question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
What Italian word for 'it follows' refers to a smooth transition between two items, especially musical pieces?
|
Music Glossary [M.Tevfik Dorak]
Naxos Music Glossary Sofia Open Access Courses : Musicianship
Alla breve: A tempo mark indicating quick duple time; i.e., 2/2 instead of 4/4. So, the minim but not the crotchet is the unit of time.
Allemande: A moderate duple time dance (4 or 2). It generally has a short upbeat of one semiquaver (occasionally three) at the beginning. The Baroque suit usually starts with an allemande, which is followed by the faster courante.
Alto: A singer whose vocal compass is between the G below middle C and the D above the treble clef. In men, this is usually achieved by a bass singing falsetto, in women it is usually referred to as contralto.
Anacrusis: Starting a phrase with an upbeat note, therefore, making the first note an unaccented one.
Antefatto: In opera, the parts of the plot that are assumed to have happened prior to the action on stage. Il Trovatore and Fidelio are examples of operas, which have extensive antefattos (also called argomento).
Antiphony: Alternating sounding. In its original meaning it meant the singing of the successive verses of a psalm by alternating choruses.
Apotheosis: The perfect (quintessential) example; to glorify as of supreme worth (used very frequently to describe a piece of music!)
Appoggiatura: An unprepared, non-harmonic note, which does not belong to the chord on the strong beat. Approached by leap and resolves downwards or upwards by step (sometimes by leap) into the chord. In contrast, suspensions are prepared (not approached by leap) and never resolve by leap. Appoggiatura may be shown as an ornament or may be absorbed in the ordinary notation (nineteenth century). When there are two appoggiaturas on the same beat, it is called double appoggiatura. For a triple appoggiatura, see b.181 of the first movement of Beethoven's String Quartet Op.18, No.1).
Arabesque: A florid melodic section (the real meaning is a florid element in Arabian architecture). Generally used for characteristic pieces of a more or less casual type.
Arpeggio: A chord whose notes are presented one at a time successively instead of as a stack of notes sounding at the same time. Also called broken chord.
Articulation: The way successive notes are joined to one another in performance. Opposite kinds of articulation are staccato (detached) and legato (smooth). The three standard signs of articulation are the dot, the bow or slur, and the tenuto dash.
Augmented sixth chords: These are a group of chromatic chords usually occur on the flattened submediant or flattened supertonic. In harmonic progression, their place is invariably before the dominant (V) or the cadential six-four (Ic). The augmented sixth chord resolves by opening outward to form an octave, and a dominant chord. If the augmented sixth is on the flattened submediant (Ab:F# in C major), the resolution will be on the dominant seventh chord (G in C major). If it is on the flattened supertonic (Db:B in C major), the resolution will be on the dominant seventh chord on the tonic (one way of modulating to the subdominant). The German sixth is enharmonically equivalent to the dominant seventh. The drive of the (German) augmented sixth chord towards the dominant is frequently exploited in harmony (used instead of II). They are also used to modulate by forming a German sixth on the flattened submediant of the target key (see modulation).
Back to Bach movement: The movement, which revisited Baroque musical forms and paved the way to Neoclassicism in the twentieth century. Some important works of this period are Stravinsky's Octet for Winds, Pulcinella (a ballet with songs based on Pergolesi's music), Hindemith's Kammermusik Op.36 and Holst's Fugal Concerto (written in 1923). Music historians use the word neoclassicism for the period after 1923.
Ballad: A poem that tells a story, often of a historic, legendary or fairy-tale character.
Ballad opera: A light opera constructed by fitting new lyrics to popular existing tunes. It includes extensive spoken dialogue. The Beggar's opera was the first inspiring success. The German Singspiel was influenced and inspired by the English ballad opera.
Baritone: Range of voice between tenor and bass. The compass of a baritone voice is between the G below the bass clef and the F above middle C.
Bass: The lowest register male voice, which ranges from F below the F clef to the D just above the middle C.
Basso continuo: Thorough-bass (really through-bass), a prominent feature of Baroque music. It was first associated with the operatic recitative style, it quickly came to be used for nearly all Baroque musical repertory. It is called (through) continuo because it is a continuous, independent part, which continues or goes through the whole piece as opposed to basso seguente, which is not independent. In orchestral music, the disappearance of the basso continuo began about 1760, by the end of the century it was obsolete. In accompanying recitatives, it was used till 1820 by some composers.
Basso seguente: An instrumental bass (organ, etc.), which merely duplicates the lowest vocal part.
Bel canto: A style of singing emphasizing the melody. Bel canto, literally meaning beautiful singing, gave importance to human voice more than the words or the orchestra. Originated in the Baroque era. Appeared in cantata and opera simultaneously. Frequently uses IV-V-I and IIb-V-I cadences in short phrases. Powerfully influenced the slow movements of Baroque concerto and sonatas. In operatic bel canto, a particular specialty is the mad scene (the most famous is in Lucia di Lammermoor).
Binary form: The form of a piece, which falls into two sections: the first begins in the tonic and finishes with a cadence either in the tonic (closed binary), or in the dominant (open binary); the second section starts in the new key (usually dominant), modulates and works back to the tonic. Each section is repeated. The main principle is the contrast of key. If the opening material is repeated (often with modifications) towards the end of the second section, it is called rounded binary form. Unsuitable for long pieces and the usual form for Baroque dance movements (allemande, sarabande, courante, gigue, gavotte, bourre, minuets etc).
Bipartite form: A scheme first found in the opera arias of the mid-eighteenth century (A-B-A-B-coda). Unlike the abridged sonata form (slow movements) it is distantly related to, there is no tonal principles within this form.
Biskra scale: The Arabic scale consisting of D, F, F# and G#. Thus, it contains a minor third (D-F), a major third (D-F#) and an augmented fourth - tritone (D-G#). It is one of the trade marks of Bartokian melodic style (an example being the first movement of his Music for strings, percussions and celesta).
Cadence: The close of a musical phrase or movement. There are perfect, imperfect, plagal and interrupted cadences. The tonic chord preceded by the dominant constitutes a perfect cadence, but not invariably, only at the end of a phrase. In the middle of a phrase, V-I is a strong chord progression (especially from a weak to a strong beat) and not a cadence.
Cantata: A composite secular vocal genre of the Baroque period. It is on a smaller scale than opera and not staged. The reform cantatas (after Neumeister's texts) consist of several movements such as arias, recitatives, duets and choruses based on a narrative text. Appeared as an offspring of monodic style and replaced the sixteenth century madrigals.
Canzona: (a) Sixteenth century Italian secular vocal music; (b) Sixteenth and seventeenth century instrumental (solo or ensemble) form using imitative techniques developed from Franco-Flemish chansons. The most important instrumental form of the late Renaissance. A canzona consists of contrasting sections in a single movement, alternating in tempo, meter, etc. In the Baroque era, it eventually became a separate movement in sonata. The organ canzonas were the forerunners of the fugue; the ensemble canzonas eventually developed into the sonata da chiesa.
Cell development technique: Exact or slightly varied repetition of a motif (as opposed to motivic development). Typical of Eastern European music.
Chaconne: A moderate triple time dance with the second-beat accent like sarabande. They are not in binary form and they have some kind of recurring bass line together with the full harmony over and over. In passacaglia, just the bass line is repeated.
Chest of viols: A group of viols consisting of two treble, two tenor and two bass viols.
Chorale [not choral]: Hymns of the Lutheran church originated in the Renaissance. As most Catholic Church music in the 16th century was an outgrowth of plainsong, so much Lutheran church music of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was an outgrowth of the chorale. Most Bach cantatas use a chorale tune.
Chorale prelude: Usually applied to an organ composition based on a chorale melody.
Chromatic fourth: see ostinato.
Chromaticism: The use of accidental notes outside the prevailing diatonic key either for special effects (emotionally intense parts; colour-modification of diatonicism) or for modulation. The augmented sixths (augmented triad=affecting chord), the Neapolitan sixth and the supertonic chromatic chords are examples. The chromatic or diatonic character of a ‘foreign’ note is conditioned by harmonic considerations like: in the progression C-E-F#-G, the note F# is chromatic if the harmony stays on C, diatonic if it modulates to G.
Circle-of-fifths: The prime harmonic model of the early eighteenth century. Together with the sequence, an important device to establish tonality as it passes through the degrees of the scale in the expected mode (minor, major, diminished, augmented) for the chord of that degree.
Coda: Optional last part of a piece that comes after the basic design is complete like the closing section after the recapitulation in a sonata-type movement or the part after the last variation in variation form. Means tail in Italian.
Codetta: It has the same function of the coda but for a section rather than a movement of piece. Closing group is preferred by some.
Comma: A small interval used in the music of Eastern Europe and Islamic world, which corresponds to one ninth of a whole tone. One (Pythagorean) comma is 24 cents while an octave is 1200 and an equal-tempered semitone is 100 cents (four commas). Although not precisely, an octave is 53 comma (five whole-tones and two semitones: 5x9 + 2x4=53). A comma corresponds to the difference between seven octaves and twelve perfect fifths.
Compass: The range of notes from the highest to the lowest note obtained from an instrument or voice.
Con brio: Fiery (the first movement of Beethoven's Symphony No.5 is Allegro con brio).
Concertare: The Latin word concertare means 'to contend, dispute, debate', whereas, the primary Italian word concertare means 'to arrange, agree, get together'.
Concertato: An identical word to concerto.
Concerto: Appeared in the late Renaissance. The term is probably a derivative of the Latin word concertare=to contend; referring to competing or contrasted groups. Solo concerto was first introduced by Torelli, and further developed by Albinoni and Vivaldi. The Baroque solo concerto usually has outer movements written in ritornello form with a tonal plan close to that of da capo aria. As the only Baroque form survived into the Classical era, the concerto remained in three movements since its emergence.
Concerto grosso: Orchestral music written for a group of solo instruments (concertino), contrasted with a tutti of strings (ripieno). The concertino is the same as the trio sonata ensemble (two violins + continuo). It often has three movements: a long first movement in ritornello form, a slow second movement, and a quick finale (usually a rondo). First appeared as an expansion of contrapuntal trio sonata. It may be played by as few as four performers or, by doubling the parts many times, up to 60 performers. Concerto grosso is more a forerunner of the modern symphony [concertante] than of the modern concerto.
Consonance vs Dissonance: Agreeable (satisfactory) or disagreeable (unsatisfactory) effects created by chords on the listener. Chords consisting of consonant intervals (octave, perfect fifth, perfect fourth, third, sixth) are called consonant and those containing dissonant intervals (second, seventh, ninth, augmented intervals, etc) are dissonant chords. The triadic chords and their inversions are consonant, whereas, all others including augmented sixth and diminished seventh chords are dissonant.
Consonant vs Dissonant interval: An interval is consonant when two notes producing it share overtones. The more overtones they share, the more consonant they are and vice versa.
Consort: Ensemble.
Continuo: see basso continuo.
Cornetto: A treble wind instrument made of wood. It is curved but played with a trumpet-like mouthpiece. It makes a bright sound but not as loud as the modern trumpet. Its bass counterpart is trombone. The cornetto had fallen out of favor about 1650 even before the advent of the transverse flute and oboe about 1700.
Courante: A moderate to fast triple time (3) dance. Almost always starts with a quaver upbeat. The time value may change from 3/2 to 6/4 (hemiola).
Counterpoint: Two parts with individual distinctive melodic significance and rhythmic independence running together (singing in unison or octaves is not counterpoint). Thus, the texture of music, which is made up of individual melodic strands woven together, is contrapuntal (or polyphonic). The opposite is homophonic texture where one melodic idea is supported by accompanying harmony. Counterpoint in which two (or more) strands can function equally well as bass or treble to each other is invertible counterpoint. If applied to two parts, it is called double counterpoint.
Cyclical form: A composition in which the same thematic material is used in all or most movements. Although Beethoven did this in the Fifth and Ninth symphonies and in the Piano Sonata, Op.101; the form was established by Cesar Franck and used by his French followers d'Indy, Faure, Saint-Saens and Dukas.
Da capo aria: A ternary form (ABA) aria. First section in tonic, second section in a related key, then, repeat of ‘A’ probably with ornamentation. A usual tonal plan for da capo arias is as follows:
A............................ B...............
Keys (major): I... I to V... V to I... // vi to iii D.C.
Keys (minor): i... i to III.. III to i... // ? to v D.C.
Note the Phrygian ending at the end of section B that provides a iii to I tonal switch by returning to the beginning in major keys. This plan provided the basis for many Baroque concerto movements (see ritornello). Most da capo arias start with a ritornello section.
Deceptive cadence: Sometimes a composer makes all the preparations for a final cadence but at the last moment puts some other chord (anything but tonic; most frequently chord vi) in the place of the expected tonic chord. Also called interrupted cadence.
Declamation: The mirroring in the musical setting of the rhythm of the text as it would be declaimed.
Declamatory: Vocal music of which the rhythm is determined by the rhythm of the words.
Diminished seventh chord: A chord consists of three minor thirds on top of each other (B - D - F - Ab - Cb=B - D and so on). Because of this structure (an endless string of minor thirds), it has no tonal center and is tonally ambiguous. It is a favorite chord of Romantic composers. It is used for expressive effects or for modulation. When it is based on the leading note, it has three notes in common with the V7b, therefore behaves like a secondary dominant and nicely resolves on the tonic. By semitone lowering of any of the four notes of a diminished seventh and with necessary enharmonic changes, a dominant seventh in a new key is obtained (i.e., a diminished seventh on the leading note of C major or minor turns into a dominant seventh of A, F# or Eb depending on which note moved a semitone downwards. For example, if F is lowered to E, and Ab being equivalent to G#, the new chord E, G#, B, D is the dominant seventh of A major/minor). This is a powerful way to modulate as one diminished seventh may resolve on four different dominant sevenths and they may resolve on four major or four minor tonic chords. See also dominant seventh.
Dominant preparation: At the end of the development, the extensive use of dominant harmony. This helps to stabilize the harmony, which is usually destabilized in the development, and also creates an expectation for the return of the tonic (recapitulation). Beethoven is very fond of massive dominant preparation before the double return (as in the Pathetique sonata)
Dominant seventh: A chord that consists of the intervals major third, minor third and minor third from the bottom to the top. It is easily obtained from a diminished seventh chord, which only contains minor thirds, by lowering any of the notes by a semitone.
Double return: The return of both tonic and the exposition after the development in a sonata form movement. Following a harmonically and thematically freer development section, the double return creates one of the dramatic events of the sonata form.
Empfindsamkeit: It is translated as sensitive style. It was the
North
German equivalent of Style Galant in 1750-1780. The romantic variety of Rococo style. Tries to arrive at an expression of true and natural feelings, anticipating to some extent the Romanticism of the nineteenth century. It aims to portray subjective expression, especially melancholy. Typical example is CPE Bach's music. WF Bach's music also falls into this category. The volkstumliche Lied and Singspiel are the results of this movement.
Entracte: In opera, pause in the action where music continues. Bizet's Carmen has a well-known one.
Episode: A section of the composition where the principal subjects are missing. The term derived from the fugue where after the exposition and before the return of the subject an episode presents new material to decrease the tension. It is used to describe the non-recurring material in rondo and ritornello forms. Also, a new theme in a symphony -usually in the development- may be called an episode [Beethoven's Eroica; Haydn's Farewell symphonies].
Equal temperament: A tuning adjustment by which the octave on a keyboard is divided into twelve equal intervals.
Ethos (1): In ancient Greek music, ethos designated the different characters of various modes. The Dorian was considered manly and strong; the Phrygian, ecstatic and passionate; the Lydian, feminine and lascivious; the Mixolydian, sad and mournful.
Ethos (2): The constant, total character (as opposed to transient moods) of a person depicted in an opera (see pathos). [Greek ethos: custom or character.]
Falsetto: A vocal technique used mainly by counter-tenors to sing to sing in the highest range of the voice.
False-relation (cross-relation): Appearance of two contradictory notes in different voices. This is like having E and Eb in diagonal position rather than in horizontal position (in the same voice). Such chromatic movement in different voices in successive beats is considered disturbing for the listener in the Classical period (see the transition of the first movement of Beethoven's String Quartet Op.18, No.1).
Feminine cadence: Usually the final chord of a cadence falls on an accented beat. Sometimes, to soften the effect of the cadence, the final chord is placed on an unaccented beat. This cadence is then called a feminine (perfect, interrupted, etc.) cadence. The feminine cadence is preferred in Romantic styles. Beethoven uses it in his late-period works. Feminine cadence is a typical feature of the Polonaise.
Figured bass: The short hand way of describing the harmony in the Baroque era. Briefly, the absence of a figure underneath the bass line implies a root position chord, whereas, 6 implies a first inversion, 7 implies a (root position) seventh chord, # implies a major third, and an oblique stroke through a numeral means that the note is chromatically sharpened, etc. Figured bass has a good deal of room for improvisation within the framework set by the composer. One can play simple chords with a variety of spacing, introduce passing notes, or incorporate melodic motifs in imitation of the treble or bass parts.
First and second endings: Alternative endings for each repeat of a repeated section (like the exposition of a sonata-type movement).
Folk elements in music: Repetition of single notes, motifs, phrases, verses; dance-like rhythm; real or imitative folk tunes; modal elements: flat (minor) sevenths [common to many modes], flat seconds [Phrygian], and augmented fourths [Lydian] are the elements, which give music a folk-like character. Direct reference to folk songs has been made (especially by Russians) in classical music.
Fugue: A contrapuntal composition following a strict tonal plan. It is a texture rather than a form. It opens with a theme in one part in the tonic, which is then repeated by each part alternating in the dominant and the tonic. It may have as few as two voices and rarely more than four. The difference from imitation is that in imitation the theme may be repeated by another part at any degree of the scale. The fugue became an important texture or compositional device in later Baroque and reached its height in the works of JS Bach.
Galant: Light and elegant musical style of the Rococo period (1730-1780) as opposed to the serious and elaborate style of the Baroque era. Galant referred to a particularly courtly manner of social manner. In music, it is generally used to refer to lightly accompanied, clear, natural and pleasing music with balanced phrasing (JC Bach, Sammartini, Hasse and Pergolesi). Galant shares with rococo the idea of heavy ornamentation, but differs from it in its clear phrase structure and mannered elegance. It avoids disturbing sudden dynamic changes.
Gavotte: A moderate to fast duple time dance with a time signature of 2. It has a long upbeat of half a bar.
Gigue: A fast compound duple or triple time (usually 6/4 or 6/8) dance with a light texture.
Grand opera: Operas on a historical theme with traditional opera writing such as no spoken dialogue, large choruses, full ballets and elaborate sets. (In comic opera, spoken dialogue is allowed.) Examples are Spontini's and Meyerbeer's [Les Huguenots] operas, and Verdi's Aida.
Heldentenor: Heroic tenor. The range, power and quality of this kind of tenor suit best to heroic roles as in most Wagner operas, Beethoven's Fidelio, Verdi's Othello and Aida, and Handel's Samson.
Heterophony: The use of slightly modified versions of the same melody by two or more performers, usually a singer and an instrumentalist. Examples are Javanese music and the music of troubadours.
Homophony: Music in which one voice leads melodically while supported by an accompaniment. This is the opposite of polyphony in which all parts contribute equally to the music. The characteristic texture of similar contrapuntal voice parts was the hallmark of the Renaissance music. The dominance of homophony in the Venetian School towards the end of the sixteenth century was a sign of things to come. (Monody = accompanied solo song.)
Idyll: A musical composition of peaceful pastoral character (Wagner's Siegfried Idyll, Janacek's Idyll).
Imitation: Similar melodic material used in dialogue between parts at a different pitch.
Intermezzo: Stage plays of light character usually played between the acts of a serious play or an opera. Pergolesi's La Serva padrona is a well-known intermezzo, which became the first example of opera buffa in 1733. The other use of intermezzo as instrumental interpolations in an opera (as in Cavalleria Rusticana) is better called entr’acte.
Inversion (chords): A chord without the root in the bass. A first inversion chord is used to start a new thought as in recitatives. The second inversion chord (six-four chord) is a very unstable one with a limited use. Typically it precedes the cadenza. A great exception in its use is the first Razumovsky Quartet, which starts with a six-four chord.
Lied (plural Lieder): Any self-contained song in the German language. In Schubert's day, a distinction was made between a Lied (strophic song) and a Gesang (through-composed). This distinction has now disappeared.
Madrigal: A type of Italian vocal music without any strict form, written in four-to-six parts, polyphonic and imitative.
Maqam (makam): Roughly corresponds to modes in Turkish music. A maqam is not only a scale but is also distinguished by their treatment of the scale (ascending vs descending, or mixed), certain melodic patterns, and by association with particular moods and circumstances.
Masque: Sixteenth and seventeenth century stage productions, designed for the entertainment of the nobility. They consist of a combination of poetry, music (vocal and instrumental), dancing, acting, etc.
Melodrama: As in the grave digging scene of Beethoven's Fidelio, instrumental accompaniment to a spoken text. Speech is either accompanied or interspersed. The difference between dialogue and melodrama is the same as recitativo secco and recitativo accompagnato.
Microtone: Any interval smaller than the semitone. Frequently used in Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Oriental music.
Minuet: A dance in a moderate triple time. It has a light texture. Some have a cross-rhythm or hemiola, which makes two bars of 3/4 sound like one bar of 3/2 (as in courante). Unlike other dances in the suite, it is often in ternary form. The only Baroque dance form survived into the late symphony of the Classical era as minuet and trio.
Modulation: The change of key in a composition verified by a cadence in the new key (otherwise, it is a passing modulation or touching upon a different key). As a general rule, modulations to the sharp side raises tension, modulation to the flat side lowers it. Modulations to related keys are ideally accomplished by means of 'pivot chords', i.e., a chord which is common to both the initial and the new key (like the submediant chord -vi- followed by II(#) - V when modulating to the dominant; ii-V-I in the new key); or the tonic chord itself would be the subdominant of the dominant key: I - II(#) - V would be a smooth modulation to the dominant (IV-V-I in the new key). Some other means to modulate are: circle-of-fifth progression to modulate to another degree of the scale or one-step sharp or flat, by changing the chord before the new tonic to a dominant seventh if required; changing any chord to a dominant seventh of the new tonic by adding a minor third above a major triad (like I7 - IV would be V7 - I in the subdominant key); in minor keys, the submediant is a major chord, if it is made a dominant seventh and followed by its tonic, this would be modulation to the flattened supertonic; resolving a diminished seventh on the dominant seventh of the new key and progressing to the new tonic (see diminished seventh); using an augmented sixth on the flattened submediant of the target key and resolving onto the new tonic via its dominant (like Ab - G - C) [modulation via outward resolution]; using a Neapolitan sixth to modulate to the flattened submediant (in C major, Db chord as the Neapolitan -IV in Ab- followed by Eb7 -V7 in Ab- and Ab as the new tonic: IV-V-I in the new key) or by using the Db Neapolitan chord as the dominant of the next key (to Gb). The (major) tonic chord of the prevailing key would be the Neapolitan chord of the new key a semitone lower (in C, bIb - IV - VII would be IVb - V - I in B). This is another use of the Neapolitan chord to modulate a semitone lower. Direct juxtaposition of the new key is not considered to be a modulation by some.
Monody: Music for one singer (monophonic) with a simple chordal accompaniment not preventing the expression of the emotional message in the melody line (as opposed to polyphony with strict counterpoint). The monodists placed a special emphasis on the words, and the declamation approximated to speech rhythm. In the Baroque era, cantata, oratorio and opera evolved from monodic style. Monody in the operatic context is synonymous with recitative. (Monody embraces all the styles of solo singing, including recitative, airs, and madrigals.) The canzona and sonata developed as outgrowth of solo monody.
Motet: Unaccompanied choral composition based on a Latin sacred text.
Motif: A short melodic, harmonic or rhythmic idea. It is the shortest fragment of a theme or a phrase that still maintains its identity. A typical example is the opening motif in Beethoven's Symphony No.5, which is incomplete in itself but can be heard (and recognized) all the way through in the symphony. As few as two notes can make up a motif as the descending fifth at the opening of Beethoven's Symphony No.9. A motif is the elemental brick of a theme (or subject) and a theme is the building block of a movement. A figure is similar to the motif but it is of secondary importance as motifs are part of themes and figures are not.
Musette: The French bagpipe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Especially suitable for pastoral music.
Mystic chord: A chord developed by Alexander Scriabin (1872-1915) in the beginning of the 20th century. It consists of a series of fourths (C, F#, Bb, E, A and D).
Neapolitan sixth: First inversion of a major chord on the flattened supertonic in major or minor keys (bIIb). To keep the fifth above the flattened supertonic a perfect one, the submediant needs to be flattened too (in a major key). Its resolution is normally on the dominant via an optional Ic. It can be used to modulate to the flattened submediant or a semitone down (see modulation).
Neoclassicism: The musical movement of the post first world war period aiming to revive the musical forms and textures of the pre-Romantic era. Stravinsky's works after 1920, Prokofiev and Hindemith's works are some of the examples (see also Back to Bach movement).
Open strings: The four strings of the violin are tuned G, D, A, E and, the strings of the viola and cello, in C, G, D, A (an octave apart). When played unstopped by the player's fingers, these (open) strings sound more sonorous. The four notes G, D, A, E are the notes of the D major and G major. This is why these keys are featured more frequently in music for violin (three of Mozart's five violin concertos and Beethoven's only violin concerto are in these keys).
Oratorio: Composition of an extended libretto by solo voices, chorus or orchestra. It is usually a musical narration of a Biblical story. The presence of a narrator standing outside the action is an obvious distinguishing feature of the oratorio.
Ostinato: A melodic phrase repeated persistently in the same voice and at the same pitch. (Repetition at a different pitch is called sequence). The ostinato principle is the chief characteristic of chaconne and passacaglia. The stepwise semitonic descent from the tonic to the dominant in a minor key forms a special kind of ostinato which is associated with operatic lament (the lament aria in Cavalli's Ormindo in B minor; Dido's lament in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas in G minor; Crucifixus in Bach's Mass in B minor; Mourn, all ye muses in Handel's Acis and Galatea in F minor). This chromatic fourth was also used in instrumental music as the ostinato in Biber's Passacaglia in G minor.
Oussoul (usul): The Turkish system of rhythm. About fifty standard combinations of beats (up to 120 beats) are known which correspond to Western metres. They are repeated throughout the entire composition.
Overture: The seventeenth century opera overture, also known as sinfonia. The sinfonia was established as an introduction to the opera by A. Scarlatti. It has differences in Italian and French style. The French overture has two sections: slow-solemn chordal introduction with dotted rhythm in simple duple/quadruple time followed by a fast contrapuntal (fugal allegro) section. Rameau's overtures introduce a theme to reappear in the opera later on. The Italian overture has the fast-slow-fast structure. The overture was the forerunner of the symphony. Later an extra movement in triple time was added between the slow and the last movements (minuet - scherzo). The Italian type sinfonia provided the basis of the future orchestral symphony.
Partita: Another name for suite or theme and variations.
Pastoral: Pieces in imitation of the music of shepherds. The characteristics are fast triple (3/8) or compound (6/8, 12/8) meter, Siciliana rhythm, moderate time (often siciliano and larghetto), tender, flowing, lilting melodies mainly in conjunct motion, notes flowing along in groups of threes, prominent use of parallel thirds, repetition, long-held drone bass on dominant or tonic. Oboes and F major are the most pastoral instrument and key, respectively.
Pathetique: Affecting the emotions of pity, grief or sorrow; touching.
Pathos (1): Evoking pity or compassion.
Pathos (2): The depiction of momentary (transient) emotional states of a person in an opera (see ethos). The Baroque opera focused on pathos in characterization with almost total exclusion of ethos. [Greek pathos: feeling.]
Phrase: A natural division of the melodic line (like the sentences of speech). In the Classical period, phrases are usually two, four or eight bars long.
Phrygian Cadence: In general, an imperfect cadence in a minor key, but more precisely an imperfect cadence on the dominant chord of the relative minor using the first inversion of the subdominant chord (IVb-V). This is a Renaissance device still used in late Baroque by composers like Corelli, Handel and Bach. It was generally used at the end of the slow movement (in relative minor) of sonata or concertos written in major keys providing a (iii to I) tonal switch with the start of the following movement [in a major key].
Pitch: The location of a musical sound in the tonal scale, which is determined by the vibration frequency. The present day standard of pitch is a'=435 vibrations (in Europe). The indication of different octaves does not have a uniform notation. The middle C is usually shown as c, and an octave lower C is shown as C. An octave higher C is shown as c' (or c1), etc. (The whole range of Cs from the lowest to the highest on the piano are: C2, C1, C, middle c, c1, c2, c3.)
Plainsong: Ancient chant of the Christian church. The term derived from the Latin word cantus planus. It was first codified by Ambrose, bishop of Milan (Ambrosian chant), and then by Pope Gregory in the 6th century (Gregorian chant). The melodies are monophonic (non-harmonic) and rhythmically free (unmeasured).
Polonaise: A Polish national dance of a stately and festive character. The music is always in moderate triple meter and typically phrases end with feminine cadences. The basic Polonaise rhythm is generally given to the left hand accompaniment, and the right hand accentuates it by its melody. WF Bach brought the form to artistic perfection. Beethoven, Schubert, Weber, Liszt all wrote Polonaises, but Chopin made it a symbol of Polish heroism.
Prelude and Fugue: Typical of seventeenth century German keyboard music. Pieces with alternating free (prelude) and fugal sections. The closing section nearly always reverts to the free writing of the opening.
Prosody: The blending of words and music or matching of lyrical and musical accents. The accented syllables of the lyrics should be on the accented beats of the bars.
Recitative: Emerged around 1600 as the most important turning point in music history. A vocal style designed to imitate and emphasize the natural inflections of speech, and to closely follow the meter. Recitative is a cross between speech and song. Music became subservient to the words. Recitative is sung either to a continuo accompaniment (recitativo secco) or to a written-out fully developed accompaniment (recitativo accompagnato). Wagner's unending melodies are indeed nothing but a recitative of the highest expressiveness and dramatic significance.
Remote keys: The keys represented directly opposite one another on the circumference of the circle-of-fifths. For C major, the remotest key is F# / Gb (flattened dominant) followed by B (seventh) and Db (its Neapolitan).
Repetition: An important principle of musical construction. The use of repetition achieves tonal stability and thematic unity. In contrapuntal music, four devices of repetition are used: Ostinato: repetition in the same part at the same pitch; Sequence: repetition in the same part at a different pitch; Stimmtausch: repetition in a different part at the same pitch; Imitation: repetition in a different part at a different pitch.
Rhetoric: Language calculated to produce an effect; the art of effective expression (a word, music critics cannot live without!)
Ripieno (concerto grosso, tutti): Full (string) orchestra as distinguished from the soloists (concertino, concertante).
Ritornello: A short, recurring, instrumental passage first appeared in the early operas. A small section consisting of several musical ideas is stated usually in the beginning as a tutti passage, and this recurs -either in full or in part- at various moments within a movement (most popular in the Baroque era). In a movement, it is expected to appear in full in the tonic in the beginning and then usually in truncated forms in the dominant, relative and subdominant keys and finally in the tonic key in full again. Fundamental to the ‘ritornello structure’ is the alternation of a passage containing the basic thematic substance of the movement (ritornello) with others in which the music is largely or wholly new (episodes). This form was the commonest first movement form in Baroque concertos in the place of a fugal allegro movement in solo and trio sonatas. The tonal structure may be originated as an extension of the first section (AB) of the da capo aria which starts in the tonic with ritornello (R), first episode (A) in the tonic, R in the dominant (V), A’ in the dominant, R in the tonic then part B in relative minor (vi) ending with a Phrygian cadence in the dominant of relative minor (the mediant of the main major key -iii-). (It is also used to describe the tutti passages in a concerto grosso.) The refrain section in a ritornello movement acts as a binding agent. The difference from rondo is that in rondo form, each repeated part is in the tonic key.
Rococo: The artistic style of the late Baroque and early Classical periods (1700-1770). In music, the Rococo style was chiefly associated with France. It is a rather fussy, elaborate style typified in Rameau and F. Couperin's music (another example is D. Scarlatti). Telemann represents the German equivalent.
Rondo-sonata form: A form which is basically rondo but observing the sonata principle. The principle rondo theme is followed by the first episode in a contrasting key (exposition); the principal rondo theme again and an episode in the character of development; recapitulation of the exposition in the tonic; final appearance of the rondo theme in the character of a coda.
Sarabande: A triple time movement with no upbeat as a rule. The second beat of the bar is accented. It has a regular two or four-bar phrase structure.
Scena: An extended composition for solo voice and accompaniment, made up of several continuous but contrasting sections, some of a recitative-like character, others more song-like.
Second movement: The second movement of a sonata, symphony, concerto or trio, quartet etc., makes a contrast with the first allegro movement and therefore in slow tempo. The sonata form would be out of place here where the mood is more relaxed and also the slow speed would make it too long. The usual forms in a slow movement are: abridged sonata form, air and variations, ternary form and rondo.
Sephardic music: Music of the Jews descended from those expelled from Spain and Portugal in the 15th century.
Sequence: More or less exact repetition of a melody (with or without its harmony) in the same part at another level. If the repetition is only in the melody (the harmony being changed) it is a melodic sequence, if in the harmony also, a harmonic sequence. Italian Baroque Music often used harmonic and melodic sequences based around the circle-of-fifths. Sequence is a fundamental device used in late-Baroque (especially Corelli's) music. The sequence, whether carried out diatonically within one key or modulating downward in the circle-of-fifths, is one of the most powerful agents in establishing the tonality.
Serenata: Short operatic works of the eighteenth century best described as dramatic cantatas. Handel's Acis and Galatea is a good example.
Siciliana: A seventeenth - eighteenth century dance in a slow 6/8 or 12/8 time originating from Sicily. Pastoral in character and using dotted rhythm which gives it a swaying motion.
Singspiel: The German/Austrian equivalent of comic operas with spoken dialogue like the French opera comique, and the English ballad opera. It uses spoken dialogue (like ballad opera and opera comique) rather than recitative (used in Italian opera, both seria and buffa). The use of spoken dialogue made it more accessible for the general public. As opposed to the importance of aria in opera comique, like in opera buffa, ensembles were more popular in Singspiel. In Fidelio, five of the ten numbers in Act I, and five of the six numbers in Act II are ensembles. It is the ancestor of the nineteenth century German Romantic opera. Mozart's Entfuhrung aus dem Serail (1782) is an example of Singspiel. The two greatest examples are Mozart's Die Zauberflote and Beethoven's Fidelio.
Sonata form (first movement form): Most commonly the first movement of a classical sonata (and symphony, quartet, trio) is in sonata form. (In concertos, the sonata-form first movement is somewhat less rigid than it would be in a sonata or symphony.) It consists of three sections: “exposition” with two themes in the tonic and the dominant respectively, a modulating “development” of both themes, and a “recapitulation” of both themes in the tonic. The sonata form is considered either a ternary form (A B A) the opening section itself being in binary form; or more appropriately, an extended, rounded, open binary form (A B) the exposition being the first half (and repeated), and the development and the recapitulation the second half (also repeated in earlier examples). In the exposition, two musical ideas are presented: the first subject (in tonic) and the second subject (in dominant/relative major) linked with a ‘bridging passage’ and a closing group at the end. In the development, these musical ideas are extended, detailed and developed usually with explorations of new keys and staying away from the tonic. New material may be presented (the Eroica, the Farewell). In the recapitulation both subjects and the original key return (double return). In a minor key, the second subject is now in the tonic minor instead of its relative major. This also requires modification of the bridge passage. There may be a coda at the end. One of the advantages of the sonata form is that the construction of new themes should consider their capability for development. A dramatic aspect of this form is the differing characters (rhythmic-masculine first subject and feminine-lyrical second subject) and opposing keys of the themes in the exposition (tonal contrast). The form is designed to create anticipation as it proceeds. The abridged sonata form, used in slow movements (the Unfinished Symphony) and classical overtures, lacks the development (A-B-A-B-coda). As in the sonata form, the B section should be in the dominant or a substitute dominant.
Soprano: The highest register of the human voice, which can reach the F above the high C. It is subdivided into mezzo (the lower ranges); lyric (the middle range); and coloratura (the very top of the register). The usual soprano range is between the middle C and the high A (almost two octaves). As an exceptional example, Maria Callas could reach top Eb. Another subclassification is the dramatic soprano, which denotes a soprano with powerful voice and marked declamatory ability.
Strophic: Having the same music for every verse of the poem as in folk songs and hymns.
Strophic bass: The method, frequent in early cantatas, of using the same bass line for all the stanzas of a song, with varying melodies in the upper part. Basso ostinato and strophic bass are examples of continuous and sectional variation, respectively. Strophic variation holds a place of its own halfway between the theme and variations and the ostinato bass.
Sturm und Drang: Designation for a period in the preclassical era (app. 1770-1780). Means storm and stress. It found its most potent expression in serious, minor-key works, full of sudden and sometimes violent dynamic effects. A number of Haydn's symphonies from his middle period are in this style (No 44,45,49).
Style brise: Arpeggiated chords. Typical of French Baroque Music. Originated from the lute idiom.
Subject: see theme.
Suite (sonata da camera in Italian Baroque music): An important instrumental form of (mainly French) Baroque music, consisting of a number of movements, each in the character of a dance, and all in the same key. A regular two- or four-bar phrase structure is usual in most seventeenth century suite movements. The classical suite became extinct after 1750. The usual movements in a classical French suite are: Prelude, Allemande (German), Courante (French), Sarabande (Spanish), Gigue (English), Chaconne and Minuet; or a prelude and then A-C-S-G and a closing group usually ending with a minuet. The dance movements in a suite are nearly always in binary form except the chaconne and minuet. The modern suit is used to describe a number of pieces grouped together by the composer. They are often an arrangement of ballet (Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker ballet suit) or stage (Bizet's Carmen suit) work.
Symphony: The commonest orchestral genre. Derived from the (fast-slow-fast) Italian overture towards the middle of the eighteenth century. The first movement is cast in sonata form. The second movement can be in sonata form or variations. The minuet is in ternary form. The finale is usually in sonata or sonata-rondo form.
Syncopation: Displacement of a musical accent from a relatively strong accented note onto a note that would normally be unaccented or weakly accented. This is created by using rests, tying notes together or adding accent marks to normally unaccented notes.
Tanbur: A species of lute with a very long neck and smaller body. It is suitable to play Middle Eastern music as its neck has frets giving comma and all 24 intervals within an octave in Turkish, Arabic and Persian music.
Temperament: Adjustment made to the intervals between notes on a keyboard to allow modulation to any key.
Tenor: The range of male voice, which usually covers the octave below the middle C and the range up to the first A above it (an octave lower than the soprano range).
Tenuto (or tenue): Held, sustained. Tenuto dash is an articulation sign.
Ternary form: A form most commonly used in short pieces consisting of three sections: first section is self-contained and closes in the tonic; second section is in a new key, modulatory and in a contrasting character; the first section is then repeated. Each section begins and ends in the same key. The overall structure of the penultimate movement of a symphony or string quartet (minuet/scherzo - trio - minuet/scherzo) fits in ternary form although each section is usually in binary form. Also used in the slow movements of sonatas (Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 7; Op.10/3). In vocal music, it is widely used in from French chansons to (middle-to-late Baroque) opera arias (da capo aria).
Tessitura: The general lie of a vocal part, whether high or low in its average pitch. It is different from range that it does not take into account a few very high or low notes that may exist.
Texture: The density and range of the simultaneous sounds forming harmonies in music. It can be contrapuntal (polyphonic) or homophonic (chordal). The typical texture of Renaissance music is polyphony of independent voices, whereas, the texture in Baroque music can be described as continuo homophony: a firm bass and a florid treble held together by unobtrusive harmony. The texture became the tune and accompaniment type in the Classical era.
Theme (subject): The musical material that forms the basic element in the structure of a composition. It usually has a recognizable (leading) melody and is a complete musical expression in itself (unlike the smaller unit motif). A sonata movement has two main subjects (or subject groups) whereas a fugue usually has a single subject. In a sonata movement, the theme would be the leading phrase. As a recognizable entity, a theme could be used to identify a work (the first movement of the Eroica is well-known with its first subject only).
Through-composed: In music, written for a poem, having different music all the way through. Even if the poem has a repeating verse pattern, the music does not.
Tierce de picardie: A perfect cadence in a minor key, ending on the major chord of the tonic instead of the minor. The Romantic tendency of a finale in major to a minor work (Mozart No. 40; Beethoven No. 9) is nothing more than a tierce de picardie in larger terms.
Toccata: A keyboard piece. It is often designed to display the technical proficiency of the performer. Best examples are those of JS Bach. It may contain a series of movements.
Tonality: A system of chordal relations based on the attraction of a tonal center (loyalty to a tonic). Fully established in the late Baroque era. The stabilization and codification of the tonal language first appears consistently in Corelli's sonatas.
Tonal ambiguity: Diminished sevenths, tritones (whole tone scale); semitonal progressions (twelve note scale); empty fifths; free chromaticism; lack of cadences (fluid tonality); oscillating major-minor triads; high level dissonance; unresolved appoggiatura chords. Increased use of these features resulted in the collapse of the tonal system in music.
Transposing instruments: Instruments for which the music is written in another key or in another octave than that of their actual sound. The simplest examples are the piccolo and the double bass, which sound an octave higher and lower than written, respectively. Nearly all wind instruments (except trombones), not pitched in C, are transposing instruments. The clarinet, trumpet and horn sound the interval between the C and their pitch lower than written, except the clarinet in Eb which sounds a minor third higher than the written pitch. In other words, a written C sounds as the note (below the C) the instrument is pitched. The cornet, saxophone, bassett horn and cor anglais are also transposing instruments. (In pre-1900 scores, horns are written an octave too low when notated in the bass clef, in these cases they transpose upwards.)
Tremolando: With tremolo.
Tremolo: Rapid repetition of the same note. If the note value for repetition is shown as strokes on the stem of a minim, it is measured tremolo. Tremolo on the drums is called roll.
Trill: Rapid alternation of two conjunct notes.
Trio: Originally a light-hearted peasant dance in the seventeenth century French opera performed by two oboes and a musette (a bag-pipe) or bassoon (i.e., three instruments). In a symphony, it is the middle section of the minuet movement usually in the subdominant of the key of that movement and performed by the wind instruments (but not necessarily by only three of them).
Trio sonata: Ancestor of Baroque concerto grosso and classical string quartet. Written in three parts and played by four instruments (two violins playing the two melody lines and cello+harpsichord playing the continuo part). Mozart's Trio K266 may be considered as the end of trio sonata.
Tritone: The interval of three whole tones (the augmented fourth=diminished fifth). It is an awkward interval in vocal music. In the Lydian mode starting on F, the interval of F to B is an augmented fourth. It naturally occurs between the fourth and seventh degrees of major and descending melodic minor scales. In counterpoint, it is a very dissonant interval associated with depiction of anguish. The crampy nature of a diminished triad is relieved by using them in first inversion (iib and viib in minor mode).
Troubadours: The aristocratic poet-musicians in Provence and Southern France in the 12th-13th centuries. Their music was passed down orally and it is all about chivalric ideals of the period (courtly love and the idealization of women). It spread to
North
ern France (trouveres) and to Germany (Minnesinger). There may have been an Arabic-Spanish influence in its origination. More than 300 troubadour poems are preserved with their melodies (chansonniers). The melodies are monophonic and the accompaniment is merely unison duplication of the melody sometimes with slight modification (see heterophony).
Turkish phase: The phase in the Classical period in which some elements of Turkish music exerted a superficial influence on the Western music. Examples are Turkish marches in Beethoven's Eroica and Choral symphonies, Ruins of Athens and Mozart's Rondo alla Turca from Piano sonata K311. Also in operas of Mozart (Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail), Weber (Abu Hasan), Rossini (Il Turco in Italia) Turkish or Middle-Eastern elements were used.
Turn: A group of four or five notes winding around the principal note (see the principal motif of the first movement of Beethoven's String Quartet Op.18, No.1).
Twelve-tone technique: A system devised by Schoenberg using all twelve chromatic tones of the scale and denying a tonal center.
Unity: Music consists of repetition (similarity) and contrast. The unity in this framework is achieved through a refrain section or basso ostinato as binding agents, recurrent use of the same melodic or rhythmic motif (persistent figuration, idee fixe, leitmotif as means of creating thematic unity), tonal plan (starting and finishing in the same key visiting related keys in between), use of a certain recurrent interval in all significant melodic material (intervallic relationship), or thematic transformation (developing related themes from an original theme in different parts of the piece). In Baroque music, a single melodic or rhythmic figure representing a single mood or affekt establishes the unity.
Variations: The systematic presentation of a theme in different guises. The theme of a set of variations can be anything from a little motif to an elaborate paragraph, a harmonic pattern, or a rhythmic figure. The monumental examples of the music in variation form are JS Bach's Goldberg variations, Beethoven's Diabelli Variations and C. Franck's Symphonic Variations.
Verismo: The realistic opera that emerged in Italy in later years of Verdi. The examples are Cavalleria Rusticana and Pagliacci where the heroism or mythological Gods and Goddesses no longer exist.
Vibrato: The effect caused by the vibrating medium (oscillating motion of the left hand on the strings, or shaking the vocal cords).
Viol: A family of string instruments popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were superseded by the violin family. The standard types are treble/descant viol, tenor viol, and bass viol. A special type is the double-bass viol or violone, which is the ancestor of the modern double bass.
Viola d'amore: A kind of treble viol, which also contains sympathetic strings, which vibrate in sympathy to produce a silvery resonance when the main strings are bowed.
Viola da gamba: The larger bass/tenor viols that are held between the legs (gamba=leg).
Voice leading: The principles governing the progression of the voice parts in contrapuntal music with regard to the design of the individual lines rather than the resulting harmonies. Preference of step-wise movement in the three upper parts, contrary motion in at least one part, and avoidance of parallel fifths and octaves form the basis of voice leading.
Whole-tone scale: A scale consisting of whole tones only. It lacks the perfect fifth, the perfect fourth and the leading note of the traditional tonal scale. Because each interval is equal, there is no tonal center. Its exploitation by Debussy is one of the reasons for the dissolution of tonality in the twentieth century.
|
Segue
|
What is the formal (systematic) chemical name for the alcohol in intoxicating drink?
|
Audio Editing In DAWs |
Mutually Assured Non‑destruction
Because tape is a physical medium, editing tape is a 'destructive' process. Once you've cut a piece of tape, it stays cut. And if you cut in the wrong place, you've got a problem. Editing audio in a digital audio workstation, by contrast, is usually a 'non‑destructive' process. In other words, false moves can be undone, and even if you screw something up beyond all recognition, the system should retain a copy of the original recording that you can revert to.
Different DAWs work in slightly different ways, but the principle is as follows. Audio files are recorded to your hard drive, and represented within in your software's main window as horizontal bars, usually with waveforms that allow you to visualise their audio content. Depending on which DAW you're using, these bars are typically referred to using expressions such as 'regions' (the term I'll use in this article), 'events' or 'objects', and they can be manipulated in a dizzying variety of ways, most of which we'll come to later.
The key point here is that when we use the available tools to do something to one of these regions, the original audio files on our hard drive remain unaffected. For example, when we make a region shorter, no audio is lost from the file to which that region refers; the edited region simply corresponds to a segment of that file, rather than to the whole thing. Likewise, if we decide to duplicate or split a region, we won't usually end up with two files on the hard drive, but two regions that refer back to the same original.
Other editing actions can actually alter the sound of a section of audio, for instance by changing its level or time‑stretching it. In these cases, again, the DAW does not modify the original file; instead, it either applies the processing in real time on playback, or creates a copy of the affected section and applies the changes to that, keeping the source audio sacrosanct in case we need to return to it.
Tape editing is, for the most part, an all‑or‑nothing affair: a tape edit either applies to the entire tape, or not at all. It is not usually possible to cut and splice individual tracks on a multitrack tape. It is, by contrast, eminently possible to edit individual regions, or groups of regions, within a DAW session.
The Uses Of Editing
There are numerous reasons why you might want to edit recorded audio in your digital workstation. All of the justifications for taking a razor blade to a reel of tape remain valid, and the advent of non‑destructive, multitrack editing opens up a whole new list of possibilities. Here are some examples of everyday editing scenarios that arise in modern music production:
To make two master recordings flow seamlessly into one another, for instance to create a segue between two songs originally recorded independently.
To remove unwanted noises or gaps from a recording, or isolate short sections of an audio recording for corrective or creative processing.
To employ the same section of audio more than once within a project, perhaps in order to change the arrangement, or 'stack' multiple recordings of the same section for an ensemble effect.
To create a rhythmic loop from a short section of recorded audio.
To change the length of a sound to fit a specific gap.
To change the structure of a song after it's recorded, for instance by removing a verse, shortening the introduction, duplicating a chorus or adding a new middle eight.
To compile ('comp') the best parts from several recorded performances of the same material.
To change a recorded performance to improve its timing, or quantise the timing of a freely recorded performance.
To create unusual or interesting creative effects.
As you can see, the range of tasks that can be accomplished through editing is huge. Some are much more skilful and involved than others, but thankfully, all of them are based on just a few fundamental concepts and tools, which are easy to learn and adapt to new situations. This article will explain those concepts and tools, and we'll be looking in more detail at some of the tasks listed above in the other article in this issue.
Selected Highlights
Even if you've never used a DAW before, the chances are that many of the concepts involved in editing audio will be familiar from other classes of software, especially if you've used desktop publishing programs. The implementation does vary quite a bit from package to package, but the basic principles are usually the same.
Most DAWs feature several mouse‑based editing tools, which can be chosen from a palette, and which are sometimes available in multiple forms, like the Pro Tools Grabber tool (left). Also shown are tool palettes from Cakewalk's Sonar 8, Propellerhead's Record, Apple's Logic and Steinberg's Cubase 5.
As in a graphics package, the mouse pointer is central to much audio editing work. Typically, different editing tasks will require you to switch the pointer between a number of tools or modes of operation. For instance, Pro Tools has three basic editing tools, called the Trimmer, Selector and Grabber, while Cubase has a larger selection, of which the basic pointer and the Scissors are the most important and Reaper, unusually, has but a single mouse tool. Some mouse tools are 'smart' or context‑sensitive, meaning that they can take on different roles depending on where the mouse is placed relative to an audio region. The most obvious example is the Smart Tool in Pro Tools.
The first step towards making an audio edit is usually to make a selection within the DAW's edit or 'arrange' window. Most programs allow you to do this in two ways. First, existing regions can be selected by clicking on them or lassoing them with the mouse pointer, assuming that this is set to the appropriate tool (in Pro Tools, this would be the Grabber or 'hand' tool, while in Cubase, the pointer tool is used). It's usually possible to select multiple regions, and to add additional regions to an existing selection by Shift‑clicking them in turn.
The other way of making a selection, where this is supported by a DAW, involves highlighting an area within the edit window, using a different mouse tool, such as the Range Selection tool in Cubase or the Selector tool in Pro Tools. Such a selection will often cut across existing region boundaries, and may also include empty space.
Two approaches to making selections within Cubase's Arrange window. In the top screen, I've got two separate regions selected (outlined in red); in the lower screen, I've made a rectangular selection with the Range tool which is independent of region boundaries.
Finally, it's worth mentioning that all DAWs also have a cursor or locator that indicates the 'now' position and extends vertically across all tracks; sometimes editing actions make reference to this, too. In most DAWs, it's possible to make a selection in the timeline ruler that extends across all tracks.
On The Move
Perhaps the simplest variety of edit is moving an audio region to a new position within your project. Moving regions horizontally changes their relationship in time with the rest of the session, making them earlier or later, while moving them vertically allows you to put them on a different track. Most DAWs provide two ways of moving regions: they can be 'picked up' with the mouse and dragged to a new location on the same track or on a different track, or they can be 'nudged' small distances to the left or right by pressing keys.
Sometimes, it's useful to have other regions automatically move around to fill gaps or make space for the regions we're moving. Not all DAWs support this kind of 'shuffle' editing, which is a powerful but potentially dangerous tool; see the 'Shuffle Editing' box for more details.
Most DAWs also allow the user to choose constraints on how regions can be moved. For instance, it's frequently the case that when you want to move a region vertically to a new track, you want it to retain its precise horizontal position so that it doesn't slip out of time. This is usually achieved by holding down the Shift key as you drag.
Likewise, when you drag a region to a new horizontal position on a track, it's often the case that you want that position to be defined by reference to something else. Very often, for example, you'll want the start of the region to land precisely on the start of a musical bar or beat. Alternatively, you might want it to hit a particular frame within a video file. To make it easier to place regions, most DAWs offer a choice of 'grids' and the option to 'snap' regions to them.
All DAWs let you constrain the horizontal position of edits and region placement to your chosen grid setting (this screen is from MOTU's Digital Performer). Turn 'snap' off and the region will remain exactly where you drop it. Turn 'snap' on, and when you let go of the region, it will jump to line up with the nearest bar line, beat, frame or timecode division, depending on what grid setting you've chosen.
Snapping doesn't have to apply to the start of a region, either. You can usually snap the end of a region too; and it's also possible to set a user‑defined 'sync' or 'Q' point within the region that is significant.
Pro Tools regions with sync points (the small arrows along the lower edge). These can be placed at musically significant moments in the region. For example, let's suppose you have a crescendo timpani roll that you want to line up with the start of a bar. In this case, you could define a sync point that falls at the final, loudest beater stroke, and have that point snap to the bar line.
Snap and grid settings also allow us to make useful selections that don't line up with existing region boundaries. For instance, you might want to select four bars' worth of material from the middle of a song, across multiple tracks. This can usually be achieved by setting the grid mode to bars and beats and using your DAW's equivalent of the Cubase Range Selection or Pro Tools Selector tool. The horizontal limits of a selection made by clicking and dragging with such a tool will automatically jump to the nearest grid points.
As well as moving regions around, you can also change their length by clicking and dragging at either end with the appropriate mouse tool (which may or may not be the same one that's used for moving regions about, depending on your DAW). Again, the new region boundaries will be governed by any snap to grid settings.
The First Cut
Three further fundamental editing tools are the universal Cut, Copy and Paste commands, which behave just like their counterparts in a word processor. In other words, once you have made your selection, Cut and Copy both place the selected material in the DAW's 'clipboard' — a kind of short‑term virtual pigeonhole. The contents of the clipboard will reflect what kind of selection was made, whether it's one or more complete regions, or a snapshot of an area of the edit window.
As well as placing this material on the clipboard, the Cut command also removes it from the edit window — again, leaving the original files intact on disk. It's also possible to remove material without copying it to the clipboard, usually by hitting the backspace key. The Paste command, meanwhile, dumps the contents of the clipboard back onto the edit window at your chosen position. Doing so doesn't wipe the clipboard, so you are free to paste the same material more than once in different places.
Every DAW also features some means of dividing audio regions into two. Some provide dedicated tools for doing so, such as the Scissor tool in Cubase; alternatively, once you've made a selection or placed the Selector tool within the edit area, there will usually be a Separate command to split any regions that cross this selection.
Most DAWs will also offer a Duplicate command, which is a kind of shortcut copy‑and‑paste action that will paste a copy of whatever is selected, immediately to its right within the edit area. This is very useful when, for instance, you wish to loop a short section of audio repeatedly: you simply place the first region where you want the loop to start, then hold down whatever key command is assigned to Duplicate.
The Duplicate command in a DAW — in this case, Pro Tools — provides a simple way of looping a region.
Just as in a word processor, these editing commands are accessible via keyboard shortcuts as well as from an edit menu. It's good practice to do as much as possible using shortcuts rather than by choosing menu items with the mouse, and it's pretty much essential for basic editing functions such as these if you hope to achieve any fluency (and avoid repetitive strain injury).
Get A Better View
A fundamental requirement for successful editing is that you're able to see clearly what you are doing. It's thus vital to be clear about how your DAW's zoom functions work, and how to focus them on the relevant regions or area of the edit window.
Horizontal zooming in most DAWs is fairly straightforward. The lowest zoom setting should show you the entire project, while at the other extreme, you should be able to blow things up to the point where individual samples within your waveforms are identifiable. With such a colossal range of magnification available, it's essential to learn the most efficient ways of moving between different zoom settings. These vary from DAW to DAW, but usually include the ability to click and drag in the timeline or on a zoom slider, plus keyboard shortcuts that zoom in and out in steps, and further shortcuts that can be assigned to particular zoom settings for instant recall. There may also be a command that automatically zooms to fit whatever is selected.
Vertical zooming is a touch more complicated because, typically, the zoom level can be set on both a global and a track‑by‑track basis. What's more, it is usually possible to zoom the waveform display independently of the track height, or at least (as in Logic) to toggle between two levels of waveform zooming. This is useful, because it allows you to inspect quiet waveforms without filling up the entire screen with one or two tracks. Again, there are usually multiple ways of controlling vertical zoom levels.
In order to inspect low‑level signals in detail, Logic lets you toggle between normal (left) and large (right) waveform heights.
Which zoom settings are appropriate depends, of course, on what editing task you're doing. If you're moving an entire chorus to a different place in your song, you'll need to see pretty much the whole project at once. If you're trying to cut out a troublesome click in a single region, by contrast, you might want a millisecond's worth of audio magnified to fill the entire window. What's crucial is that you learn how to focus in quickly on what you need to see, and this is another area where time spent learning keyboard shortcuts will be richly repaid.
We should also mention scrubbing, which is to the ear as zooming is to the eye. Scrubbing mimics the way a tape machine can be rocked back and forth by hand while listening to the playhead, to provide a way of precisely pinpointing events within an audio region. It's usually done using a dedicated mouse tool that can be dragged quickly or slowly across an audio region. Scrubbing is a legacy of the tape‑based approach, and while many people find it useful, it's perfectly possible to do editing in a DAW without ever using it.
Fading Fast & Slow
In the days of tape editing, engineers swiftly realised that edits made by cutting tape vertically often sounded very abrupt and obvious. Cutting the tape at an angle instead made the transition between the two sections more natural. To draw an analogy, a vertical splice is akin to simultaneously muting one track on a mixer and unmuting another. A diagonal edit corresponds to smoothly pushing down the fader on the first channel while bringing up the second channel's fader. The shallower the angle at which the tape was cut, the slower the transition.
The same basic idea underlies the concept of a 'fade' in a digital editing system. Let's take a simple example. Suppose that on one track in our DAW, we have an audio region that presently ends in an abrupt stop. What we want it to do is gradually fade away from hearing instead. We could achieve this by moving that track's fader at mixdown, but this isn't always the ideal solution. Unless such a move is automated, we'll need to remember to do it each time we play back the track; and if we later decide to move the region to a different track, or to a different point in time, we may need to recreate that fader move all over again. A fade created using our DAW's mixer also means that the level change is only applied after the full signal has already passed through any channel inserts, EQ and pre‑fade sends.
The alternative is to apply a fade directly to the region, in such a way that it becomes part of the region. The fade in question will then follow that region around wherever we move it, and will be present in any copies of that region we later generate. (Again, though, it will not be applied destructively to the original audio recording, and can be removed or modified at any point.) Fades can usually be created by selecting the appropriate tool, clicking on a suitable point at or near the end of the region and dragging; there may be other ways to do it too, depending on your DAW. Most DAWs calculate fades in real time, on playback, but some — notably Pro Tools — still write them to disk as separate audio files with their own regions.
In Pro Tools (top), fades are written to disk as new audio files with their own regions. Other DAWs, such as Sonar (above), apply fades in real time on playback, without writing any files to disk.
Sticking Plasters
In the example above, we've been considering a fade as something used deliberately for effect, bringing a sound smoothly into or out of our mix. Most often, though, fades are executed for the opposite reason: to mask or eliminate the audible effects of not fading!
At every point in our DAW project where a region begins or ends, we have the equivalent of a hard, vertical tape edit: a sudden transition between one piece of recorded audio and another, or between silence and recorded audio. And unlike a tape recording, a DAW session may well include hundreds or even thousands of separate regions, especially if intensive editing techniques such as timing correction have been applied.
In a digital system, jumping straight into the middle of a piece of recorded audio like this often creates a rude and unwanted click. Even if the boundaries of these regions are located outside wanted audio, the transition from silence to low‑level background noise can be audible and ugly. When hundreds of region boundaries are present in a multitrack session, you have a recipe for an unlistenable piece of music.
To be on the safe side, then, it should be a matter of routine to place a short fade (a few milliseconds in duration) wherever there's a region boundary in your track. This is not as onerous as it sounds, because most DAWs make it easy to apply fades en masse to multiple regions. In Cubase, for example, you can select as many regions as you like, and dragging the corner of one will create a fade on all selected regions.
At this point, you might be thinking: "Blimey. I've been chopping up regions for years and have never used a fade in my life, but I've never heard any clicks and pops. What's he on about?” If that's the case, the chances are that your DAW is attempting to save you off its own bat. It might be applying its own automatic fade settings in the background, so that whenever you divide a region, short fades automatically appear either side of the cut. Alternatively, like SADiE, it might invisibly apply short fades at region boundaries on playback. The other option is that your scissors tool might be set to snap to zero crossings. What this means is that whenever you apply a cut to a region, the DAW will automatically relocate it slightly to the nearest point where the waveform crosses the centre line (a so‑called 'zero crossing').
Cubase's Sample Editor: with Snap to Zero Crossing off (top), I can make any selection I like, but with it enabled (above), my selection is automatically shifted to the nearest points where the waveform crosses the centre line.
This is not an infallible way of preventing clicks, but does usually prevent really bad ones from appearing. Not all DAWs support all of these options, but if present, they are usually configurable by the user, at least to some extent.
Crossing The Floor
In the previous section, we were considering fades as they apply to a transition between a region and a section of silence on a track. Very often, though, we want our edited audio to move smoothly between two regions, without any intervening silence. For instance, you might want to create a seamless segue between two complete pieces of music; alternatively, on a smaller scale, you might want to move a single bass note slightly to the right to put it in time with the rest of the song, without disrupting the performance.
In these and countless other situations, what you end up with is two regions that overlap, where you want one of them to fade in as the other is fading out. It would be possible to move each region to a separate track and apply two separate fades, but this would mean creating lots of otherwise unnecessary tracks, and attempting to line up two lots of fades could get fiddly. Thankfully, there is a better answer: the crossfade.
A crossfade between two overlapping regions on a track is directly analogous to the angled tape edit we considered earlier. As the DAW plays through the crossfade, the first region fades out, the second fades in, and a smooth transition is effected.
Applying a basic crossfade in most DAWs couldn't be easier. Select one or both of the overlapping regions to be crossfaded and choose 'Crossfade' from the appropriate menu, hit its assigned key command, or choose the dedicated fade tool from the tool palette, if there is one. The overlap, and hence the fade, can be as long or short as you prefer; and, once created, the crossfade can be modified simply by clicking and dragging at either end.
DAWs take varying approaches to crossfade creation and editing. DP (top), Pro Tools and Cubase have dedicated crossfade editors, while Logic has a fade tool, with fade properties edited in the track inspector. In Reaper (right), fade properties 'belong' to each region and are edited in the Media Item Properties dialogue.
Fade Shapes
Investigate your DAW's fade options a little further, and you'll find that fades and crossfades can take on a variety of different shapes. There are a number of reasons for this, the most fundamental having to do with the non‑linear relationship between the amplitude of an audio recording and its loudness. A simple diagonal slope usually represents the so‑called 'equal gain' fade, which will probably be the default option in your DAW.
The snag is that our ears don't register loudness in a linear fashion. Perceived loudness has a closer (though not exact) correspondence with the power, rather than the amplitude, of an audio signal; and the power of an audio signal is proportional to the square of its amplitude.
The practical consequence of this is that when we apply an equal‑gain fade in isolation, the change in apparent loudness is not as smooth as it could be. This is very apparent when crossfading between two similar‑sounding regions: if you use an equal‑gain crossfade, the apparent loudness will drop significantly in the centre of the fade. As a result, all DAWs also offer 'equal power' fades and crossfades. These are usually visualised as upwardly bulging curves rather than straight diagonal lines, and are often the most natural‑sounding option where you want a crossfade to be inaudible.
Even so, there are plenty of situations in which neither a basic equal‑power or equal‑gain fade does the business. For example, when you're crossfading between two radically dissimilar regions of audio, the shape that fades out the first region naturally might be completely different from the shape that best fades in the second. Alternatively, you might want a fade‑out on a master recording to begin almost imperceptibly, but accelerate as it goes along.
For this reason, DAWs usually offer not only a variety of other useful preset fade shapes to choose from, but the ability to edit them and draw your own. The latter option is particularly useful where you need to create a non‑symmetrical crossfade with dissimilar fade shapes for the two curves.
Stacking Up
In most DAWs, there is no practical limit to the number of regions that an individual track can contain, and it's very common to end up with many overlapping regions on a single track. For example, when overdubbing vocals, one would often use the DAW's 'loop' or 'cycle' record mode to capture numerous takes one after the other, which then 'stack' on a single track. There is usually the option to view all of these stacked regions arranged top‑to‑bottom on their own 'lanes' or 'playlists' within the track. When that track is played back, only the last‑recorded region will sound, unless we delete or mute it — in which case we'll here the last‑but‑one take, and so forth. Most DAWs now feature specialised tools for 'comping' the best parts of each take on a track to a new lane or playlist, piecing together the best possible 'performance'.
Most DAWs also provide some way of grouping tracks or regions together so that multiple regions can be edited en bloc. You can, of course, do this by simply selecting all the regions you want to edit, but the grouping approach is safer and quicker. When editing multitrack drum parts, for example, you could be making hundreds of cuts and crossfades across 12 or more tracks; lassoing them all with the mouse each time you want to make an edit gets old very fast. If the tracks or regions are grouped, by contrast, the DAW treats them as one for editing purposes, so they can be selected with a single click, and there is no risk of accidentally leaving any regions out of an edit.
Automatic Editing Tools
Some editing tasks, such as timing correction and comping, require us to divide source regions into hundreds of small fragments. Doing this manually can be tedious, but the bulk of the process can often be automated. Your DAW may well include a tool that can either search for the transients within an audio region and divide it up automatically at those points — perfect for drum tracks — or a so‑called 'strip silence' tool that can automatically chop a region up into sections that contain wanted audio and those that just contain silence or background noise. It may also be possible to set up 'macros' that allow you to perform complex actions with a single key command.
Armed & Ready
In a world where we're all dazzled by the possibilities of plug‑in effects and virtual instruments, it has become easy to overlook the importance and the power of the basic editing tools that every DAW possesses. But as, I hope, we'll see in the editing masterclass on page 100, learning to use these simple tools opens up a world of possibility. You can spend as much money on plug‑ins as you like, and still a bass part that's out of time will never sound anything but sloppy. Spend a little time with the editing functions that come free with your DAW, on the other hand, and you can hope for truly professional results.
How Tape Editing Works
Editing on a reel‑to‑reel machine: here, the tape is about to be sliced at the marked point using the 60‑degree slot.
Long before computer digital audio workstations were even a twinkle in some IT nerd's eye, audio was routinely edited by physically cutting and splicing magnetic tape. Broadcasters used to hack up quarter‑inch tape in extraordinary amounts daily, and it is astonishing how fast and accurately it can be done by a skilled technician. Cutting two‑inch multitrack tape to move the chorus around or remove a verse was also done quite commonly, although I suspect that most people would find such an idea very odd today, given the cost of the tape and the destructive finality of the process!
The tape editing process is actually very simple, but it is highly skilled and requires a lot of practice to be able to locate the edit point accurately and quickly, and perform flawless edits that not only sound right but don't fall apart after the second play‑through and don't result in blood or body parts being scattered around the edit suite!
Locating the desired audio edit points is normally performed by pulling the tape across the replay head while listening to the machine's output. This is normally done by rocking the tape back and forth by hand, one hand rotating each tape reel in the required direction to maintain tape tension. This works best if the edit point is an obvious transition in sound, such as the start of a snare or kick-drum beat, or the start of a strong speech syllable. Most tape editing machines have a dedicated editing mode that powers up the replay electronics but disables the motor servos to allow this manual tape manipulation.
Once the first edit point is found, the tape is marked on its backing where it aligns with the replay-head gap (since that is where the magnetic recording is replayed) using a wax (chinagraph) pencil. Then, depending on the distance between the two edit points, the process is either repeated to find the other edit point (if only a small amount of tape is to be removed), or the first cut made, prior to playing through the remaining tape to locate the next edit point.
In either case, the section of tape around the first edit point is pulled out from the machine's heads and placed into a 'splicing block'. This is an aluminium (non‑ferrous) block with a bevelled groove to match the tape width. Pressing the tape down into the groove locates it securely, although it can be slid fairly easily along the block as required. Typically, the block will have three milled slots crossing the tape path, at angles of 89, 60 and 45 degrees — the angle of the slope determines the crossfade time between outgoing and incoming audio across the edit. The 45‑degree slope provides the smoothest crossfade, of course, but in a two‑track or stereo tape, one side of the image will start to crossfade noticeably earlier than the other side, leading to a distracting stereo image shift as the edit goes through (known as a 'flashing edit'). For that reason, and assuming 15ips tape speeds, the 60‑degree slot is more commonly used (providing something like a 20ms crossfade), with the 89‑degree slot being used to edit out individual clicks with minimal disruption to the surrounding audio.
With the first edit point aligned in the block above the appropriate slot, the second edit point is also laid into the block on top of the first and a single‑sided razor blade run through both layers of tape along the guide slot. The unwanted section of tape can be slid out of the block and discarded, while the ends of the wanted material are aligned neatly in the groove away from the slots. A short strip of special adhesive tape, fractionally narrower than the width of the recording tape, is placed on the tape backing to hold the two sides of the edit together — trickier to achieve than it sounds! The completed assembly is then eased out of the splicing block, re‑laced onto the tape machine and played to check that the edit works.
In the case where the edit points are separated by a considerable amount of tape, the first edit point would be identified and the tape cut, leaving the outgoing audio in the splicing block while the unwanted portion of tape was spooled off. When the incoming edit point is located, that tape is loaded into the block above the outgoing tape, the tape cut using the same angled slot, and the two sections joined together as before.
If, for some reason, the edit didn't work, it is possible to disassemble and remake the edit, but it is both extremely fiddly and time‑consuming, and relies on still having access to the missing bit of audio — which can be tricky if it fell on the floor and has been trampled on! For these reasons, tape editors tend to learn to get it right first time, every time — as DAW editors would if the Undo button was removed!
Popular variations on the editing theme include the use of (non‑ferrous) brass scissors instead of the single‑sided razor blade (which, being made of steel, can become magnetised and result in an audible 'thump' at the edit point). Skilful editors often preferred to use brass scissors to cut a 'V' in the outgoing audio tape instead of a simple diagonal cut, along with a corresponding fish‑tail notch in the incoming tape (that was always the tricky bit for me!) so that both sides of a stereo edit crossfade together, instead of one side before the other. This is a perfectionist's approach, though; most parts of the BBC rarely bothered with such niceties... and I doubt many people noticed. Hugh Robjohns
|
i don't know
|
The hairstyling device used in creating a bun is commonly called a?
|
How to Use a Doughnut Ring to Make a Hair Bun | eBay
How to Use a Doughnut Ring to Make a Hair Bun
Share
10 March 2016
A do ughnut ring , also called a hair doughnut or sponge , is a styling device that helps create a full, fashionable bun that looks perfect for both casual and formal occasions. The aptly named object looks much like a doughnut: it is round and mushy, and comes in different colors (most commonly pale yellow, brown, and black) to match various hair shades. Using a doughnut ring is relatively simple, and requires little time and minimal additional styling products. That said, it might seem confusing at first, which is why some familiarity with the process can help first-time users. After that, they can have a beautiful updo in a matter of minutes.
