT 4
ADAM GORIGHTLY - Crackpot Historian - A self-described 'crackpot historian,' for two decades Adam Gorightly's articles have appeared in nearly every 'zine, underground magazine, counter-cultural publication, and conspiratorial website imaginable. Bringing a mischievous sense of Prankster-Discordianism to the zany world of fringe culture, once Gorightly connects his dots, readers are plunged into alternative universes which forever alter their view of 'reality.' His landmark work, The Shadow Over Santa Susana: Black Magic, Mind Control and the Manson Family Mythos is by far the best ever compiled on the Tate-Labianca murders. Far from being portrayed as prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi's caricatured bogeyman, Gorightly paints a broader picture of Manson in relation to Hollywood porn films, Anton LaVey's Satanism, Scientology and the Process Church, MK-ULTRA, designer drugs, and the true Beatles-Helter Skelter story.
SEGMENT 5
GINA MOLLICONE-LONG - The Secret of Successful Failing - Many people are working on sticking to their New Year's resolutions - some are struggling - and some have already thrown in the towel. Gina Mollicone-Long, author of bestselling, THE SECRET OF SUCCESSFUL FAILING, is here to give those who have felt a sense of failure with their New Year's resolution some hope! Gina's viewpoint is that failure contains all the necessary information for us to go back and change something on the inside so that we can produce a different outcome the next time around and be successful. THE SECRET OF SUCCESSFUL FAILING uses real-life examples and personal stories to help the advice and exercises resonate with as many people as possible. The combination of everyday situations with a straight-talking approach helps Mollicone-Long to simplify life's complexities in a fun and accessible manner. With an attitude like that, and the support of thousands of fans, this author and her valuable lessons look set to achieve even greater things -even failure can't hold them back. - http://www.ginamolliconelong.com
SEGMENT 6
DR HENRY M PETREE - Why Are Our Kids Killing Kids? - Dr. Henry M. Petree works relentlessly to enhance the safety of America's schools. He is the Critical Incident Officer for the Muskogee County Sheriff's Office in Muskogee, Oklahoma; the director of the Oklahoma Education Critical Incident Network; a conference speaker and in-service provider for both state and national meetings of school superintendents, school board members, and school counselors, school psychologists, and teachers; and a voice to churches, civic organizations, and communities to encourage cooperative efforts to protect our children. Dr. Petree has 30 years of experience helping people in times of crisis and in the aftermath of critical incidents of various types. Dr. Petree handled the debriefings for the Fort Gibson School Shooting and the Porter school bus stabbing. He was involved in providing aid to the victims and families of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Oklahoma City Bombing. He also is the author of the book, Why Are Our Kids Killing Kids? - www.criticalincidentnetwork.com
SEGMENT 7
KATHLEEN OBANNON Formulator, Nutritionist and Spokesperson Kathleen OBannon, CNC, is a dynamic and exciting holistic wellness expert with more than 30 years experience in the whole foods, natural foods, natural cosmetics, and natural supplement industries. She is the author of six (soon to be eight) books on health and nutrition. Her newsletters, TV and radio shows, and personal engagements have helped and entertained people around the world for 25 years. A gifted speaker and vocalist she will empower you to reach the heights of wellness with her uplifting CDs, DVDs, books, and newsletters. Kathleen has chosen only the finest ingredients, Organic when possible, to formulate combinations of nutraceuticals and whole food functional foods that will give you life and vitality as well as increase your lightness of being. Kathleen is a spiritual healer and as such feels a strong and passionate mission to help the people of Ali-Ogba, Rivers State, Nigeria, overcome the health challenges of HIV/AIDS and poverty using nutrition, education, and joy, to uplift all who come in contact with her. http://www.healthalive.net/
SEGMENT 8
OPEN MIC WITH ROB McCONNELL, SUPERMAN (Robs TalkStar Producer) & SPECIAL GUEST Well toss out the topics and you, The X Zone Nation will be able to run with the topics we suggest or you can bring up your own topics to discuss with Rob McConnell, Superman (Robs TalkStar producer) and our special guest. Call toll free from anywhere in Canada, the United States, or Hawaii 1-877-528-8255
Wednesday, May 9 2012
SEGMENT 1
ROSE ROSETREE - World's Foremost Face Reading Expert Tells Us What The Faces of the Presidential Candidates Tell Us... Really Tell Us - Rose holds a B.A. from Brandeis University, supplemented by graduate study in social work and education. She is known nationally as a Face Reader, Aura Reader and Empath. Rose is a member of the International Association for Regression Research & Therapies, Inc. (IARRT) and the National Guild of Hypnotists, Inc. (NGH). She is fully certified as a Consulting Hypnotist and a Regression Therapist. She has won teaching awards for her workshops from FIRST CLASS Adult Education Center. Fairfax County Adult Education, in Virginia, grants Continuing Education Units (CEUs) for her classes to physicians, psychotherapists, social works, massage therapists and other professionals. Rose's other clients include Long & Foster Real Estate, Law Resources, Oxford Management, USA Today, Freddie Mac, Andrews Bartlett, Coolfont, Case Managers of South Texas, Chevy Chase Land Company, Washington Inc, Washington Press Correspondents, one of Washington's leading cosmetic surgery practices, Worldgate Sport & Health, and EDS. - http://www.roserosetree.com/
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2: 11 pm - 12 am Eastern / 8 pm - 9 pm Pacific
MARK MACY - I T C- Mark Macy founded the International Network for Instrumental Transcommunication (INIT) in England in 1995, along with a dozen other researchers from eight countries. Their intent was to open a contact bridge between Heaven and Earth, or more precisely, between our world and the finer worlds of spirit, using technology as the medium. In the course of five years the group received dozens of phone calls and TV images from the other side. They enjoyed long dialogs with spirits and angels through radio devices and had files planted quietly on the hard disks of their computers. Some of those files contained images, others contained text - - actual pictures and letters depicting life in the spirit worlds in extraordinary detail. Macy himself received one particular phone call from a departed colleague named Konstantin Raudive that lasted nearly fifteen minutes. It's all part of a young field of research called ITC, or instrumental transcommunication. For the past five years Macy has focused most of his attention on a small subset of ITC in which he receives clear spirit faces on Polaroid film with the help of a subtle energy device called a "luminator." He has also kept busy spreading the word about ITC through books, interviews, Powerpoint presentations, TV specials, documentaries, and a massive ITC website, www.worlditc.org, mastered by his good friend and ITC colleague Rolf Ehrhardt of Ratingen, Germany. Macy was an agnostic or atheist as far back as he can remember - - a writer with a background in journalism and electronics. Thoughts of God and afterlife always seemed like wishful thinking to him. That changed in 1988 when he was diagnosed with colon cancer. With death staring him in the face, suddenly he had to know - - - what really happens to us after we die? He couldn't take it on faith alone. Not that there's anything wrong with faith, but Macy had always needed proof or solid evidence to convince him of something that was beyond his understanding. And afterlife was certainly beyond his understanding. At a conference in 1991 he was introduced to ITC research, and at first he could scarcely believe researchers in Europe who claimed to be in touch with spirits through technical devices. So after the conference ended he hopped on a transatlantic flight to visit with those researchers, and what he found changed his life forever. He's been fully immersed in ITC research ever since. Today he lives in Colorado with his wife Regina. The empty-nesters (their son entered college in 2005) fill their time with spiritual pursuits, including Mark's ITC research and Regina's energy healing. - http://www.spiritfaces.com/
SEGMENT 3
REV. DANIEL GARGUILLIO - Occult Investigations - Daniel Garguillio is a practitioner of Esoteric Christianity, holds ordination in several religious organizations, and has lectured on metaphysics at the university level. He resides in Baltimore, Maryland, where his lifelong research continues into the realms of exorcism, demonology, and psychic phenomena. - http://www.garguillio.com/
SEGMENT 4
JESSE KALSI - Astro Numerology - Jesse Kalsi graduated from the National Defense Academy of India and pursued advanced studies at the Indian Military Academy. He served as a Captain in the 1st Battalion, 3rd Gurkha Rifles, formerly called "The Queen's Own." Intending to devote his life to military affairs, Jesse left the army when he was informed of his true life purpose while posted at the Jammu-Kashmir frontier. He originally came to the U.S. to learn to fly, but eventually returned here to make his home in California. Jesse Kalsi is a world-renowned numerologist and healer. He specializes in residential and business numerology and provides valuable insight on the power of numbers and how they affect our lives. His mission is to promote harmony and prosperity in the world. In his work, he combines his Eastern upbringing with his Western experience to bring awareness and understanding. Over the past 15 years, Jesse has consulted hundreds of people and affected their lives positively. His clients include prominent business people and extremely successful communication and entertainment companies. Jesse Kalsi has appeared on many radio and television shows in the U.S., and his unique perspective on Numerology has amazed his audience. A successful real estate broker by trade, Jesse Kalsi is also a Certified Flight Instructor and holds a commercial pilot's license. He received his Bachelor's Degree in India and holds an LLM in International Legal Studies from Golden Gate University in San Francisco, California. Jesse lives in Northern California with his wife Karen, daughter Amrita, and son Eshan. Jesse Kalsi, a numerologist and real estate broker in Newark, California, has created a unique version of Eastern Numerology that has helped hundreds of people improve their lives. Jesse's unique perspective on Numerology has amazed his audience. Many say that he heals through his numbers. - www.jessekalsi.com
SEGMENT 5
KEITH CHESTER - Strange Company: Military Encounters With UFOs in WWII - Mankind had reached a threshold in the forth decade of the twentieth century. There were unprecedented scientific and technological achievements, but despite such progress, humanity was entering one of its darkest chapters. World War II would grip the world with terror for six years. During that time military personnel reported seeing numerous highly unconventional aircraft in all theaters of operation. These objects had extraordinary flight performance capabilities, came in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors, and were able to travel at extraordinary speeds and avoid radar detection. Strange Company is the first in-depth account of unconventional aircraft observed and reported by the military during World War II. It includes the reactions by military commands, their viewpoints, and theories as they struggled to make sense of the observations. Strange Company presents one of the greatest wartime mysteries, one that has been shrouded in ignorance for more than sixty years. And it suggests that while an immense twentieth century war was raging on Earth, there appeared to be someone, or something, from somewhere else, watching us. - http://www.anomalistbooks.com/chester.html
SEGMENT 6
JAMES GILLILAND - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** ECETI - Most recently James has been featured in John Savages' and Michael Knight's documentary "Contact Has Begun" His Story with James Gilliland. James Gilliland plays the key figure in the movie documentary, Contact Has Begun. This movie is also featured in, The Viel is Lifting, and the new soon to be released movie, Thrive. He has been a speaker at many events and featured on the The History Channel's, "UFOs Then and now: Hot Spots", ABC and FOX news, King 5 (Seattle) TV's Evening Magazine, Elaine Smitha, Daylene Gates Simply Spiritual, Off The Record with Ted Loman, International UFO Congress, and many other national and now international TV, radio and other media events. His articles and UFO reports have been featured by Magical Blend and UFO Magazine and have been regularly featured by major UFO information outlets such as Filer's Files, UFO Roundup, CAUS, MUFON, Skywatch International, PSI Applications, UFORC.Com, Farshores, The Virtually Strange Network. - www.eceti.org
SEGMENT 7
OPEN MIC WITH ROB McCONNELL - Okay, let's see, there are more paranormal researchers than at any other time in history and yet there is no proof that ghosts are real, UFOs are real, Alien Abductions are real, Bigfoot is real, Nessie is real, and that's just for starts. With all the digital cameras that people have, with all the hi-tech satellite surveillance and tracking capabilities - still - no concrete proof. What are your opinions, comments and observations? Call Rob and share them with The 'X' Zone Nation - 1-877-528-8255. - www.xzoneradio.co
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** KAL'S KORNER - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily. - www.kalkorff.com
Tuesday, May 8 2012
SEGMENT 1
JAMES O'KON - The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology - In 1995, James O'Kon shocked the archaeological world with the discovery of a massive, lost landmark of Maya engineering, the long span suspension bridge at the ancient city of Yaxchilan in Mexico. Now considered to be the longest bridge of the ancient world, the structure was overlooked by scientists who had studied the site for more than a century. In his new book, The Lost Secrets of Maya Technology, O'Kon recounts the thrilling realization of his discovery and how he used modern methods to examine and prove the existence of the spectacular bridge. The dugout canoe slid through the swirling waters of the Usumacinta River. Spider monkeys swung through the vines, and toucans and macaws flew amid the towering tropical rainforest. We were traveling downriver to the Maya city of Yaxchilan. Sitting in the bow, I did not realize that I would make a discovery that would change my life forever. - http://www.theoldexplorer.com/
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
JOHN PRESS - Culturism: A Word, A Value, Our Future - John Kenneth Press was born on May 22nd, 1964. His parents were hippies of a sort. For one thing they named him after John F. Kennedy who had been shot six months before his birth. He grew up in Venice Beach and Santa Monica California. His parents participated in the divorce trend when he was eleven. This caused his young life to sputter a bit. We can see from the biography so far that the greater trends of society are not impersonal. Before and after graduating from high school, John played music in the Los Angeles punk rock scene. He eventually played with members of Sonic Youth, Red Cross and Nirvana. These were, however, short lived experiences. After completing a solo recording in which he played all of the instruments Press traveled for a year and a half. Visiting Europe, West Africa, Israel and Egypt made quite an impression on him. He lived with Muslim cults, saw great art, and was turned rightward politically. Upon returning to Los Angeles he joined the famed cult glam group the Groovie Ghoulies. But this short stay was interrupted when he moved to San Jose to pursue a degree in psychology and two teaching credentials. He had adopted, at this point, a love of capitalism, which was soon to be nearly entirely reversed. - www.culturism.us
SEGMENT 3
DR EUGENE STOVALL - Conspiracy Theory Explains Blunders in America - Old hands are not surprised at the United States muscling in on the "great Central Asian oil grab" with such gusto. Yet many fear that the superpower's exit might be just as spectacular. Why? The one notion essential to the 19th century "great game" to control India was conspiracy. Great Britain and Russia conspired against each other and drew the factions of Central Asia into their conspiracies. Adherence to certain rules turned this fierce conflict into the "great game". However American policy and research does not recognize conspiracy theory. This makes many of their assessments and predictions simply wrong. Give your listeners a treat. Hear Dr. Eugene Stovall discuss why conspiracy theory helps explain current events. Dr. Stovall uses conspiracy theory to propel the drama in his two novels: "Frank Yerby: A Victim's Guilt" and "Blood and Brotherhood: A Novel of Love in a Time of Hate."
SEGMENT 4
C.J. ELLISSON - Vampire Vacation Inn - In the spring of 2008, C.J. started undergoing some medical tests for some issues she'd been ignoring for a few years. We've all done it -ignored a problem we hoped would go away because our lives were too busy to give attention to some minor inconvenience. Tests led to more tests and answers started to slowly trickle in. To keep her mind off of all that she couldn't do and to focus on what she could do, she started writing in February 2009. A lover of books for decades, she owes her husband, Pete, her first writing partner, and many close friends a big hug of thanks for thinking she should even attempt to write a book. In five months C.J. managed to: Write her first 90,000-word Urban Fantasy novel, join several writing guilds and writing sites, start a fan page on Facebook, enter several writing contests and become a finalist in most of them, attend her first National writing conference and learn a lot about how to write. Who knew it could take so much work and still be so much fun? - www.cjellisson.com
SEGMENT 5
PROPHET YAHWEH - The Summoner of UFOs - Ramon Watkins, more famously known as Prophet Yahweh, or The Seer of Yahweh (b. 1952 or 1953) is an American man who resides in Las Vegas, Nevada. Prophet Yahweh claims to have the ability to summon UFOs using passages from the Bible. He says that he developed this ability after studying the Old Testament in its original Hebrew form and gaining knowledge related to UFOs from his studies. Prophet Yahweh was born as Ramon Watkins in Memphis, Tennessee. He briefly attended Tuskegee Institute on a basketball scholarship before accepting a football scholarship to Southern Illinois University where he joined the ministry. Prophet Yahweh's first radio ministry occurred on WYZE, an Atlanta, Georgia radio station, in 1978. In 1981, he began his first cable television program at Viacom. In 1996, he began airing a UFO cable TV show in Los Angeles, California. - http://www.prophetyahweh.com
SEGMENT 6
WILLIAM KENNEDY - Lucifer's Lodge - William H. Kennedy (b. 1964) is a writer and speaker on contemporary politics and economics. Kennedy has written articles for academic journals such as, Sophia: the Journal of Traditional Studies and popular magazines like New Dawn. In 2004, Kennedy authored Lucifer's Lodge: Satanic Ritual Abuse in the Catholic Church (Sophia Perennis) followed by Satanic Crime: A Threat in the New Millennium (MVM: 2006). In 2005 Kennedy began hosting Sphinx Radio which focuses on paranormal topics & founded Cogscape Mind Enhancement Technologies in '07 which produces personal development audio and software programs. Kennedy is a popular guest on television and radio programs in the U.S., Canada & Europe. He has appeared on The Learning Channel, Meridian News (U.K.), A Closer Look, Radio Liberty, The Alex Jones Show, Deadline Live as well as The ' X' Zone (Canada), among many others. - www.williamkennedy.com
SEGMENT 7
FRANK LONGOS - Capturing the Light: 30,000 feet of proof - Meet Dorothy Izatt. A mild-mannered, loving, mother and grandmother. She raised a family who now has their own. They are the picture of a perfect family. But there is a secret they've had to live with their whole lives... that mom has an ongoing relationship with otherworldly beings for over 30 years. And she can prove it. There has never been a case study like this! Dorothy Izatt's phenomenon surpasses the most notorious alien abduction cases aka contactees. Unlike Whitley Strieber (Communion), Travis Walton (Fire in the Sky), and the Betty and Barney Hill case... Dorothy has FILMED her experiences. Thirty years in the making and armed with over 30,000 feet of film, Dorothy is now ready to share her story of contact with the world. 1. Watch unreleased UFO footage that defies logic and science 2. Learn about why they are here and what their intentions are 3. Discover how you can experience what Dorothy does 4. Witness never before seen UFO footage and anomalies captured DURING the making of the documentary. Never has a documentary examined the life of a contactee and its affects on an otherwise normal family... until now. Whether you follow the world of the paranormal or not, Capturing the Light will have you questioning your own beliefs. Be the first to witness and experience the Dorothy Izatt phenomenon. http://www.capturingthelightdvd.com/
SEGMENT 8
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily. - www.kalkorff.com
Monday, May 7 2012
SEGMENT 1
JIM CHAPMAN - Come Back To Life - Jim Chapman is a multi-talented Canadian who began his working life at 18 by signing a recording contract with Columbia Records in New York. Ten years later he had crossed musical paths with some of the biggest names in the business, including Jimi Hendrix, Carlos Santana, Sly Stone, Mick Jagger, Johnny Rivers and Gordon Lightfoot, and played in the band of rockabilly superstar Ronnie Hawkins. But touring was getting him down and Jim left the road to build an advertising and jingle company back home in London, Ontario, and found the first 24-track recording studio west of Toronto, the legendary Springfield Sound. He later became public relations and marketing director for the London AA affiliate of baseball's Detroit Tigers, and went on to develop a media career as a top-rated radio and television commentator and newspaper and magazine columnist, interviewing leading political and social figures from the United States and Canada. In August of 2011 Jim Chapman retired from broadcasting to devote more time to his writing. "His Will Be Done" was published in the fall of 2011 by Bettger Books and is a geopolitical thriller about religious fanaticism and nuclear brinksmanship. His latest novel, Sky Com is a 'future history' murder mystery that explores the dark side of societal development. It is scheduled for publication by Bettger Books in February of 2012. Jim continues to live in London, writes occasional columns for newspapers and magazines and is currently working on a new police procedural novel slated for release in mid-2012. Jim maintains his life-long interest in performing through The Incontinentals, a 50's-60's pop-rock vocal group that appears at select functions across southern Ontario. He is also an avid collector of vintage cars, and a proud member of The London Auto Modifiers, "Canada's Oldest Hotrod Club". - www.jimchapman.ca
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
RUSS REINA - Moments in the Death of a Flesh Mechanic
a Healers Rebirth - Russ Reina stumbled into ambulance work at the birth of Emergency Medical Services and found himself trying to legitimize a new profession. He agitated the systems he was in to support better their EMS workers ("Russ Reina was a burr in the backside of every Emergency Medical Services system he worked in," John Eaglesham, EMT-P, Past Chairman, California Ambulance Association). Russ burned out on the politics not long after crafting the first AFL-CIO Union affiliation with EMS workers, the California Paramedic's Association. That led him into a quest to experience more of the healing arts, and to use EMS as a metaphor to get medics of all stripes talking about their challenges. Russ became involved in alternative modalities, including body and energy and Human Potential work, along with spiritual counseling. He lived and worked with a traditional Lakota medicine family as fire tender and lived in intentional communities. He also delved into performing arts including, writing, acting, stand-up comedy, movie making (Healer, which he wrote, a full-length film, opened the 1994 Santa Barbara International Film Festival) and music. Currently, Russ does photography, writing, counseling and workshops on the island of Maui, where he is a tour guide. - www.russreina.com / www.firetender.org
SEGMENT 3
DR. CLANCY McKENZIE, MD - "Babies Need Mothers" How Mothers Can Prevent Mental Illness in their Children - At a time when an apple was something Steve Jobs gave to his first grade teacher, Dr. Clancy McKenzie happened upon a discovery that would forever change not just his life, but his patients' as well. It hit him like a bolt of lightning. Without so much as a hand-held calculator, McKenzie unearthed the origin and mechanism of serious mental and emotional disorders. His proscribed treatment and three levels of prevention quickly followed. After forty plus years of research and studies, the author has made the results and prevention methods available to the general public for the first time in his new book: "Babies Need Mothers" How Mothers Can Prevent Mental Illness in their Children. - www.drmckenzie.com
SEGMENT 4
GAIL MARTIN - The Summoner and The Blood King - Gail Z. Martin is the author of The Summoner and The Blood King in The Chronicles of The Necromancer series. The Blood King makes its international debut February 1. For book updates, tour information and contact details, visit www.ChroniclesOfTheNecromancer.com. Gail kicks off a new book tour Feb. 1 that will take her to North Carolina, Arizona, Virginia and Maryland.Gail discovered her passion for science fiction, fantasy and ghost stories in elementary school. The first story she wrote-at age five-was about a vampire. Her favorite TV show as a preschooler was Dark Shadows. At age 14, she decided to become a writer. She enjoys attending science fiction/fantasy conventions, Renaissance fairs and living history sites. She is married and has three children, a Himalayan cat and a golden retriever. - www.ChroniclesOfTheNecromancer.com
SEGMENT 5
MARGARET IUCULANO - THE SECRET LIFE OF FOSTER CHILDREN: Successful Entrepreneur and Former Foster Child Reveals What Growing Up 'In the System' is Really Like - My Godbox - Iuculano has owned 2 companies and served as the President and CEO of a multi-million dollar Microsoft consulting company. But now she's reached a stage in life where she wants to devote her attention to children's advocacy. Her experience growing up in foster care motivated her to become an outspoken child's rights advocate and activist. As a child, Iuculano was habitually beaten by her alcoholic step-father. Her mother would lock herself in a bedroom, mired in depression and a refusal to deal with the dysfunctional and abusive family dynamics. Labeled 'an incorrigible child," Iuculano was placed in foster care where she witnessed horrible abuses of children. After shuttling through various foster homes, a mental health facility and 'juvie hall,' Iuculano lived on the streets of California for a brief time. She says discovering God helped lift her from the abyss of unhappiness and despair and she vowed that once she was an adult, she would make it her mission to bring attention to the plight of children who are suffering in the shattered foster care system. Iuculano decided to write a book chronicling the traumas of her childhood spent in foster care. She fervently hopes that her message will not only implore people to get involved and help but that it will also inspire anyone who's faced seemingly insurmountable struggles. - www.amazon.com
SEGMENT 6
ROBERT SALVA - Was Lincoln Reincarnated as Charles Lindbergh? - More than one out of every five Americans believes in reincarnation yet so very little is known about this metaphysical phenomenon. Richard Salva is an authority on past life connections. As a matter of fact and research, Salva has uncovered 500 ties between President Abraham Lincoln and Charles Lindbergh. Salva parallels the lives of the Great Emancipator and the Great Aviator: from the physical to the mental, emotional, spiritual and interpersonal. Salva has studied and practiced yoga philosophy for over 30 years. As a minister, he has lectured on reincarnation, yoga and history in the United States and Europe. Mr. Salva recently addressed the Las Vegas Paranormal Conference. He is the author of "Soul Journey: From Lincoln to Lindbergh." - www.lincolnreincarnation.com
SEGMENT 7
BRUCE GOLDWELL - Former Homeless Man Now Has a Movie Deal - Bruce Goldwell's story is truly an inspiration for success. For six years he was homeless and lived on the streets. Eventually he ended up in California living in the alley behind Dennis Hopper's house. Today he has a movie deal supported by some real movers and shakers in Hollywood and he's the author of five books with more on the way. How did he do it? He says he's learned the secret of success and now he wants to share his story and insight with everyone who will listen. Bruce can show your audience how to turn any adversity into a success story. He's done it! Goldwell brokered his own movie deal for his book "Dragon Keepers." He is the co-author with Tammy Lynch of "Mastery of Abundant Living: The Key To Mastering the Law of Attraction." - www.BruceGoldwell.com
SEGMENT 8
SUSAN LEE-TITUS - The Dancer Returns: From Victim to Victory? - Susan Lee-Titus is an author, speaker, dancer, communications and media specialist. She also teaches aerobics, and is a member of the drama group, Act One. Ms. Lee-Titus' diversified background includes serving as a Cable News Anchor and Entertainment Reporter. Prior to that, she taught drama, speech and communications at various colleges and universities in the New England area. She attended Emerson College where she earned her Masters Degree in Communications, graduating magna cum laude. Ms. Lee-Titus is the founder of The Joy Dancers, a prison outreach which teaches aerobic dance to female inmates as an outlet for anger and stress. She is the author of "The Dancer: One Woman's Journey from Tragedy to Triumph," a narrative, nonfiction, inspirational story. She is one of the authors in the anthology, "Setting the Captives Free." As a rape victim, Ms. Lee-Titus sheds new light on this brutal act and also lays the foundation for hope and forgiveness in "The Dancer Returns: From Victim to Victory." - www.thedancerreturns.com or www.susanlee-titus.com
Sunday, May 6 2012
SEGMENT 1
OPEN MIC WITH ROB McCONNELL and Producer Superman: The lines are open, the topics are yours! The Stephenville UFO
Global Warming
The North American Union
it's your call 'X' Zone Nation! Call in at 1-877-528-8255. - www.xzoneradio.com or www.xzonetv.com
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
CHRISTOPHER MURPHY- Author and Globetrotter Shares His Thoughts on True Freedom - Christopher Murphy is the author of six novels, "Emerald Passage" being the latest. He was born in England where he attended a Jesuit boarding school for 10 years before studying at Cambridge University. Expected to pursue a career as a head of industry following this distinguished upbringing, instead Christopher followed his own career path, including private pilot of amphibious planes - he flew the aircraft in the infamous Britt Ekland movie "The Wicker Man" - yacht broker, and transatlantic yachtsman. He also appeared in the Donald Sutherland film "The Trouble With Spies." Christopher lived for 10 years on the French Riviera and the Mediterranean island of Ibiza (i-bee-tha). He now lives in the 'new-age Mecca' of Santa Fe. Christopher Murphy's website can be found at www.emereldpassage.com
SEGMENT 3
ROBYNE PARRISH - Expert shares advice on how we can prevent alienation in our youth - Do you despair when the only thing your kids will read is someone's blog on Myspace and all of their playtime is spent alone with an XBox? This modern trend has presented a visible breakdown of the traditional family unit as well as an associated rise in the alienation of society's youth. Let Robyne Parrish, acclaimed actress, teacher and author of "Robbie Lee and the Wilds of Houston Valley" tell your listeners how by simply showing our youth the value of human interaction we can prevent their growing feelings of alienation. - www.robyneparrish.com
SEGMENT 4
KAL KORFF - *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** Kal's Korner - Armed with an IQ of 219, according to the Omni Magazine's World's Hardest IQ Test; known worldwide for solving numerous mysteries, whether they are criminal, historical, scientific, or even "paranormal," - Kal Korff is an Author, Broadcaster, Columnist and Investigative Journalist known for his hard-hitting exposes and doing original research. Korff's enormously popular column, "Kal's Korner", appears at least three times a day in print and is read by millions around the world each week in several languages. In addition, "Kal's Korner" also appears on the popular syndicated radio program The "X" Zone Radio Show, hosted by famed Canadian Broadcaster, Rob McConnell. Kal Korff has pioneered original concepts and techniques in several fields of study. These include archaeology, artificial intelligence, computing, criminology, forensics, graphical user interfaces, historical research, human interface design, hypermedia, multimedia, nanotechnology, physics, and weaponry. Kal has written and has had published more than 5,000 articles and materials in 64 magazines and newspapers around the world. Since 1975, he has lectured to more than 300,000 people in the United States and Europe. A passionate and driven researcher, Korff has worked for companies such as Atari, Xerox, Apple Computer, Claris, The Boeing Company, and was a security-cleared Senior Systems Analyst, Level III, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory during the original U.S. Government-funded Strategic Defense Initiative or "Star Wars" program. A Broadcaster, Lecturer, Producer and Teacher, Korff devotes his life to humanitarian causes and issues of universal importance. Kal's original insights and expertise have allowed him to contribute content or appear on virtually every major talk show and TV network, including ABC, CNN's Larry King Live!, FOX, Discovery Channel, MSNBC, National Geographic TV, Entertainment Tonight and NBC's Leeza. Additionally, Kal has been featured or quoted in scores of newspapers and magazines, including the San Francisco Examiner, the Washington Post, U.S. News and World Report, Metropolitni Expres, Skeptical Inquirer, San Jose Mercury News, Indianapolis Star, Skepter, Stanford Daily, Oakland Tribune, Yakima Herald, Phoenix New Times, Fortean Times, Saga, Omni, The Prague Post, True, Plus, the South China Daily. - www.kalkorff.com
SEGMENT 5
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - The Return of Planet-X - UFOs and Much More - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold/platinum, multi-award winning music producer/recording artist/songwriter/publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia. - www.returnofplanet-x.com
SEGMENT 6
DR RANDY WYMORE - Morgellons - In the world of bizarre symptoms that mark Morgellons disease, patients speculate about how they got it. An athletic young swimmer who trained in murky bay waters wonders if that is the cause of symptoms. A patient living near a marsh speculates that contaminated dust from dredging is to blame. Others suspect a link to Lyme disease. Whatever the cause, they are sick and do not know why. Morgellons disease, a little-known and often discounted illness, lacks the solid scientific data needed to point to a definitive cause. That soon may change as Randy S. Wymore, Ph.D., assistant professor of pharmacology and physiology, looks for answers. He is taking on the research challenge as volunteer director of research for the Morgellons Research Foundation. According to the foundation, the disease began to appear in 2002. Patients complain of itching and feeling like bugs are crawling on their skin, stinging and biting. Many suffer from fatigue, or have trouble concentrating. Even more horrifying, their skin often develops blistering lesions that shed black seed-like particles, and sprout colored, fibrous filaments. Neurological symptoms include numbness, tingling, itching, burning, or peripheral neuropathy. Sufferers sometimes are diagnosed with delusions of parasitosis (a belief that they have parasites) by skeptical doctors who have no solid scientific data that Morgellons Disease is real. Treatment may consist of saying, "Just don't scratch it." "Health care providers are shooting in the dark as to how to treat it. Antibiotics seem to help some, but if they are stopped the symptoms come back," Wymore says. In coordinating research efforts, he sees a research challenge and a chance to help. "I am doing this partly from scientific curiosity, but also with real empathy toward sufferers." The foundation has registered approximately 2,500 families worldwide. Clusters of sufferers are located in Texas, California and Florida. Wymore says Oklahoma has at least a dozen possible cases. Questions surround Morgellons. Is it a real disease, and if so, what causes it? Is it one disease, or a complex syndrome? "We are keeping every possible cause open for examination. It could be viral, parasitic, fungal, bacterial, or environmental contamination. We just do not know. There is not enough evidence," Wymore says. He will put together a scientific advisory board, and hopes to interest other researchers in unraveling the medical mystery. To find the cause, he will look first for any new or unusual bacteria. Shed materials from patients will be analyzed for unusual microbial species by amplifying any non-human DNA. Wymore says he will use PCR to amplify DNA, analyze the sequence and get an idea what kind of microorganism, if any, exist. If no organism emerges, he will look for a viral cause. Wymore says this initial investigation will attempt to establish a rationale for more involved studies. After approval by the Human Subjects Institutional Review Board, samples will come directly from patients in a clinical setting. - www.morgellons.org
SEGMENT 7
WILLIAM FEDERER - What Most Americans Don't Know about Islam? - Islam has affected the Western World from 622 AD up to today's headlines. Did you know: 1. Barak Obama's middle name "Hussein," which is the name of what relative of Mohammed? 2. The stirrup for riding horses, who invented it and how Muslims used it to change world history? 3. Santa Claus - how Islam caused the story of Saint Nicholas to spread from the Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in 1087 AD? 4. The Turkish Ottoman invasion and how the Byzantine Empire's plea for help from Western Europe began the Crusades, 1095-1272 AD. 5, What happened in 1453 that led Columbus to set sail in 1492? 6. Dracula - the real-life account of "Vlad the Impaler" in 1462, (not Brian Stoker's 1897 fiction novel)? 7, What Captain John Smith did in 1600 before he settled Virginia, and James Oglethorpe in 1717 before he settled Georgia? 8. What happened to a Pilgrim ship returning to England to trade for supplies in 1625? 9. The Battle of Vienna, September 11, 1683, and how it resulted in coffee and the croissant pastry spreading through Europe? 10. Thomas Jefferson, North African Barbary Pirate Wars, 1805-1815, and the U.S. Marine Anthem "from the halls of Montezuma to the Shores of Tripoli"? 11. President Woodrow Wilson's 1922 effort for the U.S. to adopt Armenia as a protectorate - similar to Puerto Rico? 12. The discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1938? 13, What James Bond author Ian Fleming wrote about Istanbul in the London Sunday Times, 1955? Best-selling author William Federer is president of Amerisearch, Inc. His latest book is WHAT EVERY AMERICAN NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT THE QUR'AN: A History of Islam & the United States. Among his other titles are: AMERICAN MINUTE, THE FAITH OF FDR, THE INTERESTING HISTORY OF INCOME TAX and GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER-His Life & Faith in His Own http://www.americanminute.com/
SEGMENT 8
ELLEN - Psychic from Premiere Psychics will be doing Mini Reading for one and all who call - 1-877-528-8255 - Ellen has been using her psychic skills professionally for many years. Due to a near death experience at the age of six, Ellen has always felt comfortable with matters of the spirit. Ellen is an empath, a clairvoyant, an interpreter of dreams. She specializes in relationships, dream interpretation and life path questions. She looks forward to the honor of accompanying you on your journey with compassion and a nonjudgmental attitude. - www.premierepsychics.com - or call 1-866-803-6593.
Saturday, May 5 2012
SEGMENT 1
PASTOR HARRY WALTHER - Satan's Rapture - Pastor Harry (Walther) has studied Bible Prophecy, Nostradamus, the occult and ancient civilizations for over twenty years. Pastor Harry has published two books, THE ANSWER- TWO RAPTURES in 1986 and JUNE 6 2006 (666) ANTICHRIST REVEALED and founded www.satansrapture.com/ Sept 1997. Pastor Harry also studied the Bible Code since 1998 and found the Next Terror Attack on America for May 2008 "I believe we are in The Biblical End Times and between 2008 and 2012 AD we will see the fulfillment of Bible Prophecy.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
PMH ATWATER - Near-Death Experiences - An international authority on near-death states, she has served two terms on the Board of the International Association for Near-Death Studies. Her book, "CHILDREN OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM," a major study of child experiencers of near-death states, came out August 1999 from Three Rivers Press. It was then enlarged and rewritten as THE NEW CHILDREN AND NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES (Inner Traditions/Bear & Co., 2003). With the help of David Morgan, she produced the world's first positive/negative, 360-degree compendium of the entire near-death phenomenon. Titled "THE COMPLETE IDIOTS GUIDE TO NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES," this 480-page Macmillan edition debuted March/April, 2000. 2008 was a banner year with the publication of the 'Guide's' worthy successor: THE BIG BOOK OF NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES.
SEGMENT 3
STEVE KATES - Dr Sky - The Sky Is Falling - Fly By Asteroid
Falling Spy Satellite
Bigfoot on Mars! "Dr.Sky" had a regular class on Astronomy on station WFDU in Teaneck, New Jersey, along with weekly reports on WFUV (Fordham University) and the popular rock radio station WDHA 105.5 FM, for which he served for well over ten years in his popular drive time "SkyReport. On the television side, he has worked with CNN as a special correspondent during the early days of 1982 (New York) bureau and has provided content for the superstation WWOR in NJ. One of the most memorable events was his planning of a major "Halley's Comet Watch" in 1986, from High Point State Park in NJ, for well over 5,000 people atop this small spot in NJ. This was covered heavily by the media. Having moved to Arizona in 1988, Steve Kates-- "Dr.Sky" has continued to promote his love of the night sky and aviation/space science topics. He has formed a company known as Sky Source, which is the foundation of Sky Source Productions, specializing in video and audio programs on many special interest topics in the realm of Astronomy/Aerospace. Locally, Steve Kates-- "Dr.Sky" can be seen on a regular basis on such programs as 3TV's "Good Morning Arizona" and Fox 10's "Arizona Morning", sharing the secrets of the night sky and other related events. In the radio realm-- Steve Kates has been a contributor to such programs as KFYI's Wake Up Arizona and has been a regular with KXAM's 1310 AM radio personality Bill Straus, "Straus' Place."
SEGMENT 4
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future. www.bibleufo.com We already have over 500 articles for the month of May in our "Real News" section here: http://www.bibleufo.com/news.htm
SEGMENT 5
GEORGE GREEN - The Aliens Are Here! - UFO sightings are frequently reported, but how many people can actually say they regularly communicate with "space beings." George has made an agreement to publish the extraterrestrial information to "awaken" us earthlings so we may all be in contact (those that choose to be). George will discuss how and when he saw his first spacecraft, subsequent investigation and how things began to "happen" in his life. * How Earth began as a "prison planet" - a penal colony for the universe. * Why the latest "Star Trek" movie parallels the aliens urgent message to Earth. * An overview of how you can be part of the solution to the "happenings" on the planet. * The 300 most powerful people who control every major decision on Earth. * An incredible slide show of close-up pictures of several "beamships" and pictures of our space brothers/sisters (who live to be 1000 years old). * The Plan 2000 (The PLAN TO BEGIN WWIII) and how that will act upon your lives. * BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND PROTECTION. * The planned financial collapse and what you can do about it. CREDENTIALS: A former investment banker (Registered Financial Principal with the N.A.S.D. and a Broker/Dealer. Securities Underwriter, Real Estate Developer, Insurance Broker and Publisher. A frequent guest on radio and TV talk shows. He is Publisher of "Handbook for the New Paradigm" written by the ET's. Each attendee will receive a complimentary copy. He is President of Global Insights, Inc. George Green has spoken to 1000s of people through his lectures and has appeared on numerous talk shows and TV shows telling his story
SEGMENT 6
MAUREEN TAYLOR - Incurable Disease Survivor Shares Her 'Mind Over Body' Message - Maureen Taylor was born and raised in Ireland. She earned her nursing degree there before moving to New York City and completing the schooling for her nurse's certification. After getting married and moving to New Jersey, she became a licensed real estate agent, but was still drawn to her nursing roots; volunteering at a local hospice. During her battle with scleroderma, Taylor discovered the benefits of T'ai Chi Chih, an ancient Eastern practice that promotes balance and healing in the body. Impressed and enthralled with its benefits, she became an accredited teacher of T'ai Chi Chih in 1995. Taylor has fully recovered from her scleroderma and now splits her time between real estate, nursing, and working with various animal charities
SEGMENT 7
TARA GREENE - Tarot Readings for one and all who call our Toll Free number at 1-877-528-8255 - Since 1991 Tara, a Certified Tarot reader, naturally gifted intuitive, Certified Transformational Psychotherapist of authentic Romanian Gypsy background. Tara has entertained, enlightened, guided and impressed literally thousands of clients with her in-depth Tarot consultations at top Corporate events, private parties, trade shows and private personal readings in Toronto and surrounding area for clients of- The Granite Club, Holt Renfrew, Cirque du Soleil, York University, American Express, MacDonald's, Toronto Real Estate Board, Rothschild's Canada among many, others.
SEGMENT 8
LES BODROGI - Ask the P.I. - With over 44 years as a police officer and private investigator under his belt, Les Bodrogi is regarded and respected as one of the tops in his profession. As the man at the helm of INVESEC, his private detectives and investigators assist individuals, businesses, and attorneys by finding and analyzing information. They connect small clues to solve mysteries or to uncover facts about legal, financial, or personal matters. INVESEC offers many services, including executive, corporate, and celebrity protection; pre-employment verification; and individual background profiles. INVESEC investigates computer crimes, such as identity theft, harassing e-mails, and illegal downloading of copyrighted material. INVESEC also provides assistance in criminal and civil liability cases, insurance claims and fraud, child custody and protection cases, missing persons cases, and premarital screening. INVESEC is sometimes hired to investigate individuals to prove or disprove infidelity.
Friday, May4 2012
SEGMENT 1
DR JAYSEN RAND *** Disclaimer: Claims made by this guest made as to his credentials, education, awards, associations and or other statements made in his biography could not be confirmed. Listeners should consider the guests lack of credentials and credibility when listening to statements and or comments made by this guest in this broadcast. Listener and viewer discretion is strongly advised. *** - Weird Global Weather - Dr. Rand received his Honorary Ph.D. in the field of Energyinformative Sciences, from the Academy of Energyinformative Sciences, conducted with Moscow University, Russia. His contributions in the study and pursuit of Extraterrestrial Communications, research into UFO phenomena, cosmology and his representing the United States at The First World UFO Congress (Tucson, AZ - 1991) - earned him distinctive recognition and his Doctorate from their Russian Academy of Sciences on December 18, 1992 in Moscow. Jaysen Rand also attended the University of Illinois (Chicago Campus), Palmer School of Business, the National College of Chiropractic and earned three U.S. Army (MOS) school diplomas from (1963 - 1966). He's also a gold/platinum, multi-award winning music producer/recording artist/songwriter/publisher and recording studio manager being a music A&R executive with real hands-on corporate industry experience. As a Grammy nominated record producer, Rand received significant industry recognition from RIAA, NARAS, NATRA, Billboard, Record World and Cashbox magazines, a Readers Digest article on hot dance music, a 60 -Minutes TV disco dance special, and 3 Dick Clark LA Music Award nominations earning him 35 gold and platinum records. Dr. Rand now resides in Horn Lake, MS. In support of Doctor Rand's creative writing projects based on his Planet-X entertainment concepts, he's written three Teleplays all designed at TV Pilots for weekly series. He believes that these exciting Planet-X adventure themes would easily translate into major contemporary film studio projects followed by several weekly TV series. The author is currently completing a 4-CD set of demo sound tracks designed for his writing projects based upon Planet-X and are currently available upon request for audition and production purposes. Jaysen Q Rand has authored three books including The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis, The Cosmic Blueprint For After and The Reality Engineer. Dr. Rand travels widely establishing close ties with his fellow UFOlogists and paranormal researchers especially in Russia where Rand has close ties with Lt. Col. Marina Popovich and her former husband, Army General Pavel Popovich, who both live in Moscow. Marina and Pavel remain active in the UFO field representing Russia.
BLOGSPOT
SEGMENT 2
MAJOR KEVIN RANDLE - The Stephenville UFO - Kevin Randle was born in Cheyenne, Wyoming, grew up in Denver, Colorado and entered the Army in Texas. He learned to fly helicopters, had a tour in Vietnam as a helicopter pilot and then left active duty for college. He attended the University of Iowa and upon graduation was commissioned into the Air Force Reserve. Randle spent most of his Air Force career as an intelligence officer. In 1986, he was released into the inactive reserve. Randle became interested in UFOs as a teenager and continued his studies after joining the Army. He served as a field investigator for APRO, was one of the first to investigate cattle mutilations and was the first to report an alien abduction from inside a home. His most important work has been in the Roswell UFO crash case. With Don Schmitt he wrote UFO CRASH AT ROSWELL and THE TRUTH ABOUT THE UFO CRASH AT ROSWELL. He has also written THE ROSWELL ENCYCLOPEDIA. His other UFO books included PROJECT BLUEBOOK EXPOSED, A HISTORY OF UFO CRASHES, SCIENTIFIC UFOLOGY and THE ABDUCTION ENIGMA. Randle has appeared on numerous TV programs, in many documentaries, and even appeared briefly, if you knew where to look in the Showtime original movie, ROSWELL. In the last few years he has been serving as an officer in the National Guard which includes a tour in Iraq.
SEGMENT 3
RUTH HOSKINS - Dream Incubation - Ruth Hoskins, Ph.D., H.H.S. (Holistic Health Sciences) LCSW, BCD, founder of the Psychology of Balance Wellness Programs and Effortless Meditation Therapy (EMT) in Philadelphia, is the Director of Relaxation International. She is recognized in the 2005 National Register's of Who's Who in Executives and Professionals. An adjunct professor at Chestnut Hill College teaching Health Psychology, The Mind Body Connection. Ruth earned her Ph.D. in Holistic Health Sciences and completed research on Dream Incubation, the ability to solve problems during sleep. A trainer for Fortune 500 companies, licensed clinical social worker, stress management consultant, certified relationships counselor, and approved critical incident stress trainer, Ruth is a National speaker presenting information on mind-body health. She is the author several products to enhance one's mood including, No Time for Down Time? Balance your life, And Dream Moments, The Voice in Your Dreams Prophecy and Intuition. She is the producer of audio Easy Stress Solutions for You, Wholeness Words Guided Visualization, and Active Relaxation. Ruth is available to speak nationwide.
SEGMENT 4
ROB McCONNELL and SUPERMAN Host Open Mic - Calling All Serious Ufologists, Contactees, Abductees, Owners of Cattle that have been Mutilated by Aliens, People who have been beamed up into the Mother ship, skeptics and believers alike - Call us tonight during Open Mike and tell us your story. You just never know who will join us! Call Toll Free - 1-877-528-8255.- www.xzoneradio.com
SEGMENT 5
BILL BEAN - Dark Force - Bean's current book, DARK FORCE, tells the riveting story of his family's paranormal experience upon moving into a three-bedroom Glen Burnie home in 1970. The book is moving rapidly up the sales chart at Amazon.com, one of the nation's leading book sellers." This story is very powerful in the sense that it is not just a horror story, it is a true story," said Bean. "A lot of tragedy is attached to the story, but the overall message of the story and the book is my testament of faith and how I was able to overcome through the power and the blessing and protection of God." Fans of the author, as well as the local media, had the opportunity to meet with Bean at the press conference. A large crowd attended the event. "I've known John for over thirty years, and I want to thank my dear friend for hosting this wonderful press conference," said Bean. "It was a great turnout and a great day." Bean's story has been featured by several prominent national media, including an episode of "A Haunting" on the Discovery Channel. He will appear at the 2008 OmegaCon Convention, scheduled for Birmingham, Alabama March 14th through the 16th. The well-known Hollywood movie producers, the Booth Brothers, have announced plans for a movie and several documentaries about Bean's life. He also plans to participate in the Haunted Survivor's Tour, which will take place in a number of cities beginning in late March.
SEGMENT 6
ALEXANDRA HOLZER - Paranormal Investigations - Alexandra Holzer is a member of the SCBWI Organization, Poetry.com, Firstwriters.com and IMDBpro.com. Her father is the original ghost hunter, published Author Professor Hans Holzer, Ph.D of 163 plus titles in the genres of parapsychology, the supernatural, religion and healing. Most famous for "Amityville Horror: The Possession", "Ghosts", "America's Haunted Houses" and most recently "The Journey of the Magi" and "Murder in Amityville: Fact or Fiction". While raising four incredible children, she wrote children's short stories, poetry, sci-fi/fantasy novels, screenplays and supernatural horror thrillers. Alexandra's new book 'Lady Ambrosia' has been Field Nominated for the Printz Award for Young Adult Literature by the American Library Association.
SEGMENT 7
GARY VAL TENUTA - Ezekiel Code - Gary Val Tenuta - former contributing writer for Fate Magazine and a guest on numerous radio programs (including Dreamland, hosted by best selling author Whitley Strieber) - has crafted an exciting mystery novel with an esoteric edge that may very well upset certain segments of the population while at the same time enthralling others with it's alternative perspective on reality and its vision for the future. It's all here in one puzzling page-turner of a novel: conspiracy, codes, secret societies, ancient mysteries, the prophetic Mayan calendar end-date of 2012, alternative interpretations of events described in the Bible, mystifying metaphysics, good guys, bad guys, murder most foul and, yes, even a touch of romance. All of this, and more, is intricately woven into the multifaceted storyline of THE EZEKIEL CODE. From its cliff-hanger prologue to its stunning and unforgettable conclusion, THE EZEKIEL CODE is a skillful blend of fact and fiction with likable, vividly developed characters: Zeke Banyon, a handsome Catholic seminary dropout who now runs a homeless shelter in Seattle's old waterfront district and Angela Ann Martin, an attractive young widow who just wanted a simple part-time job at the shelter. But their simple lives are turned upside down when they stumble onto a mysterious code and a rumor about a lost scroll allegedly penned by the prophet, Ezekiel, thousands of years ago. They soon find themselves thrust into a world of secret societies, metaphysics, mystery, and murder as they jet across continents in a race to understand the code that will lead them to an ancient artifact of profound importance. Dodging rogue Jesuit priests at every turn, they soon discover it's not just their own lives that are in danger but the lives of everyone on the planet. The clock is ticking... The code must be deciphered... And only one man can save the world --- if he can just figure out how ---before it's too late.
SEGMENT 8
HENRY MAY - The American Bigfoot Society - For 5 years, Henry did more research, including on the Internet, until he found the Bigfoot Forums in late-2003 and began posting there. He met several individuals as a result, and through his contacts, was able to meet Sean Forker and establish the American Bigfoot Society in early-2006. In late-2006, he and Sean began the Internet radio program The Sasquatch Experience. He owns over 80 books on Sasquatch and strange phenomena, as well as about 80 DVD's on related subjects. He has several Audio files and CD's. He also has several autographs of individuals in the field, as well as two footprint casts, one bought off ebay and the other given to him by his good friend M.K. Davis.
Thursday, May 3 2012
SEGMENT 1
PETER WOOLFORD - Sir Patrick Moore says 'The only good Kraut is a dead Kraut ' - Astronomer Sir Patrick Moore has revealed he still hates the Germans, seven decades after his beloved fiancée was killed in a bombing raid. The 89-year-old has warned there "may be another war" and added "the only good Kraut is a dead Kraut" as he disclosed his thoughts on Europe, Sky at Night and his late love. Saying a German general once told him "You won two wars. You won't win the third." Sir Patrick admitted he hoped the prediction, which referred to an 'economic war' would be proved wrong. "We must take care," he told the Radio Times. "There may be another war. The Germans will try again, given another chance. A Kraut is a Kraut is a Kraut. "The Germans tried to conquer us. The French betrayed us. The Belgians did very little and the Italians made us our ice cream. "The English are best. Stand up for England!" Sir Patrick, who suffers from a spinal injury sustained in the war which flared up a decade ago, also insisted he would keep a promise to his Group Captain to never speak of his battle record and maintained his history would remain a secret. It is rumoured he performed remarkable heroics as a young Flight Lieutenant, with a distinguished career in intelligence, all as yet unconfirmed by Sir Patrick himself. But, he added, he had a "rather interesting war" after "fiddling" his age and medical records to become an officer at 17. - www.genesisgrid.co.uk
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SEGMENT 2
MARK NECHODA - Life Lessons from a Dying DJ - Almost immediately after finishing his novel about confronting death, former NYC radio DJ Mark Nechoda was given two to three years to live by his doctor. For several years, Nechoda was a popular radio personality known as "World Famous Mark Kelley." His novel, "The Old Homestead," (www.amazon.com), is about a radio producer who finally learns how to live and love after he has an epiphany during a brush with death. Just after he finished the book in 2010, Nechoda, who had lived with hepatitis C for decades, learned from his doctor the disease had progressed beyond treatment. "I look at death differently since I wrote my book. I'm not afraid of it. It's just a trip to another place, another point on the map," he says. "Ironically, that summarizes my book perfectly." Places like New York City and The Old Homestead, a 150-year-old restaurant in the city, have been some of the main characters in his life, he says. "Now, I spend more time Appreciating those memories than worrying about insignificant 'problems.' " Mark Nechoda was known to his New York fans as on-air radio personality "World Famous Mark Kelley" for many years. He has also appeared professionally on stage and TV and in film. He attended Ithaca College, where he studied with award-winning film and television writer, Rod Serling. Mark, a native Chicagoan, lived abroad in South Africa and New Zealand for nearly 10 years before returning to the United States in 2002. - www.amazon.com/old-homestead-Mark-Nechoda
SEGMENT 3
STEPHEN BASSETT - The Disclosure Petition II - The Rockefeller Initiative - Originally broadcast on February 15, 2012 - Disclosure Petition II - The Rockefeller Initiative - Stephen Bassett is an exopolitical activist and a leading advocate for ending the 65-year government imposed truth embargo regarding an extraterrestrial presence engaging the human race. He is the executive director of the Paradigm Research Group and his advocacy work has been extensively covered by national and international media. He has spoken to audiences all over the world about the implications of formal Disclosure of the ET presence. - www.disclosurepetition.info
SEGMENT 4
STEPHEN BASSETT - The Government Truth Embargo on UFO's and ET's - Originally broadcast December 7 2011 - Stephen Bassett is a leading advocate for ending the 62-year government imposed truth embargo regarding an extraterrestrial presence engaging the human race. He is a political activist, commentator and columnist. He is the executive director of the Paradigm Research Group and the Political Action Committee X-PPAC, creator of the Paradigm Clock and executive producer of the X-Conference. His work has been extensively covered by the media. - www.paradigmresearchgroup.org
SEGMENT 5
LUCIA MANN - Is Slavery Making A Comeback in America? - A woman was recently sentenced to 140 years in prison after using two Nigerian immigrants as personal unpaid servants in her luxury home in Atlanta, Georgia. A few days later, two Ukrainian brothers were convicted of smuggling desperate villagers into the United States to work long hours, cleaning retail stores and office buildings at little or no pay. The prosecuting U.S. attorney in Philadelphia, Daniel Velez, said it was "modern-day slavery. It's hiding in plain sight." However, according to a woman who lived through the racial prejudice, segregation and slavery in post World War II Europe, the slavery crisis in the modern world is far greater than that. "Anyone who thinks slavery died when America abolished it in the 1800s has a shock coming to them," said Lucia Mann, whose mother was a sex slave and a WWII concentration camp survivor. Mann, a former journalist and author of Rented Silence (www.luciamann.com), a novel about slavery and racial prejudice based on her life experiences and those of other persecuted souls she witnessed says, "According to the United Nations, there are more than 27 million slaves worldwide, which are more than twice the number of those who were enslaved over the 400 years that transatlantic slavers trafficked humans to work in the Americas. Many are forced into prostitution while others are used as unpaid laborers used to manufacture goods many of us buy in the U.S. In fact, it's almost impossible to buy clothes or goods anymore without inadvertently supporting the slave trade." - www.lucia mann.com - www.rentedsilence.com - www.besideanoceanofsorrow.com - www.africasunfinishedsymphony.com
SEGMENT 6
PATRICK COOKE - The Cooke Report for March 19 2012 - News from The World of the Paranormal and Science of Parapsychology and all things Weird! - Patrick Cooke is an independent theologian, author, publisher, and researcher in the fields of ufology, exotheology, eschatology, the paranormal, ancient artifacts, Bible and Church history and doctrines, and world conditions. His most widely-read work is the Bible UFO Connection website: bibleufo.com, a unique and wide-ranging database on UFOs; focusing on presenting proof of a relationship between the occupants of UFOs and mankind's history and future.
SEGMENT 7
THE REV CHAVAH AIMA - Enlightened Life - For more than 20 years, Chavah Aima has practiced and taught a wide variety of spiritual disciplines for personal growth, self-improvement and the expansion of consciousness. A former psychotherapist specializing in the recovery from addictions and trauma, she is a leading authority on esoteric systems of holistic psychology including Hermetic Kabbalah, Rosicrucian Alchemy, Kundalini Yoga and Tantra. Chavah began working with the dietary principles of the Essenes 18 years ago, and is a worldwide advocate and teacher of the use of a raw vegan diet for healing and spiritual acceleration. She has helped hundreds of people recover from diseases and addictions, and live healthier, more spiritually aware lives. Chavah is the founder and executive director of Enlightened Life Sanctuary, an international non-profit organization based in Austin, Texas, and dedicated to the creation of sustainable and enlightened life on earth. She is the author of numerous Internet and magazine articles, and a comprehensive correspondence course that unleashes the master within. For the past 14 years she has shared the teachings of the ageless wisdom through a private mystery school. In 2005, Chavah began work on a project to externalize this work, making the philosophies and practices of Eastern and Western occultism available to the general public for the first time through a series of published books. As a part of her revelation of the secrets of the mystery schools, Chavah created Alchemical Yoga®, a vital new spiritual discipline that merges many powerful methods for self-transformation drawn from the various spiritual traditions she has studied and mastered into healthy, holistic, lifestyle practices that can be used by everyone.- www.enlightenedlife.org
SEGMENT 8
DR. BOB THIEL - 2012 and the Rise of the Secret Sect - Is it possible that prophecies made thousands of years ago can predict present-day events? Shockingly, yes. In 2012 and the Rise of the Secret Sect, author Bob Thiel PhD unveils which predictions are likely to come to pass, which ones cannot come to pass, and how the whole world will be affected. Dr. Thiel's years of dedicated research unmasks the actual sources and likely order of the fulfillment of ancient prophecies, including: The centuries old Shiite prophecy that tells of a time when a "tall black man will assume the reins of government in the West" and will be commanding "the strongest army on earth." This power change is to signal Muslims to accept a militaristic Muslim leader intent on converting the world to Islam. Some claim that U.S. President Barack Obama is that "tall black man." Many Catholic prophets' claim that God will cause civil unrest in Europe and lead to the rise of an ecumenical military leader who will change the Catholic faith and destroy the Muslims. The annihilation of national powers who incur great debt. Prophecies claim that they will be destroyed by their creditors who suddenly rise against them. The Buddhist, Hindu, New Age, and Christian search for an "age of peace to come." Some predictions suggest supporting a militaristic ecumenical religion that will force people to convert or die. Will a false "age of peace" precede the real coming one? The increased sunspot activity that will result in great heat, devastation, and climate change sometime during the next decade. The rising of a small group, known as "the secret sect," will rise up and explain what is really happening and then be rendered powerless through a persecuting and murderous ecumenical military leader. Even if you do not believe any of them, many others do. The prophecies in the book 2012 and the Rise of the Secret Sect cover the cultures of nearly 6,000,000,000 people. Many of the prophecies will be brought to pass. Learn about what they really are so that you can decide what you and your loved ones should do. - www.thesecretsect.com
Wednesday, May 2 2012
SEGMENT 1
BUDDY PIPER - The Maitreya - Firstly, Buddy has spent his life in show business. He began as an actor on The Red Skelton Show in the 1950s. He want on to co create the longest running game show in TV history: Classic Concentration. He has directed, acted in or produced over 100 summer stock productions. In the mid 1980s he became involved with Share International magazine. During his involvement he became the "Modern Miracles Reporter" talking about such miraculous happenings as crosses of light appearing in windows around the world, bleeding statues of the Madonna and other such events. The most recent of these phenomenal happenings is the appearance of a "star" that is being seen around the world. Share International released a press statement to the world's media in December 2008 that such a star was going to be visible throughout the world. In January of 2009 videos of this star began turning up on YouTube--now in the dozens. Buddy Piper believes this star is actually 4 giant space craft that are a modern day version of the "Star of Bethlehem" and are here as a harbinger a New Age and the appearance of a great Teacher named Maitreya.
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SEGMENT 2
BRADLEY LOCKERMAN - John Searl Story - The John Searl Story is a documentary that chronicles the life of John Roy Robert Searl and his extraordinary scientific claims ... claims that, if true, could solve our world's energy crisis. Born in England on May 2, 1932, John Searl experienced recurring childhood dreams that led him to design a revolutionary electrical generator fueled only by rotating magnets, and large discs that emulated the flight characteristics displayed by many UFOs. It is said that the first Sunday of every month between 1968 and 1972, Searl demonstrated his generators and flying discs to the general public. Television cameramen and news reporters were supposedly present for the events, and Searl claims he also demonstrated his flying disc to US military personnel. Not surprisingly, opposition to a fuel-less device was fierce. Multi-billion dollar industries, governments and mainstream scientists were quick to label John Searl a crackpot ...He was subjected to ridicule and torment, fell victim to arson and theft, was imprisoned and left destitute. His research and devices were destroyed. But, John Searl is still alive today, and continues his mission to prove himself by rebuilding his amazing generator. So, is Searl telling the truth? Could John Searl's revolutionary generator solve the energy crisis? The John Searl Story presents his life and machine in his own words. - www.johnsearlstory.com
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SEGMENT 3
DR. JOHN ROSSI - The Freedom Fairy Tale - The Freedom Fairy Tale is a book by Dr. John Rossi created as his way to answer his young daughter's question: "What is wrong with our country?" Throughout this book's beautifully illustrated pages you'll find the tale of two couples and their children, who represent the good and bad facing all free nations. This book truly explains the state of our nation's politics and stresses the importance of defending Freedom in words even a child can understand. - www.freedomfairytale.com
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SEGMENT 4
MATTHEW STEIN - When Technology Fails - Matthew Stein is the author of the highly praised book When Technology Fails (Chelsea Green 2008) a comprehensive manual on sustainable living skills. As the owner of Stein Design & Construction, he has built hurricane resistant, energy efficient and environmentally friendly homes. The mechanical engineering side of his firm specializes in product design and development. Among other things, Mat has designed consumer water filtration devices, photovoltaic roofing panels, medical bacteriological filters, emergency chemical drench systems, computer disk drives, and portable fiberglass buildings. Stein is a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he majored in Mechanical Engineering. He is an active mountain climber and serves as a guide and instructor for blind skiers with the Ski for Light cross-country program. Stein currently resides with his wife Josie in the High Sierra Mountains near Lake Tahoe, California. - www.whentechfails.com
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SEGMENT 5
PETER WOOLFORD - Bible Grid describes Middle East battle lines - the Germans are coming! - Author of The Genesis Grid, is the man theologians love to hate! Well, it's been rather disruptive for them to find that Genesis chapter one is built on the first 31 digits of pi, and perplexing for them when impartial mathematicians endorse that finding. "Populist hysteria" is what they call it, but we at The 'X' Zone have studied the book and think otherwise. Since 2003 the indications are building that this story, first released a year ago, will culminate in an exact eight year pattern at the end of September 2011. European powers are planning to jump into the vacuum of failing U.S. diplomacy, to impose a solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Hardly anyone is aware of what the Germans are scheming to do, but they are acting according to a predetermined pattern laid down in the Bible thousands of years ago by powers alien to our planet. Germany will be aided by a man occupying a hugely powerful ancient office, the first century progenitor of which was a magician! It's all happening now before our eyes, if we will but look! - www.genesisgrid.co.uk
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SEGMENT 6
PAUL KIMBALL - The Roswell / Soviet Spacecraft Connection - Best Evidence: Top 10 UFO Sightings - After winning multiple scholarships and awards - including the University Medal in History at both Acadia University and the University of Dundee, and the CLB Award at Dalhousie Law School - Paul graduated from Acadia in 1989 with an Honours Degree in History and Political Science, and in 1992 from Dalhousie with an LL.B. A former Program Administrator at the Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation, and consultant for Salter Street Films and several provincial governments, Paul founded the Halifax-based production company Redstar Films Limited in 1999, and has written, produced and directed a wide range of film & television programming for myriad networks and distributors since, including the television documentaries Stanton T. Friedman is Real, Denise Djokic: Seven Days Seven Nights, and Best Evidence: Top 10 UFO Sightings, and the feature film Eternal Kiss. Paul also wrote, produced and directed the television series The Classical Now, and the television series Ghost Cases. Paul has also established a reputation as one of Canada's leading UFO and paranormal researchers, both through his work as an award-winning documentary filmmaker (2005 EBE Awards for Best UFO Film and Best Historical Documentary for Aztec: 1948, 2007 EBE award for Best Historical Documentary for Best Evidence; nominated for a total of seven other EBEs from 2005 to 2007), and as a researcher, writer, speaker, and host of the television series "Ghost Cases". Paul is a member of the Nova Scotia Barristers Society and the Society of Composers Authors and Publishers. He is a past President of the Nova Scotia Film and Television Producers Association, and a former member of the Nova Scotia Film Advisory Committee. - www.indiegogo.com/ufo
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SEGMENT 7
HONOURABLE PAUL HELLYER - From Global Warming to The Extraterrestrial Presence and Technology - Paul Hellyer was Canada's youngest Member of Parliament when he was first elected in 1949 and the youngest cabinet minister appointed to Louis S. St. Laurent's government eight years later. After a stint in opposition he subsequently held senior posts in the governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre E. Trudeau, who defeated him for the Liberal Party leadership in 1968. The following year, after achieving the rank of senior minister, which was later designated Deputy Prime Minister, Hellyer resigned from the Trudeau cabinet on a question of principle related to housing. Although Hellyer is best known for the unification of the Canadian Armed Forces and for his 1968 chairmanship of the Task Force on Housing and Urban Development, he has maintained a life-long interest in macroeconomics. This led him to form Action Canada, a populist movement dedicated to the concepts of full employment and low inflation with an emphasis on quality-of-life issues. Through the years, as a journalist and political commentator, he has continued to fight for economic reforms and has written several books on the subject. A man of many interests, Hellyer's ideas are not classroom abstractions. He was born and raised on a farm and his business experience includes manufacturing, retailing, construction, land development, tourism and publishing. He has also been active in community affairs including the arts and studied voice at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. His multi-faceted career, in addition to a near lifetime in politics, and union membership as a radio and TV commentator, gives Hellyer a rare perspective on what has gone wrong with the economy and what has to be done about it. - www.paulhellyerweb.com
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SEGMENT 8
JUDIKA ILLES - Magic When You Need It - Many spells and charms can take days or even weeks to complete. In Magic When You Need It, Judika Illes offers a collection of super-powered magic to help you right now. Is your career in a slump? Are you being visited by ghosts? Short on cash? Magic When You Need It can help with these problems and more. Divided into four sections: Money and Career; Love, Sex, Marriage, and Children; Home; and Trouble, Magic When You Need It offers 150 spells to help you find a job, meet your soul mate, protect your home, and many more common (and not so common) predicaments. Using simple instructions and ingredients that can be found in the pantry, combined with easy to find magical oils and botanicals, Illes blends Old World and modern magic to provide the reader with safe, effective magical remedies for many of life's troubles. Judika Illes is a spell collector, fortuneteller, crisis counselor, and spirit worker who has magicked herself out of many an emergency situation. She is the author of Pure Magic: A Complete Guide to Spellcasting and The Element Encyclopedia of 5000 Spells: The Ultimate Referent Book for the Magical Arts. She lives in New Jersey and workshops across North America. - www.judikailles.com
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Tuesday, May 1 2012
SEGMENT 1
STEVE BHAERMAN - Transforming Through 2012: Leading Perspectives on the New Global Paradigm, a resource guide to these changing times and the global paradigm shift. It provides a voice for scientists, researchers, futurists, astrologers, artists, as well as indigenous elders representing traditions of the Mayan, Hopi, and several other indigenous cultures as they share their core messages about the 2012 Shift. Respected experts including Jean Houston PhD, Bruce H. Lipton PhD, Carl Johan Calleman PhD, Daniel PinchbeckPeter Russell, Barbara Marx Hubbard, and many others, share their cutting edge perspectives on the "great shift" - the prophecies, the history, the science, the sacred, the possibilities, the past and the future - in ways that inspire, educate and empower you to evolve into a new way of being. What's really going on and what could happen on December 21, 2012? How will 2012 impact the economy, nature, and the planet? How could 2012 change our lives? Ask someone on the street about 2012 and many will chuckle and say it's the end of the world! Based on the end date of the Mayan Calendar, doomsayers, Hollywood films, and several television documentaries have speculated that December 21, 2012 marks the end of time. Others suggest this is a historical moment of great opportunity when humanity is at a crossroads, and that we can, as a planet, take a quantum leap in consciousness. - www.transform2012book.com
The 'X' Zone Book of Triviology - Vol 1 - over 100 pages, 3,800 triviological references, hundreds of dollars in savings - all for $4.99! Get your today on Amazon.com! CLICK HERE
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Amateur
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Which entertainer's gravestone was removed from a Scarborough UK cemetery in 2012?
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Autobiography Of A Ufo Contactee
Autobiography Of A Ufo Contactee
Updated on July 26, 2012
Dad in middle at back while stepmother flirts with "continental"
This blog is dedicated to Agua Marina, a mermaid from Barcelona who floated mysteriously to Tyneside via the Russell Group current. The gods had given her a hole in the heart. It was incredible. She could have been an X Man. (But she decided to do medicine instead as although the unemployment rate for doctors in Spain is high, it is not as high as it is for X-Men)
My Father (Messidor 2011)
Twenty years ago, I was diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. A series of experiences with a crystal pendulum had led me to conclude that beings from another star were in telepathic contact with me. I know what you're thinking. Crystals. Don't get me wrong. I hate all that wibbly-wobbly stuff myself. My favourite on this is Sir Patrick Moore, whose BBC TV programme for amateur astronomers "The Sky At Night", has been going since 1957. With his ill-fitting suit, bushy eyebrows and unkempt hair, he is the archetypal eccentric boffin. He is also a fantastic materialist scientist of the old school. Whenever he mentions the word "astrology", his lip quivers with a repressed contempt that is very satisfying for those of us who remember Linda Goodman's "Sun Signs". But the events that I experienced were logical and scientifically plausible. Put it this way: it works just as well with any weight on the end of a bit of string.
It was my father who introduced me to The Sky At Night, in the early nineteen-sixties. It was an optimistic era. Moore often used to point out that amateur astronomers were still contributing to original astronomical research. There was a tribute to this in my Open University Astronomy coursebook on variable stars. It is a page of the records of the Association of Amateur Variable Star Observers,showing the variation in luminosity of a variable star over a period of about a hundred years. (I know. They should have got out more.). The luminosity is constant for a period of weeks then there is sudden flare-up which persists for a similar period. Then there is a rapid decline in brightness back to the baseline level. It looks like a quantum function: the classic Dirac delta wave. (I know. I should get out more.)
But of course since the War, the professionals have taken over in astronomy like they have done in everything else. There's some provincial resistance. I attended a lecture here at the Newcastle Astronomical Society a few years ago and they were still arguing about the existence of polarised light. That's why I have to get to Paris. It's so provincial here in Newcastle. It was a mistake to try and live here,
Incidentally, I'm not frightened of the aliens that are in telepathic contact with me. There's a recent British science-fiction movie called "Attack The Block!" that follows the usual route of having aliens that appear to be somewhere between dogs and monkeys on the evolutionary scale and yet who have somehow perfected the art of interstellar travel. I think it's probably reasonable to conclude that if they have achieved star travel, they will be morally more evolved too. Possibly even world government and global social security.
How does the crystal work? Well you CAN try it at home. Put any weight on any bit of string and ask it questions. It swings clockwise for yes, anti-clockwise for no. Eventually, you might,as I did, ask if you're speaking to aliens. You may then, as I did, feel the aliens moving your arm that is moving your hand that is moving the crystal so that you realise they are acting through your brain. You may then hear, as I did, a chorus of voices, saying "Can you hear us, Mick?". You may then ..er..are you still with me?
The contact is 24/7/365. At first I tried to convince everyone I was right. I told my friends, the medical authorities, my wife, the girl I was trying to get off with, everyone. As a result, I found myself living on incapacity benefit on a South London housing estate. Funnily enough, the aliens in "Attack The Block!" invade a South London housing estate. Indeed, when the aliens invaded, I was the only person in the cinema who cheered.
Anyway, 20 years later and I'm still not a George King Aetherius Society-style guru with millions of adoring female fans. At the time the aliens introduced themselves to me, I was a writer. I had specifically become a writer for the profound reason that it would be a good chat-up line for girls at parties To put it bluntly, telling them you're a ufo contactee, doesn't have the same effect. Not that I can even go out and look for a girl, here in Newcastle. It may be a party city for some but for me, within five minutes I'm being confronted by the Bigg Market Hairy Palms Brigade, on their night out in the "Toon", looking like the Andrew Weatherall remix of "Deliverance". Even on the rare occasions I thought I was in with a chance of pulling, I'm looking over my shoulder for the boyfriend. I'm now 59 and on my own. Well, la vie en couple. It's a bit of a cliché anyway, isn't it?
In Paris it's different. I can be an exiled contactee there and who knows what might happen. I reckon that if Cheryl Cole can make it in the US, I can make it in Paris. True, I'm not young and beautiful like Cheryl Cole but I'm a bloke so that doesn't matter. Admittedly, the recent arrest of Dominique Strauss-Kahn over allegations of a New York chambermaid set me back but he's been released now.
But what's all this quixotic talk about getting to Paris as if I was some sort of upmarket version of Pinter's "The Caretaker"? I've been on incapacity benefit for twenty years and haven't got two mung beans to rub together. Well, I've had a stroke of luck. My father has died. That sounds terrible and I did love my dad but I've inherited some money,
He died just before last Christmas. One of his favourite jokes was the one about the patient who goes to see the doctor and the doctor tells them they are fine but not to start reading any long novels. I wonder if the last time my dad saw his doctor, the doctor told him he was fine but not to buy any Christmas presents.
Alright. How much did I inherit? A million? A hundred million with which I can buy a yacht and hang out with Bono and Sting?
£27,000.
Messidor, Vesce, L'Appartement a Paris.
Funnily enough, one of my biggest enemies is a News International journalist. Pat Kane. Some time back in the early mid-nineties, in his Times or maybe it was Sunday Times TV review, he referred to what he called "the gentle but flaky world of the ufo contactee". It wasn't just that we were mistaken, we had practically committed a fashion error. Before he had been a TV columnist, Kane had been a vocalist in a pop band. Like Bono. Or Sting. It's all about image you see? The image of the contactee is that of a community care patient. Indeed that is what I am. Because I honestly believe beings from another star are in telepathic contact with me, I get incapacity benefit. It's not as if I had to hold up a bible and swear that I believed that extraterrestrials were in telepathic contact with me. That was simply the diagnosis of the psychiatrists at the Institute of Psychiatry in Camberwell. To back them up, they had a scan of my brain that showed the asymmetry in the basal ganglia of my brain which is characteristic of 99% of schizophrenics.
At the time the aliens made contact, I had a job as an Agency residential senior social worker and was a regular writer with cult BBC radio satire show, "Week Ending". I had just written a sketch for Week Ending that had been used instead of one by Rob Newman and Dave Baddiel. Around that time, my American contactee counterpart "Simply Fred" had just won the "Boston All-Comers" comedy competition. Jim Carrey had been one of the other comics in the competition. Then one night, simply Fred had been driving along the freeway when he was, he claims, abducted by a spaceship. It ruined his career. No-one would book him as a comedian any more. I could claim millions in compensation. (As long as I don't have to have Jim Carrey's eyebrows.)
L'Appartement
Damien, a gauche, avec son cousin Max, qui est champion des cent metres des sous 17 de L'Ile de France
I'm finally getting used to Paris. Mind you, just before coming, I saw a French movie called "Les Petits Mouchoirs" in which a complacent Parisian late-night scooter rider is timing his ride to coincide with the green light through a series of lights in central Paris till at the last one, he is hit sideways-on by a forty ton truck. So natually, I'm still feeling nervous about crossing the road.
Ble
The hardest thing about being a contactee is being right. As I joked to a BBC executive about 18 years ago: "I've got the Apocalypse inside my head. But I try not to complain too much." In fact my progress to acceptance through the years is to realise that people are not going to believe me. It has been a ritual, moral re-purification based on the fact that people are dimwits. Think not? Look at the car! If cyclists should be made to pass road safety tests, shouldn't motorists be made to watch Jean-Luc Godard's "Le Weekend"? In the movie, Godard depicts the consequences of Paris going to the countryside for the weekend. It gets stuck in a traffic queue. This queue gets longer and longer during the movie as the drama turns more and more into a tableau vivante, the tableau vivante that is a traffic queue. Ipso Facto, most people are not intelligent enough to realise that cars cause traffic jams. Why should I worry if some people think I'm a couple of eigenvalues short of the full eigenfunction?
There is another reason why I had to go to France. The fact is, I am no longer welcome in England. Not because I'm a loony. It's worse than that. I am that most hated minority of all. Perhaps you can guess which. Maybe I should just tell you. I'm a New Labour supporter. After 13 years in which we introduced the minimum wage, reduced hospital waiting times to a maximum of eigteen weeks, banned cluster bombs, tripled development aid, established the Northern Ireland Peace Agreement,etc, the media turned on us. The trouble is, the majority of people don't understand Gordon Brown. And the reason they don't understand him is he's an intellectual.
Being an intellectual is almost as bad as being a contactee. I suppose it's a bit like the recent movie "The Adjustment Bureau" with Matt Damon, in which a shadowy extraterrestrial agency called The Adjustment Bureau intervenes in Matt Damon's fate. So that's just like me and my aliens, except it's real life and my aliens don't actually make any adjustments.
The last time I saw my father, he described his neuropathy. His motor nervous system no longer controlled his foot. In the event, it seems he fell over and banged his head on the corner of his stairlift. It's funny. Just a few minutes ago, Roger McGough on Jarvis Cocker's show on BBC Six radio, expressed surprise that a song had been written about Stockton. (The Shadows. "Stars Fell On Stockton.) Dad lived in Stockton. His stairs were the steepest I've ever climbed. They made the ones in Kidnapped look like an airport travelator. The stairlift sometimes would get stuck half-way, gently blowing in the breeze. Orson Welles would appear out of the shadows and talk about the stair-lift company's hidden account in Zurich.
Stockton was where I lived as a child. Towns ending in "ton" are supposed to be associated with ley lines. And I don't know whether you knew this but Stockton ends in "ton". I was brought up by my grandmother. My mother had rejected me. I remember, as I grew up, looking at my mother and wondering: "Who is that woman?". I'm just like John Lennon. His mother lived in the next street and he thought she was his auntie. In fact, the only difference between me and John Lennon is that my mother carried on living in the same house.
Sorry about that. I know it's sacrilege to compare yourself to John Lennon. Maybe I should just compare myself to Jesus.
Long hair. Wore a nightie. But Jesus is probably not an appropriate comparison. That was an ancient, primitive time of wars, famines and plagues. Just like Africa.
Chalemie: Ange Foudou
Quand lutter contre "Le Mondialisation", Ange fait son bulot de banlieusard.
Four local girls are enchanted to discover in their tram station, a clown.
This is Ange Foudou. I met him on the campsite last year. He lives there during his Paris summer season. He performs on the street in St Michel, Les Champs Elysees and other tourist hotspots. He's been doing it for over 20 years. I cannot reveal any of his jokes. They are copyright-protected. He's on the street, in and amongst the punters. It's kind of like Michael McIntyre in the round although of course Michael McIntyre is himself in the round.
I have already revealed one of Ange's jokes. Look carefully at the photos. Guessed yet? It's the little pump-operated trumpet he sounds from time to time. Marc Riley uses a similar device on his show on BBC Sixmusic to cover rude words. Riley is my second favourite musician after Mark E Smith. They were both in a band called The Fall. Mark E Smith is still in the band. Marc Riley isn't. This is because it was Mark E Smith's band. Mark E Smith is on record as saying that he and his grandmother on comb would consitute The Fall. So Marc Riley has rebuilt his career as a DJ.
I've got a room in a flat just off the bottom of Ave de Wagram in the room of a guy, Thomas, who's going to Argentina. I'm here till September and I've got a part-time job dogsitting Thomas' Belgian Shepherd dog, Paco. I got the job quite easily. I suppose in the future there'll be criminal records checks for animal abuse.
Thermidor, Epeautre
From Stockton, we moved to Welwyn Garden City, in the South-East of England. There's not that much difference between the South and the North. Just the money. The school I'd gone to in Stockton was one of the original Victorian "Board" schools. The teacher boomed down at you from a high dais. In Welwyn it was a new school with a progressive ethos. At its heart was the one thing that characterises progressive education: the syllabus was about two years behind.
I feel the need to write an e-mail to Thomas and luckily I have thought of something to say. You see Thomas feeds Paco croquettes. They're very similar to the "I ams" that my dad gave to his cat. My dad was a scientist and the system is very scientific. The animal gets all the nutritional requirements but only eats when she's hungry. I then contrasted that with the example of my sister who gives her dog a treat every time he barks.
Two or so years later we moved up North again to Consett, Co. Durham. At the time it was a big steel town but the steel works closed and everyone became cab drivers. The town was later famously depicted in a TV advert for Phileas Phogg tortilla chips as having its own airport. I sometimes wonder if somewhere in the galaxy there's an advert that depicts Planet Earth as having its own spaceport. I can certainly imagine the aliens looking at us through their their telescopes and saying to each other: "Blimey! They must all be cab drivers".
In Consett, I was educated at the Grammar school. The school had been founded by the Victorian steel company. They wanted the school motto to be "Out of Iron comes forth Steel", in Latin. Unfortunately, no-one had realised that the Romans hadn't invented steel so the motto became "E Ferro Ferrum Temperatum", which translates as "Out of Iron comes forth Tempered Iron".
I should talk to you about the aliens really. After all, I do claim they are in telepathic contact with me. The trouble is, there's not a lot I can say. When they made contact, I didn't want to go down the voices route, in case I was actually mad. So we came up with this compromise where they nod my head for yes or shake it for no. At least I hope it's that way round. You might have gathered by now that I'm a bit of a pushover. Anyway, such conversations as we do have, such as "Do you use element 114 as saucer fuel?" and "Is it really orange?" quickly dry up. To be frank, I don't know whether the aliens I'm in contact with are the greys, the whites or the sky-blue pinks. In fact, I think I am kept informed on a need-not-to-know basis. I know what you're thinking: a loony tourist in Paris. So let's be clear about one thing: I won't be visiting the grave of Jim Morrison.
Bouillon blanc
Today, the clouds are just thinning enough to let a little sun through. I still have the cold which I got on the campsite and aggravated going to the Stade de France with Damien. But apparently, staying out of bed and not looking after your cold properly is the new rock and roll. I'm stuck with Paco, though, Monday to Wednesday/Thursday. "Walkies". I did manage to see a play the other day at the Theatre Dejazet. It was on the cover of Pariscope. The play was about Frida Kahlo, the Mexican artist probably better-known for being the mistress of Diego Rivera. Mind you what with the spectacle of Rupert Murdoch and his, as Yahoo! blogger Ian Dunt put it, "absurdly" pretty wife at the Commons yesterday, today is a bad day for all blokes looking for big careers and lots of trophy mistresses. Maybe I should just forget all my plans to "make it" in Paris.
I hope the weather has improved by tomorrow. I was planning on going to the Latin Quarter.
I think you've probably gathered by now all this contactee, community care patient story is just a smokescreeen. And then I joke that the reason why I'm an outcast is that I'm a New Labour supporter. But the truth is I'm afraid something you will find utterly vile. I am that pathetic, disgusting, sad case that society deplores above all others: the person without a "significant other". Irrespective of anything else, there are technical problems when it comes to the pursuit of one. For example, in my experience, you can be talking to a girl wondering if she's got a boyfriend and at that moment he could be merely a yard away. It's like trying to find a house. Rarely a case of vacant posession.
But of course I remember what Dave Baddiel said all those years ago. I'd been living with my girlfriend for years. He joked that it was your second night with your new girlfriend and already you were bored of sex with her. I can vividly remember him saying it. So why did I carry on living with my girlfriend for years after that?
Melon
It's been raining for over a week now and according to the BBC Weather Forecast, today it will be thunderstorms, tomorrow light rain, Saturday light rain shower and Sunday white cloud. Finally, on Monday it's predicted to be a sunny day. I feel like there's something I don't know about Paris that I'm supposed to. The reason why THEY all go on holiday. But it will be such a relief! A glorious sunny day! And to think that only two weeks ago I was hiding from it between 11 and 5 to minimise my sunburn. And anyway, in case any of you are thinking "who is this pretentious geezer who's using his dad's money to pretend he's a writer in the Latin Quarter whilst actually living in the 17th arrondissement?", just ask yourselves this: how would you like to be a ufo contactee and get less credit than a railway station train announcer?
The sun comes out in the afternoon just as a message on Facebook announces the opening of Paris Plages. A 1 kilometre stretch of sand along the Seine. The idea, as my Lonely Planet guide says, is a reference to the old sixties political slogan: "sur les paves, les plages". Till recently, as a new Paris arrival, I was thinking that I was going to get off with Marion Cotillard, who I'd seen in the movie "Les Petits Mouchoirs". In the movie, they all go on a beach holiday and I guess the truth is I'm just going to have to make do with Paris Plages.
Ivraie
I met one of my female neighbours this morning. I guess you know you're in Paris when you meet a girl wearing high heels giving her dog its "walkies". Mind you, it was just a little poodle. It's a scary thought that there could be out there, on the streets of Paris, girls in four-inch heels walking Dobermans, Pit-Bulls, Rottweilers, etc.
I say Paris. Alright. It's true. I'm not living in the Latin Quarter, where all the great writers lived. I couldn't afford it. I just hope it doesn't make my writing worse. Anyway, I intend to visit the Latin Quarter on Sunday which is the first predicted sunny day in Paris according to the BBC website forecast. Or maybe I should visit my friend Ange, the clown at the Bois de Boulogne campsite. I hope he's still there. I've noticed that to walk to the Bois de Boulogne, I pass through the 17th to the 16th arrondissement. Ange performs in St Michel but is an anarchist. He hates the bourgeoisie; although because he's a comedian that means people like Woody Allen. Mind you, he's also an Arab, or to give him his full title a Kabil. He's the most philosophical Arab I've ever met. His show is a meditation on the human condition as funny as Aristophanes but I have to admit he probably hates Woody Allen because he's a Jew.
Ange has been doing his act on the street for twenty years. He's an "unknown" busking for coppers, living pretty much as a nomad. But when he commands his stage at the junction of Rue de La Harpe and Rue Saint-Severin in St. Michel, he is as good as anyone I've seen on any stage anywhere. As part of his anarchist anti-bourgeois, "anti-mondialisation" views, I don't think he approves of me writing about him. So let me at least show him the respect he deserves for not selling out to the Establishment! Forget the Latin Quarter on Sunday! I'm going to go and see Ange instead. (I can go to the Latin Quarter on Monday.)
Belier
Don't get me wrong. I know about Hawkwind: that two of them have been on a saucer for years. Allegedly. Apparently, we're "Time Captives". Britain's leading physicist believes in Plato's idea that the world is just the shadow on the wall of a cave: spacetime is just a projection from a larger-dimensional space. When I say Britain's leading physicist, I mean of course Professor Roger Penrose of Oxford University. There is also the well known physicist, Professor Brian Cox, ex-pop-singer, whose new TV series on the Universe has made him a celebrity. (For those of you who don't know him, imagine a cross between Patrick Moore and Liam Gallagher.)
So one imagines that the beings that are in telepathic contact with me must be highly-evolved technically. I sometimes fancy I'm being looked after by a much more advanced kind of health system for example. (Although I've not yet had the nerve to go into my local surgery and say: "Suck my d**k, NHS Doctor!")
Prele
So with my trusty Lonely Planet guidebook in hand, I set off last night to find "Le Clown Bar". Lonely Planet describes it as being themed on the idea of the evil clown. I reckon it might be interesting to see, especially in the context of my acquaintanceship with Ange, the clown who performs in St Michel. When I get there, it's closed down. For a moment I hang around, almost as if I am hoping Ange will turn up, sound his little trumpet and everything will be alright again. But he doesn't so, nil desperandum, e ferro ferrum temperatum and all that, I look in my Lonely Planet guidbook for another place to eat. (As I was by now becoming quite hungry). Eventually I wound up in another place recommended by Lonely Planet, Le Bistrot Florentin. (Only it's now called Le Bistrot Toscana). 60 euros. For a handful of fettucine. They plastered me with wine. I was drunk when I headed over to the nearest bar. (I'd tell you the name but by the time you're reading this, it will probably be called something else). I remember I was served by a cute waitress. But after I'd finished my drink, I decided it was time I started walking to clear my head. I set off in what I thought was the direction of chez moi but went in the wrong direction. So guess where I finally wound up! Pere Lachaise. Not the cemetery but the metro station. But that's bad enough, isn't it?
Armoise
Alright. Cards on the table: the most difficult aspect of being a ufo contactee is being one of those "The End Is Nigh" guys. They used to walk about the streets wearing sandwich boards or carrying placards saying "The End Is Nigh". (Maybe they still do but these days, with all the health and safety implications, etc, it probably has to say "The End Might Be Nigh".)
Carthame
One vivid memory of Consett Grammar School was LGM - 1. You know how they say you can remember where you were the day J.F. Kennedy was shot. I can remember where I was when they announced the discovery of LGM - 1. I was in the biology lab at school. It was in 1968. An astronomer had spotted what appeared to be a very regular radio pulse coming from the same point in space. It had been nicknamed it "LGM - 1" because of its obvious "extraterrestrials trying to communicate" connitations. (LGM: "Little Green Man".). I'm pretty sure that in the Biology class, with our charismatic teacher Mr. Reekie being a rigorous materialist reductionist, we all felt a more mundane explanation would be found. It turned out to be a rotating neutron star. But if only for a moment, we were genuinely excited that it could just possibly be an alien beacon. And in fact, we were all such geeks that I think we were still pretty pleased when it turned out to be just a rotating neutron star. There was a big fuss afterwards because the astronomer who discovered the pulse, Jocelyn Bell was a woman but it was her male boss who got the credit. Mind you, Bell, now Bell-Burnell, has no right to complain. According to Wikipedia, she's a Quaker and they are not allowed to have personal vanity.
Mure
I remember the old apartment in Newcastle. Looking through the window into the courtyard as the leaf guy blew the leaves. I'm so glad I came to Paris. I look through the window into the courtyard as the leaf guy blows the leaves.
Arrosoir
I'm definitely out of my comfort zone, here in Paris. In Newcastle I was on incapacity benefit, housing benefit, council tax benefit. It practically got to the stage where I worried that if the aliens landed, I would lose my benefits. Let's face it: I'm probably the guy the Norwegian wanted to kill.
Ten out of ten to the manufacturers of Paco's "croquettes". I don't know what they feed him in the countryside but when he comes back, his faeces are very sloppy. Not at all what you want as an operatif sac-sanitaire. Paco's croquettes have been developed by a team of scientists and by the time they get to you, they're practically croquettes again.
Panic
I went to see Ange yesterday. His name is Ange. It's written on his carte d'identite. And it must be true because he's Algerian. I'm quite surprised I'm friends with him really considering Jean-Paul Sartre said about the Arab wars of Independence, "killing a European is like killing two birds with one stone". But of course, I'm not really friends with him. He's a clown. His act is based on "being friendly" with everyone. I'm like the little girl in St Michel the other night who, although at first shy, got more and more cheeky until Ange couldn't (quite) get rid of her.
Salicorne
It's O.K. I'm safe in here! It was a very scary experience getting here but I made it. Where am I? My flat in Newcastle. Last night was Friday night and I had to make it from the Central Sation past Thank F It's Friday to my flat. As I've said, at night, Newcastle turns into Jurassic Park. At the top of the steps leaving the station was a girl wearing not much more than a slip. What do you do? Smile? Is there a boyfriend a couple of yards away? Anyway, after a few more such close encounters with raptors I made it back to the flat.
Like the mammals in Jurassic Park, I survive by finding a place to hide. Paris. So I've decided to go to the dole office on Monday and sign off. My flight back to Paris is Monday night. How much money do I have left? Well if I squint through one eye at my online account, it looks like 24,000. I've paid my rent for the flat in Paris till the end of August. Time to look for a job in Paris as a cleaner. If anyone asks, it's "for the novel". If anyone else asks, it's different from George Orwell.
Abricot
I went for couple of walks in Newcastle yesterday, which was Saturday. During the day. There are still plenty of neanderthals and raptors roaming the streets but they are more quiescent during the day. They just lumber along with their palms facing backwards. (Although you can tell it wouldn't take much to rouse them.) On alternate Saturdays they all walk in the same direction. It's the Newcastle match. My first trip was to Tesco's where I as usual, I used the self-service till although, because I've been using Franprix in Paris where they only have guys on the till, I found myself absent-mindedly at the self-service till for a while waiting for the machine to scan my purchases for me.
Later I went to Windows. That's not the Microsoft software product but J.G. Windows, Newcastle's famous music shop in the Parisian heart of Newcastle: in an arcade whose name I forget. The first place on the way in is a shop/cafe selling espresso, croissants and baguettes. Windows itself is an old-fashioned Emporium. On the ground floor are a range of keyboards: from the 61 key Casio "Piaggero" which I bought yesterday to concert grands. Upstairs there are violins, saxophones, trumpets, banjos, guitars,assorted percussion, every instrument you can think of. There was even a Siberian nose flute. O.K. There wasn't a Siberian nose flute. Also, on the ground floor there is a department of the kind that you rarely see any more: a record department. The guy who sold me the keyboard suggested I buy a sustain pedal as well but I said no. I've already got a sustain pedal and if I bought another one, I might get known as a pedalphile.
Basilic
Alright. No more bullshitting. You know what I really am now. Don't you? The real vile truth beneath all the talk of being a contactee in Paris, etc. Well, why not? I might as well say it: I probably am schizophrenic.
My brain scan for example shows the imbalance in the mesolimbic pathways of my brain which is considered to be the "signature" of schizophrenia. My mother was possibly schizophrenic. She certainly fitted Fromm-Reichmann's description of the "schizophrenogenic mother"; "cold, rejecting, domineering". My own NHS psychiatrists have always refuted Fromm-Reichmann's theory as out-dated. My current psychiatrist conceded that anyway, it would not have been helpful in the context of therapy if mothers were accused of being "schizophrenogenic". But what I find amazing is that after 20 years of believing in Fromm-Reichmann's theory, I found out today that the theory of the schizophrenogenic mother was developed not by Erich Fromm-Reichmann but by his wife, Frieda.
Hartwell (1.) says: "The tension over women's changing position vis-a-vis American men created a strain in the relation between the sexes in the larger culture during the historical period in which one segment of the psychiatric community espoused the schizophrenogenic mother concept.". My mother certainly experienced that strain: she was a typical example of a beautiful, intelligent young woman who suddenly finds she has to spend the rest of her life chained to a kitchen sink.
(1.) Hartwell, Carol Eadie, "The schizophrenogenic mother concept in American psychiatry", Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, Vol 59(3), August 1996, 274-297.
C'est Encore Thermidor? (Oui. C'est Brebis.)
La Nouvelle Vague. (Jessie et Laura: Camping Bois de Boulogne. 2011-07-16)
L'Ontologie Recapitule La Phylogenie.
In Kamera
Jessie and Laura are currently filming a feminist take on biker movies. The bikes are pushbikes.
Paco was supplied by Algorithms R Us.
The "Nouvelle Vague" can sometimes behave like a particle.
So I've e-mailed my psychiatrist's secretary. I've explained to her that I'm not going to attend my appointment with my psychiatrist on Wednesday, as I have inherited £27,000 from my father's estate and have moved to Paris. Now remember: this is an e-mail from a diagnosed paranoid schizophrenic. Really it could signify the onset of a breakdown. So I don't want to cast aspersions on the reliability of the NHS but the reply is an auto-office reply, saying she won't be back till Thursday.
Guimauve
I heard a piece on Radio Four this morning about how Ian Mckellen has taken on the role of a Mafia gang leader in a play at the Chichester Festival. The critic made a joke about actors only needing sports cars, country houses and young, pretty mistresses
On the subject of my mother, let me just put in a word of defence for the NHS nurses! My mother, as I have said was an oppressed female. While she was married to my father, one of her "protests" was to lie in bed till 11 in the morning. But when my father left, that all changed. She started staying in bed all day. Feminists won't be surprised to hear that it was my sister who "went back home" to look after her. I cannot say how surprised they'll be that by then my mother had already married again. So while he worked all day to supply the housekeeping, my sister was expected to be the housemaid. Feminists, again, may not be surprised to hear that my sister also worked all day to supply the housekeeping. Eventually, as my mother became "frailer", she acquired a little bell with which she could ring for my sister, downstairs. So the reason why I say I want to defend NHS nurses is that when my mother became genuinely frail and spending most of her time in hospital, she could work the buzzer with the best of them.
Les Champs Elysees: in Paris even the toilets are chic.
Paris Plages.
Lin
I had a run-in with some boy-racers today. As I say,I'm 59 and have never really been a boy-racer. In fact, I never even learned to drive. I remember a few years ago hearing Muriel Gray, ex-presenter of TV pop music show "The Tube" saying in a radio interview that she thought it was pathetic that a man could get to the age of 40 and not know how to drive. But that's women for you.
Amande
On Radio Four's Today programme there was a report on research that shows that some Zebra finches are homosexuals and nest together, displaying typical behaviour such as "nuzzling". I'm not surprised. Nuzzling is something Paco likes to do. 24/7. How I hate my mammalian origins!
I guess it's time you knew the truth about me. I was one of that group of people society hates more than any other: I was a social worker. Anyway, the essential role of all social workers is the teaching of independent living skills. The elimination of "nuzzling".
A related report on the same programme was into research by the Institute of Psychiatry, in Camberwell, London. It was the Institute of Psychiatry who diagnosed me as schizophrenic 20 years ago. I was subject of a case meeting of 30 or so psychiatrists and described my experience. A Canadian psychiatrist asked me why, if the aliens wanted the world to know they existed, they didn't just put up neon lights in the sky.
The Institute of Psychiatry research showed that people who had been abused in childhood were more likely to suffer from depression in adulthood. Speaking as someone who never once "nuzzled" my mother, I can confirm that I have suffered from depression. Mind you, my depression is partly caused by the fact that I'm a ufo contactee but that has been diagnosed as schizophrenia by the Institute of Psychiatry.
I got an e-mail from my current psychiatrist in Newcastle today, formally releasing me from NHS care. In the letter, "formally" is spelt "formerly" but I don't want to sound ungrateful. He has sent me a letter also, introducing me to a French doctor should I feel the need for treatment. I'm not sure how much you can trust the French medical profession. I think they might all be like Sganarelle in Moliere's "Le Medecin Malgre Lui" I've already had a pharmacist try to con me out of twelve euros. I wanted something for a cold and he produced two packets. One was paracetamol and the other was made out of Sargasso Sea algae or something. Altogether it was 14 euros. All I wanted was paracetamol but to avoid arguments I took the paracetamol and said I didn't need the Sargasso Sea algae. He put a sour look on his face then told me the cost was now two euros.
Gentiane
Ufo sceptics are like the English Defence League. Except they're a Planetary Defence League. They don't hate aliens. They just don't believe they exist. And not all members of the Planetary Defence League are hard-core. There's the moderates. They are perfectly prepared to accept the existence of extraterrestrial life-forms except they think they'll probably be just some sort of primordial slime; certainly not as advanced as us. Let's just hope for the sakes of the members of the Planetary Defence League, when the aliens do land, it won't be a case of this time round, the victims imposing the Final Solution.
I look out of "my" window and see the infinite sky. It puts my earthly pre-occupations in context. But then I did have a horrible experience this afternoon. I went to view a room with a view to rent. It started off alright. Eglise de Pantin. I had a coffee in a friendly bar called the Victor Hugo. But the room in the apartment smelt. The whole appartment smelt. The landlady smelt. It really was disgusting. No self-respecting person would have lived there. So I sat down to discuss the rent. (Well, I told you I was a pushover didn't I?) Luckily she seemed to take this an opportunity to push her luck. "Of course, because of your lack of residence documents you will have to pay six months in advance". Although I had been prepared to overlook the smell of the apartment, I couldn't ignore the smell of a rat. So I "politely" declined the invitation and left.
Ecluse
I must look out today for plums, millet and puffballs. I might be able to ascertain what day this is in the French Republican Calender from which one is in peak condition.
What is Justin Webb's problem? It's the second time I've heard the BBC Radio Four "Today" programme presenter go off on one. The first time was about one of the early twentieth century quantum physicists who did tours on cruise ships but was hopeless at chatting up the "flapper" girls. For Webb the key fact about him was not his contribution to fundamental science but this inadequacy with air-heads. Then today there was a report on research that shows that "pleasant" men get paid less than unpleasant men. Webb commented that although employers were not consciously aware of doing this, "they weren't complaining". Has Webb discovered some "anorak" has been having an affair with his "significant other"?
So Bangor University was where I had my wild youth. Don't get the wrong idea. By the age of 20, I was already a dad-dancer
I walked over to the American Church In Paris and back again today. It's straight up Ave de Wagram and third, I think it is, left at the Arc de Triumphe. Then down Ave de Marceau to the Pont d'Alma. I didn't spot a single plum, puffball or millet plant. (Anyway, Mick Green from the future (April 2012) has just come back to do some editing and tells me today is actually Ecluse. So maybe that's why I didn't see any plums, puffballs or millet plants.) The American Church in Paris is where I found my current apartment and hopefully is where I will find the next one. Anyway, so I've got a new room viewing on Friday. I don't want to stereotype people but particularly after yesterday, it's such a relief to know they have wi-fi.
Carline
The "A" (advanced) level secondary school exam results are out today. Yet again there is the annual debate about whether the syllabus is dumbing down and yet again I think of the A level maths course I did in the 1990s which was almost exactly the same syllabus as the "O" (ordinary) level I did in 1968.
I walked down to Chatelet Les Halles today via Les Champs Elysees. I didn't see any six-row barley. But Mick Green my editor, who is actually me from the future (April 22nd 2012) tells me that's because today is Carline in the French Republican Calendar, not Escourgeon. Mind you, I didn't see any Carline thistle either.
Caprier
Paco has a rubber ball but it's not fun playing with him with it because it gets covered in his saliva.
My "co-locataire" in Thomas's apartment is Damien. He works as a stock market trader. "Socialism was an empty bottle", he told me today. "A good idea but an empty botttle". It's true that while I was on incapacity benefit the scariest thing was filling in your housing benefit form. So I hope I dont wind up the equivalent of the French finance whizzkid, Jerome Kerviel, who became very successful by, as Damien explained to me, hiding his losses. I could find myself living in one of those "Quechua" tents you see on Avenue de Wagram whilst telling everyone I was living in a nice apartment in Montmartre.
Lentille
So what distinguishes this blog from all the other autobiographies of ufo contactees? (Well for one thing, sorry this is Mick Green from the future here, it's the only one, according to a Google search that has this title. And if someone comes along and uses the same title, I'll be able to claim, like Cervantes at the start of the second volume of Don Quixote that they are copies. Sorry! Carry on Mick Green from the past! Thanks, Mick Green from the future!) So, whatever you believe about aliens, when it comes to books about aliens, They Are Out There. And unlike Cervantes with "Don Quixote", I can't claim the other books are copies. The other problem I have is that the aliens have not given me the one thing I need from them: messages. Most of the other books about aliens have got messages from the aliens: such as "when Andromeda is in the ascendant and the great Spirit, Dithlicnococus has assembled the three hundred and fifty-three, then shall the New Age begin". I get absolutely nothing from them. Maybe that's the message. Nothing. Like in the 60s TV series "Bewitched" where witch Samantha's warlock uncle Dr Bombay, who always travels with his "nurse", covers up the embarrassing silence which often follows one of his jokes with the comment: "Nothing!"
The Quechua tent had been removed from Ave de Wagram this morning. The rough sleeper was still there. It was as if they had removed the tent and just left him.
Aunee
According to Penrose and Hameroff, the brain is a quantum computer. Free will comes from the fact that the quantum function has infinite degrees of freedom.
Loutre
So it's back to the search for a flat. Or is it my identity I'm looking for? Maybe I should be content being a humble contactee. Anyway, time to go. Put the kettle on, have a cup of tea. Critical Path Analysis. My dad introduced me to it. A book he brought home from work. When you make a cup of tea you don't get out the cups and tea-bags etc. then put the kettle on. You put the kettle on, then while the kettle is heating you use the time to get out the cups and tea-bags etc. You can apply the same principle to any industrial process, however small or large. Damn! I spent so long writing this that my cup of tea is stewed.