Preliminaries: Gathering the Right Supplies
Making a doughnut bun requires just a few supplies. Although few in number, the importance of each the necessary tools and styling products must be kept in mind when looking for ways to get the perfect look.
Paddle brush or comb assists in creating a smooth ponytail
Comb helps add volume in front or under bun
Holds ponytail firmly in place so bun does not slide
Doughnut ring
Center of bun which hair covers and wraps around
Choose a ring that most closely matches hair color
When making ponytail with bun is in place, helps prevent fly-aways
Additional accessory
For formal occasions, decorative accessories can dress-up the look
Try a lace-trimmed antique veil for a bridal style
Each person's hair is somewhat unique in how it grows, the thickness, ad of course, the color. Therefore, some may find that they need only hair elastic and bobby pins, in addition to the doughnut ring.
Step One: Make a Ponytail
The first step, is to gather the hair into a ponytail and fasten with a hair elastic. Use a paddle brush or comb if desired. Spraying a bit of hairspray on the tips of the brush or comb can help tame flyaway pieces. For fine hair, it may be better to work with hair washed the day before, so that it is less slippery.
Place the ponytail where the bun should sit on the head. Experiment with high and low buns, side buns, or even making more than one on the head. Both high and low buns have a classic elegance, while side buns create interest.
Step Two: Put the Doughnut Ring in Place
Put the doughnut ring into place at the base of the ponytail, sliding the ponytail through completely.
Step Three: Covering the Doughnut Ring with Hair
The next step involves covering the doughnut ring with the hair at the base of the ponytail. It may help to lean forward so that the hair in the ponytail splays evenly all around the ring. If available, position a couple of mirrors to help verify coverage. Otherwise, use your fingertips to feel whether any bare spots are left.
Step Four: Securing the Bun
Working from the front of the doughnut ring, bring hair around and tuck it under, securing with bobby pins along the way. It may help to hold the bun in place with one hand as you wrap the rest of the hair around the ring. Continue this process until the entire ponytail is in place. Using fewer bobby pins may give the bun a slightly tousled look. For a smoother, more finished bun, tuck in any excess strands with bobby pins.
Step Five: Finishing Touches
Once the bun is complete, it is possible to add a few finishing touches. While the doughnut ring tends to hold hair quite firmly in place, spritz with hairspray to prevent fly-aways. Pin in an accessory, such as a jeweled hairclip or, for weddings, bridal veil.
How to Buy a Doughnut Ring for Hair Buns
You can find all the supplies you need to make your doughnut hair bun on eBay , where you can take advantage of user-friendly search tools and great deals daily on many hair-care products. To start, simply go to any eBay webpage and locate the search field. Enter keywords for what you are looking for, such as " blonde doughnut ring ." Once you have found an item you are interested in, read the full listing for important information, including quantity, condition, shipping fees, and whether any other products are bundled with it. If you have questions, you can contact the seller through eBay. It is also a good idea to check the seller's feedback . Once you have your items, you are ready to make a gorgeous doughnut bun for any occasion.
Tags:
|
Doughnut
|
A 'rum baba' is a?
|
Women's 1940s Hairstyles: An Overview - Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook
Hair and Makeup Artist Handbook
Home » PERIOD HAIR & MAKEUP» 1940s» Women’s 1940s Hairstyles: An Overview
Women’s 1940s Hairstyles: An Overview
Posted on
Author H&MUA Team 32 Comments
In this post, we look at the general shapes of a 1940s hairstyle for women and the essential elements that make a 1940s hairstyle, like rolls and waves.
We also take a look at what influenced how women dressed their hair and the common hair accessories of the era.
For media makeup artists and hairdressers, the overall look of a period is handy to know, especially for film and TV crowd calls, where quickly getting a convincing silhouette is essential in creating the decade’s look and feel.
The Role of British Women during the War
The working woman’s headware during the war
Since the outbreak of World War Two in 1939, women had worked for the war effort, both on home soil and overseas.
They joined the armed forces, built bridges, worked in the factories, made tanks, and worked in fields (“land girls”), taking over jobs traditionally done by men. There were also voluntary groups who supported the work of civilian and military organisations.
The British Government introduced conscription in December 1941 with the National Service Act, making the enlisting of women for work duty legal.
Initially, only single women aged 20-30 were called up, but by mid-1943, almost 90 per cent of single women and 80 per cent of married women were employed in essential work for the war effort. This left the men free to serve in the armed forces.
As well as dealing with work, women had to deal with rationing. Queuing up just to get a bit of butter or meat, and constantly having to balancing the menu was all part of rationing. Reinventing recipes and using substitutes as things became scare or unavailable, became a way of life.
At the end of the war in 1945, many women were dismissed from their work – it was generally viewed that they were doing “men’s work” and just keeping the jobs ticking over until the men returned. Women were kept on in industries that were not heavily unionised, as they were cheaper to employ than men. However, there were lasting effects of the wartime workers – women had shown that they could do the job and, within a few decades, women in the workforce became a common sight.
Influences on Hair and Fashion
Some classic ’40s styles: Lana Turner (main); curled bangs of Betty Grable (bottom centre); Rita Hayworth’s waves (bottom left)
Movie Stars
Film stars influenced the hairstyles of the 1940s.
Actresses such as Betty Grable, Veronica Lake, Dorothy Lamour, Rita Hayworth and Ava Gardner epitomised the glamour of the era, and provided escapism from the everyday dreariness of war.
Television was a rarity in the home, so going to the cinema was incredibly popular – just part of life for everyone.
The bill included the news, cartoons, a B-feature and finally the A-feature – it was a full evening’s entertainment.
The influence movie stars had on the public didn’t escape the notice of officials in the United States of America. Long hair was hazardous where machinery was operated, like in factories and on farms, and too many accidents were happening. In the hope of encouraging women to cut their hair short, thus reducing the risk of being injured or worse at work, they asked Veronica Lake to cut her trademark “peekaboo” long locks. Ms Lake obliged.
War
War influenced how working women wore their hair. Being in fields, factories and the armed services, women needed styles that would not get caught in machinery and get in the way in general. Those in the armed services had rules to follow (hair had to be off the collar while on duty) and a hat was part of the uniform, so hair was dressed accordingly.
In the UK, everyday hair products like shampoo were difficult to obtain and water was rationed, so washing hair was a luxury. Scarves were used to help keep hair protected from dirt and to hide a “bad hair day”.
Various occupations where hair was required to be up and out of the way. L to R: Wren in the British Royal Navy; British Red Cross nurse; WAAF radar operator (indicated by the “fist and sparks” badge), part of the Royal Air Force; and ATS army girl (photos c. 1940-1945)
After the War
From a hair tint advert (Vogue, 1947)
After the war ended, there was a shift away from utility clothing and the sometimes practical hairstyling of the war.
New, more luxurious fabrics, hair products and makeup slowly became available, though rationing was still firmly in place in the UK.
People wanted to leave the drabness of war behind them, and new products and fashions were heartily taken up.
Christian Dior‘s revolutionary “New Look” in 1947 embraced the new fabrics and ignored rationing in favour of a desire to move away from wartime skimping. His fabric-hungry designs influenced fashion and designers for years to come.
Hairstyles in General
Everyday girls at Elephant and Castle, London, enjoying a magazine about sport – and sportsmen! (1949)
Throughout the decade, hair was generally between just below shoulder length or shorter.
Hair was cut with a rounded U-shape at the back, curving up towards the ears, and most haircuts had lots of layers – these were needed to create the styles.
If there was a parting, hair was generally parted to one side.
Whatever the hairstyle a woman chose, hair was worn feminine and soft, and always dressed off the face.
For factory and farm work, longer hair would often be set and left in pin curls under a headscarf/turban or, for less dangerous work, the back could be secured in a snood with the front waved or pinned off the face. This kept the hair protected and away from machinery. It was then easily let down, spruced up and dressed for a night out.
Women in the armed services had to keep their hair above their collar while on duty.
Pictures in magazines showed very groomed and sleek film stars. Everyday working-class women would not have the time, money or personal hairstylist to spend on looking immaculate, especially during the war years, but their hair still followed the overall look and fashion of the decade.
Older woman could still be seen wearing the short waved styles of the ’30s, especially in the early ’40s.
1940s Hairstyle Elements
Waves and Curls
Rita Hayworth with classic updo – straight up with curls on top and a soft waved fringe
Waves were soft, not like the crested waves of the 1920s/30s, and hair was always set with a wave – bone straight hair was simply not fashionable.
Curls were used to dress an area of the hair, like the opposite side to a roll, or piled up on the crown area for an updo.
For those with straighter hair (and spare cash), waves and curls were permed or pin curl set into the hair at the hairdressers, but many women simply set their hair at home using pin curls or twisted up in rags.
Women could leave their hair in pin curls overnight or under a scarf or snood while at work.
Once curled, the hair could easily be styled into rolls and waves, as well as brushed smoother to give soft movement.
Rolls
Everyday rolls (early 1940s)
Rolls are quintessential 1940s and an essential part of defining the decade’s look.
Rolls were a totally flexible element of a hairstyle – women could shape and position rolls as they wanted. The hair could be brushed smooth or it could have waves.
Rolls could be situated on the top of the head, at the sides, coming back from the forehead or along the back.
Side rolls could be positioned wherever. They could be symmetrical on each side of the face, or not symmetrical at all, or there could be just one roll!
If needed, the shape and stability of a roll could be helped with backcombing and by using rats – and everything would be held in places with hair pins.
A smooth roll going all round the sides and back of the hair that was curled under was a pageboy. This style suited medium or longer hair to be able to achieve the roll. Veronica Lake had a long pageboy.
The Victory Roll
While rolls had been part of 1940s hairstyling since the turn of the decade, a victory roll was a tightish sausage at the back of the hair that is rolled upwards (rather than turned under like the pageboy).
“Our hair had to be kept above our collars on duty. We used to make a head band out of the top of an old stocking and roll our hair round the band. This style was known as the ‘Victory Roll’. Afterwards, when brushed out, our hair turned under into a pageboy style quite easily.” [1]
Women also used to tie the top of an old stocking around their heads like a headband and roll the hair over it, creating the victory roll.
“Another style I adopted was a style called the ‘victory roll’ that the A.T.S. and W.A.A.F. wore coiled round a stocking.” [2]
The name most likely came from pilots who, on returning from battle and having successfully shot down an enemy plane, did a “victory roll” in their plane, corkscrewing through the air before landing.
Nowadays it seems all rolls inspired by the 1940s are referred to as victory rolls, but in the 1940s a victory roll was a specific shape, as described above.
Bangs / Fringes
1940s hair was kept off the face, so if a woman had a fringe (bangs), it was dressed into the hairstyle or pinned to one side. Hair was never just flopped onto the face – it had shape and purpose!
Fringes could be shaped into a roll, or used to create a wave which was then dressed to one side, or it could be part of a mass of curls that sat high and slightly forward onto the face (just like Betty Grable).
Pompadours
Pompadours stand high up from the forehead, the hair going back off the face, and could be either smooth or waved.
Everyday 1940s styles including: 1) Drew Barrymore lookalike; 2) Smooth swept-back rolls c.1944; 3) Waved pompadour straight off the face; 4) Short page boy style with a bow, 1945; 5) a classic 1940s look. Source (Click picture to go large)
Black Women’s Hair
The vast majority of black women in the 1940s straightened their hair. It was simply the done thing in order to attain employment and to be accepted as part of society. It wouldn’t be until the 1960s before this really started to change and natural hair was more accepted and embraced.
Straightening was done with a protective pomade or oils and a heated metal comb, transforming tight curls into glossy straight hair, and it stayed this way until it got wet or was washed. The straightened hair could be dressed into waves, rolls and pinned in typical 1940s hairstyles.
Women with straightened hair would avoid water e.g. swimming, washing their hair or the rain. A scarf could always be worn to cover hair until it could be straightened again.
Processes to straightening afro hair from adding oils, sectioning, the heated combs being run through the hair to the finished classical 1940s style (1948) (Source: British Pathe)
Hair Accessories
Braids
Hair dressed with a braided switch (late 1940s)
Braids were popular throughout the decade and could be either someone’s own long hair or added hair pieces.
Pieces in contrasting colours were sometimes used. Also, material or a scarf was plaited with the hair to create a colourful alternative.
The plaited hair was dressed in and used in various ways including round the crown or round the back of the head.
Grips, Combs and Slides
Hair grips and slides used to keep waves shaped and off the face
Hair grips, or bobby pins, were quite rare during the war, so women looked after them. They were shiny and could be worn visibly. For extra decoration, a bow made from ribbon could be added.
Combs and slides were made from Bakelite to look like tortoiseshell. If granny had some old ones knocking about, they may have been real tortoiseshell.
Grips and combs were used to keep rolls in place.
Slides were used to keep the side hair pinned out of the way or to hold a wave in place, while adding a bit of decoration.
Hairnets
Like a snood, hairnets were also used to keep the back of the hair neat. Because they were less visible than a snood, they were considered more sophisticated.
Hats
Hats were a fun part of a woman’s attire, dressing up their otherwise plain clothes. There was no single style or shape – everything was worn, from the smaller pillboxes and berets to the wide-brimmed. Hairstyles could be easily adopted to fit the hat, or the hat to fit the hairstyle!
Popular hats include:
Beret – made from wool or rayon felt and came in a variety of plain colours Worn either to one side or pushed straight back off the face.
Pillbox – stiff and round, held onto the head with a hatpin. Worn on top of the head or at an angle.
Miniature – felt or straw often with a brim, pinned on with a hatpin and worn at a fun angle.
Fedora-style – wide-brimmed, felt hats with an indent in the top.
A hat could be easily changed by the addition of adornments like feathers, a veil, bows, beads, flowers or ribbons.
Headscarves
Two ways to wear a headscarf: wrapped up like a turban, or simply tied round one’s head (1949)
Scarves could be used as decorative pieces, to keep the hair out of the face or help keep hair protected from dirt. Scarves came in a variety of materials, sizes and patterns.
Scarves could be worn in a variety of ways:
Plaited into the hair and tied up.
Folded into a triangle and tied on top of the head, like a turban.
Simply worn around the head and knotted under the chin.
Often women fashioned the scarf into something more than just a practical head covering, influenced by stars like Carmen Miranda who made wearing a turban chic.
Ribbons
Ribbons tied around the head
Ribbons were a bright and cheerful way to dress up hair and they were used in several ways:
Tied around the head and finished with a bow on the top of the head or to the side.
A bow made of ribbon could be pinned into the hair.
Mothers would often tie a little ribbon bow to a simple hair grip to add a bit of colour when pinning their daughter’s hair back.
Ribbons could be made from purpose-made ribbon or strips of fabric.
Rats
A large roll that may have been helped with a bit of stuffing
Rats were used to bulk out rolls, keeping the structure more solid and stable.
Not made from the furry little critters, these rats were made of old stockings stuffed with either more old stockings or hair taken from the woman’s hairbrush.
Modern rats are the squishy foam doughnuts and sausages found in hair suppliers and accessory shops. A 1940s woman would roll her hair around the rat in the same way we use modern rats today, and use hair pins to secure.
Snoods
A knitted snood decorated with ribbons (1943)
Snoods were a crocheted bag, often homemade, used to keep the back of the hair neat (especially for longer hair).
The hair in the snood could be styled in a roll, left in soft curls or even pin curled, ready to be dressed out later.
A snood was generally positioned between the crown and the top of the head. The front of the hair was then either swept under the snood, or it was left out and styled, rolled or waved – it all depended on where the snood was being worn (e.g. at home or for manual work where long hair was best kept out of the way of machinery).
Sometimes snoods were made from the same material as a dress to create a matching item.
Turbans
A turban was a length of material made from things like soft wool or rayon crepe. It was tied on top of the head and the long ends were then either simply tucked under, or rolled up first then tucked under to create a more defined U-shape. The turban could be left as it was or decorated with things like pompoms or flowers.
Fashion expert from Woman Magazine, Anne Edwards, shows how to tie a turban
Setting Hair
Pin-Up Perms were established in 1945 for home use. Advert c.1950 shows the shorter more compact styles of this time.
During the war, many products were hard to come by and women made do with whatever they could get.
Setting lotion was created from items found in the home – like beer or sugar water – with pipe cleaners, rags or pin curls used to create the waves.
Wealthy women could afford to visit the hairdresser and have their hair set. For those who couldn’t afford this, it was a DIY at home job.
Electric curling irons were now available, but some older women may still have used the old hot irons to create waves, heating the irons in the fire. People recall the smell of their mother’s singed hair filling the house!
After the war, many products became more available and so perms and home perms rose in popularity, allowing for tighter and smaller curls to be set. It was easier to get a permed set and simply be able to snap it into shape, plus they lasted a long time – much easier than setting with rollers or rags.
From a perm advert in a 1947 Vogue showing styles for different age groups
Find Out More:
Women’s 1940s Makeup: An Overview
Sources:
[1] © Rhoda Woodward [2] © Joyce Hilton. WW2 People’s War – an online archive of wartime memories contributed by members of the public and gathered by the BBC. The archive can be found at bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar
Corson, R. 2000. Fashions in Hair: The First Five Thousand Years. Peter Owen. 720pp.
Peiss, K. 2011. Hope In A Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture. First University of Pennsylvania. 352pp.
Sherrow V. 2001. For Appearances’ Sake: The Historical Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty and Grooming. Greenwood. 288pp.
The latest fashions as shown in Vogue August 1947
|
i don't know
|
What political speech/campaign term derives from the tradition of cutting down a tree to make a platform for the speaker?
|
Project MUSE - “Rhymes with Blunt”: Pornification and U.S. Political Culture
Pornification and U.S. Political Culture
Karrin Vasby Anderson (bio)
Abstract
In this essay, I contend that political culture and campaign journalism during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign was “pornified.” Examination of broadcast journalism, viral videos, online commentary, political pop culture, and get-out-the- vote campaigns reveals the ways in which pornographic metaphors, images, and narratives infiltrated U.S. political culture during the 2008 presidential primary and general election season. I assess the media framing of candidates Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin, as well as that of female voters as a group, arguing that the emergence of the pornification frame signals a backlash against the gains women have made in the U.S. political system.
In the first picture, an attractive young woman is naked and bound in heavy, black tape. Her arms are pinned behind her by the tape, which also encases her mouth. Her eyes, looking off into the distance, well with tears as her heavy black eyeliner and mascara run. One eye is darkened—either by a shadow cast across her face . . . or by a beating. The second picture features another bare-shouldered young woman. Her blond bouffant, porcelain skin, and red lipstick are reminiscent of ideal feminine beauty, circa 1950. A single tear cascades down her face as her blue eyes stare blankly into the distance. [End Page 327] Her perfectly glossed lips are contained by a leather strap, woven through metal rivets affixed to her skin and tied to resemble a nineteenth-century corset. The women in the photos are not anonymous crime victims; they are celebrities Jessica Alba and Christina Aguilera. The photos, tagged as “public service ads,” appear in the “Declare Yourself ” youth voter campaign. 1 These beautiful yet brutalized women are supposed to encourage the 18- to 25-year-old demographic to register and vote.
Unfortunately, such misogynistic images are not rare in U.S. culture. Scholars have documented the ways in which women have been objectified, symbolically annihilated, attacked, fictionally murdered, and pictorially dismembered in images designed to sell products, open a film, or attract a television audience. As political candidates, campaigns, and journalists draw increasingly on framing and marketing strategies that have proven successful in corporate and entertainment contexts, it should be no surprise that women often are portrayed negatively. 2 However, in a political year that witnessed U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton waging a formidable campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, and Alaska Governor Sarah Palin joining Senator John McCain’s ticket as the Republican vice-presidential nominee, some have taken these developments as evidence that women had almost achieved equality in U.S. political culture. Both Clinton and Palin touted the “18 million cracks in the glass ceiling” represented by Clinton’s primary campaign supporters. As one blogger on the website Feministing.com wrote, “the very fact that [Clinton] was there . . . proves that sexism is dying and is in remnants of what it used to be. . . . No, sexism isn’t dead, but yes, it is on its way out.” 3 Although that statement is not entirely false, the situation is also not that simple. The 2008 presidential campaign produced diverse cultural discourses, many of which were designed to discipline difference and reinstantiate white masculinity as the invisible standard for the U.S. presidency. 4 Like previous campaigns, the 2008 race was framed using the language of sports, war, and even romance; for the first time in U.S. presidential campaign history, however, a new frame emerged that fulfilled both the journalistic trend toward titillation and the cultural impetus to reinscribe traditional norms of political power.
In this essay, I argue that political culture and campaign journalism during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign was “pornified.” 5 Pornographic metaphors, images, and narratives infiltrated U.S. political culture in ways similar to their earlier emergence in advertising and popular culture. After briefly reviewing the literature on campaign framing, I examine debates among feminists regarding the import and influence of pornographic discourses on women’s [End Page 328] agency. Next, I examine a diverse array of texts from the 2008 presidential campaign, including comments of broadcast journalists, viral videos, campaign paraphernalia, political satire, and get-out-the-vote campaigns. I conclude by contending that metaphors of pornography construct women candidates in ways that reveal the persistence of cultural stereotypes about women political leaders, despite the progress evidenced by Clinton’s and Palin’s candidacies. The emergence of the pornification frame signals a twenty-first-century backlash against the gains women have made in the U.S. political system.
Campaign Framing from Racehorses to Romance
Robert M. Entman explains that politics are viewed through one of two frames. Substantive frames identify socio-political problems and their causes, suggest preferred solutions, and pass ethical judgments. Procedural frames suggest “evaluations of political actors’ legitimacy, based on their technique, success, and representativeness.” Entman contends that “procedural framing does little to motivate or equip the public to engage in political deliberation,” but he notes that procedural frames which, for example, situate political campaigns as contests, “have other important political effects.” 6 The most common procedural frame for political campaigns is the game or strategy frame, which structures campaign news using metaphors of competition, particularly those invoking games, sports, and war. As Thomas Patterson notes, framing campaigns as contests or games “dominates the journalist’s outlook in part because it conforms to the conventions of the news process,” including a dynamic plotline, inherent conflict, and the illusion of novelty. 7 Kathleen Hall Jamieson explicates the components of this frame, which she calls the “strategy schema”:
In the strategy schema, candidates are seen as performers, reporters as theatrical critics, the audience as spectators. The goal of the performer is to “win” the votes of the electorate projected throughout the performance in polls. . . . In the strategy schema, candidates do not address problems with solutions but “issues” with “strategies.” The language of the strategy schema is that of sports and war. 8
Entman explains that framing works “through priming,” insofar as “frames introduce or raise the salience or apparent importance of certain [End Page 329] ideas, activating schemas that encourage target audiences to think, feel, and decide in a particular way.” 9 Metaphors such as “battleground” states, a campaign’s “arsenal,” and “lobbing” negative attacks become literalized as true, making it difficult for voters or journalists to envision campaigns in alternate ways.
During the 2008 presidential campaign, the competition frame emerged forcefully. For example, the CBS News political blog was titled “Campaign ’08 Horserace,” and the entry posted there on September 23, 2007, had the headline “Starting Gate: The Crucible of Events.” 10 The website www.2008Horserace.com displayed Vegas-style odds for each candidate, had animated clips of jockeys and their racehorses, and encouraged visitors to vote for their preferred candidate. The horserace metaphor even works its way into coverage of public policy, as in the October 13, 2008, MSNBC.com headline that read “Parties jockey for an edge on economic aid.” 11 The New York Times reported on a study conducted by the Project for Excellence in Journalism and Harvard University’s Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, which confirmed that although “the public wants to know more about candidates’ records, their backgrounds and where they stand on issues,” media coverage of the 2008 presidential campaign gave “voters the horse race, or as the study put it, ‘the game of politics.’” 12
Despite the prominence of the frame of competition, another metaphoric cluster has gained popularity as a framing device in news coverage of U.S. political campaigns: romance. Rather than competing with the frame of competition, romance metaphors fit within that broader narrative. Instead of positioning candidates as competing against one another to win the game or battle, the candidates here compete for the affection and loyalty of the electorate. Dan Hahn argues that “[e]lectoral politics parallels” the stages of a marriage relationship, “especially at the presidential level.” 13 He continues:
Hence, candidates “woo” the voters, who say “yes” or “no.” If the answer is yes and the person is elected, there is a public ceremony that “cements” the bonds, called the “Inaugural,” in which the person elected vows fealty to the Constitution (a kind of “til death do us part” pledge). This is followed by a honeymoon, after which the “marriage” proceeds until the president dies in office or is replaced at the polls by a new suitor or is impeached. 14
Hahn documents the presence of romance metaphors in media coverage of campaigns and presidencies from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush. The [End Page 330] 2008 campaign similarly produced evidence of a romance frame in campaign journalism. For example, various reports described Democratic nominee Barack Obama as one who “woos” “the Rust Belt,” 15 “women voters,” 16 “Silicon Valley,” 17 and many others. Similarly, Republican nominee John McCain “courted” “women voters,” 18 “Hispanic voters,” 19 “blue-collar Democrats,” 20 and “gay voters,” 21 to name a few. One story on CNNPolitics.com made Mc- Cain’s appearance on ABC’s female-anchored talk show The View sound like a first date. After being “coaxed into some hugs,” the candidate “nestled on the couch” and “softened his approach trying to explain his position on Iraq.” 22 Conversely, the headline on a report about tension between journalists traveling with Obama on an international tour positioned Obama as the contrite suitor trying to win back his sweetheart: “Barack Obama: Charm Offensive Wins Over Angry Crowd . . . of Reporters.” 23 The metaphor of a quarrelling couple was rare in coverage of Obama, which more often adopted the tone of the following blog headline: “Obama Charms the Pants Off the World.” The headline accompanied a picture captioned “Obama Wooing General David Patreus.” 24 A story posted on the National Journal’s website about former President Bill Clinton’s appearance on David Letterman’s late-night talk show referred to his favorable discussion of Joe Biden as the “Ultimate Bromance: Bill Clinton Has a Lot of Love for Joe Biden.” 25 Finally, in the tradition of the Cosmopolitan magazine quiz, ABC News’s Politics webpage advertised the “Match-o-Matic II,” urging readers to “Take the test and find your candidate match!”
Like the game frame, the romance frame for political campaigns is more than just a metaphoric way to position citizens and their presumptive representatives. The metaphors have been literalized so that pundits and journalists speculate on the actual sexual attraction between candidates and voters. John F. Kennedy was said to have benefitted at the polls from his appeal to women voters. 26 The “soccer moms” who supported Bill Clinton over Bob Dole in 1996 did so, according to some pundits and journalists, because they were romantically enamored with him. 27 During the 2004 presidential campaign, journalists heralded the “Sex and the City Voter” as the exemplar of the young, female swing voter who was looking for an ideal candidate match. 28
Media frames are consequential because they shape the ways in which people understand and participate in a democracy. When voters are sidelined by sports metaphors or seduced by romance metaphors, they become passive observers of the political system rather than engaged participants. Journalists [End Page 331] focus on the excitement of daily fluctuations in the polls rather than spending time assessing complicated policy proposals. Jamieson points out the ways in which this system exacerbates the cynicism about politics that already plagues many citizens. 29 Studying frames is important, however, not only to invigorate participation or to combat cynicism; by explicating the logology of campaign frames, critics can unmask the values and motives that shape political dialogue, contextualize candidate identity, and create U.S. political culture.
Since, as Entman explains, frames that are culturally resonant must “use words and images highly salient in the culture, which is to say noticeable, understandable, memorable, and emotionally charged,” examination of campaign frames provides a snapshot of political culture and its corresponding narratives, themes, assumptions, and power relationship during a given election cycle. 30 Moreover, as political campaigns and news outlets struggle to catch the attention of an American citizenry increasingly distracted by fragmented relationships, economic hardship, and digital diversions, one way to make their discourse “noticeable, understandable, memorable, and emotionally charged” is to participate strategically in popular culture. Candidates make obligatory appearances on late-night talk shows and participate in self-deprecating satirical sketches; cable news stations populate their programming with bombastic punditry and slick news productions. As culture has become increasingly coarse, so too has the campaign framing that is embedded in that culture. Of particular note during the 2008 campaign were the ways in which anachronistic stereotypes about femininity and women’s leadership were repackaged and deployed in the polysemous postmodern political environment.
Scholars of gender and U.S. political culture have documented the ways in which archetypes of female identity are employed to frame female politicians and political candidates. Women are cast as “puppets” and “pioneers,” as “beauty queens” and “bitches,” as “Madonna” and “Eve.” 31 Shanto Iyengar, Nicholas A. Valentino, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Adam F. Simon explain that cultural stereotypes reinforce gendered campaign frames, noting:
Culturally ingrained expectations about the strengths and weaknesses of candidates serve as important filters for interpreting and understanding campaign communication. The typical voter lacks the motivation to acquire even the most elementary level of factual knowledge about the candidates and campaign issues. In low information environments, expectations based [End Page 332] on visible cues—including a candidate’s gender—take on special importance. Messages that confirm rather than cut against these expectations are more likely to be noticed, assimilated, and retained. 32
The metaphors used to describe, critique, and satirize political campaigns can both reveal and reinforce stereotypes, especially those that may not be explicitly stated in other communication forms. In his study of political framing, William A. Gamson stresses that as citizens negotiate meaning, “the public discourse that people draw on is much broader than the news and takes many forms.” 33 Consequently, in this study, I examine a variety of journalistic and pop cultural texts, including news broadcasts, political punditry, blogs, viral videos, campaign paraphernalia, and get-out-the-vote campaigns. In assembling this textual bricolage, I follow Michael Calvin McGee’s admonition that a primary task of critics is “text construction,” insofar as “our first job as professional consumers of discourse is inventing a text suitable for criticism.” 34 To understand the “‘invisible text’ which is never quite finished” but is “constantly in front of us,” we must cast a wide net and draw together textual fragments that are diverse in type and tone, form and function. 35 The “invisible text” that this study seeks to reveal is the frame of pornification that emerged in the 2008 campaign. This frame is indicative of a progression in campaign framing and political culture more broadly in which campaigns were first treated as competitions, then trivialized as romances, and finally transformed into cultural peep shows.
My contention in this essay is that metaphors of pornography constructed women candidates in ways that revealed the persistence of cultural stereotypes about women political leaders, despite the progress evidenced by Clinton’s and Palin’s candidacies. Additionally, these metaphors functioned to discipline women, as candidates and constituents, becoming increasingly misogynistic as women closed in on the office of U.S. president. Before examining the pornification of the 2008 campaign, however, it is important to understand debates in feminist communities over the issue of pornography and, more broadly, women’s agency.
Pornography and Women’s Agency
Pornography is a highly contested subject within feminist communities. Although it is difficult to define what, exactly, constitutes pornography, [End Page 333] antipornography feminists point to sexist objectification and the sometimes violent dehumanization of women as distinguishing features. Insofar as pornographic objectification dehumanizes women and presents them, in some cases, as providing and even gaining sexual gratification from their own victimization, antipornography feminists argue that pornography creates a cultural climate that reinforces male dominance and implicitly or explicitly condones violence against women. Additionally, some critics claim that the majority of women who participate in the production of pornography are exploited, and their participation (whether voluntary or coerced) exemplifies patriarchal power relationships. For this reason, antipornography feminists of the 1970s and 1980s formed unlikely alliances with social conservatives, articulating political and intellectual objections to pornography and lobbying for legal restrictions on the distribution of pornography. 36
In response to the efforts of antipornography feminists, some feminist critics took an oppositional approach that has been called “sex-positive,” “pro-sex,” or “sex-radical” feminism. Proponents of this view argue that antipornography feminists sometimes conflate pornography with erotica—a form of sexual display that is not inherently patriarchal. Moreover, sex-positive feminists advocate for an expanded range of accepted sexual interactions, display, and performance as long as the activities take place between consenting adults. 37 This strain of feminist thought contributed, in part, to the power feminist argument that women could and should revel in their sexuality as a source of personal agency. 38
During the first decade of the twenty-first century, the pendulum began to swing again as academics, pundits, and public intellectuals reflected, once more, on the mainstreaming of pornographic themes and images in popular culture. 39 In part, the attention to porn as entertainment was triggered by the popularization of the “pimp culture” promoted in rap music, on popular television programs like MTV’s Pimp My Ride, and in film with movies like Hustle and Flow, which produced the academy-award winning original song “It’s Hard Out Here for a Pimp.” Pop music, too, was becoming increasingly pornified, with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and others performing exaggerated versions of the Madonna/whore dichotomy in their music videos and concerts. Of course, popular culture has always transgressed the boundaries of social convention. However, in the effort to maintain a reputation as “cutting edge,” stars, advertisers, and producers peddle increasingly exaggerated, patriarchal versions of (mostly) female sexuality, where women are objectified, dominated, and abused. [End Page 334]
Feminist debates over pornography and popular culture typically focus on questions about women’s agency (does a pornified culture inhibit women’s personal and political power?) and concerns about violence against women (does the mainstreaming of sadomasochistic images promote gendered violence?). This debate has been engaged for several decades by thoughtful critics from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives; spatial constraints preclude an exhaustive examination of the arguments proffered by proponents and opponents of these various positions. 40 What has not been examined, however, is the increasing pornification of U.S. political culture. This is an especially troubling trend insofar as it occurs within the realm of governance and public policy, redefining the woman citizen in the public mind. Moreover, it comes at a time when women have just begun to gain enough leadership credibility that they perform well in national political contests. The continuum of pornification represents a twenty-first-century backlash against women’s power that inhabits many guises: playful and prurient, satirical and sexist, masochistic and misogynistic.
Pornification and Campaign 2008
Before building a case for the claim that themes, images, and metaphors of pornography functioned as an important media frame for the 2008 presidential campaign, I first must explain how pornification as a rhetorical process differs from pornography as an artifact. Unlike pornography, pornification need not include actual nudity or explicit sex acts. Rather, I define pornification as a process that includes the following characteristics and strategies:
▪. Pornification mainstreams the narratives, metaphors, images, and frames culled from the realm of pornography.
▪. A pornified image need not be as explicit as actual pornography. Rather, it connotes interpretations that are hypersexual or sexually exploitative.
▪. Pornification highlights sexuality in contexts that otherwise are not normally sexualized and, through the use of crude humor or genderbased parody, disciplines individuals who do not conform to traditional gender norms.
Both male and female politicians’ images can be pornified. Certainly many of the jokes and satirical images spurred by President Bill Clinton’s [End Page 335] affair with Monica Lewinsky could be categorized as pornification. During the 2008 campaign, a photograph of a shirtless candidate Barack Obama in a swimsuit (taken while he was on vacation) appeared in magazines, YouTube videos, and other pop cultural contexts. In 2010, when Republican Senatorial candidate Scott Brown was vying with Democratic candidate Martha Coakley to succeed the deceased Edward M. Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, the media dug up a 28-year-old photograph of him posing nude for the magazine Cosmopolitan as the winner of the magazine’s “America’s sexiest man” contest. 41 The increasing prevalence of the pornification frame in stories about candidates of both genders coincides with the coarsening of U.S. culture more broadly. Even so, the process is both more prevalent for women candidates and more problematic. As Jamieson explains, “throughout history, women have been identified as bodies not minds.” 42 Because women candidates perpetually combat the double bind between femininity and competence, media frames that cast them as sex objects undermine their credibility as leaders in ways that the same frames do not undercut male candidates.
The pornification of U.S. political culture exists on a continuum. At one end are relatively innocuous images of candidates as sexy and appealing, and female voters as infatuated with the candidates they support. These discourses may occasionally be intended as compliments and are certainly less lurid than much of what is considered acceptable within mainstream entertainment culture. These images are pornified, however, by their appearance in the civic context of public, democratic politics, where they reinstantiate women citizens and leaders as vixens, sex objects, and/or nymphomaniacs. Importantly, unlike the pornography published in magazines like Playboy or Hustler, the pornified images of women politicians appear without their consent or participation and often are distributed under the guise of humor or parody. Thus, even images that purport to flatter or are distributed “in good fun” are exploitative in that they hijack a woman politician’s image or persona to serve sexist, patriarchal, or misogynistic purposes. As the continuum expands, pornified political discourses become baser and more extreme until, at the opposite end of the spectrum, a sadomasochistic narrative emerges that explicitly depicts or defends sexualized violence against women as pleasurable, natural, or deserved.
During the 2008 presidential campaign, the images of candidates from both major parties, as well as the collective identities of women voters, were [End Page 336] co-opted and pornified. Discourses emerged from supporters and opponents of Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton and employed very different, but equally sexist, symbolic framing.
Sarah Palin as National MILF
When Senator John McCain chose Sarah Palin, the relatively unknown governor of Alaska, to be his vice-presidential running mate, political journalists and pundits were stunned. Although her resume as a culturally conservative, Western governor with professional connections to the oil and energy industry made her a potentially good strategic pick for McCain, the dominant media frame in the initial weeks after the selection focused on her physical appearance. Palin was a former beauty-pageant contestant who exuded a Western, rugged sex appeal. Whether she was riding a Harley Davidson, hunting big game, or ostensibly taking on special interests as governor of Alaska, Palin somehow negotiated the dangerous terrain between being either too feminine to lead or not feminine enough to be a “normal” woman. Palin’s burgeoning national persona was cemented by her trademark up-do and glasses, which invoked one staple of pornographic entertainment, the “sexy librarian.” Stylelist.com reported that Palin’s “sexy librarian glasses spark[ed] interest in eyewear,” and noted that Palin also has “become the flavor of the month in the political thong industry.” 43 (Exactly when did political thongs become an industry?) An entry on The New Republic blog quoted former federal prosecutor David Lat, who “switched from supporting Hillary Clinton to supporting McCain-Palin,” saying:
Well, some of my reasons for supporting Palin are a bit idiosyncratic, and independent of the minutiae of policy platform or her record on various issues. . . . [I]t’s like being in love—reason flies out the window! . . . What I like about Palin is that she has [Obama’s] glibness, his surface appeal but you can’t help thinking that behind those librarian glasses, she knows she is playing a role—and playing it beautifully. 44
Palin’s sexy celebrity spawned a host of artifacts, from the picture of a fictional Alaskan license plate that read “
alaska
!
where the air is cold, and the governor is hot
!” to the political cartoon featuring two presidential campaign buttons (see Figure 1 ). 45 [End Page 337]
Click for larger view
Figure 1.
Used by permission of caglecartoons.com and [email protected] .
Almost immediately after joining the ticket, Palin’s head was Photoshopped onto a picture of a woman clad in a U.S. flag bikini holding a rifle. The picture spread like wildfire on the Internet, even after being revealed as a fake. 46 Palin’s sex appeal was cheerfully lampooned more than once on Saturday Night Live, and that topic made the rounds in the late-night comedy monologues as well. The raciest of the early “pro-Palin” discourses were T-shirts, posters, and a Saturday Night Live skit that touted her as a “MILF,” with the acronym standing for “Mom I’d Like to Fuck.” * 47
In less than a week, Palin went from being a rising star in the Republican Party and the first Republican woman to be nominated for the vice-presidential ticket, to being the national MILF. This transformation has the potential to undercut women’s agency by reducing their power to sex appeal and [End Page 338] rewarding their attractiveness with heterosexual male approval rather than respect. Framing women’s political agency in terms of sexual influence is a familiar strategy, one that has shaped both ancient and contemporary narratives. 48 Reporting for msnbc.com, Carrie Dann suggested that the MILF frame resonated with the public; reviewing results of a study analyzing “search term data compiled for NBC News by the online research company Hitwise,” Dann explains:
About one in every five hundred Web searches containing the phrase “Sarah Palin” during that week inquired about the Alaska governor’s support for the pork project [which attempted to bring the infamous “Bridge to Nowhere” to Alaska], making “Sarah Palin Bridge to Nowhere” the 72nd most frequent search term on her list. But ranking far above the earmark investigation in popularity (among the 10 million internet users in Hitwise’s sample) were “Sarah Palin legs” (No. 16), “Sarah Palin Vogue” (No. 18), and “Sarah Palin sexy photos”
(No. 49).
In other words, while political operatives frenetically worried about how the public viewed the authenticity of Palin’s claims, the online public was frenetically viewing—without particular worry about authenticity—doctored photos of a bikini-clad, gun-toting Alaska governor. 49
If the business acumen of pornographer and Hustler founder Larry Flint can be trusted, there’s a market for images of a pornified Palin. Shortly after McCain made his choice public, the New York Daily News reported that Flint was “Hustling up an Ala-skin flick with Sarah Palin look-alike.” 50 Sadly, Flint’s Nailin’ Paylin was quickly produced, with edited clips featured on widely read political blogs such as the Huffington Post, which posted clips with nudity obscured so that they would be “safe for work” viewing. 51 That same blog reported that as of October 2008, the Flint video included “a threeway with Hillary and Condoleezza look-alikes” and was “being fast tracked for release before the election.” 52 The Huffington Post certainly was not the only news outlet playing up the so-called “Sarah Palin porn flick.” It became a featured entertainment news item in the weeks preceding the presidential election and appeared on political news outlets such as Salon.com, Politics Daily, Right Wing News, and DCRepublican.com. 53 The unnamed blogger for DCRepublican.com lauded Flint’s film, asking, “Can anyone else think of another time in history where a conservative has become such an icon in pop-culture? While this isn’t exactly the best form of publicity, I think it’s great [End Page 339] that the conservative movement has a woman standing up for our principles that is not only gorgeous, but intelligent at the same time.” 54
The pornification of Sarah Palin’s political identity falls toward the soft-core end of the continuum. The sitting governor of Alaska did not hide her status as a former beauty pageant contestant, and like so many women (and men) in politics, she chose to conform to mainstream standards of beauty and attractiveness. But the framing of her candidacy in blogs, political cartoons, journalistic sources, and political paraphernalia went well beyond noting her attractiveness. Sarah Palin was dubbed the national “MILF,” a term that not only trades on the stereotype of an attractive older woman’s sexual allure, but also features the four-letter word for sexual intercourse. Surprisingly, however, that four-letter word was not the worst example of coarse characterization in campaign 2008. Before Sarah Palin was the national MILF, Democratic presidential primary contender Senator Hillary Clinton went from being a “bitch” to a “cunt.”
Hillary Clinton: “Rhymes with Blunt”
In January of 1995, following the failed Clinton health-care reform campaign and the midterm election that handed a congressional majority to the Republicans, journalist Connie Chung interviewed the mother of Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. A now infamous portion of their exchange unfolded as follows:
connie chung
: Mrs. Gingrich, what has Newt told you about President Clinton?
kathleen gingrich
: Nothing, and I can’t tell you what he said about Hillary.
chung
: Why don’t you just whisper it to me, just between you and me.
gingrich
: “She’s a bitch.” About the only thing he ever said about her. I think they had some meeting, you know, and she takes over. 55
At the time, Kathleen Gingrich’s explicit invocation of the term “bitch” was treated as a shocking departure from accepted norms of public, political discourse. A media debate over the use of the term ensued, with some pundits noting that there was only one label more offensive to women, and so far “the C word” had not been sanctioned for public use. 56 One wonders [End Page 340] if, during the 2008 campaign, Clinton viewed 1995 wistfully, as a time of relative cultural innocence. By July of 2008, when Clinton was stumping for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama, one online respondent to a story about Clinton posted on the Washington Post’s website charged that “Hillary is a conniving . . . well, never mind . . . it rhymes with blunt.” 57 Despite the temptation to dismiss the anonymous comment as an isolated incident or a rant from the digital fringe, the euphemistic rhyme invoked a term that was hurled explicitly at Clinton during the 2008 Democratic primary.
After Clinton was positioned as the frontrunner for the Democratic nomination early in the primary season, explicit examples of Clinton as “cunt” began to surface in political culture. One photo that made the Internet rounds appeared to be an authentic picture of a T-shirt worn by an anonymous man. The shirt presented a series of simple images that corresponded to the words “I Love Country Music.” Above the written text appeared an eye, a heart, a head shot of Hillary Clinton, a tree, and a musical staff. 58 An article on Salon.com introduced a new political action committee called “Citizens United Not Timid, (aka CUNT).” 59 Not a spoof, this registered 527 organization was established to oppose Hillary Clinton’s candidacy. Its logo was a red, white, and blue drawing shaped like a woman’s crotch with the tagline, “Citizens United Not Timid to educate the public about ‘what Hillary Clinton really is.’” The Salon.com article explains that the organization’s purpose was to “sell $25 T-shirts emblazoned with the organization’s charming name and its red, white, and blue logo. The logo is supposed to evoke a woman’s crotch.” 60
Although the emergence of “cunt” into public, political discourse seems to have been triggered by the Clinton candidacy, it was not limited to her. Comedian Jon Stewart marked a different instance of the term’s use during the June 11, 2008, edition of The Daily Show. His monologue was as follows:
There’s an old saying in Washington that the nastiest four-letter word in government is “cunt” [bleeped, but lips not obscured]. And you know, that adage is as true today as it was when the saying was first etched on the side of the Jefferson Memorial. Now, you may be sitting there wondering, (a) why you let the kids watch with you tonight, and (b) “Why the dry history lesson, professor?” Well, it turns out that one of the gentlemen running for president has been accused of dropping the C-bomb while engaged in a heated debate on the floor of the living room of his own house. According [End Page 341] to a new unauthorized biography, The Real McCain, one time, after his wife Cindy told him his hair didn’t look good, Senator McCain responded, “At least I don’t plaster on the makeup like a trollop, you c**t.” Okay, seems a little harsh. But in his defense Senator McCain’s a Navy man. It’s just salty Navy talk. He’s not trying to hide it. You’ve seen his campaign slogan [flash to a picture of McCain in front of a green campaign sign]: “John McCain: Experience You C**nts Can Count On.” You know, you can’t spell “count on” without c . . . [trails off ]
Stewart concludes the bit by saying, “Is this story true? Who knows, but the important thing is, it’s out there, signaling that we have officially moved into the character assassination portion of our presidential campaign.” 61
Although Stewart’s satirization of the “cunt” story pointed to its inappropriateness in the context of a political campaign, it also furthered the introduction of a formerly taboo characterization into mainstream political pop culture. A one-liner tossed out by comedian and talk-show host Bill Maher on his HBO show lacked the critical edge of Stewart’s bit. During a discussion about media censorship he joked, “Now they fined CBS a million dollars—a million dollars—for Janet Jackson’s nipple. Think what they could get for Hillary Clinton’s cunt!” 62
Soon, that imagery migrated from the realm of entertainment and satire to serious political news shows. Consider, for example, the following exchange taken from MSNBC’s political talk show Tucker, hosted by conservative pundit Tucker Carlson:
On the October 15 edition of MSNBC’s Tucker, discussing Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton’s (D-NY) presidential campaign with Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson and Cliff May, president of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, host Tucker Carlson said: “Gene, this is an amazing statistic: 94 percent of women say they’d be more likely to vote if a woman were on the ballot. I think of all the times I voted for people just because they’re male. You know? The ballot comes up, and I’m like, ‘Wow. He’s a dude. I think I’ll vote for him. We’ve got similar genitalia. I’m—he’s getting my vote.’” After asserting that “the Clinton campaign says: ‘Hillary isn’t running as a woman,’” Carlson stated: “Well, that’s actually completely false, considering the Hillary campaign—and I get their emails—relentlessly pushes the glass ceiling argument. ‘You should vote for her because she’s a woman.’ They say that all the time.” May responded: “At least call her a [End Page 342] Vaginal-American.” Carlson replied: “Is that the new phrase? Boy, that’s nasty. I don’t think I can say that.” Robinson interjected, “No, you don’t say that,” to which Carlson responded: “I shouldn’t say that? I’m not going to attempt it. No, no.” 63
Despite Carlson’s assessment of the term “Vaginal-American” as “nasty,” the three men who participated in the discussion laughed both at the specific “Vaginal-American” joke and at the notion that women would like to vote for a woman president. This anecdote also illustrates an only slightly toned-down version of the “cunt” discourse that surrounded Clinton’s candidacy insofar as it explicitly calls attention to the female genitalia in a derogatory way.
It is important, at this juncture, to explain why the preceding examples fit onto the pornification continuum as I have constructed it. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “cunt” is defined both as “The female external genital organs” and “a term of vulgar abuse” which is “[a]pplied to a person, esp[ecially] a woman.” 64 The entrance of this term into political discourse is evidence of more than merely the coarsening of U.S. culture. The term “cunt” is a pornified version of terms like “vagina”—one that is applied exclusively to women and represents not just sexism but a misogynistic hatred of women. By deploying it in the context of legally recognized political action committees, mainstream cable news shows, and political pop culture, proponents participate in the third type of pornification: highlighting sexuality in contexts that otherwise are not normally sexualized and, through the use of crude humor and gender-based parody, disciplining individuals who do not conform to traditional gender norms.
Using terms like “Vaginal-American” and “cunt” to describe Clinton’s political identity was only one form of discipline exercised in political pop culture. Other strategies fit within the pornification frame insofar as they use gender-based parody to highlight her status as an abnormal or improper woman candidate. One image credited to FreakingNews.com, which describes itself as a site for “News Photoshop Contests,” takes a picture of a president giving a speech behind a lectern with the first lady sitting to his right, and places Hillary Clinton’s head on the male president’s body, with Bill Clinton’s head topping the figure of the first lady. Similarly, another Photoshopped image poses as a still shot taken from a security camera in a men’s bathroom. Hillary Clinton is standing in a skirt, looking around suspiciously, and using the urinal. The subtext of these examples is, of course, that any woman who seeks the office of U.S. president is unnatural, dangerous, even deviant. [End Page 343] The threat of the power-seeking woman was crystallized in the Hillary Clinton nutcracker. Consumers may purchase the functional nutcracker on Amazon.com as well as many other websites, where animated images show her nutcracking power in action (the nut is placed between her thighs). To ensure that this product is recognized as a reaction against her presidential bid, the nutcracker Hillary is wearing her signature black pantsuit and a “Hillary” campaign button.
Central to sadomasochistic pornography is the notion that women should be humiliated, violated, and abused. Occasionally, the abuse is taken to the extreme, causing the woman’s death, either simulated or real, as in the genre of the “snuff” film. A review of discussions occurring on mainstream political talk shows demonstrates the cavalier invocation of threats of violence and death against candidate Clinton as they occurred within the off-hand comments and jokes of guests and hosts, particularly when the conventional wisdom was that Clinton was overstaying her welcome by refusing to bow out of the Democratic primary race. For example, on an episode of MSNBC’s Countdown with Keith Olbermann, Newsweek’s senior Washington correspondent Howard Fineman was discussing the need for Clinton to concede the primary race to Obama. Fineman’s exchange with Olbermann unfolded as follows:
fineman
: There’s some adults somewhere in the Democratic party to step in and stop this thing like a referee in a fight that could go on for thirty rounds . . .
olbermann
: Right—somebody who can take her into a room and only he comes out.
fineman
: [nodding] Yes. 65
Although Fineman chose a nonviolent metaphor of a referee, Olbermann responded with the image of a mob hit man, an imagistic switch with which Fineman easily concurred. Similarly, on a CNN broadcast, NPR’s political editor Ken Rudin stated, “Well, first of all, let’s be honest here, Hillary Clinton is Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction, she’s going to keep coming back and they’re not going to stop her . . . .” 66 In case there was any doubt about what should happen to the Glenn Close version of Hillary Clinton, an Obama delegate was caught on tape saying, “Barack Obama’s going to be the nominee of our party. . . . Senator Clinton, I thought when she said ‘I’m going to support the Democratic nominee’ was indicating kind of finally she was going to give up, but uh, like Glenn Close [she] should have stayed in that tub,” referring [End Page 344] to the drowning of the Glenn Close character in Fatal Attraction. 67 On Fox News’s Hannity and Colmes, Republican strategist Pete Snyder encouraged the Democratic Party essentially to put Hillary down (a euphemism for killing an animal) in order to get her to withdraw from the Democratic primary race. He said, “You know, I think someone’s going to have to go out there and take her behind the barn. You know, I grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and that’s kind of the term you use for that.” 68
It may not be immediately evident why I place the aforementioned examples on the pornification continuum. My argument is that pornification functions to sexualize, objectify, discipline, and sometimes dehumanize women candidates. Glenn Close’s character in Fatal Attraction was not just psychotic. She was sexy, sexually available, obsessive, and psychotic. She become a cautionary tale in U.S. culture because she took sexual obsession too far and demanded too much from her lover. She represents the unity of sex, obsession, power, and death. Importantly, at the end of Fatal Attraction, her death was a deserved death—one brought on by her choice to transgress established social boundaries for how the “other woman” should conduct herself. When that character becomes a pop cultural moniker for one of the leading candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination, pornification is at work.
At this point, some may question whether the aforementioned examples do any actual harm to women in politics. After all, the Internet is full of fringe humor and offensive discourse, and in an environment of 24-hour cable news, people are bound to say things they might later regret. Concerned citizens have the option to avoid certain websites, delete objectionable emails, and turn off the television. Of course, that does not solve the problem of individuals who seek and share material like this because they think it is funny or apropos. Even so, doesn’t Clinton’s formidable primary campaign demonstrate that these discourses have little material impact? The cloak of humor allowed pornified political discourses to infiltrate “serious” political discussion to the extent that even “jokes” about killing candidate Clinton passed, unremarked upon, by cable news hosts and contributors. That is a stunning cultural devolution. It illustrates the extent to which misogyny continues to be speakable in U.S. culture. Additionally, the examples discussed in this essay were not garnered by scouring the dark corners of the Internet netherworld. Rather, I have included only examples that emerged in or were covered by mainstream political journalism and widely viewed political pop culture. Unfortunately, artifacts that fit within my criteria for popular [End Page 345] consumption were not limited to those involving candidates Clinton and Palin. The next set of discourses I examine are pornified images of women as voters and political activists. The emergence of pornification as a frame for women voters as a group suggests that the implications of this frame extend far beyond a limited focus on Palin and Clinton.
Invitation to a Political Ho-Down: The Pornification of Women Voters
The website YouTube has facilitated the explosion of a seemingly endless barrage of political parody. Some of these viral videos present thoughtful political critique. Many take on the tone of a political rant. A few, however, reach an audience outside the confines of YouTube. During the 2008 Democratic primary, perhaps the most infamous of these videos was Obama Girl’s “I Got a Crush . . . on Obama.” 69 Posted in June 2007, “I Got a Crush . . . on Obama.” launched the now popular website BarelyPolitical.com and was touted on that website as being “named one of 2007’s 10 best videos by Newsweek, People Magazine, the AP and YouTube.” 70 The video instantly received attention from national news outlets. The washingtonpost.com political blog Channel ’08 described the video to its readers as follows:
Alternately dressed in a bikini, some very short shorts and a tight white-andpink top that reads “
i got a crush on obama
,” she pole dances on a subway stop, sings to a stranger on a park bench and gets on top of an office desk and starts dropping it like it’s hot. Lyrics include such gems as: “You’re into border security. Let’s break this border between you and me . . . Universal health care reform, it makes me warm . . . You can Barack me tonight . . .” 71
The video is a complex text and cannot be fully examined here; however, by patterning itself after the form of R&B and hip hop videos, “I Got a Crush . . .” invokes stereotypes about black male and female sexuality, situating the female star/Obama campaigner as a sex-starved “ho” and Obama as the stud she is eager to service.
The video’s popularity spawned a cottage industry of similar videos for other candidates, including Rudy Giuliani and Hillary Clinton. The viral music video backing candidate Clinton was called “Hott 4 Hill” and appeared on YouTube several weeks after the release of “I Got a Crush. . . .” 72 Stylistically, the video borrows from the 1980s Van Halen music video “Hot for Teacher” [End Page 346] in that it depicts a young, attractive teacher dancing in front of her elementary school class as she pines for her candidate. In one shot, the teacher takes a seductive bite out of the middle of a cake with Clinton’s picture on it, singing “The U.S.A. would be a better place / if everyone could just get a taste / of you.” Invoking the popular girl-on-girl porn motif, the teacher sings “I know you’re not gay / but I’m hoping for bi”—after a brief pause a voiceover adds “lingual!” The allusions to body parts and sexual terms, finished by words that turn the suggestion toward politics is one strategy employed throughout the video. It is telling that the “Hott 4 Hill” video was envisioned with a female, rather than male, teacher (played by Taryn Southern). In addition to tacitly acknowledging the many actual charges of lesbianism leveled at Clinton throughout her public life, the video’s parody of recognizable pop rock video form is what lends cultural salience and makes it successful as a parody.
The videos earned multiple appearances on MSNBC’s Hardball, where roundtable discussants reviewed them at length. 73 “I Got a Crush . . .” was promoted on the New York Times’s political blog The Caucus, 74 was discussed during the Sunday morning roundtable on ABC’s This Week . . . with George Stephanopoulos, 75 and appeared on ABC’s World News Sunday, 76 to name only a few major news sources. The popularity of “I Got a Crush . . .” and “Hott 4 Hill” also earned their stars occasional interviews on major cable news shows. For example, Southern, Ettinger, and the short-lived “Giuliani Girl” Adolina Kristina were invited to appear with Chris Matthews on his political news show Hardball. In response to Matthews’s question, “What do you like about Rudy Giuliani?,” Kristina stated, “I like his leadership skills, what he was able to. . . .” Cutting her off in mid-sentence, Matthews goaded and teased her, saying:
matthews
: That’s the name of the book you’re reading. Is that where you got the word from?
kristina
: No.
matthews
: Come on, I saw you with the book today, Adolina, that said leadership on it. It looked to me like a talking point.
kristina
: That’s the name of his book.
kristina
: No, it’s not. He didn’t write that one. It’s somebody else’s. I’ll show you later.
matthews
: OK, what do you like about him, besides what you saw on the cover of the book? [End Page 347]
kristina
: Well, I really like what he did for New York City and how he cleaned up the crime.
matthews
: Cleaned up the town, cleaned up that city.
Kristina delivers a coherent answer despite Matthews’s efforts to thwart her. He then asks the women if they are registered to vote, inquires about their political affiliation, and concludes that “with no insult intended to Pat Buchanan and the other people I usually have on this show, I would rather be with these people.” 77 Matthews makes clear how much personal pleasure he derives from consuming both the women and their cultural productions.
Both “I Got a Crush . . .” and “Hott 4 Hill” invoke the stylistic tropes of their respective music video genres (R&B, hip hop, and female pop). Academic research has thoroughly established the implications for women’s identity and agency contained in this form of entertainment. 78 This essay extends that argument to the realm of women’s political agency. Although viral videos certainly do not impinge on anyone’s right or ability to vote, to the extent that these images form media frames, especially for positioning young female voters, they undermine and rhetorically dismiss women’s political agency.
The final example I will introduce into this discussion of the continuum of political pornification similarly attacks young women’s political identity, but this example employs images of sadomasochistic violence rather than parody as its discursive tactic. It is the “Declare Yourself ” get-out-the-vote campaign referenced at the beginning of this essay. Two images from the campaign—reprinted on the opposite page—illustrate the ways in which the campaign simultaneously invokes bondage, pain, and sexual allure.
Those familiar with the campaign know that it depicts women and men and young people of various ethnicities. That fact, however, does not negate my argument. A close examination of the nine print images that were featured during the 2008 presidential campaign demonstrates that it pornifies women and gay men in ways that the white men and straight black men are not depicted.
First, let me outline the similarities in the photographs. Each shot frames the subject’s head and shoulders. All the subjects have a troubled expression on their face and look as though they are under duress. Many are crying. Most of the models are recognizable young actors or musicians, with Jessica Alba, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Bennett, Andre 3000, and La Toya London making credited appearances. According to the advertising archive Coloribus, the “Declare Yourself ” campaign “hired photographers Marc [End Page 348]
Click for larger view
Photo by Mark Liddell. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Click for larger view
Photo by David LaChapelle. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
[End Page 349]
Liddell and David LaChapelle to shoot a bondage-themed print advertising campaign. . . . The ads include models, including celebrities . . . in various forms of bondage as a symbol of reducing one’s voice by failing to register as a voter.” 79 A critically important component of this campaign is the “Declare Yourself ” tagline, which reads, “Only you can silence yourself.” The motto presumably was inspired by the statistics from the 2000 presidential election, which revealed the large number of young voters, and especially single women, who did not vote. 80 The explicit message is that young voters limit their own political agency.
The “Declare Yourself ” images have enough in common to make sense in the ad campaign, but closer examination reveals differences that are significant for political identity and agency. First, although the images are framed to exclude everything below the shoulder, none of the women is clothed while all but one of the men are. The male model (not identified as a celebrity) who is unclothed appears in a photo that the campaign calls “Ballgag PSA.” He is dark-skinned and portrayed with a billiard-style eight-ball stuffed in his open mouth and strapped to his head. The image invokes a bizarre version of pornified homosexuality. It is the only image in the campaign where a male subject is explicitly sexualized.
The bondage constraining the other male subjects of the campaign is, importantly, not sexualized. African American rapper and actor Andre 3000 is pictured in “Silenced” in a 1930s-era cap and suspenders with a yellow bow tie in his mouth. The image hearkens to the minstrel era when black entertainers were cast as buffoons. The uncredited white male subject in “Stapled Shut” is portrayed with his lips stapled shut and wearing a professional shirt and black eyeglasses. The suggestion seems to be that white men have sacrificed their political voice in their quest for success in business. The ad featuring Jonathan Bennett, an actor best known for his roles as a hunky boyfriend or love interest, depicts Bennett’s lips literally screwed shut. A parallel to “Stapled Shut,” this ad suggests that by focusing on sexual conquest (“screwing”), young men have given up their political agency. This same theme is illustrated in the “Fish Hooks” ad, where the attractive male subject’s lips are encased in fish hooks. By focusing on the many “fish in the sea” young men have turned their focus away from politics.
What differentiates the images of women from those of men is not the fact that they are sexualized—arguably all the subjects are chosen, in part, because of their sex appeal. Instead, salient to my thesis in this essay is the manner in which the women are sexualized. Consider the specific symbols [End Page 350] of containment in the Alba and Aguilera photos described in this essay’s introduction. Alba is tied up in black tape in a way she would have been physically incapable of doing to herself. Her distraught look, naked body, and taped bondage invokes either a sadomasochistic narrative that women participate in and enjoy their own pain and humiliation, or it suggests a scene of criminal physical detainment and abuse. When the explicit message reads that only women can do this “to themselves,” it reifies misogynistic “blame the victim” logic. Similarly, in the Christina Aguilera image, her voice is constrained by a firmly laced corset—a symbol of women’s cultural containment during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is no accident that dress reform coincided with the final campaign for woman suffrage in the United States, and suffrage became, both literally and symbolically, the incarnation of women’s political voice. The “Declare Yourself ” campaign erases the history of women’s political and cultural oppression, adopting the postfeminist claim that women already possess full political agency, if only they choose to use it. Even the La Toya London image, the only depiction of an African American female in the campaign, is problematic. The image is similar to the Bennett photo, but instead of screws encasing her lips, London’s lips are closed by a nail which is driven through them. A very different portrayal of women’s and men’s sexuality is suggested by the photographers’ symbolic choices. Men “screw” women, while women “get nailed” by men. The tacit argument is that African American women (the “hos” of pimp culture) give up their political agency when they sleep around.
All of the images in the “Declare Yourself ” campaign are problematic. They take complicated histories of oppression and reduce them to an individualistic “blame the victim” mentality. Many of them are pornified images that introduce hypersexuality into the realm of a political “public service ad.” But the images of the women are particularly egregious representations that cast women as sexually appealing even as they are being degraded, and as participants in and sources of their own political oppression. The message of this ad campaign is that, in politics and life, women get what they deserve.
Pornification and Political Consequences
When individuals reflect on the status of women in U.S. political culture, they often point to political opinion polls as indicators of cultural attitudes. During the 2008 presidential debates, some networks introduced a dial that [End Page 351] focus groups observing the debates could turn as the candidates spoke, in order to indicate instantly their positive or negative opinions. This essay proposes another measure for assessing public political attitudes, particularly in terms of responses to women’s political agency. Of course, the notion of a unified “public opinion” is a useless fiction, and many citizens embrace and promote gender equity. This analysis demonstrates, however, that the misogynistic framing of women’s political power, which dates back to premodernity, remains salient in contemporary, postmodern political culture. It is important for critics to continue to point that out when the broader voice of political pundits often adopt a “you’ve come a long way, baby” logic. Yes, women’s political achievements during the 2008 campaign were historic, and their significance should not be ignored. Yet we also must recognize the significant discursive opposition that resulted from feminist gains, implicitly and explicitly disciplining both the candidates and women writ large.
My argument goes beyond identifying sexism in popular culture—critical ground that has been well traveled. This essay contributes to the understanding of media frames and their functions in U.S. politics. First, the evidence presented in this essay suggests that during the 2008 campaign, pornification was a salient frame for women candidates and voters, rather than an isolated occurrence. My research produced a few errant examples of male candidates being pornified in 2008. The most mainstream example was the positioning of Obama as a black stud in the “I Got a Crush . . .” video. The hypersexualized black male is a mainstay of racist imagery, and Murali Balaji explains that “Black masculinity—and the performance of it—in music videos is a manifestation of identity and body politics steeped in the normative assumptions of Black men’s behavior.” 81 Yet even in the “I Got a Crush . . .” video, Obama is more often pictured in a suit, giving a speech, or conducting himself in otherwise appropriate activity for a political candidate. It is Ettinger as “Obama Girl” who inhabits the role of scantily clad “ho,” pole dancing on a public bus and gyrating on a desk while her male coworkers consume her performance. Other examples of a pornified Obama or McCain can be found on the Internet, but there are many fewer of them and none gained the mainstream media or pop culture traction of the examples cited in this study. Similarly, my research found even more egregious examples of pornification of Clinton and Palin, but I did not include all of them in this study, choosing instead to focus solely on instances that were widely circulated in popular culture and/ or appeared in mainstream media sources. Nevertheless, pornification was a consistent, recognizable, salient frame. It emerged in journalistic accounts [End Page 352] and campaign parody. Women from both parties were pornified. Women of various ages and ethnicities were pornified. Women were pornified as candidates and as voters.
Now that the characteristics of the pornification frame have been delineated and its presence documented in a major presidential contest, more work must be done to assess the implications of this emerging frame. Researchers have explicated the implications of journalistic reliance on the game/strategy schema to describe political campaigns. More research is needed on the consequences of the use of both romance and pornification narratives to understand politics. The first, and perhaps most obvious, problem with the romance frame is one of positionality. Whereas the game frame positions voters as fans or observers rather than participants, the romance frame casts voters as bachelors and bachelorettes participating in the campaign season version of a reality dating show. Emphasis on candidate likeability over policy platforms is heightened in a process that, unlike its parliamentary counterpart, already places enormous emphasis on an individual candidate’s qualities and quirks. 82 Policy stances, when covered, are often reduced to the level of a Cosmopolitan quiz, allowing voters to find their perfect candidate match.
A second problem arises with the romance frame for political news. By ascribing to the heterosexual norms of U.S. culture, the frame does not position voters and candidates of diverse genders equitably. The frame itself can induce (perhaps subconsciously) journalists to employ gendered representations of candidate appeal. For example, during the 2000 Republican presidential primary campaign, Governor George W. Bush appeared at the annual convention of the National Federation of Republican Women, an organization originally formed in 1938 that boasts a membership of 100,000 people. It’s a serious political organization and a major player in Republican Party politics. However, when ABCNews.com correspondent Jonathan Dube employed the romance frame for his coverage of Bush’s speech, the sexist characterizations were hard to ignore. The headline read, “Bush Charms the Ladies: Republican Women Fall for George W.” The subsequent story covered the political speech like a rock concert populated by overly emotional teenage fans, with Dube concluding that “it didn’t take long for him to win their hearts, judging by the glowing smiles and thunderous applause that swept across the Convention Center auditorium.” 83
If the romance frame trivializes candidates, voters, and democratic practices, perpetrators of the pornification frame actively attempt to subjugate political actors who only recently have begun to experience meaningful political [End Page 353] agency. Women, who make up over 50 percent of the population and have had the right to vote in the United States for nearly a century, in 2010 comprised only 17 percent of the U.S. House of Representatives (73 out of 435, plus 3 delegates from Guam, the Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C.), 17 percent of the U.S. Senate (17 out of 100), and six state governorships. 84 Women have made inroads in presidential administrations during the past two decades, with women from both major political parties serving in key cabinet posts, including the Secretary of State. As the visibility of women’s political power increased during the 2008 campaign, however, they experienced a cultural backlash—digitally disciplined in a wide array of cultural contexts through humor, punditry, and parody that fixated on women’s bodies.
It is important to note, at this juncture in the argument, that observations about the symbolic impact of the pornification of political discourse do not rely on them being the only, or the most prominent, or even a frequent news frame. Unlike the argument about horserace journalism—which is premised on the ubiquity of the frame in campaign reporting—the argument about political pornification is one of presence and palatability. The presence of the romance narrative is a marker of the narrative fidelity that heterosexual romantic norms continue to have in twenty-first-century popular culture—even popular political culture where the notion of romance would seem disjunctive with civic republicanism. The frame is unremarkable because it somehow “fits” within accepted cultural notions of political relationships. We have grown to expect that our candidates for public office will “court” and “woo” us as suitors instead of “persuading” us as interlocutors. Once the romance frame was employed frequently enough to sound familiar, it was not too far a leap from gendered romance to sexist compliment, from sexist compliment to dirty joke, from dirty joke to hard-core exploitation, and finally to symbolic (and then political) annihilation. Consequently, the second part of my argument about the impact of political pornification is one of palatability.
Only a decade ago, “the C word” was still unspeakable in public political dialogue. Calling a candidate a “bitch,” although too common in everyday parlance, was a shocking departure from the norms of public civility when Connie Chung’s infamous interview with Newt Gingrich’s mother aired in 1995. A mere twelve years later, Senator Hillary Clinton’s bid for the Democratic presidential nomination was inundated with words, images, and slogans that made “bitch” sound almost quaint. As an article in the New Orleans Times-Picayune pointed out, Clinton faced “an onslaught of open misogynistic expression,” and the writer admonished the reader to “step lightly through [End Page 354] that thickly settled province of the Web you could call anti-Hillaryland,” for one can too easily find oneself “knee-deep in ‘bitch,’ ‘slut,’ ‘skank,’ ‘whore,’ and, ultimately, what may be the most toxic four-letter word in the English language. We have never been here before.” 85 As the Web becomes the source of choice for political news, in a climate where newspapers are shuttering their doors and consumers are customizing their online news delivery by subscribing only to their preferred pundits and bloggers, the Web can no longer be dismissed as the chaotic ramblings of the cultural and political fringe. As this study has demonstrated, even the mainstream cable political talk shows and print media picked up on many of the pornified images, recycling them sometimes under the protective guise of condemnation, but often as simply the latest political joke to be told around the cyberspace equivalent of the office water cooler.
It is the presence and palatability of political pornification that is critically significant in this study. The study does not claim, and does not need to claim, that the examples selected for examination are representative of all campaign discourse. Thankfully, they are not. But they are indicative of the persistent, pernicious backlash against women’s political gains. Even—or perhaps especially—as women approach the last glass ceiling of U.S. electoral politics, they are disciplined by increasingly base, vile, and violent discourses that reinscribe the worst kind of misogynistic patriarchy. It is a misogyny that most U.S. voters would recoil from if asked about it in those surveys that gauge whether Americans are “ready to vote for a qualified woman presidential candidate.” But surveys and focus groups are losing credibility as the best measurements of public opinion. In the age of the Internet, researchers are now turning to social networking sites, blogs, and other digital repositories of public opinion, many of which are regarded for their ability to record candid opinion because of contributor anonymity (in blog comments, for example), or their ability to access quickly the opinions of large numbers of “real people” (on Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace). 86 This study demonstrates that analysis of political pop culture can serve as another important gauge of public opinion. Communication scholars have long recognized that opinion polls are problematic sources of public attitudes because factors such as the wording and ordering of questions can make poll results unreliable. 87 Critical assessment such as that undertaken in this study reveals the persistence of stereotypes that many people insist have been vanquished from the public dialogue. If “postfeminism” refers to a time in which the goals of the feminist movement have largely been achieved, this study demonstrates that, regrettably, [End Page 355] the postfeminist era is not yet upon us. Critics and citizens have more work to do to ensure that women are equitably represented—in language, in culture, and in positions of political leadership.
During the summer of 2010, in his New York Times op-ed, Ross Douthat announced that the postfeminist dream actually had been realized. He began an assessment of the 2010 primary elections as follows: “When historians set out to date the moment when the women’s movement of the 1970s officially consolidated its gains, they could do worse than settle on last Tuesday’s primaries. It was a day when most of the major races featured female candidates, and all the major female candidates won.” 88 In fact, women candidates fared so well in the primary contests for both major political parties that media outlets dubbed it a new “Year of the Woman.” 89 The Huffington Post’s election summary typifies the media frame employed by a variety of news agencies, declaring:
It’s looking like a new “year of the woman” in politics. Eighteen years after a few glass ceilings were broken, hundreds of female candidates have set their sights on Congress, governorships and state legislatures, and a significant number racked up big wins in Tuesday’s primaries. Republican women, in particular, served notice to the old boys of the party. 90
California Republican candidates and ex-CEOs Carly Fiorina and Meg Whitman garnered national attention as they won their party’s nominations for U.S. Senate and governor, respectively. Newsweek’s Jonathan Alter asserted that “being a woman helped Senator Blanche Lincoln pull off a huge upset in a runoff over challenger Bill Halter,” and Forbes touted the so-called mama grizzlies, the rookie female candidates representing the Tea Party constituency who snagged endorsements from the governor-turned-conservative-mediapersonality Sarah Palin. 91 Alter, a veteran political journalist, pointed to Nikki Haley’s showing in South Carolina’s Republican gubernatorial primary as evidence of women’s newfound power at the polls, explaining that she won “49 percent of the vote, more than twice that of her closest rival,” and became “the first woman in modern political history to have electoral success after being implicated in a sex scandal.” Alter remarked, “If someone had told me a few years ago that the next governor of South Carolina was almost certainly going to be an Indian-American woman accused of cheating on her husband, I’d have said they were high.” 92 The primary showing did seem to suggest that Haley, who steadfastly denied all adultery charges, had [End Page 356] joined the long list of male candidates who have successfully weathered a sex scandal, indicating that in this regard and others, voters were prepared to hold women and men to similar (even similarly low) standards. However, Haley’s framing in the media both before and after the primary illustrates that the pornification frame gained traction even during the first “Year of the Woman” of the twenty-first century.
On the first post-primary episode of his HBO show Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher did an extended comedy bit with mock campaign posters containing slogans Haley could use after weathering charges of adultery during the primary season. Maher introduced the piece by identifying Haley as “38 years old” and “very attractive,” and explained that opponents “thought they were going to get her out of the race because two men came forward and said that they had extramarital relations with the very married Nikki Haley, and they thought that would hurt her. She won big. So, apparently this works and Nikki Haley is now going with this, and we have some of her campaign posters to prove it.” Maher then ticked through the following slogans:
▪. “Nikki Haley: Are You Getting Off Better Than You Were Four Years Ago?”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Yes We Can! . . . but we have to hurry”
▪. “Nikki Haley: I’ll Represent You Long Time” (with a bamboo shoot to flag the racial stereotyping, in case the grammatical error did not make it clear enough)
▪. “Nikki Haley: In Your Heart You Know She’s Ripe”
▪. “Nikki Haley: You Come First”
▪. “Don’t Stop! Don’t Stop!
oh god, don’t stop
Thinking About Tomorrow”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Room 314”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Taking Care of the Little Guy” 93
Certainly, in the post-(Bill) Clinton era, late-night humor is populated with jokes about politicians and their sexual dalliances. Male and female politicians alike can be pornified. One difference, typified by Maher’s bit, is the way in which the pornification of female politicians dehumanizes and discredits them. Maher’s joke establishes fidelity to the campaign narrative by invoking slogans of modern presidents: Ronald Reagan’s “Are you better off than you were four years ago?,” Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can,” and Bill Clinton’s “Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow.” However, it also rings true to stereotypes about women’s sexuality: women exist to please men, to get [End Page 357] them off, to be available for quick, illicit encounters. Such women are then regarded as “ripe,” related to as sex workers, and put in their place as caretakers for men’s sexual gratification. In Maher’s narrative, Haley’s job is to service, rather than serve, her constituency.
In this respect, political pornification functions similarly to epithets such as “bitch,” hurled at women who have transgressed the boundaries of appropriate behavior for their gender and wielded too much public power. As I have argued elsewhere, “bitch” functions as a rhetoric of containment in contemporary political culture, one that is particularly debilitating for women because it relies on the logic of the double-bind between femininity and competence. 94 Male leaders can be tough and (appropriately) masculine. Female leaders can be either tough or (appropriately) feminine. Pulling off both at the same time is not impossible, but it is tricky terrain to navigate. Women candidates have worked diligently to break down the logic of that particular double-bind during the past two decades. As they succeed in displacing the “bitch” charge, however, a new rhetoric of containment emerges to discipline them once more. This “new” pornified political parlance, however, simply repurposes old stereotypes about gender and sex. When male candidates are pornified, they are typically still cast in positions of power: jokes about Bill Clinton situated him in the Oval Office with a woman hiding under his desk; the tabloid photo of a shirtless Barack Obama immortalized in the “I Got a Crush . . .” viral video was intercut with images of a swooning, scantily clad groupie pole-dancing on a bus. Haley, on the other hand, is cast in powerless roles in the Maher bit—roles that erode her credibility as a candidate and leader. The Daily Beast’s Rebecca Dana quotes Emily Gould in a column about the Haley controversy, who asserts that “Men are typically seen as having agency and women are typically seen as being acted upon in romantic relationships. . . . So then even when those stereotypical power dynamics aren’t really the ones at play, the culture-making machinery will simplify whatever the real story is until it is a more familiar . . . narrative.” 95
Of course, sometimes the disjunction between the familiar narrative and the facts at hand are so jarring as to produce a rhetorical adjustment. Reporting on the Haley story for the blog Talking Points Memo, Josh Marshall was prompted to create a new word to describe Haley as he pondered “which would make for a more colorful and entertaining story”: either “GOP operatives . . . conspiring to publicly allege phony affairs with Haley,” or exposing Haley as “an inveterate . . . what I guess you’d call man-izer.” 96 Mark Liberman, [End Page 358] writing for the Linguistic Data Consortium’s Language Log blog, seized on this “sex-related linguistic innovation” and discussed the ways in which the Haley story revealed a “lexical lacuna. . . . A male politician who is prone to out-of-wedlock hookups would be called a womanizer, but there seems to be no appropriate equivalent for a female.” 97 Liberman briefly traces the linguistic origin of the term “womanize,” noting that adding “ize” to a word indicates that one will “do or follow some practice.” He continues:
Thus to botanize is to go around “following some practice” associated with botany (“doing botany”) and to womanize is to go around “following some practice” associated with women (“doing women”). This coinage worked in Victorian or Edwardian England (because why else would a man pay attention to women taken as a group?), and once established, it persisted as a useful term for a common concept. 98
Of course, Liberman immediately recognizes that there may be “some issues associated with man as the pragmatically unmarked category of human— ‘following some practice associated with men’ may not connect quickly enough to sex.” 99 One does not need to be a battle veteran of feminism’s second wave to recognize that “man” is neither unmarked nor a pragmatically useful way to refer to people of all genders. Liberman concludes with this jaunty sentiment: “As powerful women become more and more common, we’ll need some word for the inveterate . . . um, manizers among them, and I’ll be rooting for Josh’s coinage.” 100
Does the emergence of a term like “manizer” indicate the leveling of the political playing field? For every blogger saluting the trend of “powerful women becoming more and more common,” there are others anticipating “so many sexy stories about Nikki Haley’s boy-toys,” 101 and charging that “GOP Candidate Nikki Haley Can Not Keep Her Knickers On.” 102 This essay, however, is less concerned with the musings of a few stray bloggers and more concerned with the broader story of women’s political agency that is bantered about on cable newscasts, peddled by pundits, and etched into the Internet—that twenty-first-century incarnation of cave-wall drawings. Humans have always been storytelling animals. As critics, we consider not only what stories teach us, but also what they reveal about us. Unfortunately, this particular story demonstrates that if you’re a woman running for public office, you’re just a few jokes away from becoming a . . . well, I can’t write it here, but it rhymes with blunt. [End Page 359]
Karrin Vasby Anderson
Karrin Vasby Anderson is Associate Professor of Communication Studies at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for Rhetoric & Public Affairs and the following members of the Colorado State University Department of Communication Studies writing group for their helpful feedback on this essay: Eric Aoki, Martín Carcasson, Greg Dickinson, Scott Diffrient, Jon Lupo, Chani Marchiselli, Brian Ott, and Linda Scholz. Thanks, also, to Gi for encouraging me to go for it!
Footnotes
* I have chosen to explicitly spell out objectionable language in this essay because acknowledging the actual words connoted by the acronyms and images included in this essay is part of the social critique in which I am engaging. Neglecting to spell out the terms, even under the guise of academic propriety, would obscure the rhetorical force of the framing that I am attempting to point out. When terms appear in direct quotations, I replicate the form in which they appeared in the original quotation.
1. “Only You Can Silence Yourself PSAs,” Declare Yourself, http://www.declareyourself.com/multimedia/gallery_197.html (accessed January 2011).
2. For example, the Declare Yourself ad campaign employed celebrity photographers Dave LaChapelle and Mark Liddell, who both work primarily in the entertainment industry. The photos exhibit techniques commonly deployed in fashion photography and advertising, many of which dehumanize women. See Jean Kilbourne’s series of documentary films, Killing Us Softly: Advertising’s Image of Women. The most recent edition is Jean Kilbourne, Killing Us Softly 4, directed by Sut Jhally (Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2010). For a more general discussion of marketing strategies employed in political campaigns, see Bruce I. Newman, The Marketing of the President: Political Marketing as Campaign Strategy (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Jules Witcover, No Way to Pick a President: How Money and Hired Guns Have Debased American Elections (New York: Routledge, 2001).
3. AlaraJRogers (username), blog response to “Hillary Sexism Watch: If a Woman is President, Who Will Iron the Shirts?,” Feministing.com, January 8, 2008, http://feministing.com/2008/01/08/hillary_sexism_watch_if_a_woma_1/comment-page-1/#comments (accessed January 2011).
4. For a discussion of the U.S. presidency as white and male, see Trevor Parry-Giles and Shawn J. Parry-Giles, “The West Wing’s Prime-Time Presidentiality: Mimesis and Catharsis in a Postmodern Romance,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 209–27; and Janis L. Edwards, ed., Gender and Political Communication in America: Rhetoric, Representation, and Display (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009).
5. The terms “pornified,” “porning,” and “pornification” have appeared in a number of books, including Pamela Paul, Pornified: How Pornography is Damaging Our Lives, Our Relationships, and Our Families (New York: Times Books, 2005); Laura Ingraham, Power to the People (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2007); and Carmine Sarracino and Kevin M. Scott, The Porning of America: Rise of Porn Culture, What It Means, and Where We Go from Here (Boston: Beacon Press, 2008).
6. Robert M. Entman, Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 5–6. For additional discussion of framing, see Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman, The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories that Shape the Political World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); and William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), quotation on 60, and conventions discussed on 56–63. [End Page 360]
8. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 166–67. For additional discussion of the game/strategy frame, see Joseph N. Capella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); and James Fallows, Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy (New York: Vintage, 1997).
9. Robert M. Entman, “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power,” Journal of Communication 57 (2007): 164.
10. “Starting Gate: The Crucible of Events.” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-502163_162-4470739-502163.html (accessed January 2011).
11. Associated Press, “Parties Jockey for an Edge on Economic Aid,” October 13, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27166063/ (accessed January 2011).
12. Clark Hoyt, “The Campaign and the Horse Race,” New York Times, November 18, 2007, 14. This result is notable insofar as the study evaluated news coverage occurring a full year before the election rather than that which occurred closer to election day, when candidates would be closer to the “home stretch,” so to speak.
13. Dan Hahn, Political Communication: Rhetoric, Government, and Citizens, 2nd ed. (State College, PA: Strata, 2003), 163.
14. Hahn, Political Communication, 163.
15. Alec MacGillis, “Obama Woos the Rust Belt,” New Statesman, October 9, 2008, http://www.newstatesman.com/north-america/2008/10/barack-obama-vote-usa-union (accessed January 2011).
16. Sam Stein, “Biden, Clinton To Unite as Obama Woos Women Voters,” Huffington Post, September 16, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/16/biden-clinton-event-plann_n_126717.html (accessed January 2011).
17. Sarah Lai Stirland, “Obama Woos Silicon Valley,” Wired Blog Network, November 14, 2007, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2007/11/obama-unveils-s/ (accessed January 2011).
18. Dana Bash, “McCain Courts Women Voters,” ElectionCenter2008, April 10, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/04/10/mccain.women.voters/index.html (accessed January 2011).
19. “McCain Courts Hispanic Voters,” ElectionCenter2008, May 5, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/05/mccain/index.html (accessed January 2011).
20. Ariel Sabar, “McCain Courts Blue-Collar Democrats,” Christian Science Monitor, May 7, 2008, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0507/p01s02-uspo.html (accessed January 2011).
21. Marc Ambinder, “McCain Courts Gay Vote in Blade Interview,” The Atlantic, October 1, 2008, http://marcambinder.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/10/mccain_courts_gay_votein_blad.php [End Page 361] (accessed October 19, 2008).
22. Bash, “McCain Courts Women Voters.”
23. Ewan MacAskill, “Barack Obama: Charm Offensive Wins Over Angry Crowd . . . of Reporters,” The Guardian UK, July 26, 2008, http://www.truthout.org/article/obamacharms-angry-reporters (accessed January 2011).
24. “Obama Charms the Pants Off the World,” The Daily Dogfood, July 21, 2008, http://www.thedailydogfood.com/2008/07/obama-charms-pants-off-world-mccain.html (accessed February 2011).
25. “Ultimate Bromance,” The Hotline, September 23, 2008, www.NationalJournal.com (accessed October 19, 2008).
26. See, for example, Bella Kelly, “Dade Women Swoon Over Ability! Can Sex Appeal Win Vote?” The Miami News, August 10, 1960, B1.
27. Mary Douglas Vavrus, “From Women of the Year to ‘Soccer Moms’: The Case of the Incredible Shrinking Women,” Political Communication 17 (2000): 193–213.
28. Karrin Vasby Anderson and Jessie Stewart, “Politics and the Single Woman: the ‘Sex and the City Voter’ in Campaign 2004,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (2005): 595–616.
29. Jamieson, Dirty Politics, 186.
30. Entman, “Cascading Activation,” Political Communication 20 (2003): 415–32, 417.
31. See, for example, Karrin Vasby Anderson and Kristina Horn Sheeler, Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005); Greg Dickinson and Karrin Vasby Anderson, “Fallen: OJ Simpson, Hillary Rodham Clinton and the Recentering of White Patriarchy,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 1 (2004): 271–96; Karrin Vasby Anderson, “Hillary Rodham Clinton as ‘Madonna’: The Role of Metaphor and Oxymoron in Image Restoration,” Women’s Studies in Communication 25 (2002): 105–32; Molly Mayhead and Brenda DeVore Marshall, eds., Navigating Boundaries: The Rhetoric of Women Governors (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000); Karrin Vasby Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich’: ‘Bitch’ as a Tool of Containment in Contemporary American Politics,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2 (1999): 599–623; Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, “The Discursive Performance of Femininity: Hating Hillary,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 1 (1998): 1–19; and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
32. Shanto Iyengar, Nicholas A. Valentino, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Adam F. Simon, “Running as a Woman: Gender Stereotyping in Political Campaigns,” in Women, Media, and Politics, ed. Pippa Norris (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 79. For additional discussion of the variety of gendered ways in which women candidates are framed, see Edwards, Gender and Political Communication in America; and Molly A. Mayhead and Brenda Devore Marshall, Women’s Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005). [End Page 362]
33. Gamson, Talking Politics, 118.
34. Michael Calvin McGee, “Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture,” Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 274–89, quotes on 274 and 288.
35. McGee, “Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture,” 287.
36. See, for example, Andrea Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women (New York: Penguin, 1981); Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women’s Equality (Minneapolis, MN: Organization Against Pornography, 1988); Michael Kimmel, ed., Men Confront Pornography (New York, NY: Meridian, 1990); and Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York, NY: Routledge, 1995).
37. See, for example, Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance (Boston, MA: Routledge, 1984), 267–319; Wendy McElroy, XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); Laura Kipnis, Bound and Gagged (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); and Nadine Strossen, Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women’s Rights (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
38. See, for example, Naomi Wolf, Fire with Fire (New York: Random House, 1993); and Camille Paglia, Vamps and Tramps (New York: Vintage Books, 1994).
39. See Paul, Pornified; Ingraham, Power to the People; and Sarracino and Scott, The Porning of America.
40. For discussions of academic and legal perspectives on pornography and feminism, see, for example, Duggand and Hunter, Sex Wars, and Kipnis, Bound and Gagged.
41. See Ashley Womble, “Senator is the Centerfold,” Cosmpolitan, September 22, 2009, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/scott-brown-nude-in-cosmo (accessed January 2011).
42. Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind, 53.
43. “Palin’s Sexy Librarian Glasses Spark Interest in Eyewear,” Stylelist, September 9, 2008, http://www.stylelist.com/2008/09/09/palins-sexy-librarian-glasses-spark-interest-ineyewear/ (accessed January 2011).
44. Christopher Orr, “Sarah Palin as Sexy Librarian,” The Plank, blog for The New Republic, September 5, 2008, http://www.tnr.com/blog/the-plank/sarah-palin-sexy-librarian (accessed January 2011).
45. Many of the images assessed in this study spread virally as email attachments or blog postings. When possible, I have tracked the image to its original source. Otherwise I cite the email or blog source where I found the image. See Royce Williams, “O-Mama Spoof of Alaska Statehood Plate,” AKPL8S, September 6, 2008, http://blog.akplates.org/2008/09/o-mama-spoof-of-alaska-statehood-plate.html [End Page 363] (accessed January 2011); [email protected] (author credit), “Campaign Buttons,” Calgary Sun, August 29, 2008, www.caglecartoons.com (accessed January 2011).
46. Charlotte Hilton Anderson, “Sarah Palin Bikini Pictures: Fake Photos Hit the Web,” The Huffington Post, September 2, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charlottehilton-andersen/sarah-palin-bikini-pictur_b_123234.html (accessed January 2011).
47. See, for example, the MILF McCain ’08 website at http://milfmccain.spreadshirt.com/ (accessed October 20, 2008), and the poster with Palin’s picture and the caption “MILF” on the cafepress website at http://art.cafepress.com/item/sarah-palin-milf-smallposter/302525295 (accessed October 20, 2008). The narrative of the experienced woman engaging an eager younger man in sex is a staple of popular culture, exemplified in characters such as The Graduate’s Mrs. Robinson, Desperate Housewives’ Gabrielle, Lipstick Jungle’s Nico, and in the Fountains Of Wayne hit song, “Stacy’s Mom Has Got It Goin’ On.”
48. The biblical story of Esther is the archetypal example of this phenomenon—a narrative that Elizabeth Cady Stanton strongly rejected in her version of The Woman’s Bible. Contemporarily, the influence of political spouses has been reduced to “pillow talk,” suggesting that (mostly) female spouses of political leaders accessed political power primarily via the conjugal bed.
49. Carrie Dann, “Desperately Searching for Sarah,” September 28, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26903680/page/2/ (accessed January 2011).
50. “Larry Flynt is Hustling Up an Ala-skin flick with Sarah Palin Look-Alike,” The New York Daily News, October 2, 2008, http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2008/10/02/2008-10-02_larry_flynt_is_hustling_up_an_alaskin_fl.html (accessed January 2011).
51. “Nailin’ Paylin: Another Minute of Hustler Palin-Spoof Porn,” Huffington Post, October 24, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/24/nailin-paylin-another-min_n_137592.html (accessed January 2011).
52. “‘Nailin Paylin’: Hustler’s Palin Porn Details,” Huffington Post, October 3, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/03/nailin-paylin-hustlers-pa_n_131581.html (accessed January 2011).
53. Tracy Clark-Flory, “Sneak Peek: The Palin Porno,” Salon.com, October 20, 2008, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed June 27, 2009); Tommy Christopher, “Hustler Endorses ‘Serra Paylin,’” Politics Daily, October 21, 2008, http://www.politicsdaily.com/2008/10/21/hustler-releases-palin-inspired-porn-flick/ (accessed January 2011); “Nalin’ Paylin: The Palin Porn Flick,” Right Wing News, October 15, 2008, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed June 27, 2009); and “Is Larry Flint Nailin’ Palin?” DCRepublican. com, October 21, 2008, http://dcrepublican.com/2008/10/21/is-larry-flint-nailinpalin/ (accessed January 2011). [End Page 364]
54. “Is Larry Flint Nailin’ Palin?”
55. Transcript reprinted in “Gingrich Cries Foul over Mom’s Whisper,” Sacramento Bee, January 5, 1995, A1, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed February 2, 1996); also see Roger Simon, “Just Answer in a Whisper: Can Connie be Trusted?” Baltimore Sun, January 6, 1995, Final Edition, 2A, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed February 2, 1996).
56. Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich,’” 599–23.
57. Anonymous comment, response to Perry Bacon Jr., “Clinton: GOP Should Apologize to America,” The Trial: A Daily Diary of Campaign 2008, July 13, 2008, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/07/13/clinton_gop_should_apologize_t.html (accessed January 2011).
58. Katharine Mieszkowski, “More Ways to Call Hillary Clinton the C-Word,” broadsheet, January 25, 2008, http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2008/01/25/hillary_clinton (accessed January 2011).
59. Carol Lloyd, “The C-Word as a Political Tool,” broadsheet, January 24, 2008, http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2008/01/24/roger_stone (accessed January 2011). The IRS filing for Citizens United Not Timid is available at Talking Points Memo Document Collection, January 23, 2008, http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/citizens-not-timid/ (accessed January 2011).
60. Lloyd, “The C-Word as a Political Tool.”
61. Jon Stewart, “Indecision 2008—Obama Fist Bump” (video), The Daily Show, June 11, 2008, http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=173064&title=indecision-2008-obama-fist-bump (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
62. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny,” video montage, May 19, 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbzT2YqhGT4 (accessed January 2011).
63. The exchange was described on the Media Matters for America website, which also contained video of the full conversation. See Eric Boehlert and Jamison Foser, “Cliff May on Sen. Clinton: ‘At Least Call Her a Vaginal-American,’” Media Matters for America, October 16, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/items/200710160010?f=s_search (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
64. “Cunt,” OED Online, 2nd ed., http://dictionary.oed.com/ (accessed June 2010).
65. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
66. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
67. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
68. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton: Mad As Hell/Bitch,” video montage, April 6, 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcdnlNZg2iM (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
69. Obama Girl [Amber Lee Ettinger], “Crush on Obama,” produced by Ben Relles, June 13, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKsoXHYICqU (accessed January 2011). [End Page 365]
70. “About Us: The Barely Political Team,” www.BarelyPolitical.com/page/about (accessed January 2011).
71. Jose Antonio Vargas, “Obama Crush . . . With Eyeliner,” June 14, 2007, Channel ’08, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/channel-08/2007/06/obama_crush_with_eyeliner.html (accessed January 2011).
72. Taryn Southern, “Hott 4 Hill,” July 2, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Sudw-4ghVe8 (accessed January 2011).
73. Links to relevant episodes can be found at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19908527/ (accessed October 21, 2008).
74. Kate Phillips, “2008: Obama Girl and More,” June 13, 2007, The Caucus, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/2008-obama-girl-and-more/ (accessed January 2011).
75. George Stephanopoulos, “Roundtable,” This Week . . . with George Stephanopoulos, June 17, 2007, LexisNexis Academic (accessed October 21, 2008).
76. Dan Harris and David Wright, “Obamagirl; Video Rocks Presidential Campaign,” World News Sunday, June 17, 2007, LexisNexis Academic (accessed February 2011).
77. Hardball with Chris Matthews, July 24, 2008, author’s transcript.
78. This argument is powerfully illustrated in the Dreamworlds documentary trilogy produced by Sut Jhally and the Media Education Foundation. See an unabridged preview of Dreamworlds 3 at http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=223 (accessed January 2011).
79. “Declare Yourself: La Toya,” Coloribus, 2004–2009, http://www.coloribus.com/adsarchive/prints/declare-yourself-la-toya-204888/ (accessed January 2011).
80. For analysis of the construction of single women voters in 2004, see Anderson and Stewart, “Politics and the Single Woman.”
81. Murali Balaji, “Owning Black Masculinity: The Intersection of Cultural Commodification and Self-Construction in Rap Music Videos,” Communication, Culture & Critique 2 (2009): 22. See also R. L. Jackson, Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media (Albany: SUNY Press, 2006); and R. Richardson, Black Masculinity and the U.S. South: From Uncle Tom to Gangsta (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007).
82. Some parliamentary systems increasingly emphasize individual candidate appeal. For example, when the May 2010 British election included a “presidential-style TV debate,” many took it as a sign of the “presidentialization of U.K. politics.” See, for example, Benn Quinn, “British Election: Nickk Clegg Wins U.K.’s First Presidential-Style TV Debates,” CSMonitor.com, April 16, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0416/British-election-Nick-Clegg-wins-UK-s-first-presidential-style-TV-debates (accessed Janu ary 2011). Also see Thomas Poguntke and Paul Webb, eds., The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (Oxford: [End Page 366] Oxford University Press, 2005).
83. Jonathan Dube, “Bush Charms the Ladies,” ABCNews.com, October 15, 1999, (accessed October 19, 1999).
84. “Facts on Women in Congress 2010,” Center for American Women and Politics, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Congress-CurrentFacts.php (accessed January 2011); “Women in Statewide Elective Executive Office 2010,” Center for American Women and Politics, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Statewide-Current.php (accessed January 2011).
85. Jonathan Tilove, “Woman-Hating Glee Club,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 11, 2007, http://www.nola.com/living/t-p/index.ssf?/base/living-9/1197354420308740.xml&coll=1 (accessed January 2011).
86. See, for example, Emily Steel, “The New Focus Groups: Online Networks: Proprietary Panels Help Consumer Companies Shape Products, Ads,” The Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120027230906987357.html (accessed January 2011); and Alex Cohen, “Artists Use Social Media for Public Feedback,” All Things Considered, June 18, 2009, www.npr.org (accessed June 28, 2009).
87. J. Michael Hogan, “George Gallup and the Rhetoric of Scientific Democracy,” Communication Monographs 64 (1997): 161–79.
88. Ross Douthat, “No Mystique About Feminism,” New York Times, June 13, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/opinion/14douthat.html (accessed January 2011).
89. The original “Year of the Woman” was 1992, when women voters, ostensibly incensed over Anita Hill’s treatment during Clarence Thomas’s Supreme Court confirmation hearings, ushered a record number of women into office. See Vavrus, “From Women of the Year to ‘Soccer Moms.’”
90. Liz Sidoti, “Primary Results in Arkansas, Nevada and California Will Set Stage for 2010 Election,” The Huffington Post, June 9, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/08/primary-results-in-arkans_n_604009.html (accessed January 2011). Also see Ewen MacAskill, “U.S. Primary Results Lead Media to Hail this the ‘Year of the Woman,’” The Guardian, June 12, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20100610/pl_ynews/ynews_pl2531 (accessed January 2011); and Liz Goodwin, “‘Year of the Woman’ Narrative Seduces Media after Primary Vote,” The Newsroom, June 10, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20100610/pl_ynews/ynews_pl2531 . (accessed January 2011).
91. Caroline Howard, “Mama Grizzlies on the Campaign Trail,” Forbes, June 10, 2010, http://blogs.forbes.com/work-in-progress/2010/06/10/women-politicans-mama-grizzliescampaign-trail/ (accessed January 2011).
92. Jonathan Alter, “Ladies’ Night,” Newsweek, June 9, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/09/jonathan-alter-on-what-the-june-primary-results-mean.html (accessed January 2011). [End Page 367]
93. Real Time with Bill Maher, episode 188, June 11, 2010, HBO. A video excerpt is available at http://rackjite.com/archives/5131-Video-Bill-Maher-Arizona-wins-Stupidest-State-and-Nikki-Ho-Haley.html (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
94. Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich.’”
95. Rebecca Dana, “Why Women Don’t Have Sex Scandals,” The Daily Beast, December 11, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-12-11/why-women-donthave-sex-scandals/ (accessed January 2011).
96. Josh Marshall, “Somethin’ in the Water Down There,” TPM, June 2, 2010, http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/2010/06/somethin_in_the_water_down_there.php (accessed January 2011), emphasis added.
97. Mark Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?” Language Log, June 4, 2010, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2367 (accessed January 2011).
98. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
99. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
100. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
101. “Liveblogging the Razorback Blanche Lincoln-Palmetto Nikki Haley Memorial Pig Race,” Wonkette, June 8, 2010, http://wonkette.com/415875/liveblogging-the-razorbackblanche-lincoln-palmetto-nikki-haley-memorial-pig-race (accessed January 2011).
102. “GOP Candidate Nikki Haley Can Not Keep Her Knickers On,” Caffeinated Politics, June 3, 2010, http://dekerivers.wordpress.com/2010/06/03/gop-candidate-nikki-haley-can-notkeep-her-knickers-on/ (accessed January 2011). [End Page 368]
Copyright © 2011 Michigan State University Board of Trustees
|
Stump
|
The volume of (soccer) football (regulation adult 70cm circumference) is approximately how many litres?
|
Project MUSE - “Rhymes with Blunt”: Pornification and U.S. Political Culture
Pornification and U.S. Political Culture
Karrin Vasby Anderson (bio)
Abstract
In this essay, I contend that political culture and campaign journalism during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign was “pornified.” Examination of broadcast journalism, viral videos, online commentary, political pop culture, and get-out-the- vote campaigns reveals the ways in which pornographic metaphors, images, and narratives infiltrated U.S. political culture during the 2008 presidential primary and general election season. I assess the media framing of candidates Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin, as well as that of female voters as a group, arguing that the emergence of the pornification frame signals a backlash against the gains women have made in the U.S. political system.
In the first picture, an attractive young woman is naked and bound in heavy, black tape. Her arms are pinned behind her by the tape, which also encases her mouth. Her eyes, looking off into the distance, well with tears as her heavy black eyeliner and mascara run. One eye is darkened—either by a shadow cast across her face . . . or by a beating. The second picture features another bare-shouldered young woman. Her blond bouffant, porcelain skin, and red lipstick are reminiscent of ideal feminine beauty, circa 1950. A single tear cascades down her face as her blue eyes stare blankly into the distance. [End Page 327] Her perfectly glossed lips are contained by a leather strap, woven through metal rivets affixed to her skin and tied to resemble a nineteenth-century corset. The women in the photos are not anonymous crime victims; they are celebrities Jessica Alba and Christina Aguilera. The photos, tagged as “public service ads,” appear in the “Declare Yourself ” youth voter campaign. 1 These beautiful yet brutalized women are supposed to encourage the 18- to 25-year-old demographic to register and vote.
Unfortunately, such misogynistic images are not rare in U.S. culture. Scholars have documented the ways in which women have been objectified, symbolically annihilated, attacked, fictionally murdered, and pictorially dismembered in images designed to sell products, open a film, or attract a television audience. As political candidates, campaigns, and journalists draw increasingly on framing and marketing strategies that have proven successful in corporate and entertainment contexts, it should be no surprise that women often are portrayed negatively. 2 However, in a political year that witnessed U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton waging a formidable campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, and Alaska Governor Sarah Palin joining Senator John McCain’s ticket as the Republican vice-presidential nominee, some have taken these developments as evidence that women had almost achieved equality in U.S. political culture. Both Clinton and Palin touted the “18 million cracks in the glass ceiling” represented by Clinton’s primary campaign supporters. As one blogger on the website Feministing.com wrote, “the very fact that [Clinton] was there . . . proves that sexism is dying and is in remnants of what it used to be. . . . No, sexism isn’t dead, but yes, it is on its way out.” 3 Although that statement is not entirely false, the situation is also not that simple. The 2008 presidential campaign produced diverse cultural discourses, many of which were designed to discipline difference and reinstantiate white masculinity as the invisible standard for the U.S. presidency. 4 Like previous campaigns, the 2008 race was framed using the language of sports, war, and even romance; for the first time in U.S. presidential campaign history, however, a new frame emerged that fulfilled both the journalistic trend toward titillation and the cultural impetus to reinscribe traditional norms of political power.
In this essay, I argue that political culture and campaign journalism during the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign was “pornified.” 5 Pornographic metaphors, images, and narratives infiltrated U.S. political culture in ways similar to their earlier emergence in advertising and popular culture. After briefly reviewing the literature on campaign framing, I examine debates among feminists regarding the import and influence of pornographic discourses on women’s [End Page 328] agency. Next, I examine a diverse array of texts from the 2008 presidential campaign, including comments of broadcast journalists, viral videos, campaign paraphernalia, political satire, and get-out-the-vote campaigns. I conclude by contending that metaphors of pornography construct women candidates in ways that reveal the persistence of cultural stereotypes about women political leaders, despite the progress evidenced by Clinton’s and Palin’s candidacies. The emergence of the pornification frame signals a twenty-first-century backlash against the gains women have made in the U.S. political system.
Campaign Framing from Racehorses to Romance
Robert M. Entman explains that politics are viewed through one of two frames. Substantive frames identify socio-political problems and their causes, suggest preferred solutions, and pass ethical judgments. Procedural frames suggest “evaluations of political actors’ legitimacy, based on their technique, success, and representativeness.” Entman contends that “procedural framing does little to motivate or equip the public to engage in political deliberation,” but he notes that procedural frames which, for example, situate political campaigns as contests, “have other important political effects.” 6 The most common procedural frame for political campaigns is the game or strategy frame, which structures campaign news using metaphors of competition, particularly those invoking games, sports, and war. As Thomas Patterson notes, framing campaigns as contests or games “dominates the journalist’s outlook in part because it conforms to the conventions of the news process,” including a dynamic plotline, inherent conflict, and the illusion of novelty. 7 Kathleen Hall Jamieson explicates the components of this frame, which she calls the “strategy schema”:
In the strategy schema, candidates are seen as performers, reporters as theatrical critics, the audience as spectators. The goal of the performer is to “win” the votes of the electorate projected throughout the performance in polls. . . . In the strategy schema, candidates do not address problems with solutions but “issues” with “strategies.” The language of the strategy schema is that of sports and war. 8
Entman explains that framing works “through priming,” insofar as “frames introduce or raise the salience or apparent importance of certain [End Page 329] ideas, activating schemas that encourage target audiences to think, feel, and decide in a particular way.” 9 Metaphors such as “battleground” states, a campaign’s “arsenal,” and “lobbing” negative attacks become literalized as true, making it difficult for voters or journalists to envision campaigns in alternate ways.
During the 2008 presidential campaign, the competition frame emerged forcefully. For example, the CBS News political blog was titled “Campaign ’08 Horserace,” and the entry posted there on September 23, 2007, had the headline “Starting Gate: The Crucible of Events.” 10 The website www.2008Horserace.com displayed Vegas-style odds for each candidate, had animated clips of jockeys and their racehorses, and encouraged visitors to vote for their preferred candidate. The horserace metaphor even works its way into coverage of public policy, as in the October 13, 2008, MSNBC.com headline that read “Parties jockey for an edge on economic aid.” 11 The New York Times reported on a study conducted by the Project for Excellence in Journalism and Harvard University’s Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, which confirmed that although “the public wants to know more about candidates’ records, their backgrounds and where they stand on issues,” media coverage of the 2008 presidential campaign gave “voters the horse race, or as the study put it, ‘the game of politics.’” 12
Despite the prominence of the frame of competition, another metaphoric cluster has gained popularity as a framing device in news coverage of U.S. political campaigns: romance. Rather than competing with the frame of competition, romance metaphors fit within that broader narrative. Instead of positioning candidates as competing against one another to win the game or battle, the candidates here compete for the affection and loyalty of the electorate. Dan Hahn argues that “[e]lectoral politics parallels” the stages of a marriage relationship, “especially at the presidential level.” 13 He continues:
Hence, candidates “woo” the voters, who say “yes” or “no.” If the answer is yes and the person is elected, there is a public ceremony that “cements” the bonds, called the “Inaugural,” in which the person elected vows fealty to the Constitution (a kind of “til death do us part” pledge). This is followed by a honeymoon, after which the “marriage” proceeds until the president dies in office or is replaced at the polls by a new suitor or is impeached. 14
Hahn documents the presence of romance metaphors in media coverage of campaigns and presidencies from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush. The [End Page 330] 2008 campaign similarly produced evidence of a romance frame in campaign journalism. For example, various reports described Democratic nominee Barack Obama as one who “woos” “the Rust Belt,” 15 “women voters,” 16 “Silicon Valley,” 17 and many others. Similarly, Republican nominee John McCain “courted” “women voters,” 18 “Hispanic voters,” 19 “blue-collar Democrats,” 20 and “gay voters,” 21 to name a few. One story on CNNPolitics.com made Mc- Cain’s appearance on ABC’s female-anchored talk show The View sound like a first date. After being “coaxed into some hugs,” the candidate “nestled on the couch” and “softened his approach trying to explain his position on Iraq.” 22 Conversely, the headline on a report about tension between journalists traveling with Obama on an international tour positioned Obama as the contrite suitor trying to win back his sweetheart: “Barack Obama: Charm Offensive Wins Over Angry Crowd . . . of Reporters.” 23 The metaphor of a quarrelling couple was rare in coverage of Obama, which more often adopted the tone of the following blog headline: “Obama Charms the Pants Off the World.” The headline accompanied a picture captioned “Obama Wooing General David Patreus.” 24 A story posted on the National Journal’s website about former President Bill Clinton’s appearance on David Letterman’s late-night talk show referred to his favorable discussion of Joe Biden as the “Ultimate Bromance: Bill Clinton Has a Lot of Love for Joe Biden.” 25 Finally, in the tradition of the Cosmopolitan magazine quiz, ABC News’s Politics webpage advertised the “Match-o-Matic II,” urging readers to “Take the test and find your candidate match!”
Like the game frame, the romance frame for political campaigns is more than just a metaphoric way to position citizens and their presumptive representatives. The metaphors have been literalized so that pundits and journalists speculate on the actual sexual attraction between candidates and voters. John F. Kennedy was said to have benefitted at the polls from his appeal to women voters. 26 The “soccer moms” who supported Bill Clinton over Bob Dole in 1996 did so, according to some pundits and journalists, because they were romantically enamored with him. 27 During the 2004 presidential campaign, journalists heralded the “Sex and the City Voter” as the exemplar of the young, female swing voter who was looking for an ideal candidate match. 28
Media frames are consequential because they shape the ways in which people understand and participate in a democracy. When voters are sidelined by sports metaphors or seduced by romance metaphors, they become passive observers of the political system rather than engaged participants. Journalists [End Page 331] focus on the excitement of daily fluctuations in the polls rather than spending time assessing complicated policy proposals. Jamieson points out the ways in which this system exacerbates the cynicism about politics that already plagues many citizens. 29 Studying frames is important, however, not only to invigorate participation or to combat cynicism; by explicating the logology of campaign frames, critics can unmask the values and motives that shape political dialogue, contextualize candidate identity, and create U.S. political culture.
Since, as Entman explains, frames that are culturally resonant must “use words and images highly salient in the culture, which is to say noticeable, understandable, memorable, and emotionally charged,” examination of campaign frames provides a snapshot of political culture and its corresponding narratives, themes, assumptions, and power relationship during a given election cycle. 30 Moreover, as political campaigns and news outlets struggle to catch the attention of an American citizenry increasingly distracted by fragmented relationships, economic hardship, and digital diversions, one way to make their discourse “noticeable, understandable, memorable, and emotionally charged” is to participate strategically in popular culture. Candidates make obligatory appearances on late-night talk shows and participate in self-deprecating satirical sketches; cable news stations populate their programming with bombastic punditry and slick news productions. As culture has become increasingly coarse, so too has the campaign framing that is embedded in that culture. Of particular note during the 2008 campaign were the ways in which anachronistic stereotypes about femininity and women’s leadership were repackaged and deployed in the polysemous postmodern political environment.
Scholars of gender and U.S. political culture have documented the ways in which archetypes of female identity are employed to frame female politicians and political candidates. Women are cast as “puppets” and “pioneers,” as “beauty queens” and “bitches,” as “Madonna” and “Eve.” 31 Shanto Iyengar, Nicholas A. Valentino, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Adam F. Simon explain that cultural stereotypes reinforce gendered campaign frames, noting:
Culturally ingrained expectations about the strengths and weaknesses of candidates serve as important filters for interpreting and understanding campaign communication. The typical voter lacks the motivation to acquire even the most elementary level of factual knowledge about the candidates and campaign issues. In low information environments, expectations based [End Page 332] on visible cues—including a candidate’s gender—take on special importance. Messages that confirm rather than cut against these expectations are more likely to be noticed, assimilated, and retained. 32
The metaphors used to describe, critique, and satirize political campaigns can both reveal and reinforce stereotypes, especially those that may not be explicitly stated in other communication forms. In his study of political framing, William A. Gamson stresses that as citizens negotiate meaning, “the public discourse that people draw on is much broader than the news and takes many forms.” 33 Consequently, in this study, I examine a variety of journalistic and pop cultural texts, including news broadcasts, political punditry, blogs, viral videos, campaign paraphernalia, and get-out-the-vote campaigns. In assembling this textual bricolage, I follow Michael Calvin McGee’s admonition that a primary task of critics is “text construction,” insofar as “our first job as professional consumers of discourse is inventing a text suitable for criticism.” 34 To understand the “‘invisible text’ which is never quite finished” but is “constantly in front of us,” we must cast a wide net and draw together textual fragments that are diverse in type and tone, form and function. 35 The “invisible text” that this study seeks to reveal is the frame of pornification that emerged in the 2008 campaign. This frame is indicative of a progression in campaign framing and political culture more broadly in which campaigns were first treated as competitions, then trivialized as romances, and finally transformed into cultural peep shows.
My contention in this essay is that metaphors of pornography constructed women candidates in ways that revealed the persistence of cultural stereotypes about women political leaders, despite the progress evidenced by Clinton’s and Palin’s candidacies. Additionally, these metaphors functioned to discipline women, as candidates and constituents, becoming increasingly misogynistic as women closed in on the office of U.S. president. Before examining the pornification of the 2008 campaign, however, it is important to understand debates in feminist communities over the issue of pornography and, more broadly, women’s agency.
Pornography and Women’s Agency
Pornography is a highly contested subject within feminist communities. Although it is difficult to define what, exactly, constitutes pornography, [End Page 333] antipornography feminists point to sexist objectification and the sometimes violent dehumanization of women as distinguishing features. Insofar as pornographic objectification dehumanizes women and presents them, in some cases, as providing and even gaining sexual gratification from their own victimization, antipornography feminists argue that pornography creates a cultural climate that reinforces male dominance and implicitly or explicitly condones violence against women. Additionally, some critics claim that the majority of women who participate in the production of pornography are exploited, and their participation (whether voluntary or coerced) exemplifies patriarchal power relationships. For this reason, antipornography feminists of the 1970s and 1980s formed unlikely alliances with social conservatives, articulating political and intellectual objections to pornography and lobbying for legal restrictions on the distribution of pornography. 36
In response to the efforts of antipornography feminists, some feminist critics took an oppositional approach that has been called “sex-positive,” “pro-sex,” or “sex-radical” feminism. Proponents of this view argue that antipornography feminists sometimes conflate pornography with erotica—a form of sexual display that is not inherently patriarchal. Moreover, sex-positive feminists advocate for an expanded range of accepted sexual interactions, display, and performance as long as the activities take place between consenting adults. 37 This strain of feminist thought contributed, in part, to the power feminist argument that women could and should revel in their sexuality as a source of personal agency. 38
During the first decade of the twenty-first century, the pendulum began to swing again as academics, pundits, and public intellectuals reflected, once more, on the mainstreaming of pornographic themes and images in popular culture. 39 In part, the attention to porn as entertainment was triggered by the popularization of the “pimp culture” promoted in rap music, on popular television programs like MTV’s Pimp My Ride, and in film with movies like Hustle and Flow, which produced the academy-award winning original song “It’s Hard Out Here for a Pimp.” Pop music, too, was becoming increasingly pornified, with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and others performing exaggerated versions of the Madonna/whore dichotomy in their music videos and concerts. Of course, popular culture has always transgressed the boundaries of social convention. However, in the effort to maintain a reputation as “cutting edge,” stars, advertisers, and producers peddle increasingly exaggerated, patriarchal versions of (mostly) female sexuality, where women are objectified, dominated, and abused. [End Page 334]
Feminist debates over pornography and popular culture typically focus on questions about women’s agency (does a pornified culture inhibit women’s personal and political power?) and concerns about violence against women (does the mainstreaming of sadomasochistic images promote gendered violence?). This debate has been engaged for several decades by thoughtful critics from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives; spatial constraints preclude an exhaustive examination of the arguments proffered by proponents and opponents of these various positions. 40 What has not been examined, however, is the increasing pornification of U.S. political culture. This is an especially troubling trend insofar as it occurs within the realm of governance and public policy, redefining the woman citizen in the public mind. Moreover, it comes at a time when women have just begun to gain enough leadership credibility that they perform well in national political contests. The continuum of pornification represents a twenty-first-century backlash against women’s power that inhabits many guises: playful and prurient, satirical and sexist, masochistic and misogynistic.
Pornification and Campaign 2008
Before building a case for the claim that themes, images, and metaphors of pornography functioned as an important media frame for the 2008 presidential campaign, I first must explain how pornification as a rhetorical process differs from pornography as an artifact. Unlike pornography, pornification need not include actual nudity or explicit sex acts. Rather, I define pornification as a process that includes the following characteristics and strategies:
▪. Pornification mainstreams the narratives, metaphors, images, and frames culled from the realm of pornography.
▪. A pornified image need not be as explicit as actual pornography. Rather, it connotes interpretations that are hypersexual or sexually exploitative.
▪. Pornification highlights sexuality in contexts that otherwise are not normally sexualized and, through the use of crude humor or genderbased parody, disciplines individuals who do not conform to traditional gender norms.
Both male and female politicians’ images can be pornified. Certainly many of the jokes and satirical images spurred by President Bill Clinton’s [End Page 335] affair with Monica Lewinsky could be categorized as pornification. During the 2008 campaign, a photograph of a shirtless candidate Barack Obama in a swimsuit (taken while he was on vacation) appeared in magazines, YouTube videos, and other pop cultural contexts. In 2010, when Republican Senatorial candidate Scott Brown was vying with Democratic candidate Martha Coakley to succeed the deceased Edward M. Kennedy in the U.S. Senate, the media dug up a 28-year-old photograph of him posing nude for the magazine Cosmopolitan as the winner of the magazine’s “America’s sexiest man” contest. 41 The increasing prevalence of the pornification frame in stories about candidates of both genders coincides with the coarsening of U.S. culture more broadly. Even so, the process is both more prevalent for women candidates and more problematic. As Jamieson explains, “throughout history, women have been identified as bodies not minds.” 42 Because women candidates perpetually combat the double bind between femininity and competence, media frames that cast them as sex objects undermine their credibility as leaders in ways that the same frames do not undercut male candidates.
The pornification of U.S. political culture exists on a continuum. At one end are relatively innocuous images of candidates as sexy and appealing, and female voters as infatuated with the candidates they support. These discourses may occasionally be intended as compliments and are certainly less lurid than much of what is considered acceptable within mainstream entertainment culture. These images are pornified, however, by their appearance in the civic context of public, democratic politics, where they reinstantiate women citizens and leaders as vixens, sex objects, and/or nymphomaniacs. Importantly, unlike the pornography published in magazines like Playboy or Hustler, the pornified images of women politicians appear without their consent or participation and often are distributed under the guise of humor or parody. Thus, even images that purport to flatter or are distributed “in good fun” are exploitative in that they hijack a woman politician’s image or persona to serve sexist, patriarchal, or misogynistic purposes. As the continuum expands, pornified political discourses become baser and more extreme until, at the opposite end of the spectrum, a sadomasochistic narrative emerges that explicitly depicts or defends sexualized violence against women as pleasurable, natural, or deserved.
During the 2008 presidential campaign, the images of candidates from both major parties, as well as the collective identities of women voters, were [End Page 336] co-opted and pornified. Discourses emerged from supporters and opponents of Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton and employed very different, but equally sexist, symbolic framing.
Sarah Palin as National MILF
When Senator John McCain chose Sarah Palin, the relatively unknown governor of Alaska, to be his vice-presidential running mate, political journalists and pundits were stunned. Although her resume as a culturally conservative, Western governor with professional connections to the oil and energy industry made her a potentially good strategic pick for McCain, the dominant media frame in the initial weeks after the selection focused on her physical appearance. Palin was a former beauty-pageant contestant who exuded a Western, rugged sex appeal. Whether she was riding a Harley Davidson, hunting big game, or ostensibly taking on special interests as governor of Alaska, Palin somehow negotiated the dangerous terrain between being either too feminine to lead or not feminine enough to be a “normal” woman. Palin’s burgeoning national persona was cemented by her trademark up-do and glasses, which invoked one staple of pornographic entertainment, the “sexy librarian.” Stylelist.com reported that Palin’s “sexy librarian glasses spark[ed] interest in eyewear,” and noted that Palin also has “become the flavor of the month in the political thong industry.” 43 (Exactly when did political thongs become an industry?) An entry on The New Republic blog quoted former federal prosecutor David Lat, who “switched from supporting Hillary Clinton to supporting McCain-Palin,” saying:
Well, some of my reasons for supporting Palin are a bit idiosyncratic, and independent of the minutiae of policy platform or her record on various issues. . . . [I]t’s like being in love—reason flies out the window! . . . What I like about Palin is that she has [Obama’s] glibness, his surface appeal but you can’t help thinking that behind those librarian glasses, she knows she is playing a role—and playing it beautifully. 44
Palin’s sexy celebrity spawned a host of artifacts, from the picture of a fictional Alaskan license plate that read “
alaska
!
where the air is cold, and the governor is hot
!” to the political cartoon featuring two presidential campaign buttons (see Figure 1 ). 45 [End Page 337]
Click for larger view
Figure 1.
Used by permission of caglecartoons.com and [email protected] .
Almost immediately after joining the ticket, Palin’s head was Photoshopped onto a picture of a woman clad in a U.S. flag bikini holding a rifle. The picture spread like wildfire on the Internet, even after being revealed as a fake. 46 Palin’s sex appeal was cheerfully lampooned more than once on Saturday Night Live, and that topic made the rounds in the late-night comedy monologues as well. The raciest of the early “pro-Palin” discourses were T-shirts, posters, and a Saturday Night Live skit that touted her as a “MILF,” with the acronym standing for “Mom I’d Like to Fuck.” * 47
In less than a week, Palin went from being a rising star in the Republican Party and the first Republican woman to be nominated for the vice-presidential ticket, to being the national MILF. This transformation has the potential to undercut women’s agency by reducing their power to sex appeal and [End Page 338] rewarding their attractiveness with heterosexual male approval rather than respect. Framing women’s political agency in terms of sexual influence is a familiar strategy, one that has shaped both ancient and contemporary narratives. 48 Reporting for msnbc.com, Carrie Dann suggested that the MILF frame resonated with the public; reviewing results of a study analyzing “search term data compiled for NBC News by the online research company Hitwise,” Dann explains:
About one in every five hundred Web searches containing the phrase “Sarah Palin” during that week inquired about the Alaska governor’s support for the pork project [which attempted to bring the infamous “Bridge to Nowhere” to Alaska], making “Sarah Palin Bridge to Nowhere” the 72nd most frequent search term on her list. But ranking far above the earmark investigation in popularity (among the 10 million internet users in Hitwise’s sample) were “Sarah Palin legs” (No. 16), “Sarah Palin Vogue” (No. 18), and “Sarah Palin sexy photos”
(No. 49).
In other words, while political operatives frenetically worried about how the public viewed the authenticity of Palin’s claims, the online public was frenetically viewing—without particular worry about authenticity—doctored photos of a bikini-clad, gun-toting Alaska governor. 49
If the business acumen of pornographer and Hustler founder Larry Flint can be trusted, there’s a market for images of a pornified Palin. Shortly after McCain made his choice public, the New York Daily News reported that Flint was “Hustling up an Ala-skin flick with Sarah Palin look-alike.” 50 Sadly, Flint’s Nailin’ Paylin was quickly produced, with edited clips featured on widely read political blogs such as the Huffington Post, which posted clips with nudity obscured so that they would be “safe for work” viewing. 51 That same blog reported that as of October 2008, the Flint video included “a threeway with Hillary and Condoleezza look-alikes” and was “being fast tracked for release before the election.” 52 The Huffington Post certainly was not the only news outlet playing up the so-called “Sarah Palin porn flick.” It became a featured entertainment news item in the weeks preceding the presidential election and appeared on political news outlets such as Salon.com, Politics Daily, Right Wing News, and DCRepublican.com. 53 The unnamed blogger for DCRepublican.com lauded Flint’s film, asking, “Can anyone else think of another time in history where a conservative has become such an icon in pop-culture? While this isn’t exactly the best form of publicity, I think it’s great [End Page 339] that the conservative movement has a woman standing up for our principles that is not only gorgeous, but intelligent at the same time.” 54
The pornification of Sarah Palin’s political identity falls toward the soft-core end of the continuum. The sitting governor of Alaska did not hide her status as a former beauty pageant contestant, and like so many women (and men) in politics, she chose to conform to mainstream standards of beauty and attractiveness. But the framing of her candidacy in blogs, political cartoons, journalistic sources, and political paraphernalia went well beyond noting her attractiveness. Sarah Palin was dubbed the national “MILF,” a term that not only trades on the stereotype of an attractive older woman’s sexual allure, but also features the four-letter word for sexual intercourse. Surprisingly, however, that four-letter word was not the worst example of coarse characterization in campaign 2008. Before Sarah Palin was the national MILF, Democratic presidential primary contender Senator Hillary Clinton went from being a “bitch” to a “cunt.”
Hillary Clinton: “Rhymes with Blunt”
In January of 1995, following the failed Clinton health-care reform campaign and the midterm election that handed a congressional majority to the Republicans, journalist Connie Chung interviewed the mother of Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. A now infamous portion of their exchange unfolded as follows:
connie chung
: Mrs. Gingrich, what has Newt told you about President Clinton?
kathleen gingrich
: Nothing, and I can’t tell you what he said about Hillary.
chung
: Why don’t you just whisper it to me, just between you and me.
gingrich
: “She’s a bitch.” About the only thing he ever said about her. I think they had some meeting, you know, and she takes over. 55
At the time, Kathleen Gingrich’s explicit invocation of the term “bitch” was treated as a shocking departure from accepted norms of public, political discourse. A media debate over the use of the term ensued, with some pundits noting that there was only one label more offensive to women, and so far “the C word” had not been sanctioned for public use. 56 One wonders [End Page 340] if, during the 2008 campaign, Clinton viewed 1995 wistfully, as a time of relative cultural innocence. By July of 2008, when Clinton was stumping for Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama, one online respondent to a story about Clinton posted on the Washington Post’s website charged that “Hillary is a conniving . . . well, never mind . . . it rhymes with blunt.” 57 Despite the temptation to dismiss the anonymous comment as an isolated incident or a rant from the digital fringe, the euphemistic rhyme invoked a term that was hurled explicitly at Clinton during the 2008 Democratic primary.
After Clinton was positioned as the frontrunner for the Democratic nomination early in the primary season, explicit examples of Clinton as “cunt” began to surface in political culture. One photo that made the Internet rounds appeared to be an authentic picture of a T-shirt worn by an anonymous man. The shirt presented a series of simple images that corresponded to the words “I Love Country Music.” Above the written text appeared an eye, a heart, a head shot of Hillary Clinton, a tree, and a musical staff. 58 An article on Salon.com introduced a new political action committee called “Citizens United Not Timid, (aka CUNT).” 59 Not a spoof, this registered 527 organization was established to oppose Hillary Clinton’s candidacy. Its logo was a red, white, and blue drawing shaped like a woman’s crotch with the tagline, “Citizens United Not Timid to educate the public about ‘what Hillary Clinton really is.’” The Salon.com article explains that the organization’s purpose was to “sell $25 T-shirts emblazoned with the organization’s charming name and its red, white, and blue logo. The logo is supposed to evoke a woman’s crotch.” 60
Although the emergence of “cunt” into public, political discourse seems to have been triggered by the Clinton candidacy, it was not limited to her. Comedian Jon Stewart marked a different instance of the term’s use during the June 11, 2008, edition of The Daily Show. His monologue was as follows:
There’s an old saying in Washington that the nastiest four-letter word in government is “cunt” [bleeped, but lips not obscured]. And you know, that adage is as true today as it was when the saying was first etched on the side of the Jefferson Memorial. Now, you may be sitting there wondering, (a) why you let the kids watch with you tonight, and (b) “Why the dry history lesson, professor?” Well, it turns out that one of the gentlemen running for president has been accused of dropping the C-bomb while engaged in a heated debate on the floor of the living room of his own house. According [End Page 341] to a new unauthorized biography, The Real McCain, one time, after his wife Cindy told him his hair didn’t look good, Senator McCain responded, “At least I don’t plaster on the makeup like a trollop, you c**t.” Okay, seems a little harsh. But in his defense Senator McCain’s a Navy man. It’s just salty Navy talk. He’s not trying to hide it. You’ve seen his campaign slogan [flash to a picture of McCain in front of a green campaign sign]: “John McCain: Experience You C**nts Can Count On.” You know, you can’t spell “count on” without c . . . [trails off ]
Stewart concludes the bit by saying, “Is this story true? Who knows, but the important thing is, it’s out there, signaling that we have officially moved into the character assassination portion of our presidential campaign.” 61
Although Stewart’s satirization of the “cunt” story pointed to its inappropriateness in the context of a political campaign, it also furthered the introduction of a formerly taboo characterization into mainstream political pop culture. A one-liner tossed out by comedian and talk-show host Bill Maher on his HBO show lacked the critical edge of Stewart’s bit. During a discussion about media censorship he joked, “Now they fined CBS a million dollars—a million dollars—for Janet Jackson’s nipple. Think what they could get for Hillary Clinton’s cunt!” 62
Soon, that imagery migrated from the realm of entertainment and satire to serious political news shows. Consider, for example, the following exchange taken from MSNBC’s political talk show Tucker, hosted by conservative pundit Tucker Carlson:
On the October 15 edition of MSNBC’s Tucker, discussing Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton’s (D-NY) presidential campaign with Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson and Cliff May, president of the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, host Tucker Carlson said: “Gene, this is an amazing statistic: 94 percent of women say they’d be more likely to vote if a woman were on the ballot. I think of all the times I voted for people just because they’re male. You know? The ballot comes up, and I’m like, ‘Wow. He’s a dude. I think I’ll vote for him. We’ve got similar genitalia. I’m—he’s getting my vote.’” After asserting that “the Clinton campaign says: ‘Hillary isn’t running as a woman,’” Carlson stated: “Well, that’s actually completely false, considering the Hillary campaign—and I get their emails—relentlessly pushes the glass ceiling argument. ‘You should vote for her because she’s a woman.’ They say that all the time.” May responded: “At least call her a [End Page 342] Vaginal-American.” Carlson replied: “Is that the new phrase? Boy, that’s nasty. I don’t think I can say that.” Robinson interjected, “No, you don’t say that,” to which Carlson responded: “I shouldn’t say that? I’m not going to attempt it. No, no.” 63
Despite Carlson’s assessment of the term “Vaginal-American” as “nasty,” the three men who participated in the discussion laughed both at the specific “Vaginal-American” joke and at the notion that women would like to vote for a woman president. This anecdote also illustrates an only slightly toned-down version of the “cunt” discourse that surrounded Clinton’s candidacy insofar as it explicitly calls attention to the female genitalia in a derogatory way.
It is important, at this juncture, to explain why the preceding examples fit onto the pornification continuum as I have constructed it. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, “cunt” is defined both as “The female external genital organs” and “a term of vulgar abuse” which is “[a]pplied to a person, esp[ecially] a woman.” 64 The entrance of this term into political discourse is evidence of more than merely the coarsening of U.S. culture. The term “cunt” is a pornified version of terms like “vagina”—one that is applied exclusively to women and represents not just sexism but a misogynistic hatred of women. By deploying it in the context of legally recognized political action committees, mainstream cable news shows, and political pop culture, proponents participate in the third type of pornification: highlighting sexuality in contexts that otherwise are not normally sexualized and, through the use of crude humor and gender-based parody, disciplining individuals who do not conform to traditional gender norms.
Using terms like “Vaginal-American” and “cunt” to describe Clinton’s political identity was only one form of discipline exercised in political pop culture. Other strategies fit within the pornification frame insofar as they use gender-based parody to highlight her status as an abnormal or improper woman candidate. One image credited to FreakingNews.com, which describes itself as a site for “News Photoshop Contests,” takes a picture of a president giving a speech behind a lectern with the first lady sitting to his right, and places Hillary Clinton’s head on the male president’s body, with Bill Clinton’s head topping the figure of the first lady. Similarly, another Photoshopped image poses as a still shot taken from a security camera in a men’s bathroom. Hillary Clinton is standing in a skirt, looking around suspiciously, and using the urinal. The subtext of these examples is, of course, that any woman who seeks the office of U.S. president is unnatural, dangerous, even deviant. [End Page 343] The threat of the power-seeking woman was crystallized in the Hillary Clinton nutcracker. Consumers may purchase the functional nutcracker on Amazon.com as well as many other websites, where animated images show her nutcracking power in action (the nut is placed between her thighs). To ensure that this product is recognized as a reaction against her presidential bid, the nutcracker Hillary is wearing her signature black pantsuit and a “Hillary” campaign button.
Central to sadomasochistic pornography is the notion that women should be humiliated, violated, and abused. Occasionally, the abuse is taken to the extreme, causing the woman’s death, either simulated or real, as in the genre of the “snuff” film. A review of discussions occurring on mainstream political talk shows demonstrates the cavalier invocation of threats of violence and death against candidate Clinton as they occurred within the off-hand comments and jokes of guests and hosts, particularly when the conventional wisdom was that Clinton was overstaying her welcome by refusing to bow out of the Democratic primary race. For example, on an episode of MSNBC’s Countdown with Keith Olbermann, Newsweek’s senior Washington correspondent Howard Fineman was discussing the need for Clinton to concede the primary race to Obama. Fineman’s exchange with Olbermann unfolded as follows:
fineman
: There’s some adults somewhere in the Democratic party to step in and stop this thing like a referee in a fight that could go on for thirty rounds . . .
olbermann
: Right—somebody who can take her into a room and only he comes out.
fineman
: [nodding] Yes. 65
Although Fineman chose a nonviolent metaphor of a referee, Olbermann responded with the image of a mob hit man, an imagistic switch with which Fineman easily concurred. Similarly, on a CNN broadcast, NPR’s political editor Ken Rudin stated, “Well, first of all, let’s be honest here, Hillary Clinton is Glenn Close in Fatal Attraction, she’s going to keep coming back and they’re not going to stop her . . . .” 66 In case there was any doubt about what should happen to the Glenn Close version of Hillary Clinton, an Obama delegate was caught on tape saying, “Barack Obama’s going to be the nominee of our party. . . . Senator Clinton, I thought when she said ‘I’m going to support the Democratic nominee’ was indicating kind of finally she was going to give up, but uh, like Glenn Close [she] should have stayed in that tub,” referring [End Page 344] to the drowning of the Glenn Close character in Fatal Attraction. 67 On Fox News’s Hannity and Colmes, Republican strategist Pete Snyder encouraged the Democratic Party essentially to put Hillary down (a euphemism for killing an animal) in order to get her to withdraw from the Democratic primary race. He said, “You know, I think someone’s going to have to go out there and take her behind the barn. You know, I grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and that’s kind of the term you use for that.” 68
It may not be immediately evident why I place the aforementioned examples on the pornification continuum. My argument is that pornification functions to sexualize, objectify, discipline, and sometimes dehumanize women candidates. Glenn Close’s character in Fatal Attraction was not just psychotic. She was sexy, sexually available, obsessive, and psychotic. She become a cautionary tale in U.S. culture because she took sexual obsession too far and demanded too much from her lover. She represents the unity of sex, obsession, power, and death. Importantly, at the end of Fatal Attraction, her death was a deserved death—one brought on by her choice to transgress established social boundaries for how the “other woman” should conduct herself. When that character becomes a pop cultural moniker for one of the leading candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination, pornification is at work.
At this point, some may question whether the aforementioned examples do any actual harm to women in politics. After all, the Internet is full of fringe humor and offensive discourse, and in an environment of 24-hour cable news, people are bound to say things they might later regret. Concerned citizens have the option to avoid certain websites, delete objectionable emails, and turn off the television. Of course, that does not solve the problem of individuals who seek and share material like this because they think it is funny or apropos. Even so, doesn’t Clinton’s formidable primary campaign demonstrate that these discourses have little material impact? The cloak of humor allowed pornified political discourses to infiltrate “serious” political discussion to the extent that even “jokes” about killing candidate Clinton passed, unremarked upon, by cable news hosts and contributors. That is a stunning cultural devolution. It illustrates the extent to which misogyny continues to be speakable in U.S. culture. Additionally, the examples discussed in this essay were not garnered by scouring the dark corners of the Internet netherworld. Rather, I have included only examples that emerged in or were covered by mainstream political journalism and widely viewed political pop culture. Unfortunately, artifacts that fit within my criteria for popular [End Page 345] consumption were not limited to those involving candidates Clinton and Palin. The next set of discourses I examine are pornified images of women as voters and political activists. The emergence of pornification as a frame for women voters as a group suggests that the implications of this frame extend far beyond a limited focus on Palin and Clinton.
Invitation to a Political Ho-Down: The Pornification of Women Voters
The website YouTube has facilitated the explosion of a seemingly endless barrage of political parody. Some of these viral videos present thoughtful political critique. Many take on the tone of a political rant. A few, however, reach an audience outside the confines of YouTube. During the 2008 Democratic primary, perhaps the most infamous of these videos was Obama Girl’s “I Got a Crush . . . on Obama.” 69 Posted in June 2007, “I Got a Crush . . . on Obama.” launched the now popular website BarelyPolitical.com and was touted on that website as being “named one of 2007’s 10 best videos by Newsweek, People Magazine, the AP and YouTube.” 70 The video instantly received attention from national news outlets. The washingtonpost.com political blog Channel ’08 described the video to its readers as follows:
Alternately dressed in a bikini, some very short shorts and a tight white-andpink top that reads “
i got a crush on obama
,” she pole dances on a subway stop, sings to a stranger on a park bench and gets on top of an office desk and starts dropping it like it’s hot. Lyrics include such gems as: “You’re into border security. Let’s break this border between you and me . . . Universal health care reform, it makes me warm . . . You can Barack me tonight . . .” 71
The video is a complex text and cannot be fully examined here; however, by patterning itself after the form of R&B and hip hop videos, “I Got a Crush . . .” invokes stereotypes about black male and female sexuality, situating the female star/Obama campaigner as a sex-starved “ho” and Obama as the stud she is eager to service.
The video’s popularity spawned a cottage industry of similar videos for other candidates, including Rudy Giuliani and Hillary Clinton. The viral music video backing candidate Clinton was called “Hott 4 Hill” and appeared on YouTube several weeks after the release of “I Got a Crush. . . .” 72 Stylistically, the video borrows from the 1980s Van Halen music video “Hot for Teacher” [End Page 346] in that it depicts a young, attractive teacher dancing in front of her elementary school class as she pines for her candidate. In one shot, the teacher takes a seductive bite out of the middle of a cake with Clinton’s picture on it, singing “The U.S.A. would be a better place / if everyone could just get a taste / of you.” Invoking the popular girl-on-girl porn motif, the teacher sings “I know you’re not gay / but I’m hoping for bi”—after a brief pause a voiceover adds “lingual!” The allusions to body parts and sexual terms, finished by words that turn the suggestion toward politics is one strategy employed throughout the video. It is telling that the “Hott 4 Hill” video was envisioned with a female, rather than male, teacher (played by Taryn Southern). In addition to tacitly acknowledging the many actual charges of lesbianism leveled at Clinton throughout her public life, the video’s parody of recognizable pop rock video form is what lends cultural salience and makes it successful as a parody.
The videos earned multiple appearances on MSNBC’s Hardball, where roundtable discussants reviewed them at length. 73 “I Got a Crush . . .” was promoted on the New York Times’s political blog The Caucus, 74 was discussed during the Sunday morning roundtable on ABC’s This Week . . . with George Stephanopoulos, 75 and appeared on ABC’s World News Sunday, 76 to name only a few major news sources. The popularity of “I Got a Crush . . .” and “Hott 4 Hill” also earned their stars occasional interviews on major cable news shows. For example, Southern, Ettinger, and the short-lived “Giuliani Girl” Adolina Kristina were invited to appear with Chris Matthews on his political news show Hardball. In response to Matthews’s question, “What do you like about Rudy Giuliani?,” Kristina stated, “I like his leadership skills, what he was able to. . . .” Cutting her off in mid-sentence, Matthews goaded and teased her, saying:
matthews
: That’s the name of the book you’re reading. Is that where you got the word from?
kristina
: No.
matthews
: Come on, I saw you with the book today, Adolina, that said leadership on it. It looked to me like a talking point.
kristina
: That’s the name of his book.
kristina
: No, it’s not. He didn’t write that one. It’s somebody else’s. I’ll show you later.
matthews
: OK, what do you like about him, besides what you saw on the cover of the book? [End Page 347]
kristina
: Well, I really like what he did for New York City and how he cleaned up the crime.
matthews
: Cleaned up the town, cleaned up that city.