I've just been to view a room in Aubervilliers, which is just outside the 20 arrondissements of central Paris. The streets were littered with debris and people from the third world.
Reglisse
I have to explain that because I may have misinterpreted the uncertainties given in Wikipedia for the correspondence between the French Republican calendar and the Gregorian, today might not be Reglisse but anything between Sucrion and Pasteque.
Echelle
I heard on BBC Radio Four's Today programme today that scientists have come up with a new method of counting the number of species. They went round with an egg-cup. Under the old method,counting individual members, they had only a vague estimate of between 3 million and 100 million species. Now they know there's just seventeen species. The new method is based on counting from the top of the hierarchy down: the six kingdoms, the many phyla, classes, orders, genuses and families. They found that there are now only 4 kingdoms, 2 phyla, 3 orders, 1 genus and 2 families. One surprising fact the researchers discovered was that despite there now being only 17 species, the consumption of natural resources has not significantly declined. This is because one of the species is the human race.
Pasteque
As an ex-pat, obviously I still ocasionally feel homesick, so it's nice to be reminded of England from time to time. My recent favourite is seeing the way Nicholas Sarkozy has dressed himself in the same anti-Gaddaffi clothes as David Cameron. Damien told me that just a few years ago, Sarkozy was welcoming Gaddaffi to France as an ally. I remember even Gordon Brown was making conciliatory noises towards him.
Of course he may now be reviled as an evil dictator but I remember him at the start. He was a socialist in his own country and a passionate advocate of justice in the Third World. But like many socialist leaders before him, the people didn't go along with his vision so now he has been hunted down like a rat. And I don't just mean Gordon Brown. The same thing has happened to Colonel Gaddaffi.
Fenouil
Today is the first day of Rock en Seine. It's an indie rock festival. It's very much like a British indie rock festival. Most of the bands playing, such as The Jim Jones Revue are British but what makes it most of all like a British rock festival is that it has been raining.
I like dogs. When I was a child, I thought our dog was part of the family. But then I thought I was part of the family too. When you grow up, you realise you have no connection with anyone whatsoever. That's what's irritating about Paco. Most people keep their distance. But he is really clingy.
Epine vinette
There's one good thing about being a contactee. It may be a delusion but I can contemplate the possible prospect of immortality.
Noix
That's the funny thing about sex. You can be sitting together after making love and you feel as if you are with Eve in the Garden of Eden. Then ten minutes later, she wishes you never existed.
Truite
It seems like I have a room in an appartment. Marie-Claude, I believe her name is, called me four times yesterday when I was at Rock En Seine. Not that I couldn't hear her for the music. I'm afraid that I'm an old guy who can't get used to the fact that you can carry a mobile around with you. (I guess that's why one of the suggestions on the whiteboard for ideas for making a better world in one of the tents at Rock en Seine was "Tuez Les Vieux".) When I was a kid, English phones were attached to a cord about a meter long which was attached the wall. American phones were different. I remember American sitcoms of the period, such as "I Love Lucy" which, because it was a more innocent era, was a sort of "Light Petting In The City". In those sitcoms the phones had cords that were so long that the characters could pick them up and walk around with them; even from room to room. It was like watching something unbelievable from a science fiction movie.
I had met Marie-Claude previously out at the apartment at Aubervilliers. She was on her own. It's in "les banlieux", on the outskirts of Paris. When I told Thomas's next door neighbour she simply rolled her eyes and said, with a phlegmatic tone, "C'est les banlieux. Paris c'est mieux". As you walk along the never-ending Rue de Landy, all that spreads before you is endless series of decaying buildings, sporadic car spare parts shops, rotting rubbish in the streets and a population from God knows where in the Third World. It's so Bohemian darling! The perfect place to write my book.
Marie-Claude has bought the apartment, so it is a business venture for her. So it's true. My father's money has turned me into a capitalist. As she said: "we have to trust each other." I realise I'm going to have to be very careful about the decisions I make from now on because if I fail , I'll have to go back to England and sign on again.
Citron
Sorry. The software won't allow me to have just a subtitle. Please ignore these sentences.
Cardere
Bad news today. My project here in Paris might fail. Some extraterrestrial version of Alan Sugar will tell me: "You're fired!" (And of course, I'm a member of the Labour Party. So I'm hoping that, like Sir Alan, he's a Labour supporter.) But I had always counted on one thing that I felt would still be there for me, whatever happened. My room in Consett.
You may have heard of Consett. It was made famous by appearing in an advert for Phileas Phogg potato chips, in which it was depicted as having its own airport. It doesn't have an airport. It once had something much more impressive than that. It had a steel plant. No. Really. When you tell that to children in Consett they just look at you with disbelief. Although of course you don't tell them that. You don't talk to children if you don't want to get arrested. But if you did you'd explain how one day it just disappeared and they say how and you say because it was closed down by Margaret Thatcher.
I worked in the steel works in 1968 - the year the students in Paris were picking up the paving stones and throwing them at the police. (Thank heavens that didn't go on too long! I find those paving stones quite charming.) The protest generated the slogan "Sous les paves, la plage." Which is why today we have Paris Plages. (And bankers with obscene bonuses.)
There were a whole bunch of us Grammar School boys taken on as summer casual workers at the steel works in Consett in the summer of 1968. Like I say, that was the time the students were throwing paving stones at the police in Paris. I wish I could give you a flavour of those Bohemian times but I was still following the adventures of "Legge's Eleven" in "The Ranger" comic. Indeed, the only significant widening of the horizons of my life in that period was when The Ranger bought and incorporated "Look And Learn".
So how did I manage to lose my room in Consett? What perverse twist of fate could it be that has robbed me of my last chance of sanctuary? My nephew has moved into it.
Nerprun
I have two nephews. The other one is gay. I was very proud when he came out. He was the first gay in the family: a typical member of the new generation who are building the future. He's working in McDonald's. Both boys are amazingly like my Uncle Brian. (Except he wasn't actually my uncle.)
I have a brother. The father of my nephews. He's a bus driver. Sorry. Bus. That's those big vehicles that drive round the country all the day, a lot of the time practically empty and frequently stuck in car traffic. They have been driven practically to extinction by a three decade-long campaign against them by the BBC TV programme about cars, "Top Gear"
Fructidor,Tagette
As I sat down as usual for my morning poo (I pride myself as being almost as regular as the Dalai Lama), I lowered my trousers and pants and just in time, before they touched the floor, I remembered, I was back in the Camping Bois de Boulogne. At the Camping there is always a pool of water on the floor around the toilet bowl. So if you let your pants and trousers touch the floor, they get a good soaking. Mind you, it was the same at the apartment near Wagram. Let’s face it: French toilets are literally pants.
Hotte.
I took refuge from the sun for a while yesterday in the churchyard of L’Eglise de St Medard in the Latin Quarter and found myself sitting next to a family of Roms (Gypsies). I felt uncomfortable about it but I suppose I’m going to have to get used to them, as the police have just moved them to Aubervilliers. You see, the French police have discovered the same solution to the homeless as the politicians have to the economic statistics: they shuffle them around. As a result, the homeless are starting to get settled. The tents in Ave de Wagram have tables and chairs and the Roms in L'Eglise St Medard yesterday had a box of fresh vegetables, including cucumbers, tomatoes and leeks and were discussing what they were going to have for dinner. At one point, the teenage daughter broke down in tears and stormed off. I managed to ascertain that she said she’d had enough of her parents complacent, bourgeois lifestyle and was going to run away from the churchyard.
Eglantier
I have writer’s block today. When I discovered it, I asked the aliens if they were still there. I wanted to check if I had “contactee’s block”. Writer’s block is bad enough but if after twenty years of trying to establish the truth that extraterrestrials are in telepathic contact with me, they suddenly broke the contact, it would be terrible. I know what would happen. Eventually, they would land and people would say: “Oh! They were never really in telepathic contact with him in the first place".
Noisette
As I say, I'm a member of the Labour Party. I suppose I was at my most active politicaly in the late nineteen seventies, early eighties. I used to read the Guardian newspapaper. Well, I used to do the crossword. I also used to read the editorials sometimes but there's only so many times you can read an editorial that compares a government policy to "the curate's egg" (followed by an explanation that the reference was to an apocryphal occasion on which a curate was having tea with the bishop and when asked how his boiled egg was, he replied: "Good in parts"). I also used to read the rock reviews but they said things like: "Emerson, Lake and Palmer are the future of rock and roll". Mind you, as far as I can see, their rock reviews haven't changed much. The last time I read one it said that Blur were better than Frank Black.
There is a new production in Paris of Jean-Paul Sartres' play, "Huis Clos", in which three people are locked in a hotel room for eternity. In fact, there's at least three productions of the play on at the moment. I just hope it doesn't turn out that there's an infinite series of new productions on at the moment.
Houblon
I was thinking about "Spuble-Dunnerisms" this morning. I won't tell you what they are. I'll leave it for you as a Guardian crossword clue. They were invented by my old school friend, Gerard "Rut" Rutter. He was my hero at the Grammar School. He was very clever, very funny and very friendly. I tracked him down not so long ago through Friends Re-United. It turned out he'd gone on to become a veterinary doctor, then had become demoralised with the veterinary service so had worked for thirteen years in Health and Safety. Then he had died. (Piste in Resse.)
Sorgho
I'm really worried about Aubervilliers tonight. Until I have the key in my hand, I won't believe I've got the room.
Let's face it: the young hate the old. I remember at Rock en Seine there was a tent with a whiteboard in it upon which festival-goers were invited to write their suggestions for a better future. One person had written: "Tuez les vieux!" (Kill the old people!). So I have to "make it" because clearly the only way to survive as an old man is to become a celebrity.
Ecrevisse
Belgium has had no government for over a year. I was talking to some Belgians on the campsite this morning and they said things were working pretty normally.
Bigarade
So, je me suis installe a Aubervilliers: The flat has a balcony. (Although it seems to me that all French flats have balconies, so it's a bit like a French person in England saying that the flat has a functioning toilet. Mind you, then the French would reply: "Really? That's so charming.");
I opened the balcony door. It's a French window. Although of course, since I'm in France, that's not surprising. I was about to step out onto the balcony when I remembered "El Lila". He was my ex-wife's best friend. He was a best friend with girls kind of guy. You think I'm useless with women? Julio made me look like Bruce Willis. Julio was his real name. My ex-mother-in-law had nicknamed him El Lila: I believe it is an old peasant term of mild abuse. I think him acquiring this nickname was the result of the occasion when he wandered onto the balcony of my ex-parents-in-laws' flat in Madrid. Unbeknownst to him, the blinds had slowly closed behind him and he had found himself locked outside. It was quite some time apparently before anyone heard him knocking to be let back in. He was an apprentice writer. He had received some patronage from the famous Carlos Saura. He could be famous himself now. But he died.
I haven't told you about Ange recently, have I? The clown who has perforned on the street in Paris for the past twenty years and has got some of the funniest gags I've ever seen? Well, he's still living on the campsite. The reason I haven't mentioned him is that we have been arguing. I mean I completely respect his work as a clown but he annoys me because he keeps on playing practical jokes on me. Anyway so I said some things to him that I regret and he hasn't spoken to me since. He doesn't return my sms messages and when I rang him, he cut me off. I hope he's just joking.
Verge d'or
I am also involved in an argument with Newcastle Astronomical Society. Someone, I think a student, from Newcastle University's Astronomy department posted a message in the society's Yahoo Group inviting people to join a University "Skeptics Society", inspired by the late Carl Sagan. "The aliens don't exist." (Carl Sagan) "Carl Sagan doesn't exist". (The aliens)
Unsurprisingly there has been an enthusiastic response to skepticism from these Newcastle provincials. As I told you once before, they still don't believe in polarised light. So flying saucers etc is obviously way beyond consideration. Incidentally, while they may be provincial, it doesn't stop them from using the American spelling of "sceptic". I posted a comment about "The Planetary Defence League" and they have taken offence. Anyway, so if you're tired of looking at the pictures of the Universe's first proto-galaxies at the beginning of the Universe about 13 billion light years away-ago in the HubbleSite photo gallery, then take a look at the blurred dots of nearby galaxies the Newcastle Astronomical Society Yahoo group photo gallery!
Mais
After having been in the Third World suburb of Aubervilliers for a a day, I had to return to bourgeois Paris to pick up the rest of my stuff. It was the weekend and it's so bourgeois there, even the dog had gone to the countryside. After picking up my stuff, I headed back to Aubervilliers. It was a relief to get back to civilisation.
Marron
I'm really starting to feel at home in France now. In particular, this morning I found myself for a brief while just staring mindlessly at the television.
I have been thinking. Marie-Claude says she sees me as the 'gardien" of the apartment. I suppose that makes her my boss. How do I feel about having a woman boss?
Panier
Did I tell you I was married once? I wouldn't say there was a communication breakdown between us but when I was trying to write, she used to come in and do the hoovering.
I took my camera with me yesterday to take some pictures of the suburb of Paris where I'm now living. I knew there would be trouble. The making of human images is forbidden in Islam. One man came out of the Bar Alexandre and manhandled me. Luckily I managed to convince him I was only taking pictures of the building.
But of course the funny thing is after all I've been saying about the difference between bourgeois Paris and Aubervilliers, who's the first person I meet when I go to the laundrette? A trader. (Although to be fair he was a trader in Cassava.)
I'm an ovo-lacto-vegetarian. We are people who want to escape the Wheel of Karma but don't want to give up eating eggs and dairy products.
L'Appartement et Aubervilliers
Rue du Moutier
Apparently, some spots are particularly dangerous
I'm the first occupant of the apartment. The block's brand new. It juts out into the Third World neighbourhood like the prow of a spaceship. The apartments are decorated with easy-clean materials. You could imagine excluding dirt in the same way they do in a spaceship. So I feel a bit like David Bowie's "Major Tom", floating in space.. It's four French windows look out on the surrounding block, the Siemens tower to the north-West and the canal whose name I don't know yet. I remember Harwood Hill school in Welwyn Garden City. I had originally gone to the Victorian Board school in Stockton-on-Tees, which had brick walls and windows so high up you couldn't see though them. The school in Welwyn was a cathedral of glass. In fact it was where I had my first alien encounter. A teacher who smiled at you.
I was very impressed with "Les Conjoints" at the Tristan Bernard theatre. Good script,directing, acting, staging and lighting. Oh yes - and the hero was a sixty-something with a twenty-something mistress. It's interesting that while Dominique Strauss-Kahn is being crucified by the feminists and their fellow-travellers, one of Paris's big theatrical hits is depicting someone like him as a hero.
That said; I don't think I really want to "make it" like the hero of "Les Conjoints". I know you're used to my joke about being confessional so you won't believe me when I say what I really want is for the aliens to land and for us therefore to have the key to a new apartment in the Cosmos. Why the aliens don't land, I don't know. Maybe it's some sort of retro-active legal complication arising from some regulation passed by the European Commission.
THE END OF THE DREAM
So, it's the end of the dream. I thought it couldn't last. Everything was going just too well. I had got the apartment and was settling in nicely when it happened.
The shower curtain broke.
Mind you, although I suppose technically it is the landlord's responsibility, maybe I can have a go at fixing it myself. Now that I'm in Paris, I don't mind doing a bit of D.I.Y. I bet even David Bowie does some D.I.Y. from time to time.
I'm having second thoughts about relationships. When you're single, you forget but watching the dubbed American soap entitled in French "Des Jours et Des Vies" this morning, I was reminded that actually relationships are intrinsically sado-masochistic. The torture the average couple subject each other to makes Hanibal Lector look like Mahatma Ghandhi.
Blimey! Panier's been a long day.
St. Denis. Some "Roms" in Noperson's Land
Vendemiaire, Raisin
It's disturbing news that scientists at CERN have found particles that travel faster than the speed of light, casting doubt on Einstein's theory of relativity. According to Einstein's theory, there is no absolute frame of reference. Now it seems we cannot even rely on that.
Safran
I watched England play Rumania in their World Cup Rugby Union match on the telly this morning. We played rugby union at Consett Grammar School. Except I didn't. I had a secret fear of pain. Although I think everyone knew really. Therefore naturally, as I watched the match, I looked back through my life to see if I had ever done anything to prove I'm a man.
Chataigne
"Maigret" was good today.
Colchique
I'm trying to improve my French by watching television. It"s frustrating not understanding the programmes but I am making progress. I'm starting to understand the adverts.
In England we have the famous Sunday Lunch. This is an enormous meal after which you feel incapable of much more than dosing for the rest of the day in an armchair or perhaps later some light exercise. In France this meal is called "dejeuner". They have it every day.
I have another tricky problem in relation to "making it" in Paris. As I've admitted, I'm pushing sixty years of age. Not to put too fine a point on it, I can't do it anymore. Gone are the days when I could do it several times a day. The last time I did it at all was three years ago. Fall in love I mean.
Cheval
Despite the fact that I wrote to the Department of Work and Pensions a month ago telling them that I'd moved to France, they still paid benefit into my account this month. I'm going to have to write to inform them again and this time via a registered letter. Because whatever you might think of me, I don't want to be busted for benefit fraud.
Balsamine
Sorry to shock with my admission about falling in love. I figured that if I was going to make a true, true confession, it would be better to come straight out with it rather than begin with some preamble. Don't worry! I still remember Dave Baddiel's joke about how it's your second night with your new girlfriend and already you're bored of sex with her. How could I forget? I'd been married seven years at the time.
And yet I tell you that three years ago I fell in love again. Why? I have thought about this long and hard and finally I've decided it was because she reminded me of my mother.
Carotte
I watched "Telematin", the morning news programme on France 2 television today. There was a feature on "social cohesion" in France. What's the point of discussing social cohesion when smoothies like Cameron and Sarkozy can win popular elections?
I bought a Bosch electric drill and fixed the shower curtain rail. I was thinking of having a glass door fitted but I'm diagnosed as a sort of psychopath so I suppose a shower curtain is more appropriate.
There was an Arab Spring and now there's an Indian Summer. What's going on?
Amaranthe
The Parisians are super-clean. Those who appear on the telly look like they've been washed twice in Ariel. So when Marie-Claude was shocked by the smudges on my summer suit, I was reminded of the beginning of George Eliot's "The Mill On The Floss" in which little Maggie imagines the flour-dust-covered spiders of the mill meeting their country cousins in the fields for dinner and each being mutually shocked by the other's appearance.
Panais
New wave English indie band Metronomy's track "The Look" is being used as a backing track for a tv advert for the French rail network. (Apparently, British Rail are thinking making a similar advert using a remix of a Stereophonics track.) ("Why Does It Always Rain The Wrong Sort Of Rain On Me?")
I know about Metronomy because I listen to Marc Riley's show on BBC Sixmusic. Riley was a bass guitarist in punk band, The Fall. He then got promoted to guitarist, then co-songwriter until finally, the leader of the band, Mark E Smith got fed up with him. My favourite gig of all time was The Fall (when Riley was still in the band) at the "Venue" in Victoria, London, 1980. But Mark E Smith has allegedly said that he and "his grandmother on comb" would constitute The Fall.
Cuve
So here I am again, back in Newcastle. Well, it was inevitable really. The end of a beautiful dream. Yesterday I was having lunch in the Champs Elysees. Tonight I am back in my housing association flat in Newcastle, breathing in the smell of the carpet that got soaked four years ago when the waste water backed up in the drains after my heroin addict neighbour blocked them by putting bits of broken compact discs and shreds of paper and all sorts of rubbish in them. The carpet was not replaced. All I could do was let it dry out. I reckon that underneath it now is a bacterial population that could run a small-scale biofuels plant.
On my way back to the flat from the railway station, I encountered some Newcastle lasses. I suppose I might fancy Newcastle lasses except my first reaction to them is always to flinch because I think they're going to hit me. Also on the way back to the flat I had to negotiate some piles of sick. Then I made my way past the metal sculpture in the community garden that depicts some pigs eating giant magic mushrooms. (Not the red and white spotted ones but the white ones with the nipple on that grow wild in meadows in the early autumn.) Then into my flat with the smelly carpet. For the moment at least I have avoided the Bigg Market Hairy Palms Brigade.
Luckily it's only the end of the dream for eight days. I'm back to clear out my flat then I'm flying back to Paris.
Pomme de Terre
I heard on BBC Radio Four's "Today" programme this morning that Greenwich Mean Time is being abolished and replaced by Universal Time. Our man at the BBC, John Humphrys interviewed Felicitas Arias, the Director of the International Bureau For Weights and Measures which is in the suburbs of Paris and is responsible for administering Universal Time suggesting that we would now be subject to Paris time. She assured Mr Humphrys that Universal Time had been used for quite a long (universal) time by all parts of the world that are not England. But the fact is that of the other six basic units, weight is measured in kilograms which is French, distance is measured in metres, which is French, electric current is measured in amperes after the famous French physicist, Ampere and all seven basic units are known as S.I. units which stands for systeme internationale which is French.
Immortelle
On the "Today" programme today Mike O'Hara, a former trader, pointed out, while computer trading is on the increase, there was "a range of different participants involved in running the markets". In other words, the markets are run, as we always have thought, by rich men in suits.
Later, UK Prime Minister, David Cameron was interviewed by Our Woman At The Today Programme, Sarah Montague. Cameron defended the payment of bonuses in business, explaining that at one time he had worked in business and had employed people. He had used bonuses for rewarding good work and good behaviour. I know the situation only too well now. Marie-Claude has given me a tenancy for the apartment in Aubervilliers for three months. If I step out of line, I could find myself homeless in December. As a result, I have become very diligent at keeping the flat clean. In fact it's nice to be back here for a few days in the housing association flat where I can relax and let the place get as dirty as I like.
The problem for Mr Cameron is that housing association and council housing is where you wind up if you get evicted by Marie-Claude. They can't evict you or you wind up in a Quechua tent in Ave de Wagram. In fact, the police in Paris have the power to send "sans papiers" back to the shanty town they came from. It's just north of St. Denis on the way to Paris Charles de Gaulle airport.
Potiron
On the Today programme today, Our Justin At The BBC, Justin Webb, interviewed an ex-Goldmann-Sachs bigwig about the protest by young people which is going on in Wall St., New York at the moment. I myself got a posting from Roxy Lopez with a photo of a demonstrator at the demo holding a placard which reads: "Jump, you fuckers!" As Roxy's Facebook friend I get postings related to her internet radio show which investigates ufos, chemtrails and other occult phenomena. Today her show is about the biggest occult phenomenon of all: bankers' bonuses.
Reseda
I worked for seven years between 1984 and 1991 as an Agency residential social worker, sprecialising as a support worker for people with disabilities. What this really means is I got paid for being the body of people with physical disabilities and the brain of people with mental disabilities. At times it was tempting to cross the boundary. I had one such client at the Greater London Council's Equal Opportunities Unit in the days of "Red Ken". That's Ken Livingstone, a member of the hard left of the Labour Party who was Mayor of London at that time in 1984. A lot of people associate 1984 with George Orwell but I associate it with Ken Livingstone.
My client was John Hall who had cerebral palsy and who was a worker with the GLC's Equal Opportunities Contracts Compliance Unit. The EOOCCU was an idea from the United States introduced by the late Tony Banks. The workers in the unit monitored every company that had a contract with the GLC to ensure they had an equal opportunities employment policy. So the workers in the Unit represented the most discriminated against groups. Women, gays, blacks, people with disabilities. We really annoyed The Evening Standard newspaper and Loncdon cabbies. And anything that annoys the London Evening Standard and London cabbies had got to be good.
John obviously represented people with disabilities. I enjoyed the job but I did have one problem with him. There were regular meetings of the whole team to discuss policy. John could not speak as such and instead communicated with a pointer that I put on his head. He spelled out what he was saying by pointing at a wooden board held by me which had the letters of the alphabet on it. Unfortunately, he had the habit of starting off what he was going to say by the word "Apparently.." This always took him a few seconds to say and after a while, once he had got to "Appare.." I knew he wanted to say but I couldn't interrupt. Eventually I knew that he was going to say as soon as he'd got to "App.." but I still had to wait until he's spelt it all out before I could look up and announce to the meeting "Apparently". I so much wanted to interrupt and say "Apparently" or even "Why bother saying "Apparently"?"
I don't really remember any of the other workers. O.K. That's not true. I don't want you to think I'm that superficial. I also remember Merle Amory. She was really, really, really beautiful. At the time she was Mayor of Brent Council. The first black mayor in the UK I think. She should be Mayor of London now. Apart from anything else, she revealed to me she was originally from Tulse Hill.
Ane
I said yesterday that the BBC is doing the same as the banks and using "quantitiative easing" to justify its continued existence.
In fact, rather than giving money to companies, we should be taking money off them. Remove their money completely. Not just tobacco companies but for example, car companies too. Stop all car production. The workers can go on the dole and look for a proper job. Don't get me wrong! When I smoked my first cigarette, I was wearing the polo-neck sweater. I was walking home with the other members of the school drama group. But it was a romantic illusion, like the car. Like Paris. I mean I've eaten brown bread for 35 years. My bowel movements were as regular as the Dalai Lama's. (15 minutes after getting up.) Then I go to Paris and eat baguettes and, to be honest for once, sometimes I have eaten meat. As a result,the regular pulse that used to be my bowel movements is now the same pattern as that of the heart of someone about to have heart attack. I agree with Jean-Paul Sartres that Chairman Mao was right and we should all live in the countryside. Mind you, I also agree with Sartres decision to keep on living in Paris.
France is famous for its "cuisine", so I've been going to restaurants for a gastronomic experience. Yet the truth is, all you get is slabs of meat. Yes you get a side-salad. But that is usually chips. There is nearly always one vegetarian option: pasta smothered in cheese or tomato sauce. In the few vegetarian restaurants they go to the other extreme. I went to a place in Les Halles, "Veget' halles", mentioned in the Lonely Planet guide to Paris. I had the vegan platter. It was very healthy but it was like that dream where you are eating paper.
I'm not anti-vegan. One of my favourite recipes is Rose Elliot's version of vegetable pie. It's root vegetables baked in a pastry pie. She says that the original "Cornish pastie" would rarely have contained meat which was what the posh people ate. So you slice carrot and swede and parsnip or, if you can find it, turnip, very thinly, put them in alternating layers in a pastry base, seasoning each layer with sea salt, freshly grated black pepper and nutmeg. Then you cover and seal with a pastry crust, make one or two holes for steam to escape and bake in at a low temperature for about an hour and a half. Oil oozes out of the root vegetables and absorbs the spices giving you a delicious, meltingly soft filling in a crisp pastry.
But I still need my ovo-lacto fix from time to time. And anyway, I didn't go to Paris just to eat in one restaurant in Les Halles. But what else can I do? I can't keep going to those carnivore restaurants. Cordon bleu? Cordon rouge more like.
So that's the real question, isn't it? I've got my return ticket on Easyjet. (Oh how they hate Easyjet in the Cote d'Azur!) I've got my grey suit, my black suit, my eight polo shirts, my eight..er..undergarments. I've almost cleared out my old flat. ("Luckily", the Housing Association had just hired a mega-skip to get rid of all the abandoned furniture that builds up over time in the complex. So I didn't have to pay £200 to the house clearence firm. I didn't have to pass "Go". I've got the flat in Aubervilliers with the rent paid until December. I've still got £20,000 of my dad's money.
So do I go back to Paris?
Belle de Nuit
I'm not a fan of the re-vamped "Dr Who". As an eleven year old in 1963, I watched the original Dr Who from the first episode. I liked it at first. The telephone box that was larger on the inside than it was on the outside. After that, I lost interest.
Citrouille
Whilst watching an advert on the telly in the flat here in Aubervilliers tonight, I observed something which I think the French do.(And I’m not saying this because the French beat us at Rugby Union World Cup yesterday. We were well beaten and that was before the media started on us. But before you write us off completely, remember that though we’re out of the Cup, we won the swan-dive try competition. Players from other teams tried to imitate Chris Ashton’s trick of arching his body as he lands over the line but were too scared of losing the ball in the process to do it as cavalierly as he did it.)
Today I got up at 4a.m. Showered. Breakfasted on muesli. Filled a wheelie bin with some of the contents of my flat in Newcastle. Packed my rucksack.Twice. Once with about thirty kilograms in.Then again with only twelve. So long E. H. Gombrich. See you at the Louvre sometime maybe. My favourite is Chardin’s “La Benedicite”. Look at the girls’ eyes. (Including the mother’s). Look at the drumstick. Washed the bathroom.Then the kitchen.Hoovered the bedroom.Hoovered the living room.Disconnected the electric cooker. (Yes, I remembered to switch off the electricity at the fusebox first.) Dragged cooker out of flat. Remembered physics experiment that demonstrates the acceleration due to gravity using a slope and slid the cooker down the stairs and then left it outside in the courtyard for the Council to collect on Tuesday. Cost: £15. Whilst at the Council, Sophie.. I can’t remember her surname is observing the Council worker. Sophie is a Councillor and was one of the candidates for Labour M.P. before the last General Election. As I am a member of Newcastle Central Labour Party I had a vote in choice of Labour M. P. It was an all-woman shortlist and I don’t want to sound curmudgeonly but about time too!
It was Chi Onwurah who won and who is now Newcastle Central’s M.P. as if the Tories ever won Newcastle it really would be the end of the world. Chi ticks all the boxes for me. Black. Female. Engineer. Not that I’m saying I voted for her in the internal Labour Party election. I would never reveal my vote. One thing I agree with Colonel Gaddaffi about is that as a socialist, you can’t trust anyone. (Although of course in the General Election, I voted Labour.)
Half-filled another wheelie bin with stuff from my flat.Took the Metro to Airport. Actually it’s Newcastle Airport but the sign at the Metro station reads “Airport” because that’s Geordie dialect for Newcastle Airport. Had a half-baguette sandwich at “The Upper Crust” franchise in the Departure Lounge. Served by half-interested, prettyish girl. Did I want a drink, she asked me. “A coffee?”, I asked. She looked irritated. “I don’t know if we have coffee.” She disappears for a few momentsand returns with a coffee. It’s an extra £1.90. I thank her and try to find that part of the Departure Lounge seating and dining area that is for “The Upper Crust” customers but can’t see an obvious location so sit myself in the area that seems to be for “Burger King” customers. My excuse is I don’t want meat and chips. I want cereals and fruit and vegetables and nuts or pulses or dairy products, as specified by the American Medical Assocition’s recommended diet, the so-called Pyramid diet. According to the American Medical Association, only 4% of our diet should be meat and fish.
The coffee’s cold. Lovely landing at Charles de Gaulle –Orly Airport. The Easyjet pilot merely kisses the ground as we land. I have to look out of the window several times to reassure myself we’ve landed. Got the bus to Paris. “Bonjour!” says the driver as I get on. I’m back in France. “Bonjour!” I reply. “”Arc de Triomphe.Aller simple”, I say. “Oui. Quinze euros.” As we set off, the automated bus hostess announces that our destination is “Place de L’Etoile”. This is the same place as Arc de Triomphe. (Do you think I might have a future in travel writing?) I had referred to it as Arc de Triomphe because that was written in fading white paint on the bus parking bay. I guess calling it Place de L’Etoile is less imperialist.
I change at Chatelet. This is a mistake. Palais Royal Musee du Louvre is two stations nearer and at Chatelet there are several long corridors and a long travelator to negotiate. What’s more, the travelator (in the direction out of Paris) is not working. Finally I get to Aubervilliers and after the twenty-five minute walk from the metro station, I walk up the hill at the end of Rue du Landy and the bridge over the Canal St Denis with feet that are aching in my still not yet worn-in Doc Martin shoes. I get to the apartment but don’t walk up the stairs this time but use the lift. That’s not as environmentally-friendly but they took the travelator away from me at Chatelet so I’m entitled to something. Meet a couple with child coming out of lift. They obviously recognise me as the (and I don’t want this to sound suspicious) middle-aged bloke on his own who’s just moved in. We exchange pleasantries but not the French ones because that means jokes. Obviously we didn’t exchange jokes. It’s a relief to get into the flat. Marie-Claude has brought the drawers for the chest of drawers. She has washed the new dishes. She has got rid of the saucepan I bought.
Anyway, as I was saying, I noticed something in the advert that I think the French do. Instead of saying, for example, “Ou est la station?” they put the “ou” at the end. “La station c’est ou?” And they do this with extravagantly long sentences. “La gare des trains qui vont aux destinations proches ou loins par ci ou par la c’est ou?”
Sarrasin
It's interesting that my one friend in Paris, Ange, is so like my one friend, Russell, in Newcastle. 50 something. Contemptuous of the bourgeoisie. Heavy smoker. Even their names coincide. Russell is the name of a famous English philosopher and I believe Ange is the name of a famous French philosopher.
I wrote that in the toilet. It's the first time I've actually wrote something in a toilet. Is that some sort of stage of initiation? But as I was leaving the toilet, I was more thqn (damned french word processors!) usually aware of the potential red zone bacteria on my hand. Like I say, I'm back in Aubervilliers where I have a woman boss. If it carries on like this, I might get one of those allergies you get from being too clean. But I realised that it's not so much that I'm concerned about bacteria but being seen to be concerned about bacteria. Jim Morrison wrote that "love hides in molecular structures". In my case, protestant guilt hides in molecular structures.
I met Russell at a Fall gig at the Newcaste Opera House. Russell used the word "eigenvalues". A typical Fall fan. At an Open University summer school in experimental quantum mechanics a couple of years later, I met a girl, well a woman, well a fellow quantum mechanics student who was a Fall fan. I fell in love with her but she had the one thing that kind of girl always has: a boyfriend.
Tournesol
I don’t want this to be taken as a comment on the private rented sector but there seem to be as many ads for DIY products on French telly as there are for scantily-clad models advertising perfumes. And I’m not just saying that because the sofa legs broke last night. I turned it over and discovered that the legs were long and thin and fixed to the rest of it by a very flimsy support: the sofa equivalent of stiletto heels. So when they broke, it collapsed, like a girl in stilettos who has collapsed. Marie-Claude has given me the go-ahead to repair it. Never mind David Bowie. I’m going to need the DIY skills of Paul McCartney.
I also have a cousin, Michael. I have vivid memories of playing with him on childhood summer holidays in Wirksworth, Derbyshire. I just had a message from my brother about Michael. His wife, Elaine, has died.
Pressoir
I got a call from Ange last night. I instantly respond. He is my master, which would be fine except he is also my genie. Did I tell you he is an extremely funny clown, who has performed in St. Michel for over twenty years? I can’t tell you any of his gags. That’s occult street knowledge only possessed by the countless thousands of tourists who must have seen him over that time. I can tell you a set-up. He’s standing among a crowd of passing tourists, dressed in his clown gear. He suddenly emits a loud, agonised death cry, falls flat over on his back and on landing, grabs a passing girl’s ankle. I can’t tell you any more than that.
Although he performs on the street, he is arguably the greatest comedian in Paris, if not the world. I meet him at his favourite restaurant. Not a Michelin-starred bistrot or something but a Tunisian restaurant with about ten tables in Strasbourg-St. Denis. It's between Porte Martin and Porte St Denis. It’s nearer to either one or the other but I don't know which is which yet.
He says he’s going to Florence. He says this every time I see him. He hates Paris. Mind you, everyone seems to hate Paris. Even I’m starting to see some of its more negative aspects. But for two months now Ange has been talking about going to Florence. I don’t know what to say to him. I mean is it the expression of some sort of unresolved issue in his mind or is it just one of his jokes? I drink a mint tea and eat a small Arab sweet pastry. He’s going to pack his suitcase tomorrow he says and leave the hotel in Beson where he’s paying 28 euros a night and he’s going to get an air ticket for Florence. He doesn’t have a bank account. He has the typical financial irregularities associated with many in the entertainments professions. So he can’t buy any cheap flights via the internet. Therefore he has asked me if I can buy him a ticket. We’re meeting again today. We’re going to a “Cyber” to book his flight, unless, of course, it’s one of his jokes.
Chanvre
We meet at Ange’s second-favourite restaurant: a Cambodian restaurant on Rue Marcadet. “Mais pas Kampuchea.” I say to the owner, half-expecting a stern “No!” because of Pol Pot and the Killing Fields and all that. But he replies positively. “Oui. Kampuchea.” Kampuchea was the Khmer Rouge name for Cambodia. That was Pol Pot’s party. By the time the Khmer Rouge were ousted, there were only two factories in Kampuchea. They were a rubber factory and a cement factory, both in Phnom Pen. This is according to the Finnish Commission, a committee sent to Kampuchea in the early nineties to investigate the alleged Killing Fields. The Khmer Rouge was the Maoist party of Cambodia who stayed behind to fight and eventually beat the French and the Americans. The Khmer Minh had been the exiles in Moscow.
The Finnish Commission could find no evidence, other than anecdotal, of the Killing Fields. It seems the Khmer Rouge sent the Minh to work in the fields. This is a fundamental principle of Maoist Marxism: the professor and the peasant working side by side in the fields. Perhaps the Finnish Commission could be accused of bias but at the time Finland was still under threat from its neighbour, the Soviet Union. Why antagonise the Soviets by propagandising against the party they had supported? Obviously I can understand the resentments of the Khmer Minh. I mean Jean-Paul Sartres was a famous Maoist and he kept on going to night clubs in Paris and everything. But for me the jury is still out on whether there were any actual Killing Fields.
Ange had a plate of rice, beef in gravy and assorted vegetables. I just wanted a sweet pastry. The patron produced a cellophane packet containing something. I took it. Later I discovered it was a cake. Like a cake from I don’t know where: let’s just say a Victoria sponge cake. It had icing on top too. But not icing as we know it, Jim. Icing is icing sugar, essentially. This was something like icing sugar-coated wallpaper. The cake appeared to have been made in a factory sold to the Cambodians by the former East Germans. I just hope Pol Pot’s not turning in his grave. But it did dissolve and I had some jasmine tea, so it was quite pleasant really.
Peche
I saw a French version of Shakespeare's “A Midsummer Night’s Dream” last night. All the characters were dressed like characters in the iconic sixties British TV series, “The Avengers”. The hero of the series was John Steed, a British secret agent who dressed in a bowler hat and fancy suit. You might have thoought that might make him stand out a bit for a secret agent but that was TV in the decade we can't remember, the one between the fifties and the seventies. Given that it was the decade between the fifties and the seventies, you may not be surprised to know that Steed had four women. The first was Honor Blackman. She was replaced by Diana Rigg. She was replaced by Joanna Lumley who was finally replaced by Linda Thorson. All four are very beautiful women. Melanie Doutey played Titania. Being French, she was a cross between all four.
Later, I go to the bar I noticed when I was with Ange in Strasbourg St Denis. “Le Marie”. It’s opposite to the restaurant that Ange eats in. I invited him in the other night but he shied away. In the pub, because it is a pub, with “pintes” etc., I get talking to Stephan. He’s maybe forty. He hints he wants me to buy him a drink. I assume he’s the guy in the bar who goes round bumming drinks so I give him the bum’s rush. Later, I discover, he knows everybody in the bar. He introduces me to his friend, a thirty-something blonde. So there I am, finally talking to a woman and instantly, from out of nowhere, a flower-seller appears. Strasbourg St. Denis is very much Third World Paris. There seems to be quite a population of real desperate homeless illegals here. It's marvellously bohemian.
Navet
So how would I describe myself? Well, my mother was a schizophrenic and my father a control freak. So, according to the law of genetics, there’s a good chance I’m schizophrenic control freak. I demand that everything be in its two places. But is that all I am? Sir Roger Penrose argues that there are extra degrees of freedom in quantum space that account for “free will”. He’s a top mathematician at Oxford University,a Platonist, but he might be right.
Amarylis
Not only can I, as an old person, go out in Paris at night, at “Le Marie” last night, there was a whole tableful of them. I’m starting to think Paris is a sanctuary for old people, especially with the news that Paris St. Germain football club might sign David Beckham.
I arrive early at La Salle Pleyel for the afternoon concert of Korngold and Schubert so I go to the nearest cafe, the "Do, Re, Mi". The terrace is crowded but I spot what appears to be a spare seat. However, there is a coat on it. There's a guy sitting in the seat next to it. I ask him if the seat is free. He indicates that his coat is on it therefore obviously, the seat is not free. Not a true Republican I'd say but after I wait a few moments, he grudgingly moves his coat.
Boeuf
I would say that the New Labour government of Gordon Brown and Tony Blair was greatest government ever. Originally, the media called Brown Gordon “Two Brains” Brown. It was Rolls Royce progressive government. The Left said they were cap in hand to the capitalists but they amongst other things established the minimum wage, reduced hospital operation waiting times in the NHS from eighteen months to eighteen weeks, introduced disability rights legislation, banned cluster bombs, established the Northern Ireland Peace Agreement, trebled development aid and cut by a factor of three our contribution to third world debt. I'm not an economist. I don't really know what third world debt is. I think it represents the amount we owe the third world because of colonialism.
It was John Smith who set out the New Labour route. He died, having a heart attack while walking in the Scottish mountains. He was a role model for me: as a walker who is overweight myself I try to avoid mountains these days.
I’m trying to make progress in my French by watching French TV soap operas. I still don’t know what’s going on in them but I've figured out they’re doing bad things to each other and I'm getting upset.
Aubergine
Don’t worry! I know what you’ve been wanting to hear. About my experience of sex-offending. The truth is I’ve been hesitating, half wanting to tell you, half not wanting to, worrying what your reaction might be. But what the hell?! Let’s as Agassi says: “Just Do It”. So the truth is: in my last job as a social worker I did something which, depending on how broad-minded you are, you might find shocking, disturbing, maybe even disgusting. I worked with sex-offenders. I know. These are the most despicable category of client: clearly people with no hope whatsoever. Except I couldn’t help noticing that they were a lot like me.
Mind you, I say without any hope, maybe not quite as bad as the chap I saw yesterday in Rue du Moutier. He was lying flat and after the policemen turned him on his side, you could see not just a smattering but a large pool of blood. Periodically, the policeman felt the guy’s neck for his pulse but anyway, he was spark out.
Piment
It looks like it really is the end of the dream this time: only like a dream in one of those novels where the dream is just an illusion. Just as I was settling in to my role as intrepid traveller here in Aubervilliers, I get the news from Marie-Claude that I have to move again in December. And there you see it: the difference between the private and the public sector. If it had been in England, I wouldn’t just have written to my M.P., I’d have become an M.P., swept to power on a wave of popular protest against the private landlord, leading eventually to world domination. Here in France, it’s back to the American Church in Paris on Monday. How am I spending my dad’s money so far?
As I approach the internet cafe I use on Rue du Moutier, a little Arab girl has dropped her bag of tortilla chips. In England, she would be bawling her eyes out. But this is Aubervilliers and she's a little Arab girl, so she's squatting down, patiently picking up the fallen tortilla chips and putting them back in the bag while her mother watches without stopping her; According to the scientists, she has 20 seconds before the bacteria attach to the surfaces of the chips but I'm far too squeamish to stay and see if she stops within 20 seconds
Tomate
On Telematin this morning, I saw a feature on George Clooney’s new movie which in French is called “Marches Du Pouvoir”. In the movie, Clooney says: “...I’ve got to believe in the Cause!” This certainly accounts for the rumours about him and restaurant waitresses.
Orge
The beautiful people, eh? They're all so well-scrubbed and shiny. And it's not just in France. When I was in England, I saw the BBC's Alan Yentob on television. He was wearing a polo shirt that hung on his body like the velvet on the body of a Cardinal in one of those mediaeval paintings.
Tonneau
My friend the clown, Ange lives on a campsite half the year and so has become somewhat savage again. In fact he makes the wild man of Borneo look like a City gent. And given that I'm trying to treat Marie-Claude's apartment as a space capsule, it's bad news that I've had to agree to let him stay here for a while now the campsite is too cold.
I’m constantly on edge trying to limit the damage he's doing to the apartment by his indifferent scattering of dirt here, there and everywhere. Probably worst of all, he’s a smoker. Tobacco creates a smell that persists. Anyway, so he has gone out onto the balcony to smoke his cigarette. (Whilst like a martyr, making a great effort to close the balcony door behind him. It’s cold in Paris now. 10 degrees maybe.) But also he messes with my head and my quixotic plans. Today was to be a swim in my first Paris swimming pool. I’d already bought the optimistically small trunks and goggles. But Ange is on hand to tell me that Saturday is not a good day to swim at Les Halles. When I first knew him I fantasised about being the friend of Paris's greatest street performer but after three days of sharing the apartment, he's become just another "locataire".
Brumaire, Pomme
Went to the pool. My quixotic plan to swim all the pools came from a leaflet I picked up at a residents' event in Canal St. Martin. I decided to start at the Suzanne Berliouz pool in Les Halles. It’s in the Les Halles shopping centre. You have to take your shoes and socks off before you go into the changing room. Once inside, I had to ask someone where the lockers were. Eventually I found them. They were fine except it’s a bit of a pain having to remember a new pin number. Then I was pulled up by the lifeguard because I didn’t have a swimming cap. “Vous etes Anglais?” he asked me. “Yes” I replied , guiltily. He lent me a cap. It’s a 50 by 20 metre pool, the equal biggest in Paris. I tried to do two lengths but it was a bit of a struggle. At one point, I collided with someone and tried to apologise. But my apology only came out as a stream of bubbles as I sank below the surface. Still, at least the swimming didn’t aggravate the pain in my knee. My knees are getting as bad as my dad’s. I hope it’s not some sort of curse associated with the money.
Celeri
IT Skills Workshop. (Place de Clichy.)
Poire
When I arrived at Bangor University in 1971, a young naïve idealist, like Le Sage’s “Gil Blas”,it was late-hippy period North Wales. It wasn’t going to be long before I ran into a member of the Mountaineering Society. I was too scared to go mountaineering myself but over the next few years I got to know and socialise with quite a few members of the society. So obviously it was a deeply humiliating period in my life. But I was determined that one day I would prove them wrong.
I’m boiling beans on the plaque at the moment. The plaque is a rectangular object, positioned in the corner of the kitchen. It might not sound dangerous but the saucepan was launching little gobbets of bean water in random directions at the surrounding walls. I had to quickly decide, using Cartesian coordinates and a suitable point for the origin, where to position the plaque to minimise the bombardment. Never mind for simpletons, housework seems to need at least a basic grasp of vector analysis.
I refer of course to Rene Descartes, the famous French mathematician who, as I learned with the Open University, developed the system when he realised he could work out the co-ordinates of the fly buzzing around in his room by using the two walls and the ceiling and who worked for Napoleon’s army, calculating cannon trajectories. Anyway, I was feeling pretty pleased with myself for having solved this problem in vector analysis but when I returned to the pan a few minutes later, it still looked like the Siege of Sarajevo.
I go to my bedroom to get something and as I pass Ange’s bedroom, he’s happily snoring away.
Betterave
I went to my second pool: the “Merri”in Rue du Renard. (M. Hotel de Ville.) I did four lengths today. But that’s because it’s only twenty–five metres long. Previously, I had gone to “Decathlon” at Madeleine (M. Madeleine) to buy a swimming cap. Then I’d walked to Rue du Renard past Le Tour St Jacques. I remembered to take my shoes and socks off on the way in to the dressing room but on the way out, I put my shoes and socks on in the cubicle. The attendant stared at me very disapprovingly as I left, dirtying the dressing room floor with my shoes. I apologised. “C’est pas hygienique!“ he says, I try to explain it’s because I’m English. Still, at least I’ve got a carnet of ten tickets which you can use in any pool. “Pontoise” here I come!
Oie
You know I’ve been telling you that I’ve had living with me recently Ange, arguably one of the greatest clowns of all time? Well, the good news is I’ve finally managed to get rid of him. The breaking point came when I was trying to word process my diary on my netbook whilst at the same time follow the daytime tv magazine show and because for some reason Ange was up before his customary midday also listen to his running commentary about daytime TV shows. Who says men can’t multitask? I snapped and said some things which I regret now but won’t later. I felt sad as I showed him to the door. He’s maybe off to his 28 euro a night hotel in Beson again instead of freeloading off me. He says he has had TV offers etc. in the past but the industry is “run by Jews”. (Editor’s note: Ange is Algerian.) Anyway, it’s an unlikely story. He’s much too good for TV or film.
Heliotrope
On Telematin this morning, there was a feature about the curing of Parma ham. It would have had Morrissey spitting into his hearing aid. The feature traced the process right back to the immediately post-abattoir stage, as the joints of pig meat arrived at the curing factory, still recognisable as previously living creatures. The image of Auschwitz becomes banal. They are then cured by a process developed in the Middle Ages where the salt gradually seeps into the flesh which has been checked for haemorrhages. The feature depicted the process as dispassionately as if it were for chocolate or some other non-living form. A chilling realisation descends on me that this is the Fourth Carniverous Reich. The good news is I’ve found a list of vegetarian restaurants in Paris. Oh alright. It was in the Lonely Planet Guide Book.
Figue
I think the worst several hours of my life were when my card didn’t work in the hole-in-the–wall in Tangiers and I thought that I’d officially become a third world citizen. I thought I’d contravened the incapacity benefit regulations and my benefit had been stopped and I had no money to get back to England. If so, I realised I was,like the majority of the planet, not guaranteed of any sort of income. It was a sickening feeling. My own life was just a sham based on guaranteed state benefits. And now I had fallen into a black hole and you can’t escape from a black hole. What could I do? So I phoned my mother.
Anyway, Tangiers. I bet you’re wondering. So yes. I admit it. I didn’t finish “The Soft Machine”.
Scorsonere
I met a girl last night. I don’t know what your idea of meeting a girl is but for me it’s less like Rudolf Valentino and more like Wilfred Owen’s poem “Strange Meeting”. The poem’s actually about a soldier who dreams he meets the enemy soldier he killed the previous day. So you have to imagine sex as a world war one battlefield, with many casualties and no ultimate purpose. Are you still with me?
Alisier
On Saturday, I went to my third swimming pool which is in Rue du Thouin right in the middle of the Latin Quarter. It was closed. So I went to nearby Rue du Mouffetard and bought some smelly cheeses in a specialist cheese shop. Cheese is my meat. It’s the thing that raises me above the carnivores. (Although as “The Archers” reminded us recently, the bull calves have to be slaughtered at birth). On Saturday night, I tried my first vegetarian restaurant. It was predominantly vegan. Afterwards, I found myself heading to Les Halles and wolfing down a cheese-based Panini to get my ovo-lacto fix.
Charrue
Yesterday was Halloween or Walpurgis Night, the night when Satan rules the Earth. Some people say that the aliens have Satanic tendencies; that they are involved in a global government conspiracy involving chemtrails and genetic experiments and all sort of reverse engineering. Well they have been in telepathic contact with me 24 hours a day for 20 years and the one thing I can say about them is absolutely nothing.
Salsifis
The other day there was a feature on Telematin about alcohol dependence. Later at the "Marie" I met a woman who openly admitted to a beer-drinking habit. Today Telematin had a feature on coffee. Apparently two or three cups of day is healthy for women. If I see the woman I met at the Marie again, I'll have to ask her how much coffee she drinks. She also revealed her favourite philosopher is someone called, I think, Georges Bataille. I couldn't comment. The only French philosopher I know is Jean-Paul Sartre and I don't understand him that much. For example he said he was a Maoist but according to Mao, the professors should work in the fields alongside the peasants and Sartre himself carried on living in Paris.
Macre
I’m sick of this! “Le Potager Du Marais” was the third Lonely Planet so-called recommended vegetarian restaurant in a row that’s been predominantly vegan. Sorry! I think I’m suffering from ovo-lacto withdrawal syndrome. I found myself getting up in the middle of the night and eating a bowl of cereal with milk and savouring the milk the same way that Hannibal Lector savours the Chianti in “The Silence Of The Lambs”.
One of the presenters on Telematin is Charlotte Bouteloup. She’s vivacious , with a characteristic, expressive presenting style. I still don’t know what it is she’s presenting but she’s very good. I was surprised she had to spell her surname this morning. I’ve only been watching for a few weeks through a pair of dodgy varifocals and I knew how to spell it.
To improve my French I'm watching a morning soap opera on France 2. It's American but dubbed into French under the title "Amour, Gloire, Beaute". It's one of those soap operas where when they bring up the cast list at the end, you dont know which names are the characters and which names are the actors playing them.
Topinambour
Today on Telematin there was a feature on pornography;
I expect the aliens will arrive soon.