Kristina delivers a coherent answer despite Matthews’s efforts to thwart her. He then asks the women if they are registered to vote, inquires about their political affiliation, and concludes that “with no insult intended to Pat Buchanan and the other people I usually have on this show, I would rather be with these people.” 77 Matthews makes clear how much personal pleasure he derives from consuming both the women and their cultural productions.
Both “I Got a Crush . . .” and “Hott 4 Hill” invoke the stylistic tropes of their respective music video genres (R&B, hip hop, and female pop). Academic research has thoroughly established the implications for women’s identity and agency contained in this form of entertainment. 78 This essay extends that argument to the realm of women’s political agency. Although viral videos certainly do not impinge on anyone’s right or ability to vote, to the extent that these images form media frames, especially for positioning young female voters, they undermine and rhetorically dismiss women’s political agency.
The final example I will introduce into this discussion of the continuum of political pornification similarly attacks young women’s political identity, but this example employs images of sadomasochistic violence rather than parody as its discursive tactic. It is the “Declare Yourself ” get-out-the-vote campaign referenced at the beginning of this essay. Two images from the campaign—reprinted on the opposite page—illustrate the ways in which the campaign simultaneously invokes bondage, pain, and sexual allure.
Those familiar with the campaign know that it depicts women and men and young people of various ethnicities. That fact, however, does not negate my argument. A close examination of the nine print images that were featured during the 2008 presidential campaign demonstrates that it pornifies women and gay men in ways that the white men and straight black men are not depicted.
First, let me outline the similarities in the photographs. Each shot frames the subject’s head and shoulders. All the subjects have a troubled expression on their face and look as though they are under duress. Many are crying. Most of the models are recognizable young actors or musicians, with Jessica Alba, Christina Aguilera, Jonathan Bennett, Andre 3000, and La Toya London making credited appearances. According to the advertising archive Coloribus, the “Declare Yourself ” campaign “hired photographers Marc [End Page 348]
Click for larger view
Photo by Mark Liddell. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
Click for larger view
Photo by David LaChapelle. Used with permission. All rights reserved.
[End Page 349]
Liddell and David LaChapelle to shoot a bondage-themed print advertising campaign. . . . The ads include models, including celebrities . . . in various forms of bondage as a symbol of reducing one’s voice by failing to register as a voter.” 79 A critically important component of this campaign is the “Declare Yourself ” tagline, which reads, “Only you can silence yourself.” The motto presumably was inspired by the statistics from the 2000 presidential election, which revealed the large number of young voters, and especially single women, who did not vote. 80 The explicit message is that young voters limit their own political agency.
The “Declare Yourself ” images have enough in common to make sense in the ad campaign, but closer examination reveals differences that are significant for political identity and agency. First, although the images are framed to exclude everything below the shoulder, none of the women is clothed while all but one of the men are. The male model (not identified as a celebrity) who is unclothed appears in a photo that the campaign calls “Ballgag PSA.” He is dark-skinned and portrayed with a billiard-style eight-ball stuffed in his open mouth and strapped to his head. The image invokes a bizarre version of pornified homosexuality. It is the only image in the campaign where a male subject is explicitly sexualized.
The bondage constraining the other male subjects of the campaign is, importantly, not sexualized. African American rapper and actor Andre 3000 is pictured in “Silenced” in a 1930s-era cap and suspenders with a yellow bow tie in his mouth. The image hearkens to the minstrel era when black entertainers were cast as buffoons. The uncredited white male subject in “Stapled Shut” is portrayed with his lips stapled shut and wearing a professional shirt and black eyeglasses. The suggestion seems to be that white men have sacrificed their political voice in their quest for success in business. The ad featuring Jonathan Bennett, an actor best known for his roles as a hunky boyfriend or love interest, depicts Bennett’s lips literally screwed shut. A parallel to “Stapled Shut,” this ad suggests that by focusing on sexual conquest (“screwing”), young men have given up their political agency. This same theme is illustrated in the “Fish Hooks” ad, where the attractive male subject’s lips are encased in fish hooks. By focusing on the many “fish in the sea” young men have turned their focus away from politics.
What differentiates the images of women from those of men is not the fact that they are sexualized—arguably all the subjects are chosen, in part, because of their sex appeal. Instead, salient to my thesis in this essay is the manner in which the women are sexualized. Consider the specific symbols [End Page 350] of containment in the Alba and Aguilera photos described in this essay’s introduction. Alba is tied up in black tape in a way she would have been physically incapable of doing to herself. Her distraught look, naked body, and taped bondage invokes either a sadomasochistic narrative that women participate in and enjoy their own pain and humiliation, or it suggests a scene of criminal physical detainment and abuse. When the explicit message reads that only women can do this “to themselves,” it reifies misogynistic “blame the victim” logic. Similarly, in the Christina Aguilera image, her voice is constrained by a firmly laced corset—a symbol of women’s cultural containment during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is no accident that dress reform coincided with the final campaign for woman suffrage in the United States, and suffrage became, both literally and symbolically, the incarnation of women’s political voice. The “Declare Yourself ” campaign erases the history of women’s political and cultural oppression, adopting the postfeminist claim that women already possess full political agency, if only they choose to use it. Even the La Toya London image, the only depiction of an African American female in the campaign, is problematic. The image is similar to the Bennett photo, but instead of screws encasing her lips, London’s lips are closed by a nail which is driven through them. A very different portrayal of women’s and men’s sexuality is suggested by the photographers’ symbolic choices. Men “screw” women, while women “get nailed” by men. The tacit argument is that African American women (the “hos” of pimp culture) give up their political agency when they sleep around.
All of the images in the “Declare Yourself ” campaign are problematic. They take complicated histories of oppression and reduce them to an individualistic “blame the victim” mentality. Many of them are pornified images that introduce hypersexuality into the realm of a political “public service ad.” But the images of the women are particularly egregious representations that cast women as sexually appealing even as they are being degraded, and as participants in and sources of their own political oppression. The message of this ad campaign is that, in politics and life, women get what they deserve.
Pornification and Political Consequences
When individuals reflect on the status of women in U.S. political culture, they often point to political opinion polls as indicators of cultural attitudes. During the 2008 presidential debates, some networks introduced a dial that [End Page 351] focus groups observing the debates could turn as the candidates spoke, in order to indicate instantly their positive or negative opinions. This essay proposes another measure for assessing public political attitudes, particularly in terms of responses to women’s political agency. Of course, the notion of a unified “public opinion” is a useless fiction, and many citizens embrace and promote gender equity. This analysis demonstrates, however, that the misogynistic framing of women’s political power, which dates back to premodernity, remains salient in contemporary, postmodern political culture. It is important for critics to continue to point that out when the broader voice of political pundits often adopt a “you’ve come a long way, baby” logic. Yes, women’s political achievements during the 2008 campaign were historic, and their significance should not be ignored. Yet we also must recognize the significant discursive opposition that resulted from feminist gains, implicitly and explicitly disciplining both the candidates and women writ large.
My argument goes beyond identifying sexism in popular culture—critical ground that has been well traveled. This essay contributes to the understanding of media frames and their functions in U.S. politics. First, the evidence presented in this essay suggests that during the 2008 campaign, pornification was a salient frame for women candidates and voters, rather than an isolated occurrence. My research produced a few errant examples of male candidates being pornified in 2008. The most mainstream example was the positioning of Obama as a black stud in the “I Got a Crush . . .” video. The hypersexualized black male is a mainstay of racist imagery, and Murali Balaji explains that “Black masculinity—and the performance of it—in music videos is a manifestation of identity and body politics steeped in the normative assumptions of Black men’s behavior.” 81 Yet even in the “I Got a Crush . . .” video, Obama is more often pictured in a suit, giving a speech, or conducting himself in otherwise appropriate activity for a political candidate. It is Ettinger as “Obama Girl” who inhabits the role of scantily clad “ho,” pole dancing on a public bus and gyrating on a desk while her male coworkers consume her performance. Other examples of a pornified Obama or McCain can be found on the Internet, but there are many fewer of them and none gained the mainstream media or pop culture traction of the examples cited in this study. Similarly, my research found even more egregious examples of pornification of Clinton and Palin, but I did not include all of them in this study, choosing instead to focus solely on instances that were widely circulated in popular culture and/ or appeared in mainstream media sources. Nevertheless, pornification was a consistent, recognizable, salient frame. It emerged in journalistic accounts [End Page 352] and campaign parody. Women from both parties were pornified. Women of various ages and ethnicities were pornified. Women were pornified as candidates and as voters.
Now that the characteristics of the pornification frame have been delineated and its presence documented in a major presidential contest, more work must be done to assess the implications of this emerging frame. Researchers have explicated the implications of journalistic reliance on the game/strategy schema to describe political campaigns. More research is needed on the consequences of the use of both romance and pornification narratives to understand politics. The first, and perhaps most obvious, problem with the romance frame is one of positionality. Whereas the game frame positions voters as fans or observers rather than participants, the romance frame casts voters as bachelors and bachelorettes participating in the campaign season version of a reality dating show. Emphasis on candidate likeability over policy platforms is heightened in a process that, unlike its parliamentary counterpart, already places enormous emphasis on an individual candidate’s qualities and quirks. 82 Policy stances, when covered, are often reduced to the level of a Cosmopolitan quiz, allowing voters to find their perfect candidate match.
A second problem arises with the romance frame for political news. By ascribing to the heterosexual norms of U.S. culture, the frame does not position voters and candidates of diverse genders equitably. The frame itself can induce (perhaps subconsciously) journalists to employ gendered representations of candidate appeal. For example, during the 2000 Republican presidential primary campaign, Governor George W. Bush appeared at the annual convention of the National Federation of Republican Women, an organization originally formed in 1938 that boasts a membership of 100,000 people. It’s a serious political organization and a major player in Republican Party politics. However, when ABCNews.com correspondent Jonathan Dube employed the romance frame for his coverage of Bush’s speech, the sexist characterizations were hard to ignore. The headline read, “Bush Charms the Ladies: Republican Women Fall for George W.” The subsequent story covered the political speech like a rock concert populated by overly emotional teenage fans, with Dube concluding that “it didn’t take long for him to win their hearts, judging by the glowing smiles and thunderous applause that swept across the Convention Center auditorium.” 83
If the romance frame trivializes candidates, voters, and democratic practices, perpetrators of the pornification frame actively attempt to subjugate political actors who only recently have begun to experience meaningful political [End Page 353] agency. Women, who make up over 50 percent of the population and have had the right to vote in the United States for nearly a century, in 2010 comprised only 17 percent of the U.S. House of Representatives (73 out of 435, plus 3 delegates from Guam, the Virgin Islands, and Washington, D.C.), 17 percent of the U.S. Senate (17 out of 100), and six state governorships. 84 Women have made inroads in presidential administrations during the past two decades, with women from both major political parties serving in key cabinet posts, including the Secretary of State. As the visibility of women’s political power increased during the 2008 campaign, however, they experienced a cultural backlash—digitally disciplined in a wide array of cultural contexts through humor, punditry, and parody that fixated on women’s bodies.
It is important to note, at this juncture in the argument, that observations about the symbolic impact of the pornification of political discourse do not rely on them being the only, or the most prominent, or even a frequent news frame. Unlike the argument about horserace journalism—which is premised on the ubiquity of the frame in campaign reporting—the argument about political pornification is one of presence and palatability. The presence of the romance narrative is a marker of the narrative fidelity that heterosexual romantic norms continue to have in twenty-first-century popular culture—even popular political culture where the notion of romance would seem disjunctive with civic republicanism. The frame is unremarkable because it somehow “fits” within accepted cultural notions of political relationships. We have grown to expect that our candidates for public office will “court” and “woo” us as suitors instead of “persuading” us as interlocutors. Once the romance frame was employed frequently enough to sound familiar, it was not too far a leap from gendered romance to sexist compliment, from sexist compliment to dirty joke, from dirty joke to hard-core exploitation, and finally to symbolic (and then political) annihilation. Consequently, the second part of my argument about the impact of political pornification is one of palatability.
Only a decade ago, “the C word” was still unspeakable in public political dialogue. Calling a candidate a “bitch,” although too common in everyday parlance, was a shocking departure from the norms of public civility when Connie Chung’s infamous interview with Newt Gingrich’s mother aired in 1995. A mere twelve years later, Senator Hillary Clinton’s bid for the Democratic presidential nomination was inundated with words, images, and slogans that made “bitch” sound almost quaint. As an article in the New Orleans Times-Picayune pointed out, Clinton faced “an onslaught of open misogynistic expression,” and the writer admonished the reader to “step lightly through [End Page 354] that thickly settled province of the Web you could call anti-Hillaryland,” for one can too easily find oneself “knee-deep in ‘bitch,’ ‘slut,’ ‘skank,’ ‘whore,’ and, ultimately, what may be the most toxic four-letter word in the English language. We have never been here before.” 85 As the Web becomes the source of choice for political news, in a climate where newspapers are shuttering their doors and consumers are customizing their online news delivery by subscribing only to their preferred pundits and bloggers, the Web can no longer be dismissed as the chaotic ramblings of the cultural and political fringe. As this study has demonstrated, even the mainstream cable political talk shows and print media picked up on many of the pornified images, recycling them sometimes under the protective guise of condemnation, but often as simply the latest political joke to be told around the cyberspace equivalent of the office water cooler.
It is the presence and palatability of political pornification that is critically significant in this study. The study does not claim, and does not need to claim, that the examples selected for examination are representative of all campaign discourse. Thankfully, they are not. But they are indicative of the persistent, pernicious backlash against women’s political gains. Even—or perhaps especially—as women approach the last glass ceiling of U.S. electoral politics, they are disciplined by increasingly base, vile, and violent discourses that reinscribe the worst kind of misogynistic patriarchy. It is a misogyny that most U.S. voters would recoil from if asked about it in those surveys that gauge whether Americans are “ready to vote for a qualified woman presidential candidate.” But surveys and focus groups are losing credibility as the best measurements of public opinion. In the age of the Internet, researchers are now turning to social networking sites, blogs, and other digital repositories of public opinion, many of which are regarded for their ability to record candid opinion because of contributor anonymity (in blog comments, for example), or their ability to access quickly the opinions of large numbers of “real people” (on Twitter, Facebook, and MySpace). 86 This study demonstrates that analysis of political pop culture can serve as another important gauge of public opinion. Communication scholars have long recognized that opinion polls are problematic sources of public attitudes because factors such as the wording and ordering of questions can make poll results unreliable. 87 Critical assessment such as that undertaken in this study reveals the persistence of stereotypes that many people insist have been vanquished from the public dialogue. If “postfeminism” refers to a time in which the goals of the feminist movement have largely been achieved, this study demonstrates that, regrettably, [End Page 355] the postfeminist era is not yet upon us. Critics and citizens have more work to do to ensure that women are equitably represented—in language, in culture, and in positions of political leadership.
During the summer of 2010, in his New York Times op-ed, Ross Douthat announced that the postfeminist dream actually had been realized. He began an assessment of the 2010 primary elections as follows: “When historians set out to date the moment when the women’s movement of the 1970s officially consolidated its gains, they could do worse than settle on last Tuesday’s primaries. It was a day when most of the major races featured female candidates, and all the major female candidates won.” 88 In fact, women candidates fared so well in the primary contests for both major political parties that media outlets dubbed it a new “Year of the Woman.” 89 The Huffington Post’s election summary typifies the media frame employed by a variety of news agencies, declaring:
It’s looking like a new “year of the woman” in politics. Eighteen years after a few glass ceilings were broken, hundreds of female candidates have set their sights on Congress, governorships and state legislatures, and a significant number racked up big wins in Tuesday’s primaries. Republican women, in particular, served notice to the old boys of the party. 90
California Republican candidates and ex-CEOs Carly Fiorina and Meg Whitman garnered national attention as they won their party’s nominations for U.S. Senate and governor, respectively. Newsweek’s Jonathan Alter asserted that “being a woman helped Senator Blanche Lincoln pull off a huge upset in a runoff over challenger Bill Halter,” and Forbes touted the so-called mama grizzlies, the rookie female candidates representing the Tea Party constituency who snagged endorsements from the governor-turned-conservative-mediapersonality Sarah Palin. 91 Alter, a veteran political journalist, pointed to Nikki Haley’s showing in South Carolina’s Republican gubernatorial primary as evidence of women’s newfound power at the polls, explaining that she won “49 percent of the vote, more than twice that of her closest rival,” and became “the first woman in modern political history to have electoral success after being implicated in a sex scandal.” Alter remarked, “If someone had told me a few years ago that the next governor of South Carolina was almost certainly going to be an Indian-American woman accused of cheating on her husband, I’d have said they were high.” 92 The primary showing did seem to suggest that Haley, who steadfastly denied all adultery charges, had [End Page 356] joined the long list of male candidates who have successfully weathered a sex scandal, indicating that in this regard and others, voters were prepared to hold women and men to similar (even similarly low) standards. However, Haley’s framing in the media both before and after the primary illustrates that the pornification frame gained traction even during the first “Year of the Woman” of the twenty-first century.
On the first post-primary episode of his HBO show Real Time with Bill Maher, Maher did an extended comedy bit with mock campaign posters containing slogans Haley could use after weathering charges of adultery during the primary season. Maher introduced the piece by identifying Haley as “38 years old” and “very attractive,” and explained that opponents “thought they were going to get her out of the race because two men came forward and said that they had extramarital relations with the very married Nikki Haley, and they thought that would hurt her. She won big. So, apparently this works and Nikki Haley is now going with this, and we have some of her campaign posters to prove it.” Maher then ticked through the following slogans:
▪. “Nikki Haley: Are You Getting Off Better Than You Were Four Years Ago?”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Yes We Can! . . . but we have to hurry”
▪. “Nikki Haley: I’ll Represent You Long Time” (with a bamboo shoot to flag the racial stereotyping, in case the grammatical error did not make it clear enough)
▪. “Nikki Haley: In Your Heart You Know She’s Ripe”
▪. “Nikki Haley: You Come First”
▪. “Don’t Stop! Don’t Stop!
oh god, don’t stop
Thinking About Tomorrow”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Room 314”
▪. “Nikki Haley: Taking Care of the Little Guy” 93
Certainly, in the post-(Bill) Clinton era, late-night humor is populated with jokes about politicians and their sexual dalliances. Male and female politicians alike can be pornified. One difference, typified by Maher’s bit, is the way in which the pornification of female politicians dehumanizes and discredits them. Maher’s joke establishes fidelity to the campaign narrative by invoking slogans of modern presidents: Ronald Reagan’s “Are you better off than you were four years ago?,” Barack Obama’s “Yes We Can,” and Bill Clinton’s “Don’t stop thinking about tomorrow.” However, it also rings true to stereotypes about women’s sexuality: women exist to please men, to get [End Page 357] them off, to be available for quick, illicit encounters. Such women are then regarded as “ripe,” related to as sex workers, and put in their place as caretakers for men’s sexual gratification. In Maher’s narrative, Haley’s job is to service, rather than serve, her constituency.
In this respect, political pornification functions similarly to epithets such as “bitch,” hurled at women who have transgressed the boundaries of appropriate behavior for their gender and wielded too much public power. As I have argued elsewhere, “bitch” functions as a rhetoric of containment in contemporary political culture, one that is particularly debilitating for women because it relies on the logic of the double-bind between femininity and competence. 94 Male leaders can be tough and (appropriately) masculine. Female leaders can be either tough or (appropriately) feminine. Pulling off both at the same time is not impossible, but it is tricky terrain to navigate. Women candidates have worked diligently to break down the logic of that particular double-bind during the past two decades. As they succeed in displacing the “bitch” charge, however, a new rhetoric of containment emerges to discipline them once more. This “new” pornified political parlance, however, simply repurposes old stereotypes about gender and sex. When male candidates are pornified, they are typically still cast in positions of power: jokes about Bill Clinton situated him in the Oval Office with a woman hiding under his desk; the tabloid photo of a shirtless Barack Obama immortalized in the “I Got a Crush . . .” viral video was intercut with images of a swooning, scantily clad groupie pole-dancing on a bus. Haley, on the other hand, is cast in powerless roles in the Maher bit—roles that erode her credibility as a candidate and leader. The Daily Beast’s Rebecca Dana quotes Emily Gould in a column about the Haley controversy, who asserts that “Men are typically seen as having agency and women are typically seen as being acted upon in romantic relationships. . . . So then even when those stereotypical power dynamics aren’t really the ones at play, the culture-making machinery will simplify whatever the real story is until it is a more familiar . . . narrative.” 95
Of course, sometimes the disjunction between the familiar narrative and the facts at hand are so jarring as to produce a rhetorical adjustment. Reporting on the Haley story for the blog Talking Points Memo, Josh Marshall was prompted to create a new word to describe Haley as he pondered “which would make for a more colorful and entertaining story”: either “GOP operatives . . . conspiring to publicly allege phony affairs with Haley,” or exposing Haley as “an inveterate . . . what I guess you’d call man-izer.” 96 Mark Liberman, [End Page 358] writing for the Linguistic Data Consortium’s Language Log blog, seized on this “sex-related linguistic innovation” and discussed the ways in which the Haley story revealed a “lexical lacuna. . . . A male politician who is prone to out-of-wedlock hookups would be called a womanizer, but there seems to be no appropriate equivalent for a female.” 97 Liberman briefly traces the linguistic origin of the term “womanize,” noting that adding “ize” to a word indicates that one will “do or follow some practice.” He continues:
Thus to botanize is to go around “following some practice” associated with botany (“doing botany”) and to womanize is to go around “following some practice” associated with women (“doing women”). This coinage worked in Victorian or Edwardian England (because why else would a man pay attention to women taken as a group?), and once established, it persisted as a useful term for a common concept. 98
Of course, Liberman immediately recognizes that there may be “some issues associated with man as the pragmatically unmarked category of human— ‘following some practice associated with men’ may not connect quickly enough to sex.” 99 One does not need to be a battle veteran of feminism’s second wave to recognize that “man” is neither unmarked nor a pragmatically useful way to refer to people of all genders. Liberman concludes with this jaunty sentiment: “As powerful women become more and more common, we’ll need some word for the inveterate . . . um, manizers among them, and I’ll be rooting for Josh’s coinage.” 100
Does the emergence of a term like “manizer” indicate the leveling of the political playing field? For every blogger saluting the trend of “powerful women becoming more and more common,” there are others anticipating “so many sexy stories about Nikki Haley’s boy-toys,” 101 and charging that “GOP Candidate Nikki Haley Can Not Keep Her Knickers On.” 102 This essay, however, is less concerned with the musings of a few stray bloggers and more concerned with the broader story of women’s political agency that is bantered about on cable newscasts, peddled by pundits, and etched into the Internet—that twenty-first-century incarnation of cave-wall drawings. Humans have always been storytelling animals. As critics, we consider not only what stories teach us, but also what they reveal about us. Unfortunately, this particular story demonstrates that if you’re a woman running for public office, you’re just a few jokes away from becoming a . . . well, I can’t write it here, but it rhymes with blunt. [End Page 359]
Karrin Vasby Anderson
Karrin Vasby Anderson is Associate Professor of Communication Studies at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. The author wishes to thank the anonymous reviewers for Rhetoric & Public Affairs and the following members of the Colorado State University Department of Communication Studies writing group for their helpful feedback on this essay: Eric Aoki, Martín Carcasson, Greg Dickinson, Scott Diffrient, Jon Lupo, Chani Marchiselli, Brian Ott, and Linda Scholz. Thanks, also, to Gi for encouraging me to go for it!
Footnotes
* I have chosen to explicitly spell out objectionable language in this essay because acknowledging the actual words connoted by the acronyms and images included in this essay is part of the social critique in which I am engaging. Neglecting to spell out the terms, even under the guise of academic propriety, would obscure the rhetorical force of the framing that I am attempting to point out. When terms appear in direct quotations, I replicate the form in which they appeared in the original quotation.
1. “Only You Can Silence Yourself PSAs,” Declare Yourself, http://www.declareyourself.com/multimedia/gallery_197.html (accessed January 2011).
2. For example, the Declare Yourself ad campaign employed celebrity photographers Dave LaChapelle and Mark Liddell, who both work primarily in the entertainment industry. The photos exhibit techniques commonly deployed in fashion photography and advertising, many of which dehumanize women. See Jean Kilbourne’s series of documentary films, Killing Us Softly: Advertising’s Image of Women. The most recent edition is Jean Kilbourne, Killing Us Softly 4, directed by Sut Jhally (Northampton, MA: Media Education Foundation, 2010). For a more general discussion of marketing strategies employed in political campaigns, see Bruce I. Newman, The Marketing of the President: Political Marketing as Campaign Strategy (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994); Jules Witcover, No Way to Pick a President: How Money and Hired Guns Have Debased American Elections (New York: Routledge, 2001).
3. AlaraJRogers (username), blog response to “Hillary Sexism Watch: If a Woman is President, Who Will Iron the Shirts?,” Feministing.com, January 8, 2008, http://feministing.com/2008/01/08/hillary_sexism_watch_if_a_woma_1/comment-page-1/#comments (accessed January 2011).
4. For a discussion of the U.S. presidency as white and male, see Trevor Parry-Giles and Shawn J. Parry-Giles, “The West Wing’s Prime-Time Presidentiality: Mimesis and Catharsis in a Postmodern Romance,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 88 (2002): 209–27; and Janis L. Edwards, ed., Gender and Political Communication in America: Rhetoric, Representation, and Display (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009).
5. The terms “pornified,” “porning,” and “pornification” have appeared in a number of books, including Pamela Paul, Pornified: How Pornography is Damaging Our Lives, Our Relationships, and Our Families (New York: Times Books, 2005); Laura Ingraham, Power to the People (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2007); and Carmine Sarracino and Kevin M. Scott, The Porning of America: Rise of Porn Culture, What It Means, and Where We Go from Here (Boston: Beacon Press, 2008).
6. Robert M. Entman, Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 5–6. For additional discussion of framing, see Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman, The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories that Shape the Political World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); and William A. Gamson, Talking Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
7. Thomas E. Patterson, Out of Order (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), quotation on 60, and conventions discussed on 56–63. [End Page 360]
8. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 166–67. For additional discussion of the game/strategy frame, see Joseph N. Capella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); and James Fallows, Breaking the News: How the Media Undermine American Democracy (New York: Vintage, 1997).
9. Robert M. Entman, “Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power,” Journal of Communication 57 (2007): 164.
10. “Starting Gate: The Crucible of Events.” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-502163_162-4470739-502163.html (accessed January 2011).
11. Associated Press, “Parties Jockey for an Edge on Economic Aid,” October 13, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27166063/ (accessed January 2011).
12. Clark Hoyt, “The Campaign and the Horse Race,” New York Times, November 18, 2007, 14. This result is notable insofar as the study evaluated news coverage occurring a full year before the election rather than that which occurred closer to election day, when candidates would be closer to the “home stretch,” so to speak.
13. Dan Hahn, Political Communication: Rhetoric, Government, and Citizens, 2nd ed. (State College, PA: Strata, 2003), 163.
14. Hahn, Political Communication, 163.
15. Alec MacGillis, “Obama Woos the Rust Belt,” New Statesman, October 9, 2008, http://www.newstatesman.com/north-america/2008/10/barack-obama-vote-usa-union (accessed January 2011).
16. Sam Stein, “Biden, Clinton To Unite as Obama Woos Women Voters,” Huffington Post, September 16, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/16/biden-clinton-event-plann_n_126717.html (accessed January 2011).
17. Sarah Lai Stirland, “Obama Woos Silicon Valley,” Wired Blog Network, November 14, 2007, http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2007/11/obama-unveils-s/ (accessed January 2011).
18. Dana Bash, “McCain Courts Women Voters,” ElectionCenter2008, April 10, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/04/10/mccain.women.voters/index.html (accessed January 2011).
19. “McCain Courts Hispanic Voters,” ElectionCenter2008, May 5, 2008, http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/05/mccain/index.html (accessed January 2011).
20. Ariel Sabar, “McCain Courts Blue-Collar Democrats,” Christian Science Monitor, May 7, 2008, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2008/0507/p01s02-uspo.html (accessed January 2011).
21. Marc Ambinder, “McCain Courts Gay Vote in Blade Interview,” The Atlantic, October 1, 2008, http://marcambinder.theatlantic.com/archives/2008/10/mccain_courts_gay_votein_blad.php [End Page 361] (accessed October 19, 2008).
22. Bash, “McCain Courts Women Voters.”
23. Ewan MacAskill, “Barack Obama: Charm Offensive Wins Over Angry Crowd . . . of Reporters,” The Guardian UK, July 26, 2008, http://www.truthout.org/article/obamacharms-angry-reporters (accessed January 2011).
24. “Obama Charms the Pants Off the World,” The Daily Dogfood, July 21, 2008, http://www.thedailydogfood.com/2008/07/obama-charms-pants-off-world-mccain.html (accessed February 2011).
25. “Ultimate Bromance,” The Hotline, September 23, 2008, www.NationalJournal.com (accessed October 19, 2008).
26. See, for example, Bella Kelly, “Dade Women Swoon Over Ability! Can Sex Appeal Win Vote?” The Miami News, August 10, 1960, B1.
27. Mary Douglas Vavrus, “From Women of the Year to ‘Soccer Moms’: The Case of the Incredible Shrinking Women,” Political Communication 17 (2000): 193–213.
28. Karrin Vasby Anderson and Jessie Stewart, “Politics and the Single Woman: the ‘Sex and the City Voter’ in Campaign 2004,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 8 (2005): 595–616.
29. Jamieson, Dirty Politics, 186.
30. Entman, “Cascading Activation,” Political Communication 20 (2003): 415–32, 417.
31. See, for example, Karrin Vasby Anderson and Kristina Horn Sheeler, Governing Codes: Gender, Metaphor, and Political Identity (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005); Greg Dickinson and Karrin Vasby Anderson, “Fallen: OJ Simpson, Hillary Rodham Clinton and the Recentering of White Patriarchy,” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 1 (2004): 271–96; Karrin Vasby Anderson, “Hillary Rodham Clinton as ‘Madonna’: The Role of Metaphor and Oxymoron in Image Restoration,” Women’s Studies in Communication 25 (2002): 105–32; Molly Mayhead and Brenda DeVore Marshall, eds., Navigating Boundaries: The Rhetoric of Women Governors (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000); Karrin Vasby Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich’: ‘Bitch’ as a Tool of Containment in Contemporary American Politics,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2 (1999): 599–623; Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, “The Discursive Performance of Femininity: Hating Hillary,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 1 (1998): 1–19; and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
32. Shanto Iyengar, Nicholas A. Valentino, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Adam F. Simon, “Running as a Woman: Gender Stereotyping in Political Campaigns,” in Women, Media, and Politics, ed. Pippa Norris (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 79. For additional discussion of the variety of gendered ways in which women candidates are framed, see Edwards, Gender and Political Communication in America; and Molly A. Mayhead and Brenda Devore Marshall, Women’s Political Discourse: A 21st Century Perspective (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005). [End Page 362]
33. Gamson, Talking Politics, 118.
34. Michael Calvin McGee, “Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture,” Western Journal of Speech Communication 54 (1990): 274–89, quotes on 274 and 288.
35. McGee, “Text, Context, and the Fragmentation of Contemporary Culture,” 287.
36. See, for example, Andrea Dworkin, Pornography: Men Possessing Women (New York: Penguin, 1981); Andrea Dworkin and Catharine MacKinnon, Pornography and Civil Rights: A New Day for Women’s Equality (Minneapolis, MN: Organization Against Pornography, 1988); Michael Kimmel, ed., Men Confront Pornography (New York, NY: Meridian, 1990); and Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York, NY: Routledge, 1995).
37. See, for example, Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole S. Vance (Boston, MA: Routledge, 1984), 267–319; Wendy McElroy, XXX: A Woman’s Right to Pornography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995); Laura Kipnis, Bound and Gagged (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999); and Nadine Strossen, Defending Pornography: Free Speech, Sex, and the Fight for Women’s Rights (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
38. See, for example, Naomi Wolf, Fire with Fire (New York: Random House, 1993); and Camille Paglia, Vamps and Tramps (New York: Vintage Books, 1994).
39. See Paul, Pornified; Ingraham, Power to the People; and Sarracino and Scott, The Porning of America.
40. For discussions of academic and legal perspectives on pornography and feminism, see, for example, Duggand and Hunter, Sex Wars, and Kipnis, Bound and Gagged.
41. See Ashley Womble, “Senator is the Centerfold,” Cosmpolitan, September 22, 2009, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/scott-brown-nude-in-cosmo (accessed January 2011).
42. Jamieson, Beyond the Double Bind, 53.
43. “Palin’s Sexy Librarian Glasses Spark Interest in Eyewear,” Stylelist, September 9, 2008, http://www.stylelist.com/2008/09/09/palins-sexy-librarian-glasses-spark-interest-ineyewear/ (accessed January 2011).
44. Christopher Orr, “Sarah Palin as Sexy Librarian,” The Plank, blog for The New Republic, September 5, 2008, http://www.tnr.com/blog/the-plank/sarah-palin-sexy-librarian (accessed January 2011).
45. Many of the images assessed in this study spread virally as email attachments or blog postings. When possible, I have tracked the image to its original source. Otherwise I cite the email or blog source where I found the image. See Royce Williams, “O-Mama Spoof of Alaska Statehood Plate,” AKPL8S, September 6, 2008, http://blog.akplates.org/2008/09/o-mama-spoof-of-alaska-statehood-plate.html [End Page 363] (accessed January 2011); [email protected] (author credit), “Campaign Buttons,” Calgary Sun, August 29, 2008, www.caglecartoons.com (accessed January 2011).
46. Charlotte Hilton Anderson, “Sarah Palin Bikini Pictures: Fake Photos Hit the Web,” The Huffington Post, September 2, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charlottehilton-andersen/sarah-palin-bikini-pictur_b_123234.html (accessed January 2011).
47. See, for example, the MILF McCain ’08 website at http://milfmccain.spreadshirt.com/ (accessed October 20, 2008), and the poster with Palin’s picture and the caption “MILF” on the cafepress website at http://art.cafepress.com/item/sarah-palin-milf-smallposter/302525295 (accessed October 20, 2008). The narrative of the experienced woman engaging an eager younger man in sex is a staple of popular culture, exemplified in characters such as The Graduate’s Mrs. Robinson, Desperate Housewives’ Gabrielle, Lipstick Jungle’s Nico, and in the Fountains Of Wayne hit song, “Stacy’s Mom Has Got It Goin’ On.”
48. The biblical story of Esther is the archetypal example of this phenomenon—a narrative that Elizabeth Cady Stanton strongly rejected in her version of The Woman’s Bible. Contemporarily, the influence of political spouses has been reduced to “pillow talk,” suggesting that (mostly) female spouses of political leaders accessed political power primarily via the conjugal bed.
49. Carrie Dann, “Desperately Searching for Sarah,” September 28, 2008, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26903680/page/2/ (accessed January 2011).
50. “Larry Flynt is Hustling Up an Ala-skin flick with Sarah Palin Look-Alike,” The New York Daily News, October 2, 2008, http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2008/10/02/2008-10-02_larry_flynt_is_hustling_up_an_alaskin_fl.html (accessed January 2011).
51. “Nailin’ Paylin: Another Minute of Hustler Palin-Spoof Porn,” Huffington Post, October 24, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/24/nailin-paylin-another-min_n_137592.html (accessed January 2011).
52. “‘Nailin Paylin’: Hustler’s Palin Porn Details,” Huffington Post, October 3, 2008, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/03/nailin-paylin-hustlers-pa_n_131581.html (accessed January 2011).
53. Tracy Clark-Flory, “Sneak Peek: The Palin Porno,” Salon.com, October 20, 2008, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed June 27, 2009); Tommy Christopher, “Hustler Endorses ‘Serra Paylin,’” Politics Daily, October 21, 2008, http://www.politicsdaily.com/2008/10/21/hustler-releases-palin-inspired-porn-flick/ (accessed January 2011); “Nalin’ Paylin: The Palin Porn Flick,” Right Wing News, October 15, 2008, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed June 27, 2009); and “Is Larry Flint Nailin’ Palin?” DCRepublican. com, October 21, 2008, http://dcrepublican.com/2008/10/21/is-larry-flint-nailinpalin/ (accessed January 2011). [End Page 364]
54. “Is Larry Flint Nailin’ Palin?”
55. Transcript reprinted in “Gingrich Cries Foul over Mom’s Whisper,” Sacramento Bee, January 5, 1995, A1, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed February 2, 1996); also see Roger Simon, “Just Answer in a Whisper: Can Connie be Trusted?” Baltimore Sun, January 6, 1995, Final Edition, 2A, Lexis Nexis Academic Universe (accessed February 2, 1996).
56. Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich,’” 599–23.
57. Anonymous comment, response to Perry Bacon Jr., “Clinton: GOP Should Apologize to America,” The Trial: A Daily Diary of Campaign 2008, July 13, 2008, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/07/13/clinton_gop_should_apologize_t.html (accessed January 2011).
58. Katharine Mieszkowski, “More Ways to Call Hillary Clinton the C-Word,” broadsheet, January 25, 2008, http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2008/01/25/hillary_clinton (accessed January 2011).
59. Carol Lloyd, “The C-Word as a Political Tool,” broadsheet, January 24, 2008, http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2008/01/24/roger_stone (accessed January 2011). The IRS filing for Citizens United Not Timid is available at Talking Points Memo Document Collection, January 23, 2008, http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/citizens-not-timid/ (accessed January 2011).
60. Lloyd, “The C-Word as a Political Tool.”
61. Jon Stewart, “Indecision 2008—Obama Fist Bump” (video), The Daily Show, June 11, 2008, http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=173064&title=indecision-2008-obama-fist-bump (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
62. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny,” video montage, May 19, 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbzT2YqhGT4 (accessed January 2011).
63. The exchange was described on the Media Matters for America website, which also contained video of the full conversation. See Eric Boehlert and Jamison Foser, “Cliff May on Sen. Clinton: ‘At Least Call Her a Vaginal-American,’” Media Matters for America, October 16, 2007, http://mediamatters.org/items/200710160010?f=s_search (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
64. “Cunt,” OED Online, 2nd ed., http://dictionary.oed.com/ (accessed June 2010).
65. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
66. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
67. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton—Rising Above Sexism & Misogyny.”
68. Quoted in “Hillary Clinton: Mad As Hell/Bitch,” video montage, April 6, 2008, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcdnlNZg2iM (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
69. Obama Girl [Amber Lee Ettinger], “Crush on Obama,” produced by Ben Relles, June 13, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKsoXHYICqU (accessed January 2011). [End Page 365]
70. “About Us: The Barely Political Team,” www.BarelyPolitical.com/page/about (accessed January 2011).
71. Jose Antonio Vargas, “Obama Crush . . . With Eyeliner,” June 14, 2007, Channel ’08, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/channel-08/2007/06/obama_crush_with_eyeliner.html (accessed January 2011).
72. Taryn Southern, “Hott 4 Hill,” July 2, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Sudw-4ghVe8 (accessed January 2011).
73. Links to relevant episodes can be found at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19908527/ (accessed October 21, 2008).
74. Kate Phillips, “2008: Obama Girl and More,” June 13, 2007, The Caucus, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/06/13/2008-obama-girl-and-more/ (accessed January 2011).
75. George Stephanopoulos, “Roundtable,” This Week . . . with George Stephanopoulos, June 17, 2007, LexisNexis Academic (accessed October 21, 2008).
76. Dan Harris and David Wright, “Obamagirl; Video Rocks Presidential Campaign,” World News Sunday, June 17, 2007, LexisNexis Academic (accessed February 2011).
77. Hardball with Chris Matthews, July 24, 2008, author’s transcript.
78. This argument is powerfully illustrated in the Dreamworlds documentary trilogy produced by Sut Jhally and the Media Education Foundation. See an unabridged preview of Dreamworlds 3 at http://www.mediaed.org/cgi-bin/commerce.cgi?preadd=action&key=223 (accessed January 2011).
79. “Declare Yourself: La Toya,” Coloribus, 2004–2009, http://www.coloribus.com/adsarchive/prints/declare-yourself-la-toya-204888/ (accessed January 2011).
80. For analysis of the construction of single women voters in 2004, see Anderson and Stewart, “Politics and the Single Woman.”
81. Murali Balaji, “Owning Black Masculinity: The Intersection of Cultural Commodification and Self-Construction in Rap Music Videos,” Communication, Culture & Critique 2 (2009): 22. See also R. L. Jackson, Scripting the Black Masculine Body: Identity, Discourse, and Racial Politics in Popular Media (Albany: SUNY Press, 2006); and R. Richardson, Black Masculinity and the U.S. South: From Uncle Tom to Gangsta (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007).
82. Some parliamentary systems increasingly emphasize individual candidate appeal. For example, when the May 2010 British election included a “presidential-style TV debate,” many took it as a sign of the “presidentialization of U.K. politics.” See, for example, Benn Quinn, “British Election: Nickk Clegg Wins U.K.’s First Presidential-Style TV Debates,” CSMonitor.com, April 16, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0416/British-election-Nick-Clegg-wins-UK-s-first-presidential-style-TV-debates (accessed Janu ary 2011). Also see Thomas Poguntke and Paul Webb, eds., The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies (Oxford: [End Page 366] Oxford University Press, 2005).
83. Jonathan Dube, “Bush Charms the Ladies,” ABCNews.com, October 15, 1999, (accessed October 19, 1999).
84. “Facts on Women in Congress 2010,” Center for American Women and Politics, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Congress-CurrentFacts.php (accessed January 2011); “Women in Statewide Elective Executive Office 2010,” Center for American Women and Politics, http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/Statewide-Current.php (accessed January 2011).
85. Jonathan Tilove, “Woman-Hating Glee Club,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, December 11, 2007, http://www.nola.com/living/t-p/index.ssf?/base/living-9/1197354420308740.xml&coll=1 (accessed January 2011).
86. See, for example, Emily Steel, “The New Focus Groups: Online Networks: Proprietary Panels Help Consumer Companies Shape Products, Ads,” The Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2008, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB120027230906987357.html (accessed January 2011); and Alex Cohen, “Artists Use Social Media for Public Feedback,” All Things Considered, June 18, 2009, www.npr.org (accessed June 28, 2009).
87. J. Michael Hogan, “George Gallup and the Rhetoric of Scientific Democracy,” Communication Monographs 64 (1997): 161–79.
88. Ross Douthat, “No Mystique About Feminism,” New York Times, June 13, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/14/opinion/14douthat.html (accessed January 2011).
89. The original “Year of the Woman” was 1992, when women voters, ostensibly incensed over Anita Hill’s treatment during Clarence Thomas’s Supreme Court confirmation hearings, ushered a record number of women into office. See Vavrus, “From Women of the Year to ‘Soccer Moms.’”
90. Liz Sidoti, “Primary Results in Arkansas, Nevada and California Will Set Stage for 2010 Election,” The Huffington Post, June 9, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/06/08/primary-results-in-arkans_n_604009.html (accessed January 2011). Also see Ewen MacAskill, “U.S. Primary Results Lead Media to Hail this the ‘Year of the Woman,’” The Guardian, June 12, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20100610/pl_ynews/ynews_pl2531 (accessed January 2011); and Liz Goodwin, “‘Year of the Woman’ Narrative Seduces Media after Primary Vote,” The Newsroom, June 10, 2010, http://news.yahoo.com/s/ynews/20100610/pl_ynews/ynews_pl2531 . (accessed January 2011).
91. Caroline Howard, “Mama Grizzlies on the Campaign Trail,” Forbes, June 10, 2010, http://blogs.forbes.com/work-in-progress/2010/06/10/women-politicans-mama-grizzliescampaign-trail/ (accessed January 2011).
92. Jonathan Alter, “Ladies’ Night,” Newsweek, June 9, 2010, http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/09/jonathan-alter-on-what-the-june-primary-results-mean.html (accessed January 2011). [End Page 367]
93. Real Time with Bill Maher, episode 188, June 11, 2010, HBO. A video excerpt is available at http://rackjite.com/archives/5131-Video-Bill-Maher-Arizona-wins-Stupidest-State-and-Nikki-Ho-Haley.html (accessed January 2011), author’s transcript.
94. Anderson, “‘Rhymes with Rich.’”
95. Rebecca Dana, “Why Women Don’t Have Sex Scandals,” The Daily Beast, December 11, 2009, http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-12-11/why-women-donthave-sex-scandals/ (accessed January 2011).
96. Josh Marshall, “Somethin’ in the Water Down There,” TPM, June 2, 2010, http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/archives/2010/06/somethin_in_the_water_down_there.php (accessed January 2011), emphasis added.
97. Mark Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?” Language Log, June 4, 2010, http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2367 (accessed January 2011).
98. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
99. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
100. Liberman, “Is Nikki Haley a Manizer?”
101. “Liveblogging the Razorback Blanche Lincoln-Palmetto Nikki Haley Memorial Pig Race,” Wonkette, June 8, 2010, http://wonkette.com/415875/liveblogging-the-razorbackblanche-lincoln-palmetto-nikki-haley-memorial-pig-race (accessed January 2011).
102. “GOP Candidate Nikki Haley Can Not Keep Her Knickers On,” Caffeinated Politics, June 3, 2010, http://dekerivers.wordpress.com/2010/06/03/gop-candidate-nikki-haley-can-notkeep-her-knickers-on/ (accessed January 2011). [End Page 368]
Copyright © 2011 Michigan State University Board of Trustees
|
i don't know
|
Béchamel, Espagnole, Velouté, Hollandaise, Tomate are the five 'mother (what?)' of classical French cuisine?
|
5 Mother Sauces, What are the Sauces Made in France
By Noah Charney on
December 08, 2015
In 1854, French chef Marie-Antoine Carȇme published L’Art de la Cuisine Francaise au Dix-Neuvieme Siecle, an encyclopedia of French cuisine and cooking that was the first culinary cultural encyclopedia. Carȇme’s influence extended beyond recipes. Starting life as a kitchen boy in a cheap chop house, he worked his way up to becoming an expert patissiere, whose elaborate confections, some nearly a meter tall and modelled on ancient ruins like the pyramids, drew gawking customers at shop windows, before he rose to the status of must-have celebrity chef, cooking for Napoleon, Talleyrand, King George IV of England, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and the Rothschilds. It is thanks to him that we eat our meals in order, one course at a time (referred to as service a la Russe, as Carȇme learned in Russia), as opposed to having all dishes served simultaneously (service a la Francaise). He is also responsible for diverse menus and eating seasonally—his employer, Talleyrand, challenged him to make a year-long menu, with no dishes repeated, and all ingredients both local and seasonal.
Among his many accomplishments, he wrote of what he considered the four “mother sauces,” sauces that form the base from which countless variations can be prepared. Carȇme’s mother sauces were espagnole, veloute, béchamel and allemande. In 1903, Carȇme’s bible of French cuisine was updated by chef Auguste Escoffier , whose monumental Le Guide Culinaire is still required reading for every student of cookery the world over. Born in Nice, Escoffier worked for hotelier Cesar Ritz in Monte Carlo and Lucerne, and brought haute French cuisine to London, when he and Ritz were invited by Richard D’Oyly Carte to run the Savoy Hotel—he would later become chef of the Ritz and Carlton hotels. Part of Escoffier’s modernization was a shift in what he considered to be mother sauces. Allemande, he argued, was really just a “daughter” of veloute, and should be downgraded. But he added two more in its place: hollandaise and sauce tomate. Hollandaise, part of the egg-based range of –aises, I discussed in a previous article, so we’ll set that aside. Because we’ve got another four mother sauces to examine.
Five Mother Sauces: Bechamel
It’s a running joke that just about any traditional French recipe begins with “make a roux,” but the mixture of butter and flour provides unctuous body to anything added to it. Throw some milk into a roux, and you’ve got béchamel. This is the base for scores of “daughter” sauces, like Mornay (béchamel + gruyere and egg yolk) and mustard sauce (béchamel + mustard) and soubise (béchamel + diced onions). It is named after the chief steward to King Louis XIV, though no one knows why, and it first appears in Le Cuisinier Francois, published in 1651. For each cup of milk in the sauce, there is 1-3 tablespoons for butter and flour mixed in (depending on how thick you’d like it).
Five Mother Sauces: Espagnole
Espagnole, aka “brown sauce,” is the mother to hundreds of children, and is more of a starting point than something consumed as is. It begins with a dark brown roux, adding veal stock, bones and pieces of beef and vegetables—a miniature, concentrated stew, with tomato paste added at the end, before the sauce is skimmed and strained. Why it is called “Spanish” sauce is a matter of debate: one source says that it is because the Spanish chefs who came with Louis XIII’s bride insisted on kicking the French sauces for the wedding up a notch by adding Spanish tomatoes, while another says the use of meat in the sauce comes from a French craze for Spanish bacon and ham from Montanches. Take espagnole and reduce its liquidity by half, and you have a demi-glace. Add African or creole seasonings to it, and you’ve got Sauce Africaine. Add red wine and shallots, parsley, thyme and bay leaf, and you’ve got Sauce Bourguignonne.
Five Mother Sauces: Veloute
The so-called “velvet” sauce is made of chicken or fish bones that have not been first roasted (which would darken it), but are rather lighter in color and are mixed with a blond roux. Yes, you cannot escape roux when dealing with French sauces, nor should you. Roux takes a flavor and sauce-ifies it, so we might call roux the proto-mother sauce, since it is the true starting point of the mother sauces. Veloute couldn’t be simpler, and is the starting point for many variations, including Sauce Allemade, which Escoffier downgraded to a daughter sauce, since it is a veloute with the addition of lemon juice, cream and egg yolks. Other daughters include Sauce Ravigote (veloute + lemon and shallots), Sauce Supreme (veloute + cream and mushroom liquor), Sauce Normande (veloute + cream, butter and egg yolk) and Sauce Hungarian (veloute + paprika, onion and white wine).
Five Mother Sauces: Sauce Tomate
Tomato sauce may sound awfully simple, but Escoffier’s is not. Of course, it begins with a roux, but the flavor comes from salted pork belly, onions, bay leaf, sugar, pepper, salt, garlic, thyme and fresh tomatoes. Surely a sauce made just of roux and tomatoes would be more of a “mother,” as Escoffier’s is really quite specific, but he’s no longer around for us to argue. His inclusion of this inherently Italian sauce was progressive, as the French scoffed at the Italians and their so-called “cuisine,” thinking of them as second-class citizens when Escoffier was writing. All manner of daughter sauces emerge, like Sauce Bolognese (with minced meat, carrots, celery and onion), various hot sauces (with your choice of chili and vinegar added), or even more modern concoctions, like the Anglo-Indian favorite, tikka masala. It’s great practice for amateur chefs hoping to hone their skills to try their hand at Escoffier’s mother sauces. You’ll make a lot of roux, then mother sauces, and then take them in any direction you like. Master them, and the world of sauce is at your fingertips. Just be careful not to burn your roux…
Tags
|
Sauce
|
In chemistry and physics the tendency of a substance to vaporize is termed?
|
Sauces - StudyBlue
Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again.
Sauces
What are the five mother sauces designated by Auguste Escoffier in the 19th century?
Béchamel, Espagnole, Velouté, Hollandaise, Tomate
A sauce which is derived from one of the mother sauces by augmenting with additional ingredients is sometimes called...
small sauce or secondary sauce
Advertisement )
Sauces made by deglazing a pan are called
pan sauces
A cook who specializes in making sauces is a
saucier
Possibly the oldest sauce recorded is...
garum, a fish sauce used by the Ancient Romans.
Sauces used in traditional Japanese cuisine are usually based on
shōyu (soy sauce), miso or dashi.
A citrus-based sauce commonly used in Japanese cuisine.
Ponzu
Ponzu is made by simmering
mirin, rice vinegar, katsuobushi flakes, and seaweed (kombu) over medium heat. The liquid is then cooled, strained to remove the katsuobushi flakes, and finally the juice of one or more of the following citrus fruits is added: yuzu, sudachi, daidai, kabosu, or lemon.
Fish sauce is an amber-colored liquid extracted from
the fermentation of fish with sea salt.
Korean cuisine uses sauces such as
doenjang, gochujang, samjang, and soy sauce.
Peking-style hoisin sauce ingredients include
sweet potato, wheat or rice, water, sugar, soybeans, white distilled vinegar, salt, garlic, and red chili peppers.
A fresh, uncooked condiment made from chopped tomato, white onion, and chilis (typically jalapeños or serranos). Other ingredients may also be added, such as lime juice or apple cider vinegar, fresh cilantro (coriander leaf), cucumber, radish or firm fruit such as mango is called...
pico de gallo
Argentine Chimichurri is a green sauce used in Argentina for
roast meat and sausages.
Chimichurri is made from...
finely chopped parsley, minced garlic, olive oil, oregano, and white or red vinegar. Additional flavorings such as cilantro, paprika, cumin, thyme, lemon, and bay leaf may be included.
The Italian salsa verde is a cold rustic sauce, and includes...
parsley, vinegar, capers, garlic, onion, anchovies, olive oil, and possibly mustard.
Advertisement
The Frankfurt-style of Hessian Green Sauce (Grüne Soße) is made from...
hard-boiled eggs, oil, vinegar, salt, and generous amount of seven fresh herbs, namely borage, sorrel,garden cress, chervil, chives, parsley, and salad burnet.
The state of Oaxaca is called "the land of the seven moles", with these being named...
mole negro, colorado, amarillo, verde, chichilo, coloradito, and mancha manteles (or tablecloth stainer)
The best known of Oaxaca's moles is...
mole negro
All mole preparations begin with one or more types of...
chili pepper (ancho, pasilla, mulato and chipotle)
The ingredients of mole can be grouped into five distinct classes:
chiles, sour (tomatillos), sweet (dried fruits and sugar), spices, and thickeners (nuts and tortillas).
Milk-based sauce, thickened with a white roux.
Sauce Béchamel
A fortified brown veal stock sauce.
Sauce Espagnole
White stock-based sauce, thickened with a roux or a liaison.
Sauce Velouté
An emulsion of egg yolk, butter and lemon or vinegar.
Sauce Hollandaise
A mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible (nonmixable or unblendable).
Emulsion
In the European traditions, sauces are often served in a...
sauce boat
Bechamel can be made into Mornay by the addition of...
grated cheese
Espagnole becomes Bordelaise with the addition of
reduction of red wine, shallots, and poached beef marrow.
The sole survivor of the medieval bread-thickened sauces, the traditional British bread sauce is made with
milk, butter or cream, bread crumbs, flavoured with onion, salt, cloves, mace, pepper and bay leaf, with the fat from roasting often added too.
A cooking mixture of wheat flour and fat (traditionally butter).
Roux
What is the thickening agent of three of the mother sauces of classical French cooking: béchamel, velouté and espagnole sauce.
Roux
Staka (στάκα) is a type of roux particular to
Cretan cuisine
Staka is prepared by cooking...
goat milk cream over a low flame with wheat flour or starch.
Some examples of Italian savory sauces used for dressing meats, fish and vegetables are:
Bagna cauda from Piedmont, Salmoriglio from Sicily, Gremolata from Milan, Salsa verde from Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany
Some examples of Italian savory sauces used to dress pasta dishes are:
Ragù alla Bolognese as the name suggest from Bologna, Pesto from Genoa, Carbonara and Amatriciana from Lazio
Some examples of Italian dessert sauces are:
Zabajone from Piedemont, Crema pasticciera made with eggs and milk and common in the whole peninsula, and "Crema al mascarpone" used to make Tiramisù and to dress panettone at Christmas and common in the North of the country.
* The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users. StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor.
Words From Our Students
"StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!"
Alice , Arizona State University
"I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue. It is so helpful for my education!"
Tim , University of Florida
"StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app. It's amazing!"
Jennifer , Rutgers University
"I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated. StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!"
Justin , LSU
|
i don't know
|
The Italian fashion name Prada refers to?
|
Italian Fashion Designers & Brands: Prada | Made-In-Italy.com
HOME › FASHION › Designers & Brands
Prada
At the beginning of the 20th century, a leather goods shop called Fratelli Prada opened in the Vittorio Emanuele Gallery in the very centre of Milan. Founders Mario Prada and his brother Martino could never have imagined that one day their name would be synonymous with Italian fashion all over the world.
In 1913, the Prada brothers began importing leather handbags and luggage from England to sell in Italy. Their first success came just a few years later, when their company was named “Official Supplier to the Italian Royal Household”, allowing them to use the House of Savoy insignia in their logo, and resulting in Prada's fame spreading among Europe's aristocracy.
As time went on the company helm was taken first by Luisa Prada - Mario and Martino's sister - and then by her daughter Miuccia, after Luisa's death in 1978. When Mario Prada once said that women couldn't do his job, he certainly wasn't expecting anything like that.
The Dream Unfolds
The turning point for the company came in 1977, when Miuccia met her husband Patrizio Bertelli, a Tuscan businessman in the leather goods market. He encouraged her to follow the dream of making her own bags and to stop importing. Just a few years later she launched her first creations. In 1984, two years after creating her women's shoe collection, Miuccia Prada launched the Prada backpack. Made of a special fine nylon twisted weave, it soon became one of the labels most iconic items. In 1988 Prada launched its women's haute couture collections to great acclaim.
The growing importance of the Italian fashion group led to their opening the first in a series of flagship stores in the Milanese central Via Della Spiga, which was followed by stores in New York, Madrid, Paris and Tokyo.
In the Nineties, the Italian fashion group continued to expand, with the creation of a men's collection and a new label Miu Miu. Created by Miuccia Prada to meet the needs of young women who wanted to be both on-trend and elegant without losing their personality, the line offers haute couture as well as accessories, handbags, footwear, fragrances and eyewear, the latter the result of special agreements signed by Prada with Luxottica, a leader in the Italian eyewear industry. They also signed agreements with the PUIG beauty and fashion group for the production and worldwide distribution of the feminine and masculine fragrances as well as the sunglasses and eyewear collections.
In 2001, Car Shoe, the iconic Italian brand created by Gianni Mostile in 1963, became part of the Prada group. The elegant and immediately recognisable driving moccasins were soon a staple in the Prada collections and much loved by the international glitterati.
More than Fashion
Miuccia Prada and her husband have always been passionate not only about fashion but the arts. In 1993 they created “Milano Prada Arte”, later changed to the Prada Foundation, a project intended to bring together the brightest minds in the fields of arts, culture, cinema, design and fashion.
Prada's foray into the world of cinema led to the making in 2005 of Thunder Perfect Mind, a short film directed by Ridley Scott to launch Prada's new female fragrance. Three years later, a Prada collection was the inspiration for another short film, Trembled Blossoms, by James Jean: its bright colors and creativity fully reflecting the ethos of the Italian fashion house .
Prada also entered the sports world, becoming sponsors of sailing teams and other events. They also worked with new technologies, launching the Prada Phone by LG in 2007.
In 2009, Prada published the Prada Book, a celebration of the innovation and creativite achievemnets that have led to it being one of the most shining examples of the made-in-Italy ethos.
With three Prada Epicenters in Broadway, Tokyo and Beverly Hills, headquarters in Italy and New York, and boutiques and stores all over the globe, Prada has become one of the most famous fashion names in the world. Taking design seriously both in terms of product and environment, the Tokyo store was designed by world famous architects, Pritzker Prizewinners, Herzog & deMeuron. In its 2010 Annual Report, the Prada Group's revenue was estimated at about 2.15 billion Euros, a great leap from that little leather shop in Milan and something that Mario and Martino Prada would be very proud of indeed.
|
Founder
|
Founded in 1827 by Karl Baedeker and run by his family until 1984, the eponymous German company is famous for?
|
Prada | History of Fashion
History of Prada
P
rada has a huge history and has spanned to every inch of the globe. Through all its achievements and innovative and pioneering into the fashion world, the label has still managed to stay all in the family.
Started by Mario Prada in 1913, to his granddaughter, Miuccia Prada today, the legacy of Prada lives on and a Prada piece can never be mistaken for any other. Just likes its name, it is timeless.
Here is the full history and timeline of Prada.
1913: Mario Prada founds the Prada label by opening the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. The label was originally started with the name Fratelli Prada. This store was in the Italian fashion capital, Milan, and featured trunks, beauty cases and leather bags.
FUN FACT: Mario Prada did not believe in having women in any kind of business role but when it was time for a successor, Prada’s son had no interest in the business so it was his daughter, Luisa Prada who took over…Karma?
1919: The role of “Official Supplier to the Italian Royal Household” is given to Prada. Because of this honor, Prada s authorized to use the House of Savoy coat of arms and knotted rope into its trademark logo. The European Aristocrats favor the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II and this ups the name and exclusivity of Prada.
1970: Luisa Prada’s daughter, Miuccia Prada joins the company.
1977: A partnership is born when the granddaughter of the founder, Miuccia Prada, and Patrizio Bertelli, an Italian Businessman, join forces. This partnership marks the beginning of the development of the Prada label.
1978: Miuccia Prada officially inherits the Prada Company. Prada comes out with its first huge innovation and launches nylon that looks like precious silk. This fabric is an icon on its own and is used throughout the fashion world.
1982: The first collection of Women’s Prada footwear is unveiled.
1983: After working towards a new image for the Prada label, a store opened in Via della Spiga and captured the new look of the label.
1984: The Prada backpack is launched.
1986: Prada moves international and opens a store in New York and Madrid.
1987: Miuccia and Bertelli, her long time business partner are married.
1988: The first Prada women’s collection is shown in Milan.
1989: Store open in London, Paris and Tokyo.
1993: Miuccia Prada launched the new Miu Miu brand. Miu Miu included women’s ready-to-wear, bags, footwear, and accessories. This year also marked the creation of the Milano Prada Arte, a project to capture and show provocative art, cinema, architecture and culture. To add to an already exciting and innovative year for the brand, the first men’s collection is launched and includes ready-to-wear, accessories, and shoes.
FUN FACT: The logo of Prada is never as obvious on the garments and handbags as is some other labels, it has been said that this is because of the labels effort to not come of as snobby.
1995: Actress Uma Thurman wears a Prada dress to the Academy Awards this year.
1997: The Prada Challende for the America’s Cup 2000 sailing team is created by Bertelli. The Luna Rossa boat is entered and wins the Challengers Selection Series.
1998: Bertelli sells his shares of Prada to LVMH.
1999: Church’s the brand becomes apart of the Prada Group.
FUN FACT: Church’s was a historical brand and was started in 1873. It originated from Northampton. Church’s was known for its high-end footwear.
2000: Prada hits another huge milestone and launches its sunglasses and eyewear collection.
FUN FACT: In the 2000’s, Prada signed a loose deal with Azzedine Alaia.
2001: The Car Shoe brand is now controlled by Prada and the first Prada Epicenter is opened in New York, made to reconsider the way the shopping experience.
2002: The Prada Headquarters are opened in America in New York.
2003: Prada begins to create fragrances after joining into an agreement with PUIG Beauty & Fashion Group. The eyewear collection for both Prada and Miu Miu got a boost in production and international distribution by signing on with Luxottica. The Epicenter’s keep coming with the opening of the second location in Tokyo.
FUN FACT: The Prada name appears in the critically acclaimed book “The Devil Wears Prada”, by Lauren Weisberger. The novel was made into a movie in 2006/2007 and Meryl Streep starred as the cutthroat magazine editor.
2004: The third Epicenter is erected on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills. A Prada exhibition is opened call “Waist Down”. The exhibition was first shown in the Epicenter in Tokyo and showed off some of the most prominent skirts designed and created at Prada.
2005: The “Waist Down” exhibition appears in Shanghai, followed by the Epicenter locations in New York, and Los Angeles. Continuing to branch out into the arts, Prada presents at the Berlin Film Festival, the short film “Thunder Perfect Mind”.
FUN FACT: “Thunder Perfect Mind” stemmed from Miuccia Prada asking film director Ridley Scott and Jordan Scott, his daughter, to help her in launching Prada’s new fragrance. “Thunder Perfect Mind” is the title of a poem that Jordan Scott wrote and presented to Miuccia Prada during the collaboration.
2006: Miu Miu is added to the Paris ready-to-wear calendar. This year also marked the launch of the first men’s fragrance from Prada.
2007: Prada continues to reach beyond conventional fashion and designs their first ‘Prada phone’ for LG.
FUN FACT: The Prada phone was the first phone to have an entirely touch screen cell phone.
2008: Another Prada short film is debuted. “Trembled Blossoms”, an animated film based on Prada’s collaboration with James Jean.
FUN FACT: “Trembled Blossoms” was inspired by the labels Spring/Summer 2008 collection.
2009: “Waist Down” is located in Seoul. The “Prada book” is unveiled giving a historical account of the Prada label and its many ventures throughout its history. The Prada “Transformer” is also featured in Seoul.
2010: The exciting launch of “Prada Made in…” occurs. This line highlights the different craftsmanship of different countries. Prada also opens new flagship stores in Shanghai, two Prada and two Miu Miu.
2011: Prada goes public, making headlines worldwide.
Celebrity Fans:
|
i don't know
|
Nits, Blondels, Skots, Lamberts, and Footlamberts are measures of?
|
CityPages Kuwait July 2013 by CityPages Kuwait (page 122) - issuu
issuu
122
{Homework for Grown ups}
HOMEWORK FOR GROWN UPS EVERYTHING YOU LEARNED AT SCHOOL... BUT CAN YOU REMEMBER? General Knowledge Quiz
3. What word features in most sciences and elsewhere technically referring, like its Latin origin, to a 'flow'? 4. Charlotte, TJ's, Adelphi, Barfly; Joiners, and Forum are/were names in what UK market sector: Fashion; Lifestyle media; Perfume; or Music? 5. A 'rum baba' is a: Shaved head; Cake; Judo throw; or Fijian canoe? 6. What political speech/campaign term derives from the tradition of cutting down a tree to make a platform for the speaker? 7. The volume of (soccer) football (regulation adult 70cm circumference) is approximately how many litres: 2.5; 3.7; 4.6; or 5.8? 8. A safe reliable business agreement or position is said to be (what?)bottomed: Gold; Copper; Brass; or Lead? 9. Béchamel, Espagnole, Velouté, Hollandaise, Tomate are the five 'mother (what?)' of classical French cuisine? 10. Andersen Consulting was renamed (2001) and became which vast global B2B corporation? 11. In chemistry and physics the tendency of a substance to vaporize is termed: Volatility; Pressure; Density; or Potential Energy? 12. The Italian fashion name Prada refers to: The founder; The founder's hometown; 'Proud'; or 'Handbag'?
In this sentence, ransack means to: 1. drown out 2. make sense of 3. search thoroughly 4. give up on
ANSWER: 3.When you ransack, you rifle through things, steal some of them, and leave a huge mess behind. If neighborhood dogs got into a cupcake shop, they would probably ransack it.
2. Which organization launched the Firefox smartphone operating system in 2013, targeting the developing world?
Moodily, but in vain, I ransack my memory.
You can use the verb ransack to describe a careful search — you might ransack your backpack looking for your car keys, for example. Marauding armies, feral cats, burglars, and other troublemakers are often described as ransacking towns, rooms, gardens, or shops, especially if they take things and leave disarray in their wake. The word ransack comes from the Old Norse rannsaka, which has a similar meaning but is literally "search the house."us the word clairvoyance.
1. The hairstyling device used in creating a bun is commonly called a: Donut; Cake; Pudding; or Pizza?
Test Your Vocabulary
Cool Maths Puzzle A caterer charges a setup fee of $50, and $18 per person. How much will the caterer charge if 40 people attend the party, and the customer has a coupon for $100 off the total?
13. What caused a 34 minute suspension of play in the 2013 Superbowl: Fire; Fog; Serious injury; or Power-cut?
a) $720 b) $670 c) $820 d) $770
14. Founded in 1827 by Karl Baedeker and run by his family until 1984, the eponymous German company is famous for: Meat products; Travel guides; Sports equipment; or Fashion wear? 15. Name the social influence theory defined/popularized by US professor of economics/behavioral science Richard Thaler in his 2008 book: "(What?) - Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness" ?
ANSWERS :(b)
16. Apterous means: Appropriate; Capable; Wingless; or April-flowering?
18. The 1960s abbreviations 'STD' and 'DDD' referred (UK and US respectively) to what aspects of telephone dialling: Long-distance and Direct; Local and Free; Emergency and Free; or Push-button and Digital? 19. Nits, Blondels, Skots, Lamberts, and Footlamberts are measures of: Human intelligence; Sound; Rubber-band tension; or Luminance? 20. The 'steg' in stegosaurus refers to its: Covering (of armoured plates); Slowness; Two-brains; or Stripes? ANSWERS: 1. Donut, 2. Mozilla, 3. Flux (from fluxus, flow), 4. Music (they are/were all famous small live music venues, respectively in Leicester, Newport, Hull, Cardiff, Southampton, Tunbridge Wells), 5. Cake (Usually individual-portioned, syrup coated, round sponge, soaked in rum, filled with cream - traditional/developed in Paris from Polish origins), 6. Stump (it originally referred in US politics to a standard speech delivered to a relatively small gathering and has grown to refer to campaigning using local informal speaking situations, 'on the stump'), 7. 5.8 (5.573L to be more precise), 8. Copper (derived from the Royal Navy's 1700s innovation of copper-sheathing ships' keels and undersides to counter rot, weeds and worm damage), 9. Sauces, 10. Accenture, 11. Volatility, 12. The founder (Prada was founded by Mario Prada, 1949 - his granddaughter Miuccia Prada took over from her mother in 1978, developing handbags and a vast corporation inc Fendi, Jill Sander, and Helmut Lang), 13. Power-cut, 14. Travel guides, 15. Nudge, 16. Wingless (notably relating to insects, from the Greek 'a', without, and 'pteron', wing), 17. Horse, 18. Long-distance Direct, 19. Luminance, 20. Covering (of armoured plates)
www.citypageskuwait.com
JUMBLED WORDS D A L U T P O S I L M E E F L A R E P N O S R U T P I N ANSWERS: ADULT,SPOIL, FEMALE, PERSON, TURNIP
17. Baniku (Japan), Rosswurst (Germany), and Gustafskorv (Sweden) are foods made from what?
|
Luminance
|
Weibo is a what in China?
|
For more information, visit the International Dark Sky Association homepage at www.darksky.org ,
The issue: GLARE, LIGHT TRESPASS AND EXCESSIVE SKYGLOW
Our premise: EXCESSIVE SKY GLOW OVER CITIES IS THE MANIFESTATION OF LESS THAN IDEAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT OF OUR ELECTRICAL AND LIGHTING RESOURCES, MOST OF WHICH CAN BE CORRECTED.
GLARE: The 8th edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook (1993) defines glare as the sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort or loss of visual performance and visibility. It stands to reason, then, that any good outdoor lighting design will minimize glare. If the light source itself is more apparent than what it is illuminating, then you have bad lighting. -- from the Dark Sky Association homepages.
Light TRESPASS is light that is distributed where it is not wanted or needed. Street lighting, for example, should light just streets and sidewalks, not shine into second floor bedroom windows or illuminate rooftops. Also known as spill light, light trespass occurs whenever light shines beyond the intended target and onto adjacent properties. -- from the Dark Sky Association homepages.
UPLIGHT is, in the truest sense of the word, wasted light. Light that goes directly up into the night sky is "lost in space" and serves no useful purpose. Uplight is the bane of astronomers and the occasional stargazer because atmospheric scattering artificially brightens the night sky, making distant celestial light sources difficult or impossible to see. Uplight often results from light fixtures which also produce glare and light trespass. -- from the Dark Sky Association homepages.
And from NEMA: "FULL CUTOFF" fixtures are those that allow "no light at or above a horizontal plane located at the bottom of the luminaire" (lamp plus fixture). In any event, the idea is simple - aim the light where and when it is needed, and don't send the light upwards or across property lines.
NEWS:
DECLARATION IN DEFENCE OF THE NIGHT SKY AND THE RIGHT TO STARLIGHT -- Proceedings - Starlight 2007 Conference
"The sky, our common and universal heritage, is an integral part of the environment perceived by humanity. Humankind has always observed the sky either to interpret it or to understand the physical laws that govern the universe. This interest in astronomy has had profound implications for science, philosophy, religion, culture and our general conception of the universe". Proclamation of 2009 as International Year of Astronomy. UNESCO General Conference. Paris 2005.
�Persons belonging to future generations have the right to an uncontaminated and undamaged Earth, including pure skies; they are entitled to its enjoyment as the ground of human history of culture and social bonds that make each generation and individual a member of one human family.�
Universal Declaration of Human Rights for Future Generations. La Laguna, 1994. Website: STARLIGHT: International Initiative in Defence of the Quality of the Night Sky as Mankind�s Scientific, Cultural and Environmental Righs
0. Compilation of regional night sky photometry HERE
1. Denver City and County implemented new building codes including updated lighting regs... details available at website DENVERGOV.ORG and search for Lighting Regulations
2. Useful links to Colorado city, county, state lighting regs:
Colorado IESNA and select link to LIGHTING CODES, near end of left column.
WE **CAN** REDUCE SKYGLOW (the combined effect of light pollution), LIGHT TRESPASS AND GLARE, AND AGAIN SEE THE MILKY WAY EVEN FROM Metro DENVER! WE NEED LIGHT POLLUTION SOLUTIONS!
LIGHT POLLUTION refers to wasteful and excessive electric lighting that blocks our view of the night sky.
Light TRESPASS and GLARE refer to unwanted and harmful lighting.
During 2001, the Colorado Legislature agreed and modified state law to address these issues: SECTION 2, ARTICLE 82 OF TITLE 24, COLORADO REVISED STATUES IS AMENDED BY THE ADDITION OF A NEW PART TO READ: PART 9, OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTURES.
Astronomers are NOT AGAINST SAFETY, but are very worried about destruction of the night sky by lighting that shines uselessly into the sky, wasting money and depriving everyone of their cosmic birthright, not to mention causing inferior sleep and melatonin disruption. Badly aimed light also produces trespass nuisance, and disabling glare -- especially for older people.
The simplest solution also saves money: add a shield on top of new lighting, to direct all of the light toward the ground where it is needed.
Also, the use of motion sensors and timers reduce the cost of lighting to only when it is really needed.
PAST EVENTS -- 2005 Dec: Pueblo County adopts stricter lighting regs. Link: http://www.co.pueblo.co.us/planning/planning_cases/TA%202005-003/Final%20Proposed%20Outdoor%20Lighting%20Regulation.pdf
2005 Nov: Arvada City adopts new lighting code language, www.arvada.org
2005 Sept. Regional IDA workshop, Yellowstone Nat Park
2004 Sept. 17 WORKSHOP, Frisco, Colorado:
Topics/Speakers included:
The vanishing Colorado night sky, Robert Stencel; Practical solutions for light pollution, Nancy Clanton; Crime prevention through environmental design, John Minor; Lighting Ordinance process case study, Joani Matranga & Jill Peterson
House bill 1160 as introduced Colorado Legislature, Jan.2001; Rationale ; and how to contact your elected state reps here in Colorado :
The 1999 TEXAS LAW signed by George W. 'hissef': (& search for 1999 HB 916)
A recent composite of EARTH AT NIGHT from space (dmsp):
and how to contact your 2014 elected state reps here in Colorado.
A few terms defined, from the Dark Sky Association homepages:
GLARE: The 8th edition of the IESNA Lighting Handbook (1993) defines glare as the sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort or loss of visual performance and visibility. It stands to reason, then, that any good outdoor lighting design will minimize glare. If the light source itself is more apparent than what it is illuminating, then you have bad lighting.
Light TRESPASS is light that is distributed where it is not wanted or needed. Streetlighting, for example, should light streets and sidewalks, not shine into second floor bedroom windows or illuminate rooftops. Also known as spill light, light trespass occurs whenever light shines beyond the intended target and onto adjacent properties.
UPLIGHT is, in the truest sense of the word, wasted light. Light that goes directly up into the night sky is "lost in space" and serves no useful purpose. Uplight is the bane of astronomers and the occasional stargazer because atmospheric scattering artificially brightens the night sky, making distant celestial light sources difficult or impossible to see. Uplight often results from light fixtures which also produce glare and light trespass.
And from NEMA: FULL CUTOFF fixtures are those that allow "no light at or above a horizontal plane located at the bottom of the luminaire" (lamp plus fixture).
Contact Prof. Stencel with questions. Visit the DU Observatories: Chamberlin and Mt.Evans.
Keywords: light pollution, glare, trespass, melatonin, astronomy, astrophysics, astronomy, astrophysics, observatory, infrared, telescopes, universe, planets, stars, comets, Denver ...
UNITS sometimes used in lighting --
LUMINANCE: refers to the OUTPUT of a source. Often a "blackbody" or Planckian approximation is used, where Luminance is a function of temperature. Many lamps are rated for their 'color temperature' - with daytime (solar) ~5800K, tungsten ~2500K, blue-white > 6000K, etc. These numbers are what lighting designers worry about. ALL measures have explicit or implicit WAVELENGTH dependence, but often the visible light response of the human eye is assumed.
CANDELA (cd): 1/683 Watt per ster-radian (sr) at 5.4E14 Hz (~visible light). The ster-radian is the angular area (or solid-angle) defined by a spherical segment one radian (57.3 degrees) on a side, centered on the light source. The entire sphere around a source has 4 pi ster-radians of solid angle extent.
LUMENS = flux from 1 cd per sr. Modern lightbulbs including CFLs often have Lumen ratings printed on their packaging, e.g. 2000 Lumens @ 4500K.
LUX = luminous emittence (lumens/sq-meters), but can also be used for illumination (see below & Table 2, wiki link below).
NITS: candelas per meter-squared. A laptop LCD screen might produce 300 nits. Theatrical tradition is to use the "foot-Lambert" = 3.4 cd/meter-squared.
Magnitudes, used astronomically, are similar, with m_V = 0 equal to 2.54E-6 lux at the top of our atmosphere (no extinction).
Similarly, Intensity, Flux, Emissivity and/or Radiance refers to quantifying the source output. Intensity can be expressed in cgs units as erg/cm2/s/Hz/sr, and in MKS/SI units -- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Units_and_measures . http://old.nightwise.org/sqm.htm
ILLUMINATION refers to the light measured at a surface some distance from the source of light. These numbers are what quantify glare and light-trespass in the case of badly designed lighting.
FOOT-CANDLES: lumens/sq-foot, somewhat archaic but still common in many municipal codes addressing lighting. Full moon light delivers 0.01 fc on the ground. Denver streetlights deliver 2 or so fc on adjacent turf. Overlit outdoor facilities exceed 20plus fc on adjacent areas.
LUX = measures light incident on a surface, the illumination per meter-squared per lumen, proportional to Watts per meter-squared per ster-radian.
Many additional units exist: Stilbs, Rayleighs, Lamberts, m_10, Blondels, Skots,Brils, and others. Ultimately these should all be related to fundamental physics units like Joules and Watts, etc. For starters, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light#Units_and_measures , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilb_(unit ) , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_(unit ) , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_(unit ) , http://old.nightwise.org/sqm.htm .
|
i don't know
|
What popular food comes from the Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima plants?
|
Oryza glaberrima (African rice) | Plants & Fungi At Kew
Discover plants and fungi
Oryza glaberrima (African rice)
African rice is a staple food in West Africa prized for its delicate taste, its ability to withstand flooding and its resistance to pests and diseases.
Detail of a herbarium specimen of Oryza glaberrima
Species information
Widespread in cultivation.
Habitat:
African rice grows best on fertile alluvial soils although it tolerates low soil fertility and can produce higher yields than Asian rice on alkaline and phosphorus-deficient soils. Floating rice is planted on loam or clay soils.
Key Uses:
Food, medicine, livestock feed, ritual.
Taxonomy
Genus: Oryza
About this species
There are only two species of cultivated rice in the world: Asian rice (Oryza sativa) and African rice (Oryza glaberrima). African rice is native to West Africa, where it is cultivated as a foodcrop. It is known for its hardiness and its ability to compete with weeds, pests, infertile soils and human neglect. However, increasingly African rice is being replaced by the introduced Asian varieties of Oryza sativa, which produce a higher yield than African rice, shatter less easily and have a softer grain that is easier to mill.
African rice is still an important crop for small-scale farmers who grow it for its nutty flavour and other culinary qualities. It is also used in a ritualistic context and as a treatment in African traditional medicine.
Genus:
Discover more
Geography and distribution
Oryza glaberrima is native to West Africa and grows in the region extending from the delta of the River Senegal to Lake Chad in the east. The most intensive areas of cultivation of African rice are the floodplains of northern Nigeria, the inland delta of the Niger River, parts of Sierra Leone and Ghana.
African rice was introduced to the New World during the days of the slave trade and today is cultivated in parts of Brazil, Guyana, El Salvador and Panama. Oryza glaberrima is thought to have been domesticated from its wild ancestor Oryza barthii around 1,500 BC in the inland delta of the Niger River. Today Oryza barthii can be found growing wild in parts of Africa.
Description
Overveiw: Oryza glaberrima is an annual with erect stems up to 90-150 cm long. The sheaths which enclose the stems are smooth and hairless.
Herbarium specimen of Oryza glaberrima
Leaves: The leaf blades are 20-30 cm long and 10-15 mm wide and pointed at the tip.
Flowers: The inflorescence is a panicle (an extensively branched inflorescence) 15-25 cm long. The spikelets (clustered units of flowers and bracts) are solitary. The fertile spikelets comprise two sterile florets at the base and one fertile floret. The spikelets are about 8 mm long and remain on the plant when mature. The glumes (empty bracts that enclose the florets) are absent or obscure. The flower contains two lance-shaped (lanceolate) lodicules (small structures at the base of the stamens). Each flower has six anthers and two stigmas.
Fruits: The fruit is a caryopsis (a dry fruit where the fruit wall is attached to the seed).
Uses
African rice is a staple food which can be prepared in similar ways to Asian rice (Oryza sativa). Broken grains are used to feed chicken and other livestock. Some cultures in West Africa, such as the Jola of southern Senegal grow African rice to be used in traditional ceremonies and rituals.
African rice also has many medicinal benefits: for example, in the Central African Republic the root is eaten raw as a remedy for diarrhoea.
Crop wild relatives of African rice
The Millennium Seed Bank and the Global Crop Diversity Trust are engaged in a ten-year project, called 'Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change'. The project aims to protect, collect and prepare the wild relatives of 29 key food crops, including African rice, so that they are available to pre-breeders for the development of new varieties that are more resilient to the effects of climate change.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage
The Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plants worldwide, focusing on those plants which are under threat and those which are of most use in the future. Once seeds have been collected they are dried, packaged and stored at -20°C in Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank vault.
Description of seeds: Average weight of 1,000 seeds = 26.5 g
Number of seed collections stored in the Millennium Seed Bank: One
Seed storage behaviour: Orthodox (the seeds of this plant can be dried to a low moisture content without significantly reducing their viability which means they are suitable for long-term frozen storage)
Germination testing: Successful
This species at Kew
Pressed and dried specimens of African rice are held in Kew's Herbarium, where they are available to researchers by appointment. Details and images of some of these specimens can be seen online in Kew's Herbarium Catalogue.
References and credits
Beentje, H. (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Brink, M. & Belay, G. (2006). Cereals and Pulses: Volume 1 of Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. PROTA.
Clayton, W.D., Vorontsova, M.S., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Available online (accessed 21 August 2013).
Linares, O.F. (2002) African rice (Oryza glaberrima): History and future potential. PNAS 99: 16360-16365
Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses. Third edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2008). Seed Information Database (SID). Version 7.1. Available online (accessed 21 August 2013).
Kew Science Editor: Sarah Cody
Kew contributors: Maria Vorontsova
Although every effort has been taken to ensure that the information contained in these pages is reliable and complete, notes on hazards, edibility and suchlike included here are recorded information and do not constitute recommendations. No responsibility will be taken for readers’ own actions.
|
Rice
|
A 'sinkhole' is a collapse of the ground into a void below caused by?
|
Cultivated rice species - Ricepedia
Cultivated rice species
CIAT for Latin America
Cultivated rice species
The Oryza genus is thought to have originated about 14 million years ago in what is now SouthEast Asia and the Philippines . Since then, it has evolved, diversified, and dispersed into wild Oryza species which are now distributed throughout the tropics.
Two Oryza species are important cereals for human nutrition: Oryza sativa (Asian rice), grown worldwide, and Oryza glaberrima (African rice), grown in parts of West Africa. Both are cultivated plant species, which means they have developed as a result of humans growing them over many centuries, selecting the traits they consider the most important (e.g. flavor, yield and water requirements).
Oryza sativa
Asian rice was first domesticated from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon in China between 8,200 and 13,500 years ago, then spread to South and Southeast Asia. Today it is cultivated on every continent save Antarctica. Worldwide there are more than 40,000 different varieties of Oryza sativa, classified into four major categories: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous.
Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short grained japonica or sinica,and the non-sticky, long-grained indica. Japonica varieties are usually cultivated in dry fields, in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia and high elevations in South Asia, while indica varieties are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Recent genetic evidence show that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, come from a single domestication event that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China.
1. Japonica
Japonica is a group of rice varieties from northern and eastern China grown extensively in some areas of the world. It is found in the cooler zones of the subtropics and in the temperate zones.
It is a relatively short plant with narrow, dark green leaves and medium-height tillers. Japonica grains are short and round, do not shatter easily and have low amylose content, making them moist and sticky when cooked.
1.1 Javanica or tropical Japonica
Once thought to be a third subspecies, javanica is now known as tropical japonica.
Examples of this variety include the medium grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.
Javanica plants are tall with broad, stiff, light green leaves. The grains are long, broad, and thick, do not shatter easily, and have low amylose content.
2. Indica
Indica rice is the major type of rice grown in the tropics and subtropics, including the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Java, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, central and southern China, and in some African countries.
Indica plants are tall with broad to narrow, light green leaves. The grains are long to short, slender, somewhat flat, tend to shatter more easily and have high amylose content, making them drier and flakier when cooked than japonica varieties.
Oryza glaberrima
Oryza glaberrima, commonly known as African rice, is a domesticated rice species. African rice is believed to have been domesticated 2,000–3,000 years ago in the inland delta of the Upper Niger river, in what is now Mali. Its ancestor, which still grows wild in Africa, is Oryza barthii.
This species is grown in West Africa. O. glaberrima shows several characteristics that make it less suitable for cultivation compared to O. sativa, such as brittle grains and poor milling quality. African rice also has lower yields than O. sativa, but it often shows more tolerance to fluctuations in water depth, iron toxicity, infertile soils, severe climatic conditions and human neglect. It also exhibits better resistance to various pests and diseases, such as nematodes, midges, viruses and the parasitic plants Striga.
Scientists from the Africa Rice Center managed to cross-breed African rice with Asian rice varieties to produce a rice variety called NERICA, which is an acronym for New Rice for Africa.
Classification of cultivated rice species
Oryza species can be classified into 11 genomic groups labeled AA to LL, and most of the species can be grouped into four complexes of closely related species in two major sections of the genus. Just two species have no close relatives and are placed in their own sections of the genus: O. australiensis and O. brachyantha.
The Oryza genus also includes about 20 other rice species that are sometimes called wild rice. These other Oryza species should not be confused with another plant which is also called wild rice, which is actually from the genus Zizonia.
|
i don't know
|
Poached eggs on muffins with hollandaise sauce, and ham or bacon are popularly called 'eggs (What?)'?
|
How to Make Eggs Benedict
Egg Recipes for Breakfast
How to Make Eggs Benedict
Eggs Benedict, a showy restaurant favorite, is also a luscious brunch entree to make at home. We'll show you how to make the classic version and a few shortcuts, too.
Oops, we're sorry. Something went wrong. Please try again later.
Oops, we're sorry. Something went wrong. Please try again later.
Share your take on this idea!
Upload your photo here.
CLOSE
What Is Eggs Benedict?
The standard recipe calls for English muffins topped with Canadian bacon or sliced ham, poached eggs, and hollandaise sauce, which is a rich sauce made from eggs, butter, and lemon juice. Legend has it that it originated in Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City. Apparently Mr. and Mrs. LeGrand Benedict complained that there was nothing new on the lunch menu, so the maitre d' and Mrs. Benedict collaborated and came up with what is now known as Eggs Benedict.
How to Make Eggs Benedict
Here is what you will need for 4 servings of the classic version:
4 poached eggs
1 recipe Hollandaise Sauce or Mock Hollandaise Sauce (see below)
2 English muffins, split (half of a muffin per serving)
4 slices Canadian-style bacon
Paprika (optional)
1. Prepare Poached Eggs
Poach the eggs in a pan of water. Click here for step-by-step instructions on cooking poached eggs . Or use an electric egg poacher, following manufacturer's instructions.
Step 2. Make the Hollandaise Sauce
The classic sauce for Eggs Benedict is Hollandaise Sauce . You will need a double boiler to keep the eggs from curdling during preparation. For a foolproof sauce that is a bit simpler but still tasty, try Mock Hollandaise Sauce .
3. Broil the Muffins & Canadian Bacon
Preheat the broiler.
Place muffin halves, cut sides up, on a baking sheet . Broil 3 to 4 inches from the heat about 2 minutes or until toasted. Top each muffin half with a slice of Canadian-style bacon; broil about 1 minute more or until meat is heated through.
4. Assemble the Eggs Benedict.
To serve, place each bacon-topped muffin half on a plate and top with a poached egg. Spoon Hollandaise Sauce over each egg. If desired, sprinkle with paprika to add a little color.
Make-Ahead Tip: Prepare the eggs and toast the English muffins as above. Place muffin halves in a greased 8x8x2-inch baking pan . Top each muffin half with a slice of Canadian-style bacon and 1 cooked egg. Cover and chill for up to 24 hours. To serve, prepare Hollandaise Sauce; spoon hot sauce over eggs. Bake, covered, in a 350 degrees F oven about 30 minutes or until heated through.
Salmon Benedict Variation: Prepare as above, except spread 1 tablespoon softened tub-style cream cheese with herbs on each toasted English muffin half and substitute 4 ounces thinly sliced smoked salmon (lox-style) for the Canadian-style bacon. If desired, stir 1 tablespoon drained capers and 1/2 teaspoon dried dill weed into the Hollandaise Sauce. Do not use the paprika.
Mushrooms Benedict Variation: This is a meatless option. Select 4 portobello mushrooms with 3-1/2- to 4-inch caps and remove stems. Prepare Eggs Benedict as above, except before cooking eggs, cook the mushroom caps in 1 tablespoon hot olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat until mushrooms are tender, about 6 minutes, turning once. Remove from pan and pat mushrooms with a paper towel to soak up excess liquid. Slice mushrooms. Sprinkle lightly with salt and ground black pepper; cover with foil to keep warm. Continue as directed, using the mushroom slices instead of the Canadian-style bacon. Sprinkle each with finely chopped seeded tomato instead of the paprika.
Eggs Benedict Recipes to Try:
|
Benedict
|
What metaphorical torture chamber reference derives from George Orwell's 1949 book Nineteen Eighty-Four?
|
Baker Brothers' Eggs Benedict - Egg Recipes (houseandgarden.co.uk)
Baker Brothers' Eggs Benedict
Ingredients
TOM'S SPINACH MUFFINS:
I love eggs Benedict, and my preference is to have it with ham, but I've often seen it offered florentine style (with spinach) and felt I might be missing out. Sooooo, I've tweaked the English muffin to include the spinach. This royal breakfast can now be enjoyed belt and braces style with the best of both dishes. Have cake and eat it for breakfast. Surely the best start to a great day.
30g butter
10g dried yeast (or 20g fresh yeast if you can get it)
½ a nutmeg, grated (1 tsp)
200g fresh spinach, chopped
Cornmeal or semolina for dusting
HENRY'S EGGS BENEDICT:
I have strong memories of cooking this in my first kitchen job at Tom's café in Nailsworth when I was sixteen. Riding my moped to work, I would practise in my head how to make it, knowing that at least forty would be ordered that morning.
4 spinach muffins
1 tsp white wine vinegar
8 eggs
8 thin slices of ham
Pepper
1 tsp white wine vinegar
Salt
Method
FOR THE MUFFINS:
Weigh the butter and sugar into a pan and melt them. Then add the milk, yeast and nutmeg. Warm the yeasty milk mix ever so gently, to tepid, no hotter or you could kill the yeast. Add the spinach and stir it all in.
Weigh the flour into a mixing bowl with the salt and add the wet mix. Work the lot into a very wet dough, before kneading it on a work surface for 15 minutes, or in a mixer with a dough hook for 10. Either way, mix, knead and develop the dough until it's soft, smooth and elastic. Cover the dough and put it back into the mixing bowl and leave for half an hour to rise.
Start warming a heavy non-stick pan on a low heat. Tip the very sticky dough out on to a work surface liberally covered with cornmeal or semolina, then dust the top quite generously. Gently stretch the dough out, attempting to get the depth as even as possible, until the thickness is about 2cm, or thereabouts. Using a round 3-inch (7.5cm) cutter, cut discs from the dough and carefully place them in the pan to dry fry. A sprinkle of cornmeal or semolina in the pan helps to stop the muffins from sticking.
Fry them for 5 or more minutes, before carefully flipping over to fry through on the other side; a palette knife is useful for this. Keep an eye and nose out to see that they don't burn.
FOR THE EGGS BENEDICT:
To make the hollandaise, first melt the butter very gently in a saucepan. As the butter melts, skim off any foam that rises to the surface. This can be tossed through vegetables or incorporated into a mash, so put it aside for later use.
In another pan, heat some water and place a metal bowl on top. Add the yolks and vinegar, and whisk in a pinch of salt. Keep whisking over the heat till the yolks start to thicken. This is called a sabayon. Reduce the heat and keep whisking.
Slowly trickle in the butter, whisking all the while. As the melted butter is whisked into the egg yolk it will start to thicken like a mayonnaise. Keep adding till all the butter is mixed in. You should have a fairly thick yellow sauce. Have a little taste and squeeze in some lemon juice. This slightly thins the sauce and freshens the flavour. Remove from the heat and cover to keep warm.
Bring a large pan of water to a gentle simmer and add the vinegar. Carefully break in the eggs and poach for 2 minutes, or until the whites are firm but the yolks still runny. Remove with a slotted spoon and drain off excess water.
Warm the muffins and break in half. Spread a little butter if you're feeling naughty. Lay a piece of ham on each half of the muffin. Place the eggs on the ham and spoon the hollandaise sauce over the lot. A twist of pepper is about all that is needed.
Taken from The Fabulous Baker Brothers (Headline, £20)
Photograph: Christopher Terry
Top tips
Always break open a muffin by hand or with a fork. This increases the surface area, ensuring it absorbs more of the luscious hollandaise. To make plain muffins, simply omit the spinach and nutmeg and reduce the flour by 100g.This will make about 8 muffins.
|
i don't know
|
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of?
|
tritium | chemical isotope | Britannica.com
chemical isotope
hydride
Tritium, (T, or 3H), the isotope of hydrogen with atomic weight of approximately 3. Its nucleus, consisting of one proton and two neutrons, has triple the mass of the nucleus of ordinary hydrogen. Tritium is a radioactive species having a half-life of 12.32 years; it occurs in natural water with an abundance of 10-18 of that of natural hydrogen. Tritium was discovered in 1934 by the physicists Ernest Rutherford , M.L. Oliphant, and Paul Harteck, who bombarded deuterium (D, the hydrogen isotope of mass number 2) with high-energy deuterons (nuclei of deuterium atoms) according to the equation D + D → H + T. Willard Frank Libby and Aristid V. Grosse showed that tritium is present in natural water, probably produced by the action of cosmic rays on atmospheric nitrogen .
Tritium is produced most effectively by the nuclear reaction between lithium-6 (6Li) and neutrons from nuclear-fission reactors, according to the equation 6 Li + 1n → 4He + T.
Although tritium reacts with other substances in a manner similar to ordinary hydrogen, the large difference in their masses sometimes causes marked differences in chemical properties of the compounds . Thus, tritium is less commonly used than deuterium as an isotopic tracer for chemical reactions. The nuclear reactions between deuterium and tritium have been used as a source of energy for thermonuclear weapons.
Learn More in these related articles:
|
Hydrogen
|
Name the vast global accountancy firm which effectively ceased after criminal involvement in the 2001 Enron corporate fraud?
|
NRC: Backgrounder on Tritium EXIT Signs
Backgrounder on Tritium EXIT Signs
Regulatory Requirements
EXIT signs that glow in the dark often contain a radioactive gas called tritium. These signs do not require electricity or batteries and can be used where it is hard to install electric signs, such as above doors. They serve an important safety function by marking exits to be used during power outages and emergencies. The signs pose little or no threat to public health and safety or security.
Use of Tritium in EXIT Signs
Tritium, also known as 3H or H-3, is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. In EXIT signs the gas is contained in sealed glass tubes lined with a light-emitting compound. The tritium gives off low-energy beta radiation that causes the lining to glow. This type of radiation cannot penetrate a sheet of paper or clothing. If inhaled, it leaves the body relatively quickly. Tritium gas is odorless, colorless and tasteless, and is lighter than air.
There are a couple ways to know whether an EXIT sign contains tritium. When the lights are off, tritium will make the word EXIT glow green or red. The sign should also have a permanent warning label that mentions tritium, 3H or H-3; displays the three-bladed radiation warning symbol; and states "Caution-Radioactive Materials." If all four letters in EXIT are fully lit, the sign is working properly. If not, the sign may be damaged or have reached the end of its working life.
Many kinds of facilities across the United States use tritium EXIT signs, including public and private office buildings, theaters, stores, schools and churches. The NRC estimates there are more than two million tritium EXIT signs in use in the United States.
Regulatory Requirements
Manufacturers and distributors of tritium EXIT signs are "specific licensees," meaning they must apply for and receive a radioactive materials license from the NRC or an Agreement State. i Facilities that use tritium EXIT signs are considered "general licensees," meaning they do not need a specific license to use the signs. The signs, considered "generally licensed devices," are designed to be inherently safe so they can be used without the need for radiation training.
But the signs are still subject to certain regulatory requirements. ii Most important is the requirement for proper disposal, because a damaged sign could contaminate the immediate area and require expensive cleanup. Manufacturers and distributors must notify purchasers of the requirements for generally licensed devices. The general licensee must put one person in charge of meeting those requirements. The general licensee must also report any changes affecting a device or the person responsible for it. General licensees may be inspected by the NRC or an Agreement State and may face penalties for violating the regulations.
Under NRC regulations, a general licensee using a tritium EXIT sign must:
NOT remove the labeling or radioactive symbol or abandon the sign;
properly dispose of an unwanted sign (see below);
report to the NRC or appropriate Agreement State any lost, stolen or broken sign;
inform the NRC or Agreement State of changes to the name or address of the general licensee or the person in charge of complying with the regulations;
NOT give away or sell the sign unless it is to remain in use at its original location; in such a case, the general licensee making the transfer must give the new owner a copy of the regulations and report the transfer to the NRC or Agreement State within 30 days.
Tritium EXIT signs must NOT be disposed of as normal trash. To dispose of a sign properly, a general licensee must transfer the sign to a specific licensee—such as a manufacturer, distributor, licensed radioactive waste broker or licensed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. These facilities may charge a fee for disposing of the sign.
Within 30 days of disposing of a sign, the general licensee must file a report to the NRC or Agreement State. More information about the regulatory requirements for tritium exit signs can be found at 10 CFR Part 31.5 .
September 2014
i The NRC has agreements with 37 states under which the states assume regulatory jurisdiction over the commercial, industrial and medical uses of radioactive materials.
ii The regulatory requirements for generally licensed devices are spelled out in NRC regulations at 10 CFR Part 31 and in Regulatory Issue Summary 2006-25 .
Page Last Reviewed/Updated Monday, June 29, 2015
Home
|
i don't know
|
Whose famous old Brown Ale (still made) was first brewed in Whitechapel, London, in 1902?
|
30 English Ales You Must Have Before You Die - News and Features - Ratebeer
30 English Ales You Must Have Before You Die
A summary of some famous English bottled beers
Styles & Seasonals February 5, 2004
Written by SilkTork
Southampton, United Kingdom, ENGLAND -
Beers come and beers go. Breweries open and breweries close. Today�s must have brew for which you�ve driven 1,000 miles; been blindfolded, tarred & feathered and led down to the monk�s back toilet; knelt and recited the Clinton Denial Speech three times backwards; and allowed unspeakable things to be done to your body with tangy marmalade, a rubber hose and a donkey, will be tomorrow�s drain pour. That microbrewery rave turns out to be a one-off miracle due to the weekend cleaner dropping his stash into the mash by accident. And that rare Tibetan Llama Pooh Beer really was just that - liquid camel diarrhoea.
So what beers are easily available in the bottle and have acquired a name that even a spotty beer novice still drinking with stabilisers would recognise?
Well, here are thirty English beers that through a combination of luck, drunken raving and sheer endurance have earned the reputation of classic. Love them or loathe them - nod knowingly at the subtlety of that hedgehog and whale-oil tang or rant for hours in your pyjamas at the sheer nerve of any brewery to call that gnat�s piss a beer - these are thirty brews you can�t ignore and must face up to trying - at least once, just for sanity�s sake - before you die.
1) Newcastle Brown Ale: Dating back to 1927, this is now the best selling bottled beer in Europe, and is one of Britain�s most well-known brews, famous for being the first Northern-style Brown Ale. Jim Porter, the brewer, had tried for five years to produce a beer to rival the clarity and purity of Bass. Even though he failed, he did come up with something new which has been much-copied since. This Northern Brown Ale is not to be confused with the standard British Brown Ale, which is a Mild beer in a bottle.
Expectations of any classic beer are high, but this one disappoints more than most. Drinking it chilled robs it of any character. There is a �nutty delicacy� (Michael Jackson) about it that many drinkers find and enjoy, while others regard it as �the most overrated beer in the world.� (Bov)
2) Bass Ale: Brewed since 1777 in Burton-on-Trent. When dark stouts and porters were the most popular beers, William Bass set out to copy the London brewer Hodgson and make a pale coloured beer. He was fortunate that the waters of the Trent were perfectly suited to his hoppy ale, and soon other brewers flocked to Burton to make the new and successful Pale Ale. When served in the cask, drinkers found this Pale Ale more refreshing than the malt-accented ales they were used to, but also more bitter, so the term Bitter was soon used to describe this popular new beer. When Bass received instructions to supply the troops in India with his Pale Ale, he increased the strength and added extra hops to help it survive the journey. The term India Pale Ale is still used in England to describe a premium bitter. The history and importance of Bass cannot be denied. But sadly, its quality in the bottle these days is not very good. There are two bottled versions available in Britain. The version called Our Finest Ale is the tastiest and closest version to the original, though even that is not an excellent beer. The version sent to America is stronger, but blander than the British versions. The Belgian version is without a doubt the best of the bottled beers carrying the Bass name.
The blandness of the American version is reflected in Oakes comment: �English ale for people who don�t actually like the taste of real English ale.� While Gusler goes a bit further and in noting that �it has lost its robustness� he cries out that it�s �a crime to let the pond scum sucking, money-grubbing cretins take over and ruin such a fine brewery� and that the current brewers should �burn in Hades with their money as the fuel that feeds Satan�s furnace.�
3) Worthington White Shield: Dating back to 1829 and changing brewers several times since then, White Shield is now owned by Coors, though brewed at the mostly autonomous Museum Brewing Company. This is the genuine Burton Pale Ale. When Bass took over the Worthington brewery in 1927 they began to filter and pasteurise their own Bass Pale Ale, but kept this going as an example of the real thing. Still bottle-conditioned and still produced (though not in great numbers) in Burton-on-Trent, this is, in the words of legion242: �One of the most amazing things that I have put in my mouth. Positively the best English ale to pass my lips.� It has a legendary status in the UK, being for many years one of the few bottle-conditioned ales available, and barmen would pour it carefully with pride and a practised skill to prevent any sediment from reaching the drinker�s glass. Most who try this rave about it, but billb found a �borderline sickening aroma,� and hey_kevin, while acknowledging it is a �good beer,� just didn�t get on with �the bakers yeast flavor.�
4) Gale�s Prize Old Ale: With its �dried apricots in vinegar� flavour (motelpogo) this beer divides opinion. argo0 sums up the difficult nature of Prize when he says, �basically, the beer looks like shit and has a crappy mouthfeel, but has a great aroma and decent flavor. Tough beer to rate.� England does have a reputation for huge, complex beers that need to be laid down for a few years. Sadly, Thomas Hardy�s Ale and Courage Imperial Russian Stout are no longer made (editor�s note: Thomas Hardy�s is being resurrected this year by O�Hanlon�s). Prize Old Ale, from the small, regional brewery of George Gale in Hampshire, is the only genuine example still in regular production. Not a beer to be drunk young, unless you want to waste your money, Prize Old Ale is best after 20 years aging.
5) Theakston�s Old Peculier: England�s best-known and most popular Old Ale. Despite the brewery�s insistence on the beer�s long history this is a relative newcomer to the beer world. Ready to drink and not overly complex, this is a tasty brew which is �acidic, dry and nicely hopped, leaving a long lasting dry aftertaste.� (Gusler)
6) Morland Old Speckled Hen: The yeast for this ale dates back to 1896, though the beer itself dates from 1979 when it was launched on the anniversary of the founding of the MG car factory. The beer�s strength (1050 OG) reveals that it was the 50th anniversary; while the name refers to the old, mud spattered factory runabout which the locals dubbed �old speckled �un�. The beer has proved to be so popular that bottled sales are overtaking those of Newcastle Brown in the UK. Big marketing has helped its popularity, but the big marketing only came after it had established a reputation as a quality beer.
Issoroku_Yamamoto found an �exemplary hop character set off against a strong caramel-ish malt core.� But many people, like muzzlehatch, discovered that the clear glass meant it was �light-struck, skunky of course.�
7) Harvey�s Imperial Extra Double Stout: Also known as A. le Coq Imperial Stout, this beer has a long history. As with IPA, Imperial Stout developed its strong flavours in order to survive long journeys. During the 18th century reign of Porter, the stronger ("stout") version was exported to the Baltic region. It was given extra hops and a higher abv in order to survive the journey. A Belgian, A. Le Coq, was the man in charge of these exports. Thrale�s Anchor Brewery�s Entire (the contemporary name for Porter) was the one chosen by A. Le Coq to send to the Empress of Russia. The brewery was eventually bought by Barclay Perkins, and then in 1955 by Courage. The Courage Imperial Stout is rarely made these days - it hasn�t been brewed since the 1990�s, and may never be made again. Bottles that do exist can fetch high prices.
However, Le Coq was also responsible for another Imperial Stout that does still exist. Because of the high import duties on the beer, Le Coq had arranged to have a version brewed within Russia. Brewing began in 1912 in what is now Estonia. After a few ups and downs, brewing of this famous stout ceased in 1969. However, during the 1990�s, when it became clear that production of the Courage Imperial Stout had ceased, the Lewes brewery Harvey & Son, with the supervision of the Estonian brewery, Tartu, revived A. Le Coq�s Imperial Extra Double Stout. It is only brewed once a year, and then allowed to age for a couple of years before being released.
It comes in a corked bottle, and some people have reported problems of poor corking, but as ecrvich says, �when this shit is on, baby, it is *ON*.� The beer is very challenging and complex. Bov found it �not an easy beer�; argo0: �a complex beer that takes some doing�; PhillyBeer: �dense, and difficult to isolate flavours�. But joet discovered that this beast �isn�t a self-starter;� it requires some work to get through krisbierjaeger�s �primordial swamp ooze comprised of composting dinosaurs and rubber trees crushed and baked for a geological age or two under the weight of the continental mantle� to MartinT�s �glassful of lust�.
8) Robinson�s Old Tom : An Old Ale is a tricky style to pin down. At its simplest it is an aged beer, sometimes mixed with a younger beer, and often has an oaky, wine quality. It can be close in style to a barley wine, but is more complex than that. Old Tom is a famous Old Ale, its initial production going back to an unknown date around the start of the 1900�s. The cat on the label is Old Tom himself, the Robinson�s original brewery cat. This is not a big selling beer, but it is hugely respected, winning Supreme Champion at the CAMRA Winter Beers 2000 festival. These days the brewery calls Old Tom a Barley Wine as Old Ale seems to have slipped out of fashion.
Not everyone likes it, Nuffield found it a �flat and more unpleasant blend of ale, barley wine and bitter�, but TrappistAlesRule �loved the sweet/acidic interplay.�
Less assertive than most beers of this strength, Old Tom will yield up its treasures to those who look for something more interesting than simple strength.
SilkTork Rating: 4/5 - A must try World Classic.
9) Wadworth 6X: The Wadworth brewery was founded in 1875 and still delivers its beers around Devizes in a horse-drawn cart. The 6X, however, a traditional bitter that�s been brewed in the same manner for over 80 years, was taken up in the 1980�s and marketed first by Whitbread - who wanted to buy the brand outright, but Wadworth sensibly refused to sell, and then by Interbrew who eventually sold the rights to 6X back to the brewery. Though the beer is big in the UK - popular both on cask and in the bottle and found in every shop - it is not exported to America. Roger Protz acknowledges that it�s �a brilliant example of traditional ale at its best.� The aroma is quite a feature, Nigos has got it down as: �wood, toilet water and rotten egg.� While austinpowers found that it: �smells like asparagus pee.�
10) Mackeson Stout: The XXX that is exported to America has a higher abv than the original British milk stout which is 3% abv. Because of its low strength, sweet taste and supposed nutritional value, Mackeson has long been a beer associated with little old ladies. However, it was originally marketed at pregnant and nursing mothers. In the early 1900�s many stouts, including Guinness, were marketed as being �Good For You�. Mackeson�s famous line was �It looks good, it tastes good, and by golly it does you good!� The British government decided to clamp down on brewers marketing their products as being healthy and put a ban on the name �Milk Stout� - but the milk association is still there in the picture of a milk churn on the label! Mackeson was a Kent brewery that was taken over by various other companies until the brand name ended up in the hands of Interbrew. Now available mostly in the can, bottles can still be had in some pubs.
Not many people have experienced the delicacy of the original 3% beer; of the few that have, Joeh noticed the �light coffee and chocolate flavours,� while Ol_Juntan_64 got the �faint deep roasted malt and vegetable soup stock aroma.�
11) Courage Russian Imperial Stout: Probably the most revered English ale, with well-aged examples fetching over $100 at auction. For those who don�t mind spending money on a fine ale, bottles are sometimes available on E-bay. And for those able to get across to the Kulminator in Antwerp, you can get �a 6-pack of the 1983 ... for $7!� (squidget). There is debate among those who know about this sort of thing and have tried a few vintages as to which year is the best - but much depends on the quality of storage. It�s availability at this year�s GBBF is a promising sign that it could return to regular production. Oakes has the 1983 vintage down as �one of the top 5 bottles of beer I�ve ever had.� but austinpowers found the same year to be �A pretty big disappointment.� aofoxxy also had a bad experience, summing it up as �FLAT SOUR GRAPES.� Big hype, high prices and small samples are a dodgy combination. Approach with care.
12) Charles Wells Bombardier: The Charles Wells Brewery was founded in 1875 when Charles Wells took over an existing brewery which had been in operation since 1816. The beer is named after �Bombardier� Billy Wells, the first British heavyweight boxer to win the Lonsdale Belt, back in 1911. Billy Wells is the man seen banging a huge gong at the start of old Rank films. Many notable British beer writers including Jackson and Protz, have written favourably about this beer. DougShoemaker describes it as �malty and mellow,� but fiulijn was disappointed by the �simple taste,�and found it �a bit metallic.�
13) Lees Harvest Ale: J.W. Lees are a Manchester brewery of some distinction; founded in 1828 they are still family owned. The annual Harvest Ale was started in 1985 and has been issued every year since. This is a beer overladen with flavours, ecrvich found �notes of alcohol, apple, cinnamon, prune, raisin, date, brown sugar, toffee, and tawny port.� Cobra inhaled deeply to discover that: �every kind of fruit you can imagine was present in the nose of this beer. Kiwi, strawberry, pineapple, and I smelled the mint notes as well.� DaSilky1 enthused that it is: �a black licorice lovers freakin wet dream ... simply amazing.� But not everyone likes it, marinaro500 reported that it � tastes so close to corn syrup that I poured the rest down the drain.� Oakes, however, neatly sums it up with: �Great balance - a quintessential English barley wine.�
14) Manns Original Brown Ale: The Southern England brown ales are mild ales bottled with bit of extra sugar - and Manns is the first and original brown ale. Sweet and malty and �like a schwarzbier� as austinpowers points out, this �coca cola with a kick� (RichardGretton) was developed in 1902 at the Albion Brewery in Whitechapel by Mann, Crossman and Paulin. At first this new style of beer with its modest alcohol and gentle, rounded roasty sweetness was out of step with public demand. But this �sweet & malty� (Joeh) beer, rich in calcium chloride from the chalky downs and ideally suited to London water, took off like a rocket in the 1920�s when it was marketed as �the sweetest beer in London�. As Geoff Callum writes: �It was the right product at the right time. Its low gravity attracted low taxation in an era of low prosperity, while the full flavour made it a reassuring beer in difficult times.� Now mostly drunk by little old ladies, it is in danger of being phased out as drinkers turn to lighter, crisper beers, or dark ales pumped up with alcohol steroids. As rauchbier says, �At 2.8% abv, you would get more of a buzz from drinking coffee.� But for those who have climbed down from the trees, and whose knuckles don�t scrape the floor as they walk, this may prove to be a yummy little gem. Drink it as a piece of brewing history, or drink it for the flavoursome and fascinating beer it is.
15) Marston�s Pedigree: Brewed using the famous Burton Union system of linked oak casks in the room that Protz called a "cathedral of brewing - vast, echoing chambers where the only sound is the hiss of fermenting beer.� The yeast likes the open wood casks and doesn�t work in modern containers. When Bass switched to modern equipment in the 1980�s they also had to switch yeast, which may be why Bass fails to live up to its historic acclaim. Although all Burton ales were once made using the Union system, only Marston�s still continue to do so. Pedigree is still made in the manner that made Burton�s Pale Ales famous across the world. As far as Oakes is concerned this is �One of the finest pints in England.� But as eczematic observes there are �no sharp edges to this beer, it�s all rounded and a bit muted.� Nuffield in his calm, dignified manner steps in the middle and sums it up nicely: �A beer about which there is some divergence of opinion. Mellow enough that I had a hard time distinguishing flavors, although I had a sense of woodiness.�
16) Thomas Hardy�s Ale: Brewed by Eldridge Pope as a one off celebration of the writer Thomas Hardy in 1968 this proved so popular it was decided to continue brewing on a regular basis. The recipe was an attempt to recreate the Dorchester Ale that Hardy loved and described as: �of the most beautiful colour that the eye of an artist in beer could desire; full in body, yet brisk as a volcano; piquant, yet without a twang; luminous as an autumn sunset; free from streakiness of taste; but, finally rather heady." Bottles dated 1968 cost the same as Ethiopia�s national debt and can be used to pay for trips into space on Russian rockets, but other vintages are within the financial reach of the beer obsessed. ecrvich found aromas similar to those in Lees Harvest Ale: �notes of alcohol, cask wood, tawny port, sherry, apple, prune, peach, plum, brown sugar, nutmeg, etc� But not everyone enjoys it - it gets slammed a few times, and a typical example comes from Kevbo: �I had a bottle of the 1997 vintage and one word describes it...swill. Maybe piss too. Look at prostman�s description of it.H he thought it was good because he was already messed up when he drank it.Take it from me, you want a good barley wine go for a Bigfoot Ale. It�s ten times better.� Ringo has extensive knowledge of this beer and has come to the conclusion that �Hardy�s is best around 4-5 years old. The newer ones are a little raw, and the older ones are too thick and syrupy, and generally oxidized.�
17) Whitbread Gold Label: Gold Label is England�s best-known barley wine. Long before super-strength lagers took over, Gold Label was the favoured kick in the head. Although barley wine only really emerged as a style in its own right toward the end of the 19th century, brewers had always made a strong beer for mixing with younger ales in the Old Ale tradition. Although these strong ales were not offered for sale to the public, there was a brewery custom of offering employees a nip of the strong stuff at Christmas time. Gold Label, with its attractive pale gold appearance, was the first pale barley wine to be offered to the public in small bottles. The original market would have been the well-to-do such as retired colonels and barking-mad lords of the manor. Somehow, over the years, the customers have shifted down-market, so that this has become the drink of tramps and old ladies with no teeth nor knickers. neilrichards found there was �a bit of spice about it,� and rauchbier discovered a �raisin and fruitcake body�. But like most others, leaparsons found it, �syrupy and sweet with not much finish.�
18) Sarah Hughes Ruby Mild: Milds these days are low alcohol beers, but that wasn�t always the case. The term Mild refers to subdued hopping rather than alcohol strength, and - as this beer brewed to an original 1921 recipe shows - the original Milds could be quite strong. Sarah Hughes Ruby Mild clocks in at a very respectable 6%. The beer is brewed behind the Beacon Hotel in the Midlands - and the Midlands is the home of Mild. The Beacon Hotel brewpub started up in the 1860�s, though Sarah Hughes didn�t take over until 1921. Brewing stopped after her death, until her grandson, John Hughes, revived it in 1987, quickly establishing Ruby Mild as a classic beer. joet enthuses, �This is closer to a faro and not like anything I�ve tasted. It�s challenging, complex and rewarding.� But some, like CaptainCougar, complain that �the body is very thin and watery.�
19) Shepherd Neame Bishop�s Finger: Shepherd Neame proudly declare themselves to be Britain�s oldest brewery (dating from 1698), though the Shepherd family only took over in 1741. However, Young�s assert that they are Britain�s oldest by stating that �traditional draught bitter has been produced on the site of Young�s brewery since 1581.� Adnam�s have a counter-claim that they should be Britain�s oldest brewery as brewing has taken place on the same site since 1345. The jury is still out. However, Bishop�s Finger was launched in the 1980�s as a bottled beer but proved so popular that Sheps also put it out in a cask version. The bishop�s finger is the name of a style of Kentish signpost rather than the �nun�s delight� by which some locals refer to it. JPDIPSO got some �hints of raisins, licorice and vanilla.� Duff, in his straight to the point style, declares it �pretty darn good�.
20) Sam Smith�s Nut Brown Ale: Sam Smith�s being a favourite of the young Michael Jackson, he featured the brewery strongly in his 1970�s classic The World Guide to Beer - a book that the USA-based wine importer Merchant du Vin found so inspiring they decided to start importing beers featured in MJ�s book. The result is that many of the fledgling American craft brewers based their beer styles on these early, Sam Smith�s dominated, imports. At the last count I noticed something like 90 different beers produced in America under the name Nut Brown Ale. If you drink an American Nut Brown today it is thanks to this often �skunked� (Dogbrick) and �overpriced� (urbnhautebourg) original. Many feel that in comparison with the American interpretation Sam Smith�s original is not quite right - as aceofhearts puts it: �the nutty taste just didn�t mix with the maltiness right.� Comparisons are also made with Newcastle Brown - duff found it �much better� because there was �no disgusting butter taste.� And as far as Volgon is concerned, �You couldn�t ask for a smoother beer,� but �you could ask for more taste though.�
21) Sam Smith�s Old Brewery Pale Ale: Select any of the Sam Smiths products and they come across as well behaved interpretations of the style named on the bottle - there will be rougher, more interesting examples around, but at least Sam Smiths are tasty and reliable. And, as with the other Sam Smiths products, this Pale Ale sparked a revolution in American craft brewing. The Old Brewery in Tadcaster still uses the Yorkshire stone square system, which allows the yeast to get plenty of access to the air. Thriving in this atmosphere the yeast develops a fruity acidic quality, the hallmark of a classic English bitter, and adds a noticeable third flavour component to the malts and hops. Indra found an �amazing balance and interplay of flavors,� while Aurelius asks you to �pull up a chair and enjoy.�
22) Double Maxim: First brewed in 1901 by Vaux brewery to celebrate the coming home from the Boer War of the soldiers of the Maxim Machine Gun Unit of the Northumberland Hussars
led by Major Ernest Vaux, son of the brewery owner. Pre-dating the launch of the �first� Northern style brown ale by 21 years, this muddy pale ale was not named a brown ale until after Newcastle Brown became popular. The Vaux brewery closed down in 1999, but the beer was saved when two of the brewery�s managers set up the Double Maxim Brewery Company a year later especially to keep Double Maxim alive. Brewing is done at Robinson�s Manchester brewery under supervision of the Vaux Brewery�s ex-head brewer. joet noted �some sour and apple tones and some dusty hop character.� beerguy101 felt that the finish was �champagne like,� BeerLimey enthused about the �raisin plum aroma with mild smokiness,� and found the �flavors sweet, a little chocolaty with subtle fruit cake notes.� But DaSilky1 gets to the important point when he declares that it�s �cheaper than Newcastle.�
23) Hook Norton�s Old Hooky: Hook Norton is a good traditional brewery still using steam engines to help make the beer, and horses to deliver it to pubs in the surrounding Oxfordshire countryside. Old Hooky has established itself as a classic premium bitter alongside Abbot Ale and Bishop�s Finger as one to linger over rather than just throw down the back of the neck. omhper found it a �very fresh and exceptionally fruity cask ale.� And eczematic noted, �big herbal hop flavours mingle with rich fruity flavours (mango, pawpaw?) �
24) Fuller�s ESB: Fuller�s is claimed by Michael Jackson as one of Britain�s two world class breweries - the other being Young�s. He obviously hasn�t been drinking enough of Woodforde�s beers! The ESB stands for Extra Special Bitter, denoting a premium bitter. A premium ale in Britain can go under a variety of names depending on tradition and location - IPA, Pale Ale, Strong Ale, Special, Country, County, Best, Extra Special, etc - each mean the same thing, a bitter with a fuller body and higher alcohol than the Ordinary session bitter, but they are not styles in their own right. The influence of Fuller�s ESB as an import into America, however, has caused over 100 breweries to produce a beer with the name ESB, suggesting that there is something distinctive about Fuller�s interpretation of a premium bitter. alcfron says that this is �the ESB that I use as a standard for comparison;� Kaya161 �the quintessential British bitter,� and ravidesai �the classic ESB,� so there must be something in it. Aubrey goes into detail with: �complex malts get all the attention in this beer. Caramel-toffee goodness! And maybe even a little peanut brittle?� But bierkoning is a little fickle with his affections: �Sorry my love, I still like you, but I have another sweetheart brew now!�
25) Fuller�s London Porter: Porter belongs to London, so it is appropriate that one of London�s famous breweries does an example of it. The Pitfield brewery does a more authentic example, and it is brewed in the right area - only about 500 yards from The Old Blue Last, the first pub to actually sell porter (though these days it only sells keg beers and lager). There is no clear evidence for which came first, stout or porter - however, the term stout, meaning a strong beer, predates porter by some thirty years. The beer that came to be known as porter was first made by Ralph Harwood of the Bell Brewery in Shoreditch, and he named it Entire. It was a ready mixed version of the �three threads� beer that was popular at that time. �Three threads� was a blend of cheap, low alcohol, highly hopped beer (possibly Bitter or Small Ale); expensive, sweet, high alcohol but mildly hopped beer (either Mild or Stout - take your pick!) and an older, stale �stock� beer (possibly thinner and weaker than a traditional Old Ale) that would add an acidic, wine quality. It is the addition of that stale beer with its oaky, acidic, winey and refreshing notes that marks a porter out from a stout. The ingredients of the original porters would vary, including at various times tobacco, hemp and poisonous berries - but it was the stale beer, in which the brewers invested vast sums of money to build the huge vats in which the beer was aged, that was a constant. The actual nature of the mouthfeel of this beer creates interest - jazz88 has it as, �a very smooth porter that does not overwhelm;� PsychProf enthuses that it is, �creamy, creamy, and yet still more creaminess;� but pivo feels that it is �thinner than expected and kind of monodimensional.� Ol_Juntan_64, meanwhile, reflects that, �perhaps any bigger bodied or thicker a texture would possibly make it too cloying.�
26) Young�s Double Chocolate Stout: Stouts often have chocolate flavours, usually gained from the chocolate malt, but this monster also contains chocolate essence and real bars of Cadbury�s chocolate melted into the final boil (the colour of the label is the same as the wrappers on Cadbury�s chocolate). Despite this over-abundance of chocolate, MartinT obviously felt cheated when he noted that �the name sounded much more fun;�. However, he wasn�t the only one who found this stout lacked in chocolate; Lizabeth cries, �Where�s the chocolate? I couldn�t smell or taste any in this brew.� Meanwhile others raved about how much there was; Sigmund says, �Aroma is all chocolate ... loads of chocolate but never sickly.� But it was the promise of so much chocolate which prompted legion242 to claim that it�s �a great way to get chicks to drink a stout.� But one notable chick with a good taste in beer, Yogi_Beera, lamented that it had �a watery finish,� which was, �too bad. You want to have this chocolate feeling for longer in your mouth!�
27) Bateman�s XXXB: Bateman�s is a third generation family brewery dating back to 1874. XXXB was first brewed in the 1980�s and quickly established itself as a British real ale classic. In fact, it was due to increased sales when XXXB won the first of its six CAMRA awards that allowed the brewery to remain independent. The three X�s show that this is a premium bitter - an X has long been used in British brewing to indicate strength; the more X�s, the higher the strength. A few people, such as Hopistotle420, noticed the �nice bittering and herbs in the finish.� Others, like Spiesy, picked out the �sweet honeycomb aroma, raisins & prunes, soaked in rum or brandy.� While for omhper this beer �more or less defines the style strong bitter in my point of view.�
28) Greene King�s Abbot Ale: Greene King first brewed Abbot Ale during the 1950�s and its popularity has never waned. Abbot Ale gets its name from the connection between brewing and the great Abbey of St Edmundsbury. There has been brewing in Bury St Edmunds since at least as far back as 1086 when cerevisiarii - or alebrewers - were chronicled in the Domesday Book as servants of the Abbot. Reports vary according to container, but not surprisingly the top ratings tend to come from those who had it cask conditioned while the lowest ratings are mostly from those who had it from the widget can. In fact DrunkAsASkunk starts his rating of the can with �Ok, I�ve spent a couple of minutes here trying to figure out what the hell this one is all about but i just about give up.� and concludes with �canned products that have widgets just suck!!!� Many comment on bottle versus can or can versus cask, such as ravidesai who discovers that it�s �better on draft than the nitro can.� Meanwhile, ClarkVV gives a detailed account of the beer itself: �Opens up full and malty, with some fruit tones making their way in quickly - cherry, peach, maybe a tiny bit of orange. There is a brief glimpse of hops (very brief) and something more than that, a sugary yet spicy flavor that I can�t name (very fleeting, maybe apple blossom?).�
29) Everards Tiger: Everards are a Leicester brewery founded in 1849 who, like many other breweries, went over to keg production in the 1960�s, and stopped making real ale entirely. However, with the success of the CAMRA campaign, Everards went back to brewing real ale in 1975, and this zingy citric bitter, named after the local rugby team, has now acquired a reputation its flavour does not seem to deserve. Spiesy declared it �thinly flavoured with a thin unimpressive body.� While Oakes concludes that �it seems the most popular English ales are always the blandish, malt-accented ones. To each his own I guess.� But austinpowers found that �after sampling several lackluster UK microbrews, I�m finally eager to partake in an ale worthy of all the CAMRA hype.�
30) Badger�s Tanglefoot: The badger has been the symbol for the Dorset based Hall & Woodhouse brewery since 1875, nearly 100 years after the brewery was founded in 1777. In Dorset the pub signs still have the Hall & Woodhouse name, but in the bottle the beers are always called Badger. The name Tanglefoot supposedly came about when the head brewer stumbled after sampling a few pints of his new creation. Michael Jackson regards it as "a robust and delicious brew," but Oakes counters with a claim that it is �very simplistic.� Most non-British raters agree with Oakes, while most British raters seem to side with Jackson. Quaffmeister, a British rater, states �I love this beer on draught, but was disappointed with the bottled version.� An opinion shared by myself when I said, �I love this on draught where it is less bitter, and more like an old ale.� However, a reputation gained in the cask can often lead to increased sales of the bottled version, despite a drop in quality - and this has happened to this beer.
So there you are - 30 classic English bottled ales. Each style of traditional English ale is represented in this sample from all areas of England�s green and pleasant land. Not all the beers are well known beyond the White Cliffs of Dover, and not all are to my taste - but anyone who has drunk all 30 can claim they have a grasp of England�s mainstream beer tradition. A tradition upon which both the English and the American micro-breweries were launched. A tradition in which modern styles of English beers are now merging with that of the classic styles from Belgian, the Czech Republic, and to a lesser extent Germany and the USA, but can still hold its head up high on the world stage. A tradition of which the English are very proud.
How many have you tried?
................................................................
|
Brown ale
|
Name the illness caused by a reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein in wheat, barley, rye, etc?
|
Beer Quotations - Brookston Beer Bulletin
Brookston Beer Bulletin
Powered by West 26th
Beer Quotations
“There are two reasons for drinking: one is when you are thirsty, to cure it; the other, when you are not thirsty, to prevent it.” — Thomas Love Peacock, Melincourt, 1817
“Ah, beer. The cause of and the solution to all of life’s problems.” — Homer Simpson
“I feel sorry for those who don’t drink because when they get up in the morning that’s as good as they’re going to feel all day.” — Frank Sinatra
“I would kill everyone in this room for a drop of sweet beer.” — Homer Simpson
“Beer is living proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy.” — Benjamin Franklin (since discredited)
“He was a wise man who invented beer.” — Plato
“The church is near,
but the road is icy.
The bar is far away,
but I will walk carefully.”
— Russian proverb
“Beer Speaks. People Mumble.” — Tony Magee, Lagunitas Brewing
“Drink! for you know not when you came, nor why; Drink! for you know not why you go, nor where.” — Omar Khayyan, The Rubiay’at
“One drink is just right,
two are too many,
three too few”
— Spanish saying
“Here’s to long life and a merry one. A quick death and an easy one. A pretty girl and an honest one. A cold beer — and another one!” — Irish Toast
“You from within our glasses, you lusty golden brew, whoever imbibes takes fire from you. The young and the old sing your praises. Here’s to beer, here’s to cheer, here’s to beer.” — Bedrich Smetana, The Bartered Bride
“Nothing ever tasted better than a cold beer on a beautiful afternoon with nothing to look forward to than more of the same.” — Hugh Hood
“You can’t be a real country unless you have a beer and an airline — it helps if you have some kind of a football team, or some nuclear weapons, but at the very least you need a beer.” — Frank Zappa
“Do not cease to drink beer, to eat, to intoxicate thyself, to make love, and celebrate the good days.” — Ancient Egyptian saying
“Beer is the center of everything. Everything revolves around beer. When you drink beer, everything revolves. Therefore beer is the center of everything.” — University of Waterloo Engineers
“Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in beer.” — Dave Barry
“Always do sober what you said you’d do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut.” — Ernest Hemingway
“Sometimes when I reflect back on all the beer I drink I feel ashamed. Then I look into the glass and think about the workers in the brewery and all of their hopes and dreams. If I didn’t drink this beer, they might be out of work and their dreams would be shattered. Then I say to myself, “It is better that I drink this beer and let their dreams come true than be selfish and worry about my liver.” — Jack Handy, SNL
“History flows forward in rivers of beer.” — Anonymous
“An alcoholic is someone you don’t like who drinks just as much as you do.” — Dylan Thomas
“Work is the curse of the drinking classes.” — Oscar Wilde
“Without question, the greatest invention in the history of mankind is beer. Oh, I grant you that the wheel was also a fine invention, but the wheel does not go nearly as well with pizza.” — Dave Barry
“Blessed is the mother who gives birth to a brewer.” — Czech saying
“Say for what were hopyards meant.
Or why was Burton built on Trent?
Oh many a peer of English Brews
Livelier liquor than the muse,
And malt does more than Milton can
To justify God’s ways to man.
Ale, man, ale’s the stuff to drink
For fellows whom it hurts to think.”
— A.E. Housman
“Wherever beer is brewed, all is well-wherever beer is drunk, life is good.” — Czech proverb
“Fermentation and civilization are inseparable.” — John Ciardi
“Our lager,
“Give me a woman who loves beer and I will conquer the world.” — Kaiser Wilhelm
“[I recommend]… bread, meat, vegetables and beer.” — Sophocles (on his philosophy of a moderate diet)
“This is grain, which any fool can eat, but for which the Lord intended a more divine means of consumption… Beer!” — Friar Tuck, in the film Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves
“You’re not drunk if you can lie on the floor without holding on.” — Dean Martin
“Whoever serves beer or wine watered down, he himself deserves in them to drown.” — Medieval plea for pure libations
“Why is American beer served cold?
So you can tell it from urine.”
— David Moulton
“I drink to make other people interesting.” — George Jean Nathan
“I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to bring them the real facts, and beer.” — Abraham Lincoln
“They who drink beer will think beer.” — Washington Irving
“If you ever reach total enlightenment while drinking beer, I bet it makes beer shoot out your nose.” — Jack Handy, SNL
“An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger, or a beer.” — Confucius
“The roots and herbes beaten and put into new ale or beer and daily drunk, cleareth, strengtheneth and quickeneth the sight of the eyes.” — Nicholas Culpepper
“Oh, lager beer! It makes good cheer, And proves the poor man’s worth; It cools the body through and through, and regulates the health.” — Anonymous
“The best beer is where priests go to drink. For a quart of Ale is a dish for a King.” — William Shakespeare, A Winter’s Tale
“A good local pub has much in common with a church, except that a pub is warmer, and there’s more conversation.” — William Blake
“It is my design to die in the brew-house; let ale be placed to my mouth when I am expiring, that when the choirs of angels come, they may say, ‘Be God propitious to this drinker.'” — Saint Columbanus, 612 C.E.
“From man’s sweat and God’s love, beer came into the world.” — Saint Arnoldus
“God made yeast, as well as dough, and loves fermentation just as dearly as he loves vegetation.” — Ralph Waldo Emerson
“The Puritanical nonsense of excluding children and therefore to some extent women from pubs has turned these places into mere boozing shops instead of the family gathering places that they ought to be.” — George Orwell
“Beer makes you feel the way you ought to feel without beer.” — Henry Lawson
“Wine is but single broth, ale is meat, drink, and cloth.” — English Proverb
“Life, alas, is very drear. Up with the glass! Down with the beer!” — Louis Untermeyer
“Beer that is not drunk had missed its vocation.” — Meyer Breslau
“I would give all my fame for a pot of ale and safety.” — William Shakespeare, Henry V
“Do not cease to drink beer, to eat, to intoxicate thyself, to make love, and to celebrate the good days.” — Ancient Egyptian Credo
“There can’t be good living where there is not good drinking.” — Ben Franklin
“You sit back in the darkness, nursing your beer, breathing in that ineffable aroma of the old-time saloon: dark wood, spilled beer, good cigars, and ancient whiskey — the sacred incense of the drinking man.” — Bruce Aidells
“Beer, if drunk in moderation, softens the temper, cheers the spirit and promotes health.” — Thomas Jefferson
“Beer does not make itself properly by itself. It takes an element of mystery and of things that no one can understand.” — Fritz Maytag
“There is more to life than beer alone, but beer makes those other things even better.” — Stephen Morris
“Back and side go bare, go bare, both foot and hand go cold; but, belly, God send thee good ale enough, whether it be new or old.” — Bishop John Still
“A little bit of beer is divine medicine.” — Paracelsus, Greek physician
Landlord fill the flowing bowl,
until it doth run over.
For tonight we’ll merry, merry be.
Tomorrow we’re Hungover.
Here’s to the man who drinks strong ale,
and goes to bed quite mellow.
Lives as he ought to live,
and dies a jolly good fellow.
— Old English folk song
“The mouth of perfectly happy man is filled with beer.” — Egyptian proverb
“Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer.” — Frederick the Great
“Beer … a high and mighty liquor.” — Julius Caeser
“A meal of bread, cheese and beer constitutes the perfect food.” — Queen Elizabeth I
“He that drinketh strong beer and goes to bed right mellow, lives as he ought to live and dies a hearty fellow.” — Anonymous
“Tis hard to tell which is best: music, food, beer or rest.” — Anonymous
“It’s a fair wind that blew men to ale.” — Washington Irving
“The culture of the hop … so analagous to the culture and uses of the grape, may afford a theme for future poets.” — Henry David Thoreau
“God made yeast, as well as dough, and loves fermentation just as dearly as he loves vegetation.” — Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Did you ever taste beer?”
“I had a sip of it once.,” said the servant.
“Here’s a state of things!”! cried Mr. Swiveller ….
“She never tasted it — it can’t be tasted in a sip!
— Charles Dickens
“It takes beer to make a thirst worthwhile.” — German saying
“Beer is an improvement on water itself.” — Grant Johnson
“A fine beer may be judged with only one sip, but it’s better to be thoroughly sure.” — Bohemian proverb
“Here’s to the heart that fills as the bottle empties.” — Anonymous
“Drunkenness does not create vice; it merely brings it into view.” — Seneca
“The sway of alcohol over mankind is unquestionably due to its power to stimulate the mystical faculties of human nature, usually crushed to earth by the cold facts and dry criticisms of the sober hour.” — William James
“I went on a diet, swore off drinking and heavy eating, and in fourteen days I lost two weeks.” — Joe E. Lewis
“As to the way of life of the English, they are somewhat impolite, for they belch at the table without shame. They consume great quantities of beer.” — Father Etienne Perlin, 1558
“The good Lord has changed water into wine, so how can drinking beer be a sin?” — Sign near a Belgian Monastery
“Religions change, but beer and wine remain.” — Harvey Allen
“Here with my beer I sit, while golden moments flit: alas! They pass unheeded by: and as they fly, I, being dry, sit idly sipping here, my beer.” — George Arnold
“But leave me to my beer! Gold is dross, love is loss, so if I gulp my sorrows down, or see them drown in foamy draughts of old nut-brown, then I do wear the crown, without the cross!” — George Arnold
“I have a total irreverence for anything connected with society except that which makes the roads safer, the beer stronger, the food cheaper and the old men and old women warmer in the winter and happier in the summer.” — Brendan Behan
“Some people wanted champagne and caviar when they should have had beer and hot dogs.” — Dwight D. Eisenhower
“In a study, scientists report that drinking beer can be good for the liver. I’m sorry, did I say ‘scientists’? I meant Irish people.'” — Tina Fey
“Oh I have been to Ludlow fair, and left my necktie God knows where. And carried half way home, or near, pints and quarts of Ludlow beer.” — Alfred Edward Housman
“I work until beer o’clock.” — Stephen King
“I am very picky about my people and my beer.” — Shelby Lynne
“Beer, it’s the best damn drink in the world.” — Jack Nicholson
“In my opinion, most of the great men of the past were only there for the beer – the wealth, prestige and grandeur that went with the power.” — A.J.P. Taylor
“For drink, there was beer which was very strong when not mingled with water, but was agreeable to those who were used to it. They drank this with a reed, out of the vessel that held the beer, upon which they saw the barley swim.” — Xenophon, 430-357 BCE
“Or merry swains, who quaff the nut-brown ale, and sing enamoured of the nut-brown maid.” — James Beattie
“I have fed purely upon ale; I have eat my ale, drank my ale, and I always sleep upon ale.” — George Farquhar
“The troubles of our proud and angry dust are from eternity, and shall not fail. Bear them we can, and if we can we must. Shoulder the sky, my lad, and drink your ale. ” — A.E. Housman, A Shropshire Lad, 1896
“When the pilgrims, seeking religious freedom, landed at Plymouth rock, the first permanent building put up was the brewery.” — Jim West
“A man can hide all things, excepting twain — That he is drunk, and that he is in love.” — Antiphanes, 408-344 BCE
“The best audience is intelligent, well-educated and a little drunk.” — Alben W. Barkley
“To get enough to eat was regarded as an achievement. To get drunk was a victory.” — Brendan Behan
“I think a man ought to get drunk at least twice a year just on principle, so he won’t let himself get snotty about it.” — Raymond Chandler
“I prefer to think that God is not dead, just drunk.” — John Huston
“The difference between a drunk and a alcoholic is that a drunk doesn’t have to attend all those meetings.” — Arthur Lewis
“The worst thing about some men is that when they are not drunk they are sober.” — William Butler Yeats
“Drinking when we are not thirsty and making love at all seasons, madam: that is all there is to distinguish us from other animals.” — Pierre de Beaumarchais
“Who-ever makes a poor beer is tranferred to the dung hill.” — City of Danzig edict, 11th Century
“The tavern will compare favorably with the church.” — Henry David Thoreau
“Ideally, brewers interpret history, and through science they create art.” — Don Spencer, Silver City Brewery
“There’s damsels in distress out there, and we got all this beer.” — Jimmy Buffett
“When I read about the evils of drinking, I gave up reading. ” — Henny Youngman
“Life isn’t all beer and skittles, but beer and skittles, or something better of the same sort, must form a good part of every Englishman’s education.” — Thomas Hughes, Tom Browne’s Schooldays, 1857
“Boughs have their fruit and blossom
At all times of the year;
Rivers are running over
With red beer and brown beer.”
— William Butler Yeats
“Prohibition makes you want to cry into your beer and denies you the beer to cry into” — Don Marquis, Certain Maxims of Archy
“I’ve only been in love with a beer bottle and a mirror.” — Sid Vicious
“What two ideas are more inseparable than beer and Britannia?” —Sydney Smith, British clergyman, 1934
“Demagogue — a vessel containing beer and other liquids.” — Mark Twain, Girls, 1910
“Doth it not show vilely in me to desire small beer?” — William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Pt 2
“God has a brown voice, as soft and full as beer.” — Anne Sexton
“We have to recognise, that the gin-palace, like many other evils, although a poisonous, is still a natural outgrowth of our social conditions. The tap-room in many cases is the poor man’s only parlour. Many a man takes to beer, not from the love of beer, but from a natural craving for the light, warmth, company, and comfort which is thrown in along with the beer, and which he cannot get excepting by buying beer. Reformers will never get rid of the drink shop until they can outbid it in the subsidiary attractions which it offers to its customers.” — William Booth, Salvation Army, 1890
“Beer, tobacco, and music,” he went on. “Behold the Fatherland.” — Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, 1924
“In my opinion, most of the great men of the past were only there for the beer—the wealth, prestige and grandeur that went with the power.” — A.J.P. Taylor, British historian, 1984
“One of the few moments of happiness a man knows in Australia is that moment of meeting the eyes of another man over the tops of two beer glasses.” — Anonymous
“If I asked her master he’d give me a cask a day;
But she, with the beer at hand, not a gill would arrange!