Endive
I told you that I savoured the milk in the cereal the way Hannibal Lecter savours the Chianti in “The Silence Of The Lambs”. Well what I should also have told you was I am a psychopath: an ovo-lacto vegetarian psychopath to be precise. Officially I’m diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. There’s a brain scan that shows that I have the characteristic asymmetry in my basal ganglia that 99% of schizophrenics have. As for what I think, well obviously I’m the patient so my opinion is irrelevant but my impression is that I’m talking to aliens As for my ovo-lacto vegetarianism, at the Greek-run French restaurant on Rue du Mouffetard on Saturday evening, there was bacon in my tartiflette, with a nice house red.
Dindon
The newsvendor near the Mairie in Aubervilliers told me off for trying to get rid of some five centime pieces. He can’t be that badly off then because I obviously value them more than him. It’s my dad’s money. Each eurocent probably represents one corpuscle of his blood.
The last time I saw my dad alive he looked well although the nurse was there to take his blood pressure etc. because not long previously, he’d had become dizzy and had fallen over. He was clearly worried. I had always thought he should move into residential care when he was no longer able to look after himself but I would never have dared to suggest it.
Anyway, I had been a social worker. You don’t tell your client what to do. You discuss the options. The previous time I’d spoken to my father, on the phone, I had asked him how long it would be before someone found him if he had an accident. It seemed to me that was the key question he had to ask himself. Looking back, I can see how inappropriate his circumstances were. This was Stockton which seems to have a lot of old very steep staircases. My father’s staircase seemed to be the steepest one of the lot. It was so steep, it was practically a ladder. He had a chair-lift which you could imagine getting stuck half-way up and swaying gently in the breeze while you had an imaginary conversation with Orson Welles. In the end, he had another fall. Not from the chairlift. It seems he had simply fallen over and hit the corner of the chairlift with his head. I can't describe the sequence that the doctors speculate on what he did but he was found with a towel around his head, as if he had tried to stem the blood. The blood of my blessed, beloved father, draining away. I went to the mortuary at the North Tees General Hospital to see his body. I sat there for a while. The technician had done a good job of patching him up. She brought me a cup of tea. I was reminded of Camus’ “L’Etranger” where the hero, Mersault, smokes a cigarette as he sits with his mother’s body and who later is condemned to death by a judge not because of the Arab he has killed but because of the testimony of the mortuary worker who saw him smoke as he sat with his mother’s body. Mind you, on this occasion it was the mortuary worker who had brought me the tea. Anyway, I don’t think my dad would have minded. Although he never seemed that pleased to see me, he always offered me a cup of tea.
Chervis
These are hard times for us ufo contactees. There were the legendary old days before I was a contactee. Steven Speilberg’s movie: “Close Encounters Of The Third Kind”. Ufology almost became respectable..Then in the nineties there was The X Files. Ufology almost became not just respectable but chic. But that all fizzled out. Now the nearest you get is an episode of “Castle” where it’s not even aliens but Chinese spies. And as if that’s not enough, there’s scientific back-up against us contactees in the form of the Planetary Defence League who are like the English Defence League except they don't hate aliens. They just don't think they exist. Richard Wiseman is a member of the Planetary Defence League. He is also a scientist at the University of Hertfordshire, England (I'm not trying to make a point but it's one of those universities that used to be a polytechnic but changed the name to "university" when they saw how Windscale nuclear power station in Cumbria had avoided being closed down after a serious nuclear accident by changing its name to Sellafield. )
“Close Encounters Of The Third Kind” was good for us scientists too. Francois Truffaut, the famous French movie director plays the chief scientist. At Bangor University,there was “Top” College which was at the top of the hill and was the old Victorian part of the University. Top College was for the “Arts” students. We scientists had the new buildings at the bottom of the hill. The new Students’ Union was also at the bottom of the hill. One of the windows of the Students’ Union cafe, “The Curved Lounge”, had a view of the hill. I remember looking through the window enviously at the Arts students wending their way heavenward to Top College. There was a café there they used to hang out in. I used to wonder if I could sneak in some time, carrying a copy of “La Nausee”. So Truffaut playing the role of a scientist in Close Enconters Of the Third Kind was a real coup for us scientists.
Cresson
It seems as if the dream really is over now. It turns out that women here are just the same as everywhere else. Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” quite specifically says to “Ophelia”: “God has given you one face and you make yourselves another”. I remember attending a lecture by Edward Bond at the R.S.C. at Stratford-on-Avon in 1980 where he suggested that Hamlet was the first bourgeois hero. I don’t know about that but Hamlet certainly got it right about the chicks. It is their overwhelmingly unifying characteristic: the use of chemicals. The average female’s bathroom contains enough of them to make the Dow Chemicals explosion at Bhopal, India look like an environmental conservation project. On the other hand I knew a hippy girl who used no chemicals whatsoever. Whatsoever, whatsoever. Whatsoever, whatsoever, whatsoever. Not that I’m making a comment about French women’s hygiene: just a general point about women.
Funnily enough, the girl I was with wasn't like that. I remember now. She really didn't use chemicals. Well, maybe shampoo. Her father taught Chemistry at Imperial College, London. So all that baloney I've just given you about "women" is just that: baloney. As for Marion: she dumped me.
Dentelaire
I don’t know much about contemporary music but one trend I have observed is the spread of the goatee. In its original form this beard was worn by a number of African American musicians. Sun Ra had one. Sun Ra named himself after the famous Egyptian pharaoh and seems to have modelled his beard on that of the ancient Egyptians. However it looks like the beard of a goat and so there are obvious Satanic associations. (And I’m not just saying that because I’ve got something against the goatee). I can’t remember where and when I first saw the first of the modern generation of goatees. To begin with it was just worn by a few jazz fans. Now it’s worn by about 2 billion jazz fans. Could it be that the spread of the goatee is evidence of the Antichrist?
Grenade
My father thought that computers were evidence of the Antichrist: a gimmick designed to entertain the simple-minded. In fact it’s interesting to note from a family continuity point of view that my nephew is ranked 989 in the world in an online computer game. As for whether my father included computers computers computers I don’t know. After all what drove the growth of computing power was the search by applied mathematicians for the Holy Grail of Cartesian mathematics: how to target missiles more accurately.
Herse
I went to the Fleche d’Or last night. It’s a Paris “indie” rock club. It was just like an English indie rock club, except more rococo. For the dominant design motif they have gone for that ultimate French icon: Bernard Rogers’ design for the Pompidou Centre. Still it’s an indie club which has to be good for French rock music. Mind you, all three of the bands playing last night were English. There's such a shortage of French rock bands. It’s kind of pathetic, really. The lead vocalist of Pete and the Pirates at the end of their set said they would try to hurry back to Paris as soon as they could. I asked a French guy at the end if there were any French bands of the quality of Pete and the Pirates. “Rien“, he said. Mind you, he also said he preferred the support band, Chap. I’m no good on support bands. The last support band I thought would never get anywhere was Radiohead.
Bacchante
As the Lonely Planet guide to Paris says, La Fleche d’Or is a converted railway station. It was great there on Thursday night: the music, the bar, the pretty girl who took the photo of the stone-shattered windows over the old station bridge. I felt twenty years younger again.
Did nothing yesterday.
Azerole
So the dream really is over now. Let’s face it: I’m not like that adorable but accident-pronecharacter played by Amy Adams in “Julie and Julia”: a struggling Brooklyn writer whose blog about famous American female chef, Julia Childs, becamea big hit. The only thing I have in common with her is that while she was living in Brooklyn, I’m living in Paris. As I think many of you will have gathered by now, I’m a much darker character than her. In fact I make Dominique Strauss-Kahn look like Amy Adams. As I’ve already told you, I am actually diagnosed as a sort of psychopath: the aliens are just Hannibal Lector helping himself to a slice of brain. So as a psychopath, I can’t really have a dream, can I? Mind you, while psychologically I’m a psychopath, politically I’m a pacifist. There’s many times I been contemplating a mass murder outrage of some kind only to find myself reminding myself that non-violent struggle is the way forward.
So the dream is over. I guess I’ll carry on living in Paris. I’m thinking of trying to find a job soon. Mind you, I’ve got this dodgy knee problem. It’s just like my dad’s knees. It’s happening to my knees like it happened to my dad’s. It’s a curse, associated with the money. I’m sure of it! Mind you, I did forget about the step on the way of the baker’s. And it was the same knee wrenched in the same direction as the time in 1995 when I was walking the path around the coast of Cornwall. It was during the time when that comet was at its closest. There was a cult of ufo believers in Korea I think, who committed mass suicide at the time because they thought a flying saucer was hiding in the tail of the comet waiting to take their freed souls to somewhere or other in the Universe. Like I say, I’ll just carry on living in Paris. Pass the Chianti!
Garance
You see I never bonded with my mother. As a result I never really bonded with anyone. So if making it means bonding I couldn’t make it anyway. (Except on those occasions I’ve mentioned when you’re Adam and she’s Eve and ten minutes later she wishes you didn’t exist.) That”s what it means to be a psychopath. I wanted to go back and kill her. Hide in the dark. Grab her as she was going into the flat. Tie her up. Torture her then slowly kill her, maybe a thousand stabs with a knife, sulphuric acid, electric shocks. Then I remembered my commitent to non-violent struggle.
Orange
I read an interview with Mark E. Smith yesterday. Mark E. Smith is the singer/songwriter of seminal punk rock band, the Fall; A lot of Mark’s lyrics are diatribes against the fads and gimmicks of the liberal Left. So it was surprising to read an interview with him in a Facebook application that links you to the Independent. He’s 54 now. His photo shows a face that looks like it’s made of grey pastry dough. Mind you he’s had that that since he was twenty. But he is getting old now so you can’t expect him to be as prolific as in the eighties when people were saying how do the Fall manage to keep releasing more albums? Anyway, they’ve just released a new album. It’s not the original line-up. Something like 373 musicians have played in the band. In the interview, he said that someone once said that if someone would write a book of their life with complete truth, it would be a masterpiece.
With complete truth? Complete, complete truth? Complete, complete, complete truth?
Faisan
I'm getting worried now. I set off for Paris full of high hopes. The 1983 British Labour Party election manifesto was described by Labour M.P. Gerald Kaufman as the longest suicide note in history; I'm starting to worry that this is going to be the second-longest.
Pistache
I know what some of you are thinking: why doesn't he try the alternative comedy circuit with his ufo contactee routine? He obviously thinks he's a bit of a comedian. All I can say is, honest to God, I promise you, tried it once;
Macjonc
I went to see a flat near Le Jardin de Luxembourg. As I waited outisde the front door, another guy turned up and stood outside. I assumed he wasn't also a viewer but I aasumed wrong. The mother of the daughter whose studio it was had invited us both at the same time. I felt it was going to be like that TV programme "The Dragon's Den" where yong apprentices try to convince Alan Sugar and other business bigwigs that they've got a good project otherwise they hear Sir Alan's famous catchphrase: "You're fired!". I'd been expecting the studio to be like the tiny studio Marion Cotillard lives in in "Les Petits Mouchoirs". So I was surprised to discover it was only half that size. In the end, the other guy seemed not interested and although the advert at the American Church in Paris said it was 650 euros a month, I found myself agreeing to 700. I feel like Le Sage's hero Gil Blas who finds himself easily relieved of his money by the friendly people he meets on his travels.
Actually, I say Gil Blas but he was a young guy when he set out on his adventure. I'm old. I'm more like that other hero of the picaresque novel: Don Quixote.
Coing
I turned up at 3 p.m. with my rent but the mother is not there. Later she phones me when I'm back in Aubervilliers but that's because she thinks she's dialling the "jeune femme" that she clearly prefers for the tenancy; I'm fired!
Cormier
Do I talk to the aliens? Of course I do. I've had a daily running conversation with them for the past twenty years. It's just there's never been anything interesting enough to tell you about; For example, I've done a degree in natural sciences so I could try to start a conversation with them about quantum gravity but to the aliens, quantum gravity is probably the equivalent of the wheel. Our conversations usually end in an embarrassing silence.
Rouleau
"Get back into the rhythm of things and come to the bar!" (Pete and the Pirates: "Come To The Bar.")
I went to my favourite bar last night. It's such a great bar that I can't tell you where it is;
Frimaire, Raiponce
I got an e-mail from my blog provider. It seems the American government is under pressure to introduce legislation to potentially ban websites such as theirs on the grounds that they can infringe intellectual copyright; You probably know that I'm an opportunist; Secretly I've been hoping that my blog will become a hit like the blog that struggling writer in Brooklyn wrote After all I have something in common with her; She was living in Brooklyn. I'm living in Paris: However when it comes to issues such as free speech you have to stand up and be counted: I believe t's important that I tell the world about my contact with aliens. And if the site is closed down, I will have to go back to the publishers:
Turneps
Alright. I know I've joked a number of times about telling the truth about myself. After all, this is an autobiography and as Mark E Smith said the other day, if I want it to be a masterpiece I will have to tell the complete truth. Complete, complete truth. Complete, complete, complete truth. So I'm afraid I have to admit that I really am that most despicable example of a man: I'm .. no good with women.
It was beautiful in central Paris this morning in the sunshine. I didn't even need my Paris St. Germain scarf. (I went to see them at the Parc des Princes on Sunday. They were rubbish. But you've got to support your local team, haven't you?)
Chicoree
I think I've finally made it. This morning I was wondering whether the female who put my number in her phone on Saturday will ring me. Now I'm thinking "Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn". It's a satisfyling feeling, self-esteem, even if I am 59 before I start feeling it;
I wet the bed till I was 12. I only stopped becquse I thought girls would be put off by the smell of urine: Now I'm beginning to understand that I'm not as bad as I think I am. It'a a weight off my shoulders. I no longer feel I have to put on a performance. The only problem now is what am I doing in Paris?
Nefle
In Beamish, County Durham, England there is a museum that is a fully-functioning coal mine. Watching Telematin's daily review of of Paris culture; I'm reminded that something similar has happened in Paris. It has become a museum and at the same time a fully-functioning city. Everything, the theatre, the restaurants, the cinema has become "this is how it used to be done." I'm watching the end of a civilisation. It's as if I was wandering round the ruins of Rome a couple of days after the Goth invasion. The recipe on Telematin today is vegetarian. Ovo-lacto vegetarian. .Feuerbach in the nineteenth century wrote about capitalist civilisation that it was "the end of the society of spectacle"; It may not be the end of the society of spectacle but it is certainly the beginning of the end of the society of spectacle.
Cochon
"When was Christmas?" Rob Duckett.
There was a feature on Telematin about Christmas trees. I've only been in England for one short visit since June so I don't know know when they put up the Christmas lights in the High Streets. Maybe August. Or even late July. It's getting to the stage where they should leave the lights up all year and take them down for Christmas. But that's the commercialisation of Christmas. I was a believer in what the story of Christmas was truly about. the excitement of waiting for Santa Claus, the sack of presents; the cosy family feeling.
The aliens are like Santa Claus. Our researchers are trying to develop stem cells as a way of prolonging life. For the aliens, stem cells re probqbly the equivalent of the wheel. When they do finally decide to visit us from their caves in Mexiico, it would be like the arrival of Santa Claus. The media were asking this morning what has happened to the extreme left? Well; Lenin was a cosmic socialist and the technological abundance that the aliens potentially offer would make Marx's "Grundrisse" look like a Victorian match factory.
Johny Depp was interviewed on France 2. He spoke entirely in English despite being asked by the interviewer if he would answer at least one question in French. He'd better watch out or David Beckham will be speaking French before him.
Mache
For me, the one problem with Marie-Claude's apartment is the cooking smells. They simply don't go with the décor. In a country cottage they might be alright. The current smell is a rich tomato sauce that I made. (A "rich" sauce is one that has too much oil in the same way that Julia Child, the American tourist who became a qualified French chef, as featured in the movie, "Julie and Julia", emphaised the importance of using too much butter.) 'Oh and another thing: it's starting to look as if the scandal involving Dominique Strauss-Kahn in New York was a French conservative plot to eliminate the most dangerous socialist opponent.)
Chou-fleur
I've sent Ange a couple of sms but since I kicked him out of the apartment I think he's really upset wtth me this time. Or he could be just joking.
Miel
France has a reputation for its "cuisine". That's what the posh people call cooking and indeed that may be why it has a reputation. It is the ruling classes that create the society of spectacle. However; in the mid-nineteen-nineties, as reported in Neew Scientist magazine at the time, the American Medical Association published an official recommended diet: the so- called "Pyramid Diet". It is a pyramid, divided into five horizontal layers. The base layer represents cereals, the next layer fruit and vegetables, the next layer; nuts and pulses, the next layer eggs and dairy products and the little triangle at the top, meat and fish. So the French diet of 55% meat and 45% chips can hardly be said to faithfully represent the Pyramid Diet.
Paris St Germain lost again the other night. Since I became a fan, they have lost two matches in a row. However things can only get better. David Beckham is coming soon.
Genievre
Dr Bruce Owen,
Pioche
It's hard, life, isn't it? In the nineteen-sixties all I thought you needed was a smattering of knowledge of French Art movies.
Cire
Ange is back again. It was kind of weird sitting next to him on the sofa in Aubervilliers. (The one with the broken stiletto heels.) For two years now, Ange has been my comedy hero. Forget Ricky Gervais. (Everyone else is; Mind you if you forget Ricky Gervais so quickly, you might as well forget Ange. Written off by the media before they'd even written about him: a true sign of quality.)
And there he was, sitting next to me, large as life and about three-quarters as handsome. The trouble is, although he is an intellectual, he lives on a campsite half the year so he is a bit like Caliban.* Even so, it's great to find yourself on an equal basis with him. In fact it's even better than that. I find myself thinking, "Actually in some ways I'm superior to him."
* The creole slave in Shakespeare's "The Tempest", dummies!
So I move to the new room this evening. It's very posh. The building is an eight-storey apartment block built around a central courtyard which must be about a hundred metres square and has one rather grand, thoroughbred tree standing in the centre. The architectural style is classical ancient Greece or Rome with intricate brickwork and stone carvings. But that's a central Paris housing estate for you.
Arturu, the proprietaire, is the classic Parisien. He's from Argentina. I'm a bit worrieed that he might hold a grudge about the Malvinas, the islands off the coast of Argentina tha the U.K claims belongs to us. It's as if the Argentinians were to claim that they owned Ireland. Luckily, I was one of less than two thousand people to march against the Falklands War. In those days, you could get a hundred thousand people at a Campaign For Nuclear Disarmament demo so clearly the majority of CND protesters were against nuclear war but not war in general.
The other Margaret Thatcher led-invaasion was of course "Operation Swampo", as Scotland Yard code-named the operation was intended to clear the "Frontline", a stretch of Railton Road in Brixton, south London, which the local rastafarians had turned into a version of the "Frontline" on the beach in Jamaica and where you could buy weed. This precipipitated the Brixton riots. Eventually though the Frontline was cleared; It became rather deserted and a dangerous place to walk. In fact I don't want to sound like one of the white suburbanites in "Fais Pas Ci! Fais Pas Ca!" but where my wife and I lived at the bottom of the street you could see the last burning car.
Raifort
So here I am in the new room in Montparnasse. Practically all I've got is a table, chair, my notebook and my pen. How am I supposed to write under those conditions? There's no telly. There's a shower that would have been out of date in 1950. In England. But the worst thing is I suppose the defining disadvantage of a room over an apartment: the constant presence of the proprietaire.
Anyway why worry? One week you can be Max Hanley writing a sketch for "Week Ending", the next you can be Max Hanley crashing into planet Earth in a paragliding accident. I remember that not long previously, Max had the same joke on the programme two weeks in a row. Mind you it was a good joke. A general in a Latin American dictatorship's army is calling on the revolutionary rebels to surrender.
GENERAL: In the name of El Presidente, General Juan Fernandez, we call upon you to surrender.
REBEL LEADER: We don't recognise General Juan Fernandez.
GENERAL: Oh you know. Greasy, fat guy. Wears a military uniform. Smokes big cigars.
Not that I'm saying that there was any connection between Max's accident and having the same joke on the show two seeks in a row. I'm not suggesting for example that he committed suicide out of shame. I'm sure it was just an accident. (As much as a paragliding accident can be an accident.)
The apartment block I'm in was built in 1906. I'm worrried about travelling in the lift. There was a lift accident in the suburbs recently where the lift just fell to the ground. I'm worried I might perish in a lift accident before I have "made it". As you can see, I'm not like Max Hanley. The bravest thing I've ever done was climb Mont Blanc. And that was in the cable car. I can still remember the moment you had to step across from the cable car to the viewing platfrom across a gap through which you could see all the way to the bottom; 4,000 metres below. True the gap was only about five centimetres but I was terrified.
Anyway, so apparently, I'm living right in the heart of the action 70 years ago. So I could be channelling lots of poets; writers and artists at the moment; (Mind you I wouldn't notice if I was. I find it difficult enough to form a relationship even with the aliens. I haven't channelled a message from them in the twenty yeas they've been in contact with me. That's a pretty lousy record for a channeller.)
Marie-Claude texted me this morning.She and her family are coming to the apartment in Aubervilliers at the weekend. Or as the French call it le weekend. I've checked. There isn't a French word. "Fin de semaine" includes Friday. Or the equivalent 52 equivalent days in the old Republican calendar. I prefer the Republican calendar to the Gregorian one which is just ordinal numbers. Today is the 15th of January. Yeah. I know given that yesterday was the 14th. In the Republican calendar, each day has its own personality.
So I've got to get Ange out of the flat. I've been trying to be the model tenant for Marie-Claude, keeping the place clean, not having wild parties, etc. I hate to think how she'll react if she finds a clown in her flat.
Ange, as you can imagine is not best pleased. There's a certain coldnes in his reply. It's as if someone has forgotten Ricky Gervais's hospitality. But Ange is Ange and in the end, inevitably he manages to find a way to dangle me on the end of a string. He informs me that he knows I'm only joking and compliments me on the joke. I see 450 euros caution disappearing before my eyes.
I have to reply to him. And there's the problem. I don't want to give anything away about Ange's act but it is based on dangling people gently but deliciously on the end of a string. I reply: "C'est pas un blague". It's all you can say. He's dangling some bait on a hook. Don't bite!
Cedre
In Albert Camus' "L'Etranger", the judge at Mersault's trial for murdering an Arab, accuses him of being "the Antichrist". Not because of the murder but because a mortuary worker at the mortuary where Mersault's mother's body was describes how she saw Mersault smoke a cigarette as he sat with his mother's body. When I sat with my father's body at the North Tees General Hospital in Stockton on Tees last Christmas, the mortuary worker brought me a cup of tea. How times change!
The mortuary worker told me that she received messages from her dead grandmother. I didn't say anything but I thought she was daft to think that. Mind you, I believe extraterrestrials are in telepathic contact with me so who am I to criticise?
Although I should point out that the NHS has now formally (not "formerly". That means "previously.) released me from care. It has been tough being a client but I was a social worker so I've been able to advise myself. After all, I worked with some disturbing people. For example, I worked with ex-sex ofenders and they were very disturbing. (Although admittedly, the most disturbing thing about them was how much they reminded me of me.)
I'm going to write a bit about quantum mechanics now. I don't want to but these days you have to write about quantum mechanics if you want to be a hip writer. So: no doubt you have heard about quantum entanglement; The firs time I read about it was in Scientific American, November 1979. The article quoted the Koran.
"Thou canst not disturb a flower without the troubling of a star".
In principle, entangled particles can be in instant communication across the universe. The last time I searched Archive Data Services, entanglement had been measured at a distance of 12 kilometres. The signal is at the very least much faster than the speed of light. The famous quantum theorist, David Bohm in later life toured the States with the mystic, J.N. Krishnamurti. I'd like to quote Krishnamurti but I didn't really understand him; Roughly I think he was saying if you could stop your mind from thinking you could be one with the universe.
Sapin
The only other thing I want to mention about quantum mechanics is the Penrose-Hameroff theory of consciousness. The idea is that the brain is a quantum computer, based on little protein molecules called tubulin in brain cells which are light enough to be in quantum superposition. Each tubulin molecule is a quantum chip which can be not just on or off, like a silicon chip but in all the allowed quantum harmonic states. Our unconscious moments are the quantum wave, evolving though the brain and linking as many as ten to the thirteen (ten thousand billion) microtubules of tubulin in quantum superposition. Each quantum-superposed molecule can collapse to one of eight different postions; Each moment of quantum collapse. In this way, random collapse can lead to learning. Hameroff points to the "Cambrian Explosion", where most of the world's animal types appeared, in geological terms, practically overnight and suggests tha might have been the moment when microtubules evolved to the point where they were complicated enough to generate learning from random collapse of the quantum function to different states of consciousness.
So we ride the quantum wave. We're like surfers. Well not me. I'm not like a surfer at all. At all, at all. At all, at all, at all.
Saying we're like surfers is what's called in literature a simile. I did English literature at Consett Grammar School.about 40 years ago. The first book we were given to read was "A High Wind In Jamaica" by Richard Hughes. You might find the plot old-fashioned. It was about the sexual exploitation of an eleven-year old girl.
As I say, we also learned about similes and metaphors at the Grammar school. A simile is like when you say something is like something. A metaphor is when you say something is something. It's stronger than a simile so it's better to use metaphors.
An example of a metaphors is:
"It is the East and Juliet is the Sun". (William Shakespeare. "Romeo and Juliet".)
I mean I'm not an expert on literature but what a chat-up line that is, eh?!
Chevreuil
You see, in Newcastle (and before that, London), I was on incapacity benefit so I did very little. In fact, I didn't actually have to do anything. I suppose the most difficult thing I used to have to contend with in life were the queues at Tesco's. I thought of myself as being like one of the characters in Hermann Hesse's "The Glass Bead Game", a novel set in a future utopia or rather dystopia where work has been abolished and people fill their time playing a sort of three-dimensional chess: "The Glass Bead Game"
My father's inheritance changed that. I could come to France with my patrimony and become a Parisian gentleman. Although, as is revealed in "Gil Blas", you have to start out as a servant. So I've had a very exhausting day today. I had to meet Ange. I had to meet Marie-Claude too. But ideally, I had to meet them separately. I did not want Marie-Claude to find a clown in her apartment. It all went relatively smoothly. I didn't lose my 450 euros. I get 233 euros back!
The black man was with Marie-Claude. He has visited me at the flat a couple of times previously. He is called Mr Ajo. We had a very interesting conversation one time about Kwame Nkrumah, the first leader of Ghana post -independence from Britain who is one of his heros. One of my most vivid memories from childhood was one morning at breakfast with my mum and dad in my grandmother's house in Stockton-on-Tees. My father was reading his favourite paper of the time, the arch-conservative "Daily Telegraph". (My mother was a Labour-supporting "Daily Mirror" reader. Go figure!) The headline was about Nkrumah. My father showed me Nkrumah's name in the paper and asked me to pronounce it. I guessed Nuh-krumah. My parents were very pleased with me.
So I feel I know Mr Ajo a bit now. However, I was still surprised when I discovered today he is Marie-Claude's husband. I felt a bit like one of the white Liberal characters in "Fais Pas Ci! fais Pas Ca!"
Ajonc
I believe I have mentioned that the NHS has discharged me from care. It's great to be finally given a clean bill of health. Even if I am now nearly sixty. There is a conspiracy theory which says that there is a world-wide conspiracy to hide the truth about the aliens. But I don't like to believe that. I've always felt the National Health Service has been very good with me. It would be awful to think they knew I was right but had signed the Official Secrets Act.
This is an autobiography right? Shouldn't I talk about the family dog? The trouble is, comedian Steve Coogan called dogs "shitbags" so I would be telling the history of a shitbag.
One day, mum and dad came back from shopping in Welwyn Garden City with more than the shopping. It was a dog, a stray dog tha they had no doubt petted and who had no doubt spotted she was onto a good thing with my mum and dad. She started to follow them so my mum and dad decided to adopt her; That's how we got our family shitbag, She already had a name. Judy. She already had that name because that was the name my mother had decided for her.
Some people have pedigree dogs. Thomas had Paco, a Belgian Shephered. But pedigree dogs have heriditary weaknesses. Paco had a chronic eye codition. Judy was a mongrel. A mix of all races. On one occasion, she disappeared. My mother and father drove to dog pounds all over Hertfordhsire looking for her. Eventually they found her in a dog pound where she was due to be "put down". Apparently, she had already escaped once. So although she had been re-captured, her escape had given extra time which had paid off because my mother and father had found her; She went on to produce several generations of puppies. Not bad for a "shitbag".
Arturo, the proprietaire of the apartment here in Montparnasse, has a comb-over. Do you know comb-overs? They are where a bloke is losing hair on top of his head and so grows it long at the side(s) and combs that hair over the top of his head to hide the bald patch. Arturo has grown his black hair very long on one side and flipped it over. It makes him look like a cross between Robert Smith of The Cure and the serial killer Fred West.
What's more, he has created a kind of sanctuary which takes up half the kitchen. There's a large bookshelf with about two hundred of the driest academic tomes you could ever imagine which blocks off a space behind which is his computer and more bookshelves. The bookshelf is almost up to the fridge with just little gap between them into Arturo's hole. When you're in there having your breakfast, he's often there. It's like he's stalking you. Occasionally he pops out to talk to you. He has a comprehensive knowledge of contemporary culture up to American singing group "The Platters". When your eyes eventually glaze over as he tells you about which house Gertrude Stein was living in when Hemingway wrote "A Moveable Feast", he disappears back into his shell. He makes Gollum, the hobbit in "Lord of the Rings" who hides away from the world imprisoned by a gold ring which he calls his "precious" look like the meeter and greeter at a hospitality event.
Cypres
My television doesn't work. It's all digital aound here, apart from Arturo. He's not even analogue. He's valve-operated. He pops in and out from behind the half of the kitchen he has turned into a dark hole like some character from the sort of puppet shows I used to watch on television when I was a child.
Anyway, I'm in France to get a full picture of French culture so I switch on the radio. It's a programme about prostitution. Later, I am going to go for a walk through the Bois de Boulogne. The birds, the trees, the prostitutes
On the radio news this morning there was news of another Kepler telescope discovery of an Eath-like planet in a habitable zone. You see, all those years ago, Pat Kane wrote about "the gentle but flaky world of the ufo contactee" but it seems that almost every day now the extrasolar astronomers are producing evidence that shows I might be right.
Mind you, the news even came s a surprise to me. Not only am I terrible channeller, I'm just a really bad contactee. Even now, I still ask the aliens if I'm imagining them. What I experience is a sort of possession. She or he or it or they or...er... seeems to be "inside" me with complete control of my brain, nervous system, etc. Mind you, complete control of my brain and nervous system is probably, to them, the equivalent of the wheel.
I like to use garlic in cooking. When I became a vegetarian in 1975, vegetarian cooking was influenced by French and other continental styles. These days it is celebrity chefs like Jamie Oliver who get the credit but it is the vegetarian and wholefoods movement that should get it. The Pyramid Diet, introduced by the America Medical Association, merely rubber-stamps what the vegetarians have been advocating all along.
Anyway so guess what Arturo was complaining about this morning! How ridiculous, complaining about garlic in France!
I achieved my aim for today. I tracked down an indoor aerial for my television. You see I've got a bit of a surprise for you. Tonight I've got a date! And what a date! It's the Big One! It's "Fais Pas Ci! Fais Pas Ca!" on France 2
Lierre
I met Ange at the apartment today. This time I got him with a joke. I rang him and pretended that Marie-Claude was with meand when he came to answer the door, I mimed to be talking to her just out of his view.
Ange told me of a time he had been to see an end-of -year production at a mime school in Paris. He revealed he has learned some tricks from watching mimes. There's nothing really technical about Ange's act.. It's all in the intellectual content. It's like alternative rock music. And on the Mark E smith scale of alternative, Ange is round about Marc Riley. I told you he has a trumpet just like Riley's didn't I?
I used to wonder what the point of life was. Now I wonder who the aliens are, what they know about what we call the universe, etc. I remember from around the age of ten, my favourite programme was "The Sky At Night" with Patrick Moore. That's thanks to my dad. He liked to watch it too. Amateur astronomers were still making contributions to fundamental research. Watching the programme with the latest pictures of planets, stars and galaxies was an alien experience in itself. And that's before you take into account Moore's bushy eyebrows, wild hair and mad, staring eyes.
Sabine
I know what you're thinking: why doesn't he try a dating agency? "UFO CONTACTEE (GSOH) SEEKS SIMILAR". Actually I did join a dating agency. Facebook. I have a number of Facebook friends who are ufophiles. There's one who has an internet radio show. She also talks a lot about chemtrails although what chemtrails have got to do with aliens, I don't know. There are a couple of other women who channel an endless stream of positive messages of love and peace and reconciliation. I don't want to sound sexist but I wonder if the messages would be the same if they were men.
Hoyau
I’ve already told you I’m a scientist. A materialist. Not like Richard Wiseman of the Planetary Defence League at Hatfield Poly. It’s as if Hamlet had said: “There are less things in Heaven and Earth than are dreamt of in your philosophy, dear Horatio”. I had an offer to go to Hatfield Poly but I turned it down to go to a proper university, even if it was only Bangor. Hippy Bangor of the early seventies. The Beatles came to listen to the Maraharaja Whatshisname on Bangor Mountain.
“You can’t be twenty On Sugar Mountain”. Neil Young.
But I’m a materialist. I love, for example, Sir Patrick Moore’s reaction when anyone mentions the word “astrology”. To be honest, I imagine he might find it slightly irritating when his universe of planets, stars and galaxies is confused with the universe of “when the Moon is in the ascendant in Taurus, you will meet a tall, dark stranger”. So I’m glad I’m not like the Planetary Defence League. (Although admittedly in, I think it was 1972 in the Curved Lounge in Bangor Student’s Union a couple who’d just come back from Stonehenge Free Festival told us they’d seen flying saucers and I merely smirked and concluded it was probably the effect of too much LSD.)
Erable a Sucre
I really am going to make a difficult confession now. It’s an issue that I know women are particularly sensitive about. The truth is I suspect I might be or at least at one time might have been attractive to them. I know there’ll be women up in arms at this point so I won’t say any more. However, one thing I should finally put to bed; no, unfortunate turn of phrase; bury, no, that’s worse; deny, no, that’s disastrous; point out, hmm, it will have to do, is that I am not a sex-offender. (Although what I could tell you about the young daughter of the caretaker of a Quaker Meeting House which shall remain nameless unless the spirit move me would make “A High Wind In Jamaica” look like “The Railway Children”).
Bruyere
I know a new French word: “Amoureux”. I’ve now twice heard a French woman use it to describe her boyfriend. Cold Black Kitty at the Pont Marie and Robi, a French singer, interviewed in Pariscope. “Mon amoureux”. I suppose it’s sort of half-way between A High Wind In Jamaica and The Railway Children.
Roseau
I’m sure you’re sick of me pretending to offer juicy confessions. After all, it’s an autobiography. It would be defeating the purpose, not being honest. It would be just another pose. “Rock The Autobiography”. And like Mark E Smith said: if you did tell the truth, it might be a masterpiece. So, O.K. Well, for example, John Peel, the DJ, (sic) revealed in his autobiography that he was raped by a fellow schoolboy when he was at public school. I can do better than that. I can reveal that I pull out my nostril hairs.
I hope you don’t mind me sharing that with you. It’s a terrible burden. The sneezing it triggers has just given me another cold after having only just recovered from the previous one. I was really pleased with myself because today I walked for three hours from Montparnasse to Suresnes through the Bois de Boulogne. I even had an encounter with two prostitutes on the Allee du Longchamps. One of them said something that contained the word “cheri”. I felt like Dominique Strauss-Kahn. “Bonjour!” I said, politely. They smiled politely back. And you see, if I were to let my nostril hairs just grow, the Bois de Boulogne might be the only place I could get any “business”.
It was a beautiful Paris morning: cold but with a sunny, cloudless sky.
Oseille
Today it’s pissing down. It could almost be The Siddeleys: “My Favourite Wet Wednesday Afternooon”. Except it’s Tuesday. This morning there was a feature on Telematin about constipation. I’m afraid it’s the baguettes. I like baguettes, particularly the traditional ones: the ones that are being replaced by the new “traditional” ones. It’s the same in Britain except British white bread makes polystyrene look and taste like freshly baked baguette. The problem is white bread itself. It’s white because the fibre has been removed. Even in the British parks there are notices around the duck ponds these days asking people not to feed the ducks white bread as it clogs them up and they die. So while the masses keep eating white bread one can almost hear the voice of Marie-Antoinette saying: “Let them eat Special K!”
Things are bad between me and Arturo. And to make things worse, there was news today about a guy going crazy in Liege in Belgium with guns and a grenade. At one point, Arturo, having lost his temper, advanced towards me as if about to grab me. I’m afraid I’m no good at martial arts. I become frozen with fear at the thought of what might happen (to me) if I tried to hit someone. Luckily, I am committed to the path of non-violent action. I drew his attention to the fact that he was behaving in an aggressive manner and he calmed down. I’m sure it was just a temper tantrum. But then that’s probably what the one the guy in Belgium had was.
There’s an advertisement on the telly for Nespresso featuring George Clooney who get his suitcase mixed up that of a petite brunette at the airport. They meet to exchange suitcase. She tells him she thought he would be more ristretto. That is exactly what happened to me in Luxor in Egypt two years ago. Except she told me she was surprised I was so ristretto.
It was the second glance where I fell in love. It’s usually the second glance. In her case it was because I had first encountered her on the street in Luxor being chased by famous Luxor guide (mentioned in the Lonely Planet guide) Mr Ali. I was already staying in the hotel, The Grand, where Mr Ali is based so when he saw me he stopped. Then he asked me to help him chase her. We both chased after her. Even then I suppose I should have seen her resemblance to Adele Blanc-Sec. (But I hadn’t seen the movie then.) To me, with her petite stature and floppy straw hat, I thought she was just a Chinese tourist. (No disrespect to Chinese tourists. I was once in love with a Vietnamese girl. Well, half-Vietnamese anyway.)
So it was out of politeness to the Grand that I persuaded Isabel to stay at the Grand. We walked back to the hotel. I then went up to my room, came back downstairs and fell in love. She had taken off the floppy hat and a cascade of black hair shook as she engaged another hotel guest in conversation. She was from Peru but she lived in Paris. She was wearing a pair of silver flatties: a compromise for not being able to wear stiletto heels. She had travelled extensively round the world. On her Facebook page was a list of the countries she had visited: about half the countries on the planet. She always travelled alone.
I was too ristretto but at least I got her e-mail address. Later we became Facebook friends. But I still didn’t give up hope. A year later I visited her in Paris. I stayed in her studio. I think I was too ristretto again. She left for Japan a couple of hours later. Then things got complicated when I found a copy of “Achtung Baby” in her music collection. Back in the UK I kept up with her through her Facebook page. But there was an awful lot of stuff about how good Sex And The City was. Nevertheless I visited her again in Paris last summer. Yet again I was too ristretto. Did I tell you I was useless with women? She cancelled our next appointment. She also removed me as a Facebook friend. (Mind you, I suppose that doesn’t make much difference.)
Grillon
Allez Paris! The news has come or rather it has been announced by what the media call Beckhaming Palace, that David Beckham is signing for Paris St. Germain. I used to hate him. For the obvious reasons. Rich, famous, good-looking. But during the previous election campaign in the UK, Beckham described Gordon Brown as a “very good man”. So now I’m a big fan. I’ve already been once to Paris St. Germain, so I’ll have to go again. Oh blimey! I’ve just thought. There’s going to be a huge crowd, paparazzi everywhere, the major tv networks etc. I think I’ll avoid the Champs Elysees the day of Posh’s first shopping trip.
How do I justify being in Paris? Well, for one thing, although the outsider writer in Paris thing has been done to death, I don’t think it’s ever been done before by a contactee.
Pignon
Some 40 departments of France are on Orange Alert today. Or as I said the other day: it’s pissing down. I’ve been thinking about what I will do if I don’t “make it” in France.
Incidentally, I admit, I have no idea what I’m talking about, “make it” except some vague general impressions that involve women. But they’re probably just phantasms. I mean it’s hopeless really. Where do I start? Well, there was Claire. But she was a Bjork fan. There was Margorzata. She was more promising. She had a Fall E.P. But she also had a boyfriend. If I’ve learned one thing over the past twenty years it’s if she has a boyfriend, forget it! There was Judith, the Art teacher. But she not only had a boyfriend, he was an Open University graduate. You see, I actually think, in theory it is possible to overcome the nuclear force that links a couple but not if he’s an Open University graduate.
There was Hanna. It was like Adam and Eve then ten minutes later, she wished I didn’t exist. There was Danielle. She was working class. We had little in common. Even so I felt it could work. The problem: she had a boyfriend. Sophie, Francesca, Paula, Demetra, Cynthia: boyfriend. Suzanne: favourite band: “Some Have Fins”. I just don’t see how I’m going to make it. They’ve all either got a boyfriend or they’re like Meryl Streep’s deranged half-sister or their favourite band is Molly Halfhead.
So as I say, I’ve been thinking about what I’ll do if my Paris dream fails. I suppose you might think I’m a rather superficial person but I see myself as being a bit like Pilgrim in Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress”. I’m on a journey of spiritual search. So I will not be dragged down into the Slough of Despond. I will pick myself up and will invest the last five thousand in a DSS dosshouse in Hackney.
Liege
Obviously it has occurred to me that as a solution to my lack of an “amoureuse”, I could try and find a female contactee. But while she might agree that aliens were in telepathic contact with us both, the chances are, as my Facebook experience has taught me, she’d also believe that when Andromeda is in the lunar ecliptic, the god Spradwugzin will bring the forty-nine thousand.
In fact, I’m giving a false picture. It is the case that frequently enough I meet women who are attractive, intelligent and single and who would make perfect partners. But did I tell you I was useless with women?
Truffe
I am not a father but I was once one of those dodgy friendly uncles William Leymergie was warning people about on Telematin, the other day. The girls’ father was in mental hospital. I became the childminder, taking Sapphire aged six and and Wave aged four to school/nursery, then bringing them home in the evening and looking after them till the mother came back from her job. I’d always liked the idea Colin Turnbull talks about in “The Forest People”. He lived with the pygmies for eighteen months in the Congo. He described how they did not have a word for mother or father. The tribe consider all the children to “belong” to all the adults and vice versa. So apart from being a nice feeling it was particularly interesting for me when one day, absent-mindedly, Sapphire called me “Daddy”.
I loved them both as if I was their father. They were both very clever. I remember however on one occasion, I tried out one of Clive Barker’s games from his book “Theatre Games”. It was his adaptation of a scene from the Peking Opera: “The Jewel, The Guard and the Thief”. The two players are blindfolded. One is the thief. She has to steal the jewel. The other is the guard. She has to stop the thief from stealing it. Wave played the thief. Unfortunately, she refused to accept the fact that wearing a blindfold and therefore being blind meant you had to be cautious about your movements. She bumped into something, cried but carried blundering on, bumping into things and crying. I had to stop the game before she seriously injured herself.
That was Wave. Brilliant, beautiful and to be honest I completely adored her. Then, when she was a young teenager, she died. Sapphire’s doing well though. She’s at Cambridge. Sometimes I would bring them back to the housing estate I was living in at the time. It was very similar to the housing estate in the film “Attack The Block” but I’ve been through that with you. I used to record Sapphire and Wave’s favourite TV programmes on a dodgy old telly and video. They liked “Power Rangers”, the cartoon version of “The X-Men” and “The Farthings Of Animal Wood”. (“Who am I?!” “You are Ratty!”) They inevitably had a number of encounters with the children on the estate so I was worried I might be leading them into a life of sexual slavery on a Caribbean pirate ship. Instead of Cambridge, Sapphire could be “working” the Bois de Boulogne.
Olive
In “Pariscope”, Paris’s weekly cultural guide , there’s a feature in which a guest is asked: “Rive Gauche ou Rive Droite?” This is the way Parisiens describe the north and south of the river. Left river or right river. For a long time I didn’t know which was which. I mean it depends whether you’re looking West or East, doesn’t it? I thought maybe it had some metaphysical meaning. For example, the Egyptians live on one side of the Nile and call the other side “the land of the dead”. Mind you, that doesn’t help because the Nile runs from South to North.
Nivose, Tourbe
Tues: Arturo threatened me with a gun today. Alright he didn’t but these days every script has to have a gun.
I think I understand Arturo now. He just wants to be your friend. Maybe I should report him to the authorities.
Houille
So now it IS official. Beckham has signed for Paris St. Germain. For me, he’s the player Paris has been searching for since the club was formed in 1970. Also, he’s a good player.
I’ve just spent 180 euros on a hotel for my first two days back in Paris after Christmas. I guess it’s time to review my budget. I’ll have to carefully judge the point in my adventure where I stop being a struggling writer and start being a struggling street bum.
Bitume
I lived in London for twenty years. I was lucky that as soon as I arrived, I got on the first rung of the property ladder. I was a squatter. I got involved in the politics of squatting too: anarchism, smashing the bourgeoisie etc. Later, when I got married, we traded in the squat for a council housing tenancy in Herne Hill. If we hadn’t split up and I’d remained true to my political principles, by now we’d probably have somewhere nice in Dulwich.
I was in London because I’d been accepted on a postgraduate teacher-training course at Goldsmiths’ College, at the University of London. I had absolutely no relevant academic qualifications whatsoever but that was alright because it was one of those trendy, liberal left-wing courses where things like that didn’t matter. My subject was drama. Right from the start I felt ambivalent about the whole thing. I didn’t really want to be a drama teacher. I wanted to be an actor. I thought theatre-in-education might be a way in. Luckily in the end it didn’t matter because I failed the course.
A theatrical version of Batman is playing in Paris. I used to lament the way they turned books into movies. I now realise they were the good old days. Today they turn books into movies and then into stage shows. Mind you, I have to admit that English alternative comedian, Mark Frost, is perfect casting as “The Joker”. It’s logical to use an alternative comedian.
I try to avoid Arturo now. Unfortunately, his voice boomed at me through my bedroom door this morning. I had to go out and speak to him. We had to speak in the dark because he leaves the kitchen light off. I’d like to play with the idea that it’s because he’s a vampire but the truth is he’s a miser. I told him I wanted to leave tomorrow at 9 a.m. But somehow he gets his vampire fangs into you. Hey! Maybe he’s a vampire as well as a miser. I find myself explaining that I don’t want to miss the plane and then that gives him the chance to ask what time my plane leaves. If I answer that, he tastes blood: he can start arguing about the time I have to leave.
I have more in common with the Planetary League than I think. I became anti-religious at an early age. After all, I lived a sheltered middle-class childhood but even I could see the gnostic heresy
1.) He lives in “ the gentle but flaky world of the ufo contactee”
2.) Diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic.
Case for:
1.) Since the development of techniques for finding planets around other stars, planets have been found round other stars. Since the refinement of those techniques to find earth-sized planets, earth-sized planets have been found.
2. Formally (not formerly, that means previously) released from NHS care, 2011
Pelle
When I went into the kitchen to have my breakfast, on the table, there was a page from today’s “Le Monde”. The National Assembly has passed a law (yet to be ratified by the Senate) making it in theory more difficult for people to live the year round on campsites. I’m guessing that Arturo is suggesting soon I won’t even be able to stay on a campsite. As I read the article, I remind myself to remain strong. He’s the one with the comb-over.
However, despite the fact that I haven’t “made it” in Paris, I will be spending Christmas “en famille”. I’m part-owner of a house in Consett, Co. Durham, England. I believe I’ve already told you that Consett, building on the major role it played in the Industrial Revolution, it is now a leading centre of excellence in the manufacture of long shelf-life snack foods.
My room’s the small bedroom. My nephew is sleeping in it at the moment but as I’m a part-owner, during the time I’m there, I’ll be sleeping on the sofa bed.
Chien
It’s Christmas Day today. All the other days are just ordinary days. Christmas Day though, is special, isn’t it? It has a real magic that crosses even the class divide. (Although in the Republican Calendar, it is called Chien. The Day of the Dog. Steve Coogan are you listening?)
Anyway, despite the fact that Christmas is probably just a confused folk memory of a previous alien visitation, Merry Christmas, everybody!
Lave
Socialism and capitalism don't go together do they? Socialism is workers' control. Capitalism is dangling baubles in front of the masses.
I'm back in England for Christmas. It's turning out to be a real Dickensian Christmas. The Conservative government is way ahead in the Opinion Polls. My sister has a new dog from a Rescue Centre. It likes to jump up and take at least half the armchair. Luckily I have been able to employ skills I have learned as a now seasoned Paris Metro traveller.
Terre Vegetale
Today is the day after Boxing Day. It doesn't have a name in the English Calendar. It does in the French Republican Calendar. Every day has a name in the Republican calendar. Today is "Terre Vegetale": topsoil. Nothing much happening today. There was a tense moment when my sister's boyfriend opened the overhead kitchen cupboard and asked: "What's going on here then?" I quickly realised he was referring to the fact that there are now four jars of instant coffee in there. On the television it's all animations in which, in the end, the hero gets the girl. I remember when that used to happen in ordinary movies but now it's only believable in animations.
Fumier
I arrived in London in 1979 and for the first ten years I was a radical left-wing political acitivist, committed to the revolutionary struggle, so by nineteen eighty-nine, I was married and living a comfortable middle-class life in Herne Hill. I was a writer at BBC Radio Four's political satire show, "Week Ending". I maintained my commitment to the left-wing struggle by only writing sketches about right-wing politicians. I hadn't quit the day job. I was still working as an agency social worker, helping people struggling with deprivation, which was a useful little earner. Everythng was hunky-dory. So the last thing I was expecting was to be abducted.
My wife and I had been invited to my wife's friend's ex-boyfriend's birthday party. He had a new girlfriend who I had already met once, a 23 year-old, mousy assistant librarian from Normandy. We had just arrived at the party and I was talking to her when it happened. She abducted me.
It was a few months later, the extraterrestrials introduced themselves too me. I've told you, haven't I, you suspend a pendulum. the convention is it answers questions by swinging clockwise for yes, anti-clockwise for no, but the essential point is it is the aliens acting through your central nervous system. "Posession", as the Victorians called it, is probably nothing more than the aliens' ability to control our central nervouus systems.
You see, on first meeting, I'd just thought she was just a mousy library assistant from Normandy. The second meeting, as stood talking to her, I had the vague impression you get with girls sometimes that they're actually deliberately touching you with the nipple of a breast. I remember staggering into the kitchen and clutching onto the oven and repeating her name to myself. Later in the week, I plucked up the courage to phone her and got a date. At her local swimming pool in East London. Later we would meet at her apartment when the boyfriend was not there. I mean it's rarely a case of vacant posession but I was in, right? So what went wrong? Did I tell you I was useless with women?
As I say, a few months later, the aliens introduced themselves to me. By then, Nigel had reclaimed his bride. In a last desperate attempt to win her back, I told her about the aliens. "Hippy crap!" she replied. It was my favourite-ever sarcastic comment.
Salpetre
So I'm back in England. It's the same old England. Media pundits sticking the boot into the Labour Party. If I didn't know any better, I might think it wasn't only Prince Harry who dressed up in a Nazi shirt at parties. They talk about rigged elections in the third world. In the last British election, the media ganged up against Labour. To be fair, they had to. The Tony Blair government was the greatest government in British history. It made Trotsky's "transitional programme" look like Stalin's "five year plan". The media targeted the UN intervention in Iraq. The mounting pile of casualties. But I sometimes wonder if the real pile of casualties the media were worried about was the pile of casualties there would be in news departments if there were no more political news stories.
Fleau
I know I said the Blair government was the best progressive Labour government since the post-second world war Labour government that established the principle of "social security from cradle to grave". Well, a Stalinist version of social security from cradle to grave anyway. Social security from cradle to grave in one country. So it was disappointing to hear Betty Boothroyd this morning describing with glee her war on moles. And I don't mean Cambridge graduates becoming Communists and spying for the Russians. I mean the small furry mammals that makes holes in peoples lawns.
Because of course, from the mole's point of view, at one time England was all meadow. As William Blake wrote: "And did those feet, in ancient times, walk upon England's pastures green?" Then came the Enclosures when people started grabbing meadows and turning them into lawns. It would seem that my fellow Labour Party member,comrade Boothroyd is playing the role of the Tory landlord. Still, I'm New Labour. So that isn't necessarily a problem. And Ms Boothroyd was the first woman Speaker of the House of Commons and so must be considered as a positive role model for women. So maybe I'm just being sexist, accusing her of militarism. But I might just point out that her colleague, Dennis Healey, boasts that he once won a war in Borneo without dropping a single bomb.
To be fair, Betty Boothroyd reminds me of my ex-wife. She was a sophisticated, liberal bourgeois Spanish girl, yet she still took me once to a bull-fight. I have to apologise to critics in advance. I'm not going to become Hemingway. (I just hope Gertrude Stein isn't listening.) I didn't like the bullfight. For one thing, like I've already said, I'm a vegetarian. Secondly, the actual bullfight. The bullfighters were local youths, the La Mancha equivalent of the Bigg Market Hairy Palms Brigade. To begin with, these machistas threw stones at the bulls to get them to charge them. The bulls ran to the middle of the ring to get away. Not because they were scared of the bullfighters but because the bullfighters were still behind the protective barriers. The bullfighters then, starting to feel brave, climbed into the ring and crept slowly closer to bulls, whilst still throwing stones at them. Finally they got so close to the bulls that when the bulls suddenly charged they only just made it back over the barriers with about half a minute to spare. The bulls seemed to know the drill. They'd already done fights in other villages. Hoyo de Manzanares was the last village. Not so much "Death In The Afternoon" as "Death In Several Afternoons". Still, whatever you say about bullfighting, it is an intense and emotionally draining collective encounter with tragedy so at the end there was a party in the village square where we killed the bulls and ate them.
Granit
Today is New Year's Eve. For billions of people all round the planet, today is the last day of the old year. Actually of course December the 21st is the last day of the old year. The shortest day. The Winter Solstice. This is the point in the Earth's orbit round the Sun when, in the Northern Hemisphere, the tilt of the axis of rotation of the Earth is pointing furthest away from the Sun. So it's a more logical system. There's a couple of Pacific Islands who, for economic reasons have just re-aligned themselves on the International Date Line with Australia and New Zealand and so have lost this year's New Year's Eve. If the aliens do land and we get absorbed into the local star network or whatever, I expect we might have to re-align our calendar, going back to a pagan New Year's Eve..
Argile
Funnily enough I started my odyssey just after last year's Solstice. Three days after, actually. To be honest, I don't even think I really thought about it. So you see, I'm not some sort of a Solstice geek. My target is to stay in France until at least the 24th of June next year. From Summer Solstice to Summer Solstice. Once round the Sun. Your character's supposed to have an "arc" so I suppose by then I'll know whether I'm just going round in circles.
Ardoise
Before I leave for Paris today, my nephew tells me that Middlesborough is ahead of Paris in the FIFA club rankings. Middlesborough is next to Stockton on the other side of the river Tees. It's a typical impoverished Northern town. I point out to my nephew that there are considerations other than football in life. He's a Newcastle supporter and I remind him of the Newcastle supporters I used to see going to and from the match when I lived in Newcastle. Some of them looked as if the only places they had ever been in their lives were their house, the football ground and the route between the two. I was born in nearby Darlington. Towns ending in "ton" are supposedly associated with ley lines and I don't know whether you knew this but Darlington, like Stockton ends in ton. Really I suppose I'm not a true Paris St. Germain supporter. I should be a Darlington supporter. But Darlington football club is about to go bankrupt so soon I will be free to be a true Paris St. Germain supporter.
Lapin
So this morning I handed over the cash to Francois and he handed me the key. I move in on Saturday.
In the meantime, I'm staying in a hostel for three days. The Aloha hostel, as listed in the Lonely Planet Guide to Paris. Coincidentally, it's Metro Vaugirard just one street away from Arturo's apartment. The girl receptionist in the morning was lovely: a twenty-three year-old American from Los Angeles. She tells me she moved here with her family ten years ago. However, in the evening, I came downstairs and on Reception was a young bloke. He was wearing, as a significant percentage of the youth in France do, a sort of pork-pie hat. One thing I still don't know after being in Paris for six months is whether I should always carry my passport. I asked the guy with the pork-pie hat. "No" he said, half-interestedly. "But you have to carry an identiy card", I replied. "Yes" he agreed. "So maybe I should carry my passport as I.D", I continued. He agreed, half-interestedly.
Then I looked for a drink. There was a coffee machine but there were no cups. The guy with the pork pie hat merely shrugged and carried on doing what he was doing, which was nothing. He could have gone to get more cups one would have thought. After a while, still feeling thirsty, I went back to to ask him if there were any soft drinks. "No" he replied, heating his cup of coffee in the microwave behind the counter. In the two hours I have been here, he has done absolutely nothing. At the moment he's on his mobile phone. Never mind "old guys, old fuckwits"! How about "young guys, young fuckwits"? The only difference is they hide their fuck-wittedness behind a veneer of youthful loveliness.
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i don't know
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In which nation's London embassy did Wikileaks founder Julian Assange seek diplomatic asylum in 2012?
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Julian Assange: Ecuador grants Wikileaks founder asylum - BBC News
BBC News
Julian Assange: Ecuador grants Wikileaks founder asylum
16 August 2012
Image copyright AP
Image caption Julian Assange's Wikileaks website published leaked diplomatic cables
Ecuador has granted asylum to Wikileaks founder Julian Assange two months after he took refuge in its London embassy while fighting extradition from the UK.
It said his human rights might be violated if he is sent to Sweden to be questioned over sex assault claims.
Foreign Secretary William Hague said the UK would not allow Mr Assange safe passage out of the country and the move was also criticised by Stockholm.
Ecuador said it would seek to negotiate arrangements for Mr Assange to leave.
"We don't think it is reasonable that, after a sovereign government has made the decision of granting political asylum, a citizen is forced to live in an embassy for a long period," Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino said.
Mr Assange took refuge at the embassy in June to avoid extradition to Sweden, where he faces questioning over assault and rape claims, which he denies.
Mr Patino had accused the UK of making an "open threat" to enter its embassy to arrest Mr Assange, an Australian national.
Media captionEcuador's foreign minister Ricardo Patino: "We believe that his fears are legitimate"
Mr Assange said being granted political asylum by Ecuador was a "significant victory" and thanked staff in the Ecuadorean embassy in London.
However, as the Foreign Office insisted the decision would not affect the UK's legal obligation to extradite him to Sweden, Mr Assange warned: "Things will get more stressful now."
"It was not Britain or my home country, Australia, that stood up to protect me from persecution, but a courageous, independent Latin American nation," said Mr Assange, who watched the announcement with embassy staff in a live link to a press conference in Quito.
"While today is a historic victory, our struggles have just begun. The unprecedented US investigation against Wikileaks must be stopped.
Analysis
By Dominic CascianiHome affairs correspondent
Political asylum is not available to anyone facing a serious non-political crime - such as the allegations levelled against Mr Assange.
But does his new status mean he can now leave his Swedish problems behind? No. Asylum does not equal immunity from prosecution - and Julian Assange needs safe passage through UK territory that he won't get.
Mr Assange knows he can't leave without risking arrest by officers waiting outside. The police can't enter the embassy unless the government revokes its status.
Embassy vehicles are protected by law from police searches - but how could he get into an Ecuadorean car without being apprehended? And what happens after he's in the car? At some point he will have to get out again. Stranger things have happened.
In 1984 there was an attempt to smuggle a Nigerian man from the UK in a so-called "diplomatic bag" protected from inspection. The bag was in fact a large crate - and customs officers successfully intercepted it at the airport.
"While today much of the focus will be on the decision of the Ecuadorean government, it is just as important that we remember Bradley Manning has been detained without trial for over 800 days," he said, referring to the former US soldier accused of leaking government material to Wikileaks .
Mr Assange is expected to make a statement in front of the embassy on Sunday at 14:00 BST, according to the Wikileaks Twitter feed.
'Legal obligation'
Announcing Ecuador's decision, Mr Patino launched a strong attack on the UK for what he said was an "explicit type of blackmail".
The UK Foreign Office had warned, in a note, that it could lift the embassy's diplomatic status to fulfil a "legal obligation" to extradite the 41-year-old by using the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987 .
That allows the UK to revoke the diplomatic status of an embassy on UK soil, which would potentially allow police to enter the building to arrest Mr Assange for breaching the terms of his bail.
Mr Hague said it was a "matter of regret" that the Ecuadorean government decided to grant Mr Assange political asylum but warned that it "does not change the fundamentals" of the case.
He also warned that it could drag on for some "considerable" time.
"We will not allow Mr Assange safe passage out of the United Kingdom, nor is there any legal basis for us to do so," he said.
Media captionScuffles broke out outside the Ecuadorean embassy
Mr Hague said there was "no threat" to storm the embassy.
"We are talking about an Act of Parliament in this country which stresses that it must be used in full conformity with international law," he said.
Mr Patino said Ecuador believed Mr Assange's fears of political persecution were "legitimate" and said his country was being loyal to its tradition of protecting those who were vulnerable.
He later told BBC Mundo that conditions were attached to the asylum.
"We placed the same type of conditions that are the norm in international relations, such as him [Mr Assange] not making political statements that could affect our relations with friendly countries."
The Foreign Office said it was "disappointed" by the Ecuador statement and said it remained committed to reaching a "negotiated solution" that would allow it to carry out its "obligations under the Extradition Act". This means Mr Assange's arrest would still be sought if he left the embassy.
Sweden summons ambassador
The Swedish government reacted angrily to Mr Patino's suggestion that Mr Assange would not be treated fairly by its justice system, summoning Ecuador's ambassador to explain.
At the scene
By Stuart HughesBBC News
Julian Assange's small, but vocal, band of supporters chanted loudly and marched along the street in front of the Ecuadorean Embassy when the news filtered through from Quito.
They, like the man they have come here to support, regard Ecuador's decision as a significant victory against the UK, US and Sweden, all of which they claim are trying to silence Mr Assange.
But Mr Assange's supporters also know there's little chance of the man they regard as a hero of free speech making a public appearance on the pavement opposite the world-famous green awnings of the Harrods department store.
He would very likely be arrested if he stepped outside the Ecuadorean Embassy, where he is - for the moment at least - still protected by the diplomatic immunity granted to foreign government buildings on UK soil.
Mr Assange is locked in a diplomatic and political stalemate. Ecuador may have granted him asylum, but he still has nowhere to go.
"The accusations... are serious, and it is unacceptable that Ecuador would want to halt the Swedish judicial process and European judicial co-operation," said Anders Joerle, spokesman for the Swedish foreign ministry.
The Organisation of American States called a special meeting at its Washington headquarters on Thursday to discuss the Ecuador-UK relationship, specifically Ecuador's diplomatic premises in the UK.
The Union of South American Nations, meanwhile, has convened an "extraordinary meeting" in Ecuador on Sunday to consider "the situation raised at the embassy".
Mr Assange entered the embassy after the UK's Supreme Court dismissed his bid to reopen his appeal against extradition and gave him a two-week grace period before extradition proceedings could start.
It was during that fortnight, while on bail, that he sought refuge.
A subsequent offer by Ecuador to allow Swedish investigators to interview Mr Assange inside the embassy was rejected.
The Wikileaks website Mr Assange founded published a mass of leaked diplomatic cables that embarrassed several governments, particularly that of the US, in 2010.
Mr Assange says he fears that if extradited to Sweden, he will then be passed on to the American authorities.
In 2010, two female Wikileaks supporters accused Mr Assange of committing sexual offences against them while he was in Stockholm to give a lecture.
Mr Assange claims the sex was consensual and the allegations are politically motivated.
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Ecuador
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Which 2002-founded UK budget airline ceased to operate in 2012?
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Julian Assange, WikiLeaks Founder, Could Spend One Year In London's Ecuador Embassy | The Huffington Post
Julian Assange, WikiLeaks Founder, Could Spend One Year In London's Ecuador Embassy
08/31/2012 12:08 am ET | Updated Oct 31, 2012
160
* Assange says hopes Sweden will drop case against him
* Has been holed up in Ecuador's embassy since June 19
By Eduardo Garcia
QUITO, Aug 30 (Reuters) - Julian Assange expects to wait six months to a year for a deal to free him from Ecuador's embassy in London, and hopes Sweden will drop its case against him, the WikiLeaks' founder said in an interview broadcast on Thursday.
The former computer hacker has been holed up at the embassy for more than two months, seeking to avoid being sent to Sweden for questioning over rape and sexual assault allegations - and triggering a diplomatic spat with Britain.
Talks over Assange's fate resumed this week, and Ecuador's government said it was optimistic it will be able to strike a deal with Britain for Assange to receive guarantees he would not be further extradited from Sweden to the United States.
Ecuador granted him asylum earlier this month saying that it shares his fears that he could face charges in the United States over the publication in 2010 by WikiLeaks of thousands of secret U.S. diplomatic cables.
"I think the situation will be solved through diplomacy ... The Swedish government could drop the case. I think this is the most likely scenario. Maybe after a thorough investigation of what happened they could drop the case," Assange told Ecuador's Gama television network in comments dubbed into Spanish.
"I think this will be solved in between six and 12 months; that's what I estimate," he said in the interview, which was recorded earlier this week inside the embassy.
Britain says it is legally obliged to extradite Assange to Sweden, and that it will not allow the 41-year-old Australian to leave the embassy and travel to the South American country.
But Ecuador's Foreign Minister Ricardo Patino said on Wednesday he was optimistic the British government would agree to give Assange written guarantees that he would not be extradited from Sweden to any third country.
Ecuador has said that if Assange received such assurances, he would decline its offer of asylum and hand himself over to Swedish prosecutors. Asked during the interview if he could travel to Sweden under those conditions, he was non-committal.
"At some point, if the way has been paved ... it would not be correct to hold me in prison (in Sweden) without charges."
He did not mention the allegations of rape and sexual assault made against him by two WikiLeaks supporters in 2010.
A veiled British threat to enter the embassy to arrest Assange angered Ecuador's President Rafael Correa. But the leftist leader said last weekend that the threat had later been lifted and he considered the "unfortunate incident" over.
In another sign of thawing tensions, Ecuador's Vice President Lenin Moreno met British Foreign Secretary William Hague on Wednesday, but any deal looks likely to take time.
"Given Ecuador's position on what they call diplomatic asylum and our very clear legal position, such a solution is not in sight at the moment," Hague told the BBC on Thursday.
Related on HuffPost:
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i don't know
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Name the famous moonwalking astronaut who died in 2012?
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Astronaut - Biography.com
Famous Astronauts
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind!
Neil Armstrong - The 40th Anniversary of the Walk on the Moon (TV-14; 4:31) 40 years after his first walk on the moon, Neil Armstrong was honored, along with fellow Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins, by President Barack Obama at the White House. (Video courtesy of the White House)
"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind!" The famous words spoken by Neil Armstrong in 1969, created one of the most unforgettable moments in U.S. history. Even before that first-ever landing on the moon, astronauts began navigating their way through the thrill and mystery that is outer space. From John Glenn, the first American astronaut to orbit the earth, to Sally Ride, the first American woman to enter space, these famous names have taken space exploration to new heights.
People In This Group
Astronaut
Astronaut, Military Leader, Pilot, U.S. Senator
(1921–2016)
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Neil Armstrong
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In 2012 who became the first black person to feature on South African banknotes?
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Neil Armstrong: 1930-2012 | NASA
See all statements on Armstrong's death Editor's Note: See information about the Sept. 13 memorial service at the Washington National Cathedral.
Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, has died, following complications resulting from cardiovascular procedures. He was 82.
Armstrong's words "That is one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind," spoken on July 20, 1969, as he became the first person ever to step onto another planetary body, instantly became a part of history.
Those few words from the Sea of Tranquillity were the climactic fulfillment of the efforts and hopes of millions of people and the expenditure of billions of dollars. A plaque on one of the lander's legs that concluded "We came in peace for all mankind," further emphasized that Armstrong and fellow astronaut Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin were there as representatives of all humans.
In a 2001 oral history interview, Armstrong credited those behind the scenes for the mission's success: "when you have hundreds of thousands of people all doing their job a little better than they have to, you get an improvement in performance. And that's the only reason we could have pulled this whole thing off."
› View Full Oral History (907 KB PDF)
(NASA's History Office has published five oral histories taken with Armstrong on its NASA Oral History Collection .)
Armstrong is survived by his wife, two sons, a stepson, a stepdaughter, 10 grandchildren, and a brother and sister.
"Neil Armstrong was a hero not just of his time, but of all time," President Barack Obama said via Twitter. "Thank you, Neil, for showing us the power of one small step."
Read the full statement from the President.
Armstrong's family released the following statement on Saturday:
"Neil Armstrong was also a reluctant American hero who always believed he was just doing his job. He served his Nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut. He also found success back home in his native Ohio in business and academia, and became a community leader in Cincinnati.
While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves."
› Read Full Family Statement
The family will be providing further updates at www.neilarmstronginfo.com .
"As long as there are history books, Neil Armstrong will be included in them, remembered for taking humankind's first small step on a world beyond our own," said NASA Administrator Charles Bolden.
"Besides being one of America's greatest explorers," Bolden added, "Neil carried himself with a grace and humility that was an example to us all."
› See Administrator Bolden's Full Statement
Apollo 11 lunar module pilot and fellow moonwalker Buzz Aldrin on Armstrong's passing: "I am very saddened to learn of the passing of Neil Armstrong today. Neil and I trained together as technical partners but were also good friends who will always be connected through our participation in the Apollo 11 mission. Whenever I look at the moon it reminds me of the moment over four decades ago when I realized that even though we were farther away from earth than two humans had ever been, we were not alone."
Apollo 11 command module pilot Michael Collins said simply, "He was the best, and I will miss him terribly."
As news of Armstrong's death became widely known, many NASA officials offered their thoughts on the agency's best-known representative:
"The passing of Neil Armstrong has shocked all of us at the Johnson Space Center," said Center Director Michael Coats. The whole world knew Neil as the first man to step foot on the Moon, but to us he was a co-worker, a friend, and an outstanding spokesman for the Human Space Program. His quiet confidence and ability to perform under pressure set an example for all subsequent astronauts. Our role model will be missed."
"Neil Armstrong was a very personal inspiration to all of us within the astronaut office," said Bob Behnken, Chief of NASA's Astronaut Office. "His historic step onto the Moon's surface was the foundation for many of our personal dreams to become astronauts. The only thing that outshone his accomplishments was his humility about those accomplishments. We will miss him as a friend, mentor, explorer and ambassador for the American spirit of ingenuity."
› Additional statements on Armstrong's passing.
Armstrong's single sentence, though it was focused above the national divisions and quarrels of Earth, still signified unquestionably the U.S. victory in the desperate space race with the Soviet Union.
Neil A. Armstrong was born Aug. 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio. He earned an aeronautical engineering degree from Purdue University and a master's in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.
He was a naval aviator from 1949 to 1952. During the Korean War he flew 78 combat missions.
In 1955 he joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), NASA's predecessor, as a research pilot at Lewis Laboratory in Cleveland.
[image-47]
Armstrong later transferred to NACA's High Speed Flight Research Station at Edwards AFB, Calif. As project pilot, he was in the forefront of the development of many high-speed aircraft, including the X-15, which flew at 4,000 mph.
He flew more than 200 aircraft models. They included jet and rocket-powered planes, helicopters and gliders.
Armstrong was selected as an astronaut in 1962.
His first space flight was Gemini 8, which he commanded. He was the first civilian to fly a U.S. spacecraft. With fellow astronaut David R. Scott, Armstrong performed the first docking in space, with an Agena target satellite.
Less than an hour later their spacecraft began an unplanned rolling motion. After undocking, it increased to one revolution per second. One of the Gemini's 16 thrusters had stuck open because of an electrical short circuit.
Armstrong used re-entry thrusters to control the capsule, and after a 30-minute struggle, it was stabilized. Flight rules required a return to Earth after use of the re-entry thrusters, so the crewmembers fired retrorockets that sent Gemini 8 to a contingency landing zone in the Western Pacific.
One of the few photos that show Armstrong during the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Click image to enlarge. Photo credit: NASA
Before becoming an astronaut, Armstrong flew the rocket-powered X-15 as a test pilot. Photo credit: NASA
Armstrong, right, joined astronaut Dave Scott on the Gemini VIII mission in March of 1966. Photo credit: NASA
› View Photo Gallery The eventful flight on March 16, 1966, had taken just over 10 hours, 41 minutes.
Apollo 11 lifted off on July 16, 1969, with Armstrong, Aldrin and Mike Collins aboard. Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command module while Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the lunar module they had named Eagle to their historic landing on the moon's surface.
"Houston, Tranquillity Base here. The Eagle has landed," Armstrong said, telling a tense and waiting Earth that men had finally reached the lunar surface.
He and Aldrin spent about two hours exploring, gathering more than 50 pounds of moon rocks and setting up three scientific experiments. The next day, after 21 hours and 37 minutes on the moon, they fired Eagle's engine to begin the return to Collins and the command module.
The crew returned to Earth, landing near the USS Hornet in the Pacific after a mission of just over eight days. President Richard M. Nixon was on the aircraft carrier's deck to welcome them.
"This is the greatest week in the history of the world since the creation," Nixon told the three.
After 16 days in quarantine to protect Earth from any returned moon germs, the crew went on U.S. and international tours. Millions greeted them as heroes.
Armstrong later served as deputy associate administrator for aeronautics in the Office of Advanced Research and technology at NASA Headquarters. He resigned from the space agency in 1971. As a professor at the University of Cincinnati from 1971 to 1979, he was involved in both teaching and research.
He later went into the business world. Among other positions, he served for 10 years as chairman of Computing Technologies for Aviation Inc. of Charlottesville, Va. and later as chairman of AIL Systems Inc., an electronic systems company based in Deer Park, N.Y.
Armstrong was a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the Royal Aeronautical Society, and an honorary fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and the International Astronautical Federation.
He was a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He served as a member of the National Commission on Space in 1985 and 1986, and was vice chairman of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident. He also was chairman of the Presidential Advisory Committee for the Peace Corps from 1971 to 1973.
[image-61]
Seventeen countries decorated Armstrong. He received many special honors, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal (see NASA feature on ceremony) , the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, NASA's Ambassador of Exploration Award, the Explorers Club Medal, the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, the Harmon International Aviation Trophy, the Royal Geographic Society's Gold Medal, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale's Gold Space Medal, the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award, the Robert J. Collier Trophy, the AIAA Astronautics Award, the Octave Chanute Award, and the John J. Montgomery Award.
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i don't know
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Name the devastating mid/N American hurricane of Oct 2012?
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Historic Hurricanes--Some Of The Most Powerful Storms On Record.
Hurricane Gloria --Termed the
Storm Of The Century
at one point in its life. This Category Three Hurricane made landfall over the outer banks of North Carolina, and then moved up the East Coast of the United States on September 27, 1985. Estimated damage from this storm was $900 million dollars.
Hurricane Kate--An unusually strong late season hurricane, Kate was a Category Two Hurricane that struck the Port St. Joe area of the Florida Panhandle in November, 1985. It was the latest hurricane ever recorded in a season to strike that far north in Florida. It ended up causing some $300 million dollars in damage.
Hurricane Gilbert --The most powerful storm ever recorded in the Atlantic with winds of 200 mph, and a central pressure of 26.28 inches of Hg, Gilbert came ashore in the Yucatan, and then proceeded into the Gulf of Mexico before hitting the Northern Mexican town of Matamoros with only 120 mph winds.
Hurricane Hugo --This Category Four Hurricane at landfall, carved a path from the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean to Charleston, South Carolina in September, 1989. At one point in its lifetime, Hugo reached Category Five intensity with 160 mph winds, and a minimum central pressure of 27.11 inches of Hg. Rapidly intensifying over the Gulf Stream, it came ashore in South Carolina with 135 mph winds. This storm ranks currently second all time in terms of estimated damage at $7 billion dollars.
Hurricane Bob --This Category Two Hurricane was one of the more memorable storms of 1991 besides the "perfect" Halloween Gale later that year. It moved up the East Coast before making landfall in New England. Believe it or not, as of 2000, this storm was ranked 10th all time in terms of estimated damage with $1.5 billion dollars.
Hurricane Grace --Contrary to what was said in the movie, The Perfect Storm, Grace was only a Category Two Hurricane, but it would combine with a mid-latitude cyclone to form what would be known as the "Perfect Storm" in Meteorological terms during the final days of October, 1991.
Hurricane Andrew --This is probably the most recent memorable hurricanes in modern history. After struggling to develop in the Atlantic, this Category Five Hurricane rapidly developed over the Gulf Stream, and devastated South Florida with 165 mph winds on August 24, 1992. It was the costliest natural disaster on record with some $30 billion dollars in damage.
Tropical Storm Alberto--Was a strong tropical storm at landfall in early July, 1994, but it would end up being one of the most memorable tropical storms as it proceeded to meander over Northwest Florida and Southern Georgia, and dump a tonnage of rain there. When it was all said and done, it left 31 people dead, and caused some $500 million dollars in damage.
Tropical Storm Beryl--Was practically a carbon copy of Alberto except for the fact that it occurred a month and a half later in August, 1994. Slightly weaker than Alberto was, Beryl had 60 mph winds, and a minimum central pressure of 29.50. Nevertheless, it dumped another 9 inches of rain on already waterlogged Tallahassee, and another 10.7 inches on Apalachicola.
Hurricane Gordon--One of the most erratic moving hurricanes, and still one of the most deadly in the last 20 years. Starting out in the Western Caribbean off the coast of Honduras and Nicaragua, Gordon weaved his way through the Caribbean and Florida before making its first landfall along the Outer Banks of North Carolina. It then turned southwestward again, and moved over Florida, where it finally dissipated. The storm left some $400 million dollars in damage, and 1145 people dead in November, 1994.
Hurricane Erin--Was one of a number of tropical storms and hurricanes in 1995. It actually made two landfalls over Florida. The first occurred on August 2nd at Vero Beach, and the second a few days later over Pensacola as a strong Category One Hurricane with 90 mph winds. Rain from this system was felt as far north as Illinois, and the storm caused some $700 million dollars in damage.
Hurricane Luis--One of the most powerful hurricanes of the 19 storms from the 1995 Season. Pummeled the Leeward Islands as well as parts of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands with 150 mph winds before turning out to sea in September, 1995. Caused approximately $2.5 billion dollars in damage and killed 17 people.
Hurricane Marilyn--Formed on the heels of Hurricane Luis in the Western Atlantic back in September, 1995, and brought Category Three Hurricane force winds to parts of the Leeward Islands and the Virgin Islands before turning out to sea. Caused approximately $1.5 billion dollars in damage, and left 8 people dead.
Hurricane Opal--This late season storm rapidly developed into a very strong Category Four Hurricane before weakening to a strong Category Three Hurricane when it came ashore near Pensacola, Florida in October, 1995. Opal ranks fifth all time in terms of damage with an estimated $3 billion dollars.
Hurricane Roxanne--Formed in the Bay of Campeche region of Mexico in the weeks following Hurricane Opal's landfall near Panama City, Florida. The storm was a Category Three Hurricane with sustained winds of 115 mph, and a minimum central pressure of 28.23 inches of Hg. The storm left 14 people dead and some $1.5 billion dollars in damage.
Hurricane Bertha --The earliest hurricane to form in the Eastern Atlantic. Developed just West of the Cape Verde islands in the last week of June, 1996, and made landfall as a Category Two Hurricane over Wilimngton, North Carolina on July 12, 1996. Killed 12 people, and caused some $275,000,000 dollars in damage.
Hurricane Fran --The most powerful hurricane to make landfall in the United States during the 1996 Hurricane Season. Made landfall over North Carolina with 115 mph winds in September of that year, and caused some $3.2 billion dollars in damage at the time. Damage estimates are even higher today.
Hurricane Hortense --Was a hurricane that formed during the Labor Day Weekend of the 1996 Hurricane Season. While the storm didn't make landfall in the United States, it ravaged parts of the Caribbean including Puerto Rico with torrential rains. Damage estimates from this storm is approximately $500 million dollars. After that, it grew in strength to a Category Four Hurricane.
Hurricane Georges--A Classic Cape Verde Hurricane that formed in September, 1998, Georges ripped through the Leeward Islands and Caribbean with as high as 150 mph winds. It then hit the Florida Keys before making landfall in Mississippi. Left 602 people dead, and caused about $5.9 billion dollars in damage.
Hurricane Mitch --A very powerful late season hurricane, Mitch had winds of 190 mph before making landfall in Central America. It devastated Honduras with over 75 inches of rain that spawned devastating floods and mudslides that left about 11,000 people dead in October, 1999.
Hurricane Floyd --Also termed
Storm of the Century
at one point, Floyd caused the largest peacetime evacuation in history that involved 3,000,000 people from South Florida to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina as it bore down on the Southeast coast in September, 1999. It later made landfall as a Category Three Hurricane over North Carolina, and would bring up to 30 inches of rain from North Carolina to New Jersey spawning terrible floods. Floyd ranks third all time in damage with an estimated $4.5 billion dollars in damage althogh some estimates run as high as $6 billion.
Hurricane Irene--Is an often forgotten storm from the 1999 Hurricane Season except for those in Florida. Forming during the middle of October that year, Irene became a Category Two Hurricane with 100 mph sustained winds, and higher gusts. The storm also produced some 10 to 20 inches of rain across South Florida while causing 8 deaths by electrocution, and $800 million dollars in damage.
Hurricane Lenny--Known by those in the Caribbean as "El Zorito", or "the Lefty", Lenny was the first ever storm on record to strike the Lesser Antilles from the West in November, 1999. It was also the most powerful late-season storm on record with 150 mph winds. The storm was responsible for approximately $330 million dollars in damage.
Hurricane Keith --Powerful Category Four Hurricane that struck the Central American country of Belize in the first week of October, 2000. Making landfall near the area of Belize City, the storm caused some two million dollars in damage, and left 11 people dead.
Tropical Storm Leslie--Started out as a subtropical depression in the Florida Straits, and brought some 15 to 20 inches of rain to parts of South Florida. Caused about 1,000,000 dollars in damage, and killed two people. After flooding South Florida, it gained more tropical characteristics, and became a minimal tropical storm in October, 2000.
Hurricane Michael--Formed in the Western Atlantic in the last weeks of October, 2000, and eventually headed northward into the Canadian Maritimes, where it brought 100 mph winds to parts of Newfoundland in Canada.
Tropical Storm Allison --Became the first tropical storm to get its name retired. Also was the costliest tropical storm on record as it caused some $4 to $5 billion dollars in damage. Heavy rains from the storm produced tremendous flooding in the Houston, Texas area in the first weeks of June, 2001.
Hurricane Iris --A very small and narrow hurricane that brought 145 mph winds to the central portion of Belize in October, 2001. The storm left some 28 people dead including tourists from Virginia, and caused millions of dollars in damage.
Hurricane Michelle --A powerful late season hurricane, Michelle brought 135 mph winds to portions of Western Cuba and the Isle of Youth before turning east and avoiding South Florida by going out to sea in November, 2001.
Hurricane Isidore --A powerful Category Three Hurricane that originally developed in the Caribbean, Isidore made landfall over the Yucatan Peninsula with 125 mph, but only made landfall over Louisiana as a tropical storm in September, 2002.
Hurricane Lili --Another powerful hurricane that formed in the Caribbean on the heels of Isidore, Lili grew to Category Four Strength with 140 mph winds. Threatening Louisiana as a major hurricane, Lili encountered hostile upper level conditions just before landfall, and weakened to just a Category Two Hurricane when it came ashore over Louisiana in October, 2002.
Tropical Storm Ana --Usually nothing much would be said about a minimal strength tropical storm that emerges from a subtropical depression, but Ana, which formed over Easter Weekend in 2003, was an exception since it became the first ever recorded storm to form in April.
Hurricane Fabian --A hurricane that last for about a week, and a tropical system that lasted for nearly two weeks, Fabian was a Category Four Hurricane at one point with winds of 145 mph in September, 2003. Responsible for eight deaths and $300 million dollars in damage, Fabian went down as the worst hurricane to strike the tiny resort island of Bermuda since 1926.
Hurricane Isabel --A very rare and powerful Category Five Hurricane, Isabel underwent rapid intensification and was able to stay at the highest level a hurricane can reach for over 30 hours, which made it one of the longest lasting Category Five Storms on record. Maximum sustained winds recorded were 160 mph, but gusts were as high as 234 mph. Although it eventually weakened, Isabel came ashore along the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a Category Two Hurricane, and was responsible for 16 deaths and $3.37 billion dollars in damage.
Hurricane Juan --Was the first hurricane to make landfall near Halifax, Nova Scotia in Canada in over a century. A Category Two Hurricane, Juan was responsible for four deaths, numerous power outages, tree damage, and went down as the most damaging hurricane in the history of Halifax.
Hurricane Alex --Was the first hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic Hurricane Season, and even became the season's first major hurricane as well. Alex brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina before turning out to sea in early August, 2004. With winds of 120 mph, it was a solid Category Three Hurricane.
Hurricane Charley --When it was all said and done, Hurricane Charley went down as the most devastating hurricane to hit anywhere in Florida since Hurricane Andrew in August, 1992. It also ended up being the second costliest hurricane in U.S. History behind Andrew. Charley fooled forecasters by not only rapidly intensifiying, but also making a turn to the north and east much sooner than anticipated, which spared the city of Tampa, but devastated the Port Charlotte area on August 13, 2004. Winds were as high as 145 mph, and the storm left at least 35 people dead, and $14 billion dollars in damage.
Hurricane Frances --Not as devastating as Charley, but still a very destructive storm due to its slow motion. Moving between 5 to 10 mph across the Florida Peninsula, Frances pounded just about all of the Sunshine state with Tropical Storm and Hurricane force winds for at least 24 hours on the Labor Day Weekend of 2004. Prior to that, the third major hurricane of the 2004 season rolled through the Bahamas with 145 mph winds. The storm left some 49 dead there while forcing the evacuation of 2.8 million people in Florida as well as knocking out power to about 6 million there as well. Frances was also responsible for producing 75 tornadoes. Final damage estimate is $9 billion dollars for the storm.
Hurricane Ivan --A classic Cape Verde storm that formed at unusually low latitude, Ivan rapidly developed into a Category Four Hurricane during the Labor Day Weekend of 2004 before briefly weakening to a Category Two for a period. However, as it moved through the extreme Southern Windward Islands of Barbados and Grenada, the storm strengthened back to major hurricane status, and destroyed 75 to 90 percent of all buildings on the island of Grenada. The storm then continued to re-energize, and reach Category Five status. It was the second Category Five storm in as many years after almost a five year drought following Mitch in October, 1998. It would eventually weaken somewhat, but it still made landfall near Gulf Shores, Alabama as a strong Category Three Hurricane with 130 mph winds. Moving farther inland, Ivan's remains sparked torrential rains, flooding, and 123 tornadoes, which is second to Hurricane Beulah's 150 in 1967. Ivan was responsible for some 124 deaths throughout the Caribbean and the Eastern United States. Final damage estimate from not only the U.S., but also the Caribbean totals $14.2 billion dollars.
Hurricane Jeanne --Originally not a powerful storm, Jeanne carved a path of death and destruction from Puerto Rico into Hispanola with 80 mph winds and heavy rains in September, 2004. The torrential rainfall produced floods and mudslides in Haiti, which left an estimated 1500 people dead in addition to 31 that were killed in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The storm has also been known for its erratic motion taking an eastward turn away from the United States after going through the Bahamas, and then turning southward, and westward back toward land. Jeanne finally made landfall in the United States along the South Central Coast of Florida near Stuart with winds of 120 mph. It was the fifth storm, fourth hurricane, and third major hurricane to impact the Sunshine State in 2004. After impacting Florida, the storm spread northward into the Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast, where it produced flooding rains and tornadoes. Total death toll was estimated to be over 3,000, and the final damage total is estimated to be $6.9 billion.
Hurricane Dennis --Was a rare powerful July hurricane that formed in the Southeastern Caribbean a few hundred miles to the West-Northwest of Grenada on the evening of July 4th, 2005. Gradually strengthening in the days that followed, Dennis brought heavy rains to Jamaica, the Caymans, and Hispanola, but bore the brunt of its assault on Cienfuegos, Cuba with 150 mph winds. The coastal Cuban community was devastated as telephone poles and wires were knocked down. Just missing Category Five strength on the Saffir-Simpson Scale, Dennis cross the narrow, but rugged terrain of Cuba, and re-emerged in the Gulf of Mexico as a Category One storm before rapidly intensifying to a Category Four Hurricane in the early morning hours of July 10th, 2005. Dennis eventually made landfall near Pensacola, Florida on the afternoon of July 10th. So far, the death toll from the storm stands at 32, and inital damage estimates range from $1 billion to $2.5 billion.
Hurricane Emily --Was another rare powerful July hurricane that formed in the Atlantic on the heels of Hurricane Dennis during the week of July 10th, 2005. The storm became the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in the month of July after its winds reached a peak speed of 160 mph, and its minimum central pressure dropped to 929 mb, or 27.43 inches of Hg. This just surpassed the levels previously established by Dennis, and made it the first Category Five Hurricane of the 2005 season. Three more Cat Fives would follow. Although Emily ransacked the island of Grenada, which was still recovering from Hurricane Ivan's impact in September, 2004, the storm mercifully spared the islands of Jamaica and the Caymans as well as weakened before making landfall in the Yucatan. The storm did regain some steam after losing its punch over the plateau of the Yucatan Peninsula, and made a final landfall as a major hurricane in Northeastern Mexico with winds of 125 mph. The storm was responsible for 64 deaths, and initially $300,000,000 dollars in damage. It also contributed to the rise in oil prices by forcing the evacuation of employees of Mexico's primary oil company, PEMEX, from their offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Hurricane Katrina --Started out modestly on August 23rd, 2005 in the Bahamas as a tropical wave that emerged from the remnants of a tropical depression that had been in the Caribbean. It gradually grew into the season's eleventh named storm and fourth hurricane prior to making landfall in South Florida as a minimal hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph, and gusts up to 95 mph. After quickly crossing Southern Florida, Katrina emerged again over water in the Southeastern Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys, and strengthened to the 2005 season's third major hurricane before reorganizing into the most powerful storm in the Central Gulf since Hurricane Camille, and fourth Category Five Hurricane in three years with winds as high as 175 mph, and a minimum central pressure of 902 mb, or 26.64 inches of Hg. It became the fourth most powerful hurricane of all time ahead of Camille and behind Hurricane Gilbert (1988), the Labor Day of Hurricane of 1935, and Hurricane Allen (1980). After coming ashore as a Category One Hurricane in South Florida, Katrina struck two more times along the Gulf Coast. First in Buras, Louisiana with 140 mph winds, and then near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi with 135 mph winds. It created a 27 foot storm surge in Gulfport, Mississippi and a 22 foot storm surge in Bay St. Louis. Winds as high as 90 mph were felt as far east as Mobile, Alabama, which experienced its worst flooding in 90 years. To make matters worse, part of an oil rig broke away in Mobile Bay and hit a nearby causway possibly causing damage there. Waves as high as 48 feet happened offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. Some 50 people were killed in coastal Mississippi including 30 in an apartment complex in Biloxi. Katrina even ripped off part of the roof of the Louisiana Superdome, where 10,000 people were staying in the facility, which was being used as a shelter of last resort. Extensive flooding occurred in New Orleans, which was actually spared the brunt of the storm. The 9th ward in the Crescent City was underwater as well as 80 percent of the city. People fled to their attics to escape drowning and some were rescued by helicopters and boats. So far, the latest death toll is at 1,833 (Louisiana-1582, Mississippi-170, Florida-30, Alabama-48, Georgia-2, Tennessee-1 with damage estimates now are up to $81 billion. Experts fear that the total cost for the storm could be $200 billion dollars, which would make Katrina the costliest hurricane and natural disaster in United States History.
Hurricane Rita --The seventeenth named storm and fifth major hurricane of the 2005 season, Rita began near the Turks and Caicos Islands as a mere tropical depression on September 17th, 2005. However, as it passed near the Florida Keys and South Florida, Rita blossomed into the season's ninth hurricane, and brought sustained winds of Category Two strength with gusts over 100 mph. Continuing to strengthen, Hurricane Rita became a major hurricane on September 21st, 2005 as its eye experienced a 77 millibar drop in just 39 hours. The storm, which followed a similar track to the devastating Hurricane Katrina , which struck New Orleans and the Mississippi Gulf Coast on August 29th, 2005, became the third Category Five Hurricane to emerge in 2005 with 175 mph winds, and a minimum central pressure of 897 mb, or 26.49 inches of Hg. Hurricane Hunters also found wind gusts as high as 235 mph. With those statistics, Rita is not only the most powerful hurricane of 2005 so far, but it is also now third on the all time list ahead of Katrina and Hurricane Allen , and behind only Hurricane Gilbert (1988) and the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The approach of Rita to the Western Gulf Coast, prompted the evacuation of some 2.7 million people. Poor planning led to traffic jams and cars running out of gas in Texas. A usual four hour trip from Houston to Dallas ended up taking as long as 18 hours. Prior to making landfall, the storm had already caused problems including the deaths of 107 people trying to flee the storm , flooding in Galveston, and breeches in the New Orleans levee system that was severely damaged by Hurricane Katrina a month earlier. Twenty-four of those people that died during evacuation were in a bus that had a fire and explosion on Interstate 45 south of Dallas, Texas, Rita finally made landfall in the Sabine Pass area of the Texas/Louisiana border in the early morning hours of September 24th, 2005 bringing with it wind gusts as high as 111 mph in Cameron, Louisiana, and heavy damage in Lake Charles and Vermillion Parish. Approximately 1.1 million people were initialy without power in Texas and Louisiana. Damage estimates from the storm are currently $6 billion dollars, and 54 people were directly killed by the storm including five who lost their lives in an Apartment Complex in Beaumont, Texas , a man, who lost his life when a tornado struck in Northern Mississippi, and an East Texas man, who died at the hands of a fallen tree.
Hurricane Stan--The eighteenth named storm, and tenth hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season started out modestly, and only was a Category One Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale when it made landfall over Southern Mexico, but the heavy rains it produced resulted in a deadly toll. Unofficially, as of this time, there have been up to 1,500 deaths in Guatemala, Mexico, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Officially, there have been 796 deaths so far throughout Mexico (71 dead) and Central America including 652 in Guatemala, and another 71 in El Salvador. In addition, the Mexican Government estimates that damage from Stan will cost approximately $1.9 billion U.S. Dollars while crop damage in El Salvador is estimated to be about $10 million. The death toll reported so far with Hurricane Stan makes this storm among the most deadly of all time, and may even surpass the tally accumulated by Hurricane Katrina along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Reasons for the high death toll is that the heavy rains from the dissipating storm produced severe flooding and mudslides. Rainfall amounts ranging between 15 to 20 inches was reported in the region.
Hurricane Vince--Well...Ok, you probably think that this storm was nothing special, but it actually was for several reasons. Forming in the second full week of October, 2005, Vince not only became the 20th named storm and 11th hurricane of the busy 2005 season, but it also marked the first time since the naming of storms began in 1950, that a season reached the "V" named storm. The previous mark was set in 1995 when that season reached the "T" named storm. It also set history in a couple more ways as well. Forming in the vicinity of the Madiera Islands in the Northeastern Atlantic, Hurricane Vince was the first hurricane on record to form in this region. In addition, Vince became the first tropical cyclone of any kind to make landfall in Spain as it made landfall in the Southwestern portion of the Western European country near Huelva on October 11, 2005 as a tropical depression with 35 mph winds and a minimum central pressure of 1002 mb, or 29.59 inches.
Hurricane Wilma --There is no question about this one being on the list. Wilma started out modestly as the 24th depression of the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane Season on Saturday, October 15th, and battled some ups and downs that weekend, but over time the storm would become a monster. In a span of 36 hours from Tuesday morning, October 18th to Wednesday afternoon, October 19th, the barometric pressure in the storm dropped some 102 mb to an all time low for pressure in the Atlantic Basin of 882 mb, or 26.05 inches of Hg. Maximum sustained winds increased to 175 mph. Wilma is now the strongest storm all time in the Atlantic surpassing the mark set by Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 (888 mb). It also was the 21st named storm, 12th hurricane, and 6th major hurricane of 2005, which equaled marks for storms in 1933 and hurricanes in 1969. Wilma was the fourth Category Five Hurricane to form in the season as well joining Katrina and Rita, which are also among the five or six strongest storms on record. After reaching its peak, Wilma gradually decreased in intensity to a strong Category Four with 140 mph before making its first landfall over Cozumel, Mexico on Friday, October 21, 2005. Six hours later on Friday night, Wilma slowly moved over the Yucatan as it made a second landfall in Cancun. After bringing hurricane force winds to the Yucatan for over 24 hours, the storm gradually departed, and moved out over the Southern Gulf of Mexico, where it was picked up by a trough over the Eastern United States, and carried across Florida. Moving as fast as 25 miles per hour to the Northeast, Wilma made a third landfall over Cape Romano, Florida some 22 miles to the south of Naples, and brought with it winds of Category Three strength at 125 mph. Wilma had a devastating effect on much of the East Coast of South Florida including Fort Lauderdale, which experienced its worst hurricane in 55 years . Nearby in Key Biscayne wind gusts were as high as 116 mph while they were 95 at Opa Locka Airport outside Miami. Between three and six million people were left without power in the hours after the storm. Waves as high as 45 feet came over the sea wall, and battered the capital of Havana in Cuba . Swells as high as 50 feet were also reported. The storm has already killed some 48 people in Florida (31 deaths), Mexico and throughout the Caribbean including places as far away as Haiti. Initial damage estimates are said to be $10 billion dollars .
Tropical Storm Alpha--Not too many tropical storms get mentioned in this list unless they are record breakers, or what we call storms of the unusual. Alpha does meet this criteria as it was the 22nd named storm to form in the Tropical Atlantic during the 2005 Atlantic Hurricane season, which broke the record previously set in 1933 with 21 storms. It also marked the first time since names have been used in the Atlantic (since 1950) that a second list of storm names was used for the same season. There have also been 12 hurricanes in 2005, which equaled the mark set in 1969, and 6 major hurricanes including three Category Five storms, which is also a record. So far, Alpha has been responsible for some 26 deaths in the Caribbean.
Hurricane Beta--Like Alpha, Beta is an historic storm for different reasons. Only a Category One Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale on October 28th, 2005, Beta originally developed in the extreme Southwestern Caribbean on October 26th, 2005. It became the 23rd named storm of the season, and then strengthened to the 13th hurricane of the season as well. With winds of 90 mph, and a minimum central pressure of 28.79 inches of Hg, Beta became a record breaking hurricane by placing 2005 in the history books again with the most hurricanes in a season. 2005 broke the previous mark set in 1969 with 12 hurricanes. On the morning of October 29th, Beta strengthened to its peak intensity as a major hurricane with 115 mph winds and a minimum central pressure of 28.35 inches of Hg. making it the seventh major hurricane of the 2005 season. That tied the season for second all time for most major hurricanes with 1961, which also had seven major storms. 1950 had the most major hurricanes with eight. The storm would finally make landfall in Nicaragua some 50 miles to the north of Bluefields on October 29th.
Hurricane Dean --The fourth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season not only became the first hurricane , but also the first major hurricane of that season. Forming in the Eastern Atlantic on August 13th, it was the first real Cape Verde storm of 2007. Gradually strengthening, Dean grew to have maximum sustained winds as high as 165 miles per hour with gusts up to 200 miles per hour, which classified it as a Category Five Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale . Its minimum pressure dropped as low as 906 millibars, or 26.75 inches of Hg (Mercury), which was stronger than Hurricane Ivan back in September 2004, and right behind hurricanes Camille (1969) and Mitch (1998) among the all time most powerful storms recorded in the Atlantic. Dean also became the third most intense hurricane to make landfall in the Atlantic Basin behind the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, and Hurricane Gilbert. Following a similar track to that of both Ivan in 2004 and Gilbert in 1988, Dean moved through the central portion of the Lesser Antilles including Dominica and Martinique, then moved south of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola before battering the island nation of Jamaica as its eye just brushed its southermost point. The storm also bypassed the Cayman Island chain before coming ashore in the Yucatan Peninsula near the towns of Costa Maya and Majahual, which is 40 miles to the East-Northeast of Chetumal at 4:30 PM EDT on August 21, 2007. After being over the Yucatan for about twelve hours, the storm re-emerged in the Bay of Campeche as a minimal hurricane, but gradually re-strengthened to a Category Two storm with 100 mph winds when it made a second landfall along the Mexican coastline in the early afternoon of August 22, 2007 near Gutierrez Zamora some 40 miles South-Southeast of Tuxpan. The latest death toll has the storm leaving behind forty-five people dead including twenty-five in Mexico, and twenty throughout the Caribbean including nine in Haiti, six in the Dominican Republic, two in Dominica, two in Jamaica, and one in St. Lucia. The storm has so far caused some $2 billion in damage including a battering of the oil fields for the Mexican national oil company, PEMEX, and shutting down a plant run in Jamaica by Pittsburgh based Aluminum producer, Alcoa.
Hurricane Felix --The fifth named storm of the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season not only became the second hurricane , and major hurricane of that season, but also the season's second Category Five Hurricane . Forming over two weeks after Hurricane Dean in the Eastern Atlantic on August 31st, it was the second Cape Verde storm of 2007. Rapidly strengthening in the very warm waters of the Southern Caribbean during the Labor Day Weekend, Felix grew to have maximum sustained winds as high as 165 miles per hour with gusts up to 200 miles per hour, which classified it as a Category Five Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale . After the storm experienced a fall of 78 millibars in 52 hours, Felix's minimum pressure dropped as low as 929 millibars, or 27.43 inches of Hg (Mercury) which was stronger as Hurricane Michelle from late October, 2001 and as strong as Hurricane Emily from July, 2005 among the all time most powerful storms recorded in the Atlantic. Its pressure drop is second all time to Hurricane Wilma from October 2005, which was 83 millibars in 12 hours, and ahead of Hurricane Allen (1980). Following a similar track to that of both Ivan in 2004 and Emily in 2005, Felix moved through the southern Windwards including Grenada, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and their dependencies, then moved well south of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola before threatening the usually unscathed ABC islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao in the Nertherlands Antilles. The storm eventually bypassed Jamaica and the Caymans as well as the Colombian enclave of Isla de Providencia before coming ashore on the Northern Coast of Nicaragua near the city of Cabo Gracias A Dios as a Category Five Hurricane with sustained winds of 160 miles per hour, and a minimum central pressure of 935 millibars, or 27.61 inches. The storm then proceeded to cross Central America with heavy rains that produced flooding and mudslides in interior portions of Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and the Chiapas region of Southern Mexico. As of now, Felix is responsible for 130 deaths along coastal Nicaragua. Prior to landfall, Felix had reintensified into a Cat Five storm after weakening to a minimal Category Four storm with 135 mile per hour winds, and 160 mile per hour gusts late Sunday, September 2nd.
Hurricane Humberto--Putting this storm on the list is debatable. However, Hurricane Humberto from the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season is significant for several reasons. First, it was a storm that went from depression status to a Category One Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale with 85 mile per hour winds over a span of just 14 hours. In addition, the storm's formation in the oil platform rich area of the Western Gulf of Mexico pushed oil prices up to over $80 per barrel. Finally, and most significantly, Humberto's landfall was the first landfall by an Atlantic Hurricane along the U.S. coastline since Hurricane Wilma back in October 2005 . The storm crossed the Texas shoreline near High Point, Texas, and peaked at 85 mile per hour winds, 105 mile per hour wind gusts, and a barometric pressure as low as 29.12 inches of Hg (Mercury), or 986 millibars. The storm left approximately $500 million dollars in damage in Texas and Louisiana.
Hurricane Noel--Like Humberto, it was a minimal storm, but this Category One Hurricane was the deadliest and most costly hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane Season. The storm, which formed 185 miles South-Southeast of Port-Au-Prince, Haiti left some 163 people dead as well as 59 missing. In addition, Noel left behind some $742 million in damages including $500 million on the island of Cuba alone. Maximum sustained winds were 80 miles per hour with gusts up to 95 miles per hour. Minimum central pressure dropped to 28.94 inches, or 980 millibars.
Tropical Storm Fay--The storm was the first in a series of four storms to affect the United States over a span of a month. This one was the weakest of the four, but it did cause its share of problems with torrential rains, especially across Florida. Flooding was extensive in East Central Florida including Brevard county. In that county, some 15,000 homes were flooded and another 93,000 were left without power from the gusty winds. Areas that were hit harder were more rural. The storm also wreaked havoc in Hispaniola where it interacted with the mountainous terrain there producing torrential rains. Thankfully, there were only 13 direct and eight indirect deaths from the storm in Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Florida. The storm caused some $560 million dollars in damage including $195 million in Florida, $25 million in Georgia, and another $25 million in Alabama.