May she marry a ghost and bear him a kitten, and may
The High King of Glory permit her to get the mange.”
— James Kenneth Stephens, A Glass of Beer
“The lanky hank of a she in the inn over there
Nearly killed me for asking the loan of a glass of beer;
May the devil grip the whey-faced slut by the hair
And beat bad manners out of her skin for a year.
— James Kenneth Stephens, A Glass of Beer
“Under the pressure of the cares and sorrows of our mortal condition, men have at all times, and in all countries, called in some physical aid to their moral consolations—wine, beer, opium, brandy, or tobacco.” — Edmund Burke
“A statesman is an easy man,
He tells his lies by rote;
A journalist makes up his lies
And takes you by the throat;
So stay at home and drink your beer
And let the neighbours vote.”
— William Butler Yeats
“Instead of water we got here a draught of beer,… a lumberer’s drink, which would acclimate and naturalize a man at once,—which would make him see green, and, if he slept, dream that he heard the wind sough among the pines.” — Henry David Thoreau
“Time grows dim. Time that was so long grows short, time, all goggle-eyed, wiggling her skirts, singing her torch song, giving the boys a buzz and a ride, that Nazi Mama with her beer and sauerkraut. Time, old gal of mine, will soon dim out.” — Anne Sexton
“When we drink, we get drunk.
When we get drunk, we fall asleep.
When we fall asleep, we commit no sin.
When we commit no sin, we go to heaven.
So, let’s all get drunk, and go to heaven!”
— Irish Toast
“Here’s to a long life and a merry one.
A quick death and an easy one.
A pretty girl and an honest one.
A cold beer—and another one!”
— Irish Toast
“For every wound, a balm.
For every sorrow, cheer.
For every storm, a calm.
For every thirst, a beer.”
— Irish Toast
“You guys came by to have some fun. You’ll come and stay all night, I fear. But I know how to make you run. I’ll serve you all generic beer.” — Irish Toast
“I’ve never been into wine. I’m a beer man. What I like about beer is you basically just drink it and order more. You don’t sniff at it, or hold it up to the light and slosh it around, or drone on and on about it, the way people do with wine. Your beer drinker tend to be a straightforward, decent, friendly, down-to-earth person, whereas your serious wine fancier tends to be an insufferable snot.” — Dave Barry
“I like beer. On occasion, I will even drink beer to celebrate a major event such as the fall of Communism or the fact that the refrigerator is still working.” — Dave Barry
“It was as natural as eating and to me as necessary, and I would not have thought of eating a meal without drinking beer.” — Ernest Hemingway
“Most people hate the taste of beer – to begin with. It is, however, a prejudice.” — Winston Churchill
“In Vino Veritas, In Cervesio Felicitas (In wine there is wisdom, in beer there is joy)” — Anonymous
“Reality is an illusion that occurs due to the lack of alcohol.” — Anonymous
“Beer is the reason I get up every afternoon.” — Anonymous
“Adhere to the Schweinheitsgebot. Don’t put anything in your beer that a pig wouldn’t eat.” — David Geary
“One more drink and I’d be under the host.” — Dorothy Parker
“People who drink “light” beer don’t like the taste of beer; they just like to pee a lot.” — Sign at Capital Brewery, Middleton, WI
“Beer drinkin’ don’t do half the harm of love makin’.” — Old New England proverb
“Pure water is the best gifts a man can bring.
But who am I that I should have the best of anything?
Let princes revel at the pump, let peers with ponds make free,
…beer is good enough for me.”
— Lord Neaves
“Real ale fans are just like train-spotters, only drunk.” — Christopher Howse
“There can’t be good living where there is not good drinking.” — Benjamin Franklin
“I drink when I have occasion, and sometimes when I have no occasion.” — Miguel de Cervantes
“The first draught serveth for health, the second for pleasure, the third for shame, the fourth for madness.” — Sir Walter Raleigh
“Man, being reasonable, must get drunk; the best of life is but intoxication.” — Lord Byron
“Beer isn’t just beer… beer needs a home.” — Die Welt, German newspaper, 1976
“Light beer is an invention of the Prince of Darkness.” — Inspector Morse (BBC)
“The selling of bad beer is a crime against Christian love.” — City of Ausburg Law, 13th century
“Beer brewers shall sell no beer to the citizens, unless it be three weeks old; to the foreigner they may knowingly sell younger beer.” — German beer law, 1466
“There is an ancient Celtic axiom that says ‘Good people drink good beer.’ Which is true, then as now. Just look around you in any public barroom and you will quickly see: Bad people drink bad beer. Think about it.” — Hunter S. Thompson
“Abstainer: A weak person who yields to the temptation of denying himself a pleasure.” — Ambrose Bierce
“Praise not the day until evening has come; a woman until she is burnt; a sword until it is tried; a maiden until she is married; ice until it has been crossed; beer until it has been drunk. ” — Viking proverb
“The problem with the world is that everyone is a few drinks behind.” — Humphrey Bogart
“Man’s way to God is with beer in hand.” — Koffyar Tribal Wisdom, Nigeria
“Drink is the feast of reason and the flow of soul. ” — Alexander Pope
“I’ve always believed that paradise will have my favorite beer on tap. ” — Rudyard Wheatley
“Here’s a toast to the roast that good fellowship lends, with the sparkle of beer and wine; May its sentiment always be deeper, my friends, than the foam at the top of the stein. Then here’s to the heartening wassail, wherever good fellows are found; Be its master instead of its vassal, and order the glasses around.” — Ogden Nash
“The mouth of a perfectly happy man is filled with beer.” — Ancient Egyptian saying
“For we could not now take time for further search (to land our ship) our victuals being much spent, especially our Beere.” — Ship’s log of the Mayflower
“A drink a day, keeps the shrink away.” — Edward Abbey
“Things don’t make me nearly as happy as talking and having a beer with my friends. And that’s something everyone can do. ” — Drew Carey
“Ale it is called among men, and among gods, beer.” — Old Norse Alvisimal 1st known mention of “ale”, 950 CE
“He that drinks strong beer, and goes to bed mellow, lives as he ought to live, and dies a hearty fellow.” — English drinking song, 17th Century
“As he brews so shall he drink.” — Ben Johnson
“I wish to see this beverage become common instead of the whiskey which kills one-third of our citizens and ruins their families. ” — Thomas Jefferson
“The best place to drink beer is at home. Or on a river bank, if the fish don’t bother you. ” — American folk saying
“When I die, I want to decompose in a barrel of porter and have it served in all the pubs in Dublin. I wonder would they know it was me? ”
— J.P. Donleavy
The Ginger Man
“As to the way of life of the English, they are somewhat impolite, for they belch at the table without shame. They consume great quantities of beer.” — Father Etienne Perlin, 1558
“O Beer! O Hodgson, Guinness, Allsopp, Bass! Names that should be on every infant’s tongue.” — C.V. Calverly
“Beer that is not drunk has missed its vocation. Meyer Breslau Beer once tasted like something. It was made out of malt and hops and yeast and pure filtered water… Nowadays it is often made of such gook as rice and corn grits… nothing but dirty water. It’s so light and clear it’s nothing…ignoble swill.” — Charles McCabe, 1960
“Drinking will make a man quaff,
Quaffing will make a man sing,
Singing will make a man laugh,
And laughing long life doth bring,
Says old Simon the King.”
— Anonymous, circa 1621
“Or merry swains, who quaff the nut-brown ale,
And sing enamour’d of the nut-brown maid.”
— James Beattie, The Minstrel
“People who don’t drink are afraid of revealing themselves.” — Humphrey Bogart
“Drinking is a way of ending the day.” — Ernest Hemingway
“I’ve made it a rule never to drink by daylight and never to refuse a drink after dark.” — H.L. Mencken
“One sip of this
Will bathe the drooping spirits in delight,
Beyond the bliss of dreams.”
— John Milton
“For drink, there was beer which was very strong when not mingled with water, but was agreeable to those who were used to it. They drank this with a reed, out of the vessel that held the beer, upon which they saw the barley swim.” — Xenophon, Anabasis
“I know a man who gave up smoking, drinking, sex, and rich food. He was healthy right up to the day he killed himself.” — Johnny Carson
“Drinking when we are not thirsty and making love at all seasons, madam: that is all there is to distinguish us from other animals. ” — Pierre de Beaumarchais
“I am awake, I might as well be drinking.” — Dan Thompson
“Of beer, an enthusiast has said that it could never be bad, but that some brands might be better than others.” — A.A. Milne
“This is all thousands of years old. It’s the same the world over. Anyone who has ever walked upright has loved beer, celebrated over it, told talks over it, hatched plots over it, courted over it. It’s what we do as a species. It’s what makes us human. We brew.” — Alan Eames
“The moralizing tendency and salubrious nature of fermented liquors — beer, ale, porter, and cider — recommend them to a serious consideration and particularly in our country.” — Alexander Hamilton
“There are only two times when I drink beer, when I’m alone and when I’m with someone else.” — Anonymous
“Milk is for babies. When you grow up you have to drink beer.” — Arnold Schwarzenegger
“Ahhhhhhhh!!! Natural light!!! Get it off me!!!” — Barney Gumbal, The Simpsons
“We are here to drink beer. We are here to kill war. We are here to laugh at the odds and live our lives so well that Death will tremble to take us.” — Charles Bukowski
“After watching Conan O’Brien’s sophomoric behavior while interviewing Michael Jackson on his show this week, I have come to the conclusion that you can judge the level of a man’s intellect simply by saying the word “beer” and watching his reaction.” — Chuck Skypeck
“When the hour is nigh me,
Let me in a tavern die,
With a tankard by me.”
— Confesio, 12th Century
“You can only drink 30 or 40 glasses of beer a day, no matter how rich you are.” — Adolphus Busch
“Let no man thirst for lack of Real Ale.” — Commonwealth Brewing, Boston, Mass.
“Fermentation may have been a greater discovery than fire.” — David Rains Wallace
“Six pints of bitter,’ said Ford Prefect…. ‘And quickly please, the world’s about to end.’” — Douglas Adams, Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy
“It is disgusting to notice the increase in the quantity of coffee used by my subjects, and the amount of money that goes out of the country as a consequence. Everybody is using coffee; this must be prevented. His Majesty was brought up on beer, and so were both his ancestors and officers. Many battles have been fought and won by soldiers nourished on beer, and the King does not believe that coffee-drinking soldiers can be relied upon to endure hardships in case of another war.” — Frederick the Great of Prussia, 1777
“We brewers don’t make beer, we just get all the ingredients together and the beer makes itself.” — Fritz Maytag
“It’s very hard to get pretentious about beer. You can become knowledgeable and start to talk with a highfalutin’ vocabulary. But you can only go so far with beer, and I’ve always liked that.” — Fritz Maytag
“He is not deserving the name of Englishman who speaketh against ale, that is, good ale.” — George Borrow
“Lo! the poor topper whose untutored sense,
Sees bliss in ale, and can with wine dispense;
Whose head proud fancy never taught to steer,
Beyond the muddy ecstasies of beer.”
— George Crabbe
“. . . it seemed to me that man himself was like a half-emptied bottle of pale ale, which Time had drunk so far, yet stoppled tight for a while, and drifting about in the ocean of circumstances, but destined ere-long to mingle with the surrounding waves, or be spilled amid the sands of a distant shore.” — Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod, 1855-65
“Keep your libraries, your penal institutions, your insane asylums…give me beer. You think man needs rule, he needs beer. The world does not need morals, it needs beer… The souls of men have been fed with indigestibles, but the soul could make use of beer.” — Henry Miller
“There is nothing in the world like the first taste of beer.” — John Steinbeck
“Beer…the mother of all of us.” — John Shepard
“Beer, of course, is actually a depressant, but poor people will never stop hoping otherwise.” — Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.
“If God had wanted us to filter our beer, he wouldn’t have given us livers” — Larry Bell
“While beer brings gladness, don’t forget
That water only makes you wet.”
— Larry Leon Wilson, The Spenders
“Here’s to life and a merry one, a quick death and a pretty one, a pretty girl and a true one, a cold beer and another one.” — Lewis C. Henry
“The wise son brings joy to his father, but the wiser son brings beer.” — Mad Mordigan
“Well, I never met a beer I didn’t drink. And down it goes.” — Norm Peterson, Cheers
“Terrorists, Sam. They’ve taken over my stomach. They’re demanding beer.” — Norm Peterson, Cheers
l have a froth of beer and a snorkel.” — Norm Peterson, Cheers
“Well, I am going to need something to kill time before my second beer. Uhhh, how about a first one?” — Norm Peterson, Cheers
“When the beer bubbles, the masses forget their troubles.” — The Peoples Daily, China
“When the bee comes to your house, let her have beer; you may want to visit the bee’s house some day.” — Congoese proverb
“It takes Beer to make thirst worthwhile.” — German proverb
“Ale sellers should not be taletellers.” — Scottish proverb
“Listening to someone who brews his own beer is like listening to a religious fanatic talk about the day he saw the light.” — Ross Murray, Montreal Gazette, 1991
“Let no man thirst for good beer.” — Samuel Adams
“It is not “just beer,” it is a noble and ancient beverage which, like wine, food and television advertising, can be extraordinarily good or unmercifully bad.” — Stephen Beaumont
“Beer isn’t just beer….beer needs a home.” — Stephen Beaumont
“24 beers in a case. 24 hours in a day. Coincidence?” — Steven Wright
“Beer soothes the upset soul.” — Thomas Mann
“A full beer is a perfect beer.” — Tim Russman
“But if at church they would give some ale
And a pleasant fire our souls to regale.
Wed sing and wed pray all the livelong day,
Nor ever once from the church to stray.”
— William Blake
“…there is only one game at the heart of America and that is baseball, and only one beverage to be found sloshing at the depths of our national soul and that is beer.” — Peter Richmond
“Brewers enjoy working to make beer as much as drinking beer instead of working.” — Howard Rudolph
“I never met a pub I didn’t like.” — Pete Slosberg
“Life is a waste of time, time is a waste of life, so get wasted all of the time and have the time of your life.” — Anonymous
“Life is too short to drink cheap beer.” — Rene Deschutes
“I drink, therefore, I am.” — Anonymous
“…Actually, I’m a drinker with writing problems.” — Brendan Behan
“Life begins at 60 — 1.060, that is.” — Denny Conn
“Beer is a wholesome liquor….it abounds with nourishment.” — Dr. Benjamin Rush
“You’re all wanking sissies if you even think about using a grain mill, teeth, or ball-peen hammer. A real brewer uses 17 vestal virgins stomping on the grain in a large wooden vat. And yeast is for losers. True brewers just dip one end of their dog into the wort to get things going.” — Drew Avis
“If my mother was tied up and held for ransom, I might think about making a light beer.” — Greg Koch, Stone Brewing
“Why do I drink? So that I can write poetry.” — Jim Morrison
“Women and drink. Too much of either can drive you to the other.” — Michael Still
“Beer has long been the prime lubricant in our social intercourse and the sacred throat-anointing fluid that accompanies the ritual of mateship. To sink a few cold ones with the blokes is both an escape and a confirmation of belonging.” — Rennie Ellis
“No, sir: There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn.” — Samuel Johnson
“I don’t have a drinking problem, except when I can’t find a drink.” — Tom Waits
“We old folks have to find our cushions and pillows in our tankards. Strong beer is the milk of the old.” — Martin Luther
“Who does not love beer, wine, women and song remains a fool his whole life long.” — Carl Worner
“Wine gentrifies, beer unifies.” — W. Scott Griffith
“Beer will always have a definite role in the diet of an individual and can be considered a cog in the wheel of nutritional foods.” — Bruce Carlton
“Beer is the fountain of happiness.” — Anonymous
“I don’t have a drinking problem so much as I have a drinking solution.” — Anonymous
“A pleasant aperitif, as well as a good chaser for a short quick whiskey, as well again for a fine supper drink, is beer.” — M.F.K. Fisher
“Because beer is food: in cooking, at the table, and by the glass …” — Lucy Saunders
“Payday came and with it beer.” — Rudyard Kipling
“In the barley where thou sleepest there hides nectar clear, Which men shall know in later times as porter, ale or beer.” — Anonymous
“Bad people drink bad beer. You almost never see an empty bottle of Rochefort tossed onto the side of the road.” — Dave Cooks
“Make sure that the beer — four pints a week — goes to the troops under fire before any of the parties in the rear get a drop.” — Winston Churchill
“I wish you a Malty Christmas
And a Hoppy New Year,
A pocket full of money
And a cellar full of Beer!”
— Anonymous Toast
“Not everybody is strong enough to endure life without an anesthetic. Drink probably averts more gross crime than it causes.” — George Bernard Shaw
“We’re in different businesses (than big brewers). We both make something called beer, but they don’t really taste much alike. The big brewers are of a completely different mindset. A-B has more in common with Coca-Cola than they do with us. That’s not to say their beer is bad. It’s just different from what we make. If you look at their advertising you see they are trying to sell lifestyle.” — Brock Wagner, St. Arnold Brewing founder
“Oatcakes are a delicate relish when eaten warm with ale.” — Robert Burns
“Mankind: The animal that fears the future and desires fermented beverages.” — Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, 1755-1826
“I believe, if we take habitual drunkards as a class, their heads and their hearts will bear an advantageous comparison with those of any other class. There seems ever to have been a proneness in the brilliant and warm-blooded to fall into this vice.” — Abraham Lincoln, 1842
“No verse can give pleasure for long, nor last, that is written by water-drinkers.” — Horace
“I know Bacchus, the god of wine, for he smells of nectar; but all I know of the god of beer is that he smells of the billy goat.” — Emperor Julian the Apostate, 361 CE
“Stick thirteen black-headed pins into the cork of the bottle that gave you the hangover.” — Haitian Voodoo Curse
“I have often regretted what I have eaten, but never what I have drunk.” — Otto Von Bismark
“Let a neat housewife … have the handling of good ingredients — sweet malt and good water — and you shall see and will say there is an art in brewing.” — Dr. Cyril Folkingham, 1623
“A tavern chair is the throne of human felicity.” — Samuel Johnson
“Pilsners should be refreshing and invigorating all the time, whether you’ve just played nine innings in the sun or are simply watching the game.” — Eric Asimov
“Up to age forty, eating is beneficial; after forty, drinking.” — The Talmud
“For our food, I slaughtered sheep and oxen, day by day; with beer, oil and water, I filled large jugs.” — Atrahasis, Sumerian Folk Hero
“We drink all we can. The rest we sell.” — Utica Club Brewery, 1965
“I distrust camels and anyone else who can go a week without drinking.” — Joe E. Lewis
“Kitchens in Milwaukee are built with three taps — marked hot, cold and Schlitz.” — Old Milwaukee saying
“America’s craft brewers know that beer, not wine, is the best beverage for accompanying a good meal.” — Nancy Johnson
“Any foreign trip is better if you can visit a few breweries.” — Fred Eckhardt
“A man hath no better thing under the sun than to eat, and to drink, and to be merry.” — The Bible, Ecclesiastes 3:13
“Beer is a gift from the goddesses, a soothing balm given our species to bring joy and comfort in compensation for the curse of self-awareness, the awful realization of our mortality.” — Alan Eames
“Brehm asserts that the natives of Northeastern Africa catch the wild baboons by exposing vessels with strong beer, by which they are made drunk….. On the following morning … they held their aching heads with both hands.” — Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, 1859
“I rose politely in the club
And said, I feel a little bored.
Will someone take me to a pub?”
— G.K. Chesterton, A Ballade of An Anti-Puritan, 1915
“Hops, turkies, carp, and beer
Came into England all in one year.”
— Old English Proverb
“Called ale among men; but by the gods called beer.” — The Alvismát
“In eating, a third of the stomach should be filled with food, a third with drink, and the rest left empty.” — The Talmud
“… in life, there’s always room for beer.” — Tom Ciccateri
“Beer was not made to be moralized about, but to be drunk.” — Theodore Maynard
“Most chefs don’t drink wine at the end of the night; it’s too heavy. They drink beer.” — Wendy Littlefield
“I’m going to drink beer. Beer tastes like champagne after a win like tonight” — George Karl, Denver Nuggets coach
“A number of herbs having been worked up in clean ale, the patient was to sing seven masses over the worts, then to add garlic and holy water, and was drink the mixture out of a church bell.” — Ancient recipe for casting out devils
“I wish we could all have good luck, all the time! I wish we had wings! I wish rainwater was beer.” — Robert Bolt, A Man For All Seasons, 1960
“The [English] pub has always been much more than just a tavern—it is a clubhouse, a meeting place, a community center.” — Anthony Dias Blue
“Some malt the Indian corne, others barley, of which they make good Ale, both strong and small, and such plenty thereof few of the upper Planters drinke any water.” — John Smith, Jamestown, Va., 1625
“Not drunk is he who from the floor
Can rise again and drink some more;
But drunk is he who prostrate lies,
And who can neither drink nor rise.”
— Eugene Field
‘Thank you, I prefer the bottle.'”
— Owen Wister
“Be one who drinks the finest of ales every day without fail. Even when you have drank enough, remember that ale is wonderful stuff.” — Anonymous
“If barley be wanted to make into malt
We must be content and think it no fault.
For we can make liquor to sweeten our lips
Of pumpkins and parsnips and walnut tree chips.”
— 17th Century Song
“For fear that one drink will be lonesome, take another to keep it company, and another to keep peace between them.” — Anonymous
“Beer has long been the prime lubricant in our social intercourse and the sacred throat-anointing fluid that accompanies the ritual of mateship.” — Rennie Ellis
“When things go wrong and will not come right,
Though you do the best you can,
When life looks black as the hour of night—
A pint of plain is your only man.”
— Flann O’Brien
“Bless, O Lord, this creature beer, that Thou hast been pleased to bring forth from the sweetness of the grain: that it might be a salutary remedy for the human race: and grant by the invocation of Thy holy name, that, whosoever drinks of it may obtain health of body and a sure safeguard for the soul.” — Blessing of the Beer, Rituale Romanum (no. 58)
“We old folks have to find our cushions and pillows in our tankards. Strong beer is the milk of the old.” — Martin Luther
“Be of good cheer, drink only great beer.” — Jay Brooks
“Beer is a health food.” — George F. Will
“For secular people who favor a wall of separation between church and tavern, beer is evidence that nature wants us to be.” — George F. Will
“I have seen the love stars shining
Through bronze hair across my face.
I have seen white bosoms heaving
Though a wisp of open lace;
But one sight is dear to memory,
And it seemeth brighter far—
Just a guttered candles flicker
On a tankard on a bar. ”
— John Barr
“Who does not know beer, does not know what is good. Beer makes the home pleasant.” — Sumerian proverb
“I have no pain, dear mother, now, but oh! I am so dry. Connect me to a brewery. And leave me there to die.” — parody of Edward Farmer, The Collier’s Dying Child, 1870
“When the bee comes to your house, let her have beer; you may want to visit the bee’s house some day.” — Congolese Proverb
“Beer … because none of the world’s problems were ever solved with white wine.” — Karl Wichmann
“Brewers enjoy working to make beer as much as drinking beer instead of working.” — Harold Rudolph
“Alcohol is good for you. My grandfather proved it irrevocably. He drank two quarts of booze every mature day of his life and lived to the age of 103. I was at the cremation – that fire would not go out.” — Dave Astor
“I am sure of this, that if everybody was to drink their bottle a day, there would be not half the disorders in the world there are now. It would be a famous good thing for us all.” — Jane Austen
“Way down south they had a jubilee,
Them Georgia folks, they had a jamboree.
They were drinking homebrew from a wooden tub,
The folks that were dancin’ there got all shook up.”
— Chuck Berry
“If you can make oatmeal cookies at home, you can brew beer.” — Bob Carbone
“The brewery is the best drug store.” — German proverb
“My people must drink beer.” — Frederick the Great of Prussia, 1777
“One of the hallmarks of the baby boomer generation is that it doesn’t live like the previous generation. It hasn’t yet given up jeans and T-shirts or beer.” — Ron Klugman; Sr. V-P, Coors Brewing
“No soldier can fight unless he is properly fed on beef and beer.” — John Churchill, First Duke of Marlborough
“It is my aim to win the American people over to our side, to make them all lovers of beer.” — Adolphus Busch
“Everybody has to believe in something … I believe I’ll have another beer.” — W.C. Fields
“Beer that is not drunk has missed its vocation.” — Meyer Breslau
“Together we can stop the spread of lite beer” — On a T-shirt from Half Pints Brewing, Canada
“You can’t drink all day if you don’t start in the morning.” — Ray Daniels
“Pretty women make us BUY beer. Ugly women make us DRINK beer.” — Al Bundy
“The brewery is the best drugstore” — Old German folk wisdom
“American beer, just like its people, is an extreme melting pot of creativity, tradition, capitalism and an unnerving sense of complete disregard for reality. I don’t think I’d have it any other way.” — Tom Goodwin
“Alcohol is the anesthesia by which we endure the operation of life.” — George Bernard Shaw
“I hate to advocate drugs, alcohol, violence, or insanity to anyone, but they’ve always worked for me.” — Hunter S. Thompson
“Good ale, the true and proper drink of Englishmen. He is not deserving of the name of Englishman who speaketh against ale, that is good ale.” — George Borrow, 1851, Lavengro
“They’re drinkin’ homebrew from a wooden cup, The folks were dancin’ there got all shook up.” — Chuck Berry, Rock ‘n’ Roll Music
“Let’s all work to get people to drink more good beer, so if someone walks into your office and says he drinks Corona, don’t immediately call him a dickhead.” — Michael Jackson
“The Baker says, ‘I’ve the staff of life and you’re a silly elf.’ The Brewer replied, with artful pride, ‘Why this is life itself.'” — 13th Century Anonymous
“For years the American workman would stagnate through his workday, but in the evening, he could get home, sit down and watch the TV, pop open a beer, and, then and there, get ahead.” — Jerry Blaz
“I should like a great lake of ale, for the King of Kings. I should like the family of heaven to be drinking it through time eternal.” — St. Brigid
“I wish you a merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, with your pockets full of money, and your cellar full of beer.” — Old English Carol
“I lived from beer of black wheat, and drank from beer of white wheat.” — Engraving on Ancient Egyptian tomb
“Old men and young, while gathered around the social beer table, relate their experience and quantity of beer they have swallowed at one sitting, or in one day, or in one evening with as much pride as an old hunter would rehearse his achievements in the forest or jungle. They seem to be as proud of the capacity of their stomachs as a prize fighter is of his muscle.” — Henry Ruggles, 1883
“‘Drink took to me,’ said Simple. ‘Whiskey just naturally likes me but beer likes me better.'” — Langston Hughes
“It never rains in the brewhall.” — Old German Saying
“I have never found that Bass’s India draught pale ale, taken in small quantities at meals disagrees… The drink is laxative, while the contrary is to be said of other ales and porters.” — Roger Protz
“Wine is on every lip: beer in every stomach. Those same writers who prate about priceless wines, drink beer.” — Anonymous, 1934
“Beer by Christmas would be the most welcome news the American people could have since the depression began.” — William Randolph Hearst, 11.10.32
“Drinking really cold beer is like slapping yourself in the face with an ice pick.” — Michael Jackson
“That Osiris founded there the dynasty of the Beer Kings.” — Peluseum, Ancient Egypt
“Hermit hoar, in solemn cell, wearing out life’s evening gray. Smite thy bosom, sage, and tell, what is bliss, and which the way? Thus I spoke, and speaking sighed, scarce repressed a starting tear. When the smiling sage reply’d, come, my lad, and drink some beer.” — Samuel Johnson
“There is food in beer, but there is no beer in food. Beer is like liquid bread-it provides the same necessary nutrients. I say, just lay off the food.” — Jim Koch
“For this my heart is set, when the hour is nigh me, let me in the tavern die, with a tankard by me, while the angels looking down joyously sing o’er me. Deus sit propitius huic potatori.” — Anonymous, 12th Century
“Beer does not make itself properly by itself. It takes an element of mystery and of things that no one can understand. As a brewer you concern yourself with all the stuff you can understand, everywhere.” — Fritz Maytag
“Beer has food value, but food has no beer value.” — Anonymous
“Such power hath Beer. The heart which grief hath canker’d Hath one unfailing remedy – the Tankard.” — Charles Stuart Calverley
“In some countries, when a boy reaches a certain age it is customary for his father to take him to a bordello so as to ensure his proper initiation into one of life’s greatest pleasures. In England, the equivalent custom is for the father to take his son on his first visit to a pub and to supervise his initiation into the ritual of beer-drinking in a proper social environment.” — Terry Foster
“Nothing quenches the thirst like a wheat beer, or sharpens the appetite like an India pale ale. Nothing goes as well with seafood as a dry porter or stout, or accompanies chocolate like an imperial stout. Nothing soothes like a barley wine. These are just a few of the specialty styles of beer.” — Michael Jackson
“All of the buildup and hype, everything else, is foam. The game is the beer.” — Marv Levy, football coach
“Brewing is the art of feeding sugar to yeast.” — Jeff Frane, 1994, Zymurgy
“It’s extraordinary how friendly you can make a lot of people on a couple bottles of beer.” — Baron Frankenstein, in 1931 film “Frankenstein”
“With hekt (beer) the Ka (spirit) is kept in balance with the liver and blood — Hekt is the liquid of happy blood and body.” — Ancient Egyptian Physician
“Drink beer, the custom of the land! Beer he drank, seven goblets. His spirit was loosened, he became hilarious. His heart became glad and his face shone.” — Epic of Gilgamesh, 1200 BCE
“Cerevisiam Bibat! (drink beer for health)” — St. Hildegard von Bingen, 1150 CE
“They didn’t trademark everything back then. Now someone farts and they put a TM after it. Even Miller Lite says ‘A Fine Pilsener Beer’ on the label. It is a crime.” — Michael Jackson
“I don’t drink beer like a girl.” — Cornelia Corey, 2001 Beerdrinker of the Year
“Ale is meat, drink and cloth; it will make a cat speak and a wise man dumb.” — Jonathan Swift
“On the chest of a barmaid in Sale, were tattooed the prices of ale. And on her behind, for the sake of the blind, was the same information in Braille!” — Anonymous
“I feel wonderful, drinking beer in a blissful mood, with joy in my heart and a happy liver.” — Sumerian inscription, 3000 BCE
“No, Sir: There is nothing which has yet been contrived by man by which so much happiness is produced as by a good tavern or inn.” — Samuel Johnson
“A clay tablet dating around 4000 BC excavated in what is today Syria is inscribed with what is known as the earliest known beer advertisement. The tablet is adorned with a large-breasted woman holding two goblets and is inscribed with the caption ‘Drink Ebla Beer — the beer with the heart of a lion!'” — Zymurgy, 1998
“They proceed with the speed of rockets to the northeast corner of the universe, which George perceived to be shaped exactly like a pint of beer, in which the nebulae were the ascending bubbles.” — John Collier; The Devil, George, and Rosie
“The perverted ingenuity of man has given to water the power of intoxicating where wine is not procured. Western nations intoxicate themselves by moistened grain.” — Pliny the Elder
“Everybody’s old enough for a beer, ain’t that right, Mule?” — Jack Nicholson, in “The Last Detail”
“Ale — not beer — in a pewter mug was comme il faut, the only thing for a gentlemen of letters, worthy of the name, to drink.” — Guy de Maupassant, Twelve Men
“Friends don’t let friends drink Lite Beer.” — Anonymous
“Blessings of your heart, you brew good ale.” — William Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona
“It isn’t because there are no refrigerators in England. If you order a Heineken in England (you must be a lunatic) it will be chilled.” (explaining the US perception that UK beer is warm) — Michael Jackson
“None so deaf as those who will not hear. None so blind as those who will not see. But I’ll wager none so deaf nor blind that he sees not nor hears me say come drink this beer.” — W.L. Hassoldt
“Beer drinkers have been duped by mass marketing into the belief that it makes sense to drink only one brand of beer. In truth, brand loyalty in beer makes no more sense than ‘vegetable loyalty’ in food. Can you imagine it? “No thanks, I’ll pass on the mashed potatoes, carrots, bread and roast beef. Me, I’m strictly a broccoli man.'” — Stephen Beaumont
“Whiskey’s too rough, champagne costs too much, vodka puts my mouth in gear. I hope this refrain, will help me explain, as a matter of fact, I like beer.” — Tom T. Hall
“Englishmen are like their own beer: Frothy on top, dregs on the bottom, the middle excellent.” — Voltaire
“Everybody drank, and nobody drank moderately; the vice was common to all. At social parties no gentleman ever thought of leaving the table sober; the host would have considered it a slight on his hospitality.” — F.W. Hackwood, 18th century England
“And Tib my wife, that as her life, loveth well good ale to seek. Full oft she drinks, till ye may see, tears run down her cheek.” — John Still, Bishop of Bath & Wells, 1543-1608
“Make the long night shorter, Forgetting not, Good stout old English Porter.” — R. H. Messenger, Give Me the Old
“So laugh, lads, and quaff, lads, twill make you stout and hale; through all my days, I’ll sing the praise of brown October ale.” — Reginald De Koven, song from Robin Hood
“My house is about equidistant from the Young’s brewery and the Fuller’s brewery. This is no accident.” — Michael Jackson
“Beer Is Love.” — Brent Runyon
“Well I woke up this mornin’ and got myself a beer.” — Jim Morrison; Roadhouse Blues, The Doors
“Her ale, if new, looks like a misty morning, all thick; well if her ale be strong, her reckoning right, her house clean, her fire good, her face fair, and the town great or rich, she shall seldom or never sit without chirping birds to bear her company.” — Donald Lupton, 1632
“They who have drunk beer — fall on their back — for they who get drunk on other intoxicating liquors fall on all parts of their body — it is only those who get drunk on beer who fall on their backs and lie with their faces upwards.” — Aristotle
“While you merely see the disease bearing viruses, I see the benign microorganisms which by making, among other things, strong beers — and enable you to spend your evenings in alcoholic bliss.” — Patrick McGinley, 1978
“This beer is good for you. This is draft beer. Stick with the beer. Let’s go and beat this guy up and come back and drink some more beer.” — Ernest Hemingway, To Have and Have Not
“Then here’s to the heartening wassail, wherever good fellows are found, be its master instead of its vassal, and order the glasses around.” — Ogden Nash & Sue King, A Drink With Something In It
“Well they worked their will on John Barleycorn, but he lived to tell the tale. For they pour him out of an old brown jug, and they call him home brewed ale!” — Anonymous
“Ale is made of malte and water; and they the whiche do put any other thynge to ale than is rehersed, except yest, barme or godesgood, doth sophysticat theyr ale.” — Andrew Boorde, A Compendious Regyment or a Dyetary of Helth, 1542
“To stare too intently at a glass of beer, or sniff it too obviously, in a bar or pub can be a questionable enterprise, but those are the first steps in appreciation. All food and drink is enjoyed with the eyes and nose as well as the mouth, and beer is no exception.” — Michael Jackson, New World Guide To Beer
“Chicba, corn beer, was the vehicle that linked man to his gods through the fecundity of the earth.” — Gustravo Otero, 1951
“There is an ancient Celtic axiom that says ‘Good people drink good beer.’ Which is true, then as now. Just look around you in any public barroom and you will quickly see: Bad people drink bad beer. Think about it.” — Hunter S. Thompson
“Mother’s in the kitchen washing out the jugs. Sister’s in the pantry bottling the suds. Father’s in the cellar mixin’ up the hops. Johnny’s on the front porch watchin’ for the cops.” — Prohibition song
“Listening to someone who brews his own beer is like listening to a religious fanatic talk about the day he saw the light.” — Ross Murray, Montreal Gazette
“The awe with which man has regarded this natural process finds spontaneous expression in the fact the animating essence produced by fermentation is identified in language with the essence of human life, both being designated by the term ‘spirit.'” — J.P. Arnold, 1933
“A little bit of beer is divine medicine.” — Paracelsus, Greek physician
“I wish to see this beverage become common instead of the whiskey which kills one-third of our citizens and ruins their families.” — Thomas Jefferson; on beer, 1816
“Nothing ever tasted better than a cold beer on a beautiful afternoon with nothing to look forward to than more of the same.” — Hugh Hood
“You could make an argument for Portland being the beer capital of the world. When I come into the airport, I’d like to see a sign that says, ‘Welcome to the Beer Capital.'” — Michael Jackson
“How can I who drink — bitter beer every day of my life — cooly stand up and advise hard working fellow-creatures to take the pledge?” — William Gladstone, on the UK Permissive Prohibitory Bill, 1880
“Oh I have been to Ludlow fair, and left my necktie God knows where. And carried half way home, or near, pints and quarts of Ludlow beer. Then the world seemed none so bad, and I myself a sterling lad. And down in lovely muck I’ve lain, happy — till I woke up again.” — A.E. Housman
“Twas Christmas broach’d the mightiest ale; ’twas Christmas told the merriest tale; a Christmas gambol oft could cheer the poor man’s heart through half the year.” — Sir Walter Scott
“Thought of giving it all away, to a registered charity. All I need is a pint a day.” — Paul McCartney
“Everyone has his own lifetime dream. Mine is that someday, in a tavern somewhere, I’ll hold up a pitcher of beer like this and I’ll say, Bartender? Could I have a glass? And he’ll look back at me and say, Friend, this is the glass!” — Joe Martin (Mister Boffo comic strip)
“Here’s to beer, so amber and pure. Not as sweet as a woman’s lips, But a damn sight more sincere.” — Old Irish Toast
“Poor John Scott lies buried here, although he was both hale and stout. Death stretched his on the bitter bier, in another world he hops about.” — On tomb of Liverpool brewer
“Let us sing our own treasures, Old England’s good cheer, to the profits and pleasures of stout British beer. Your wine tippling, dram sipping fellows retreat, but your beer drinking Britons can never be beat. The French with their vineyards and meager pale ale, they drink from the squeezing of half ripe fruit. But we, who have hop-yards to mellow our ale, are rosy and plump and have freedom to boot.” — English drinking song, 1757
“Water is good for only two things: floating ships and making beer.” — Anonymous
“Beefsteaks and porter are good belly mortar.” — Scottish proverb, 1760
“In wine there is wisdom. In beer is strength. In water is bacteria.” — German saying
“A glass of bitter or pale ale, taken with the principal meal of the day, does more good and less harm than any medicine the physician can prescibe.” — Dr. S. Carpenter, England, 1750
“The West Coast, particularly the northern part, is the most youthful and energetic part of the USA. It’s almost as if the people are reflected in the beer. That might sound a slightly poetic way of looking at it, but I think it’s true.” — Michael Jackson
“O Beer! O Hodgson, Guinness, Allsopp, Bass! Names that should be on every infant’s tongue.” — C.V. Calverley
“A beer in the hand is worth two in the case.” — Walter Breidenstein
“And so, you see, ’twas beautiful ale, and I wished to value his kindness…and not to be so ill-mannered as to drink only a thimbleful, which would have been insulting the man’s generosity. And so I used to eat a lot of salt fish afore going, and then by the time I got there I was as dry as a lime-basket so thorough dry that ale would slip-ah, ‘twould slip down sweet! Happy times! Heavenly times! Such lovely drunks as I used to have at that house!” — Thomas Hardy, Far From The Maddening Crowd
“The troubles of our proud and angry dust, are from eternity, and shall not fail. Bear them we can, and if we can we must, shoulder the sky, my lad, and drink your ale.” — A.E. Housman
“The day before election day they were still bowing their necks to the Anti-Saloon League, but two days later they were howling for beer and by the end of the year they were also howling for whisky, gin and rum.” — H. L. Mencken (on the U.S. congress & election of 1932)
“Mankind: The animal that fears the future and desires fermented beverages.” — Brillat Savarin
“They told me this story while we were waiting for an up-train. I supplied the beer. The tale was cheap at a gallon and a half.” — Rudyard Kipling, The Three Musketeers
“No microbrewer in his right mind should make wheat beer. Five years from now it will be dead (as a commercial product).” — Joe Owades, April 1987
“Some miners [in the town where he started his journalism career] would have 20 pints after a hard day in the mine. Now that we sit behind computers all day, this is down to 18 or 19 pints.” — Michael Jackson
“I have fed purely upon ale; I have ate my ale, and I always sleep upon ale.” — George Farquhar, The Beaux’ Strategem
“Beer! my father would bawl whenever some elder dared to chide his tippling. Beer is my food! To maintain his strength he seldom drank less than four quarts a day.” — Robert Roberts, The Classic Slum
“Prohibition has made our president a dictator, executing an unpopular law by force of arms. It has made our congressmen cowards and hypocrites, passing more, and more oppressive laws, while themselves carrying whisky flasks in their hip pockets. Prohibition has divided our people into factions almost as bitterly hostile to each other as the factions that existed before the Civil War.” — William Randolph Hearst, 1932
“Schaum ist kein bier” (Froth is not beer.) — German proverb, 16th century
“What do you say to a beer? I say, ‘You come here often?'” — Walter Breidenstein
“And there are few things in this life so revolting as sipped beer. But let it go down your throat as suds go down the drain, and you will quickly realize that this is a true friend, to be admitted to your most secret counsels. Long draughts with an open throat are the secret.” — Maurice Healy
“What the sober man has in his heart, the drunken man has on his lips.” — Danish proverb
“Lo! the poor topper whose untutored sense, sees bliss in ale, and can with wine dispense. Whose head proud fancy never taught to steer, beyond the muddy ecstasies of beer.” — George Crabbe
“For some ten-thousand years, women have maintained power in male dominated hunter-gather societies through their skills as brewsters.” — Alan Eames
“I am the first man south of the Mason-Dixon line to brew a drinkable home-brew.” — H. L. Mencken, Heathen Days
“A full beer is a perfect beer.” — Tim Russman
“Beer once tasted like something. It was made out of malt and hops and yeast and pure filtered water… Nowadays it is often made of such gook as rice and corn grits… nothing but dirty water. It’s so light and clear it’s nothing… ignoble swill.” — Charles McCabe, 1960
“Heaven! that’s another tale. Mightn’t let me chew there. Gotta have me a pot of ale; would I like the brew there?” — Robert Service, Grandad
“And many a skeleton shook his head. ‘Instead of preaching forty year!’ My neighbor Parson Thirdly said, ‘I wish I’d stuck to pipes and beer.'” — Thomas Hardy, Channel Firing, 1914
“Why, we’ll smoke and drink our beer. For I like a drop of good beer, I does. I’ze fond of good beer, I is. Let gentlemen fine sit down to their wine. But we’ll all of us here stick to our beer.” — Old Somersetshire English song
“To clink glasses of a freshly made, seasonal beer, preferably in a pub or garden, with friends and perhaps new acquaintances, is a ritual that makes every participant feel good. We may not rationalize this at the time, but it gives us a sense of place in our common community and our time in the tides of life on earth. This is a way to value beer and treat it with respect.” — Michael Jackson
“Good beer is the basis of true temperance.” — The Daily Express, 1919
“Bad beer is like bad art — if you endure enough of it, eventually you forget the alternatives.” — Stephen Greenleaf
“I make my beers the way I like them and it happens that a lot of other people like them that way too.” — Bert Grant
“There is food in beer, but there is no beer in food. Beer is like liquid bread — it provides the same necessary nutrients. I say, just lay off the food.” — Jim Koch
“This physical loathing for alcohol I have never got over. But I have conquered it. To this day I conquer it every time I take a drink. The palate never ceases to rebel, and the palate can be trusted to know what is good for the body. But men do not drink for the effect alcohol produces on the body. What they drink for is the brain-effect; and if it must come through the body, so much the worse for the body.” — Jack London, in John Barleycorn
“Beer may cause you to digress – and lead a happier life.” — Michael Jackson
“It is the general consensus of opinion that ‘near beer’ is utterly useless as a beverage, that it affords no pleasure whatsoever, and that it is a waste of time to bother with it. The consumption of eight or nine bottles gives them a sense of nauseated fullness with none of the simulated sense of well-being that the old time beer gave only after two or three bottles.” — City of New York Department of Welfare, King’s County Hospital, 1920
“For it [beer] possesses the essential quality of gulpability. Beer is more gulpable than any other beverage and consequently it ministers to the desire to drink deeply. When one is really thirsty the nibbling, quibbling, sniffing, and squinting technique of the wine connoisseur becomes merely idiotic. Then is the moment of the pint tankard of bitter.” — Anonymous
“Out in the Pool certain other boats caught the eye… each carried a bright fire amidships, in a brazier, beside a man, two small barrels of beer, and a very large handbell. The men were purlmen, Grandfather Nat told me, selling hot beer in the cold mornings — to the men on the colliers, or on any other craft thereabout.” — Arthur Morrison, The Hole In The Wall, 1902
“Then to the spicy nut-brown ale.” — John Milton, L’Allegro
“I’ve always believed that paradise will have my favorite beer on tap.” — Rudyard Wheatley
“There are those descended from an unawakened race of men who did not receive and do not revere the yeast. These sometimes attempt to brew — rather, merely manipulate ingredients — and swill the festered residues. But not to them is revealed the simplicity of art, either of beer or of poetry. Not for them is the beatitude of the true Malt; such people are cultural dropouts.” — John F. Adams
“And in my innocence, I thought that beer drinking in England was carried to excess, but I was mistaken, English men are in the infant class — in the ABC’s in acquiring a German’s education in the practice of beer drinking.” — Henry Ruggles
“And thou shalt give to me health, life, long existence, and prolonged reign, endurance to my every member, sight to my eyes, hearing to my ears, pleasure to my heart daily. And thou shalt give me beer until I am drunk. And thou shalt establish my issue as kings forever and ever.” — Ramses IV, Prayer to Osiris, 1200 BCE
“I drank only water; the other workmen, near 50 in number, were great guzzlers of beer. We had an alehouse boy who attended always in the house to supply the workmen. My companion at the press, drank every day a pint before breakfast, a pint at breakfast with his bread and cheese; a pint in the afternoon about six o’clock, and another when he’d done his day’s work…but it was necessary, he suppos’d, to drink strong beer that he might be strong to labor. Those who continu’d sotting with beer all day, were often, by not paying out of cr at the alehouse, and us’d to make interest with me to get beer, their light, as they phras’d it, being out.” — Benjamin Franklin
“The man who called it ‘near beer’ was a bad judge of distance.” — Philander Johnson/Luke McLuke, Cincinnati Enquirer
“One mouth doesn’t taste the beer.” — Bantu proverb
“A tavern is a place where madness is sold by the bottle.” — Jonathan Swift 485 “Give beer to those who are perishing, wine to those who are in anguish; let them drink and forget their poverty and remember their misery no more.” — The Bible; Proverbs 31: 6-7
“An intelligent man is sometimes forced to be drunk to spend time with his fools.” — Ernest Hemingway, For Whom the Bell Tolls
“When I finally caught up with Abraham Trahearne, he was drinking beer with an alcoholic bulldog named Fireball Roberts in a ramshackle joint just outside of Sonoma, California, drinking the heart right out of a fine spring afternoon.” — James Crumley, The Last Good Kiss
“Better thin beer than an empty jug” — Danish proverb
“Home is where you hang your hangover.” — James Crumley, The Last Good Kiss
“If smirking wine be wanted here
There’s that which drowns all cares, stout beer.”
— Robert Herrick
“Whiskey and Beer are a man’s worst enemies … but the man that runs away from his enemies is a coward!” — Zeca Pagodinho
“Save the Earth … It’s the only planet with beer.” — Anonymous, seen on a t-shirt
“Drinking beer doesn’t make you fat, it makes you lean … against bars, tables, chairs and poles.” — Anonymous
“The government will fall that raises the price of beer.” — Czech proverb
“Is beer fluid? Of course, it’s got all that wet stuff in it.” — Bill Murray & Chris Elliot, in Osmosis Jones
“Drinking Saison is like a walk in the woods. At first you notice only the forest, but then you discover the individual trees, and finally the smaller and more discreet inhabitants. Sensory stimulation is everywhere. The subtle notes sit beside the bold notes, each expressing itself.” — K. Florian Klemp
“The closest I’ll ever get to bacon for breakfast is a Blind Pig.” — Don Younger
“Beer. Now there’s a temporary solution.” — Homer Simpson
“Give my people plenty of beer, good beer, and cheap beer, and you will have no revolution among them.” — Queen Victoria, English Monarch, 1819-1901
“Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder.” — Anonymous
“Better beans and bacon in peace than cakes and ale in fear.” — Aesop
“They speak of my drinking, but never think of my thirst.” — Scottish proverb
“Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation.” — Benjamin Franklin
“An Irishman is the only man in the world who will step over the bodies of a dozen naked women to get to a bottle of stout.” — Anonymous
“A good beer is the host’s honor, a full glass is the guest’s enjoyment.” — German beer stein inscription
“If you drink you’ll die, if you don’t you’ll also die. Therefore drink!” — German beer stein inscription
“If you drink, don’t drive. Don’t even putt.” — Dean Martin
“I once shook hands with Pat Boone and my whole right side sobered up.” — Dean Martin
“Alcohol may be man’s worst enemy, but the bible says love your enemy.” — Frank Sinatra
“And thou shalt give to me health, life, long existence, and prolonged reign, endurance to my every member, sight to my eyes, hearing to my ears, pleasure to my heart daily. And thou shalt give me beer until I am drunk. And thou shalt establish my issue as kings forever and ever.” — Pharaoh Ramses IV, Prayer to Osiris, 1200 BCE
“I formed a new group called Alcoholics-Unanimous. If you don’t feel like a drink, you ring another member and he comes over to persuade you.” — Richard Harris
“I have to think hard to name an interesting man who does not drink.” — Richard Burton
“Alcohol is like love. The first kiss is magic, the second is intimate, the third is routine. After that you take the girl’s clothes off.” — Raymond Chandler
“Alcohol is a very necessary article. It enables Parliament to do things at eleven at night that no sane person would do at eleven in the morning.” — George Bernard Shaw
“I know I’m drinking myself to a slow death, but then I’m in no hurry.” — Robert Benchley
“Marriage is based on the theory that when a man discovers a particular brand of beer exactly to his taste he should at once throw up his job and go to work in a brewery.” — H.L. Mencken
“We are here to drink beer … and live our lives so well that Death will tremble to take us.” — Charles Bukowski
“A ‘good’ beer is one that sells! You may think it sucks, but if the market embraces it, so be it. Now a ‘great’ beer or world-class beer is another matter…” — Jim Busch
“Drink Good Beer — Be Kind — Tell the Truth” — Motto at Flatlander’s Brewery
“Beer: So much more than just a breakfast drink.” — Whitstran Brewery sign
“Hoppiness is Happiness” — On the label of Victory’s Hop Wallop
“It only takes one drink to get me drunk, but I can’t remember if it’s the thirteenth or fourteenth.” — George Burns
“If I had to live my life over, I’d live over a saloon.” — W.C. Fields
“In more than 20 years of opening beers with guys, I have NEVER seen the Swedish Bikini Team show up. Almost always, the teams that show up in beer drinking situations consist of guys who have been playing league softball and smell like bus seats.” — Dave Barry
“We have already been too long subject to British prejudices. I use no porter or cheese in my family, but such as is made in America; both these articles may now be purchased of an excellent quality.” — George Washington
“You put the beer in the coconut and drink it all up. You put the beer in the coconut and throw the can away.” — Homer Simpson
“The last swallow of lager is the worst and the last swallow of an ale is the best.” — Anonymous
“To some it’s a six-pack, to me it’s a Support Group. Salvation in a can! — Dave “The Edge” Howell
“He who truly believes he has a hangover has no hangover.” — Kingsley Amis
“Such power hath Beer. The heart which grief hath canker’d hath one unfailing remedy — the Tankard.” — Charles Stuart Calverley
“Wine is complicated, beer is complex.” — Brett Joyce
“The first beer calls for the third.” — Jamie Emmerson
“We should be drinking a beer every day.” — Tom Kehoe
“Beer needs baseball, and baseball needs beer — it has always been thus.” — Peter Richmond
“Teaching has ruined more American novelists than drink.” — Gore Vidal
“The first draught serveth for health, the second for pleasure, the third for shame, the fourth for madness.” — Sir Walter Raleigh
“Praise not the day until evening has come; a woman until she is burnt; a sword until it is tried; a maiden until she is married; ice until it has been crossed; beer until it has been drunk.” — Viking proverb
“While you merely see the disease being viruses, I see the benign microorganisms which by making, among other things, strong beers… and enable you to spend your evening in alcoholic bliss.” — Patrick McGinley, 1978
“Beer will always have a definite role in the diet of an individual and can be considered a cog in the wheel of nutritional foods.” — Bruce Carlton
“The easiest way to spot a wanker in a pub is to look around and find who’s drinking a Corona with a slice of lemon in the neck.” — Warwick Franks
“Brewers enjoy working to make beer as much as drinking beer instead of working.” — Harold Rudolph
“Of doctors and medicines we have in plenty more than enough… what you may, for the Love of God, send is some large quantity of beer.” — Dispatch from the Colony of New South Wales, 1854
“Why is beer better than wine? Human feet are conspicuously absent from beer making.” — Steve Mirsky, Scientific American; May 2007
“The saxophone is the embodied spirit of beer.” — Arnold Bennett
“You have to be always drunk. That’s all there is to it—it’s the only way. So as not to feel the horrible burden of time that breaks your back and bends you to the earth, you have to be continually drunk.” — Charles Baudelaire
“See God? That is the easiest thing in the world. He always appears to me in the bottom of the tenth glass of beer… and sometimes as a beautiful, young, female nude.” — Theologian Franz Bibfeldt, on the reality of visions
“This is an aggressive beer. You probably won’t like it. It is quite doubtful that you have the taste or sophistication to be able to appreciate an ale of this quality and depth. We would suggest that you stick to safer and more familiar territory — maybe something with a multimillion dollar ad campaign aimed at convincing you it’s made in a little brewery, or one that implies that their tasteless fizzy yellow beer will give you more sex appeal. Perhaps you think multimillion dollar ad campaigns make a beer taste better. Perhaps you are mouthing your words as you read this.” — Stone’s Arrogant Bastard
“If you resolve to give up smoking, drinking and loving, you don’t actually live longer; it just seems longer.” — Clement Freud
“I stopped drinking, but only when I sleep.” — George Best
“I am as drunk as a lord, but then, I am one, so what does it matter?” — Bertrand Russell
“Intoxicated /adj./ When you feel sophisticated without being able to pronounce it.” — Anonymous
“I think hangovers are the body’s way of telling us we didn’t drink enough to still be drunk when we woke up the next day.” — Tidewater Joe
“Drinking is an emotional thing. It joggles you out of everyday life, out of everything being the same. It yanks you out of your body and your mind and throws you against the wall. I have the feeling that drinking is a form of suicide where you’re allowed to return to life and begin all over the next day. It’s like killing yourself, and then you’re reborn. I guess I’ve lived about ten or fifteen thousand lives now.” — Charles Bukowski
“Writing is a lonely job, unless you’re a drinker, in which case you always have a friend within reach.” — Emilio Estevez
“The fact that a believer is happier than a skeptic is no more to the point than the fact that a drunken man is happier than a sober one.” — George Bernard Shaw
“A drunken man’s words are a sober man’s thoughts.” — Anonymous
“Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow we shall die.” — Imhotep, 2667-2648 BCE
“An alcoholic has been lightly defined as a man who drinks more than his own doctor.” — Alvan L. Barach
“People who drink to drown their sorrow should be told that sorrow knows how to swim.” — Ann Landers
“He that drinks fast, pays slow.” — Benjamin Franklin
“If God had intended us to drink beer, He would have given us stomachs.” — David Daye
“Oh, you hate your job? Why didn’t you say so? There’s a support group for that. It’s called EVERYBODY, and they meet at the bar.” — Drew Carey
“Things don’t make me nearly as happy as talking and having a beer with my friends. And that’s something everyone can do.” — Drew Carey
“One can drink too much, but one never drinks enough.” — Edward Burke
“A man is a fool is he drinks before he reaches the age of 50, and a fool if he doesn’t afterward.” — Frank Lloyd Wright
“My nerves could use a drink.” — Grace Kelly, in To Catch a Thief
“If your doctor warns that you have to watch your drinking, find a bar with a mirror.” — John Mooney
“I’m not a heavy drinker, I can sometimes go for hours without touching a drop.” — Noel Coward
“A bottle of beer contains more philosophy than all the books in the world.” — Louis Pasteur
“Sometimes too much to drink is barely enough.” — Mark Twain
“I can’t die until the government finds a safe place to bury my liver.” — Phil Harris
“If the headache would only precede the intoxication, alcoholism would be a virtue.” — Samuel Butler
“I know the truth is in between the 1st and 40th drink.” — Tori Amos
“I never drink water; that is the stuff that rusts pipes.” — W.C. Fields
“The road to excess leads to the palace of wisdom.” — William Blake
“I have a simple philosophy. Fill what’s empty. Empty what’s full. Scratch where it itches.” — Alice Roosevelt Longworth
“You can’t seriously want to ban alcohol. It tastes great, makes women appear more attractive, and makes a person virtually invulnerable to criticism.” — Mayor Quimby, on The Simpsons
“Smithers, this beer isn’t working, I don’t feel any younger or funkier.” — Mr. Burns, on The Simpsons
“Ah beer, my one weakness. My Achilles heel if you will.” — Homer Simpson
“Homer no function beer well without.” — Homer Simpson
“Beer. If you can’t taste it, why bother!” — Anonymous
“Draft beer, not people.” — Anonymous
“If I saved all the money I’ve spent on beer, I’d spend it on beer.” — Anonymous
“Let schoolmasters puzzle their brains
With grammar, and nonsense, and learning,
Good beer and liquor, I stoutly maintain,
Gives genius a better discerning.”
— Oliver Goldsmith, 1728–1774
“My problem with most athletic challenges is training. I’m lazy and find that workouts cut into my drinking time.” — Tim Cahill, in A Wolverine Is Eating My Leg
“Then trust me, there’s nothing like drinking
So pleasant this side of the grave;
It keeps the unhappy from thinking,
And makes e’en the valiant more brave.”
— Charles Didbin
“Alcohol is necessary for a man so that he can have a good opinion of himself, undisturbed by the facts.” — Finley Peter Dunne
“No animal ever invented anything as bad as drunkenness — or as good as drink.” — G.K. Chesterton
“We – Bee and I — live by the quaffing
‘Tisn’t all Hock — with us —
Life has its Ale.”
— Emily Dickinson, 1861
“I am AWOL,” said Pig. He closed his eyes. Fu came back with beer. “Oh boy, yeah” said Pig. “I smell Ballantine.” / “Pig has this remarkably acute nose,” Fu said, putting an opened quart of Ballantine into Pig’s fist, which looked like a badger with pituitary trouble. “I have never known him to guess wrong.” — Thomas Pynchon, in V; 1963
“For a moment, Trina stood looking at him as he lay thus, prone, inert, half dressed, and stupefied with the heat of the room, the steam beer, and the fumes of the cheap tobacco.” — Frank Norris, in McTeague: Story of San Francisco, 1899
“”Would you like some ice tea?” she asks. “Unless you’ve got a bottle of beer that’s not working.” — Raymond Chandler, in Double Indemnity, 1944
“Just give me some beer and the road and I’m together!” — S. Clay Wilson
“As to Squire Western, he was seldom out of the sick-room… Nay, he would sometimes retire hither to take his beer, and it was not without difficulty that he was prevented from forcing Jones to take his beer too; for no quack ever held his nostrum to be a more general panacea than he did this; which, he said, have more virtue in it than was in all the physic in an apothecary’s shop.” — Henry Fielding, in Tom Jones, 1749
“The soldiers… had a saying, that the Quakers used the word “tired” in place of the word “drunk.” Whether any of them do ever get tired themselves, I know not; but at any rate, they most resolutely set their faces against the common use of spirits… and I am very happy to know, that beer is, every day, becoming more and more fashionable… I was pleased to see excellent beer in clean and nice pewter pots. Beer does not kill. It does not take the color from the cheek. It will make men tired, indeed, by midnight; but it does not make them half dead in the morning.” — William Cobbett, A Year’s Residence in America, 1818
“Instead of water we got here a draught of beer, which, it was allowed, would be better; clear and thin, but strong and stringent as the cedar-sap. It was as if we sucked at the very teats of Nature’s pine-clad bosom in these parts… the topmost, most fantastic, and spiciest sprays of the primitive wood, and whatever invigorating and stringent gum or essence it afforded steeped and dissolved in it, — a lumberer’s drink, which would acclimate and naturalize a man at once, — which would make him see green, and, if he slept, dream that he heard the wind sough among the pines.” — Henry David Thoreau, writing about spruce beer in The Maine Woods, 1846
“Go and seek nature in some quiet, secluded place, and forget everything for a fortnight or two except your clothes and a half dozen cases of beer. Rest! Nature! Beer!” — James Oliver Curwood, in Flower of the North, 1912
“Crabs will be on the table, mountain high, and there will be some of the best beer you ever tasted. This brew, indeed, almost makes me weep. It is the noblest, by far, ever broached in my house — a full-bodied semi-Dunkles, not too bitter and yet not too sweet, running about 5% of ethyl alcohol by volume. I shall reserve 30 bottles for you.” — H.L. Mencken, in a letter to a friend
“This seems to be the era of gratuitous inventions and negative improvements. Consider the beer can. It was beautiful — as beautiful as the clothespin, as inevitable as the wine bottle, as dignified and reassuring as the fire hydrant. A tranquil cylinder of delightfully resonant metal, it could be opened in an instant, requiring only the application of a handy gadget freely dispensed by every grocer. Who can forget the small, symmetrical thrill of those two triangular punctures, the dainty piff, the little crest of suds that foamed eagerly in the exultation of release?” — John Updike, in The Beer Can, 1964
“My no-fail prescription for personal and political health is to take a vitamin E capsule once a day, an evening constitutional, [and] at least a couple of twelve-ounce elbow bends.” — Jim Hightower
“Treat our beer like the family dog — keep it comfortable and out of extreme heat or cold, except when taking it out to play.” — Printed on Western Reserve Brewing’s 6-packs
“The Horse and Mule live thirty years,
Yet know nothing of wines and beers…
But sinful, Ginful, beer soaked man,
Survives three score years and ten.
— Anonymous
“I’m off for a quiet pint — followed by fifteen noisy ones.” — Gareth Chilcott
“There is nothing for a case of nerves like a case of beer.” — Joan Goldstein
“Never ask for ‘a beer.'” — Michael Jackson
“The only thing worse than a brewery without malt is a pub without beer.” — Anonymous
“No free woman should be allowed any more than one maid to follow her, unless she was drunk.” — Zaleucus, 7th century BCE Greek law
“You know what ‘SOBER’ stands for ? It stands for ‘Son Of a Bitch, Everything’s Real!'” — Gary Busey
“Belgian beers are God’s gift to mankind.” — Anonymous
“It never rains in the brewhall.” — Old German saying
“The Germans have the best malt character. The British brew with admirable subtlety and gracefulness. The Belgians are masters of complexity. Americans express hops better than anyone. The Italians incorporate their local food traditions. Fortunately we don’t have to choose just one country. That’s what makes the U.S. the most exciting place in the world to drink beer.” — Garrett Oliver
“We often let time pass by without making any real use of it. Instead, look at your day, and ask yourself, ‘What would I really enjoy? What would I like to do? Whom would I like to be with?'” — Garrett Oliver
“Take two ounces of hops, and boil them, three or four hours, in three or four pailfuls of water; and then scald two quarts of molasses in the liquor, and then turn it off into a clean half-barrel, boiling hot; then fill it up with cold water; before it is quite full, put in your yeast to work it; the next day you will have agreeable, wholesome small beer, that will not fill with wind, as that which is brewed from malt or bran; and it will keep good till it is all drank out.” — American Economical Housekeeper, 1850
“This is the age of beer.” — Roger Protz
“We may not know who is craft beer but we sure as hell will know what is craft beer by who isn’t.” — Alan McLeod
“O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains!” — William Shakespeare, Othello
“Beerlanthropy /noun/ Concern for the welfare and advancement of beer.” — Term coined by Bruisin’ Ales
“I fear the man who drinks water and so remembers this morning what the rest of us said last night.” — Greek proverb
“She came onto him like a slow movin’ cold front — His beer was warmer than the look in her eyes.” — John Hiatt
“If one intends to make beer from oats, it is prepared with hops.” — Hildegard of Bingen, 1067 (earliest written mention of hops in beer)
“An empty beer is an opportunity for another beer.” — Peter Cogan
“Beer was the driving force that led nomadic mankind into village life. It was this appetite for beer-making material that led to crop cultivation, permanent settlement and agriculture.” — Alan Eames
“Anyone can drink beer, but it takes intelligence to enjoy beer.” — Stephen Beaumont
Please consider purchasing my latest book, California Breweries North, available from Amazon , or ask for it at your local bookstore.
The Sessions
|
i don't know
|
The Innocent smoothie drinks business was wholly acquired by which more famous drinks corporation in 2013?
|
External Environment Of Innocent Drinks Free Essays
External Environment Of Innocent Drinks
CB1256019 Assignment Task 7.8 Macro-Environment Assessment of Innocent Drinks Contents: 1. Introduction 1.1... Innocent Drinks – Company Overview 2. Macro Audit of Innocent Drinks 3. The Economic Impact – What can Innocent Drinks do to minimise this impact? 4. What could happen to Innocent Drinks if it did nothing about this economic issue? 5. Conclusion 6. Reference 7. Bibliography 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse the Macro-Environment of an organisation in the UK by identifying...
A Good Opportunity, Companies established in 1998, Economics 1675 Words | 6 Pages
Innocent drink
“Innocent drinks” is company that selling famous drinks in The United Kingdom which started by 3 Cambridge students... in 1999. This is a drink that makes with 100 percent pure and natural fruit juice. Smoothies are the primary product of “Innocent drinks” and people are aware of it due to its healthy image. The company provides different product range and the distribution of channels covered most of the supermarkets, coffee shops and etc. For every year “Innocent drinks” will donate 10 percent of their...
Business, Coca-Cola, Coffee 1221 Words | 4 Pages
Innocent Drinks
Innocent Drinks is a UK-based company founded in 1999 whose primary business is producing smoothies and flavoured spring water,... sold in supermarkets, coffee shops and various other outlets nationally as well as in Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France, Austria, Denmark and Switzerland. Innocent has a 75% share of the £169m UK smoothie market[citation needed] and the company sells two million smoothies per week.[3] Innocent is 58% owned by The Coca-Cola Company. Contents [hide] ...
2009, Coca-Cola, Innocent Drinks 1248 Words | 4 Pages
Innocent Drinks
Case study Innocent Drinks Ltd. Steve Johnson With CIMA, I was able to go into a business, fully understand it and get the... most out of it. Innocent’s three founders gave up their jobs over five years ago and started making Innocent smoothies. The idea was to make it easy for people to do themselves some good. And to make it taste nice too. The drinks were called Innocent because they are always completely pure, fresh and unadulterated. In the summer of 1998, when they had developed their first...
Accountant, Case study, Entrepreneur 1464 Words | 4 Pages
Innocent Drinks' Design Culture
The Innocent Drinks Design Culture Discuss and illustrate the extent to which a ‘design culture’ in an organisation can give... it competitive advantage. I. Introduction In 21st century, the organizations are entering a brand new era full of opportuni-ties and innovations, and great changes have taken place in companies’ attitude to-wards some traditional practices. Design has become an essential issue. As the writer in “Designing the 21st century” observed: Throughout the industrialized...
Brand, Brand equity, Brand management 2144 Words | 7 Pages
Innocent drink essey
Innocent Drinks Personal Report By Melinda Halasz 1 Introduction The reports objective is to give information about... Innocent Drinks, company’s initial management approach, followed by a comparing analysis between Ryanair and Robert Owen. It will present how its managers added value to their resources they had in the beginning and the latest news about Innocent. 2 Methodology The report is built mainly on secondary research. Qualitative data`s sources is from the business data base such as...
Management, Profit 1115 Words | 4 Pages
External Environment
Chapter 4 The External Environment The Environmental Domain Organization Environment is composed of all... elements that exist outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect all or part of the organization. Its domain is the chosen field of action. The environment comprises several sectors or subdivisions of the environment that contain similar elements (ie. industry, raw materials, human resources, market, technology, financial resources, economic conditions, government...
Environment, Environmentalism, Natural environment 1115 Words | 6 Pages
Innocent Drinks Case Study
and Adam Balon founded the innocent drinks in 1998. All the three were in their respective fields of work and working for... different companies after they graduated in 1994. Reed worked for an advertising agency, while Balon and Wright worked for different management consultants. The three friends always had an idea about starting a company of their own and in 1998 they founded the innocent drinks after an intense market research and testing their product. THE EARLY INNOCENT Reed, Balon and Wright organised...
Business school, Coca-Cola, Cola 1127 Words | 4 Pages
The External Environment
The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Competition, and Competitor Analysis The external... environment affects a firm’s strategic actions. For the example, when Philip Morris International (PMI) joint venture with Swedish Match AB, PMI distribute smokeless tobacco in multiple global market. A firm’s external environment creates the opportunities (opportunities PMI to enter the smokeless tobacco market) and threats (the regulation in its market reduces the consumption of PMI’s tobacco...
Competition, Competitor analysis, Firm 1091 Words | 4 Pages
External Environment
External Environment influence organization Introduction: Each organization has their own organization structure and strategy... to help them get their organization’s goals. Therefore managers of organization should to design and choose the structure and strategy that fit for different types of organization to get the goals. However managers should according to the external environment to make decision for the organization. The external environment will influence the organization’s choose, if the...
Coca-Cola, Cola, Diet Coke 1715 Words | 4 Pages
The External Environment
The External Environment All outside factors that may affect an organization make up the external... environment. The external environment is divided into two parts: ● ● Directly interactive: This environment has an immediate and firsthand impact upon the organization. A new competitor entering the market is an example. Indirectly interactive: This environment has a secondary and more distant effect upon the organization. New legislation taking effect may have a great impact. For example, complying...
Demographics, Dimension, Environment 688 Words | 3 Pages
External Environment
External environment External Factors (environment) - It is the external forces... that are beyond the control of the individual business A number of external factors can affect business (STEEPLE analysis) - economy - These are factors outside the business - political/government policy that may affect its - social decisions. - External factors that - technological may present opportunities - ecological or threats to - legal a business - ethics Economy – business need to observe the economic...
Business cycle, Economic growth, Economics 1190 Words | 5 Pages
Innocent Drinks Case Study
The Innocent Drinks Case Study The Present Innocent Drinks was founded in 1998 by a group of people... that, first and foremost, wanted to work together. The specific idea rose from that desire, and the way that the 3 founders of Innocent Drinks work together is a key aspect to understand how the company’s decision making process works, and how the company got to where it is. After 6 years of existence, Innocent Drinks is at a crossroad. The three founders of the company need to choose if they are...
Brand management, Cognition, Decision making 1009 Words | 3 Pages
External environment
play a role, the vast majority of the highly successful business people I’ve met over the past 25 years do one thing in common – and they do it... extraordinarily well. They monitor their business environment to predict future market trends. They analyse external forces, such as their competitive environment, economic conditions, technological possibilities, political and legal forces, changes in demographics, seasonal factors, as well as shifts in social behaviour”. Basically they engage their crystal...
Automotive industry, Business, Consumer confidence 836 Words | 3 Pages
Swot Analysis of Innocent Drinks
SWOTS ANALYSIS OF INNOCENT DRINKS: Internal: Strengths: * Owners are 3 young men experienced with management... consulting and advertising, which is crucial when starting a business. Thus by having this fundamental skills, they have an advantage in starting their business as compared to someone who does not have the knowledge of business. * Have aims and objectives. * High ambition, motivation and excellent personal caliber. This allows them to fulfill their mission and vision,...
Competition, Recession, Subsidy 384 Words | 3 Pages
Innocent Drinks Case Analysis
Innocent Drinks (“Innocent”) should start the European expansion because it has the largest growth potential and... best leverages the core competencies of the company. The structure of the chilled drink business in Europe, especially for smoothies seems to be an oligopoly. A few large players take the lion’s share of the market. As such, Innocent has the potential to achieve similar market share as in the UK by expanding to new European markets and using its strengths in dynamic marketing, branding...
Brand, Brand equity, Brand management 862 Words | 3 Pages
External Environment
Company’s External Environment (External) Key economic and industry variables: Industry analysis (provide data... to support): a. Industry size: b. Segmentation – geographic and product: Abercrombie and Fitch Co. started their business at West Cost of United State, because of the West Cost Mountains, camping gears and sporting goods were main products. However, under new management, A&F Co. opened a store on Beverly Hills, California. A&F Co. to aim rich, fitted, attractive, provocative...
Abercrombie & Fitch, American Eagle Outfitters, Competitor analysis 1388 Words | 7 Pages
External Environment
consumers had less disposable income. This means they are less likely to purchase luxury goods. This had a direct impact on Jessops as camera sales declined... Read more: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/jessops/responding-to-changes-in-the-market-environment/economic-factors.html#ixzz2WLkFfJgI Follow us: @Thetimes100 on Twitter | thetimes100casestudies on Facebook Examples Some environmental and ethical factors are: * Fair trade food production aims to provide fair prices and better working...
Consumer theory, Crop, Crops 1209 Words | 4 Pages
The External Environment and Organizational Culture
The External Environment and Organizational Culture Chapter 2 I. Systems Theory of the Organization a. Figure... b. Open systems – organizations that are affected by and that affect their environment c. Inputs – goods and services organizations take in and use to create products or services i. Raw materials, services, equipment, capital, information d. Outputs – products and services organizations create ii. Products, services e. External...
Competitor analysis, Ecology, Environment 846 Words | 4 Pages
Analysis of the External Environment of Business 1
Analysis of the External Environment of Business In today's highly competitive market, businesses must be aware of the... environment in which they operate and the external factors that influence them. These factors can affect the main internal factors of the business and its objectives or marketing strategies. The external environment is rarely stable and many of the external forces can change quickly and dramatically and are usually beyond a firm's control. Although some external factors can...
Business, Coca-Cola, Economics 1431 Words | 5 Pages
LP 1 The External Environment
Complete an analysis of the traditional department store industry and of Macy’s as of 2005. Which factors in the external... environment could (positively or negatively) affect the success of Macy’s new strategy? I think the following external environment factors could affect the success of Macy’s new strategy. The general economic environment as the country was entering a significant recession affected the company negatively. Another negative effect is the industry life cycle model in which...
Department store, Freeze-dried ice cream, Grocery store 961 Words | 3 Pages
External Marketing Environment
Introduction A business does not function in a vacuum. It has to act and react to what happens outside the factory and office walls. These factors that... happen outside the business are known as external factors or influences. These will affect the main internal functions of the business and possibly the objectives of the business and its strategies. Main Factors The main factor that affects most business is the degree of competition how fiercely other businesses compete with the products that...
Change, Cost, Costs 716 Words | 3 Pages
Toyota and External Environment
in mind, describe the key external environmental factors that have led to the product provider’s success, and identify and discuss the... changes you think may affect the product in the future. CONTENTS Business organization in external environment.............................1 History of Toyota................................................................ 1 The economic environment factor............................................2 The political environment factor.......................
Daihatsu, General Motors, Lexus 1973 Words | 6 Pages
External Environment & Hr Planning
External Environment When most people think of Human Resource Planning, the first thing that usually comes to mind is the... internal environment of the organization. There is, however; the external environment which is just as important. The external environment consists of governmental policies, condition of the economy, demographics, technology, international influences, competitors, and a changing labor force (Greer, Peters & Youngblood, 1998). Neglecting the external environment can have devastating...
Human resource management, Human resources, InfoTrac 1360 Words | 4 Pages
Business: External Environments
The business environment of an organization reveals much about its competitiveness and the possible influences on the success of its... strategies. The focus of this paper will be an environmental scan of the internal and external environments of two real-world firms, their competitive advantages and company strategies for creating value and sustaining competitiveness, measurement guidelines for verifying strategic effectiveness and their evaluation. Internal and External Environments Environmental...
Environment, Environmental science, Natural environment 1024 Words | 3 Pages
External Environment Analysis
Wyeth Ayerst's external environment consists of three components: its remote, industry, and operating environment.... In these three environments, there is a chance that one of its external environments may change. All of these environmental sectors affect the firm's operations both on an international and domestic level, and it is very possible for changes to occur. Change is an inevitable factor in the world of business. In fact, I have predicted that there will be several changes that will impact...
Competition, Ecology, Environment 965 Words | 3 Pages
The External Environment ( Strategic Management)
Review THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT) A host of external factors influence a firm’s choice... of direction and action, ultimately its organizational structure and internal factors. These factors, which constitute the external environment, can be divided into three interrelated subcategories there are as follows: A. REMOTE ENVIROMENT The remote environment comprises factors that originate beyond and usually irrespective of any single firm’s operating situation: economic, social...
Barriers to entry, Ecology, Economics 1786 Words | 6 Pages
External Environment Appraisal
External environment appraisal • Introduction and characteristics • Environmental sectors o Market... o Technological o Supplier o Economic o Regulatory o Political o Socio cultural • Environmental scanning [pic] What is environment? ← It is the surroundings, external objects, influences or circumstances under which someone or something exists ← It is the aggregate of...
Distribution, Economics, Economy 604 Words | 6 Pages
external marketing environment
WTE 365 EXTERNAL MARKETING ENVIRONMENT NAME: MUFIDA BINTI MAHDZIR CLASS: AS 117 5A NO MATRIC: 2012649196 LECTURER’S... NAME: MISS IZAIDA BT. IBRAHIM CONTENTS title pages introduction 1 Social factor 2 Demographic trend 3 Economic condition 3-4 Technology changes 4 Political and legal 4 competition 5 conclusion 6 references 7 INTRODUCTION The marketing environment represents a mix between the internal and external forces which surround an organization...
Business, Economics, Environment 1321 Words | 9 Pages
Dynamic External Environments
discussing uncertain and dynamic external environments and if they require more effective application of analytical tools and... framework and to what extent they do. The external environment refers to the range of factors that influence the operation and performance of an organisation that happens out-with the organisation which they have limited control over and by applying analytical tools and framework they try to prepare themselves best for what may come. As the environment is constantly uncertain and...
Environment, Future, Management 1616 Words | 5 Pages
External environment for banking industry
Understanding the global, political, technological and socio-cultural segments of its environment is obviously critical to Stanchart's success.... It has acquired companies in order to consolidate its global operations; operates in 50 countries; seeks to display environmental and social responsibility; and deals with communications technology. It strives to take advantage of opportunities in the dynamic environment, the need to deal innovatively with new acquisitions, the problem of reframing the public's...
Bank, Banking, Commercial bank 1688 Words | 6 Pages
Introduction to Management - the External Environment
The External Environment The external organizational environment includes all elements existing... outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect the organization. This environment includes competitors, resources, technology, and economic conditions that influence the organization. The organization external environments are having 2 layers: • General environment: The outer layer that is widely dispersed and affects organization indirectly. It includes...
Culture, Demographics, Economics 1010 Words | 5 Pages
External Environment of Unique Group of Companies
Assignment On: External Environment of Unique Group Prepared by: Faisal Mahmud Nirob About Unique Group: They said... 21st century will be the years that all countries in this global will be boundless. We will be able to sit at home and work directly with the project in the USA or UK or Africa or Australia or anywhere in the world through landlines media and satellite information networks. We can communicate in real time to all zones in this world. We do business with e-commerce. We will...
Amader Shomoy, Company, Economics 1086 Words | 4 Pages
External Environment Analysis
CHAPTER TWO EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to: 1. Understand the... processes for an environmentally conscious organization. 2. Know the importance of SWOT analysis in analyzing both external and internal environment. 3. Understand the different segments of the external environment known as the general environment. 4. To find out how the strength of the company’s competitive forces are congruent with the industry’s through the five-forces...
Barriers to entry, Competition, Competitor analysis 1767 Words | 6 Pages
External and Internal Environments
External and Internal Environments The survival of a corporation requires two elements: the strategic management of both its... external and internal environments. The absence of either environment results in limited profitability. Whether a corporation is dealing with the growing concerns of technological changes or Internet privacy, external and internal factors will have a significant impact on day-to-day operations. Savvy corporations understand that focusing on creating and implementing a...
Business, Competition, Corporation 1994 Words | 7 Pages
Sprint and External Environment
critical for organization to understand the importance of external environment, which includes remote, operating and industrial... environments before developing its future objective. Each environment bases on different factors, therefore the analysis of external environment will help the company seeks for new opportunity in many areas as well as discovering challenges that might have direct impact to the organization in the future. The remote environment consists of the study of the economic trend such as...
Base station, Bluetooth, Cell site 838 Words | 3 Pages
Consumer Protection and Smoothie Brand Innocent
INNOCENT ASSIGNMENT Question 1 Political: * Trading Standards ensure “consumer safety and that fair trading and quality standards are... maintained” (Brassington & Pettitt, 2006, p. 83). * Legislations enforced by Office of Fair Trading (OFT). * Pressure groups e.g. Advertising Standards Agency (ASA). Pepsi complained to ASA about Innocent. * Rulings – Department of Health ruled that smoothies can count as two of the RDA of fruit and vegetables. Economic: * UK economy...
Advertising, Brand, Consumer 1641 Words | 7 Pages
The Success of Innocent Drinks Using Competing Values Framework and Pestel Analysis.
THE SUCCESS OF INNOCENT DRINKS USING COMPETING VALUES FRAMEWORK AND PESTEL ANALYSIS. Innocent... Drinks was started by three friends in 1999 that developed premium smoothies that contained 100% natural fruit with no water or added sugar. The aim was to provide people with quick ready-to-go and healthy food and drink options. The company is now one of the best-loved and fastest growing businesses in Britain. The highly successful Innocent Drinks sells $2 million smoothies per week across Europe, building...
1913, 1922, 2007 1632 Words | 5 Pages
Impact of External Environment on Businesses
* Impact of external environment on Business* For success in the present world, one need to consider not only the internal... environment of the company consisting of its resources and employees, but also needs to consider the external factors. These aspects cannot be stopped but one can adjust accordingly as per the changes in the economical, social or political pressures. These are the external factors which consist of: • Opponents or competitors • The changing economic structure • Impact of the...
Economic system, Economics, Economy 1366 Words | 5 Pages
External and Internal Environment Analysis
External and Internal Environmental Analysis This environmental analysis will provide a complete external environmental scan... designed to provide RoyalBlu Invites with the tools needed to identify the organizations strength and weaknesses. Furthermore, including an assessment of the company resources. This analysis will assess the organization competitive position and possibilities of growth. An explanation of how the external environment affects RoyalBlu Invites structure and organizational performance...
Capital accumulation, Factor analysis, Management 1565 Words | 5 Pages
Analysis of the External Environment of Business
Analysis of the External Environment of Business The Technological Environment The external... business environment consists of four elements, they are as follows: Political, Economic, Social and technological. It would be impossible to analyse the whole environment in one essay, I have therefore decided to focus my essay on the technological environment. I have chosen this area to focus on because as Palmer and Hartley point out, it is one area that is forcing immense change in the external business...
Business, Business ethics, Communication 1618 Words | 5 Pages
External marketing environment factors
Marketing assignment on: External marketing environment factors Q1. Identify & Discuss which external marketing... environment factors more impact on Ford. Ans1. Ford Motor Company refers to an American multinational enterprise which deals in the manufacturing of the automobiles. Ford has been known for manufacturing cars on a large scale. Ford refers to the second largest manufacturer in case of the automobile sector. Based upon the annual sales figure, Ford has been termed at the fifth largest amongst...
Automobile, Automotive industry, Ford Motor Company 1018 Words | 3 Pages
External Environment Analysis of Coca-Cola
External Environment Analysis Trident University International MGT599 Mod 2 Case Executive Summary In this section of the... company analysis we will be examining several of the external factors present in the Coca-Cola Company’s environment. We will conduct a Porter’s 5-forces analysis, a PEST analysis which will include a look at political, economic, social, and technological factors, and will show how the Coca-Cola Company has a solid grasp on its place in the market along with its major...
Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, High-fructose corn syrup 1916 Words | 6 Pages
Internal & External Environments
Both internal and external environments should be designed to fit like pieces of a puzzle to successfully make up an... organization’s system integrity. Falling short in one area can cause a domino effect and cause the organization to crash or fall apart. The four external environments are: economic factors, sociological factors, technological factors, and political/professional factors. The six internal environments are: organizational purpose mission and philosophy, organizational planning, organizational...
Economics, Employment, Ethics 1097 Words | 3 Pages
Innocent Drinks
Entfin II: Case Analysis – Innocent Drinks (9-805-031) Case Analysis: Innocent Drinks Entfin... II: Case Analysis – Innocent Drinks (9-805-031) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ............................................................................................................. II 1 2 3 4 Background information about Innocent Drinks .....................................................1 Background information about the beverage industry ...................................
Coffee, Compound annual growth rate, Growth-share matrix 3822 Words | 15 Pages
Analysis of the External Environment
Organisations and Environment Analysis of the External Environment The dimension of the... external environment which interests me the most is the economic dimension. Economics can be described as the social science that deals with the production, allocation and distribution of scare resources in order to please the unlimited wants and needs that individuals boast. Economics is also research into aspects such as interest rates, inflation, gross national product and unemployment in order to...
Economics, Economy, Inflation 1751 Words | 5 Pages
Internal And External Environment Of Mc
2. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 2.1 Analysis of McDonald’s macro-environment Political factors The... international operations of McDonald’s are extreme under influence of a policy of the separate state put into practice by each government. For example, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States which demand the acts of governmental power concerning medical values of meal of fast food. They have specified that harmful elements as cholesterol and negative influences as fatness are...
Burger King, Fast casual restaurant, Fast food 2401 Words | 4 Pages
External and Internal Environments
Assignment 2: External and Internal Environments Monique Allen Brodnax... BUS 499 Business Administration Capstone Dr. Lucinda Blue Strayer University July 28, 2012 Segments of the General Environment Introduction This research paper will describe Capital One’s general environment, technology and political and legal segments, forces of competition, Predicting and addressing...
Financial services, Strategic management 2182 Words | 7 Pages
Analyzing the External Environment
External Analysis and the Wine Industry* Analyzing the External environment is important in the strategic decision... making for the organization in that these factors will affect the company’s choice of direction and its internal processes. There are two specific categories of the external environment factors that will be discussed, the remote environment and the industry environment. The remote environmental factors important to the success of the organization are the economic, political, technological...
Barriers to entry, California wine, Cork taint 1986 Words | 6 Pages
Lufthansa External Environment Analysis
structure? Whether the company would be able to sustain the growth that it has achieved in the past and manage any such Crisis in future.?... GENERAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS The general environment analysis will focus on trends in the four segments of General Environment. The following table shows the changes in the general environment that are affecting airline Business on an ongoing basis. B. Industry Analysis PORTER’S FORCES Threat of new Entrants and Barriers to Entry: Following ...
Airline, Airline alliance, Avianca 884 Words | 3 Pages
External Environment Analysis
External Environment Analysis MGT/488 October 21, 2010 Patti Berlin External Environment... Analysis Sam Walton began Wal-Mart in 1962 and opened the first store in Rogers, Arkansas (History, 2010, p. 1). Walton was not new to the retail industry and had traveled the United States to learn as much as possible about the industry. Walton knew that customer needs were important to success and he wanted to know as much as possible about the industry to meet those demands. Sam Walton experienced strong...
Competition, Department store, Discount store 1935 Words | 6 Pages
Bhp External and Internal Environments
environmental complexity by BHP management was clearly limited. It is evident that the decisions were made on a complex/stable analysis, while the changing... environmental conditions failed to be taken into account. Most significantly, the actual environment itself, its geographic instability and rainfall levels were overlooked in the decision-making process. High rainfall levels result in a larger than usual runoff into the OK Tedi River. An environmental impact statement was compiled which would bring...
Decision making, Environment, Environmental issues with mining 1812 Words | 5 Pages
Vodafone External Environment
SOO CHUNG KIAN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: Industry Environment by using Porter’s Five Forces Figure 1:... Porter’s five forces model Porter’s five forces analysis is a framework that is used for the industry analysis and business strategy development. This analysis determines the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. A change in any of the forces normally requires a company to re‐assess the marketplace. Rivalry The competition between operators and the rivalry are...
Bluetooth, Complementors, Management 1069 Words | 5 Pages
The External Environment of Business
The external Environment of business refers to the external forces which consist of legal-political, economic and... culture, that play a part in influencing the direction that the firms take. The legal element of the environment is the framework of rules laid down by the government which business must operate. The labor laws protect the rights of the NBA players by providing for contracts of employment , compulsory insurance , recognition of National Basketball Association and industrial...
Basketball, Culture, Environment 862 Words | 3 Pages
Innocent Smoothies
Innocent drink case study analysis: Innocent drinks are a unique business selling 100% natural... fruit smoothies. (Innocent drinks) There are many factors that contribute to the company’s successful development so far. Firstly, and most importantly, their unique selling point which is using just fresh fruit in their drinks. This is a major strength to the company as they fit in today’s trend of a healthy eating lifestyle. "They contain even more antioxidants than the average five a day" (Adams 2007)...
Business, Economics, Marketing 1256 Words | 4 Pages
External and Internal Environments Business
External and Internal Environments By Sarah Bruce Professor Ira Poladeen Business Capstone April 28, 2015... An organization’s environment includes factors that it can easily change as well as factors that it cannot easily change. The factors that it cannot easily change are said to be the general environment (Faye, T. 2011). It is this environment that I will discuss as it relates to a struggling, once thriving industry: office-supply...
Office supplies 2226 Words | 13 Pages
External Macro Environment
Introduction 3 2. External macro-environment 3 2.1 Social and cultural forces 3 2.1.1 Changing gender roles 3 2.1.2... Attitude towards health, nutrition and well-being 3 2.1.3 Cultural beliefs in a country 4 2.2 Technology 4 2.2.1 Advantages of technology 4 2.2.2 Disadvantages of technology 5 2.3 Demography 5 3. Conclusion 6 4. References Lists 7 1. Introduction This report is discussing about how three major forces of macro environment affecting an organisation’s...
Culture, Gender role, Marketing 1632 Words | 5 Pages
External Environment Factor
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS There are 7 external environmental factors. They are political, economic, sociocultural,... technology, customers, competitors and suppliers. Each of these factors have a great impact to an organization. They offer both opportunities and treats to organization. POLITICAL factors refer to the relationship between a business and a government. Every organization must spend a great time and money to meet with governmental regulation. ECONOMIC factors refer to the conditions...
Economics, Human resource management, Human resources 958 Words | 4 Pages
innocent drink
innocent smoothies: Europe’s favourite smoothie brand considers expanding into the Russian soft drinks market. Richard, Jon... and Adam, the three co- founders of innocent were sitting in the board room at innocent’s headquarters Fruit Towers discussing the international expansion they could achieve thanks to the injection of cash from and global experience of the Coca Cola Company . With the goal of becoming the biggest small drinks company in the world, they are currently operating in 15 European...
Brand, Brand equity, Brand management 3647 Words | 17 Pages
Innocent drinks
Reed) and my 2 friends (Adam Balon, Jonathan Wright), we have built a prosperous and fast-growing business, based on our beliefs of providing healthier and... natural food – pure fruit smoothie drinks to the community, in a sustainable way by lowering down our company’s and all stakeholders’ impact in the environment and by bridging the gaps all over the world, taking in consideration social and environmental causes. Since our company has grown very fast, we want to maintain the company’s expansion...
Environmentalism, Marketing, Milkshake 584 Words | 2 Pages
|
Coca-Cola
|
The handtool which may be struck or bowed as a musical instrument is a 'singing (what)'?
|
Describe The Strategies Of Globalization And Regionalization And Explain When Each Strategy Can Be Used Effectively Free Essays
Describe The Strategies Of Globalization And Regionalization And Explain When Each Strategy Can Be Used Effectively
Strategy, Management and Leadership Individual Report 1 Business-level Strategy of Nestle Nestle is an international... brand with a portfolio in almost every food and beverage category. The brand is consumed daily by a majority of people, from its confectionary to it dairy brands and on to it’s beverages. With around 8000 brands it is hard to stay away from them. The company shows it’s size when figures such as 468 factories spread over 86 countries are some statistics, with the company employing...
Management, Michael Porter, Microeconomics 871 Words | 3 Pages
strategy
and Organic) Written by Carter McNamara, MBA, PhD, Authenticity Consulting, LLC. Copyright 1997-2006. Adapted from the Field Guide to Nonprofit Strategic... Planning and Facilitation. There is no one perfect strategic planning model for each organization. Each organization ends up developing its own nature and model of strategic planning, often by selecting a model and modifying it as they go along in developing their own planning process. The following models provide a range of alternatives...
Management, Mission statement, Organization 1273 Words | 5 Pages
Strategy
Strategy is a plan of action which is designed to help achieve a long term goal. It is how the plan of action is decided that determines... whether the strategy developed will be achieved. It is all about the analysing the strength of businesses' position and understanding the important factors that may influence that position. Strategy is of paramount importance in the business world, as without it managers and employees will be unable to coincide with each other and therefore the organisation will...
Business Decision Mapping, Decision making, Decision making software 893 Words | 3 Pages
Strategies Used to Overcome Barriers to Communication
Task 2- P4, M2 & D1 Strategies Used to Overcome Barriers to Communication P4 Pick two examples from placement experience that... may have been mentioned in the first task. Examples should deal with situations where you or another worker were faced with barriers to effective communication. Explain the strategy used to overcome the barriers met. A strategy is a plan of how things are intended to be done. You may not have done what was intended to the full. Explain your intentions as well as what actually...
Body language, Communication, Message 1749 Words | 5 Pages
Competitive Strategies in the financial industry
Competitive Strategies Operating in the Financial Industry ECO/365 July 02, 2014 Competitive Strategies Operating... in the Financial Industry This essay will explain the difference between market structures, Identify strategies used to best align the market in which the organization competes, as well as demonstration the negative and positive affect a firm may have and how it affects the market strategy. Recommending options to improve profit-making strategies, as well identifying the...
Bank, Customer service, Economics 1478 Words | 7 Pages
Marketing Strategy and Types of Strategies
Marketing strategy Marketing strategy is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited... resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered around the key concept that customer satisfaction is the main goal. Marketing strategy is a method of focusing an organization's energies and resources on a course of action which can lead to increased sales and dominance of a targeted market...
Dominance, Market segmentation, Marketing 2138 Words | 7 Pages
Rhetorical Strategies
When an author wants to persuade an audience, he or she will utilize rhetorical strategies. Rhetorical strategies... mainly consist of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. Ethos is the author's use of their own credibility, Pathos makes an appeal to emotions, and Logos appeals to reason and logic. Authors may also use strategies such as word choice, imagery, and metaphors. Likewise, In Steroids, Sports and the Ethics of Winning, Michael Dillingham uses effective rhetorical strategies, such as ethos, pathos...
Anabolic steroid, Analogy, Argument 905 Words | 3 Pages
Strategy
PRESCRIPTIVE STRATEGIES Prescriptive strategy is one where the objective has been defined in advance and main elements have been... developed before the strategy commences. Prescriptive strategy starts with the analysis of the competitive environments and resources of the organization. Then an agreed purpose is established such as a maximization of return on capital involved in a business. PRESCRITIVE MANAGEMENT PROCESS 1. Develop and define organizations objective 2. Analysis and projection...
Competition, Competitor analysis, Ecological model of competition 860 Words | 4 Pages
Business: Economics and Pricing Strategy
skimming pricing strategy and a penetration pricing strategy. [2] A penetration... pricing strategy is a technique which involves setting a relatively low price initial entry price to attract customers and gain a foothold in a market whereas a skimming pricing strategy is a pricing technique in which a firm sets a relatively high price for a product upon launching. (b) Briefly explain why a business might choose to use a skimming pricing strategy. [3] A firm...
Economics, Marketing, Penetration pricing 658 Words | 3 Pages
Strategy for Elt
Language Learning Strategies Despite the profusion of rich and varied research on the role of Learning Strategies (LS) in... second language acquisition (SLA), today, some twenty years on from the first attempts at exploring how learners go about the task of learning a second language, researchers are still struggling to agree upon a universally accepted definition for the concept of strategy. In 1991 Seliger complained that the indiscriminate use of the word strategy in SLA literature had brought...
Cognition, Educational psychology, Language 2146 Words | 6 Pages
Strategy Implementation
Organizations successful at strategy implementation effectively manage six key supporting factors... : 1. Action Planning 2. Organization Structure 3. Human Resources 4. The Annual Business Plan 5. Monitoring and Control 6. Linkage. | | | | Action PlanningFirst, organizations successful at implementing strategy develop detailed action plans... chronological lists of action steps...
Implementation, Management, Organization 859 Words | 3 Pages
Evaluate strategies used in health and
Evaluate strategies used in health and social care environments to communication and interpersonal interactions. Effects of... alcohol/drugs with rehab/AA To overcome the effects of alcohol/drugs barrier to communication, there are many types of organisations available. For example, rehab is a place where individual’s will slowly learn to give up drugs and adapt to clean blood in their body. There are classes such as AA classes which help individual’s clean alcohol from their system. Alcohol and...
Aggression, Assertiveness, Communication 1410 Words | 3 Pages
Strategies Can Be Used by Businessman to Protect Their Firms’ Market.
Summary This article is giving experience suggestion that certain definite strategies can be used by businessman... to protect their firms’ market. Corporation today compete on an international basis, so must have an appropriate international business strategy which can give comparative advantage. Yet the managers rarely have a systematic approach to their international business operation. The insular company with unattractive options is losing market share and margin. To deal with this dilemma requires...
International trade, Investment, Management 900 Words | 3 Pages
Globalization
Q1: Define Globalization 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and provide a sample of the type of business data managers collected during each era.... Globalization 1.0 started in 1492 when Columbus set sail and lasted until about 1800. As it’s in our book, in this era countries dominated by white men controlled businesses, mainly about governments and countries. The various colonizing peoples were concerned about the extent of their individual power and the best way to extend their influence. The power of individual...
Business process, Business process reengineering, Decision support system 1457 Words | 5 Pages
Nfl Globalization Strategy
4/15/13 Globalization of the NFL The 2010 Superbowl achieved 106 million views making it at the time, the most watched American TV... broadcast of all time. However, only a few million people watched the game outside the U.S. And when you compare the number of Superbowl viewers to the FIFA World Cup, which draws upwards of 700 million views globally, the Superbowl doesn’t seem so “super’’. The NFL has failed to develop an effective strategy in order to expand its market globally relative to MLB...
American football, Football, Game 2060 Words | 6 Pages
Strategy
Institutional Affiliation Abstract Strategies are the foundation for driving the direction of any business company. Successful business... growths and maintenance of market lead is as a result of implementing the best strategies properly. A number of strategy categories exist and a business organization should implement those that fit the nature of its business. This paper analyses several important business strategies through making a choice in each category that should be implemented to guarantee...
Callaway Golf Company, Customer service, Marketing 1703 Words | 5 Pages
Promotion Strategies
important part of any marketing strategy. You can have the best product or service out there, but unless you promote it... successfully, no one will know about it. There are three basic types of promotional strategies a push strategy, a pull strategy or a combination of the two. Push strategies are applicable primarily to manufacturers. Distributing their products through retail channels, manufacturers must work with these channels to promote products. Pull strategies, are applicable because they focus...
Advertising, Detergent, Marketing 1096 Words | 4 Pages
Week 4 Personal Strategy Card EXP105 Aug2014
EXP 105: Week 4 Personal Strategy Card Name: A. LCI Scores Sequence Precision Technical Reasoning Confluence Record your LCI scores in... the boxes provided. 26 28 29 23 B. Carefully describe the degree to which you use each of your Learning Patterns. (Refer to the Personal Learning Profile you developed for your Week Two assignment and any feedback provided by your instructor to determine if you need to refine your responses as you complete this section.) Sequence: When I use sequential pattern...
Learning 768 Words | 2 Pages
Globalization and Regionalization Strategy
Stacy Mensah BZ480 International Management September 27, 2012 Ashworth College Globalization strategy.... When defining Globalization strategy (standardization strategy) it is a "marketing strategy that is standardized for use throughout the world". This type of strategy demonstrates that many consumers behavior is very similar throughout all countries. According to the online encyclopedia it shares that all market segments uses the same features and buy the same services and products. Examples...
Computer network, Ethernet, Globalization 455 Words | 2 Pages
Strategy Exam C206C
1. How does the National Defense Strategy counterbalance what the secretary [Gates] sees as the U.S. Defense Department's natural tendency to... focus excessively on winning conventional conflicts rather than "irregular wars"? The 2008 National Defense Strategy (NDS) equalizes Secretary Gates’ previous statement by giving importance to the lessons learned from a decade of the extremism and “irregular” conflicts. The Department of Defense must use both “hard” and “soft” power to not only continue the...
Federal government of the United States, Horn of Africa, Somali people 1689 Words | 5 Pages
Continuum of Strategies
continuum of strategies using the SIOP model and the appropriate situations to use each within the classroom. It will also... discuss when these strategies may be used inappropriately in the classroom.In research literature, learning strategies of three types have been identified, which are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, and social/affective strategies. Cognitive strategies assist students in organizing information through learning that is self-regulated. Meta-cognitive strategies use awareness...
Critical thinking, Education, Instructional scaffolding 773 Words | 3 Pages
Strategy
Don’t you just hate when people make up terminology to suit their purpose? You may think that Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne may fall into the... category of trying to coin new words to set their concepts apart, but there is method to the madness. The concept is quite simple to understand. The Red Ocean is where every industry is today. There is a defined market, defined competitors and a typical way to run a business in any specific industry. The researchers called this the Red Ocean, analogous to...
Blue Ocean Strategy, Cirque du Soleil, Franco Dragone 2366 Words | 7 Pages
Entrepreneurial Strategies
four different entrepreneurial strategies. He starts pointing out that entrepreneurial strategies are as important for any... business as entrepreneurial management is. He states that despite this fact there is almost no discussion about entrepreneurial strategies, despite their distinctive influence to the success of any business. Drucker distinguishes between entrepreneurial management, that is, practices and policies within the enterprise, and entrepreneurial strategies, that is, practices and policies...
By the Way, Consultative selling, Customer service 1691 Words | 5 Pages
How Would You Describe Mcdonald's Business Strategy?
questions for the case “integrating McDonald's Business, Human Resource, and Staffing Strategies" page 49, Chapter 2. [ 15 Marks] Questions... 1: How would you describe McDonald's business strategy? What are the foundations of its competitive advantage? Answer: McDonald’s business strategy is a specialization strategy. The organization is built on a foundation that gives it a competitive advantage and a business strategy that is consistent, flexible, and specialized. McDonald’s niche market is people...
Cost leadership, Critical Incident Technique, Employment 1296 Words | 4 Pages
Global Strategy
contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a... global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly...
Globalization, International trade, Marketing 1822 Words | 6 Pages
Best Practices and Strategies
Discussion 1: Best Practices and Strategies Create a list of best practices for ensuring the human resources function works... effectively with top management and corporate governance. Best Practices for ensuring the human resource functions works effectively with top management and corporate governance will vary depending on the organization mission. However here is a view of best practices that can be used: 1) Purpose: What is the basic reason for existence? 2)...
Business, Corporation, Human resources 1090 Words | 4 Pages
Business Strategy
MPM703 Business Strategy and Analysis Trimester 1, 2013 Assignment: Business Strategy Report In this assignment you are... acting either as a group of strategy consultants (group assignment), or as one strategy consultant (individual assignment). You have been asked to prepare a strategy report for a business. The first step is to select a business as the subject of your assignment. The business can be a publicly listed company in Australia or overseas which is of interest to you or other...
Management, Marketing, Max Grodénchik 1642 Words | 6 Pages
Culture, Institutions and International Strategy
Culture, Institutions and International Strategy. For those firms who want to expand their business internationally, it is inevitable for them... to face the cultural challenge. This article stresses the impact of culture on international operation as well. According to institutional-based view, informal and formal institutions have their own way to reduce risk. For informal ones, they rely on relational contact which is informal relationship based and personalized exchange. What is more, Human capital...
Cross-cultural communication, Culture, Emerging markets 1186 Words | 4 Pages
Global Strategy
1.1 Theoretical Background The shift in global business has created a new form approach in global business landscape, thereby forcing firms to rethink their... marketing strategies. The development in the global business environment stands out as having a dominating role in this shift. It is the business demand on the internet for increase and greater bandwidth. Global business is seen as the means to facilitate e- commerce by offering rapid transfer rate to open up multimedia delivery to small and...
Business, Economics, Electronic Data Interchange 1751 Words | 5 Pages
Nokia's Pricing Strategy
Case No.07 – Nokia’s pricing strategy Nokia is one brand name that inspires all those who are into the mobile culture. Of the entire brand... that touches our lives, Nokia stand s out significantly. It has taken mobility a step forward by creating products with continuous innovations in this industry has made it imperative that every player keeps pace with changes. Nokia has been one step ahead in anticipating future market moves and strategizing accordingly. Interestingly the company prices its...
Brand, Marketing, Mobile phone 737 Words | 3 Pages
Advertising Strategy Essay 3
1. Introduction This assignment will be based on an advertising campaign introduced by Innocent within the UK this advert was known as ‘super fruit’. With... Innocent smoothie’s having been a UK based brand since the summer of 1998 when we had developed our first smoothie recipes Innocent drinks (2011) Innocent drinks has since then become the biggest smoothie brand within the UK. Growth of 14% on the previous year saw Innocent become the biggest smoothie brand in the UK with 75% of the market share...
Advertising, Culture, Globalization 2075 Words | 7 Pages
Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY Intenational Affairs Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Ciuchi Madalina Comanescu Andreea Ivan Adrian... Group 412 2nd year Strategies for Resolving Team Conflict Many organizations, including colleges and major corporations, have begun the process of implementing work team systems. Teams present a greater diversity of knowledge, ideas, and experience than any one individual can offer. This diversity often helps to improve quality...
Conflict, Conflict resolution, Dispute resolution 2025 Words | 7 Pages
Prescriptive View of Strategy
STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT By examples, illustrate the prescriptive view of strategy in your organization or any organization known... to you and show whether it is working, how it can be improved and your role in making the improvement. Introduction The concept of corporate strategy battles with the perennial issue of determining the overall purpose and scope of an organisation. From a contemporary perspective, it involves the specification of long-term goals and objectives that will...
Business, Management, Michael Porter 942 Words | 3 Pages
Teaching Strategies for Reading Comprehension
about a brown bear? ____________________________________________________________ When did the brown bear decide to end his... search?_____________________________________________________________ | | Read: | Place your answers below. | | | | Recite: | Record key facts and phrases as needed for each question. | | | | Review: | Create a summary paragraph for each question. | | | | | Name:__________ Book title:...
Comprehension, Question, Reading 1259 Words | 6 Pages
Communication Strategies
Communication Strategies for Different Intelligences Roger L. Gardner University Of Phoenix September 6, 2010 Introduction... Communication is the exchange of, ideas, information, and personal expression between people. There are many different forms of communication including: signs, sounds, language, telephone, mass media, and computers (Fidel 2010). Some forms of communication are more effective than others. People with different intelligences, working in a team-based environment, need to...
Communication, Howard Gardner, Intelligence 918 Words | 3 Pages
The Empire Strikes Back: Counterrevolutionary Strategies for Industry Leaders
Counterrevolutionary Strategies for Industry Leaders By: Richard D’Aveni Industry leaders or incumbents frequently face threats that have the... potential to make their firm’s competencies and products obsolete. Threats can be in the form of new technologies or business models, the author refers to these threats as revolutions. Richard D’Aveni wrote the article to describe the structure of a counterrevolution and what strategies should be used against revolutionaries. D’Aveni describes in detail the five...
A Great Way to Care, Force, High tech 1181 Words | 3 Pages
Bowman Strategy
1.0 Introduction Strategy is a long term directions for companies. Bennett (1996, cited by Cousins 2000) describes... strategy as: “The word strategy is used to describe the direction that the organisation chooses to follow in order to fulfil its mission”. Today, strategies are vital for businesses, in many cases it helps to achieve a competitive advantage. Increasing competition in most sectors and technological development has led to accelerated changes in the global economy. In order to meet...
Management, Marketing, Porter generic strategies 1810 Words | 7 Pages
Conflict Resolution Strategies
Running header: CONFLICT RESOLUTION STRATEGIES Conflict Resolution Strategies Wendy L. Decker University of... Phoenix Conflict Resolution Strategies In this writing, we will explore and explain strategies of conflict resolution and, encourage teams, individuals and society as a whole to use some of these ideas for their own resolution purposes. “In many cases, effective conflict resolution skills can make the difference between positive and...
1514 Words | 5 Pages
Innovation Strategy
TO: Mrs. CEO FROM: Jamie Iedema, Manager of Operations DATE: October 10, 2014 SUBJECT: Summary of strategy and value-chain analysis Executive... Summary This course work analyses the concept of innovation, evaluates the importance of innovation in strategy and also study techniques of promoting it in organizations. Mrs. CEO has requested a fully evaluation of the organization to establish a new strategy that implements innovative methods that will transcend the organization in the future. The goal is...
Management, Michael Porter, Strategic management 1867 Words | 5 Pages
Hw Strategy
Article review :What is Strategy?(Michael E. Porter) We know , Operational effectiveness means performing the activities required for... producing a product or delivering a service better—that is, faster, or with fewer inputs and defects—than rivals. Companies can reap enormous advantages from operational effectiveness (as illustrated by the example of Japanese firms). But from a competitive standpoint, the problem with operational effectiveness is that best practices are easily emulated. Such...
Airline, Economics terminology, Effect 776 Words | 3 Pages
Teaching Techniques and Strategies
| | | | THE DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES OF TEACHING TECHNIQUE * Approach, manner, style * a detailed list of rules or... guidelines for any activity. It is based on the description of steps, or a set of do’s and don’ts, and can often be linked to a method or a strategy. * it is a method or a way of doing things * technique of teaching refers to the skill employed by the teacher in carrying on the procedure or act of teaching * teachers gain techniques and skill in...
Education, Educational psychology, Learning 1964 Words | 7 Pages
Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies
International Strategies Write: Sarah A. Morton Instructor: Harry Mamaux Course: Business Administration Capstone – BUS 499 Date: December... 1, 2013 * For the corporation that has acquired another company, merged with another company, or been acquired by another company, evaluate the strategy that led to the merger or acquisition to determine whether or not this merger or acquisition was a wise choice. Justify your opinion. Coca-Cola Company history originated in 1886 when the “curiosity...
Coca-Cola, Coca-Cola Zero, Diet Coke 1845 Words | 5 Pages
Recruitment Strategy
Recruitment Strategy and Job Offer Process Debra Stokes HMR/548 August 8, 2011 L.J. Elliott Recruitment Strategy and Job... Offer Process What determines if a candidate is suitable for a position? There are many qualities to consider, but the responsibility falls on the human resource specialist. The responsibility of the human resources specialist is to hire the “right” candidate for opening positions within the company. In making these decisions he or she must ensure that the "right" candidate...
Determinacy, Disability, Employment 918 Words | 3 Pages
Globalization
Globalization A fundamental shift is occurring in the world economy. We are moving rapidly away from a world in which national economies were... relatively self-contained entities, isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; and by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And we are moving toward a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are tumbling; perceived distance is...
Corporation, Culture, Economy 1083 Words | 3 Pages
Continuous Improvement Strategies
This essay will discuss how the FedEx Corporation strategically used IS to exploit the Internet to compliment their core business, and... dramatically increase company profits. Based on this case study It will explain how formulating an IS strategy can help a company achieve its business objectives, and it will also discuss the importance of strong leadership and management support for the IS strategy. Fred Smith founded FedEx Corporation formerly known as Federal Express in 1973 in Memphis, Tennessee...
Courier, Express mail, FedEx 2352 Words | 7 Pages
Google strategy
leaders in innovation management. What are some of its best practices? Google’s Executive Chairman and former CEO Eric Schmidt provides us with some... insights (reported in Manyika 2008): EES&OR483 Strategy and Marketing Primer (version 3.0) This set of "crib notes" is a review of marketing and strategy tools and concepts that you may find useful for your project in EES&OR 483. The intention is not to give you more work or reading material, but rather to provide you with an aid and reference in...
Firm, Marketing, Michael Porter 1210 Words | 4 Pages
Client Interacting Strategy
Client Interaction Strategy Client Interaction Strategy The change initiative to replace Kudler Fine Foods current... software system has been proceeding as scheduled. Communicating the process to the main players is the next step. Below is Hall Consulting’s interpretation of the Kudler Fine Foods organizational chart with the primary people Hall Consulting will be in direct correspondence with. Store Operations includes in with store managers. Chart 1.1 Kudler Fine Foods Organizational...
Authority, Leadership, Management 900 Words | 4 Pages
Strategy Evaluation
Suppose your company has just acquired a firm that produces battery-operated lawn mowers, and strategists want to implement a market-penetration... strategy. How would you segment the market for this product? Justify your answer. Explain how you would estimate the total worth of a business. In order to estimate the total worth of a business, I would determine its net worth or stockholders equity. After calculating net worth, I would add or subtract an appropriate amount for goodwill and overvalued...
Corporate finance, Finance, Financial ratio 1674 Words | 6 Pages
Marketing Strategies When Dealing with Choc. Bars
Marketing Strategy for Chocolate Bar Introduction The marketing strategy or marketing decisions are taken on the basis of... internal and external environment of an organization. For the success of the company and its products & services in the marketing environment it is necessary for the business to make some important and effective marketing decisions (Peter & Donnelly, 2002). There are several forces that affect to marketing decisions. This paper would examine the different concepts of the...
Distribution, Market research, Marketing 1523 Words | 5 Pages
Strategies Artifact
Briarcliffe College HU105 Artifact Master Student Strategies Name: Isai Fuentes______________________________ Date: August 1,... 2015______________________ Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is not a strategy of a master student? a. Setting short term goals b. Setting long term goals c. Assessing your positive traits d. Avoiding an open‐minded approach to problem solving 2. Completing self‐ discovery exercises assists students in a. Assessing employment locations b. Assessing computer...
Auditory learning, Education, Educational psychology 572 Words | 4 Pages
Implementation and Standardization Strategies Paper
Implementation and Standardization Strategies Paper Tracee Ward MKT/562 – Advanced International Marketing October 11, 2010 Jeffery Buck... Implementation and Standardization Strategies Paper Valspar’s is planning to launch a new paint in its product line. The paint will change color based on the temperature. Once the paint is exposed to cold or heat the color will change which has lead to the product name Chameleon. “Since 1806, Valspar has been dedicated to bringing customers the latest...
Advertising, Brand, Brand management 1796 Words | 6 Pages
Marketing Strategy
units. What are the major competitive advantages of each SBU? 2. Follow the links to the various MTV networks (MTV, MTV2, mtvU, and Tr3s)... and read about their different audiences and marketing strategies. How do the MTV networks fit into Viacom’s strategic planning process? Exercise 2.2 American Red Cross http://www.redcross.org 1. Based on the Red Cross’s website, can you discern the agency’s marketing strategy? Is this strategy consistent with its mission? 2. Does the Red Cross...
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association, Daytona 500, Daytona Beach, Florida 1154 Words | 7 Pages
Study Strategy
reading strategies are mentioned in this course. In this essay, I will mainly talk about three skills, which are how to improve reading... comprehension, reading speed and how to make notes. And I also will explain how I will use these strategies to support my study. To start with, how to improve reading comprehension, active reading strategies are required. While I am reading an article, I will go through the article and have a general sense of it first（Cottrell, 2003）. By doing this, I can skip the...
Homework, Learning, Study skills 1651 Words | 8 Pages
McDonald’s global marketing strategy
Case 1: McDonald’s global marketing strategy 1. Identify the key elements in McDonald’s global marketing strategy (GMS). In... particular, how does McDonald’s approach the issue of standardization? McDonald’s has become the most famous and successful fast-food restaurants all over the world. The concept of fast food and American-style food (burgers, fries) has conquered the world. We can talk about standardization regarding Mcdo’s strategy: the marketing mix is basically the same. Products:...
Acer Inc., Big Mac, French fries 1271 Words | 4 Pages
Developing Information Systems Strategies
Developing Information Systems/Information Technology (IS/IT) Strategies Author: Mark Stone [email protected] Submittal... Date: 11th May 2008 Table Of Contents Introduction 3 Why should an Organisation develop an IS/IT Strategy? 4 Common problems and barriers in developing an IS/IT Strategy 5 The objectives and development of an IS/IT Strategy Framework 6 Conclusions and Summary 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction Present day organisations, regardless of commercial...
Hoshin Kanri, Management, Michael Porter 1928 Words | 7 Pages
debate as a teaching strategy
Debate as a Teaching Strategy Cinthya Alicea Keiser University Debate as a Teaching Strategy Communication... is the most crucial part of human interaction. There are many benefits to effective communication which enhance aspects of our personal everyday lives. There is also misunderstood communication which results in a vain outcome and can lead to embarrassment or even more serious results in an adult’s life. Public speaking today is not rare, we go on about our daily lives communicating...
Critical thinking, Debate, Debates 1598 Words | 5 Pages
Can an Organization Operate Without a Strategy?
Strategy is the means by which objectives are pursued and obtained over time. It’s the unifying idea that links together the functional areas... of an organization. Therefore an organization cannot operate without a strategy. The essence of strategy is in choosing a unique and valuable position rooted in systems of activities that are much more difficult to match by competitors and therefore translating into sustainable profitability for the organization. Some organizations are successful while others...
Change, Management, Organization 747 Words | 3 Pages
Processual Strategy
Evolutionary 1. Processual approach: Strategy is produced in an incremental fashion, as a 'pattern in a stream of decisions'. Fuzzy approach:... Companies sometimes adopt an incremental approach to change. What's different between these two approach? The Processual approach is really talking about strategy emerging from the many different day-to-day decisions taken by the staff. It’s incremental, in that it is occurring by being added to with each decision taken. Each decision taken is based on what seems...
Decision making, Environment, Game theory 1266 Words | 4 Pages
Low Cost and Differentiation Strategies
Differentiation Strategies Laura Allard November 21, 2010 William Hogan Management Cases Upper Iowa University Abstract This paper... discusses Low-Cost Leadership and Differentiation business strategies. The paper explains what each strategy is and how they can be applied, utilized and maximized as strategies for a company. Suggestion of methods to implement and the strategies are discussed, including when the strategies work best. Low-Cost and Differentiation Strategy Harvard professor...
Competitor analysis, Cost, Porter generic strategies 1383 Words | 4 Pages
Strategies for Selecting a Topic
are various methods for effectively communicating through language and writing. Complete the following chart to identify the purpose and... structure of the various rhetorical modes used in academic writing. Provide at least two tips for writing each type of rhetorical device. | |Purpose |Structure |Tips | |Rhetorical mode |Explain when or why each |Explain what organizational method...
Description, Fiction-writing mode, Literature 483 Words | 3 Pages
|
i don't know
|
In which human sensory organ is Bruch's membrane?
|
Sense Organs
Sense Organs
There are five senses: sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. There are organs connected with these sense that take in information that is sent to the brain so that the body can act on it.
Sight
The eye is the organ of the sense of sight. Eyes detect light, and convert it to electro-chemical impulses in neurons.
Parts of the eye:
Cornea
The transparent window at the front of the eye which is covered in a thin layer of tears.
Aqueous humor
On the other side of the cornea is more moisture. This clear, watery fluid is the aqueous humor. It circulates throughout the front part of the eye and keeps a constant pressure within the eye.
Pupil and iris:
The pupil is the circular opening in the colored part of the eye which is the iris. The iris dilates or opens and contracts to let in more or less light.
Lens:
Resembles the lens of a camera and focuses the light, changing shape as it takes in light reflected from objects near and far.
Vitreous:
A clear jelly that the focused light passes through to the retina.
Retina:
The inner lining at the back of the eye. It contains blood vessels which bring nutrients to the nerve cells. The macula is at the very center of the retina and contains the fovea. The photoreceptors of the retina are the rods and cones. The cones perceive color and finer elements. The retinal pigment epithelium, choroid and sclera are three more layers. The photoreceptors send light and images to a large nerve called the optic nerve. This carries the information to the occipital lobe of the brain where they are interpreted.
Eyelids and eyelashes:
These protect the eye and along with tears keep the eye clear and moist.
Hearing
The ear is the organ concerned with hearing. The ear has three parts: the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
Outer ear:
Pinna:
The outermost part of the ear made of cartilage that is connected to the outer tube called the auditory canal. This leads to the eardrum.
Middle Ear
Eardrum, stirrup, anvil and hammer:
This membrane vibrates and along with the three tiny bones in the middle ear, the hammer, anvil and stirrup, and sends the stiumuli to the cochlea.
Is spiral shaped and it transforms sound into nerve impulses that travel to the brain.
Semicircular canals:
These fluid filled tubes attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. They send information on balance and head position to the brain.
Eustachian tube:
Drains fluid from the middle ear into the throat behind the nose.
Taste:
Tongue:
Is a muscular organ in the mouth. The tongue is covered with moist, pink tissue called mucosa and tiny bumps called papillae. Thousands of taste buds cover the surfaces of the papillae. Taste buds are collections of nerve-like cells that connect to nerves going into the brain. There are four types of taste buds: sour, sweet, bitter and salty.
The tongue is vital in tasting and chewing food and in speech.
Smell:
Nose:
The nose, along with the mouth, lets air in and out of the body. It also helops us distinguish different smells in that air.
The nasal root is the top of the nose, forming an indentation at the suture where the nasal bones meet the frontal bone. The anterior nasal spine is the thin projection of bone at the midline on the lower nasal margin, holding the cartilaginous center of the nose.[1] Adult humans have nasal hairs in the anterior nasal passage.
Touch
Skin:
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold. The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
Layers:
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
The skin's color is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis.
|
Eye
|
Bort or boart refers to waste/inferior what, used for industrial purposes?
|
Analysis of retinal pigment epithelium integrin expression and adhesion to aged submacular human Bruch's membrane. - PubMed - NCBI
Analysis of retinal pigment epithelium integrin expression and adhesion to aged submacular human Bruch's membrane.
Abstract
PURPOSE:
Uncultured aged retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) does not resurface aged Bruch's membrane after 24 hours in organ culture. These experiments assess whether culturing alters RPE integrin expression and resurfacing of Bruch's membrane.
METHODS:
RNA was isolated from uncultured and cultured RPE of aged adult donor and fetal eyes. Integrin subunit messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was studied by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and semiquantitative analysis of the amplified products. Cell surface integrin expression was assessed using flow cytometry. Passaged cultured fetal RPE and primary cultured aged RPE were seeded onto Bruch's membrane, and resurfacing was assessed with scanning electron microscopy.
RESULTS:
Uncultured fetal RPE had low levels of alpha3 and beta5 mRNA compared to passaged cultured fetal RPE. Uncultured aged RPE had decreased alpha1-5 mRNA compared to primary cultured aged RPE. Cultured aged RPE had decreased beta4 and beta5 mRNA compared to passaged cultured fetal RPE. Flow cytometry confirmed the expression of alpha1-5, alphav, and beta1 protein on cultured fetal RPE and alpha1-3 and beta1 protein on cultured aged RPE. Twenty-four hours after seeding, cultured fetal and aged RPE resurfaced 99% +/- 1.3% and 76% +/- 22%, respectively, of aged submacular Bruch's membrane specimens from which native RPE had been debrided, exposing the native RPE basement membrane. Cultured fetal and aged RPE resurfaced 97% +/- 3.1% and 39% +/- 35%, respectively, of specimens in which the inner collagenous layer was exposed.
CONCLUSIONS:
Uncultured aged RPE has low amounts of integrin subunits that form receptors for laminin, fibronectin, and collagens. Culturing up-regulates integrins and promotes more efficient aged RPE attachment to and survival on aged Bruch's membrane.
PMID:
|
i don't know
|
What was the first element discovered in space (actually at the Sun)?
|
Who Discovered Helium? - Universe Today
Universe Today
by Matt Williams
Scientists have understood for some time that the most abundant elements in the Universe are simple gases like hydrogen and helium. These make up the vast majority of its observable mass, dwarfing all the heavier elements combined (and by a wide margin). And between the two, helium is the second lightest and second most abundant element, being present in about 24% of observable Universe’s elemental mass.
Whereas we tend to think of Helium as the hilarious gas that does strange things to your voice and allows balloons to float, it is actually a crucial part of our existence. In addition to being a key component of stars, helium is also a major constituent in gas giants. This is due in part to its very high nuclear binding energy, plus the fact that is produced by both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay. And yet, scientists have only been aware of its existence since the late 19th century.
Discovery and Naming:
The first evidence of helium was obtained on August 18th, 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen. While in Guntur, India, Janssen observed a solar eclipse through a prism, whereupon he noticed a bright yellow spectral line (at 587.49 nanometers) emanating from the chromosphere of the Sun. At the time, he believed it to be sodium, since it was proximate to the D1 and D2 Fraunhofer lines .
Fraunhofer Lines are dark absorption lines in a spectrum that correspond to different chemical elements. Credit: eventbrite.com
On October 20th of that same year, English astronomer Norman Lockyer observed a yellow line in the solar spectrum (which he named the D3 Fraunhofer line) which he concluded was caused by an unknown element in the Sun. Lockyer and English chemist Edward Frankland named the element helios, after the Greek word for the Sun.
Characteristics:
Helium is the second simplest atom when it comes to its atomic model, following hydrogen. It consists of a nucleus of two protons and neutrons, and two electrons in atomic orbits. The most common form is Helium-4, which is believed to be the product of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. This event, which lasted from 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang, was characterized by the production of nuclei other than the lightest isotope of hydrogen (i.e. hydrogen-1. which has a single proton and nucleus).
This event is believed to have produced the majority of helium-4, along with small amounts of the hydrogen, helium and lithium isotopes. All other heavier elements were created much later, as a result of stellar nucleosynthesis. Large amounts of new helium are being created all the time through this same process, where the heat and pressure at the core of stars are causing hydrogen atoms to fuse.
A depiction of the atomic structure of the helium atom. Credit: Wikipedia Commons
The nucleus of the helium-4 atom is identical with an alpha particle, two bound protons and neutrons that are produced in the process of alpha decay (where an element decays, releasing mass and becoming something else). The inertness of helium is due to the stability and low energy of it’s electron cloud state, where all of its electrons fully occupy 1s orbitals in pairs, none possessing angular momentum and each cancels the other’s intrinsic spin.
This stability also accounts for the lack of interaction of helium atoms with each other, which leads to one of he lowest melting and boiling points of all the elements.
History of Use:
For some time, helium was believed to exist only in the Sun. However, in 1882, Italian physicist Luigi Palmieri detected helium on Earth when analyzing lava from Mount Vesuvius after it erupted in that year. And in 1895, while searching for argon, Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay managed to isolate helium by treating a sample of cleveite with mineral acids. After treating the element with sulfuric acid, he noticed the same D3 absorption line.
Ramsey sent samples of the gas to Sir William Crookes and Sir Norman Lockyer, who verified that it was helium. It was independently isolated from cleveite the same year by chemists Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet in Uppsala, Sweden, who were able to accurately determine its atomic weight. Over the course of the next few years, similar experiments yielded the same results.
3D schematic of a Helium atom. Credit: Wikipedia Commons/BruceBlaus
Several interesting properties of helium were discovered in the ensuing years. In 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds demonstrated that an alpha particle is actually a helium nucleus. In 1908, helium was first liquefied by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes by cooling the gas to less than one kelvin. The element was eventually solidified in 1926 by his student Willem Hendrik Keesom, who subjected the element to 25 atmospheres of pressure.
Helium was one of the first elements to be found to have superfluidity. In 1938, Russian physicist Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa discovered that helium-4 has almost no viscosity at temperatures near absolute zero (superfluidity). In 1972, the same phenomenon was observed in helium-3 by American physicists Douglas D. Osheroff, David M. Lee, and Robert C. Richardson.
Modern Uses:
Today, helium gas is used in a wide range of industrial, commercial and recreational applications. The most well-known is perhaps flight, where helium gas (being lighter than air) naturally provides buoyancy for airships and balloons. Compared to hydrogen, which was also used in airships, helium has the added benefit of being non-flammable and fire retardant.
Owing to its unique properties – which include a low boiling point, low density, low solubility, high thermal conductivity and inertness – helium is used for a wide range of scientific and medical applications. The greatest use is in cryogenic applications, where liquid-helium acts as a coolant for superconducting magnets in MRI scanners and spectrometers.
The Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Credit: CERN/LHC
Another use is in rocketry, where helium is used as a buffer to displace fuel and oxidizers in storage tanks. It is also used to condense hydrogen and oxygen into rocket fuel and pre-cool liquid hydrogen in space vehicles. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN also relies on liquid helium to maintain a constant temperature of 1.9 kelvin.
Thanks to its extremely low index of refraction and the way it reduces the distorting effects of temperature variation, helium is also used in solar telescopes, gas chromatography, and in “helium dating” – i.e. determining the age of rocks that contain radioactive substances (like uranium and thorium). In addition to its inertness, its thermal properties, high speed of sound, and the high value of the heat capacity ration, it is also used in supersonic wind tunnels and aerodynamic testing facilities. It is also used in arc welding and for industrial leak detection.
Astronomy Cast also has a good episode on the subject – Episode 139: Energy Levels and Spectra .
Share this:
“helium has the added benefit of being inflammable”
You probably mean non flammable. Inflammable things tend to go boom.
WaxyMary
|
Helium
|
What smartphone operating system increased its market share from 4% in 2009 to 70% in 2013?
|
It's Elemental - The Element Helium
It's Elemental
Melting Point: 0.95 K (-272.2°C or -458.0°F)
Boiling Point: 4.22 K (-268.93°C or -452.07°F)
Density: 0.0001785 grams per cubic centimeter
Phase at Room Temperature: Gas
Element Classification: Non-metal
Period Number: 1 Group Number: 18 Group Name: Noble Gas
What's in a name? For the Greek god of the sun, Helios .
Say what? Helium is pronounced as HEE-lee-em.
History and Uses:
Helium, the second most abundant element in the universe , was discovered on the sun before it was found on the earth. Pierre-Jules-César Janssen, a French astronomer, noticed a yellow line in the sun's spectrum while studying a total solar eclipse in 1868. Sir Norman Lockyer, an English astronomer, realized that this line, with a wavelength of 587.49 nanometers, could not be produced by any element known at the time. It was hypothesized that a new element on the sun was responsible for this mysterious yellow emission. This unknown element was named helium by Lockyer.
The hunt to find helium on earth ended in 1895. Sir William Ramsay, a Scottish chemist, conducted an experiment with a mineral containing uranium called clevite. He exposed the clevite to mineral acids and collected the gases that were produced. He then sent a sample of these gases to two scientists, Lockyer and Sir William Crookes, who were able to identify the helium within it. Two Swedish chemists, Nils Langlet and Per Theodor Cleve, independently found helium in clevite at about the same time as Ramsay.
Helium makes up about 0.0005% of the earth's atmosphere . This trace amount of helium is not gravitationally bound to the earth and is constantly lost to space. The earth's atmospheric helium is replaced by the decay of radioactive elements in the earth's crust. Alpha decay , one type of radioactive decay, produces particles called alpha particles . An alpha particle can become a helium atom once it captures two electrons from its surroundings. This newly formed helium can eventually work its way to the atmosphere through cracks in the crust.
Helium is commercially recovered from natural gas deposits, mostly from Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. Helium gas is used to inflate blimps, scientific balloons and party balloons. It is used as an inert shield for arc welding, to pressurize the fuel tanks of liquid fueled rockets and in supersonic windtunnels. Helium is combined with oxygen to create a nitrogen free atmosphere for deep sea divers so that they will not suffer from a condition known as nitrogen narcosis. Liquid helium is an important cryogenic material and is used to study superconductivity and to create superconductive magnets. The Department of Energy's Jefferson Lab uses large amounts of liquid helium to operate its superconductive electron accelerator .
Helium is an inert gas and does not easily combine with other elements. There are no known compounds that contain helium, although attempts are being made to produce helium diflouride (HeF2).
Estimated Crustal Abundance: 8×10-3 milligrams per kilogram
Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 7×10-6 milligrams per liter
Number of Stable Isotopes: 2 ( View all isotope data )
Ionization Energy: 24.587 eV
|
i don't know
|
Devised in 1920 from Russian research into proximity sensing, what eponymous musical instrument is controlled by the player's proximity to it?
|
TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drum machine
A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music genres such as house music, but are also used in many other genres. They are also used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a professional drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce unique sounds plus it can allow the user to compose unique drum beats and patterns that might be difficult to perform with a human drummer. In the 2010s, most modern drum machines are sequencers with a sample playback (rompler) or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres.
A Yamaha RY30 Drum Machine
History
Early drum machines
Rhythmicon (1930�1932)
In 1930�32, the spectacularly innovative and hard to use Rhythmicon was realized by D-Rail at the request of Henry Cowell, who wanted an instrument which could play compositions with multiple rhythmic patterns, based on the overtone series, were far too hard to perform on existing keyboard instruments. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a particular pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse, if desired. Received with considerable interest when it was publicly introduced in 1932, the Rhythmicon was soon set aside by Cowell and was virtually forgotten for decades. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, or bossa nova.
Rhythmicon (1932) and Joseph Schillinger, a music educator
Chamberlin Rhythmate (1957)
In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a sliding head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape, or a blending between them. It contained a volume and a pitch/speed control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls, and an input jack for a guitar, microphone or other instrument. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with some additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets, etc.
First commercial product � Wurlitzer Side Man (1959)
In 1959 Wurlitzer released an electro-mechanical drum machine called the Side Man, which was the first-ever commercially produced drum machine. The Side Man was intended as a percussive accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos. The sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. The drum sounds were 'sequenced' by a rotating wiper arm with contact brushes on it that swept around a phenolic panel with corresponding contacts arranged in a pattern of concentric circles across its face; these were spaced in certain patterns to generate parts of a particular rhythm. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e.g. waltzes, fox trots etc. These combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm. The Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a mahogany cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry, amplifier and speaker.
Raymond Scott (1960�1963)
In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, a drum machine called Bandito the Bongo Artist. Scott's machines were used for recording his album "Soothing Sounds for Baby" series (1964).
First fully transistorized drum machines � Seeburg/Gulbransen (1964)
During the 1960s, implementation of rhythm machines were evolved into fully solid-state (transistorized) from early electro-mechanical with vacuum tubes, and also size were reduced to desktop size from earlier floor type. In the early 1960s, a home organ manufacturer, Gulbransen (later acquired by Fender) cooperated with an automatic musical equipment manufacturer Seeburg Corporation, and released early compact rhythm machines Rhythm Prince (PRP), although, at that time, these size were still as large as small guitar amp head, due to the use of bulky electro-mechanical pattern generators. Then in 1964, Seeburg invented a compact electronic rhythm pattern generator using "diode matrix" (U.S. Patent 3,358,068 in 1967), and fully transistorized electronic rhythm machine with pre-programmed patterns, Select-A-Rhythm (SAR1), was released. As the result of its robustness and enough compact size, these rhythm machines were gradually installed on the electronic organ as accompaniment of organists, and finally spread widely.
Korg Donca-Matic DA-20 (1963)
Keio-Giken (Korg), Nippon Columbia, and Ace Tone (1963�1967)
In the early-1960s, a nightclub owner in Tokyo, Tsutomu Katoh was consulted from Tadashi Osanai, a notable accordion player, about the rhythm machine he used for accompaniment in club, Wurlitzer Side Man. Osanai, a graduate of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University of Tokyo, convinced Katoh to finance his efforts to build better one. In 1963, their new company Keio-Giken (later Korg) released their first rhythm machine, Donca-Matic DA-20 using vacuum tube circuit for sound and mechanical-wheel for rhythm patterns. It was a floor-type machine with built-in speaker and keyboard featuring the manual play, in addition to the multiple automatic rhythm patterns, and the price was comparable with the average annual income of Japanese at that time.
Then, their effort was focused on the improvement of reliability and performance, along with the size reduction and the cost down. Unstable vacuum tube circuit was replaced with reliable transistor circuit on Donca-Matic DC-11 in mid-1960s, and in 1966, bulky mechanical-wheel was also replaced with compact transistor circuit on Donca-Matic DE-20 and DE-11. In 1967, Mini Pops MP-2 was developed as an option of Yamaha Electone (electric organ), and Mini Pops was established as a series of the compact desktop rhythm machine. In the United States, Mini Pops MP-3, MP-7, etc. were sold under Univox brand by the distributor at that time, Unicord Corporation.
In 1965, Nippon Columbia filed a patent for an automatic rhythm instrument. It described it as an "automatic rhythm player which is simple but capable of electronically producing various rhythms in the characteristic tones of a drum, a piccolo and so on." It has some similarities to Seeburg's slightly earlier 1964 patent.
In 1967, Ace Tone founder Ikutaro Kakehashi (later founder of Roland Corporation) developed the preset rhythm-pattern generator using diode matrix circuit, which has some similarities to the earlier Seeburg and Nippon Columbia patents. Kakehashi's patent describes his device as a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits" which "are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" where the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm."
Ace Tone commercialized its preset rhythm machine, called the FR-1 Rhythm Ace, in 1967. It offered 16 preset patterns, and four buttons to manually play each instrument sound (cymbal, claves, cowbell and bass drum). The rhythm patterns could also be cascaded together by pushing multiple rhythm buttons simultaneously, and the possible combination of rhythm patterns were more than a hundred (on the later models of Rhythm Ace, the individual volumes of each instrument could be adjusted with the small knobs or faders). The FR-1 was adopted by the Hammond Organ Company for incorporation within their latest organ models. In the US, the units were also marketed under the Multivox brand by Peter Sorkin Music Company, and in the UK, marketed under the Bentley Rhythm Ace brand.
Early preset drum machine users
A number of other preset drum machines were released in the 1970s, but early examples of the use can be found on The United States of America's eponymous album from 1967�8. The first major pop song to use a drum machine was "Saved by the Bell" by Robin Gibb, which reached #2 in Britain in 1969. Drum machine tracks were also heavily used on the Sly & the Family Stone album There's a Riot Goin' On, released in 1971. The German krautrock band Can also used a drum machine on their song "Peking O". The 1972 Timmy Thomas single "Why Can't We Live Together"/"Funky Me" featured a distinctive use of a drum machine and keyboard arrangement on both tracks. Another early example of electronic drums used by a rock group, is Obscured by Clouds by Pink Floyd, from early in 1972. The first album on which a drum machine produced all the percussion was Kingdom Come's Journey, recorded in November 1972 using a Bentley Rhythm Ace. French singer-songwriter L�o Ferr� mixed a drum machine with a symphonic orchestra in the song "Je t'aimais bien, tu sais..." in his album L'Espoir, released in 1974. Osamu Kitajima's progressive psychedelic rock album Benzaiten (1974) also utilized drum machines, and one of the album's contributors, Haruomi Hosono, would later start the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (as "Yellow Magic Band") in 1977.
Drum sound synthesis
A key difference between such early machines and more modern equipment is that they use sound synthesis rather than digital sampling in order to generate their sounds. For example, a snare drum or maraca sound would typically be created using a burst of white noise whereas a bass drum sound would be made using sine waves or other basic waveforms. This meant that while the resulting sound was not very close to that of the real instrument, each model tended to have a unique character. For this reason, many of these early machines have achieved a certain "cult status" and are now sought after by producers for use in production of modern electronic music, most notably the Roland TR-808.
Programmable drum machines
In 1972, Eko released the ComputeRhythm (1972), which was the first programmable drum machine.[citation needed] It had a 6-row push-button matrix that allowed the user to enter a pattern manually. The user could also push punch cards with pre-programmed rhythms through a reader slot on the unit.
Another stand-alone drum machine released in 1975, the PAiA Programmable Drum Set was also one of the first programmable drum machines, and was sold as a kit with parts and instructions which the buyer would use to build the machine.
In 1975, Ace Tone released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns. In 1978, Roland released the Roland CR-78 drum machine, a programmable rhythm machine with four memory storage for user patterns, and in 1979, a simpler version with four sounds, Boss DR-55 was released.
Linn LM-1 (1980)
Digital sampling
The Linn LM-1 Drum Computer (released in 1980 at $4,995) was the first drum machine to use digital samples. Only about 500 were ever made, but its effect on the music industry was extensive. Its distinctive sound almost defines 1980s pop, and it can be heard on hundreds of hit records from the era, including The Human League's Dare, Gary Numan's Dance, Devo's New Traditionalists, and Ric Ocasek's Beatitude. Prince bought one of the very first LM-1s and used it on nearly all of his most popular albums, including 1999 and Purple Rain.
Many of the drum sounds on the LM-1 were composed of two chips that were triggered at the same time, and each voice was individually tunable with individual outputs. Due to memory limitations, a crash cymbal sound was not available except as an expensive third-party modification. A cheaper version of the LM-1 was released in 1982 called the LinnDrum. Priced at $2,995, not all of its voices were tunable, but crash cymbal was included as a standard sound. Like its predecessor the LM-1, it featured swappable sound chips. The LinnDrum can be heard on records such as The Cars' Heartbeat City and Giorgio Moroder's soundtrack for the film Scarface.
It was feared the LM-1 would put every session drummer in Los Angeles out of work and it caused many of L.A's top session drummers (Jeff Porcaro is one example) to purchase their own drum machines and learn to program them themselves in order to stay employed. Linn even marketed the LinnDrum specifically to drummers.
Oberheim DMX (1981)
Following the success of the LM-1, Oberheim introduced the DMX, which also featured digitally sampled sounds and a "swing" feature similar to the one found on the Linn machines. It became very popular in its own right, becoming a staple of the nascent hip-hop scene.
Other manufacturers soon began to produce machines, e.g. the Sequential Circuits Drum-Traks and Tom, the E-mu Drumulator and the Yamaha RX11.