Hurricane Gustav--Almost three years to the day that Hurricane Katrina made landfall along the Gulf Coast, Gustav emerged in the Caribbean where it pounded Western Cuba before moving into the Gulf, and giving another scare to residents in Louisiana and Mississippi. The storm strengthened to near Category Five strength with 155 mile per hour winds. Barometric pressure in the eye of the storm dropped to 27.79 inches of Hg, or about 941 millibars. The storm made six total landfalls including four as a hurricane. Gustav moved over the Isle of Youth near Cuba with winds of 145 miles per hour. It made another landfall in Cuba near Los Palacios with 155 mile per hour winds. The storm eventually came ashore along the Gulf Coast of the U.S. near Cocodrie, Louisiana with winds of Category Two strength of 105 miles per hour. Gustav left some 153 people dead and approximately $4.3 billion in damage.
Hurricane Hanna--Formed on the heels of Hurricane Gustav, but didn't have the same punch of her predecessor. Peaking at moderate Category One strength with 85 mile per hour winds. However, it still caused a great deal of death and destruction in the Caribbean. The storm took a track that eventually took it up the Eastern Seaboard during the weekend after Labor Day. Hanna was briefly a hurricane when it was over the Caicos Islands. It made a United States landfall as a tropical storm over the border between North and South Carolina. The storm was a major rainmaker bringing torrential rains to Haiti, where nearly 800 people were killed by flooding from the storm. Hanna eventually impacted the Garden State, where it actually strengthend for a while to have 55 mile per hour winds near Atlantic City. It dumped torrential rains on New Jersey along with gusty winds. In total, the storm caused some $160 million in damage.
Hurricane Ike--This storm was the most significant of the 2008 Atlantic Hurricane Season. It was the first big storm to make landfall in Galveston, Texas since Hurricane Alicia in 1983. The storm is also the third costliest storm in U.S. history with estimates between 25 and 29 billion dollars. Only Hurricane Katrina (2005) and Hurricane Andrew (1992) were more devastating. The storm peaked at Category Four strength with 145 mile per hour winds and a minimum central pressure of 27.61 inches of Hg, or 935 millibars. When it came ashore at Galveston, Ike had winds of 110 miles per hour, and a minimum central pressure of 950 millibars, or 28.05 inches of Hg. The hurricane made several landfalls including two in Cuba, and one in the Bahamas before coming ashore in Texas. After blowing through Galveston, Ike wasn't finished as its remnants moved into the Midwest and Ohio Valley. There, at least 28 direct and indirect deaths were reported in Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. In total, Ike left 103 people dead. In Ohio, the storm rivaled the Super Outbreak of 1974 as the costliest natural disaster in state history with $1.1 billion in damage. The remnants of Ike even made an impact on Canada where 50 mile per hour winds downed power lines in Southeastern Ontario and Quebec.
Hurricane Paloma--Was the last named storm and hurricane of the 2008 season. Affecting the Western Caribbean, Paloma became the second strongest hurricane on record in the Atlantic during the month of November behind Hurricane Lenny (1999). The storm peaked at Category Four strength with 145 mile per hour winds and a minimum central pressure of 27.88 inches of Hg, or about 944 millibars. Paloma affected the Cayman Islands and Western Cuba, where it made two landfalls near Santa Cruz del Sur and Camaguey. Maximum sustained winds at landfall were 85 knots or 100 miles per hour while minimum central pressure was 970 millibars, or 28.64 inches of Hg. While the storm was not blamed directly or indirectly for any deaths, it did cause $15 to $20 million dollars in damage in the Caymans with the heaviest damage there to Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. Cuba suffered some $300 million in damage with over 12,000 homes damaged, and another 1,500 destroyed.
Hurricane Igor--A vast and powerful Cape Verde storm, Igor eventually became the strongest hurricane of the 2010 season. At peak intensity, Igor was a strong Category Four storm on the cusp of Cat Five intensity with sustained winds of 155 miles per hour. The storm went through several flucutations in intensity thanks to eyewall replacement cycles, but remained resilient. Eventually made landfall in Bermuda as a Category One hurricane before slamming into Newfoundland as a stronger storm, which turned out to be the most devastating in that Canadian province's history. At one point, Igor had a wind field that was 740 nautical miles across according to a report filed on it by the National Hurricane Center. The storm lasted 15 days, and had a minimum central pressure of 924 millibars, or 27.29 inches of Hg. Three people were killed either directly or indirectly by the storm, which also caused approximately $200 million dollars in damage in Newfoundland. Igor's name was retired in 2011, and replaced by Ian for the 2016 season.
Hurricane Irene --The ninth named storm of the 2011 Atlantic Hurricane Season was the only storm to be retired from that season. It was a major hurricane that fell just shy of Category Four intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. Irene was the first landfalling hurricane in the United States since 2008 when Hurricane Ike crashed into Galveston. The storm lashed the Bahamas before taking aim on the East Coast of the United States. Irene put New York City under a Hurricane Warning for the first time since 1985. The storm was the only the third hurricane to make landfall in New Jersey, and the first to make two landfalls there. The storm was the first to cross New York City since 1893. NYC had to shut down the subway system for the first time in that city's history. Hurricane Irene would be remembered for the tremendous flooding it caused in New York, New Jersey, and Vermont. Approximately 65 million people were affected by the storm. A total of 21 people were killed across 8 different states. Pressure dropped to 970 millibars or 28.63 inches of Hg, which is a record for South Plainfield, New Jersey. Irene also dumped 5.34 inches in Northwestern Middlesex County adding to an already waterlogged August rainfall total. The storm also affected the Outer Banks of North Carolina, where it made its first landfall on August 26th. In the Tar-Heel State, some 225 roads and 21 bridges were shut down while two piers were destroyed. Initial insurance estimates had Irene causing some $10 billion dollars in damage while power companies guessed that approximately 4.5 million people were without power from the storm. Flooding and downed trees closed roads in Delaware; Tornado caused damage in the city of Lewes. Downed trees and power lines along with flooding closed about 200 roads in parts of Maryland. Widespread flooding, storm surge of up to 8 feet in Norfolk, and 11 inches of rain in Suffolk in Virginia.
Tropical Storm Lee--Was not a powerful storm, but it was a tremendous rain maker, especially by the time it got into the Mid-Atlantic, where its remnants dumped torrential rains on the Susquehanna Valley region of New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Places such as Binghamton (New York), Scranton (Pennsylvania), Wilkes-Barre (Pennsylvania), and many towns and villages along the long flowing river, experience historic flooding. New Jersey wasn't spared either with some downpours from the outer fringes of what was left of Lee adding almost another five inches of rain to areas of the Garden State that didn't need it.
Hurricane Ernesto--The fifth named storm of the 2012 Atlantic Hurricane Season was not particularly a powerful, deadly, or devastating storm. However, it was the first hurricane to make landfdall anywhere in the Atlantic Basin, and it had the unique distinction of being a rare Atlantic storm that crossed Mexico to become a system in the Eastern Pacific (Tropical Storm Hector). Peak intensity with Ernesto was only 85 mile per hour winds as it lashed much of the Southern Yucatan.
Hurricane Isaac--The ninth named storm and fourth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic Hurricane season was a much more devastating storm than its Category One storm stats would suggest. Even though it had only maximum sustained winds of 80 miles per hour, its size, low pressure, and duration, made it a relentless storm that pummeled the Northern Gulf coast from Louisiana eastward to the extreme Western Florida Panhandle. The storm even generated feeder bands that produced storms that dumped over 5 inches of rain in South Carolina, hundreds of miles away from the storm's center. Barometric pressure bottomed out at 968 millibars, which was more characteristic of a Category Two Hurricane. The storm made impacts across the Caribbean in Hispaniola and Cuba before finally becoming a hurricane prior to making two landfalls in Louisiana. Isaac generated impressive storm surge totals for a Category One storm including 11 feet above normal just outside of New Orleans. Issac was a slow mover with a forward motion of only 5 to 6 miles per hour across Louisiana. After making landfall, the storm only moved some 60 miles over a span of 24 hours.
Hurricane Sandy--Also known as Superstorm Sandy, this hurricane did strengthen to a Category Three Hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 miles per hour prior to its first landfall in Cuba. At the height of its powers, Hurricane Sandy had tropical storm winds extend some 1,000 miles from its center of circulation, and its entire diameter encompassed some 2,000 miles. Minimum central pressure dropped to 940 millibars, which wound up being the lowest pressure ever recorded north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The storm, which originated in the Southwestern Caribbean near Jamaica, and produced a variety of weather including: high winds, rain, waves, storm surge, tornadoes, and even blizzard conditions, would make its biggest impact to the Mid-Atlantic as it moved up the Eastern Seaboard, and then made a dramatic and unprecedented left turn into the Jersey Shore near Atlantic City. Besides making this rare left turn into New Jersey, the storm, which began undergoing a transition to an extratropical system, re-energized to have winds of 90 miles per hour just hours before coming ashore. Once it came inland over the Garden State, Sandy produced strong winds of up to 70 miles per hour at Greg's Weather Center in South Plainfield, which uprooted trees, downed power poles and power lines, smashed traffic lights, and damaged windows and store signs. At the coast in South Amboy, a record storm surge that was as high as 13.3 feet at Sandy Hook and King's Point in New York, destroyed vegetation, brought boats and ships ashore, ripped up walkways, tore down fences, and wiped out some nearby homes. Down the coast in the Union Beach section of Hazlet, many homes and businesses were wiped clean. Nearby towns of Keyport and Keansburg also experienced significant damage. Further to the north, a record surge of 13.88 feet occurred in New York Harbor, and produced flooding in Lower Manhattan and Hoboken. Significant flooding also occurred in the area of the Hackensack River including towns: Hackensack, South Hackensack, Little Ferry, and Moonachie. Superstorm Sandy caused power failures in 17 states and originally left some 8.2 million people without power. The storm impacted weather in West Virginia and as far west as Lake Michigan, where waves rose as high as 20.3 feet. An estimated total of 60 million people were affected by the storm, and 33 were left dead in the United States. Another 69 were killed in the Caribbean for a death toll of 102. Of those dead in the United States: 18 were killed in New York including 10 in New York City, 6 people were killed in New Jersey, and 4 were killed in Pennsylvania.
Hurricane Humberto--Was the first of two hurricanes in 2013 after a very busy 2012 season. It didn't become a hurricane until the early morning hours of September 11th. Humberto's formation near mid-September was the latest a hurricane had formed during the active cycle that had started in 1995. The storm didn't cause any damage or casualties as it trekked through the Eastern and Central Atlantic affecting the Cape Verde Islands and the Azores. Maximum sustained winds topped out at 90 miles per hour while minimum central pressure dropped to 979 millibars, or 28.91 inches.
Hurricane Ingrid--Was the one storm retired from the 2013 season. It only grew to be a Category One Hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 75 knots or 85 miles per hour with a minimum central pressure of 983 millibars, or 29.03 inches of Hg. However, this storm managed to become a potent and deadly storm thanks to the tremendous amounts of rain it produced. According to the National Hurricane Center, Ingrid dumped 20.11 inches of rain in Tuxpan, Mexico as well as 14.46 inches at La Pesca, and 19.38 inches at Paso de Molina. Only 32 deaths were attributed to the storm in Mexico, and damage was estimated to be as high as $230 million.
Hurricane Edouard--Became not only the first major hurricane in the Atlantic in 2014, but also since Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. The storm strengthened to have maximum sustained winds of 120 miles per hour, and a minumum central pressure of 955 millibars, or 28.20 inches of Hg. While the storm was so powerful, it stayed away from land as it traveled around the Eastern and Central Atlantic from about several hundred miles to the west of the Cape Verde Islands to about several miles to the west of the Azores. No deaths or damage were attributed to this storm, but it ended nearly a two year drought of major hurricanes in the Atlantic.
Hurricane Fay--Was a short lived October 2014 hurricane that lasted only four days, but became the first hurricane to make landfall over the island of Bermuda since 1987 when Emily came ashore there. The storm peaked at 80 mile per hour winds and 983 millibars or 29.03 inches of Hg. The storm produced some 14 inches of rain on the island, downed utlity poles and trees, and street signs. Approximately 27,000 people were left without power on the island, and original estimates of $3.8 million in damage.
Hurricane Gonzalo--A storm that was fast on the heels of Hurricane Fay in October 2014, Gonzalo developed in the Western Atlantic to the East of the Lesser Antilles, and grew to be a strong Category Two Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale when it came through Bermuda. At peak intensity, Hurricane Gonzalo had maximum sustained winds of 125 miles per hour with a minimum central pressure of 940 millibars or approximately 27.76 inches of Hg (Mercury). The storm was responsible for three deaths in the Leeward Islands, but none in Bermuda. Gonzalo left approximately $200 to $400 million in damage on Bermuda.
Hurricane Joaquin--The most powerful storm in the Tropical Atlantic during the 2015 season, Joaquin was a Category Four Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale with peak sustained winds of 135 miles per hour and a minimum central pressure of 931 millibars or E27.49 inches of Hg. The hurricane hammered the Bahamas island chain with Crooked Islands, Long Cay, Acklins Island, Long Island, Rum Cay, San Salvador, Mayaguana, and Exuma. Storm surge was as high as 12 to 15 feet in Rum Cay, Crooked Island, and Acklins. There was also anywhere from 5 to 10 inches in the Central and Southeastern Bahamas. The Turks and Caicos islands were also affected as well as Haiti, Cuba, and Bermuda. The storm also combined with another low pressure system in the Eastern United States to produce significant flooding in South Carolina, and heavy rains and nor'easter like conditions as far north as New Jersey. Charleston Airport in South Carolina repoorted a one day rainfall total of 11.50 inches on October 3rd, and a four day total of 17.29 inches over the first four days of October. The storm left 34 people dead including thirty-three on the El Faro, a ship that was sunk by the storm, and caused some $60 million in damage in the Bahamas.
Hurricane Patricia--This was a powerful storm in the Eastern Pacific, which became the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. Intensifying to a Category Five Hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Scale thanks in large part to the extremely warm waters of the Eastern Pacific resulting from an El Nino, Patricia had maximum sustained winds of 185 miles per hour with gusts well over 200 miles per hour while its minimum central pressure dipped to 872 millibars, or approximately 25.75 inches of Hg (Mercury). The strongest storm prior to that was Hurricane Wilma in the Atlantic in October 2005, which had a lowest pressure of 882 millibars, or 26.05 inches of Hg. The storm eventually came ashore in the sparsely populated region of Southwestern Mexico and left six people dead, and caused some $325 million dollars in damage.
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Sandy
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Which American singer, actress and model, said by Guinness World Records to be the most awarded ever, died in Los Angeles in 2012?
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In Haiti, Hurricane Sandy Leaves Behind Death and Devastation | TIME.com
Haiti
In Haiti, Hurricane Sandy Leaves Behind Death and Devastation
While the storm may prove historic in the U.S., it has already killed dozens, ravaged croplands and spread cholera in the impoverished Caribbean nation
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Dieu Nalio Chery / AP
Residents look at a house damaged by Hurricane Sandy's heavy rains in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on Oct. 25, 2012
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As Hurricane Sandy bore down on the Northeastern U.S. on Monday evening, the 50 million Americans in its path at least knew it wouldn’t wreak the kind of devastation that storms like these leave in Haiti . Just days before Sandy’s eastern edge dumped a biblical deluge of driving rain over southern Haiti last week, President Michel Martelly and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton inaugurated a major new industrial park on the nation’s northern coast. Sandy’s aftermath — including 52 confirmed dead, 20 more missing and scores of new cholera cases — is yet another grave reminder of just how badly the western hemisphere’s poorest country needs economic development, if only so it can finally have the kind of homes, roads, bridges and drainage systems that won’t be swept away like so much Caribbean beach sand every time a cyclone passes through.
The full extent of Sandy’s damage to Haiti was slow to emerge. But Haiti’s Civil Protection Agency now reports that the flooding — which is almost always epic in Haiti, not just because of poor infrastructure but because decades of deforestation for fuel have left few natural barriers to the raging waters — has left some 18,000 families homeless. “This is a disaster of major proportions,” Haitian Prime Minister Laurent Lamothe told the Associated Press. “The whole south is under water.”
(PHOTOS: Hurricane Sandy Wreaks Havoc in Caribbean )
Even before Sandy, some 370,000 Haitians were still without decent shelter, dwelling in squalid tent camps and other makeshift settlements, after southern Haiti and the capital, Port-au-Prince, were wrecked by the massive 2010 earthquake that killed more than 200,000 people. Now, says Pierre-Evens Alexis, mayor of the town of Meniche in Haiti’s South department, a nearby river that burst its banks during Sandy has utterly isolated his community. “There’s no water, no food, and people have lost their homes,” Alexis told TIME by phone, adding that Meniche’s important coffee crops are “completely destroyed.”
Massive crop losses, blocked roads — including an important border crossing into the Dominican Republic — are being reported all over southern Haiti after more than 20 in. (50 cm) of rain pounded the region for more than three days. Haiti’s central and northern regions got badly pelted as well. What’s worse, the country was still recovering from earlier cyclones like August’s Hurricane Isaac. Henry Desjardins, a farmer in Tiburon, on Haiti’s lower southwest tip, says the main staples of the local diet have been drenched or wiped out. “We were very badly hit,” says Desjardins. “Eighty percent of our crops were destroyed, especially our corn, beans and bananas.” He says at least two people have died in the area, with many stranded in emergency shelters, their homes washed out to sea.
(PHOTOS: Hurricane Isaac Takes Aim on New Orleans )
Just as frightening is the potential for a spike in cholera cases. Haiti has been battling cholera since it was taken into the country in late 2010, most likely, say scientists, by foreign U.N. peacekeeping forces, and the unsanitary conditions that accompany chronic flooding like Sandy’s encourage new outbreaks. In and around Meniche alone, Alexis estimates 78 new cases so far. “Eight people have already died” from cholera since Sandy hit, he says. “There was no way for people to get out to get treatment.” The independent International Organization for Migration reported that while it’s too early to determine the extent of cholera’s spread in Sandy’s wake, a surge in new cases — 117 reported so far, 99 of them in the earthquake-survivor camps — has been confirmed in Port-au-Prince.
The Haitian government and international aid organizations are making aerial and land assessments of damage and distributing emergency food rations, aquatabs to purify water and other urgent items. Supplies, however, haven’t been replenished since Isaac — which devastated many of the same communities battered last week by Sandy, which also killed 11 people in eastern Cuba and two in Jamaica. Haiti’s Grise River, for example, burst its banks once more in the capital’s impoverished rural outskirts. “Most of the [nearby] houses were flooded again,” says France Hurtubise, spokesperson for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in Haiti. “The same families who had their homes destroyed two months ago [are] back under water.”
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i don't know
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Who was appointed US Republican Party nominee for Vice President of the United States Jan 2012?
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2012 Presidential Candidates
The American Crossroad
November 8th, 2012
After a bruising two-year battle (let’s face it, the presidential race effectively commenced immediately after the 2010 Congressional elections), an estimated cumulative $6 billion in campaign expenditures, dozens of Letterman’s Top Ten Lists, and several thousand hours’ worth of political ads (remember this ?), the 2012 United States Presidential Election finally concluded with President Barack Obama securing a second term in office.
One more time, in case anyone missed it: $6,000,000,000.
This is larger than the entire annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 54 smallest economies in the world. It’s even larger than the 2011 GDP of the Principality of Monaco, where billionaires spend their summers watching $7 million F1 race cars zooming around town. It’s larger than the combined 2010 and 2011 GDP of the Cayman Islands. It’s larger than Grenada's last ten years’ GDP, where Clint Eastwood once famously led an American invasion force. Wait, that was Heartbreak Ridge .
Was it worth it? You bet. Every single cent was worth it, regardless of how one looks at it. We are, after all, speaking about electing the leader of the most powerful country in the entire recorded human history, either relative or absolute.
However, President Obama’s victory doesn’t appear to be banishing the sense of uncertainty that is enveloping the nation. America appears to be more divided than ever in the backdrop of the most challenging economic climate in living memory. The $16 trillion albatross hanging around the country’s metaphorical neck only adds to the growing anxiety of the populace. Congress is still split between the Republican-controlled House and the Democrat-controlled Senate.
And to top it all off, perhaps the sight of what many consider as the most contentious, spiteful and fractious presidential election ever, between two equally forceful candidates, has led many Americans to look at the future with a little trepidation. There seems to be a growing culture of hatred in the national political discourse.
Surely the country has never faced anything even remotely similar to this, right? Wrong.
Compared to what the nation experienced in the third presidential election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, what we are seeing now is child’s play.
When George Washington indicated his preference for John Adams to be his Vice President in 1789, such was his stature, the Confederation Congress and state electors fell in line and voted accordingly, despite concerns over his volatile temperament. So when Washington declined to run for a third term in office, and spend his retirement in Mount Vernon, there was a scramble for the presidency.
The most influential Federalist in Philadelphia, Alexander Hamilton, was fearful that Vice President Adams might decide to back off from running in favor of his good friend, the genius Thomas Jefferson.
Everyone still remembered that Adams was the main reason why Jefferson was tasked with drafting the Declaration of Independence a decade earlier. After the death of his wife, Martha, Jefferson sought companionship with Adams and his wife, Abigail, and became a frequent guest at their home. Jefferson even developed a strong platonic friendship with Abigail Adams. In fact, Jefferson had a habit of buying presents for Abigail during his travels.
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams (Paris, Sep. 25, 1785)
“Mr. Short's return the night before last availed me of your favour of Aug. 12. I immediately ordered the shoes you desired which will be ready tomorrow. I am not certain whether this will be in time for the departure of Mr. Barclay or of Colo. Franks, for it is not yet decided which of them goes to London. I have also procured for you three plateaux de dessert with a silvered ballustrade round them, and four figures of Biscuit.”
Hamilton and his allies, advocates of a strong, centralized federal Republic, were fearful of Jefferson’s populist, small and regionalized government concept. So Hamilton began a character assassination campaign against the popular and well respected Jefferson. Explosive stories about a colored harem in his Virginia estate became the talk of town, courtesy of widely distributed poison-pen letters. Jefferson's private statements about equal rights for the slaves drew gasps of horror. Most damaging though, was the allegation that he fathered a child with his black concubine, Sally Hemings. Adams, by virtue of his Vice Presidency and being the public face of the Federalist faction, took the blame for most of Hamilton’s machinations.
Hamilton, who was holding a grudge against Jefferson for publicizing his affair with a married woman several year earlier, was hell bent on destroying Jefferson’s public standing and his friendship with Adams. Even as their relationship deteriorated, Jefferson and Adams fully understood the role that Hamilton played. So much so, Jefferson referred to Hamilton as the devil several times in public, while Adams called him a ‘fiend’ in private. Nonetheless, their friendship waned, and both men ran for the presidency in 1796.
Despite Jefferson’s early favorite status, he was ultimately defeated by Adams in the election. However, he received enough electoral votes to become Vice President. At the time, the person with the second highest Electoral College count is automatically appointed Vice President.
And thus, the stage was set for a rematch in 1800. This time, Jefferson, aided by his right-hand man, James Madison (another future president), marshaled the Democratic-Republican Party (the granddaddy of the present Democratic and Republican Party), and went after Adams and Hamilton with a vengeance.
Jefferson and his allies discreetly hired fugitive Scottish writer, James Callender, to write a whole series of poison-pen letters aimed at destroying the reputation of both Adams and Hamilton. Jefferson, at the time, was not aware that Callendar was also hired by Hamilton four years earlier, and was the one who broke the Sally Hemings story.
Adams, concerned with Jefferson’s growing popularity, pushed for the creation of a Grand Committee, a five-man body purported to “ adjudicate any disputes in the election of the president .” The move was interpreted by many as an overt attempt to prevent a Jefferson presidency. A year earlier, the Adams’ administration even engineered the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which sought to suppress public criticisms of his administration, especially those made by Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party.
During a fiery debate in Congress Hall, Vermont Representative Matthew Lyon, one of Jefferson’s strongest allies, spat tobacco juice in the face of the Federalist’ Connecticut Representative Roger Griswold. Griswold then picked up a cane and charged at Lyon, who quickly grabbed a pair of fire tongs from the fireplace to defend himself. They were of course separated.
Over the next one year, Jefferson and Adams went after each other mercilessly, ridiculing one another at every opportunity (monarchist was an often used term), right up to Election Day.
Jefferson, by virtue of his position as Vice President, was responsible for counting the Electoral College ballots received from the states. With only Georgia to go, Jefferson was leading Adams by 69 to 65 votes. The four Georgia electors had voted in favor of Adams, which tied the contest.
However, Jefferson realized that the Georgia electoral ballots did not fulfill the requirements laid out in the Constitution:
Article II, Section 1.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not lie an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.
Jefferson promptly awarded the ballots to himself, and with no opposition from any of the legislators present in Congress, declared victory. And thus ended the most acrimonious presidential campaign in the history of the United States. Amidst the resulting cries and criticisms, there were strong fears that the young nation would crumble under the weight of the unrelenting infighting.
But instead, the nation healed, and entered into a period of political and economic stability, as evidenced by the election of three consecutive two terms presidents (Jefferson, Madison and James Monroe). And Thomas Jefferson is now widely recognized as one of the greatest American Presidents ever.
Have faith, electorates. These United States of America will emerge stronger from this.
Note: Thirteen years later, Adams wrote a letter to Jefferson.
“You and I ought to not die, before we have explained ourselves to each other.”
And at the bottom of the letter, Abigail added a little note for her old friend.
“I have been looking for some time for a space in my good Husbands Letters to add the regards of an old Friend, which are still cherished and preserved through all the changes and vicissitudes which have taken place since we first became acquainted, and will I trust remain as long as… A. Adams”
Sadly, while they began to write to one another again, their friendship never really recovered.
Note 2: On Tuesday night, President Obama and Gov. Romney spoke of each other during their respective speeches.
President Obama's Victory Speech
“I just spoke with Governor Romney, and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because we love this country deeply, and we care so strongly about its future. From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen to give back to America through public service, and that is the legacy that we honor and applaud tonight. In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country forward.”
Gov. Mitt Romney’s Concession Speech
“I have just called President Obama to congratulate him on his victory. His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations. I wish all of them well, but particularly the president, the first lady and their daughters. This is a time of great challenges for America, and I pray that the president will be successful in guiding our nation.”
More News and Editorials
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Paul Ryan
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In 2012 who offered $5m to charity in return for Barack Obama's college and passport application records?
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2012 Democratic Presidential Candidates
The American Crossroad
November 8th, 2012
After a bruising two-year battle (let’s face it, the presidential race effectively commenced immediately after the 2010 Congressional elections), an estimated cumulative $6 billion in campaign expenditures, dozens of Letterman’s Top Ten Lists, and several thousand hours’ worth of political ads (remember this ?), the 2012 United States Presidential Election finally concluded with President Barack Obama securing a second term in office.
One more time, in case anyone missed it: $6,000,000,000.
This is larger than the entire annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the 54 smallest economies in the world. It’s even larger than the 2011 GDP of the Principality of Monaco, where billionaires spend their summers watching $7 million F1 race cars zooming around town. It’s larger than the combined 2010 and 2011 GDP of the Cayman Islands. It’s larger than Grenada's last ten years’ GDP, where Clint Eastwood once famously led an American invasion force. Wait, that was Heartbreak Ridge .
Was it worth it? You bet. Every single cent was worth it, regardless of how one looks at it. We are, after all, speaking about electing the leader of the most powerful country in the entire recorded human history, either relative or absolute.
However, President Obama’s victory doesn’t appear to be banishing the sense of uncertainty that is enveloping the nation. America appears to be more divided than ever in the backdrop of the most challenging economic climate in living memory. The $16 trillion albatross hanging around the country’s metaphorical neck only adds to the growing anxiety of the populace. Congress is still split between the Republican-controlled House and the Democrat-controlled Senate.
And to top it all off, perhaps the sight of what many consider as the most contentious, spiteful and fractious presidential election ever, between two equally forceful candidates, has led many Americans to look at the future with a little trepidation. There seems to be a growing culture of hatred in the national political discourse.
Surely the country has never faced anything even remotely similar to this, right? Wrong.
Compared to what the nation experienced in the third presidential election between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, what we are seeing now is child’s play.
When George Washington indicated his preference for John Adams to be his Vice President in 1789, such was his stature, the Confederation Congress and state electors fell in line and voted accordingly, despite concerns over his volatile temperament. So when Washington declined to run for a third term in office, and spend his retirement in Mount Vernon, there was a scramble for the presidency.
The most influential Federalist in Philadelphia, Alexander Hamilton, was fearful that Vice President Adams might decide to back off from running in favor of his good friend, the genius Thomas Jefferson.
Everyone still remembered that Adams was the main reason why Jefferson was tasked with drafting the Declaration of Independence a decade earlier. After the death of his wife, Martha, Jefferson sought companionship with Adams and his wife, Abigail, and became a frequent guest at their home. Jefferson even developed a strong platonic friendship with Abigail Adams. In fact, Jefferson had a habit of buying presents for Abigail during his travels.
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Abigail Adams (Paris, Sep. 25, 1785)
“Mr. Short's return the night before last availed me of your favour of Aug. 12. I immediately ordered the shoes you desired which will be ready tomorrow. I am not certain whether this will be in time for the departure of Mr. Barclay or of Colo. Franks, for it is not yet decided which of them goes to London. I have also procured for you three plateaux de dessert with a silvered ballustrade round them, and four figures of Biscuit.”
Hamilton and his allies, advocates of a strong, centralized federal Republic, were fearful of Jefferson’s populist, small and regionalized government concept. So Hamilton began a character assassination campaign against the popular and well respected Jefferson. Explosive stories about a colored harem in his Virginia estate became the talk of town, courtesy of widely distributed poison-pen letters. Jefferson's private statements about equal rights for the slaves drew gasps of horror. Most damaging though, was the allegation that he fathered a child with his black concubine, Sally Hemings. Adams, by virtue of his Vice Presidency and being the public face of the Federalist faction, took the blame for most of Hamilton’s machinations.
Hamilton, who was holding a grudge against Jefferson for publicizing his affair with a married woman several year earlier, was hell bent on destroying Jefferson’s public standing and his friendship with Adams. Even as their relationship deteriorated, Jefferson and Adams fully understood the role that Hamilton played. So much so, Jefferson referred to Hamilton as the devil several times in public, while Adams called him a ‘fiend’ in private. Nonetheless, their friendship waned, and both men ran for the presidency in 1796.
Despite Jefferson’s early favorite status, he was ultimately defeated by Adams in the election. However, he received enough electoral votes to become Vice President. At the time, the person with the second highest Electoral College count is automatically appointed Vice President.
And thus, the stage was set for a rematch in 1800. This time, Jefferson, aided by his right-hand man, James Madison (another future president), marshaled the Democratic-Republican Party (the granddaddy of the present Democratic and Republican Party), and went after Adams and Hamilton with a vengeance.
Jefferson and his allies discreetly hired fugitive Scottish writer, James Callender, to write a whole series of poison-pen letters aimed at destroying the reputation of both Adams and Hamilton. Jefferson, at the time, was not aware that Callendar was also hired by Hamilton four years earlier, and was the one who broke the Sally Hemings story.
Adams, concerned with Jefferson’s growing popularity, pushed for the creation of a Grand Committee, a five-man body purported to “ adjudicate any disputes in the election of the president .” The move was interpreted by many as an overt attempt to prevent a Jefferson presidency. A year earlier, the Adams’ administration even engineered the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, which sought to suppress public criticisms of his administration, especially those made by Jefferson’s Democratic-Republican Party.
During a fiery debate in Congress Hall, Vermont Representative Matthew Lyon, one of Jefferson’s strongest allies, spat tobacco juice in the face of the Federalist’ Connecticut Representative Roger Griswold. Griswold then picked up a cane and charged at Lyon, who quickly grabbed a pair of fire tongs from the fireplace to defend himself. They were of course separated.
Over the next one year, Jefferson and Adams went after each other mercilessly, ridiculing one another at every opportunity (monarchist was an often used term), right up to Election Day.
Jefferson, by virtue of his position as Vice President, was responsible for counting the Electoral College ballots received from the states. With only Georgia to go, Jefferson was leading Adams by 69 to 65 votes. The four Georgia electors had voted in favor of Adams, which tied the contest.
However, Jefferson realized that the Georgia electoral ballots did not fulfill the requirements laid out in the Constitution:
Article II, Section 1.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not lie an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.
Jefferson promptly awarded the ballots to himself, and with no opposition from any of the legislators present in Congress, declared victory. And thus ended the most acrimonious presidential campaign in the history of the United States. Amidst the resulting cries and criticisms, there were strong fears that the young nation would crumble under the weight of the unrelenting infighting.
But instead, the nation healed, and entered into a period of political and economic stability, as evidenced by the election of three consecutive two terms presidents (Jefferson, Madison and James Monroe). And Thomas Jefferson is now widely recognized as one of the greatest American Presidents ever.
Have faith, electorates. These United States of America will emerge stronger from this.
Note: Thirteen years later, Adams wrote a letter to Jefferson.
“You and I ought to not die, before we have explained ourselves to each other.”
And at the bottom of the letter, Abigail added a little note for her old friend.
“I have been looking for some time for a space in my good Husbands Letters to add the regards of an old Friend, which are still cherished and preserved through all the changes and vicissitudes which have taken place since we first became acquainted, and will I trust remain as long as… A. Adams”
Sadly, while they began to write to one another again, their friendship never really recovered.
Note 2: On Tuesday night, President Obama and Gov. Romney spoke of each other during their respective speeches.
President Obama's Victory Speech
“I just spoke with Governor Romney, and I congratulated him and Paul Ryan on a hard-fought campaign. We may have battled fiercely, but it's only because we love this country deeply, and we care so strongly about its future. From George to Lenore to their son Mitt, the Romney family has chosen to give back to America through public service, and that is the legacy that we honor and applaud tonight. In the weeks ahead, I also look forward to sitting down with Governor Romney to talk about where we can work together to move this country forward.”
Gov. Mitt Romney’s Concession Speech
“I have just called President Obama to congratulate him on his victory. His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations. I wish all of them well, but particularly the president, the first lady and their daughters. This is a time of great challenges for America, and I pray that the president will be successful in guiding our nation.”
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Light a Penny Candle and Circle of Friends are books by which hugely popular Irish writer who died in 2012?
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9780670428274: Light a Penny Candle - AbeBooks - Maeve Binchy: 0670428272
Light a Penny Candle
ISBN 10: 0670428272 ISBN 13: 9780670428274
Publisher: Viking Adult, 1983
About this title
As a child, Elizabeth White was sent from her war-torn London home to a safer life in the small Irish town of Kilgarret. It was there, in the crowded, chaotic O'Connor household, that she met Aisling-who would become her very best friend, sharing her pet kitten and secretly teaching her the intricacies of Catholicism. Aisling's boldness brought Elizabeth out of her proper shell; later, her support carried Elizabeth through the painful end of her parents' chilly marriage. In return, Elizabeth's friendship helped Aisling endure her own unsatisfying marriage to a raging alcoholic. Through the years, they always believed they could overcome any conflict, conquer any hardship. They believed they could survive anything, as long as they had each other. Now they're about to find out if they were right.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Product Description:
The lives of Elizabeth White, the daughter of a troubled English marriage, and headstrong Irishwoman Aisling O'Connor resonate together and apart, as they--and their countries--emerge from the turmoil and war-torn horrors of the 1940s. Read by Kate Binchy. Book available.
About the Author:
MAEVE BINCHY was born in Dublin, and went to school at the Holy Child Convent in Killiney. She took a history degree at UCD and taught in various girls' schools, writing travel articles in the long summer holidays. In 1969 she joined the Irish Times and for many years she was based in London writing humorous columns from all over the world. She was the author of five collections of short stories as well as twelve novels including Circle of Friends, The Copper Beech, Tara Road, Evening Class and The Glass Lake. Maeve Binchy died in July 2012 and is survived by her husband, the writer Gordon Snell.
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Maeve Binchy
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What popular cartoon TV series celebrated 500 editions in 2012?
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Order of Maeve Binchy Books - OrderOfBooks.com
Home | Characters | Authors
Order of Maeve Binchy Books
Maeve Binchy (1940-2012) was an Irish author who wrote about small-town life in Ireland with a humourous slant. Her novels often contained surprise endings. Her success as a novelist caused her to become one of Ireland’s richest women. Binchy passed away in 2012 after a short illness.
Maeve Binchy started as a writer with the short story collections Central Line and Victoria Line. She then followed it up with Light a Penny Candle in 1982. It sold for £52,000, which helped her out when she was behind on her mortgage. Below is a list of Maeve Binchy’s books in order of when they were originally released:
Publication Order of Standalone Novels
Light a Penny Candle
Nights of Rain and Stars
(2004)
Publication Order of Short Stories
The Builders
Publication Order of Short Story Collections
Dublin 4
This Year It Will Be Different and Other Stories
(1996)
A Few of the Girls
(2015)
Note: London Transports was also published as Victoria Line, Central Line. Sister Caravaggio was edited by Peter Cunningham and contained contributions by Binchy, Mary O’Donnell, Neil Donnelly, Cormac Millar and Peter Sheridan.
If You Like Maeve Binchy Books, You’ll Love…
Order of Books » Authors » Order of Maeve Binchy Books
Trixie
I am currently reading “Minding Frankie” by Maeve Binchy. The only book I’ve read so far by Ms. Binchy. It is one of those books that you hate to put down, or hate it to end.
Lily
I hit the wrong thing! I meant to reply to you, instead I joined the discussion. I just love Maeve Binchy’s books too. Start at the top and read each and every marvelous one. And when you are done reread them every so often like I do. It’s like visiting with an old and dear friend. If you haven’t already, be sure to check out Rosamund Pilcher’s works as well. Same lovely writing style.
Trixie
Lily I will check on Ms. Pilcher! Thank you.
glitzyoldlady
That’s how most all her books are. You wish they would never end. Her characters become so familiar and you want to stay with them.
Trixie
Yes, I do like her characters, Glitzy!
Lily
OMG! I envy you just discovering this wonderful writer and her books. Start at the top of her list and work your way down. You are in for hours and hours of fun, joy and relaxation. I reread them from time to time, that is how much I love them. If you love Ms. Binchy’s books be sure to check out Rosamund Pilcher’s as well if you haven’t already.
Trixie
Lily I will try to read Maeve in order. I did read Tara Road and Quentins, though. I have Firefly Summer in paperback. Print is too small. I will have to go over my list and visit the library.
Her books are well worth re-reading.
Lucy L
I have every one of Maeve’s stand alone novels. I loved every one of them and intend to read them all again. So sorry she is gone from us. Some suggestion was made to read Debbie Macomber and I will add Sherryl Woods and Jan Karon’s books to the list. You will enjoy them also.
Muriel
I love Maeve Binchy! Can anyone tell me in which book Tom Feather and Cathy Scarlett get together. Scarlett Feather ended with them holding hands.
Jackie
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Bradley Wiggins, British winner of the 2012 Tour de France is noted for his 'trademark'?
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Bradley Wiggins becomes first Briton to win Tour de France
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PARIS -- Twenty-three years ago, Bradley Wiggins marveled as Greg LeMond blazed a trail as America's first Tour de France winner. Now, Wiggins has blazed his own.
The 32-year-old from gritty northwest London became Britain's first winner of cycling's greatest race on Sunday, ending a 75-year drought for his country with an imperial conquest of the roads in cross-Channel neighbor France.
Wiggins had locked up the yellow jersey a day earlier by winning the final time-trial, and Sunday's ride onto the Champs-Elysees was largely ceremonial for him.
But putting the coveted shirt to work one last time, he added a touch of class by providing a leadout to Sky teammate and fellow Briton Mark Cavendish to get his third Tour stage victory -- the 23rd of his career -- in a sprint. The Isle of Man native is a main contender to win road race gold at the Olympics in London, which has been a hovering presence over the peloton in this Tour.
Bradley Wiggins defended the yellow jersey Sunday, becoming the first British rider to win the Tour de France.
Lionel Bonaventure/AFP/GettyImages
Wiggins congratulated his teammates after crossing the line, hugged his wife, and clutched the hands of their two children. A soprano sang "God Save The Queen", and Wiggins thanked the crowd with a touch of British humor.
"Cheers, have a safe journey home, don't get too drunk," he quipped after hoisting the winner's bouquet, with the Arc de Triomphe behind him.
"It's been a magical couple of weeks for the team and for British cycling," Wiggins said. "Some dreams come true. My mother over there, she's now -- her son has won the Tour de France."
Then, with a Union Jack around his neck like a scarf, Wiggins sipped Champagne for the processional lap on the famed Paris avenue, trailed by his son with "Allez Wiggo" -- Go Wiggo -- written on his cheeks.
This 99th Tour will be remembered for successes of other Britons, too, like all-rounder Christopher Froome, who was second overall, Cavendish and Scottish veteran David Millar -- who won seven stages between them, a Tour record for Britain.
Italy's Vincenzo Nibali rounded out the podium in third. France's Thomas Voeckler won the polka-dot jersey for best climber, Peter Sagan of Slovakia takes home the green jersey for best sprinter, and Tejay van Garderen, a 23-year-old American, won the white jersey given to the best young rider.
It was a race of disappointment for Cadel Evans of Australia, who struggled in the climbs and failed to repeat his 2011 Tour victory. And it was a swan song for George Hincapie of the United States, who set the record of 17th Tour participations.
Wiggins had come into the race as the favorite, but he knew all too well how anything can happen over more than 2,100 miles of racing over three weeks. Crashes, sickness and doping scandals all thinned the pack. Questions were rife about the unity of his powerful Sky team -- Wiggins put those to rest.
His victory was all the more remarkable because it culminated the transformation of Wiggins from three-time Olympic champion on the track to road-race star. His early years had given him the sustained power for the Tour time-trial -- which he dominated twice this year -- but his ability to scale Alps and Pyrenees ascents was in question. There too, Wiggins came through.
His victory for Britain was no tiny feat. It's not just the first British victory, but the first podium finish -- and this year, Britain has two -- since Britons began riding in the race in 1937. A total of 59 have competed since then.
Wiggins, who was fourth in 2009 and 24th in '10, came in with a thirst for victory after crashing out last year. He showed superb form, with three stage-race victories this season. And this layout was about as favorable as it could come for him: Heavy on time-trials, lighter -- relatively -- on climbs.
Sky was methodical in its march to victory -- evoking at times some uncomfortable comparisons with the dominant teams of Lance Armstrong. The seven-time Tour champion was at times a presence in the background at this race, with news of his battle against U.S. doping charges that threaten his legacy. Four of his former teammates who were riding the Tour came under a media spotlight amid a news report they had struck deal with USADA.
This Tour, as in many in recent years, took its licks from doping.
On the first rest day, Remy Di Gregorio of Cofidis was arrested and ousted from the race in a French anti-doping probe, accused of possessing doping products or equipment prohibited without medical justification.
The bigger bombshell came on the second rest day: Frank Schleck, the RadioShack Nissan Trek leader from Luxembourg who placed third last year, was ousted after he tested positive for the banned diuretic Xipamide on July 14. He has denied any wrongdoing.
The impact of doping was felt even before the first starter's gun in Liege, Belgium: Two-time Tour champion Alberto Contador was sitting out to complete a two-year doping ban linked to the 2010 Tour. The Spaniard is by far the sport's biggest star.
Wiggins too has borne the impact of doping's ravages on the sport. In 2007, one of the most scandal-ridden Tours in recent memory, his Cofidis team pulled out after rider Cristian Moreni tested positive for testosterone -- incensing Wiggins so much that he swore he'd never wear its jersey again.
If this year's Tour was boring compared to others in recent years -- when use of performance enhancers juiced up many riders -- Wiggins said it may be because the sport is changing amid the fight against doping, and that fans perhaps should not expect as many incredible performances as in years past. He has been a vocal critic of doping in cycling.
Some fretted the lack of panache -- flair -- on the mountain climbs.
"Unfortunately, we didn't have either Andy Schleck or Alberto Contador here this year, but next year, they'll both be back -- hopefully -- and that will give it the panache," UCI chief Pat McQuaid told The Associated Press. Andy Schleck, Frank's brother and runner-up last year, was out with an injury.
With "conservative" riders like Wiggins, "you weren't going to see that panache. But he's a deserving winner, as every winner of the Tour de France deserves to win the Tour de France," he said.
While he made his name as a track star -- Britain's forte in cycling -- Wiggins is a student of the road race. As a kid, he lined his bedroom walls with posters of cycling greats like five-time Tour winner Miguel Indurain.
"My first Tour de France memory was obviously watching LeMond win in '89, and then after that I was hooked on cycling," said Wiggins. "All through my early teens I was watching Indurain win the Tour. That was my reason to not go to school in the morning, to watch the cycling."
"I never imagined then that I, in the center of London in a -- well, I can say, dangerous -- neighborhood with a lot of crime, that one day I could one day maybe win the Tour," he told France-2 TV before the Tour. "It's a little bit of a dream."
Wiggins says he straddled the Armstrong era: By the time the Texan started his run of Tour victories, "I was already into cycling ... so I sort of stopped watching in those years."
But they were similar: They love their music; (Wiggins is a fan of The Jam and his trademark sideburns have drawn comparisons to those of Oasis frontman Liam Gallagher.) Both were raised by their mothers -- with fathers absent. Armstrong once reportedly advised Wiggins about how to handle the media -- counsel that he's appeared to keep to himself.
Wiggins had a hot-and-cold relationship with the media during this Tour, notably when asked about comparisons to Sky and the Armstrong teams, he laced into anonymous critics on Twitter with an expletive-laden tirade.
After his final press conference, Wiggins acknowledged that he had "never trained to do well in the media," and thanked reporters for "putting up with me" and "my mood swings at times."
On Sunday, though, he was back at it -- swatting at photographers hoping to get a quick shot of the victor on the Champs-Elysees.
The bigger Armstrong influence appears to have been on his coach.
Journalist Richard Moore, in his book "Sky's The Limit" on the team, writes of the apparent fascination that team manager Dave Brailsford -- a guru of British cycling -- had for the Armstrong approach to the Tour.
Sky studied the race, and noted Armstrong formulas like keeping the leader in the front to avoid crashes, or tweaking at the margins on training or effort management to get an edge that would add up against rivals.
Wiggins' father, Gary, was an Australian cyclist who was mostly absent from Bradley's life. He was a "boozer and brawler" who died in 2008 -- and had been beaten and dumped in a street in New South Wales, Moore wrote.
Wiggins, asked Tuesday about what his father might have made of his Tour success, replied: "It's difficult to say. That depends on whether he was sober or ..."
Was his father in the back of his mind, just a little?
"Not really. I've put that one to bed," Wiggins said.
Wiggins, too, had his run-ins with drink. After winning gold at the 2004 Olympics, he signed with a French team, moved to western Nantes, and lived day-to-day, at times with debt, over a Chinese restaurant.
"I was drunk all the time between races because I was alone in France, 21, 22 years old," Wiggins recalled, "The only thing to do at night was to buy a six-pack of beer bottles."
His life started to change when he became a father.
"I have to try something to make a little money," he recalled. "I had two young children at the time, and I said, 'I can't live like this, I have one euro in my pocket' ... and it started there."
He lost weight. At the Beijing Games, he weighed 181 pounds; at the Tour, he was down to 157. He drinks almost nothing now, he says.
He could also contend for gold in the Olympic time trial. So as he returned to the Sky bus, he jumped up on a team car, bowed and took a swig from a bottle ... of yellow rehydration drink -- not Champagne.
But he could be forgiven for sipping a bit on the Champs-Elysees.
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Sideburns
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In which city did the Rolling Stones play a 2012 surprise gig at Le Trabendo club to 350 fans for £12 each?
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From Paris to London, Bradley Wiggins Finishes a Record Ride - The New York Times
The New York Times
Olympics |From Paris to London, British Cyclist Finishes a Record Ride
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Bradley Wiggins of Britain crossing the finish line first in the road individual time trial in London on Wednesday. Credit Carl De Souza/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
HAMPTON COURT, England — In the aftermath of his latest triumph, Bradley Wiggins sat confined in a chair, his place in cycling history, Olympic history and British sports history secured. His eyes darted about as he shifted in discomfort.
The moment called for a more raucous celebration. So Wiggins hopped on his bike and did what he does best again Wednesday afternoon. He pedaled.
He pedaled outside the finish area, away from the palace and into the streets. He pedaled up to his wife and kissed her, then clutched hands with their two children. He pedaled and waved to the masses, the fans who covered every inch of available sidewalk, who pressed against the barricade and screamed so loudly that the whole scene felt less like a bicycle race and more like a soccer game.
“I’m never going to experience anything like that again,” Wiggins said.
Neither will the fans. An hour after Wiggins collected his fourth Olympic gold medal, in the road cycling individual time trial, he sat again inside a room filled with reporters. He was still processing the events of the last 10 days.
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History, the Book of Wiggins, started with the Tour de France , which Wiggins won on July 22 to become the first Briton to finish in possession of the famous yellow jersey. No cyclist had ever emerged from the Tour de France and an Olympic race atop the podium in the same year until Wiggins completed the double on Wednesday afternoon.
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This separated Wiggins from all cyclists who came before him. But the medal meant much more than that. It meant that he now owned seven Olympic medals, enough to hang them in his closet like a tie collection. The seventh moved Wiggins past Sir Steve Redgrave, who was the most productive British Olympian until Wiggins broke their tie, fittingly, at the Hampton Court Palace, a British flag flying on top.
Someone asked Wiggins how he planned to make sense of all that.
“Vodka tonics help,” he said. “I plan to have a few of them tonight.”
So continued Britain’s cycling revolution, which seemed improbable even 10 years ago. Not only did Wiggins place another gold medal around his neck on Wednesday, but Chris Froome, his friend and Team Sky teammate, grabbed the bronze. Tony Martin of Germany won the silver medal and Taylor Phinney of the United States was fourth.
If it seemed as if it was only 10 days ago that Froome was second in the Tour de France after he helped push Wiggins up mountains, down valleys and into Paris, well, it was 10 days ago. Here they stood together again as their national anthem played.
Amid the celebration, it dawned on Froome that track cycling, the sport in which Britain is considered strongest, will start Thursday. The British team won 7 of 10 track events in Beijing in 2008, and while rule changes will limit the competitors from each country to one per event for these Olympics, the British are expected to garner a healthy number of medals in that discipline. The time trial on Wednesday probably signaled merely a continuation, the beginning of the cycling medal haul for the London Games.
Wiggins, unbeaten in road time trials this season and winner of six Olympic track cycling medals, is expected to be knighted, same as Chris Hoy, who won three gold medals in Beijing.
“Hopefully, this is just a start of a lot more to come,” Froome said.
The victory helped to erase the pain of Saturday, when the riders from Britain, perhaps still fatigued from the grueling Tour victory, could not put Mark Cavendish in position to win the host country’s first gold medal of these Games. The home crowd clogged the streets near the finish line for the road race, only to watch riders from Kazakhstan and Colombia speed to the finish line together. Cavendish was 28th.
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Earlier, the rowers Heather Stanning and Helen Glover dominated the coxless pairs at Dorney Lake, claiming Britain’s first gold at these Games. Credit Chris Carlson/Associated Press
Without that anticipated victory, the hosts waited to win their first event — any event — in the London Games. It did not come in cycling. But it did come Wednesday.
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It came in rowing, with Heather Stanning and Helen Glover dominating the coxless pairs event at Dorney Lake. This victory produced both elation and relief among Britons, who had watched four days of events — swimming, gymnastics and equestrian among them — without a single Olympic champion to call their own.
Glover and Stanning led the 2,000-meter race from start to finish. It was Britain’s first gold medal in women’s rowing.
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“They will be on the front pages of the newspaper tomorrow morning,” the commentators said on the BBC’s broadcast. “They will be household names. It will be a day that changes these two young women’s lives forever.”
Wiggins pedaled to the start line on Wednesday with the same vision in his head. He knew it would not be easy, despite his status as the favorite. Froome said that Saturday’s road race so exhausted the British riders, they hardly trained for two days afterward.
As if to accentuate his answer, Froome sat down at the news conference like an 80-year-old man, gingerly climbing into the chair, his hamstrings screaming to please, please stop.
Froome said the crowd carried the British riders through their exhaustion and around the roughly 27.3-mile course. As Froome described the atmosphere, goose bumps rose along his forearms and his voice became choked with emotion.
He noted the fans who arrived for prime seating, who screamed more than cheered and yelled for the cyclists by name. Some fans wore Wiggins’s trademark bushy sideburns. Others wore British flags like capes, or waved “Go Wiggo!” signs.
The scene at the finish bordered on pandemonium. Camera operators chased Wiggins through the streets. Two helicopters circled overhead. Fans pounded the signage along the barricade.
Wiggins took his Olympic victory lap.
He seemed to enjoy the Olympic process more than the Tour de France triumph, the latter filled with repeated inquiries about performance-enhancing drugs, with repetitive questions each day about race strategy. Wiggins said he felt as if he constantly had to justify his accomplishment, as if he could not have won the Tour without enhancers.
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On Wednesday, though, Wiggins perhaps best embodied the cycling boom in Britain as a track cyclist turned road cyclist with a record number of Olympic medals and a Tour de France championship. His success is likely to inspire young boys and girls to take up riding further, as the cycle of cycling becomes more entrenched.
The crowd lingered, packing the streets of the neighborhood around the finish, downing pints in cycling jerseys and arguing over strategy. It was a soccer scene at a bike race, which has — and will — become more common here.
“Let’s go, Wiggo!” one fan shouted.
It will probably be Sir Wiggo soon enough.
Juliet Macur contributed reporting.
A version of this article appears in print on August 2, 2012, on Page B14 of the New York edition with the headline: From Paris to London, British Cyclist Finishes a Record Ride. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
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What nationality is Felix Baumgartner, who skydived through the sound barrier in 2012?
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Skydiver Felix Baumgartner set to break sound barrier - BBC News
BBC News
Skydiver Felix Baumgartner set to break sound barrier
By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News, Roswell
9 October 2012
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Image caption Two high altitude jumps earlier this year were used to test all the equipment
The Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner will attempt to become the first human to break the sound barrier unaided by a vehicle.
He is going to jump out of a balloon at more than 120,000ft (36.5km) above Roswell, New Mexico.
In the near vacuum at that altitude, he should accelerate beyond about 690mph (1,110km/h) within 40 seconds.
If all goes well, he will open a parachute near the ground to land softly in the desert, 10 minutes later.
The 43-year-old adventurer - famous for jumping off skyscrapers - is under no illusions about the dangers he faces.
When you're standing there in a pressure suit, the only thing that you hear is yourself breathing
Felix Baumgartner
Where he is going, the air pressure is less than 2% of what it is at sea level, and it is impossible to breathe without an oxygen supply.
Others who have tried to break the existing records for the highest, fastest and longest freefalls have lost their lives in the process.
"If something goes wrong, the only thing that might help you is God," says Baumgartner.
"Because if you run out of luck, if you run out of skills, there is nothing left and you have to really hope he is not going to let you down."
Difficult wind conditions at Roswell airport mean that lift-off for the balloon will occur no earlier than 1130 local time (1730 GMT; 1830BST).
The absolute mark for the highest skydive is held by retired US Air Force Col Joe Kittinger.
He leapt from a balloon at an altitude of 102,800ft (31.3km) in August 1960.
Now an octogenarian, Kittinger is part of Baumgartner's team and will be the only voice talking to him over the radio during the two-and-a-half hour ascent and the 10-minute descent.
Engineers have done everything possible to limit the risks. They have built the Austrian a special pressurised capsule to carry him under the helium balloon.
He will also be wearing a next-generation, full-pressure suit, an evolution of the orange protective clothing worn by shuttle astronauts on launch.
Media captionDr Jon Clark: This will help develop crew escape systems and procedures for future space vehicles
Although the jump has the appearance of another Baumgartner stunt, his team prefers to stress its high scientific relevance.
The researchers on the Red Bull Stratos project believe it will inform the development of new systems for emergency evacuation from high-performance, high-altitude vehicles. Nasa and its spacecraft manufacturers have asked to be kept informed.
There are a few examples of pilots being ejected in supersonic airflows when their planes broke apart in the sky, but there is no detailed data on what happens to the human body as it goes supersonic and then, as it slows, goes subsonic again.
Baumgartner will be instrumented to acquire this new data.
The concern is that he might be destabilised by shockwaves passing over his body, and that these might throw him into an uncontrolled spin.
"It's very important he gets into a delta position," said Baumgartner's trainer, Luke Aikins. "This is hands at his side and his head low, ripping through the sky. This will be crucial to breaking the speed of sound and remaining stable."
Engineers have incorporated an automatic device in his gear that would deploy a drogue stabilisation chute if he gets into trouble.
But the team's medical director, former shuttle flight surgeon Dr Jon Clark, hopes the stiffness of the pressure suit itself will suffice.
"We know that pressure suits limit mobility which we often consider as a bad thing, but in this scenario of going through the sound barrier, it actually adds a protection because it acts like an exoskeleton," he explained.
"We don't know what the human will endure accelerating through the sound barrier in coming back down without the aid of aircraft. And that is really the essence of the scientific goal of this mission."
There is high confidence Baumgartner will succeed in his quest. He has already completed practice jumps from 71,600ft (21.8km) and 97,100ft (29.6km).
The second of these jumps he described as an extraordinary experience.
"It's almost overwhelming," he said. "When you're standing there in a pressure suit, the only thing that you hear is yourself breathing, and you can see the curvature of the Earth; you can see the sky's totally black. It's kind of an awkward view because you've never seen a black sky. And at that moment, you realise you've accomplished something really big."
Media captionWhat conditions will Austrian Felix Baumgartner face for his attempt to make the highest ever skydive from 120,000ft (36.5km)?
A suite of high-definition cameras will follow the action. Some of these will be attached to Baumgartner himself.
But wary of broadcasting a tragedy to worldwide TV audiences, the organisers will be putting a 20-second delay on the live video feed.
Image caption Baumgartner aims to open his parachute about 5,000ft (1.5km) above the ground
Four GPS systems in the suit will gather the dive data required to satisfy the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) that records have indeed been broken.
"The data is recorded on an SD microcard in his chest pack," Brian Utley, who will file the official report to the FAI after the jump, told BBC News.
"I insert that card into the equipment. From that moment on, I have control over the equipment. I'm with it until Felix goes into the capsule, and when he lands I am the first person to approach him so I can take possession of that card again."
A BBC/National Geographic documentary is being made about the project and will probably be aired in November.
[email protected] and follow me on Twitter: @BBCAmos
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Austrian
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Who played the part of Isambard Kingdom Brunel in the 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony?
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Felix Baumgartner | Red Bull Stratos
Red Bull Stratos
Go
Red Bull Stratos Pilot
"I love a challenge, and trying to become the first person to break the speed of sound in freefall is a challenge like no other."
Felix Baumgartner
With a passion for expanding boundaries, especially in the air, Red Bull Stratos pilot Felix Baumgartner is an expert parachutist best known for completing an unprecedented freefall flight across the English Channel using a carbon wing.
Felix, born April 20, 1969, grew up in Salzburg, Austria where he dreamed of skydiving and flying helicopters and was inspired by astronauts on TV. He made his first skydive at age 16. After sharpening his parachute skills as a member of a Special Forces demonstration team for the Austrian military, he supported himself by repairing motorcycles before becoming a skydiving professional.
Eager to test the limits, Felix set a record for history's lowest BASE jump (from Rio de Janeiro's Christ the Redeemer statue), twice set world records for the highest BASE jump from a building (Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and Taipei 101 tower), and even landed his canopy inside a cave in Croatia.
Felix was named to Vienna's Street of Champions and nominated for a World Sports Award and two categories in the NEA Extreme Sports Awards. A licensed gas balloon pilot, he has earned private helicopter licenses in Austria and the United States, as well as a commercial European helicopter license, and he is an advocate for the nonprofit Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation. In training for Red Bull Stratos, Felix divides his time between Switzerland and the United States, but, he says, "The air is where I am at home."
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i don't know
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In 2012 British MP Nadine Dorries controversially appeared on what reality TV show?
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British lawmaker criticized for joining reality TV show | Fox News
British lawmaker criticized for joining reality TV show
Published November 06, 2012
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In this photo made from video on Sept. 5, 2012, Conservative MP Nadine Dorries talks during Parliament, in London. (AP)
LONDON – A British lawmaker is swapping the political jungle for the Australian rainforest and becoming a contestant on a reality TV show.
Conservative legislator Nadine Dorries is facing criticism for taking part in "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here," which strands C-list celebrities in the Australian wilderness and subjects them to trials involving assorted creepy-crawlies.
Dorries was criticized Tuesday for taking up to a month off from her parliamentary duties. Former Conservative legislator Harry Greenway called the decision "outrageous."
In 2006, lawmaker George Galloway appeared on the TV show "Celebrity Big Brother" -- and was widely mocked for escapades that included lapping imaginary milk while pretending to be a cat.
Dorries is an outspoken backbencher, best known for her prolific blogging and anti-abortion stance.
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I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
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Which Eastern European nation saw protests against Prime Minister Viktor Orban in Jan 2012?
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Wayward British Member of Parliament evicted from Australian reality show
Wayward British Member of Parliament evicted from Australian reality show
World | Agence France-Presse | Updated: November 22, 2012 20:14 IST
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COMMENTS
London: A British lawmaker suspended from Prime Minister David Cameron's Conservative Party for appearing on a reality TV show has been voted off the programme by viewers after just a few days.
Nadine Dorries, 55, spent 12 days in the Australian jungle on "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" before becoming the first person to be evicted from the ITV show by a public vote on Wednesday night.
The outspoken Member of Parliament (MP) was suspended from her party two weeks ago for abandoning her job for a month without permission to join soap actors, pop singers and sportsmen in the jungle.
Angry Conservatives and constituents joined other viewers in nominating Dorries to complete stomach-churning tasks on the programme, from being buried in insects to eating ostrich anus.
Dorries is no favourite of Cameron's, having called him and finance minister George Osborne "two posh boys who don't know the price of milk."
After her eviction, Dorries said the experience had made her less "self-important".
"I think it is important that MPs realise that you need to go where the public go," she said. "More people vote on (TV talent show) 'X Factor' and 'I'm A Celebrity' than they do in the general elections."
She insisted she had warned government officials that she was taking a month off to do something "quite controversial" and defended her decision, saying that many MPs took several weeks off at a time without being punished.
The show has also been seen by celebrities as a useful way to boost a flagging public profile. It is also reported to pay an appearance fee of 40,000 pounds (50,000 euros, $64,000).
Dorries, who represents a constituency in southeast England, earns more than 65,000 pounds as an MP.
Now in its 12th series, previous winners of "I'm a Celebrity..." include former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's daughter Carol and ex-England cricketer Phil Tufnell.
Left-wing firebrand George Galloway, who runs his own Respect Party having been expelled from the Labour party, is the only other serving MP to have taken part in a reality television show.
Six years ago he appeared in "Celebrity Big Brother", in which he had to do robotics in a lycra outfit and impersonate a cat lapping up imaginary milk.
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i don't know
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A pastel version of what artwork sold at a New York auction for a record $120m?
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| Human Rights
Edvard Munch's masterpiece The Scream sold for nearly $120m, setting a new record as the most expensive piece of art ever sold at auction.
The vibrant pastel was conservatively estimated to sell for about $80m at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern art auction in New York.
But two determined bidders competing via telephone on Wednesday emerged from an initial group of seven, driving the final price to $119,922,500 over the course of a nearly 15-minute bidding war.
The version of The Scream on the block was one of four paintings executed by the Scandinavian between 1893 and 1910.
Al Jazeera’s Scott Heidler reports from New York.
Source: Al Jazeera
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The Scream
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Chile experienced large and violent protests by whom in 2012, invoking comparisons with similar 2006 action called (after the protestors' uniforms) The Penguins' Revolution or The March of the Penguins?
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Munch’s The Scream sells for $120m – Channel 4 News
The famous image, which features a haunted figure in front of a red backdrop, surpassed estimates to become the most expensive work of art to be sold at auction following the sale in New York.
It is one of four versions created by the Norwegian expressionist painter.
The pastel work, which is one of the most recognisable images in the world, had been expected to fetch at least $80m at the Impressionist and Modern Art Evening Sale at Sotheby’s.
But it was finally snapped up for the world record amount by a phone bidder following a 12 minute bidding war.
The price includes the buyer’s premium.
The previous record for an artwork sold at auction was $106m for Picasso’s Nude, Green Leaves, and Bust, which sold at Christie’s in New York in May 2010.
Describing the sale, a Sotheby’s spokesman said: “A group of seven bidders jumped into the competition early, but it was a prolonged battle between two highly determined phone bidders that carried the final selling price to its historic level.”
One of four versions
The famous picture was put up for sale by Norwegian businessman Petter Olsen whose father was a friend and patron of the artist.
It was created in 1885 and is the only version with a frame hand-painted by Munch which includes a poem explaining his inspiration for the piece.
It is also the only version in which one of the two figures in the background turns to look outward onto the cityscape.
The Munch Museum in Oslo holds two versions of The Scream and the third is displayed at The National Gallery of Norway.
Before the sale, Mr Olsen said: “I have lived with this work all my life, and its power and energy have only increased with time.
“Now, however, I feel the moment has come to offer the rest of the world a chance to own and appreciate this remarkable work, which is the only version of The Scream not in the collection of a Norwegian museum.”
Mr Olsen said the proceeds from the sale will go towards the establishment of a new museum, art centre and hotel on his farm Ramme Gaard at Hvitsten, where his family’s relationship with the artist began.
The museum will open in 2013, the 150-year anniversary of the artist’s birth.
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i don't know
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The effective discovery of what particle was announced by CERN at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012?
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The Higgs boson | CERN
The Higgs boson
This content is archived on the CERN Document Server
On 4 July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced they had each observed a new particle in the mass region around 126 GeV. This particle is consistent with the Higgs boson predicted by the Standard Model. The Higgs boson, as proposed within the Standard Model , is the simplest manifestation of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism . Other types of Higgs bosons are predicted by other theories that go beyond the Standard Model.
On 8 October 2013 the Nobel prize in physics was awarded jointly to François Englert and Peter Higgs "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider."
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Higgs boson
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Name the TV/movie actor who died in 2012 and starred in 1960s fantasy sitcom I Dream of Jeannie?
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LHC Smashes Particle Collision Record - Seeker
May 24, 2011 03:00 AM ET
LHC Smashes Particle Collision Record
The Large Hadron Collider smashed the particle collision record. Learn more about the Large Hadron Collider smashing the particle collision record.
CERN/LHC
CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is housed in a 27-kilometre (16.9-mile) ring-shaped tunnel 100 metres (325 feet) below ground, straddling the French-Swiss border.
CERN/LHC
THE GIST
— A month ago, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was colliding particles at a rate of 10 million collisions per second.
— At a conference in Paris, it was announced that the LHC is now running at 100 million collisions per second.
The world's biggest particle collider set a new record early Monday, a feat that should accelerate the quest to pinpoint the elusive particle known as the Higgs Boson, a senior physicist said.
"Last night, a symbolic frontier was crossed," said Michel Spiro, president of the board of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), explaining that the rate of sub-atomic smashups in its vast machine had multiplied 10-fold in the space of a month.
CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is housed in a 27-kilometer (16.9-mile) ring-shaped tunnel 100 meters (325 feet) below ground, straddling the French-Swiss border.
It is designed to accelerate beams of protons to nearly the speed of light in contra-rotating directions.
Then, using magnets, the beams are then directed into labs where some of the protons collide while others escape.
Detectors record the seething sub-atomic debris, hoping to find traces of particles that can strengthen fundamental understanding of physics.
A month ago, the LHC set a record of 10 million collisions per second.
"This is now 100 million collisions per second," Spiro said at a conference in Paris on the "infinitely small and the infinitely big."
Among the puzzles that physicists are seeking to answer is the existence of the Higgs, which has been dubbed "the God particle" for being mysterious yet ubiquitous.
If found, it would explain the nature of mass, filling a major piece of the theoretical construct of physics known as the Standard Model.
In London last week, CERN physicists said they believed that by the end of 2012 they could determine once and for all whether the Higgs existed or not.
Spiro said that this search would certainly be helped by the stepped-up pace of collision, which is the equivalent to sifting more earth in search of nuggets of gold.
"If we're lucky, and it (the Higgs) is in the right zone for expected mass, we may be able to find it this summer," he said. "On the other hand, ruling it out will take us to the end of next year."
To provide a confirmation would require notching up "at least 15" detections, he said.
The first proton collisions at the LHC occurred on September 10, 2008. The smasher then had to endure a 14-month shutdown to fix technical problems.
It had been due to shut down in early 2012 for work enabling it to crank up to full power. But a decision was made several weeks ago to delay closure for a year to help the Higgs hunt.
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i don't know
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Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson are better known as what 2012 record-breaking unit?
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Liam Payne - Hollywood Life
Best Quotes:
“I think sometimes I don't realise how much the pressure gets to me.”
“When you have more than two people working together, it gets a bit unfocused as an idea.”
“It's so amazing to hear a crowd of people singing one of your songs. It's the best feeling.”
Bio:
Liam Payne (born Liam Payne in Wolverhampton, England on August 29, 1993) is a former member of the British boy band One Direction. The band announced their He first auditioned for the fifth series of The X Factor in 2008, but Simon Cowell thought Liam was not ready for the competition and asked him to come back in a couple of years. Liam returned in 2010, and his audition song “Cry Me a River” received a standing ovation from the audience and Simon, who later formed One Direction with Liam and other X Factor solo contestants Louis Tomlinson, Niall Horan, Harry Styles and Zayn Malik. On July 21, 2016, Liam announced he signed a contract with Capitol Records UK.
Best Known For:
Liam is known for his active years as a member of One Direction. Liam and the rest of One Direction made history in March 2012 when their debut album, Up All Night, hit #1 on the U.S. Billboard charts, a first for a British group.
Personal Life:
Liam broke was dating Danielle Peazer for over two years until they ended their relationship in 2013. Then he began dating Sophia Smith They dated for two years before they called it quits in 2015. Liam is currently dating English singer, dancer and X Factor UK host, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, aka formally known as Cheryl Cole. They were reported have started dating in Jan. 2016. Liam and Cheryl are expecting a child together. She debuted her baby bump Nov. 2016. They have no yet officially confirmed that they are expecting. Liam has also been linked to singer Leona Lewis.
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One Direction
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Which famous character from computing tweeted 'This is for everyone' in the 2012 Olympics opening ceremony?
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One Direction Free Essays
One Direction
One Direction are an English-Irish pop boy band based in London, consisting of members Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne,... Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson. They signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Records after being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010. Propelled to international success by the power of social media, their two albums Up All Night and Take Me Home, released in 2011 and 2012 respectively, broke...
2011, Album, Billboard 200 2081 Words | 6 Pages
One Direction
I- Search: One Direction What I knew One Direction is a boy band from the United Kingdom. The... group consists of five members. Louis Tomlinson, Harry Styles, Liam Payne, Zayn Malik, and Niall Horan. The group was formed on the television show X- Factor. The boys originally auditioned as solo artists. They were put together by one of the judges Simon Cowell. The group won third place on the show. One Direction was one of the first bands from overseas to reach the number one spot here in the...
Album, Albums, Billboard 200 1170 Words | 5 Pages
One Direction
One Direction Five young boys, one dream. As they stand on the bare stage of the auditorium, in front if the... tough critics and judges, the bright lights of the stage and cameras flashing in their eyes were the least of their worries. All were desperate, nervous wrecks, striving to mask their worried expressions. But little did they know, behind the scenes there were huge plans in store to create a bright future for them. Liam Payne, Harry Styles, Zayn Malik, Louis Tomlinson, and Niall Horan...
Alexandra Burke, Dannii Minogue, Louis Walsh 815 Words | 3 Pages
Flight by John Steinbeck
Steinbeck uses many examples of symbolism to foreshadow the conclusion. Symbolism can be anything, a person, place or thing, used to portray something beyond... itself. It is used to represent or foreshadow the ending of the story. Steinbeck uses colors, direction, and nature symbolism to help presage Pepé's tragic death. Let us now more closely examine the ways that Steinbeck uses colors to foreshadow the ending of his short story. Perhaps the most repeatedly used symbol in "Flight," is the color black....
Cardinal direction, Fiction, Novella 884 Words | 3 Pages
The Thousand and One Nights
Influence of Cultures on "The Thousand and One Nights" Stories like Sindbad, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp and other popular stories are very... common today in the western culture. Animated movies were also made for the entertainment of kids on these popular stories. One might wonder that where these stories originated and how it came down and made place in the western culture. Although these stories are very popular in both the western culture and the eastern culture but the original literary work...
Antoine Galland, Arabic language, Arabic literature 1463 Words | 4 Pages
One Direction
“Greatest” War Ever (Same tone as “Best Song Ever,” by One Direction) By: Class: Once there was “The Great War”... (what’s that?) Also known as World War I It involved many countries (wow), Most of them were European I said, "Can you name some countries involved?" She said, "Russia, Greece, and Japan… (And many more!) Do you know the three “isms” that started the war? We knew everyone. Now I can't remember How it goes but I know that one is Militarism 'And the others are Imperial and National…...
2008 albums, British Empire, Fascism 398 Words | 3 Pages
The Thousand and One Nights
The Thousand and One Nights, generally known to the English, speaking world as the Arabian Nights, is a compendium of Arabic tales compiled... between the twelfth and the fourteenth centuries. The collection starts with the story of King Shahrayar. Betrayed by his adulterous wife, he swears never to trust a woman again, deciding instead to marry a different virgin every night and have her executed the next day. He carries out his plan for three years, until his Vizier can no longer find a virgin to...
Antoine Galland, Framing device, Literary technique 942 Words | 3 Pages
tangent galvanometer
Principle at right earth’s along Ecompass calculate A compa plane ve mounte base wh the coils on level Theory: E‐W and the coil udy.in Magnet... Gal t galvanome e: Based on angle to eac horizontal c ‐W direction s box is kept ed. ass box mou ertical. A non d from one hile the othe s can be rota ling screws. Since the di d magnetic f should be pl IEMS lvanometer eter: the principle h other in w component o n is produce t at the cent unted on the n conducting another...
Coil, Electromagnet, Field 337 Words | 4 Pages
The Tao of the Joy Luck Club
influence in China throughout much of its history and The Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, reflects this influence through its infusion of Taoist principals.... One of the fundamental concepts within Taoism is that of Wu-hsing. Wu-hsing is a way of understanding a matter by dividing it into five and is often represented by five phases, elements of directions. This is an unfamiliar concept to a western perspective, which tends to divide things into four. Understanding this fifth additional element, however,...
Amy Tan, Balanced line, Cardinal direction 1329 Words | 4 Pages
Following Direction
Following Directions Exercise Read every item carefully before beginning this exercise. 1. Get a one – whole sheet of... paper. Use your paper in answering the questions. 2. If you were one year older, what would be the year you were born? _____________________________ 3. Give directions from this classroom to the library. __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ...
Answer, Cardinal direction, Follow 258 Words | 2 Pages
The First Driving-Lesson Day
09/21/2011 The Cost of Carelessness Driving a genuine car was my initial dream when I was a young child because I really love speed and sports car.... Eventually, with a lot of efforts, my dream comes true and the day I got my driver license was one of the happiest days in my life. Hence, I can drive a car and go to everywhere I want, but it also reminds me of the first day I sat behind the wheel. That day was a cool, breezy Sunday with a mild temperature on the morning of February 20, 2011. It...
Automobile, Driving, Lesson plan 1329 Words | 3 Pages
Eight Basic Efforts
diagonally across the body. c. Extend your pressing activity into all spatial directions, and into high, medium, and low zones. d. Let... the other parts of body lead in pressing, for example, the back, the knees, top of head, and elbows or feet. e. Let two parts of body press simultaneously in two different directions, such as: right palm up, left hip down. f. Press simultaneously in three different directions, for example: head backward, hips forward, elbows outward, away from...
Boxing, Cardinal direction, Light 2055 Words | 7 Pages
Vaasthu
Bagwan. All living and non-living things (including man) are the manifestation of these give boothas only.These fiv BOOTHAS controls in eight... directions of any particular place. These eight directions were given to eight lords in Hindu Vedas.Hindus call the ‘HOUSE’ as a “LAKSHMI DWELLING HOUSE” and ‘ASTA LAKSHMI’, means getting wealth from Eight directions of our dwelling place. NOTE; 1. VAASTHU BHAGWAN do not differentiate whether the occupant is owner of tenant. 2. Vaasthu Bagawan affects the...
Bedroom, Cardinal direction, London Plan 2859 Words | 7 Pages
Basics of Telecom
site means a physical place where a telecom tower, antenna systems, BTS, Feeder cable, connector, jumper cable, Battery bank, Shelter, Diesel generator and... many other equipments which are required to perform telecom operations collectively exists in one place. HOW TO SUPPLY POWER TO A SITE? THERE ARE THREE WAYS OF SUPPLYING POWER TO A SITE— Normal power Supply Through Diesel Generator(DG) which provide 15kw power Through Battery bank which provide 24 volt or 48 volt DC supply IDENTIFICATION...
Cardinal direction, Geodesy, Global Positioning System 962 Words | 4 Pages
Van Gennep's "Rites of Passage", Durkheim and Turner's Theory of Commu
Gennep's categories and point out aspects which would be of particular interest to Turner and to Chapple and Coons. The Mescalero girls' puberty ceremony... is an example of a "Rite of Passage," a ceremony that marks the transition of an individual from one stage of life to another (Chapple and Coons, p. 484). The ceremony marks the transition from girl to "mother of a nation" (p.252). The ritual serves as a means of establishing equilibrium after the crisis of puberty (Chapple and Coons, p. 484). ...
Cardinal direction, Community, Female 2167 Words | 6 Pages
Capital One
Capital One Financial Corporation 1. How is Capital One’s use of IT different from other mass customization strategies?... Capital One uses IT through its information-based strategy (IBS) to “record, organize, and analyze data on the characteristics and behaviors of their customers,” as stated by CEO Richard Fairbank. Their philosophy was to exploit information by constructing scientific models that could be used to both assess the creditworthiness of potential cardholders through...
Capital One, Customer, Customer relationship management 1070 Words | 3 Pages
Local Newspaper
◦Colonial (first segment) ◦Romantic (first segment) ◦Civil War (first segment) ◦ Realism (second segment) ◦Modern (second segment)... ◦Contemporary (second segment) 3. For each of the three choices you selected above, provide one element which proved most interesting to you. For example, you might select a specific reading assignment from that period, or a concept you learned while studying that period. 4.What are your three favorite literary titles from the course (such...
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Cardinal direction, Following 449 Words | 3 Pages
Four Celestial Beast
constellation. It is already date back to at least the second century BC. In Chinese constellation, the sky is divided into 5 regions: East, South, West,... North and Center. Each cardinal region is associated with one celestial beast, while the center is associated with the Emperor. The East direction is associated with the Azure Dragon. South is associated with the Vermillion Bird. West is associated with the White Tiger. North is associated with the Black Tortoise. SEIRYUU In Japan, the Azure Dragon...
Azure Dragon, Cardinal direction, Chinese astronomy 1607 Words | 5 Pages
Basic on E-Nav 2
Definitions of terms to be used in connection with ARPA performance standards 1. Target means any object fixed or moving whose position and motion is... determined by measurements of range and bearing on radar. 2. Relative Course means the direction of motion of a target relative to own ship’s position expressed as an angular displacement from north. It is deduced from a number of measurements of target range and bearing or own ship’s radar. 3. Relative Speed means the speed of a target relative...
Angular momentum, Bivector, Cardinal direction 1020 Words | 5 Pages
Mechanics of machines Lab report crank and connecting rod
the rod starts moving but the velocity is not uniform. It is greater towards one direction than the other. This principle is... utilized extensively in some machines. Aim Understand the relative motion of the rotational and sliding joint. Understand the movement of the rotational and sliding joint and graph the peculiar behaviour. To investigate the reason for such movement. Procedure The assembly is set up such that one end of the rod moves up and down when the crank (to which the other end of...
Classical mechanics, Clockwise, Debut albums 691 Words | 5 Pages
Shot Putt Biomechanics
your reasoning. When a ball is hit or thrown for maximum distance then it travels in the horizontal direction at speed V and it remains in... the air for time T. The horizontal distance (D) travelled before it lands is given by D = VT. For D to be as large as possible, V and T both need to be as large as possible. V is a maximum when the ball is projected as fast as possible in the horizontal direction. But then the ball will fall to the ground quickly and T will be quite small. In cases such as the...
Force, Geodesy, Horizontal plane 1221 Words | 4 Pages
One Child
Aleman Professor Warmbrand 24 March 2015 English 089-017 One Child One child is the amazing story of a lost girl, Sheila... and a special education teacher by the name of Torey Hayden where one day they both come together and have this connection like no other. Sheila is a girl who has been forgotten and been passed between relatives and institutions before actually meeting Torey. Torey Hayden is a special education teacher who one day is reading a newspaper article and comes across this six...
Education, One Child, Special education 1039 Words | 4 Pages
Axia College Hca 220 Appendix C
Pertaining to going toward the back part 9. Pertaining to going toward the middle 10. Pertaining to going toward the side 11. Pertaining to above... 12. Pertaining to below 13. In the direction of the tailbone B. Define the following words or word parts. |-ad |In the direction of |-ior |Pertaining or relating to | |-ics |Organized knowledge of |Ana- |Back, again, up...
Axia College, Cardinal direction, Human anatomy 407 Words | 4 Pages
5 themes of geography
North latitude and 87.40' West longitude Paris, France is 48o51' North latitude and 2.20' East longitude Marshall Islands are 10o00' North latitude and... 165o00' East longitude Relative locations are described by landmarks, time, direction or distance from one place to another and may associate a particular place with another. PLACE What kind of place is it? What do you think of when you imagine China? Japan? Russia? Saudi Arabia? Places have both human and physical characteristics...
Cardinal direction, Ecliptic, Geographic coordinate system 780 Words | 3 Pages
Power of One
In Bryce Courtenay’s The Power of One, the main character, Peekay the majority of his friends by means of a violent and unexpected death.... “Death was violent and ugly like Grandpa Chook and Geel Piet, or even a macambre like Big Hettie. Death, as I had come to know it in Africa, had no gentle slipping awayness about it, no dignity.” Depending on your faith, death can bring about new life, or an end to everything. If you choose to believe the latter, as it can be assumed that Peekay did, these...
Chicken, Death, Power 925 Words | 3 Pages
Rizal's Life
music Each waltz step uses one three-count measure of music (1, 2, 3), but try to think in terms of 6 — two measures. Man begins on left... foot, Woman on right. These are referred to as the “first foot”. So two measures would be counted: 1 (first foot), 2, 3; 2 (second foot), 2, 3. Turning Step Ideally, one complete rotation is accomplished in two measures or two waltz steps. After the end of the second waltz step, you are facing the direction you were before you began...
Cardinal direction, Clockwise, Dance 1640 Words | 5 Pages
Projectile Motion Lab: Using a Toy Gun
time, covering more ground. There can be ways though to fix these sources of errors. For the first one where there were rips in the bullet,... what one can do to fix the bullets is use tape to cover up the holes. Or, a better solution would to buy new, fresh bullets where there are no bend, rips or chance of disfunction. To make sure that the bullets angle is constant after each shot, what one can do is use a stand to place the gun in. This would make sure that the gun is not pointing down or...
Ammunition, Bullet, Firearm 1404 Words | 6 Pages
The Pragmatic Aspect of Syntax. the Theory of Speech Acts
to understand language one must understand the speaker’s intention. Since language is intentional behavior, it should be treated like a form... of action. Thus Searle refers to statements as speech acts. The speech act is the basic unit of language used to express meaning, an utterance that expresses an intention. Normally, the speech act is a sentence, but it can be a word or phrase as long as it follows the rules necessary to accomplish the intention. When one speaks, one performs an act. Speech...
Direction of fit, Illocutionary act, J. L. Austin 1298 Words | 4 Pages
Good People
their knees. In this position the girl rocked slightly and once put her face in her hands, but she was not crying. Lane was very still and immobile and... looking past the bank at the downed tree in the shallows and its ball of exposed roots going all directions and the tree’s cloud of branches all half in the water. The only other individual nearby was a dozen spaced tables away, by himself, standing upright. Looking at the torn-up hole in the ground there where the tree had gone over. It was still early...
Cardinal direction, Picnic, Walk This Way 1388 Words | 3 Pages
eassy
Struggle is the key of success The Village Rano Gujar is situated in north east direction from Badin and about 55 km away from Badin. The... total population of Village Rano Gujar is about 450. Many people in the village are labor and to survive there life they do daily wages jobs in different city and few among them also possess 2 to 3 acres of land. All people are living in cluster and all are Muslim community. It was said that natural disaster came suddenly and soundlessly also in district Badin...
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i don't know
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Who wrote the 2012 Man Booker prizewinning novel Bring Up the Bodies?
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Hilary Mantel wins 2012 Costa novel prize - BBC News
BBC News
Hilary Mantel wins 2012 Costa novel prize
2 January 2013
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Image caption Hilary Mantel's Bring Up The Bodies also won the Booker Prize in 2012
Hilary Mantel has won the 2012 Costa novel prize for her Booker Prize-winning book Bring Up The Bodies.
The judges described the historical story as "quite simply the best novel of the year".
Kathleen Jamie won the poetry category for her collection The Overhaul beating newcomer Sean Borodale.
Each winner will receive a £5,000 prize. Maggot Moon by the former illustrator Sally Gardiner took the Children's award.
The book sees her hero Standish take a stand against a ruthless regime which has taken his friend away.
The judges called it "truly outstanding with a unique voice, it's a magnificent book."
Sally Gardiner has described the award as "the most phenomenal" experience since becoming a full time writer.
"Maggot Moon is a book I've always wanted to write and Standish has been waiting to be written for years. It is thrilling that the story now stands defiant in the world" she said.
"It is a great honour to have won this award, and for me, it goes towards proving the power of dreams.'
Husband and wife team Mary and Bryan Talbot from Sunderland jointly won best biography for the graphic novel Dotter of Her Father's Eyes.
It is part personal history, part biography and tells the story of two interweaving father-daughter relationships.
Graphic novels were included in the shortlists for the Costa Book Awards for the first time in 2012.
Media captionHilary Mantel said the "good Devon air" helped her write Bring Up The Bodies which won the Costa Book Prize 2012
It is Hilary Mantel's second award for Bring Up The Bodies, a historical novel about Thomas Cromwell, which also won the 2012 Man Booker Prize.
She became the first living UK author to receive the prize twice, having won it for its prequel Wolf Hall.
"I'm delighted, it is lovely and this is the first time I've have featured on a Costa shortlist I think, I've certainly never won one of the Costa prizes before" she told the BBC.
Mantel said the awards were not making her complacent: "I'm always greedy for readers, like every author.
"I had a letter from one the other day which confused Thomas Cromwell and Oliver Cromwell and when that is going on, I think there is work to be done."
Mantel beat off competition from James Meek's The Heart Broke In and Stephen May's Life! Death! Prizes!
Debut author Francesca Segal won the first novel category for The Innocents.
It is the story of childhood sweethearts, preparing to get married when a cousin turns up and puts temptation in one of their ways.
"It felt hard to believe that this affectionate, witty novel was the author's first," the judges said.
All five books, which were selected from more than 550 entries, will now compete for the 2012 Costa Book of the Year, which will be announced in London on 29 January.
A panel of judges including actress Jenny Agutter, comedian Mark Watson and chaired by the BBC Radio 4 broadcaster, Dame Jenni Murray will decide which is the overall winner - who will receive an additional £30,000 prize money.
Last year's Costa Book Prize went to Andrew Miller for his novel, Pure.
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Hilary Mantel
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In 2012 what laconically-branded sport increased engine capacity from 800 cc to 1,000 cc?
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Project MUSE - Bring on the Books: The Man Booker Prize for 2012
The Man Booker Prize for 2012
Hilary Mantel, Bring up the Bodies. Henry Holt and Co., 2012. 432 pages. $28;
Tan Twan Eng, The Garden of Evening Mists. Weinstein Books, 2012. 352 pages. $15.99 pb;
Will Self, Umbrella. Grove Press, 2013. 448 pages. $25;
Deborah Levy, Swimming Home. Bloomsbury USA, 2012. 176 pages. $14 pb;
Alison Moore, The Lighthouse. Salt Publishing, 2012. 192 pages. £8.99 pb;
Jeet Thayil, Narcopolis. Penguin Press HC, 2012. 304 pages. $25.95.
The announcement on October 16 that Hilary Mantel had won the 2012 Man Booker Prize for her novel Bring Up The Bodies produced a complicated reaction. That Mantel might win was not a great surprise. Named [End Page 473] the favorite as soon as the shortlist came out in September, she was still considered joint front-runner (together with Will Self for Umbrella) as the decision approached. And yet a Booker for Bring Up the Bodies was unprecedented in several ways. Since she had won in 2009 for Wolf Hall, this made Mantel a double winner. There have been only two double winners—J. M. Coetzee and Peter Carey. Coetzee is South African; Carey, Australian—both men. So Mantel became the first English novelist to achieve the prize twice and the first woman.
Carey and Coetzee have shown that nothing rules out a double winner, but still it is rare. Salman Rushdie reportedly threw a tantrum in 1983 when he did not win the prize for Shame, only two years after taking the prize for Midnight's Children, and many observers agreed that he had been mistreated. Such former winners as Ian McEwan, Margaret Atwood, and A. S. Byatt continue to appear on the shortlist. Carey was shortlisted for what would have been his third Booker in 2011, and the double winner Coetzee was on the shortlist when Mantel won it in 2009. That the new repeater was an English woman may have redeemed some oversight by previous judging committees. Mantel pronounced herself astonished and made a small joke: "You wait 20 years for a Booker prize and then two come along at once."
Perhaps more unusual, or controversial, is that Bring Up The Bodies is the second installment of what will be a trilogy—in other words a sequel to Wolf Hall. As Sameer Rahim writes in his report for the Telegraph: "During the dinner all the discussion was about whether the judges could dare give it to Mantel once more and for a novel in the same series—something unprecedented in Booker history." Pat Barker won the prize in 1995 for The Ghost Road, which was also part of a trilogy; but it was the concluding volume, and neither of its predecessors had won (or even been on the list). The chair of judges, Sir Peter Stothard, editor of the Times Literary Supplement, ignored the possible controversy of re-recognizing Mantel, declined to reveal the vote, and only said that the panel had decided to give the prize to "a very remarkable piece of prose that transcends the work already written by a great author. She uses her art, her power of prose, to create moral ambiguity and the real uncertainty of political life then."
Finally, though very muted in this case, there are always murmurs about historical fiction. Historical novels have won a large number of (Man) Booker Prizes over the years, and there is a small but insistent critical voice that decries this fact, arguing that historical fiction is escapist and demonstrates a timid refusal to confront and represent the world in which we are all now living. Perhaps its prestige-challenged near-relative, the historical romance, infects the historical novel with its dubious reputation. Of course distinguishing between the two is not always easy, nor is there any agreement on how far back a novel has to be set to be a historical one. At any rate three novels on the 2012 shortlist are at least partly of that genre. Tan Twan Eng's The Garden of Evening Mists is set in Malaya and moves back [End Page 474] and forth between about 1940 and 1986. Self 's Umbrella occupies three different temporal planes—2010, 1971, and 1918. The difference, perhaps, is that Mantel offers no framing; nobody is looking back from our present at the events of the 1530s—or at least none of her fictional characters—though of course we are, and we readers know what will happen.
Together with Tan and Mantel and Self, the shortlist consists of Deborah Levy's Swimming Home, Alison Moore's The Lighthouse, and Jeet Thayil's Narcopolis. The judges, aside from Stothard, were Dinah Birch, an English professor at the University of Liverpool; Amanda Foreman, a historian; Bharat Tandon, an academic and Jane Austen specialist; and Dan Stevens, a young actor best known as Matthew Crawley in Downton Abbey. His qualifications for judging the Booker seem slender, though he read English at Cambridge and acted in The Line of Beauty, based on Alan Hollinghurst's Booker-winner of 2004; and the jury always includes one or more representatives of the general public. The shortlist they chose includes two first novels, Narcopolis and The Lighthouse. It includes a surprising three novels from small independent publishers: The Garden of Evening Mists was published by Myrmidon Press of Newcastle, The Lighthouse by Salt Publishing in Norfolk, and Swimming Home by a company in Buckhamshire called And Other Stories, initially sold by subscription. Finally two of the shortlisted authors (I believe this is a first) are recovered heroin addicts.
As Rahim points out, this shortlist "has been regarded as the 'experimental' or 'highbrow' year in comparison to last year's apparent collection of easy reads." The 2011 panel was militantly insistent on choosing books for which their preferred term readable was a code word for popular, unchallenging, likely to irritate the highbrows. Their publicity suggested a blow struck in defense of the ordinary bookbuyer, possibly even the beach reader. Booker judges never admit trying to correct mistakes of previous years, especially since they are all new. But it happens. When the prize goes, as it sometimes does, to an obscure or rebarbative or seemingly perverse choice, the next one often swings back toward (or beyond) the mean. John Berger's G. was followed by J. G. Farrell's (historical) The Siege of Krishnapur, and Keri Hulme's The Bone People, a very difficult and tedious book, achieved compensation the next year in Kingsley Amis's bourgeois comedy The Old Devils. The 2012 judges even seemed chosen to smarten up what 2011 had dumbed down with a panel led by a retired spy as chair and including a member of Parliament who demanded books that "zip along."
The pendulum swing may be exaggerated. Bring Up The Bodies is of course no more highbrow than Wolf Hall. The products of small publishers may testify to more rarified books that the big commercial firms wouldn't touch. And Umbrella is the closest thing in years on the Booker shortlist to the high modernism of Joyce and Woolf. Justine Jordan, in the Guardian, wrote that "as a highbrow panel dropped the previous year's demands for 'readability' in favour of complexity and the sheer pleasure of innovative [End Page 475] prose, it looked for a while as though it could have been Self's year. As it is, perhaps Umbrella would have been too radical a choice for a prize that, as the country's biggest, cannot help but be a little conservative."
If readable means popular, or likely to become popular, Hilary Mantel is one of the most readable Booker winners ever. An analysis of sales shows that Wolf Hall has sold over 600,000 copies, second only to Yann Martel's The Life of Pi (which has been in print more than three times as long). Before the Booker ceremony Bring Up the Bodies had sold more copies than all the other eleven books on the longlist combined.
One book that benefited from its selection both in sales and in finding a more mainstream distribution deal is Deborah Levy's Swimming Home. Yet it is the most trifling book on the list. Entirely competent, it nevertheless lacks real significance. A short atmospheric story of middle-class English folk on holiday in a Provençal holiday home, complete with marital tensions, financial worries, and inter-couple friction (all a bit hackneyed), it energizes the plot with their discovery, in their pool, of a naked young woman. That one of them apparently mistakes her for a bear; that the wife of a notoriously unfaithful poet invites her to stay in their house despite her implausible account of what she is doing in their pool; that she turns up naked fairly often, with little reaction from her hosts; that she is a botanist/poet who is in fact stalking the poet Joe Jacobs, wanting him to read her poem, called "Swimming Home": all these plot points are adduced in a rather affectless style. The outcome is predictably violent, though, in another way, unpredictable since its motivation is obscure.
The novel comes with a pretentious introduction, written by Tom McCarthy, who made the Man Booker shortlist with his novel C in 2010, assuring the reader that Levy has read "her Lacan and Deleuze, her Barthes, Marguerite Duras, Gertrude Stein, and Ballard, not to mention Kafka and Robbe-Grillet." So that's all right then. He goes on to declare that the "setting and plot of Swimming Home are borrowed, almost ironically, from the staid English-middle-class-on-holiday novel," without clarifying what "almost irony" might be. It is unfair to judge the novel on the basis of a paratext, but she presumably authorized it, and it would be equally wrong to admire it more just because Levy knows Continental theory.
Ironic or not, Levy gives us a familiar setting and situation. Certainly unfamiliar is the donnée of Tan Twan Eng's The Garden of Evening Mists, which is set in Malaya and deals with the Japanese invasion of that country and the ensuing atrocities as well as the communist insurrection of the 1950s. The narrator, Yun Ling Teoh, is from a Straits Chinese family—very loyal to the British, very assimilated. At the time of the Japanese invasion she and her beloved sister were made "guests of the emperor"—that is, taken to a work camp and horribly mistreated there; and her sister is driven to death. After [End Page 476] the war Yun Ling attends university in England, comes back to Malaya, and becomes a prosecutor dedicated to the pursuit of Japanese war criminals. In 1951, having been sacked from that job, she returns to her childhood home in the highlands, where she has friends—a transplanted South African tea planter and his Chinese wife. There she comes to know the enigmatic Aritomo, the former gardener of the emperor of Japan, now in exile.
Her sister had, during a prewar visit to Tokyo, admired Japanese gardens, and Yun Ling is drawn, despite her hatred of the Japanese, to Aritomo; eventually she asks him to design a garden in honor of her sister, and he takes her on as his apprentice. Many years later, in the "present time" of the novel (about 1986), Yun Ling, now a retired judge, has come back to the garden, Yugiri, which Aritomo left to her at his death. It is decayed, and she resolves to restore it. At the same time she hosts a visiting Japanese scholar who is studying Aritomo's ukiyo-e, or woodblock prints, of which he was also a master. Yun Ling also begins to write her memoirs while she still can, since she has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
This novel contains much that I enjoyed learning about, such as the principles of Japanese gardening including shakkei, the art of borrowed scenery. Aritomo is a genuinely fascinating man who, beyond his gifts in gardening and woodblock prints, is also an archer and a tattoo artist who tattoos Yun Ling's entire torso. Nevertheless the book presents an odd mixture of longueurs and unbelievable moments of sensationalism. The descriptions of the gardening and the enigmatic but supposedly profound comments by Aritomo give way to boredom. At the same time the plot reveals that everybody is hiding secrets and that everybody is compromised, including Yun Ling, and wanders into stories of hidden treasure stolen by the Japanese and concealed in the same camp where Yun Ling and her sister were imprisoned (which she has never been able to locate) and for which her full body tattoo may be a map. Probably we are not meant to wonder how she can find her way with the help of a map tattooed on her back.
Boyd Tonkin, a usually penetrating reviewer writing in the Independent, singles out Aritomo's aphorism that "every aspect of gardening is a form of deception" and applies it to fiction, "with its incomplete points-of-view and deceptive trompe d'oeil vistas." He goes on to acclaim the novel as "suffused with a satisfying richness of colour and character" and finds it "action-packed." I agreed more with the Guardian's Kapka Kassabova, who acknowledges that "its themes are serious, its historic grounding solid, its structure careful, its old-fashioned ornamentalism respectable" but decides that the "self-conscious dialogue resembles a history lesson collated for the benefit of the western reader" and that the voice of the narrator lacks personality.
A glimpse into another world unfamiliar to the average reader comes from Narcopolis, by Jeet Thayil, a novel about the drug underworld in Bombay. It begins with a passage whose language shows a post-Rushdie vigor: [End Page 477]
Bombay, which obliterated its own history by changing its name and surgically altering its face, is the hero or heroine of this story, and since I'm the one who's telling it and you don't know who I am, let me say that we'll get to the who of it but not right now, because now there's time enough not to hurry, to light the lamp and open the window to the moon and take a moment to dream of a great and broken city, because when the day starts its business I'll have to stop, these are nighttime tales that vanish in sunlight, like vampire dust—wait now, light me up so we do this right, yes, hold me steady to the lamp, hold it, hold, good, a slow pull to start with, to draw the smoke low into the lungs, yes, oh my, and another for the nostrils, and a little something sweet for the mouth, and now we can begin at the beginning with the first time at Rashid's . . .
The uninviting prospect that the book will be narrated by an opium pipe is, fortunately, not fulfilled. Even the fear that three hundred pages about people drugging themselves will become boring is allayed. Narcopolis is full of degrading actions and degraded people, but its art lifts it above its environs. The narration is mostly in the hands of Dom, a young Indian man who is addicted to opium, and it circles around Rashid, the owner of an opium den; a eunuch named Dimple, who is a prostitute as well as a fixer of pipes at Rashid's; and Mr. Lee, a refugee from Mao's China who provides a link to history—not only the historic connection between India and China that fueled the opium war, but also Chinese exploration represented by an enormous junk in the Bombay harbor. There are many lesser characters as well. The city itself, defiantly called Bombay rather than Mumbai by Thayil, constitutes the most vivid character, adding this to the list of great books that embrace this fascinating city: Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh, Mistry's A Fine Balance, and the recent Last Man In Tower by Aravind Adiga.
The narrative is sometimes woozy, as when one Brahmin tells Dimple that "he knew the one thousand and one names of god and he knew the one thousand and one names of heroin and if sometimes he mixed them up, at an arti, say, if for example he said Satyam, Sharam, Sundaram—Truth is Heroin is Beauty—he knew it was allowed, because no one was listening anyway, not to him. What he wanted to know was this; who put the words in his head? How did they arrive, these sentences, so fully formed they seemed to be uttered by a divine voice?" Alongside the repetitious and circular motion of the drug-taking, there is a linear plot in which things get worse, mostly because of the introduction, where there had been opium. Another linear movement involves Dimple, who is at the center of the novel. Her self-education, which finds her quoting Baudelaire, is improbable. But Thayil has succeeded, it seems to me, in what he intended, which was "to honour the addicted, the marginalized and people perceived to be the lowest of the low." Elsewhere he has said that the book made up for the twenty lost [End Page 478] years of his life, years lost to addiction. The literature of addiction is extensive, and reviewers have mentioned de Quincey, Burroughs, Irvine Welsh, Roberto Bolaño, and Charles Bukowski in praising this book, one of them comparing it to the "best junkie book of the last quarter century." As a first novel it is particularly impressive.
Another first novel, Alison Moore's The Lighthouse, is even better. It begins with a man called Futh standing on the deck of a ferry, "holding on to the cold railings with his soft hands. The wind pummels his body through his new anorak, deranges his thinning hair and brings tears to his eyes." Futh is on his way to Germany for a weeklong walking holiday, and it steadily becomes clear that he is a hapless figure, a bewildered son, a cuckolded husband, a loser. He is a schlemiel, a tragic nebbish. As the week goes by he gets lost; he develops terrible blisters from his stiff new boots and pains in his unexercised body; he can never seem to get his breakfast; and people take advantage of him everywhere he goes and stays.
Futh is a scientist who develops artificial smells, and this novel is artfully held together with scent. Oranges recur, often reminding him of his mother, who left when he was twelve. The smell of cigarettes is a persistent feature of his marriage; when his wife comes in smelling of cigarette smoke he tries to believe she is a secret smoker, despite her denials, rather than acknowledging that his lifelong nemesis, his neighbor Kenny, is the smoker of whom she smells. He returns often to a memory of his family together on a cliff in Cornwall. As his father droned boringly about a lighthouse, his mother finally said, "Do you know how much you bore me?"
There was a pause and then his father quietly packed away the picnic. Snapping shut the cool-box lid, he stood and looked at his wife. Futh watched the gulls fighting over the remains of their lunch, and then he looked down at his hand and saw the glass vial broken in his palm, the fleshy pad beneath his thumb cut open. The volatile contents of the lighthouse soaked into his wound, stinging, and ran between his fingers, soaking his boots, and the scent of it rose from like millions of tiny balloons escaping towards the sky.
For a long time afterwards, he would lift the palm of his hand to his nose, searching for that scent of violets.
The lighthouse mentioned here is a silver-plated antique container for perfume, acquired as an heirloom from his father's family. Later some of his relatives will demand it back; he keeps it, though, as a sort of talisman, carrying it with him on his German walking tour until a depraved hotel manageress steals it from his room.
Novels in which everything goes wrong (and there is much more, including [End Page 479] Futh's bed-wetting) can become tiresome, but The Lighthouse never does, which is a tribute to Moore's delicacy. Futh is an innocent, a man too helpless to cope, surrounded by people more nearly ruthless than he is—his wife, his father and mother, Kenny, Bernard, and Ester at his hotel in the suggestive town of Hellhaus. There is one person who shows him kindness: a man he meets on the ferry named Carl, who said to him, "Do you ever get a bad feeling about something? A bad feeling about something that's going to happen?" Carl looks in vain for Futh on the return trip but then goes on his way.
Will Self, author of Umbrella, which many observers considered at least the joint favorite to take the Booker, is a well-established author, with twenty books to his credit. He is also a controversial figure, described by one reviewer as "author, journalist, psycho-geographer, wisecracking television show panelist"—as well as reformed alcoholic and heroin addict who publicly cleaned himself up as the new century began.
Self is not modest. He has explained, more than once, what he was trying to do with Umbrella, saying that he "wanted to capture the real-time experience of being alive and, in doing so, expose the failings of narrative fiction." Writing in the Guardian he said that he wants to dispense with convention entirely and make his books "the fictive equivalent of ripping the damn corset off altogether and chucking it on the fire." Of course no writer can escape convention, though Self gets along without paragraph breaks or punctuation marking direct quotations. But readers who know Ulysses will not find Umbrella unprecedentedly uncorseted. The reviewer Maggie Shipstead writes: "While I enjoyed puzzling over the novel's tangled references and images, the rewards of deciphering these patterns had more to do with literary gamesmanship than approaching a truer representation of consciousness"; and another reviewer referred to the "thesaurus-gorged sentences that inflame his detractors." Self may be, as the British say, too clever by half. There is a lingering suspicion even today of modernist excess—what Kingsley Amis called "obtruded oddity."
And yet Joyce wasn't self-effacing, either, and Umbrella is something of a heroic undertaking. Like The Garden of Evening Mists it moves between three major times, in this case, 2010, when the psychiatrist Zack Busner revisits the mental hospital where he once practiced, now closed down; 1971, when he began work there, he diagnosed some apparently catatonic patients as suffering from encephalitis lethargica and treated them with L-Dopa; and 1918, when the most important of these patients, Audrey De-Ath (otherwise Death, otherwise Dearth) fell ill in the epidemic that swept Europe after the Great War and entered into a half century of living death. Unlike Tan's novel, the time shifts are not signaled, being contained within interior monologues. A typical passage reads like this: [End Page 480]
Torticollis comes to Busner uselessly—and such is the parasympathetic drama he has just witnessed that he is amazed when two auxiliary staff, their black curly hair aerated cream in white nylon snoods, casually part to circumvent them— . . . I tellim mek a gurl an offer she'll 'preciate, their remarks volleying between him and the old woman . . . See, 'e cummup 'ere mos days . . . —before they reunite and carry on, oblivious. —Electric woman waits for you and me . . . with Nescafe and a marijuana cigarette burning rubber after the International Times event at the Roundhouse. Somewhere in the bedsit grot of Chalk Farm . . . Busner had taken the wrinkled fang trailing venom, his eye caught by Ronnie Laing and Jean-Paul Sartre paperbacks stacked in the brick-and-board bookcase . . . nauseating. Her boyfriend's hair hung down lanker than the bead curtain she clicked through with the mugs.
Torticollis is a twisted neck, and Ronnie (i.e. R. D. Laing) was the radical psychiatrist who led the anti-psychiatry movement of the 1960s. Busner's association with him makes him an object of suspicion when he proposes L-Dopa to treat his "enkies." (This part of the story is indebted to Awakenings [1973], by Oliver Sacks.)
The interior monologue follows some rules, of course, being moved in response to external events (the nurses that avoid Busner and Audrey) and mental associations (Jimi Hendrix lyrics, Sartre and nausea). There is enough solid "actual" or "external" plot to support this long and complex book, including Busner's marital problems and changes in the National Health System. But the most interesting part of it is the Edwardian life of Audrey De-Ath, with her colorful cockney father, her two contrasting brothers (one of whom goes on to become a government minister, while the other is killed on the Western Front), her sexual awakening (which is shortly followed by her long, long sleep), and her political activities. She is a campaigner for women's suffrage. During the war she is a munitionette. In her encephalitic coma, she continues to make the repetitive arm movements of operating munitions machinery, which shows Busner that she still has some life, and leads to his theory that movement is necessary for memory. Before the war she had been secretary to an umbrella manufacturer, which is one of the slight connections to the book's title.
This is an engaging story, and Maggie Shipstead writes, in fact, that "taken as a repudiation of narrative . . . Umbrella fails by virtue of its own success as a narrative." The Guardian reviewer linked Self to the ongoing argument about popular and literary fiction, pointing out that the longlist which included Umbrella "is widely seen as a deliberate correction to the controversial plea from last year's judges for 'readability,' and some may conclude that Self's book represents the opposite quality. But, though hard work is certainly demanded from the reader, it is always rewarded." It is the best [End Page 481] possible dismissal of the notion that literary novels are bought but not read, the requirement that fiction must zip along.
And so to Hilary Mantel. Her Wolf Hall was a richly deserving winner of the Man Booker Prize in 2009 (see "Margins of Fact and Fiction," SR, summer 2010). Bring Up the Bodies can only be described as more of the same, and it is hard to argue that more of the same is, again, better than its competitors and thus deserves the award (I worry about pressure on the judges when the final installment, apparently to be called The Mirror and the Light, becomes eligible). Again her book focuses on Thomas Cromwell, the versatile, resolute, crafty commoner who, having begun in the service of Cardinal Wolsey, becomes the indispensable agent of Henry viii. In her characterization Mantel's innovation is to make Cromwell not exactly a hero, but a central character who attracts sympathy and admiration despite his ruthlessness. The usual narrative of the Tudor court makes Cromwell a monster—and Thomas More, well, saintly. Mantel has no use for More, crisply dismissing him in the first volume and having Cromwell clearly dominate him conversationally and intellectually.
That novel ends with More's death and the movement of Anne Boleyn toward the throne. It ends, too, with a troubling hint in the revelation that Wolf Hall, previously unidentified, is the family home of the Seymour family—that is, of Jane Seymour, who would follow Anne in Henry's bed. Bring Up the Bodies is mostly about Henry's growing dissatisfaction with Anne and Cromwell's role in composing her death.
Martin Rubin, in the Los Angeles Times, writes that this book is "more than the equal of its predecessor when it comes to intensity and drama, its portrait of Cromwell ever more evocative and nuanced as he disposes of a queen, more elevated than a mere cardinal (Wolsey) and saint (Thomas More), whose downfalls were front and center in 'Wolf Hall.'" Most significant is our realization of how Cromwell's efficiency, his capacity to make things happen, is a function of a hard unscrupulous cruelty despite his engaging qualities.
One of Cromwell's tasks is to produce the evidence that will justify dispensing with Anne. For Cromwell this also provides him with an opportunity to revenge himself on those who have displeased him, in particular four young nobles who mocked Cardinal Wolsey in a pantomime. He succeeds in incriminating all of them as lovers of the queen. His procedure is urbane and inexorable, and he is good at subtle threats. Here he is assembling evidence for his claim that Anne committed incest with her brother:
"Now she is not queen," Bryan says, "because she is not, is she . . . I can call her what she is, a hot minx, and where has she better opportunity, than with her family?" [End Page 482]
He says, "By that reasoning, do you think she goes to it with Uncle Norfolk? It could even be you, Sir Francis. If she has a mind to her relatives. You are a great gallant."
"Oh, Christ," Bryan says. "Cromwell, you would not."
"I only mention it."
And here is Cromwell after questioning Mark Smeaton, a musician who proclaims that the queen loves him, telling him that the council will want a full confession.
"Smeaton, what is your secret?" they will demand. You will blush and say, ah, gentlemen, I cannot impart. But you will impart all, Mark, for they will make you. And you will do it freely, or do it enforced.
He turns away from the boy, as Mark's face falls open in dismay, as his body begins to shake: five rash minutes of boasting, in one ungratified life and, like nervous tradesmen, the gods at once send in their account. Mark has lived in a story of his own devising, where the beautiful princess in her tower hears beyond her casement music of unearthly sweetness. She looks out and sees by moonlight the humble musician with his lute. But unless the musician turns out to be a prince in disguise, this story cannot end well. The doors open and ordinary faces crowd in, the surface of the dream is shattered: you are in Stepney on a warm night at the beginning of spring, the last birdsong is fading into the hush of twilight, somewhere a bolt rattles, a stool is scraped across the floor, a dog barks below the window and Thomas Cromwell says to you, "We all want our supper, let's get on, here is the paper and the ink. Here is Master Wriothesley, he will write for us."
The present-tense verbs, the sensory details, and the fluid personal pronouns are all part of the flexible and beautiful style Mantel has invented for her Tudor story. That her protagonist employs Machiavellian tactics to advance an immoral project for an unworthy king, without forfeiting the interest and even the grudging admiration of a reader, testifies to her mastery. [End Page 483]
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i don't know
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In 2012 Price Nayef became the second crown prince, after Prince Sultan, to die before ascending to the throne in which country?
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Saudi Arabia's Prince Nayef, Next In Line To Throne, Dies; Saudi Shares Plunge | Zero Hedge
Silver Prices and the Russian Connection
by Sprott Money - Jan 3, 2017 11:06 AM
Silver is far below the equilibrium line and too low compared to its own exponential price history as well as compared to the S&P. The next major move should be UP!
Saudi Arabia's Prince Nayef, Next In Line To Throne, Dies; Saudi Shares Plunge
Jun 16, 2012 6:52 AM
0
SHARES
Coming into the weekend, most were focusing on key events coming out of Greece and France, possibly Egypt, but nobody expected that Saudi Arabia would be thrown into the fray. That just happened, however, following news that Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz al-Saud has died in Geneva, according to Saudi state television, citing a royal court statement. The news has sent Saudi shares sliding, because now 89-year-old King Abdullah must nominate a new heir for the second time in nine months. And the last thing the middle-east region needs, not to mention the world's biggest oil producer, needs is more geopolitical uncertainty.
From Reuters:
Nayef, interior minister since 1975 and thought to be 78, was the heir to Saudi King Abdullah and was appointed crown prince in October after the death of his elder brother and predecessor in the role, Crown Prince Sultan.
State television said the burial would be in Mecca on Sunday.
Defence Minister Prince Salman, 76, seen as likely to continue King Abdullah's cautious reforms, has long been viewed as the next most senior prince in the kingdom's succession.
Nayef had a reputation as a steely conservative who opposed King Abdullah's reforms and developed a formidable security infrastructure that crushed al Qaeda but also locked up some political activists.
He, King Abdullah and Salman are among the nearly 40 sons of Saudi Arabia's founder, Abdulaziz ibn Saud, who established the kingdom in 1935.
Salman was made defence minister in November and had served as Riyadh governor for five decades.
Nayef went to Switzerland for medical tests in May.
What are the strategic implications of the death? Back in March, Stratfor did an analysis looking at just that in " Saudi Arabia's Succession Labyrinth "
The Saudi royalty's health problems come at a time of great uncertainty for Riyadh. On the home front, the Saudis are trying to ensure that the regional Arab unrest does not spill into its borders. At the same time, they are trying to counter an increasingly aggressive Iran. That said, the al-Saud regime has proved to be remarkably resilient over the course of its history, remaining in power despite the forced abdication of the founder’s successor, King Saud, in 1964; the assassination of King Faisal in 1975; and the stroke-induced incapacitation of King Fahd for nearly a decade until his death in 2005, when King Abdullah took the throne.
Setting Up a Succession Plan
Sensing that the power-sharing method within the family had become untenable due to the sheer number of descendants seeking power and influence within the regime, King Abdullah in 2007 moved to enact the Allegiance Institution Law, which created a leadership council and a formal mechanism to guide future transitions of power.
This new, 35-member body, called the Allegiance Council, is made up of the 15 surviving sons of the founder and 19 of his grandsons -- a disparity that will grow as the sons begin to die. Its purpose is to choose the new king and crown prince when they die or are permanently incapacitated, but the new institution remains an untested body. Perhaps most problematic, the processes the council is set to govern are being implemented at a time when the second generation is on its way out. Had this formal process of succession been initiated earlier, it would have been institutionalized during the era of the sons of the founder. They were far fewer in number and worked directly with their father to build the kingdom, giving them a stronger claim to authority than anyone in the subsequent generation. An earlier start would have allowed the second generation to deal with the many problems that inevitably crop up with any new system.
The composition of the Allegiance Council is such that it gives representation to all the sons of the founder. This is done through either their direct membership on the council or via the grandsons whose fathers are deceased, incapacitated, or otherwise unwilling to assume the throne. The reigning king and his crown prince are not members but each has a son on the council. The council is chaired by the eldest son of the founder, with his second-oldest brother as his deputy. Should there be no one left from the second generation, the leadership of the council falls to the eldest grandson. Any time there is a vacancy, the king is responsible for appointing a replacement, though it is not known if King Abdullah has filled the vacancy created by the death of Prince Fawaz bin Abdul-Aziz, who died in July 2008, some six months after the establishment of the council.
When King Abdullah dies, the council will pledge allegiance to the crown prince, currently Prince Nayef, though given his declining health it is questionable whether he will outlive the king. But the issue of the next crown prince is mired in a potential contradiction. According to the new law, after consultation with the Allegiance Council, the king can submit up to three candidates to the council for approval. The council can reject all of them and name a fourth candidate. But if the king rejects the council’s nominee then the council will vote between its own candidate and the one preferred by the king, and the candidate who gets the most votes becomes the crown prince. There is also the option that the king may ask the council to nominate a candidate. In any case, a new crown prince must be appointed within a month of the new king’s accession.
This new procedure, however, conflicts with the established practice in which the second deputy prime minister takes over as crown prince, a policy that has been followed since King Faisal appointed Fahd to the post. In fact, the current king, after not naming a second deputy prime minister (essentially a crown prince-in-waiting) for four years, appointed Interior Minister Prince Naif to the post in March 2009. But since Naif became crown prince (and thus deputy prime minister), the post of second deputy prime minister remains vacant. Salman, next in the line of succession, should have been given this post, but this has not yet happened. Regardless, however, the post of second deputy prime minister after the establishment of the Allegiance Council raises the question of whether established tradition will be replaced by the new formal procedure.
The law also addresses the potential scenario in which both the king and crown prince fall ill such that they cannot fulfill their duties, which could transpire in the current situation given the health issues of both King Abdullah and Crown Prince Naif. In such a situation, the Allegiance Council would set up a five-member Transitory Ruling Council that would take over the affairs of the state until at least one of the leaders regained his health. If, however, it is determined by a special medical board that both leaders are permanently incapacitated, the Allegiance Council must appoint a new king within seven days.
In the event that both the king and crown prince die simultaneously, the Allegiance Council would appoint a new king. The Transitory Ruling Council would govern until the new king was appointed. While it has been made clear that the Transitory Ruling Council will not be allowed to amend a number of state laws, its precise powers and composition have not been defined.
What Lies Ahead
The kingdom has little precedent in terms of constitutionalism. It was only in 1992 that the first constitution was developed, and even then the country has been largely governed via consensus obtained through informal means involving tribal and familial ties. Therefore, when this new formal mechanism for succession is put into practice, the House of Saud is bound to run into problems not only in implementation, but also competing interpretations.
To make matters worse, the Saudis are in the midst of this succession dilemma -- and will be for many years to come given the advanced ages of many senior princes -- at a time of massive change within the kingdom and a shifting regional landscape.
Saudi Arabia is perhaps at the most important historical impasse since the founding of its first incarnation in 1744. A number of internal and external events are occurring simultaneously and subjecting the Saudi state to extreme strain. On the external front there are a number of challenges, the most significant of which is the regional rise of Iran, catalyzed by the Shia-dominated government in Baghdad and the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq. The Saudis also do not wish to see a U.S.-Iranian conflict in the Persian Gulf, which would have destabilizing effects on the kingdom. While Riyadh was struggling with the challenge from Iran, the Arab unrest erupted in early 2011, which has created two major hot spots on the eastern and southern borders of the kingdom.
On the southern flank, Yemen was grappling with three different insurrections challenging the regime of aging Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh even before the Arab unrest. A year later, Yemen is now in a post-Saleh period with a new president and various others jockeying for power. The Saudis are concerned about the Yemeni state and whether it will be able to hold together given that various forces are pulling Sanaa in different directions and jihadists are taking over significant swaths of territory.
On Saudi Arabia's east coast, Bahrain's Shia majority rose up against the minority Sunni monarchy. Bahrain is a bridge away from Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, which houses the largest concentration of Shia and represents a huge potential for Iran to gain a foothold on the Arabian Peninsula. This is why we saw Riyadh team up with its Gulf Cooperation Council allies to engage in its first-ever foreign military deployment to assist Manama’s security forces. Through this action, Saudi Arabia was able to contain the agitation, at least for the time being.
The empowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt -- following the ouster of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak -- and like-minded Islamist forces elsewhere in North Africa poses another major challenge for the Saudis. The meltdown of decades-old autocratic regimes together with the electoral successes of Islamists has implications for the stability of Saudi Arabia’s Islamic monarchical model of governance. Concerns about the Muslim Brotherhood being a beneficiary of the uprising in Syria has the Saudi kingdom proceeding cautiously in supporting the rebels there, even though the ouster of the Syrian regime represents the single best option to weaken the threat from Iran.
Furthermore, the Syrian unrest has implications for Lebanon, Jordan and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict -- all key areas of interest for the Saudis on their northern flank.
Turkey’s bid for leadership in the Middle East is a new variable the kingdom has not had to deal with since the close of World War I and the demise of the Ottoman Empire. In the near term, the Saudis take comfort in the idea that Turkey can serve as a counter to Iran, but the long-term challenge posed by Turkey’s rise is a worrying development, especially since the Saudi leaders’ predecessors lost control of the Arabian Peninsula twice to the Ottomans -- once in 1818 and then again in 1891.
Even in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Saudis are caught between two unappealing options: side with the Taliban, as they did during the Taliban’s rule in the 1990s, and risk empowering al Qaeda-led jihadists, or oppose the Taliban and thus help Iran expand its influence in the area.
While the Saudis have time to deal with a number of these external challenges, they do not enjoy that same luxury in their domestic affairs. The Saudis have been largely successful in containing the threat from al Qaeda, but they have had to engage in radical reforms, spearheaded by King Abdullah, in order to do so. These include scaling back the powers of the religious establishment, expanding the public space for women, changing the educational sector and undertaking other social reforms.
These moves have led to a growing moderate-conservative divide at both the level of state and society and have galvanized those calling for further socio-political reforms as well as the significant Shia minority that seeks to exploit the opening provided by the reform process. These domestic issues have been magnified exponentially given the Arab unrest. In addition to the growing Shia protests in parts of the Eastern Province, there are reports of student unrest in the southwestern province of Asir.
There are also early signs of mainstream Saudis trying to mobilize in other parts of the kingdom -- at least over the Internet. It is difficult for the Saudi authorities to prevent a large university-educated youth population -- a large segment of which is unemployed -- from being affected by the new protest norm in the region.
Complicating this situation are fears of the religious establishment that the new regional climate is weakening its influence, especially if the government moves to engage in additional reforms. While thus far the Saudis have been able to control prominent Muslim scholars, known as the ulema class, especially with the limits on who can issue fatwas, the potential for backlash from the ulema remains. At the very least, the ulema will support more conservative factions in any power struggle.
All of these issues further complicate the Saudis’ venture into uncharted territory insofar as leadership changes are concerned. There are several princes who have already distinguished themselves as likely key players in a future Saudi regime. These include intelligence chief Prince Muqrin, the youngest living son of the founder and a member of the Allegiance Council; Prince Khalid bin Faisal, the governor of Mecca province; Prince Mitab bin Abdullah, the new commander of SANG; and Assistant Interior Minister Prince Mohammed bin Naif, the kingdom’s counterterrorism chief and head of the de-radicalization program designed to reintegrate repentant jihadists.
Stratfor is thus watching this issue very closely for any movement on the part of the untested Allegiance Council, which is expected to choose a crown prince and king as per the new succession law in the event of the death of the incumbents. Salman could take over as Crown Prince, but he is seen as the last of the major princes, which means it will be important to see who among the grandsons of the founder of the modern kingdom will emerge as key stakeholders in the Saudi system. But in the end, the real issue is whether the historically resilient Saudi monarchy will be able to continue to demonstrate resilience moving forward.
Inthemix96 Gully Foyle Jun 17, 2012 1:39 AM
OK Ill bite, are you some how refering to me as a pacifist?
You have little to no idea what your talking about gully folly. Just because I my family and my own will not take up arms against no one who has done me harm, that makes me a pacifist? Right on brother, keep posting innane fucking drivel on the interweb mate, just make sure you are prepared for when the time comes.
And I mean it, when the likes of the war criminals blair and bush, their kids, and their familys are on the front line, kicking off with people we have no direct contact with, or who probably couldnt give a shit about, when one of those fuckers gives his life, for his fucking just cause, then come back. Me? I couldnt give two fucks. Fuck the money men gully folly, wake up.
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Saudi Arabia
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Enrique Pena Nieto became president of which country in 2012?
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Abdullah of Saudi Arabia - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100]
WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE
2 January 1996 – 1 August 2005
Heir(s) apparent
Munira bint Abdullah Al Al Shaykh
Tathi bint Mishan al Faisal al Jarba
Hussa bint Trad bin Sattam ash-Sha'lan
(23 or more other wives)
Issue
Full name
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki
This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols .
Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Arabic : عبدالله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود, ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd,
[ʢæbˈdɑɫ.ɫɐ ben ˈʢæbdæl ʢæˈziːz ʔæːl sæˈʢuːd] ; 1 August 1924 – 23 January 2015) was King of Saudi Arabia and Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques from 2005 to his death in 2015. [3] He ascended to the throne on 1 August 2005 upon the death of his half-brother, King Fahd .
Abdullah, like Fahd, was one of the many sons of Ibn Saud , the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdullah held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of Mecca , his first public office. [4] The following year, he was appointed commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard , a post he was still holding when he became king. He also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia until ascending the throne a decade later.
During his reign he maintained close relations with United States and Britain and bought billions of dollars worth of defense equipment from both states. [5] He also gave women the right to vote for municipal councils and to compete in the Olympics . [6] Furthermore, Abdullah maintained the status quo when there were waves of protest in the kingdom during the Arab Spring . [7] In November 2013, a BBC report claimed that, due to the close relations it had with Pakistan , Saudi Arabia could obtain nuclear weapons at will from that country. [8] The King also had a longstanding relationship with Pakistan, and brokered a compromise between ousted Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and General Pervez Musharraf , whom he had requested to be exiled to Saudi Arabia for a 10-year exile, following his ouster in the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état . [9]
The King outlived two of his crown princes. Conservative Interior Minister Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud was named heir to the throne on the death of Sultan bin Abdulaziz in October 2011, but Nayef himself died in June 2012. Abdullah then named 76-year-old defense minister, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud , as crown prince. According to various reports, Abdullah married up to 30 times, and had more than 35 children. [10] [11] [12] [13] The king had a personal fortune estimated at US$18 billion, making him the third wealthiest head of state in the world. [14] He died on 23 January 2015, at the age of 90, [15] three weeks after being hospitalized for pneumonia, and was succeeded as king by his half-brother Salman of Saudi Arabia . [16]
Contents
Early life[ edit ]
King Abdullah when he was a child.
Abdullah is said to have been born on 1 August 1924 in Riyadh . [17] [18] [19] However, some sources state that this date is incorrect, and that he was approximately eight years older. [20] He was the tenth son of King Abdulaziz . [21] His mother, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim , was a member of the Al Rashid dynasty, longtime rivals of the Al Saud dynasty. [22] [23] She was descended from the powerful Shammar tribe – and was the daughter of former tribe chief, Asi Shuraim. [24] She died when Abdullah was six years old. [25] He had younger full-sisters. [25]
Madawi Al-Rasheed argues that his maternal roots and his earlier experience of a speech impediment led to delay in his rise to higher status among the other sons of King Abdulaziz. [26]
Commander of National Guard[ edit ]
King Abdullah as Commander of Saudi National Guard
In 1963, Abdullah was made commander of Saudi National Guard (SANG). This post allowed him to secure his position in the House of Saud . SANG, which had been based on the Ikhwan , became a modern armed force under his command. Beginning 1985, SANG also sponsored the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized traditional folk dances, camel races and tribal heritage. [26]
Second Deputy Prime Minister[ edit ]
King Khalid appointed Prince Abdullah as second deputy prime minister in March 1975, a reflection of his status as second in the line of succession to the Saudi throne. [27] [28] In other words, upon this appointment, Prince Abdullah became the number three man in the Saudi administration. [29] However, his appointment caused friction in the House of Saud . [30] Then-crown prince Prince Fahd , together with his full-brothers known as the Sudairi Seven , supported the appointment of their own full brother, Prince Sultan . [30] Prince Abdullah was pressured to cede control of SANG in return for his appointment as Second Deputy Prime Minister. In August 1977, this generated a debate among hundreds of princes in Riyadh . [30] Abdullah did not relinquish authority of SANG because he feared that this would weaken his authority. [30]
Crown Prince and Regent[ edit ]
Abdullah with US Vice President Dan Quayle
On 13 June 1982 – the day King Khalid died – Fahd bin Abdulaziz became King, Prince Abdullah became Crown Prince the same day and also maintained his position as head of the National Guard. During his years as crown prince, Abdullah bin Abdulaziz was described as a supporter of accommodation. [31] He managed to group[ clarification needed ] a large number of fringe and marginalized princes discontented with the prospect of the succession being passed among the Sudairi brothers one after the other. His control of the National Guard was also a key factor to his success in becoming crown prince. [32] When King Fahd was incapacitated by a major stroke in 1995, [33] Crown Prince Abdullah acted as de facto regent of Saudi Arabia.
In May 2001, Crown Prince Abdullah did not accept an invitation to visit Washington due to US support for Israel in the Second Intifada . He also appeared more eager than King Fahd to cut government spending and open Saudi Arabia up economically. He pushed for Saudi membership of the World Trade Organization , surprising some. [34]
In August 2001, he ordered then Saudi Ambassador to the US, Bandar bin Sultan , to return to Washington. This reportedly occurred after Crown Prince Abdullah witnessed brutality inflicted by an Israeli soldier upon a Palestinian woman. [35] Later, he also condemned Israel for attacking families of suspects. [35] [ dead link ]
In 2002, he developed the Arab Peace Initiative , commonly referred to as the "Abdullah plan", to achieve a mutually agreed-on resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict . [36] The initiative was adopted at the Arab League 's Beirut summit in March 2002. [36]
On the second anniversary of the September 11 attacks , Crown Prince Abdullah wrote a letter to US President George W. Bush , which ended with the following words:
"God Almighty, in His wisdom, tests the faithful by allowing such calamities to happen. But He, in His mercy, also provides us with the will and determination, generated by faith, to enable us to transform such tragedies into great achievements, and crises that seem debilitating are transformed into opportunities for the advancement of humanity. I only hope that, with your cooperation and leadership, a new world will emerge out of the rubble of the World Trade Center: a world that is blessed by the virtues of freedom, peace, prosperity and harmony." [37]
By late 2003, after the Saudi Arabian branch of al-Qaeda carried out a series of bombings that threatened to destabilize the country, Crown Prince Abdullah, together with other decision-making elites began to deal with political concerns. One of such moves was his project to promote more tolerance for religious diversity and rein in the forces of politico-religious extremism in the kingdom, leading to the establishment of National Dialogue . In the summer of 2003, Abdullah threw his considerable weight behind the creation of a national dialogue that brought leading religious figures together, including a highly publicized meeting attended by the kingdom's preeminent Shi'i scholar Hasan al-Saffar, as well as a group of Sunni clerics that had previously expressed their loathing for the Shi'i minority. [38]
King of Saudi Arabia[ edit ]
Royal Standard of the King
Abdullah succeeded to the throne upon the death of his half-brother King Fahd . He was formally enthroned on 2 August 2005.
Domestic affairs[ edit ]
King Abdullah's administration attempted reforms in different fields.
In 2005, King Abdullah implemented a government scholarship program to send young Saudi men and women abroad for undergraduate and postgraduate studies in different universities around the world. The program offered funds for tuition and living expenses up to four years. It is estimated that more than 70,000 young Saudis studied abroad in more than 25 countries, with the United States , England , and Australia as top three destinations aimed for by the students. There are more than 22,000 Saudi students studying in the United States, exceeding pre-9/11 levels. Public health engagement included breast cancer awareness and CDC cooperation to set up an advanced epidemic screening network to protect 2010's three million Hajj pilgrims. [39] [40]
King Abdullah implemented many reform measures. He re-shuffled the Ministry of Education's leadership in February 2009 by bringing in his pro-reform son-in-law, Faisal bin Abdullah , as the new minister. He also appointed Nora Al Fayez , a U.S.-educated former teacher, as deputy education minister in charge of a new department for female students. [41]
He brought about a top-to-bottom restructuring of the country's courts to introduce, among other things, review of judicial decisions and more professional training for Shari'a judges. He developed a new investment promotion agency to overhaul the once-convoluted process of starting a business in Saudi Arabia and created a regulatory body for capital markets. He also promoted the construction of the King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (the country's new flagship and controversially co-ed institution for advanced scientific research). King Abdullah invested in educating the workforce for future jobs. The Saudi government also encouraged the development of non-hydrocarbon sectors in which the Kingdom had a comparative advantage, including mining, solar energy, and religious tourism. The Kingdom's 2010 budget reflected these priorities—about 25 percent was devoted to education alone—and amounts to a significant economic stimulus package. [39] [42]
King Abdullah with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 11 February 2007.
The response of his administration to homegrown terrorism was a series of crackdowns including raids by security forces, arrests, torture and public beheadings. [43] He vowed to fight terrorist ideologies within the country. He also made the protection of Saudi Arabia's critical infrastructure a top security priority. [44] His strategy against terrorism was two-pronged: he attacked the roots of the extremism that fed Al-Qaida through education and judicial reforms to weaken the influence of the most reactionary elements of Saudi Arabia's religious establishment.[ citation needed ]
In August 2010, King Abdullah decreed that only officially approved religious scholars associated with the Senior Council of Ulema would be allowed to issue fatwas . Similar decrees since 2005 were previously seldom enforced. Individual fatwas relating to personal matters were exempt from the royal decree. The decree also instructed the Grand Mufti to identify eligible scholars. [45]
In light of the Arab Spring , Abdullah laid down a $37-billion (€32,8 billion) programme of new spending including new jobless benefits, education and housing subsidies, debt write-offs, and a new sports channel. There was also a pledge to spend a total of $400 billion by the end of 2014 to improve education, health care and the kingdom's infrastructure. [46] However, Saudi police arrested 100 Shiite protesters who complained of government discrimination. [47] Later during the 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests , in September 2011, the King announced women's right to vote in the 2015 municipal council elections , a first significant reform step in the country since the protests. He also stated that women would become eligible to take part in the unelected shura . [48] [49]
In January 2012, King Abdullah dismissed the head of Saudi Arabia's powerful religious police, replacing him with a more moderate cleric, state news agency SPA reported, without giving reasons. Abdullatif Abdel Aziz al-Sheikh was named, in place of Sheikh Abdulaziz al-Humain, to head the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice . King Abdullah had appointed Humain in 2009 to head the "mutaween," which ensures the strict application of the country's ultra-conservative version of Islam, as a step towards reforming it. Humain hired consultants to restructure the organisation, met local human rights groups and consulted professional image-builders in a broad public relations campaign. Under his leadership the commission also investigated and punished some "out-of-control" officers for misbehaviour. [50]
King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
In July 2012, Saudi Arabia announced that it would allow its women athletes to compete in the Olympics for the first time and that the country's Olympic Committee would "oversee participation of women athletes who can qualify". The decision ended speculation that the entire Saudi team might have been disqualified on grounds of gender discrimination. The public participation of women in sport was still fiercely opposed by many Saudi religious conservatives. There had been almost no public tradition of women participating in sport in the country. Saudi officials said that, if successful in qualifying, female competitors would be dressed "to preserve their dignity". [51] On 11 January 2013, King Abdullah appointed thirty women to the Consultative Assembly or Shura Council and modified the related law to mandate that no less than 20 percent of 150 members would be women. [52]
In August 2013, the Saudi cabinet, for the first time, approved a law making domestic violence a criminal offence. The law calls for a punishment of up to a year in prison and a fine of up to 50,000 riyals (€11.500/US$13,000). [53] The maximum punishments could be doubled for repeat offenders. The law criminalizes psychological, sexual as well as physical abuse. It also includes a provision obliging employees to report instances of abuse in the workplace to their employer. [54] The move followed a Twitter campaign.[ citation needed ] The new laws were welcomed by Saudi women's rights activists, although some expressed concerns that the law could not be implemented successfully without new training for the judiciary, and that the tradition of male guardianship would remain an obstacle to prosecutions. [53]
Interfaith dialogue[ edit ]
In November 2007, King Abdullah visited Pope Benedict XVI in the Apostolic Palace , being first Saudi monarch to do so. [55] [56] In March 2008, he called for a "brotherly and sincere dialogue between believers from all religions". [57]
Abdullah in a meeting with US Secretary of State John Kerry , 5 January 2014.
In June 2008, he held a conference in Mecca to urge Muslim leaders to speak with one voice with Jewish and Christian leaders. [58] He discussed with, and obtained approval from, Saudi and non-Saudi Islamic scholars to hold the interfaith dialogue. In the same month, Saudi Arabia and Spain agreed to hold the interfaith dialogue in Spain. [59] The historic conference finally took place in Madrid in July 2008, wherein religious leaders of different faiths participated, [60] and which later led to the 2010 proclamation of World Interfaith Harmony Week .
He had never previously made overtures for dialogue with eastern religious leaders, such as Hindus and Buddhists . The Mecca conference discussed a paper on dialogue with monotheists — highlighting the monotheistic religions of southeast Asia, including Sikhism — in the third axis of the fourth meeting, titled "With Whom We Talk," presented by Sheikh Badrul Hasan Al Qasimi. The session was chaired by Ezz Eddin Ibrahim, cultural adviser to the president of the United Arab Emirates . The session also discussed a paper presented on coordination among Islamic institutions on Dialogue by Abdullah bin Omar Nassif, Secretary General of the World Islamic Council for Preaching and Relief and a paper on dialogue with divine messages, presented by Professor Mohammad Sammak – Secretary General of the Islamic Spiritual Summit in Lebanon.
In November 2008, he and his government arranged discussion at the United Nations General Assembly to "promote dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, as well as activities related to a culture of peace" and calling for "concrete action at the global, regional and subregional levels." [61] It brought together Muslim and non-Muslim nations to eradicate preconceptions as to Islam and terrorism, with world leaders – including former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair , Israeli President Shimon Peres , US President George W. Bush and King Abdullah II of Jordan – attending.
In 2011, an agreement for the establishment of the King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz International Centre for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue in Vienna was signed between the governments of Austria , Spain, and Saudi Arabia. [62] The official opening of the centre was in November 2012, with foreign Minister Saud Al Faisal as its first general secretary and Austria's former federal justice minister Claudia Bandion-Ortner as the first deputy general secretary. [63] [64]
Arab common market[ edit ]
King Abdullah called for the establishment of an Arab common market in January 2011. Saudi foreign minister, Saud bin Faisal , stated that the Arab Customs Union would be ready by 2015, and that by 2017 the common market would also be in place. There have been intensive efforts to link Arab countries with a railway system and an electricity power grid. Work on the power grid project has started in some Arab countries. [65]
United States[ edit ]
Abdullah visits the United States in April 2005
King Abdullah had long been pro-American and a longtime close ally of the United States. In October 1976, as Prince Abdullah was being trained for greater responsibility in Riyadh, he was sent to the United States to meet with President Gerald Ford . He again traveled to the United States as Crown Prince in October 1987, meeting Vice President George H. W. Bush . In September 1998, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States to meet in Washington with President Bill Clinton . In September 2000, he attended millennium celebrations at the United Nations in New York City. In April 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah made a state visit to the United States with President George W. Bush and he returned again in April 2005 with Bush. In April 2009, at a summit for world leaders President Barack Obama met with King Abdullah, while in June 2009 he hosted President Obama in Saudi Arabia. In turn, Obama hosted the King at the White House in the same month.
King Abdullah showed great support for Obama's presidency. "Thank God for bringing Obama to the presidency", he said, adding that Obama's election created "great hope" in the Muslim world. [66] He stated, "We (the US and Saudi Arabia) spilled blood together" in Kuwait and Iraq, that Saudi Arabia valued this tremendously and that friendship could be a difficult issue that requires work, but that the United States and Saudi Arabia had done it for 70 years over three generations. "Our disagreements don't cut to the bone", he stated. [67] He was the leading gift-giver to the US president and his office in his first two years in office, his gifts totaling more than $300,000. A ruby and diamond jewelry set, given by the king and accepted by Michelle Obama on behalf of the United States, was worth $132,000. [68] However, according to US federal law, gifts of such nature and value are accepted "on behalf of the United States" and are considered property of the US government.
Iraq[ edit ]
The Bush administration ignored advice from him and Saudi foreign minister Saud Al Faisal against invading Iraq. [44] However, other sources said that many Arab governments were only nominally opposed to the Iraq invasion because of popular hostility. [69] Before becoming king, Prince Abdullah was thought to be completely against the US invasion of Iraq; this, however, was not the case. Riyadh provided essential support to the United States during the war and proved that "necessity does lead to some accommodations from time to time". [70] The King expressed a complete lack of trust in Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri Al Maliki and held out little hope for improved Saudi-Iraqi relations as long as al-Maliki remained in office. [67] King Abdullah told an Iraqi official about Al Maliki, "You and Iraq are in my heart, but that man is not." [71]
In September 2014, following the spread of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), he issued a statement, "From the cradle of revelation and the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), I call on leaders and scholars of the Islamic nation to carry out their duty towards God Almighty, and to stand in the face of those trying to hijack Islam and present it to the world as a religion of extremism, hatred, and terrorism, and to speak the word of truth, and not fear anybody. Our nation today is passing through a critical, historic stage, and history will be witness against those who have been the tool exploited by the enemies to disperse and tear the nation and tarnish the pure image of Islam". [72]
Barack Obama meets with King Abdullah.
In 2006, Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei had sent his adviser Ali Akbar Velayati with a letter asking for King Abdullah's agreement to establish a formal back channel of communication between the two leaders. Abdullah said he had agreed, and the channel was established, with Velayati and Saud Al Faisal as the points of contact. In the ensuing years, the King noted, the channel had never been used. [73]
In April 2008, according to a US cable released by Wikileaks , King Abdullah had told the US Ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker , and General David Petraeus to "cut off the head of the snake". Saudi Arabia's Ambassador to Washington, Adel al-Jubeir , "recalled the King's frequent exhortations to the US to attack Iran" and to put an end to that country's nuclear program . [74] King Abdullah asserted that Iran was trying to set up Hezbollah -like organizations in African countries, observing that the Iranians didn't think they were doing anything wrong and didn't recognize their mistakes. He said that the Iranians "launch missiles with the hope of putting fear in people and the world". The King described his conversation with Iranian foreign minister Mottaki as "a heated exchange, frankly discussing Iran's interference in Arab affairs". When challenged by the King on Iranian meddling in Hamas affairs, Mottaki apparently protested that "these are Muslims". "No, Arabs", countered the King. "You as Persians have no business meddling in Arab matters". King Abdullah said he would favor Rafsanjani in an Iranian election. [66] [73]
He told General Jones that Iranian internal turmoil presented an opportunity to weaken the regime—which he encouraged—but he also urged that this be done covertly, stressing that public statements in support of the reformers were counterproductive. The King assessed that sanctions could help weaken the government, but only if they are strong and sustained. [39]
Bahrain[ edit ]
Saudi Arabia, by the endorsement of the Gulf Cooperation Council , sent 1,200 troops to Bahrain to protect industrial facilities, resulting in strained relations with the United States. The military personnel were part of the Peninsula Shield Force , which is stationed in Saudi Arabia, but not affiliated to one country alone. [75] [76]
Guantánamo Bay[ edit ]
In December 2010, leaked diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks revealed that King Abdullah wanted all released detainees from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to be tracked using an implanted microchip, in a way similar to race horses. The King made the private suggestion during a meeting in Riyadh in March 2009 with White House counterterrorism adviser, John O. Brennan . Brennan replied that "horses don't have good lawyers" and that such a proposal would "face legal hurdles" in the United States.
China[ edit ]
Since King Abdullah's visit to Beijing in January 2006, Saudi-Chinese relations have focused predominantly on energy and trade. The king's visit was the first by a Saudi head of state to China since the two countries established diplomatic ties in 1990. [77] Bilateral trade with China has more than tripled, and China would soon be Saudi Arabia's largest importer. Saudi Arabia also committed significant investments in China, including the $8 billion Fujian refinery. Based on a WikiLeaks cable, the King told the Chinese that it was willing to effectively trade a guaranteed oil supply in return for Chinese pressure on Iran not to develop nuclear weapons. [39]
In late March 2011, King Abdullah sent Bandar , Secretary General of the National Security Council , to China to gain its support regarding Saudi Arabia's attitude towards the Arab Spring. In turn, lucrative arms contracts were secretly offered to China by the Kingdom. Furthermore, King Abdullah believed that China as well as India were the future markets for Saudi energy. [78]
Relations with other nations[ edit ]
Abdullah with Lech Kaczyński , President of Poland .
In November 2009, King Abdullah was received by Nicolas Sarkozy , who committed various diplomatic faux pas. The diplomatic relationship Jacques Chirac had with Saudi Arabia was not evident with Sarkozy. [79] In January 2011, the Kingdom granted asylum to the ousted Tunisian leader, Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali , under conditions of no further political involvement. [65] According to leaked cables, King Abdullah was more receptive than Crown Prince Sultan to former Yemeni President Saleh . [80]
King Abdullah supported renewed diplomatic relations with the Syrian government and Bashar al-Assad . They met in Damascus on 7 October 2009. [81] In addition, Assad attended the opening of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in October 2009. Relations between Syria and Saudi Arabia deteriorated as a result of the Syrian Civil War . In August 2011, King Abdullah recalled the Saudi Ambassador from Damascus due to the political unrest in Syria and closed its embassy. [82]
In December 2011, King Abdullah called on leaders of the Gulf Cooperation Council to strengthen their alliance into a united "single entity" as they confront threats to national security. "I ask you today to move from a stage of cooperation to a stage of union in a single entity", King Abdullah said at the opening session of a GCC meeting in Riyadh in comments aired on Saudi state television. “No doubt, you all know we are targeted in our security and stability.” [83]
Criticism as king[ edit ]
On 16 February 2003, Parade magazine 's David Wallechinsky rated King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah as the second worst dictators in the world. [84] Most of this criticism stems from the fact that most of Saudi citizens live under a strict Wahhabist interpretation of Sharia law , which mandates the amputation of hands as a punishment for theft and floggings for crimes like drunkenness. [85] Execution by public beheading is common for murder, rape, drug trafficking and witchcraft, and Abdullah's policies towards the rights of women have also been criticized. In a slight rebuff to accusations of human rights violations, Saudi inmates of Najran Province sent the King well-wishes from jail and wished him a speedy recovery. [86]
King Abdullah has also been criticized for his policies on religious freedom and the Saudi government allegedly has arrested Shiite pilgrims on the Hajj . [85] On 24 January 2007, Human Rights Watch sent an open letter to King Abdullah asking him to cease religious persecution of the Ahmadi faith in Saudi Arabia. Two letters were sent in November 2006 and February 2007 asking him to remove the travel ban on critics of the Saudi government. [87] Human Rights Watch has not yet indicated whether they have received any response to these letters.
On 30 October 2007, during a state visit to the UK, King Abdullah was accused by protestors of being a "murderer" and a "torturer". Concerns were raised about the treatment of women and homosexuals by the Saudi kingdom and over alleged bribes involving arms deals between Saudi Arabia and the UK. [88]
While open criticism of the King within the country is forbidden, criticism of his extremely powerful Chief of Staff/private secretary and éminence grise (formally President of the Royal Court) Khaled al-Tuwaijri , is not, and he soon became one of the most hated men in the country.[ citation needed ]
Succession to the throne[ edit ]
Further information: Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne
King Abdullah's heir apparent was his half-brother Crown Prince Sultan until the latter's death on 22 October 2011. The title of Crown Prince then passed to Prince Sultan's full-brother, Nayef , until his death in Geneva , Switzerland , on 16 June 2012, while undergoing medical tests for an undisclosed ailment. His third heir apparent was his half-brother Salman , who was named as Crown Prince on 18 June 2012, [89] and would succeed him in 2015.
In 2006, Abdullah set up the Allegiance Council , a body that is composed of the sons and grandsons of Saudi Arabia's founder, King Abdulaziz, to vote by a secret ballot to choose future kings and crown princes. The council's mandate was not to have started until after the reigns of both King Abdullah and late Prince Sultan were over. It was not clear what was to happen when Prince Sultan died before the end of Abdullah's reign, leaving a question as to whether the council would vote for a new crown prince, or whether Prince Nayef would automatically fill that position. Despite such concerns, Prince Nayef was appointed Crown Prince on 27 October 2011 after consultation with the Allegiance Council by Abdullah. [90]
In November 2010, Prince Nayef chaired a cabinet meeting because of the deterioration of the King's health. [91] During the same month, King Abdullah transferred his duties as Commander of the Saudi National Guard to his son Prince Mutaib . King Abdullah is credited with building up the once largely ceremonial unit into a modern 260,000-strong force that is a counterweight to the army. The Guard, which was Abdullah's original power base, protects the royal family. This was suggested as an apparent sign that the elderly monarch was beginning to lessen some of his duties. [92]
Various positions[ edit ]
King Abdullah was Commander of the Saudi National Guard from 1963 to 2010. He was Chairman of the Saudi Supreme Economic Council until 2009. [93] He also continued to be the President of the High Council for Petroleum and Minerals, President of the King Abdulaziz Center For National Dialogue , Chairman of the Council of Civil Service, and head of the Military Service Council until his death in 2015.
Wives[ edit ]
King Abdullah followed his father's ( King Abdulaziz 's) path in terms of marriage in that he married the daughters of the al Shalan of Anizah , al Fayz of Bani Sakhr, and al Jarbah of the Iraqi branch of the Shammar tribe. [26] King Abdullah had about 30 wives, and fathered about 35 children. [10] [11] [12] [13] One of his wives is the sister of Rifaat al-Assad 's wife. [94] He also married Jawahir bint Ali Hussein from Al Jiluwi clan, with whom he had a daughter, Princess Anoud and a son, Prince Saud. [95] [96] Aida Fustuq was another wife of Abdullah, they had two children, Adila and Abdulaziz . [97] [98] They divorced later. [99] Munira bint Abdullah Al Al Shaykh was the wife of King Abdullah and gave birth to his eldest living son, Prince Khaled. [100] Tathi bint Mishan al Faisal Al Jarba gave birth to Prince Mishaal. [101]
Sons[ edit ]
King Abdullah's eldest son, Prince Khaled , was deputy commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard West until 1992. His second son, Prince Mutaib , is former commander and current minister of the National Guard. His mother is Munira Al Otaishan. Prince Mishaal was governor of the Makkah Province (2013–2015). [102] Prince Abdulaziz was the king's former Syria adviser [94] and has been deputy foreign affairs minister since 2011. Prince Faisal is head of the Saudi Arabian Red Crescent Society. King Abdullah's seventh son, Prince Turki , who was a pilot in the Royal Saudi Air Force , was governor of the Riyadh Province (2014–2015). [103] The youngest son, Prince Badr, was born in 2003, when Abdullah was about 79 years old. [104] In October 2015, his son, Prince Majed bin Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, was arrested in Los Angeles for using cocaine, being drunk, threatening female employees, and having gay sex with a male employee. [105]
Daughters[ edit ]
King Abdullah's daughter Princess Adila is married to Faisal bin Abdullah . [106] She is one of the few Saudi princesses with a semi-public role, and a known advocate of women's right to drive. [107] She is also known as "her father's public face". [25] One of Abdullah's younger daughters, Princess Sahab, was born in 1993. [108] Sahab bint Abdullah married Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa , son of Bahraini King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , on 6 June 2011. [109] Princess Sahab is the daughter of the king from his wife of the Al-Jarbah tribe.
From his marriage to Princess Alanoud Al Fayez (arranged when she was 15 without her having ever met him), whom he has now divorced, he had four daughters – Princesses Sahar, Maha, Hala and Jawahir. [110] The four princesses have been under house arrest for the last 13 years, and are not allowed to leave the country. [111] [112] After media releases in March 2014, Sahar and Jawaher received no food or clean water for 25 days, lost 10 kilos each and their mother carried out weekly protests in front of the Saudi Arabian embassy in London, [113] and about which Sahar and Jawaher released a video while under house arrest pleading for help from the international community. King Abdullah also had a daughter called Princess Nora who died in 1990 in a car accident. Princess Fayza is yet another daughter. She is the mother of Prince Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Nasser Al Saud who was accused of murdering his servant Bandar Abdulaziz in London in 2010. [114]
Illness and death[ edit ]
The King had curtailed his activities from June 2010 with no clear explanation. Diplomats said there had been uncertainty about the extent of his health problems since Abdullah canceled a visit to France.[ when? ] In a television appearance in which he was seen to use a cane, King Abdullah said he was in good health but had something "bothering" him. In a visit by US diplomats to Saudi Arabia in April 2014 the Saudi King was seen connected to breathing tubes during talks, indicating increasing health problems.
From 2010 to 2012 King Abdullah had four back surgeries. [116] The first two of the surgeries were in New York, one in 2010 for a slipped disk and a blood clot pressing on nerves in his back and a second to stabilize vertebrae in 2011. [116] The third one was in Riyadh in 2011. And the last one was also in Riyadh on 17 November 2012. [116]
In November 2010, his back problems came to light in the media. He had an "accumulation of blood" around the spinal cord. He suffered from a herniated disc and was told to rest by doctors. To maintain the Kingdom's stability, Crown Prince Sultan returned from Morocco during the King's absence. [117] The King was admitted to New York-Presbyterian Hospital after a blood clot complicated a slipped disc and underwent successful back surgery. The lead surgeon was Muhammad Zaka, who probably removed the herniated disk and performed a lumbar fusion. [118] [119] [120] He subsequently had another successful surgery in which surgeons "stabilized a number of vertebras". He left the hospital on 22 December 2010 and convalesced at The Plaza in New York City. [121] On 22 January 2011, he left the United States and for Morocco , [122] and returned to the Kingdom on 23 February 2011. [123]
King Abdullah left Saudi Arabia on "special leave" on 27 August 2012. [124] Al-Quds reported that he had an operation at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York , on or before 4 September 2012, following a heart attack. [125] However, there was no official report on this alleged operation – instead, it was announced that the King went on a private trip to Morocco, where he is known to frequent. The King returned to Saudi Arabia from Morocco on 24 September. [126] Nearly two months later, in November 2012, King Abdullah underwent another back surgery in Riyadh [127] and left hospital on 13 December 2012. [128] A report in April 2014 stated that the King had around six months left to live, citing a diagnosis of terminal lung cancer. [129] On 2 January 2015, Abdullah was hospitalized in Riyadh for pneumonia [130] and died on 23 January at the age of 90. [16] [131] Per Islamic tradition, his funeral was held the same day, a public ceremony at the Grand Mosque of Riyadh before burial in an unmarked grave at the Al Oud cemetery . [132] Three days of national mourning were declared, in which flags would fly at half mast. [132] Flags were also flown half-mast at Buckingham Palace and Westminster Abbey in London. [133]
Philanthropy[ edit ]
While still Crown Prince, Abdullah paid for the separation surgery of a pair of Polish conjoined twins , which took place at the King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh on 3 January 2005. [134] He was given "honorary citizenship" by the Polish town of Janikowo , where the twins were born. On 18 March 2005, he was awarded the Order of the Smile , which he received during his visit to Poland in 2007.[ citation needed ]
He established two libraries: the King Abdulaziz Library in Riyadh; and another in Casablanca , Morocco .[ citation needed ]
He donated over $300,000 to furnish a New Orleans high school rebuilding after Hurricane Katrina .[ citation needed ]
Influence[ edit ]
King Abdullah was, in 2012, named as the most influential Muslim among 500 Muslims for the previous 4 years. [137] [138] In December 2012, Forbes named him as the seventh most powerful figure in its list of the "World's Most Powerful People" for 2012, being the sole Arab in the top ten. [139]
Honours and awards[ edit ]
King Abdullah received a number of international high orders. Most notably, he was an honoured knight of the strictly Roman Catholic Order of the Golden Fleece (the Spanish branch), which caused some controversy. [140] [141]
In April 2012, he was awarded by the United Nations a gold medal for his contributions to intercultural understanding and peace initiatives. [142]
Wealth[ edit ]
In 2011, the financial magazine Forbes estimated his and his immediate family's documentable wealth at US$21 billion, making him one of the world's richest monarchs. [145]
Abdullah was an expert equestrian in his youth. His stables were considered the largest in the Kingdom, with over 1,000 horses spread throughout five divisions led by his son Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah. [146] The King also owned Janadria Farm, a large complex located in the suburbs of Riyadh. [146]
For holidays, the King maintained a large palace complex with several residential compounds in Casablanca , Morocco . [147] It is equipped with two heliport s and is surrounded by large mansions on 133 acres of vegetation.
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