In the 1986, SpecDrum by Cheetah Marketing, an inexpensive 8-bit sampling drum external module for ZX Spectrum, was introduced. And its price was less than �30 when similar models cost around �250.
Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer (1980)
Roland TR-808 and TR-909 machines
The famous Roland TR-808, a programmable drum machine, was also launched in 1980. At the time it was received with little fanfare, as it did not have digitally sampled sounds; drum machines using digital samples were more popular in the early 1980s. In time, however, the TR-808, along with its successor, the TR-909 (released in 1983), would become a fixture of the burgeoning underground dance, electro, house, techno, R&B and hip-hop genres, mainly because of its low cost (relative to that of the Linn machines) and the unique character of its analogue-generated sounds, which included five unique percussion sounds: �the hum kick, the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed) and the spacey cowbell.� It was first utilized by Yellow Magic Orchestra in the year of its release, after which it would gain further popularity with Marvin Gaye's "Sexual Healing" and Afrikaa Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" in 1982.
In a somewhat ironic twist it is the analogue-based Roland machines that have endured over time as the Linn sound became somewhat overused and dated by the end of the decade. The TR-808 and TR-909's beats have since been widely featured in pop music, and can be heard on countless recordings up to the present day. Because of its bass and long decay, the kick drum from the TR-808 has also featured as a bass line in various genres such as hip hop and drum and bass. Since the mid-1980s, the TR-808 and TR-909 have been used on more hit records than any other drum machine, and has thus attained an iconic status within the music industry.
E-mu SP-1200
MIDI breakthrough
Because these early drum machines came out before the introduction of MIDI in 1983, they use a variety of methods of having their rhythms synchronized to other electronic devices. Some used a method of synchronization called DIN-sync, or Sync-24. Some of these machines also output analog CV/Gate voltages that could be used to synchronize or control analog synthesizers and other music equipment. The Oberheim DMX came with a feature allowing it to be synchronized to its proprietary Oberheim Parallel Buss interfacing system, developed prior to the introduction of MIDI.
By the year 2000, standalone drum machines became much less common, being partly supplanted by general-purpose hardware samplers controlled by sequencers (built-in or external), software-based sequencing and sampling and the use of loops, and music workstations with integrated sequencing and drum sounds. TR-808 and other digitized drum machine sounds can be found in archives on the Internet. However, traditional drum machines are still being made by companies such as Roland Corporation (under the name Boss), Zoom, Korg and Alesis, whose SR-16 drum machine has remained popular since it was introduced in 1991.
There are percussion-specific sound modules that can be triggered by pickups, trigger pads, or through MIDI. These are called drum modules; the Alesis D4 and Roland TD-8 are popular examples. Unless such a sound module also features a sequencer, it is, strictly speaking, not a drum machine.
Alesis SR-16 (1991)
Programming
Programming of drum machines are varied by the products. On most products, it can be done in real time: the user creates drum patterns by pressing the trigger pads as though a drum kit were being played; or using step-sequencing: the pattern is built up over time by adding individual sounds at certain points by placing them, as with the TR-808 and TR-909, along a 16-step bar. For example, a generic 4-on-the-floor dance pattern could be made by placing a closed high hat on the 3rd, 7th, 11th, and 15th steps, then a kick drum on the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th steps, and a clap or snare on the 5th and 13th. This pattern could be varied in a multitude of ways to obtain fills, break-downs and other elements that the programmer sees fit, which in turn could be sequenced with song-sequence � essentially the drum machine plays back the programmed patterns from memory in an order the programmer has chosen. The machine will quantize entries that are slightly off-beat in order to make them exactly in time.
If the drum machine has MIDI connectivity, then one could program the drum machine with a computer or another MIDI device.
Comparison with live drumming
While recordings in the 2010s are increasingly using drum machines, "...scientific studies show there are certain aspects of human-created rhythm that machines cannot replicate, or can only replicate poorly" such as the "feel" of human drumming and the ability of a human drummer to respond to changes in a song as it is being played live onstage. Human drummers also have the ability to make slight variations in their playing, such as playing "ahead of the beat" or "behind the beat" for sections of a song, in contrast to a drum machine which plays a pre-programmed rhythm. As well, human drummers play a "...tremendously wide variety of rhythmic variations" that drum machines cannot reproduce.
Labor costs
Drum machines developed out of a need to create drum beats when a drum kit was not available. Increasingly, drum machines and drum programming are used by major record labels to undercut the costly expense of studio drummers.
Alesis SR-16 Digital Drum Machine
Eigenharp
Eigenharp is a brand of electronic instrument made by Eigenlabs, a company based in Devon, UK, invented by John Lambert and released in 2009 after developing it for eight years. The "instrument" is in essence a highly flexible and portable controller, with the sound being actually generated in the software it drives.
An Eigenharp Alpha-model
Characteristics of all of the instruments are:
A matrix of velocity sensitive multi-expressive keys, each of which act like a 6-way analog joystick. This allows the simultaneous pitch bend and modulation (or other parameters) of each played note individually.
A stick-like vertical form factor akin to a sitar for the larger models or a flute in the smaller ones.
A built-in wind controller, giving the larger versions of the instrument an appearance similar to a bassoon.
One or two ribbon controller strips.
The software is available as open-source under the GPLv3 and runs both on Macintosh and Windows.
Additionally, the larger models have:
A series of percussion keys
A built-in step sequencer with indicator LEDs for each key.
A headphone amplifier with an output on the instrument
Models
The instrument comes in three models: Alpha, Tau, and Pico, in decreasing order of size. Each has a breath-pipe, a key matrix (120, 72, and 18) and a ribbon controller. The Alpha and Tau also have 12 percussion keys each, a second ribbon controller, and headphone output. The Alpha also has microphone preamplifier with an input on the instrument.
Electronic organ
An electronic organ is an electronic keyboard instrument which was derived from the harmonium, pipe organ and theatre organ. Originally, it was designed to imitate the sound of pipe organs, theatre organs, band sounds, or orchestral sounds. Today, it has developed into three or more types of instruments:
Hammond-style organs used in popular music genres;
digital church organs, which imitate pipe organs and are used primarily in churches;
various other types including combo organs, home organs, and software organs.
A custom three-manual Rodgers Trillium organ console installed in a church. Note the sound module (Rodgers MX-200 on right top) for additional pipe and orchestral sounds, and the laptop (left top) used for sequencing the organ and sound module in worship and musical performances.
History
Predecessors
Harmonium
The immediate predecessor of the electronic organ was the harmonium, or reed organ, an instrument that was very popular in homes and small churches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a fashion not totally unlike that of pipe organs, reed organs generated sound by forcing air over a set of reeds by means of a bellows, usually operated by constantly pumping a set of pedals. While reed organs had limited tonal quality, they were small, inexpensive, self-powered, and self-contained. The reed organ was thus able to bring an organlike sound to venues that were incapable of housing or affording pipe organs. This concept was to play an important role in the development of the electric organ.
Pipe organ
In the 1930s, several manufacturers developed electronic organs designed to imitate the function and sound of pipe organs. At the time, some manufacturers thought that emulation of the pipe organ was the most promising route to take in the development of an electronic organ. Not all agreed, however. Various types of electronic organs have been brought to market over the years, with some establishing solid reputations in their own niche markets.
Early electric organs (1897�1930s)
Electricity arrived on the organ scene in the first decades of the 20th century, but it was slow to have a major impact. Electrically powered reed organs appeared during the first decades of electricity, but their tonal qualities remained much the same as the older, foot-pumped models.
Thaddeus Cahill's gargantuan and controversial instrument, the Telharmonium, which began piping music to New York City establishments over the telephone system in 1897, predated the advent of electronics, yet was the first instrument to demonstrate the use of the combination of many different pure electrical waveforms to synthesize real-world instrument sounds. Cahill's techniques were later used by Laurens Hammond in his organ design, and the 200-ton Telharmonium served as the world's first demonstration of electrically produced music on a grand scale.
Meanwhile, some further experimentation with producing sound by electric impulses was taking place, especially in France.
Tonewheel organs (1930s�1975)
After the failure of the Telharmonium business, similar designs called tonewheel organs were continuously developed; For example:
Robb Wave Organ by Morse Robb (Canada) � developed since c.1923, marketed 1936�1941
Rangertone by Richard Ranger (United States) � marketed c.1932
Hammond organ by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert (United States) � invented in 1934, marketed 1935�1975 (as a tonewheel organ)
Lichtton Orgel by Edwin Welte, et al. (Germany) � optical-tonewheel sampling organ, marketed 1935�1940s
One of the earlier electronic tonewheel organs was conceived and manufactured by Morse Robb, of the Robb Wave Organ Company. Built in Belleville, Ontario, the Robb Wave Organ predates its much more successful competitor Hammond by patent and manufacture, but shut down its operations in 1938 due to lack of funding.
A Typical Tonewheel organ, Hammond B3.
The first widespread success in this field was a product of the Hammond Corporation in 1934. The Hammond organ quickly became the successor of the reed organ, displacing it almost completely.
From the start, electronic organs operated on a radically different principle from all previous organs. In place of reeds and pipes, Robb and Hammond introduced a set of rapidly spinning magnetic wheels, called tonewheels, which excited transducers that generated electrical signals of various frequencies that were mixed and fed through an amplifier to a loudspeaker. The organ was electrically powered, replacing the reed organ's twin bellows pedals with a single swell (or "expression") pedal more like that of a pipe organ. Instead of having to pump at a constant rate, as had been the case with the reed organ, the organist simply varied the position of this pedal to change the volume as desired. Unlike reed organs, this gave great control over the music's dynamic range, while at the same time freeing one or both of the player's feet to play on a pedalboard, which, unlike most reed organs, electronic organs incorporated. From the beginning, the electronic organ had a second manual, also rare among reed organs. While these features meant that the electronic organ required greater musical skills of the organist than the reed organ had, the second manual and the pedalboard along with the expression pedal greatly enhanced playing, far surpassing the capabilities of the typical reed organ.
The most revolutionary difference in the Hammond, however, was its huge number of tonewheel settings, achieved by manipulating a system of drawbars located near the manuals. By using the drawbars, the organist could combine a variety of electrical tones and harmonics in varying proportions, thus giving the Hammond vast "registration." In all, the Hammond was capable of producing more than 250 million tones. This feature, combined with the three-keyboard layout (i.e., manuals and pedalboard), the freedom of electrical power, and a wide, easily controllable range of volume made the first electronic organs more flexible than any reed organ, or indeed any previous musical instrument except, perhaps, the pipe organ itself.
The classic Hammond sound benefitted from the use of free-standing loudspeakers called "tone cabinets" that produced a higher-quality sound than small built-in speakers. The sound was often further enhanced by rotating speaker units, usually manufactured by Leslie.
The Hammond organ was widely adopted in popular genres such as jazz, gospel, pop music, and rock music. It was utilized by bands such as Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Deep Purple, among others. Occasionally the legs would be cut off these instruments to make them easier to transport from show to show. The most-popular and most-emulated organ in the Hammond line is the iconic B3. Although portable "clonewheel organs" started to synthesize and displace the original Hammond tonewheel design in the 1970s, it is still very much in demand by professional organists. The industry continues to see a lively trade in refurbished Hammond instruments, even as technological advances allow new organs to perform at levels unimaginable only two or three decades ago.
Electrostatic reed organs (1934�1964)
In the wake of Hammond's 1934 invention of the tonewheel organ, competitors explored other possibilities of electric/electronic organ design. Other than the variations of tonewheel organ design, for example, a purely electronic interpretation of the pipe organ (based on "additive synthesis" design) seemed a promising approach. However, it required a huge number of oscillators, and these circuit scales and complexities were considered a technical bottleneck, as vacuum tube circuits of those days were bulky and unstable. Benjamin F. Miessner realized that a hybrid approach, using acoustic tone generators along with electronic circuits, could be a reasonable design for commercial products.
The Orgatron was originally developed in 1934 by Frederick Albert Hoschke, after a Miessner patent. A fan blew air over a set of free reeds, causing them to vibrate. These vibrations were detected by a number of capacitive pickups, then the resulting electric signals were processed and amplified to create musical tones. Orgatron was manufactured by Everett Piano Company from 1935 to 1941. Following World War II and a business transfer, production resumed in 1945 by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company and continued into the early 1960s, including some models retaining the Everett name from 1945 to 1947.
Hammond Novachord (1939)
Electronic organs (1930s�)
On the other hand, the Hammond Novachord (1939) and other competitors selected "subtractive synthesis" design using various combinations of oscillators, filters, and possibly frequency dividers, to reduce the huge amount of oscillators which was the bottleneck on "additive synthesis" design. The heat generated by early models with vacuum tube tone generators and amplifiers led to the somewhat derogatory nickname "toaster". Today's solid-state instruments do not suffer from this problem, nor do they require the several minutes that vacuum tube organs needed to bring the filament heaters up to temperature.
Electronic organs were once popular home instruments, comparable in price to pianos and frequently sold in department stores. After their d�but in the 1930s, they captured the public imagination, largely through the film performances of Hammond organist Ethel Smith. Nevertheless, they initially suffered in sales during the Great Depression and World War II. After the war they became more widespread; for example, the Baldwin Piano Company introduced its first in 1946 (with 37 vacuum tubes). They peaked in popularity in the mid-1970s, by which time sales began being undercut by the rapid growth of television and high fidelity audio systems as home entertainment alternatives. Home electronic organ models usually attempted to imitate the sounds of theatre organs and/or Hammonds, rather than classical organs.
Frequency divider organs (1930s�))
Early electronic organ products released in the 1930s and 1940s were already implemented on frequency divider technology using vacuum tubes or transformer-dividers.
With the development of the transistor, electronic organs that used no mechanical parts to generate the waveforms became practical. The first of these was the frequency divider organ, the first of which used twelve oscillators to produce one octave of chromatic scale, and frequency dividers to produce other notes. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. Later developments made it possible to run an organ from a single radio frequency oscillator. Frequency divider organs were built by many companies, and were offered in kit form to be built by hobbyists. A few of these have seen notable use, such as the Lowrey played by Garth Hudson. Its electronic design made the Lowrey easily equipped with a pitch bend feature that is unavailable for the Hammond, and Hudson built a musical style around its use.
A typical modern console organ (Johannus Sweelinck 35)
Console organs (1930s�)
Console organs, large and expensive electronic organ models, resembled pipe organ consoles. These instruments had a more traditional configuration, including full-range manuals, a wider variety of stops, and a two-octave (or occasionally even a full 32-note) pedalboard easily playable by both feet in standard toe-and-heel fashion. (Console organs having 32-note pedalboards were sometimes known as "concert organs.") Console models, like spinet and chord organs, had internal speakers mounted above the pedals. With their more traditional configuration, greater capabilities, and better performance compared to spinets, console organs were especially suitable for use in small churches, public performance, and even organ instruction. The home musician or student who first learned to play on a console model often found that she could later make the transition to a pipe organ in a church setting with relative ease. College music departments made console organs available as practice instruments for students, and church musicians would not uncommonly have them at home.
Home organs (1940s�)
During the period from the 1940s through approximately the 1970s, a variety of more modest self-contained electronic home organs from a variety of manufacturers were popular forms of home entertainment. These instruments were much influenced by the theatre organ in its style, and often these stops contained imitative voicings such as "trumpet" and "marimba". In the 1950s�1970s, as technology progressed, they increasingly included automated features such as:
One-touch chords (Hammond S-6 Chord Organ, 1950)
Electronic rhythm (Wurlitzer Sideman, 1959)
Repeat percussion (Thomas Organ)
Arpeggiator (Hammond organ, etc.)
Autochord (Hammond Piper, 1970)
and even built-in tape players. These features made it easier to play complete, layered "one-man band" arrangements, especially for people who had not trained as organists. The Lowrey line of home organs is the epitome of this type of instrument. While a few such instruments are still sold today, their popularity has waned greatly, and many of their functions have been incorporated into more modern and inexpensive portable keyboards.
A typical home organ (Kimball Broadway)
Spinet organs (1949�)
Following World War II, most electronic home organs were built in a configuration usually called a spinet organ, which first appeared in 1949. These compact and relatively inexpensive instruments became the natural successors to reed organs. They were marketed as competitors of home pianos and often aimed at would-be home organists who were already pianists (hence the name "spinet", in the sense of a small upright piano). The instrument's design reflected this concept: the spinet organ physically resembled a piano, and it presented simplified controls and functions that were both less expensive to produce and less intimidating to learn. One feature of the spinet was automatic chord generation; with many models, the organist could produce an entire chord to accompany the melody merely by playing the tonic note, i.e., a single key, on a special section of the manual.
On spinet organs, the keyboards were typically at least an octave shorter than is normal for organs, with the upper manual (typically 44 notes, F3�C7 in Scientific Pitch Notation) omitting the bass, and the lower manual (typically F2�C6) omitting the treble. The manuals were usually offset, inviting but not requiring the new organist to dedicate the right hand to the upper manual and the left to the lower, rather than using both hands on a single manual. This seemed designed in part to encourage the pianist, who was accustomed to a single keyboard, to make use of both manuals. Stops on such instruments, relatively limited in number, were frequently named after orchestral instruments that they could, at best, only roughly approximate, and were often brightly colored (even more so than those of theatre organs). The spinet organ's loudspeakers, unlike the original Hammond models of the 1930s and 1940s, were housed within the main instrument (behind the kickboard), which saved even more space, although they produced a sound inferior to that of free-standing speakers.
The spinet organ's pedalboard normally spanned only a single octave, was often incapable of playing more than one note at a time, and was effectively playable only with the left foot (and on some models only with the left toes). These limitations, combined with the shortened manuals, made the spinet organ all but useless for performing or practicing classical organ music; but at the same time, it allowed the novice home organist to explore the challenge and flexibility of simultaneously playing three keyboards (two hands and one foot). The expression pedal was located to the right and either partly or fully recessed within the kickboard, thus conveniently reachable only with the right foot. This arrangement spawned a style of casual organist who would naturally rest the right foot on the expression pedal the entire time, unlike classically trained organists or performers on the earlier Hammonds. This position, in turn, instinctively encouraged pumping of the expression pedal while playing, especially if already accustomed to using a piano's sustain pedal to shape the music. Expressive pumping added a strong dynamic element to home organ music that much classical literature and hymnody lacked, and would help influence a new generation of popular keyboard artists.
The first chord organ (1950 Hammond S-6). Array of buttons on left side are used to play chords.
Shortly after the debut of the spinet, the "chord organ" appeared. This was an even simpler instrument designed for those who wanted to produce an organlike sound in the home without having to learn much organ (or even piano) playing technique. The typical chord organ had only a single manual that was usually an octave shorter than its already-abbreviated spinet counterpart. It also possessed scaled-down registration and no pedalboard. The left hand operated not a keyboard but an array of chord buttons adapted from those of an accordion.
The original Hammond chord organs in 1950 were electronic instruments using vacuum-tube technology. In 1958, Magnus Organ Corporation introduced chord organs similar to an electrically blown reed organ or harmonium.
Transistor organs (1957�)
Electronic organs before the mid-1950s had used vacuum tubes which tended to be bulky and unstable. This restricted attempts to extend features and spread their use into homes. Transistors, invented at Bell Labs in 1947, went into practical production in the 1950s, and their small size and stability led to major changes in the production of electronics equipment, in what has been termed the "transistor revolution".
In 1957, a home organ manufacturer, Gulbransen, introduced the world's first transistor organ, Model B (Model 1100). Although it used transistors for tone generation, vacuum tubes were still used for amplification[19] And in 1958, Rodgers built the first fully solid-state transistorized organ for church, called Opus 1 (Model 38).[20] Other manufacturers followed.
A combo organ (Vox Continental) using transistors. It's light, compact and portable.
Combo organs (1960s�)
By the 1960s, electronic organs were ubiquitous in all genres of popular music, from Lawrence Welk to acid rock (e.g. The Doors, Iron Butterfly) to the Bob Dylan album Blonde on Blonde. In some cases, Hammonds were used, while others featured very small all-electronic instruments, only slightly larger than a modern digital keyboard, called combo organs. (Various portable organs made by Farfisa and Vox were especially popular, and remain so among retro-minded rock combos.) The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw increasing specialization: both the gospel and jazz scenes continued to make heavy use of Hammonds, while various styles of rock began to take advantage of increasingly complex electronic keyboard instruments, as large-scale integration and then digital technology began to enter the mainstream.
Digital organs (1971�)
Allen introduced the world's first digital organ (and first digital musical instrument commercial product) in 1971: the Allen Digital Computer Organ. This new technology was developed for use in home organs by North American Rockwell (project leader Ralph Deutsch) and licensed to Allen, which began using it for church organs. Allen later sued Rockwell and Deutsch, and gained sole rights to the digital computer organ technology.
In 1980, Rodgers introduced the first church organs controlled by microprocessors, partially based on research at the University of Bradford. The university's "Bradford Computing Organ" has technological descendants in some European digital organs using synthesis technology today.
This style of instrument has also been popular with some classically trained concert organists preferring to avoid learning an unfamiliar pipe organ for every concert location, and wishing to perform in venues without pipe organs. Virgil Fox utilized a large Rodgers organ dubbed "Black Beauty" during his Heavy Organ tour during the early 1970s. From 1977 until his death in 1980, he used a custom Allen electronic organ. Carlo Curley toured with a substantial Allen Organ in the USA and with an Allen in the UK. Organist Hector Olivera has toured with a custom Rodgers instrument named "The King," and Cameron Carpenter has recently begun touring with a custom 5-manual digital organ by Marshall & Ogletree.
WERSI Scala, an open architecture software organ platform in 2002
Modern digital organs (1980s�)
Electronic organs are still made for the home market, but they have been largely replaced by the digital keyboard or synthesizer, which is not only smaller and cheaper than typical electronic organs or traditional pianos, but also far more capable than the most-advanced electronic organs of earlier years. Modern digital organs, by the same token, are far more advanced in design and capabilities than their ancestors. Today's digital organs have reached a degree of sophistication and complexity surpassed only by the pipe organ itself, and often offer features not found in pipe organs, such as orchestral and percussion sounds, a choice of historical pitch standards and temperaments, and advanced console aids.
Today's instruments incorporate real-time tone generation (based on sampling or synthesis technologies), MIDI, and Internet connectivity for downloading of music data and instructional materials, as well as making use of USB flash drive or media card storage. While electronically they are radically different from their predecessors, their basic appearance makes them instantly identifiable as the latest generation in a long line of electronic organs that now reaches back more than eighty years.
The best digital organs of the 2000s have a number of technical features that distinguish their sound from earlier, simpler instruments:
DSP technology
In 1990, Rodgers introduced software-based digital church organs with its patented "Parallel Digital Imaging" technology, which connected multiple Digital Signal Processors (DSP chips) in parallel for fast processing to generate pipe organ sound with stereo imaging. Organ sound in most current digital organs is derived from DSPs in either a sampled or synthesis type generation system. Sampled technologies use sound files recorded from various ranks of pipe organs and then processed to be the root basis for generation of the organ sound. In synthesis systems, the wave shape is created without using an actual sample as a guide. Both systems actually generate organ tone, sometimes in stereo in better systems, rather than simply playing back recordings as a simple digital keyboard sampler might do. Marketed as a "Real Time System" by Eminent and also sold by Wyvern, Copeman Hart, Cantor, and Van der Pole in Europe, synthesis organs may use circuitry purchased from Musicom, an English supply company. In the digital organ category, synthesis-based systems are rarely seen outside of Europe.
Sampling
Many of today's digital organs use high-quality samples to produce as accurate a sound as possible. Sampled systems may have samples of actual organ pipes for each individual note, or may use only one or a few samples which are then frequency-shifted to generate the equivalent of a 61-note pipe rank. Some digital organs like Walker Technical and the very costly Marshall & Ogletree organs use longer samples for additional realism, rather than having to repeat shorter samples in their generation of sound. Sampling in 2000s-era organs is typically done with 24-bit or 32-bit resolution, at a higher frequency than the 44,100 samples per second of CD-quality audio with 16-bit resolution.
Surround sound
On most digital organs, several audio channels are used to create a more spacious sound. Higher-quality custom digital organ builders use custom audio and speaker systems and may provide from 8 to 32 or more independent channels of audio, depending on the size of the organ and the overall budget for the instrument. With dedicated high-power subwoofers for the low frequencies of the sound, the best digital organs can approach the physical feeling of a pipe organ if a sufficient number of subwoofers and sufficiently powerful amplifiers are used.
Pipe organ simulations
To better imitate pipe organs, some digital organs simulate changes of windchest pressure. (In a pipe organ, the air pressure may drop slightly when many notes are sounding at once, which changes the sound of all the pipes.)
Digital organs may also incorporate simulated models of Swell boxes which mimic the environmental effects on pipes, pipe chest valve release, and other pipe organ characteristics. These effects are often added to the computer sound generation in modern digital organs to create more-realistic pipe organ tone.
Pipe sound can be simulated to include sampled or modeled room acoustic. Rodgers patented "RSS" technology, which uses binaural and transaural processing to create real-time acoustic models, and Allen's "Acoustic Portrait", purchased from Lake Industries in 2004, are examples of better-quality acoustic systems where room acoustic is part of the sound generation.
Electronic Organ Music 10 (Dilkushie Rodrigo)
EWI
EWI (an acronym for electric wind instrument, pronounced EE-wee) is the name of a wind controller, an electronic musical instrument invented by Nyle Steiner. The early models consisted of two parts: a wind controller and a synthesizer in a rackmount box. One of the current models from Akai, the EWI4000S, combines the two parts into one, placing the synthesizer in the lower section of the controller. It uses the Boehm fingering system and is designed to be similar in action to a soprano saxophone, although players familiar with the clarinet should have no problem adjusting to the fingering; the EWI instruments can also be played with a simpler fingering system that recorder players can play with very little adjustment. Modern instruments also can be switched to flute, oboe, and saxophone fingering modes. The EWI4000s and EWI USB also have a special EVI (acronym for electronic valve instrument) fingering mode that allows brass players to play the EWI. Similar to a soprano sax or clarinet, it is straight with a slight curve just below the mouthpiece, and is held in front of the body with a neck strap. Available models include the EWI3000, EWI3020, EWI4000s, EWI5000, and the EWI USB. There are also homemade and experimental EWIs with different designs.
An EWI
The wind controller part of the EWI has a silicone mouthpiece with sensors for air pressure (volume control) and teeth pressure (vibrato). The EWI keys do not move, but work through electrical capacitance, sensing the positioning of the fingers by body capacitance; this allows for very fast playing. The octave is determined by a set of rollers operated by the left thumb, and portamento by a touch plate next to the rollers. Pitch bending is handled by two touch plates operated by the right thumb. The EWI can also be used to control a synthesizer. While earlier EWIs have to be attached to a specific synth module, the EWI4000s model can connect to any synthesizer using a standard MIDI output connector, while the EWI USB has only a USB connector which allows it to connect directly to any computer that has USB ports. The EWI4000s can be connected to a computer either indirectly, through a synthesizer module (connected to a computer) to which it is already connected via MIDI, or directly, by means of a MIDI-to-USB interface box or bus card. Once an EWI is connected to a computer, it can be used to play any software synthesizer that is installed.
Though it is usually associated with jazz/rock fusion and, more recently, with new-age music, the EWI is a musically versatile instrument. The air pressure sensor allows for a considerable dynamic range, but the actual dynamic range will usually be limited by the synthesizer module or synthesizer software. Tonal range usually extends to 8 octaves.
Keytar
A keytar is a relatively lightweight keyboard (with or without a built-in synthesizer) that is supported by a strap around the neck and shoulders, similar to the way a guitar is supported by a strap. Keytars allow players a greater range of movement compared to conventional keyboards, which are placed on stationary stands. The instrument has a musical keyboard for triggering musical notes and sounds. Controls are placed on the instrument's "neck", including those for pitch bends, vibrato, portamento, and sustain.
Korg RK-100 (1984) MIDI remote controller
The term "keytar" is a portmanteau of the words "keyboard" and "guitar", and might be considered slang. This style of keyboard was mostly referred to by manufacturers as a "MIDI Controller", "Remote Keyboard", "Strap-on Keyboard", or variations thereof. Though the term "keytar" has been used since the introduction of the instrument, it was not used by a major manufacturer until 2012, when the Alesis company referred to the "Vortex", the company's first product of this type, as a "USB/MIDI Keytar Controller". The Roland AX-Synth, which incorporates its own synthesis engine, is referred to by the manufacturer as a "Shoulder Synthesizer".
Keytars may either contain their own synthesis engines, or be controllers, triggering notes and other MIDI data on a MIDI-capable synthesizer, sound module, computer with synthesis software, or any other MIDI-capable device such as lighting controllers, effects devices and audio consoles.
Bridgit Mendler during Summer Tour in 2013.
History
The oldest forerunner of the keytar probably is the orphica, a small portable piano invented at Vienna in 1795, which was played in a similar position as the modern keytar.
In 1963, the East German manufacturer Weltmeister introduced the Basset, an electric bass piano in keytar shape.
In 1966, Swedish organ manufacturer Joh Mustad AB introduced the Tubon, an electric organ in the shape of a tube. This instrument was worn with a strap around the shoulder and could be played standing or sitting. The Tubon had a half-keyboard on one end accessible to the right hand, controls to be used at the "neck" on the opposite end for the left hand, and a speaker at the end of the tube. It was sold in the UK as the Livingstone. It saw use by Kraftwerk and Paul McCartney in the 1960s and early 1970s.[3]
In the early 1970s, Edgar Winter often performed with keyboards slung around his neck, but they were not technically keytars because they had no "neck"; he actually used an ARP 2600 keyboard and a lightweight Univox electronic piano with shoulder straps added.
In late 1970s and early 1980s, Jan Hammer, the composer best known for his composition and sound design successes for Miami Vice, frequently used several keytars including Royalex PROBE which he helped develop. Jan is seen for instance using his PROBE in the music video for the "Miami Vice Theme". Also in the 1980s, Wayne Famous of the band the Producers strapped on a regular Oberheim synthesizer, which caused him to develop back problems.
The earlier keytars commercially released in late 1970s�early 1980s includes:
Hillwood RockeyBoard RB-1 (synth piano with VCF) designed in 1977 with influence from Edgar Winter,
PMS Syntar, an early keytar synthesizer designed by George Mattson (Performance Music Systems) and exhibited at 1979 Atlanta NAMM
Davis Clavitar (controller) used by George Duke and Herbie Hancock in early 1980
Powell Probe (controller) designed by Roger Powell, and
Royalex Probe (controller) helped to develop and used by Jan Hammer in early 1980s
etc. (for details, see List of keytars)
Among them, the most widely known earlier keytar may be the "Moog Liberation" released in 1980. Early users included Spyro Gyra keyboardist Tom Schuman, and Devo. The earliest printed use of the word "keytar" was in 1980, when it appeared in an interview with Jeffrey Abbott (Keytarjeff) by Tom Lounges of Illianabeat magazine (now Midwest BEAT Magazine) who now hosts a weekly interview show featuring legends of the music industry on N.W. Indiana's PBR radio station.
Although Steve Masakowski has been incorrectly credited for many years as the inventor of the keytar, in an interview with Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle on December 11, 2009, he only claimed to have invented an instrument called the Key-tar which was a string-based instrument.
The keytar was made popular in the 1980s by glam metal bands, as well as synthpop and new wave musicians. Changing trends in music diminished the keytar's popularity during the 1990s, continuing on until the late 2000s when a major revival was sparked by artists and groups such as The Black Eyed Peas, Flight of The Conchords, Motion City Soundtrack, No Doubt, and Steely Dan. Another instance is in early 2008 with Snoop Dogg's music video for his single "Sensual Seduction", in which he uses a keytar as a throwback to old school bands.
Notable manufacturers of keytar models have included Moog, Roland, Yamaha, Korg and Casio. As of 2013, the Roland AX-Synth, the Roland Lucina, the Alesis Vortex and Rock Band 3 Wireless Pro Keyboard, are the mass-manufactured keytars on the market.
Examples
1980s�1990s
The Moog Liberation was released in 1980 by Moog Music. It included two monophonic VCOs and a polyphonic section that could play organ sounds. The neck had spring-loaded wheels for filter cutoff, modulation, and volume as well as a ribbon-controlled pitch bend. The Liberation had a single VCF and two ADS envelope generators.
The Roland SH-101 is a small, 32-key, monophonic analog synthesizer from the early 1980s. It has one oscillator with two waveforms, an 'octave-divided' sub-oscillator, and a low-pass filter/VCF capable of self oscillation. When a shoulder strap is connected to it, and the small handgrip with a pitch bend wheel and a pitch modulation trigger is used, the SH-101 becomes a keytar.
Yamaha SHS-10
The Yamaha SHS-10 from the late 1980s has a small keyboard with 32 minikeys and a pitch-bend wheel, an internal Frequency modulation (usually referred to as FM) synthesizer offering 25 different voices with 6-note polyphony. Onboard voices include a range of keyboard instruments (pipe organ, piano, electric piano, etc.); strings (violin, guitar, double bass, etc.); and wind and brass (clarinet, flute, trumpet, etc.).
2000s�present
The Roland AX-7, which was manufactured from 2001 to 2007, contains many more advanced features than early keytars. It has 45 velocity sensitive keys (without aftertouch), and a 3-character LED display. Several features aimed towards stage performance are present, such as a pitch bend ribbon, touchpad-like expression bar, sustain switch, and volume control knob, all on the upper neck of the instrument. There is also a proprietary "D-Beam" interface, made up of infrared sensors that detect nearby motion. This interface can be used to trigger and control effects.
Plex used a keytar in the Yo Gabba Gabba episode Band.
In August 2009, Roland released the Roland AX-Synth, a model of keytar that contains its own synthesizer sounds in addition to being a MIDI/USB controller. In 2010, Roland released the Roland Lucina AX-09. This model does not have a traditional neck, but is still considered a keytar because of it is a strap-on model and is in the AX line, with many identical features to its AX predecessors. It is unique in that it includes an additional, front panel USB port to accommodate a USB flash drive, which may contain MP3, WAV or AIFF files for playback. The Lucina has 150 internal sounds and may also be used as a MIDI/USB controller.
Also in 2010, Mad Catz released the Wireless Pro Keyboard for Rock Band 3, a 25-key velocity-sensitive MIDI-compatible keytar controller.Despite its sub-$100 price, it is designed for serious use outside of the game.[7] Synthpop band Freezepop have used it on stage.
In 2012, Alesis released its first ever keytar and is the first major manufacturer to actually use the term "keytar" in the model name and description. The Alesis Vortex USB/MIDI Keytar Controller is unique in that it includes eight velocity-sensitive drum pads/sample triggers, which enable the performer to create beats or trigger clips, built right into the body of the keytar. It also features a unique "accelerometer", which allows the performer to control MIDI parameters by tilting the neck. Although Alesis claims to have manufactured "the first USB keytar controller", the Roland AX-Synth and the Roland Lucina feature USB connections with the same function and were released three years prior to the Alesis Vortex.
American recording artist Bridgit Mendler plays in the song "City Lights" on Summer Tour, between 2013-2014.
Majic Conner Shredding on a Keytar
Mellotron
The Mellotron is an electro-mechanical, polyphonic tape replay keyboard originally developed and built in Birmingham, England, in 1963. It evolved from a similar instrument, the Chamberlin, but could be mass-produced more effectively. The instrument works by pulling a section of magnetic tape across a head. Different portions of the tape can be played to access different sounds.
The original models were designed to be used in the home, and contained a variety of sounds, including automatic accompaniments. The bandleader Eric Robinson and television personality David Nixon were heavily involved in the instrument's original publicity. A number of other celebrities such as Princess Margaret were early adopters.
A Mellotron Mk VI
The Mellotron became more popular after the Beatles used it on several tracks. It was subsequently adopted by the Moody Blues, Genesis and King Crimson, and became a notable instrument in progressive rock. Later models such as the M400, the best selling model, dispensed with the accompaniments and some sound selection controls in order to be used by touring musicians. The instrument became less popular in the 1980s due to the introduction of polyphonic synthesizers and samplers, despite a number of high profile uses from Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and XTC.
Production of the Mellotron ceased in 1986, but it regained popularity in the 1990s, and was used by several notable bands. This led to the resurrection of the original manufacturer, Streetly Electronics. In 2007, Streetly produced the M4000, which combined the layout of the M400 with the bank selection of earlier models.
Operation
The Mellotron has a similar behaviour to a sampler, but generates its sound via audio tape. When a key is pressed, a tape connected to it is pushed against a playback head, like a tape recorder. While the key remains depressed, the tape is drawn over the head, and a sound is played. When the key is released, a spring pulls the tape back to its original position. A variety of sounds are available on the instrument. On earlier models, the instrument is split into "lead" and "rhythm" sections. There is a choice of six "stations" of rhythm sounds, each containing three rhythm tracks and three fill tracks. The fill tracks can also be mixed together. Similarly, there is a choice of six lead stations, each containing three lead instruments which can be mixed. In the centre of the Mellotron, there is a tuning button that allows a variation in both pitch and tempo. Later models do not have the concept of stations and have a single knob to select a sound, along with the tuning control. However, the frame containing the tapes is designed to be removed, and replaced with one with different sounds.
Although the Mellotron was designed to reproduce the sound of the original instrument, replaying a tape creates minor variations in pitch and amplitude (known as wow and flutter respectively), so a note sounds slightly different each time it is played. Pressing a key harder allows the head to come into contact under greater pressure, to the extent that the Mellotron responds to aftertouch.
Another factor in the Mellotron's sound is that the individual notes were recorded in isolation. For a musician accustomed to playing in an orchestral setting, this was unusual, and meant that they had nothing against which to intonate. Noted cellist Reginald Kirby refused to downtune his cello to cover the lower range of the Mellotron, and so the bottom notes are actually performed on a double bass. According to Mellotron author Nick Awde, one note of the string sounds contains the sound of a chair being scraped in the background.
The original Mellotrons were intended to be used in the home or in clubs, and were not designed for touring bands. Even the later M400, which was designed to be as portable as possible, weighed over 122 pounds (55 kg). Smoke, and variations in temperature, and humidity were also detrimental to the instrument's reliability. Moving the instrument between cold storage rooms and brightly lit stages could cause the tapes to stretch and stick on the capstan. Leslie Bradley recalls receiving some Mellotrons in for a repair "looking like a blacksmith had shaped horseshoes on top." Pressing too many keys at once caused the motor to drag, resulting in the notes sounding flat. Robert Fripp stated that "Tuning a Mellotron doesn't". Dave Kean, an expert Mellotron repairer, recommends that older Mellotrons should not be immediately used after a period of inactivity, as the tape heads can become magnetized in storage and destroy the recordings on them if played.
History
Although tape samplers had been explored in research studios, the first commercially available keyboard-driven tape instruments were built and sold by California-based Harry Chamberlin. The concept of the Mellotron originated when Chamberlin's sales agent, Bill Fransen, brought two of Chamberlin's Musicmaster 600 instruments to England in 1962 to search for someone who could manufacture 70 matching tape heads for future Chamberlins. He met Frank, Norman and Les Bradley of tape engineering company Bradmatic Ltd, who said they could improve on the original design. The Bradleys subsequently met bandleader Eric Robinson, who agreed to help finance the recording of the necessary instruments and sounds. Together with the Bradleys and television celebrity David Nixon, they formed a company, Mellotronics, in order to market the instrument. Robinson was particularly enthusiastic about the Mellotron, because he felt it would revitalise his career, which was then on the wane. He arranged the recording sessions at IBC Studios in London, which he co-owned with George Clouston.
The first model to be commercially manufactured was the Mk I in 1963. An updated version, the Mk II, was released the following year which featured the full set of sounds selectable by banks and stations. The instrument was expensive, costing �1,000, at a time when a typical house cost �2,000��3,000.
Fransen failed to explain to the Bradleys that he was not the owner of the concept, and Chamberlin was unhappy with the fact that someone overseas was copying his idea. After some acrimony between the two parties, a deal was stuck between them in 1966, whereby they would both continue to manufacture instruments independently. Bradmatic renamed themselves Streetly Electronics in 1970.
In 1970, the model M400 was released, which contained 35 notes (G�F) and a removable tape frame. It sold over 1800 units. By the early 1970s, hundreds of the instruments were assembled and sold by EMI under exclusive licence. Following a financial and trademark dispute through a U.S. distribution agreement, the Mellotron name was acquired by American-based Sound Sales. Streetly-manufactured instruments after 1976 were sold under the name Novatron. The American Mellotron distributor, Sound Sales, produced their own Mellotron model, the 4-Track, in the early 1980s. At the same time Streetly Electronics produced a road-cased version of the 400 � the T550 Novatron. By the mid-1980s, both Sound Sales and Streetly Electronics suffered severe financial setbacks, losing their market to synthesizers and solid-state electronic samplers, which rendered the Mellotron essentially extinct. The company folded in 1986, and Les Bradley threw most of the manufacturing equipment into a skip.
Streetly Electronics was subsequently reactivated by Les Bradley's son John and Martin Smith. After Les Bradley's death in 1997, they decided to resume full-time operation as a support and refurbishment business. By 2007, the stock of available instruments to repair and restore was diminishing, so they decided to build a new model, which became the M4000. The instrument combined the features of several previous models, and featured the layout and chassis of an M400 but with a digital bank selector that emulated the mechanical original in the Mk II.
Notable users
The first notable musician to use the Mellotron was variety pianist Geoff Unwin, who was specifically hired by Robinson in 1962 to promote the use of the instrument. He toured with a Mk II Mellotron and made numerous appearances on television and radio. Unwin claimed that the automatic backing tracks on the Mk II's left hand keyboard allowed him to provide more accomplished performances than his own basic skills on the piano could provide.
The earlier 1960s Mk II units were made for the home and the characteristics of the instrument attracted a number of celebrities. Among the early Mellotron owners were Princess Margaret, Peter Sellers, King Hussein of Jordan and Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard (whose Mellotron is now installed in the Church of Scientology's head UK office at Saint Hill Manor). According to Robin Douglas-Home, Princess Margaret "adored it; he (Lord Snowdon) positively loathed it."
After Mellotronics had targeted them as a potential customer, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop became interested in the possibilities of the instrument, hoping it would allow them to increase throughput. The corporation used two custom-made models that employed recorded sound effects throughout 1963 and 1964, but had problems with fluctuating tape speed and found the sound wasn't up to professional broadcast quality. The Mellotron was eventually dropped in favour of electronic oscillators and synthesizers.
British multi-instrumentalist Graham Bond is considered the first rock musician to record with a Mellotron, beginning in 1965. The first hit song to feature a Mellotron Mk II was "Baby Can It Be True", which Bond performed live with the machine in televised performances, using solenoids to trigger the tapes from his Hammond organ.
� There's one thing I can do /
Play my Mellotron for you /
Try to blow away your city blues �
� Mike Pinder, "One Step Into the Light" on Octave
Mike Pinder worked at Streetly Electronics for 18 months in the early 1960s as a tester, and was immediately excited by the possibilities of the instrument. After trying piano and Hammond organ, he settled on the Mellotron as the instrument of choice for his band, The Moody Blues, purchasing a second-hand model from Fort Dunlop Working Men's Club in Birmingham and using it extensively on every album from Days of Future Passed (1967) to Octave (1978). Pinder claims to have introduced John Lennon and Paul McCartney to the Mellotron, and convinced each of them to buy one. The Beatles hired a machine and used it on their single "Strawberry Fields Forever", recorded in various takes between November and December 1966. Though producer George Martin was unconvinced by the instrument, describing it "as if a Neanderthal piano had impregnated a primitive electronic keyboard", they continued to compose and record with various Mellotrons for the albums Magical Mystery Tour and The Beatles (White Album). McCartney used the Mellotron sporadically in his solo career, and his wife Linda played one while touring with Wings. The Rolling Stones' Brian Jones played a Mellotron on some studio tracks, including "She's a Rainbow" and "Jigsaw Puzzle".
The Mellotron became a key instrument in progressive rock. King Crimson bought two Mellotrons when forming in 1969. They were aware of Pinder's contributions to the Moody Blues and didn't want to sound similar, but concluded there was no other way of generating the orchestral sound. The instrument was originally played by Ian McDonald, and subsequently by Robert Fripp on McDonald's departure. Later member David Cross recalled he didn't particularly want to play the Mellotron, but felt that it was simply what he needed to do as a member of the band. Tony Banks bought a Mellotron from Fripp in 1971, which he claimed was previously used by King Crimson, to use with Genesis. He decided to approach the instrument in a different way to a typical orchestra, using block chords, and later stated that he used it in the same manner as a synth pad on later albums. His unaccompanied introduction to "Watcher of the Skies" on the album Foxtrot, played on a Mk II with combined strings and brass, became significant enough that Streetly Electronics provided a "Watcher Mix" sound with the M4000. Banks claims to still have a Mellotron in storage, but doesn't feel inclined to use it as he generally prefers to use up-to-date technology. Barclay James Harvest's Woolly Wolstenholme bought an M300 primarily to use for string sounds, and continued to play the instrument live into the 2000s as part of a reformed band.
The Mellotron was used by German electronic band Tangerine Dream through the 1970s, on albums such as: Atem, Phaedra, Rubycon, Stratosfear, and Encore. In 1983, the band's Christopher Franke asked Mellotronics if they could produce a digital model, as the group migrated towards using samplers.
Though the Mellotron was not extensively used in the 1980s, a number of bands featured it as a prominent instrument. One of the few UK post-punk bands to do so was Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, who featured it heavily on their platinum-selling 1981 album Architecture & Morality. Andy McCluskey has stated they used the Mellotron because they were starting to run into limitations of the cheap monophonic synthesizers they had used up to that point. He bought a second-hand M400 and was immediately impressed with the strings and choir sounds. XTC's Dave Gregory recalls seeing bands using Mellotrons when growing up in the 1970s, and thought it would be an interesting addition to the group's sound. He bought a second-hand model in 1982 for �165, and first used it on the album Mummer. IQ's Martin Orford bought a second hand M400 and used it primarily for visual appeal rather than musical quality or convenience.
The Mellotron received notable publicity in 1995 for its use on Oasis' album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? The instrument was played by both Noel Gallagher and Paul Arthurs on several tracks, but a particularly prominent use was the cello sound on the hit single "Wonderwall", played by Arthurs. Radiohead asked Streetly Electronics to restore and repair a model for them in 1997, and recorded with it on several tracks for their album OK Computer.
Spock's Beard's Ryo Okumoto is a noted fan of the Mellotron, saying it characterises the sound of the band. Porcupine Tree's Steven Wilson has acquired one of King Crimson's old Mellotrons and in 2013 gave a demonstration of the instrument in celebration of its 50th anniversary.
More recently, the Mellotron has been regularly used by Brian Jonestown Massacre's Anton Newcombe, in recordings he produced with his band and also his solo project with Tess Parks.
Paul McCartney shows the Mellotron
Sampler
A sampler is an electronic musical instrument similar in some respects to a synthesizer, but instead of generating sounds, it uses recordings (or "samples") of sounds that are loaded or recorded into it by the user. These sounds are then played back by means of the sampler program itself, a keyboard, sequencer or another triggering device to perform or compose music. Because these samples are now usually stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to produce musical scales and chords.
Often samplers offer filters, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have polyphonic capabilities - they are able to play more than one note at the same time. Many are also multitimbral - they can play back different sounds simultaneously.
An AKAI MPC2000 sampling sequencer (1997)
Historical overview
Prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape and plays a sound. The Mellotron was the most notable model, used by a number of groups in the late 1960s and the 1970s, but such systems were expensive and heavy due to the multiple tape mechanisms involved, and the range of the instrument was limited to three octaves at the most. To change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the digital sampler made sampling far more practical.
Bruce Haack built a digital sampler which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1967. The home made synthesizer device included a built-in sampler which recorded, stored, played back and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact.
EMS Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono (software), David Cockerell (hardware and interfacing) and Peter Zinovieff (system design and operation) at their London (Putney) Studio c. 1969. The system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment PDP-8's. These had 12,000 (12k) bytes of read-only memory, backed up by a hard drive of 32k and by tape storage (DecTape). EMS equipment was used to control the world's first digital studio.
The first commercially available sampling synthesizer was the Computer Music Melodian by Harry Mendell (1976), while the first polyphonic digital sampling synthesizer was the Australian-produced Fairlight CMI, first available in 1979. The E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler progressed Hip-Hop away from the drum machine sound upon its release in August 1987, ushering in the sample-based sound of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Akai pioneered many processing techniques, such as crossfade looping and "time stretch" to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch and vice versa.
During the 1980s hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples (such as the attack phase of an instrument) along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are Korg M1, Korg O1/W and the later Korg Triton and Korg Trinity series, Yamaha's SY series and the Kawai K series of instruments. Limiting factors at the time were the cost of physical memory (RAM) and the limitations of external data storage devices, and this approach made best use of the tiny amount of memory available to the design engineers.
The modern-day music workstation usually uses sampling, whether simple playback or complex editing that matches all but the most advanced dedicated samplers, and also includes features such as a sequencer. Samplers, together with traditional Foley artists, are the mainstay of modern sound effects production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape.
Sampler structure
Interface
Usually a sampler is controlled from an attached music keyboard or other external MIDI source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample. Often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in pitch by an appropriate amount. Each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a keyzone, and the resultant set of zones is called a keymap.
In general samplers can play back any kind of recorded audio and most samplers offer editing facilities that allow the user to modify and process the audio and to apply a wide range of effects, making the sampler a powerful and versatile musical tool.
Hierarchy
A sampler is organized into a hierarchy of progressively more complicated data structures. At the bottom lie samples, individual recordings of any sound, recorded at a particular sample rate and resolution. A reference center pitch indicates the actual frequency of the recorded note. Samples may also be "looped" by defining points at which a repeated section of the sample starts and ends, allowing a relatively short sample to play endlessly. In some cases, a "loop crossfade" is indicated, allowing less obvious transitions at the loop point by fading the end of the loop out while fading its beginning in.
Keymaps are arranged into instruments. At this level parameters may be added to define how the keymaps are played. Filters can be applied to change the sound-color while low frequency oscillators and envelope generators can shape the amplitude, pitch, filter or other parameters of the sound. Instruments may have multiple layers of keymaps in order to play more than one sample at the same time and each keymap may have a different set of parameters so that the incoming note-events affect each layer differently. For example, two layers may have a different sensitivity to the velocity of the incoming note, altering the resulting timbre according to how hard the note is played.
At this level, there are two basic approaches to sampler organization. In a bank approach, each instrument is assigned to a different MIDI channel and multiple banks can be stored to reconfigure the sampler. A different and more powerful approach is to associate each instrument with a patch number or ID so that each MIDI channel can be configured separately by sending controller information on the individual channel.
Types
Many samplers work as described above: the keymapping system "spread out" a sample over a certain range of keys. This has side-effects that may be desirable in some contexts, such as speeding up or slowing down drum loops. However, the higher and lower parts of such a keymap may sound unnatural, and, when arranging a pitched instrument over several keymaps, the transition from one to another may be too noticeable for realistic imitation of the instrument - the art is to make transitions as smooth as possible.
Some phrase samplers are more optimised for triggering single "one-shot" sounds such as drum hits. Each keymap spans only a single key, requiring a large number of zones (61 on a five-octave keyboard), each with its own settings. "Phrase sampling" aims to simplify this, particularly on interfaces such as the 16 pads on the Akai MPC series: the fact that each pad is actually a note is hidden from the user. The sampling engine does not re-pitch samples, it only plays them back. The user interface is simplified. Phrase samplers often have a groovebox format; lightweight, easy to operate and carry.
Specifications
Samplers can be classified by several specifications;
Polyphony: How many voices can play simultaneously
Sample Space: How much memory is available to load samples
Channels: How many different MIDI channels are available for different instruments
Bit depth: How much sample resolution can be supported
Outputs: How many discrete audio outputs are available
Synthesizer
A sound synthesizer (usually abbreviated as "synthesizer" or "synth", also spelled "synthesiser") is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate the still existing sounds (instruments, vocal, natural sound, etc.), or generate new electronic timbres not existing before. They are often played with a musical keyboard, but they can be controlled via a variety of other input devices, including music sequencers, instrument controllers, fingerboards, guitar synthesizers, wind controllers, and electronic drums. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are often called sound modules, and are controlled via MIDI or CV/Gate using a controller device.
Early Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970)
Synthesizers use various methods to generate signal. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physical modeling synthesis and sample-based synthesis. Other less common synthesis types (see #Types of synthesis) include subharmonic synthesis, a form of additive synthesis via subharmonics (used by mixture trautonium), and granular synthesis, sample-based synthesis based on grains of sound, generally resulting in soundscapes or clouds.
In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in many genres of pop, rock and dance music. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer.
History
The beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as there is confusion between sound synthesizers and arbitrary electric/electronic musical instruments.
Early electric instruments
One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the musical telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromagnetic circuit, and invented a basic single-note oscillator. This musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraphy line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field, to make the oscillator audible.
This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument using telegraphy and electric buzzers which can generate fixed timbre sound. Though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer.
Early additive synthesizer: tonewheel organs.
In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium (or Dynamophone) which used dynamos (early electric generator),[5] and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, which was invented in 1934. However, Cahill's business was unsuccessful for various reasons (size of system, rapid evolutions of electronics, crosstalk issues on the telephone line etc.), and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs.
Emergence of electronics and early electronic instruments
In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the "electronics age". He invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films. These new technologies also influenced the music industry, and resulted in various early electronic musical instruments that used vacuum tubes, including:
Audion piano by Lee De Forest in 1915
Theremin by L�on Theremin in 1920
Ondes Martenot by Maurice Martenot in 1928
Trautonium by Friedrich Trautwein in 1929
Most of these early instruments used "heterodyne circuits" to produce audio frequencies, and were limited in their synthesis capabilities. Ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers.
Graphical sound
In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, and similar graphical sound systems were developed around the world, such as those as seen on the Holzer 2010. In 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. Although his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image was apparently simple, the instrument was not realized until 20 years later, in 1958, as Murzin was "an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music" (Kreichi 1997).
Subtractive synthesis & polyphonic synthesizer
In the 1930s and 1940s, the basic elements required for the modern analog subtractive synthesizers � audio oscillators, audio filters, envelope controllers, and various effects units � had already appeared and were utilized in several electronic instruments.
The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States. The Warbo Formant Organ developed by Harald Bode in Germany in 1937, was a four-voice key-assignment keyboard with two formant filters and a dynamic envelope controller and possibly manufactured commercially by a factory in Dachau, according to the 120 years of Electronic Music. The Hammond Novachord released in 1939, was an electronic keyboard that used twelve sets of top-octave oscillators with octave dividers to generate sound, with vibrato, a resonator filter bank and a dynamic envelope controller. During the three years that Hammond manufactured this model, 1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the later electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers.
Monophonic electronic keyboards
During the 1940s and 1950s, before the popularization of electronic organs and the introductions of combo organs, a number of portable monophonic electronic instruments with small keyboards were developed and commercialized. These small instruments consisted of an electronic oscillator, vibrato effect, passive filters etc., and most of them (except for Clavivox) were designed for use with conventional ensembles, rather than as experimental instruments for electronic music studios which later evolved into modern synthesizers. These small instruments included:
Solovox (1940) by Hammond Organ Company: a monophonic attachment keyboard instrument consisting of a large tone-cabinet and a small keyboard-unit, intended to accompany the pianos with monophonic lead voice of organ or orchestral sound.
Multimonica (1940) designed by Harald Bode, produced by Hohner: dual keyboard instrument consisting of an electrically-blown reed organ (lower) and a monophonic sawtooth synthesizer (upper).
Ondioline (1941) designed by Georges Jenny in France.
Clavioline (1947) designed by Constant Martin, produced by Selmer, Gibson, etc. This instrument was featured on various 1960s popular recordings, including Del Shannon's "Runaway" (1961), and The Beatles' "Baby, You're a Rich Man" (1967).
Univox (1951) by Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI).[17] This instrument was featured on The Tornados' "Telstar" (1962).
Clavivox (1952) by Raymond Scott.
Other innovations
In the late 1940s, Canadian inventor and composer, Hugh Le Caine invented Electronic Sackbut, a voltage-controlled electronic musical instrument which provided the earliest realtime control of three aspects of sound (volume, pitch and timbre), corresponding to today's touch-sensitive keyboard, pitch and modulation controllers. The controllers were initially implemented as a multidimensional pressure keyboard in 1945, then changed to a group of dedicated controllers operated by left hand in 1948.
In Japan, as early as in 1935, Yamaha released Magna organ, a multi-timbral keyboard instrument based on electrically-blown free reeds with pickups.[20] It may have been similar to the electrostatic reed organs developed by Frederick Albert Hoschke in 1934 and then manufactured by Everett and Wurlitzer until 1961.
However, at least one Japanese was not satisfied the situation at that time. In 1949, Japanese composer Minao Shibata discussed the concept of "a musical instrument with very high performance" that can "synthesize any kind of sound waves" and is "...operated very easily," predicting that with such an instrument, "...the music scene will be changed drastically."
Electronic music studios as sound synthesizers
After World War II, electronic music including electroacoustic music and musique concr�te was created by contemporary composers, and numerous electronic music studios were established around the world, especially in Bonn, Cologne, Paris and Milan. These studios were typically filled with electronic equipment including oscillators, filters, tape recorders, audio consoles etc., and the whole studio functioned as a "sound synthesizer".
Origin of the term "sound synthesizer"
In 1951�1952, RCA produced a machine called the Electronic Music Synthesizer; however, it was more accurately a composition machine, because it did not produce sounds in real time. RCA then developed the first programmable sound synthesizer, RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, installing it at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in 1957. Prominent composers including Vladimir Ussachevsky, Otto Luening, Milton Babbitt, Halim El-Dabh, B�lent Arel, Charles Wuorinen, and Mario Davidovsky used the RCA Synthesizer extensively in various compositions.
From modular synthesizer to popular music
In 1959�1960, Harald Bode developed a modular synthesizer and sound processor, and in 1961, he wrote a paper exploring the concept of self-contained portable modular synthesizer using newly emerging transistor technology. He also served as AES session chairman on music and electronic for the fall conventions in 1962 and 1964. His ideas were adopted by Donald Buchla and Robert Moog in the United States, and Paolo Ketoff et al. in Italy at about the same time: among them, Moog is known as the first synthesizer designer to popularize the voltage control technique in analog electronic musical instruments.
A working group at Roman Electronic Music Center, composer Gino Marinuzzi, Jr., designer Giuliano Strini, MSEE, and sound engineer and technician Paolo Ketoff in Italy; their vacuum-tube modular "FonoSynth" slightly predated (1957�58) Moog and Buchla's work. Later the group created a solid-state version, the "Synket". Both devices remained prototypes (except a model made for John Eaton who wrote a "Concert Piece for Synket and Orchestra"), owned and used only by Marinuzzi, notably in the original soundtrack of Mario Bava's sci-fi film "Terrore nello spazio" (a.k.a. Planet of the Vampires, 1965), and a RAI-TV mini-series, "Jeckyll".
Robert Moog built his first prototype between 1963 and 1964, and was then commissioned by the Alwin Nikolais Dance Theater of NY; while Donald Buchla was commissioned by Morton Subotnick. In the late 1960s to 1970s, the development of miniaturized solid-state components allowed synthesizers to become self-contained, portable instruments, as proposed by Harald Bode in 1961. By the early 1980s, companies were selling compact, modestly priced synthesizers to the public. This, along with the development of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers and other electronic instruments for use in musical composition. In the 1990s, synthesizer emulations began to appear in computer software, known as software synthesizers. Later, VST and other plug-ins were able to emulate classic hardware synthesizers to a moderate degree.
The synthesizer had a considerable effect on 20th-century music. Micky Dolenz of The Monkees bought one of the first Moog synthesizers. The band was the first to release an album featuring a Moog with Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. in 1967, which reached number 1 in the charts. The Perrey and Kingsley album The In Sound From Way Out! using the Moog and tape loops was released in 1966. A few months later, both the Rolling Stones' "2000 Light Years from Home" and the title track of the Doors' 1967 album Strange Days featured a Moog, played by Brian Jones and Paul Beaver, respectively. In the same year, Bruce Haack built a homemade synthesizer which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. The synthesizer included a sampler (musical instrument) which recorded, stored, played and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact. Wendy Carlos's Switched-On Bach (1968), recorded using Moog synthesizers, also influenced numerous musicians of that era and is one of the most popular recordings of classical music ever made, alongside the records (particularly Snowflakes are Dancing in 1974) of Isao Tomita, who in the early 1970s utilized synthesizers to create new artificial sounds (rather than simply mimicking real instruments) and made significant advances in analog synthesizer programming.
The sound of the Moog reached the mass market with Simon and Garfunkel's Bookends in 1968 and The Beatles' Abbey Road the following year; hundreds of other popular recordings subsequently used synthesizers, most famously the portable Minimoog. Electronic music albums by Beaver and Krause, Tonto's Expanding Head Band, The United States of America, and White Noise reached a sizable cult audience and progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes were soon using the new portable synthesizers extensively. Stevie Wonder and Herbie Hancock also contributed strongly[clarification needed] to the popularisation of synthesizers in Black American music. Other early users included Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Keith Emerson, Todd Rundgren, Pete Townshend, and The Crazy World of Arthur Brown's Vincent Crane. In Europe, the first no. 1 single to feature a Moog prominently was Chicory Tip's 1972 hit "Son of My Father".
Polyphonic keyboards and the digital revolution
In 1978, the success of the Prophet 5, a polyphonic and microprocessor-controlled keyboard synthesizer, strongly aided the shift of synthesizers towards their familiar modern shape, away from large modular units and towards smaller keyboard instruments. This form factor helped accelerate the integration of synthesizers into popular music, a shift that had been lent powerful momentum by the Minimoog, and also later the ARP Odyssey. Earlier polyphonic electronic instruments of the 1970s, rooted in string synthesizers before advancing to multi-synthesizers incorporating monosynths and more, gradually fell out of fashion in the wake of these newer, note-assigned polyphonic keyboard synthesizers.[48] These polyphonic synthesizers were mainly manufactured in the United States and Japan from the mid-1970s to the early-1980s, and included the Yamaha CS-80 (1976), Oberheim's Polyphonic and OBX (1975 and 1979), Sequential Circuits' Prophet-5 (1978), and Roland's Jupiter 4 and Jupiter 8 (1978 and 1981).
The Fairlight CMI of the late 1970s-early 1980s.
By the end of the 1970s, digital synthesizers and digital samplers arrived on the market around the world (and are still sold today), as the result of preceding research and development. Compared with analog synthesizer sounds, the digital sounds produced by these new instruments tended to have a number of different characteristics: clear attack and sound outlines, carrying sounds, rich overtones with inharmonic contents, and complex motion of sound textures, amongst others. While these new instruments were expensive, these characteristics meant musicians were quick to adopt them, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States. This encouraged a trend towards producing music using digital sounds, and laid the foundations for the development of the inexpensive digital instruments popular in the next decade. Relatively successful instruments, with each selling more than several hundred units per series, included the NED Synclavier (1977), Fairlight CMI (1979), E-mu Emulator (1981), and PPG Wave (1981).
The Yamaha DX7 of 1983.
In 1983, however, Yamaha's revolutionary DX7 digital synthesizer swept through popular music, leading to the adoption and development of digital synthesizers in many varying forms during the 1980s, and the rapid decline of analog synthesizer technology. In 1987, Roland's D50 synthesizer was released, which combined the already existing sample-based synthesis and the onboard digital effects, while Korg's even more popular M1 (1988) now also heralded the era of the workstation synthesizer, based on ROM sample sounds for composing and sequencing whole songs, rather than solely traditional sound synthesis.
The Clavia Nord Lead series released in 1995.
Throughout the 1990s, the popularity of electronic dance music employing analog sounds, the appearance of digital analog modelling synthesizers to recreate these sounds, and the development of the Eurorack modular synthesiser system, initially introduced with the Doepfer A-100 and since adopted by other manufacturers, all contributed to the resurgence of interest in analog technology. The turn of the century also saw improvements in technology that led to the popularity of digital software synthesizers. In the 2010s, new analog synthesizers, both in keyboard instrument and modular form, are released alongside current digital hardware instruments. In 2016, Korg announced the release of the Korg Minilogue, the first polyphonic analogue synth to be mass-produced in decades.
Impact on popular music
In the 1970s, Jean Michel Jarre, Larry Fast, and Vangelis released successful synthesizer-led instrumental albums. Over time, this helped influence the emergence of synthpop, a subgenre of new wave, in the late 1970s. The work of German electronic bands such as Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream, British acts Gary Numan and David Bowie and the Japanese Yellow Magic Orchestra were also influential in the development of the genre. Gary Numan's 1979 hits "Are 'Friends' Electric?" and "Cars" made heavy use of synthesizers. OMD's "Enola Gay" (1980) used distinctive electronic percussion and a synthesized melody. Soft Cell used a synthesized melody on their 1981 hit "Tainted Love". Nick Rhodes, keyboardist of Duran Duran, used various synthesizers including the Roland Jupiter-4 and Jupiter-8.
Chart hits include Depeche Mode's "Just Can't Get Enough" (1981), The Human League's "Don't You Want Me" and Giorgio Moroder's "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (1983) for Irene Cara. Other notable synthpop groups included New Order, Visage, Japan, Men Without Hats, Ultravox, Spandau Ballet, Culture Club, Eurythmics, Yazoo, Thompson Twins, A Flock of Seagulls, Heaven 17, Erasure, Soft Cell, Blancmange, Pet Shop Boys, Bronski Beat, Kajagoogoo, ABC, Naked Eyes, Devo, and the early work of Tears for Fears and Talk Talk. Giorgio Moroder, Howard Jones, Kitaro, Stevie Wonder, Peter Gabriel, Thomas Dolby, Kate Bush, D�nal Lunny, Deadmau5, Frank Zappa and Todd Rundgren, and Owl City all made use of synthesizers.
The synthesizer became one of the most important instruments in the music industry.
Types of synthesis
Additive synthesis builds sounds by adding together waveforms (which are usually harmonically related). Early analog examples of additive synthesizers are the Teleharmonium and Hammond organ. To implement real-time additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis is useful for reducing required hardware/processing power, and is commonly used in low-end MIDI instruments (such as educational keyboards) and low-end sound cards.
Subtractive synthesis is based on filtering harmonically rich waveforms. Due to its simplicity, it is the basis of early synthesizers such as the Moog synthesizer. Subtractive synthesizers use a simple acoustic model that assumes an instrument can be approximated by a simple signal generator (producing sawtooth waves, square waves, etc.) followed by a filter. The combination of simple modulation routings (such as pulse width modulation and oscillator sync), along with the physically unrealistic lowpass filters, is responsible for the "classic synthesizer" sound commonly associated with "analog synthesis"�a term which is often mistakenly used when referring to software synthesizers using subtractive synthesis.
FM synthesis (frequency modulation synthesis) is a process that usually involves the use of at least two signal generators (sine-wave oscillators, commonly referred to as "operators" in FM-only synthesizers) to create and modify a voice. Often, this is done through the analog or digital generation of a signal that modulates the tonal and amplitude characteristics of a base carrier signal. FM synthesis was pioneered by John Chowning, who patented the idea and sold it to Yamaha. Unlike the exponential relationship between voltage-in-to-frequency-out and multiple waveforms in classical 1-volt-per-octave synthesizer oscillators, Chowning-style FM synthesis uses a linear voltage-in-to-frequency-out relationship and sine-wave oscillators. The resulting complex waveform may have many component frequencies, and there is no requirement that they all bear a harmonic relationship. Sophisticated FM synths such as the Yamaha DX-7 series can have 6 operators per voice; some synths with FM can also often use filters and variable amplifier types to alter the signal's characteristics into a sonic voice that either roughly imitates acoustic instruments or creates sounds that are unique. FM synthesis is especially valuable for metallic or clangorous noises such as bells, cymbals, or other percussion.
Phase distortion synthesis is a method implemented on Casio CZ synthesizers. It is quite similar to FM synthesis but avoids infringing on the Chowning FM patent. It can be categorized as both modulation synthesis (along with FM synthesis), and distortion synthesis along with waveshaping synthesis.
Granular synthesis is a type of synthesis based on manipulating very small sample slices.
Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a real instrument, or some other physical source of sound. This involves modelling components of musical objects and creating systems that define action, filters, envelopes and other parameters over time. Various models can also be combined, e.g. the model of a violin with characteristics of a pedal steel guitar and the action of piano hammer. When an initial set of parameters is run through the physical simulation, the simulated sound is generated. Although physical modeling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it was not until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible. The quality and speed of physical modeling on computers improves with higher processing power.
Sample-based synthesis involves recording a real instrument as a digitized waveform, and then playing back its recordings at different speeds (pitches) to produce different tones. This technique is referred to a "sampling". Most samplers designate a part of the sample for each component of the Attack Decay Sustain Release (ADSR) envelope, repeating that section while changing the volume according to the envelope. This allows samplers to vary the envelope while playing the same note. See also Wavetable synthesis, Vector synthesis.
Analysis/resynthesis is a form of synthesis that uses a series of bandpass filters or Fourier transforms to analyze the harmonic content of a sound. The results are then used to resynthesize the sound using a band of oscillators. The vocoder, linear predictive coding, and some forms of speech synthesis are based on analysis/resynthesis.
Essynth is a mathematical model for interactive sound synthesis based on evolutionary computation and uses genetic operators and fitness functions to create sound.
Imitative synthesis
Sound synthesis can be used to mimic acoustic sound sources. Generally, a sound that does not change over time includes a fundamental partial or harmonic, and any number of partials. Synthesis may attempt to mimic the amplitude and pitch of the partials in an acoustic sound source.
When natural sounds are analyzed in the frequency domain (as on a spectrum analyzer), the spectra of their sounds exhibits amplitude spikes at each of the fundamental tone's harmonics corresponding to resonant properties of the instruments (spectral peaks that are also referred to as formants). Some harmonics may have higher amplitudes than others. The specific set of harmonic-vs-amplitude pairs is known as a sound's harmonic content. A synthesized sound requires accurate reproduction of the original sound in both the frequency domain and the time domain. A sound does not necessarily have the same harmonic content throughout the duration of the sound. Typically, high-frequency harmonics die out more quickly than the lower harmonics.
In most conventional synthesizers, for purposes of re-synthesis, recordings of real instruments are composed of several components representing the acoustic responses of different parts of the instrument, the sounds produced by the instrument during different parts of a performance, or the behavior of the instrument under different playing conditions (pitch, intensity of playing, fingering, etc.)
Components
Synthesizers generate sound through various analogue and digital techniques. Early synthesizers were analog hardware based but many modern synthesizers use a combination of DSP software and hardware or else are purely software-based (see softsynth). Digital synthesizers often emulate classic analog designs. Sound is controllable by the operator by means of circuits or virtual stages that may include:
Electronic oscillators � create raw sounds with a timbre that depends upon the waveform generated. Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and digital oscillators may be used. Harmonic additive synthesis models sounds directly from pure sine waves, somewhat in the manner of an organ, while frequency modulation and phase distortion synthesis use one oscillator to modulate another. Subtractive synthesis depends upon filtering a harmonically rich oscillator waveform. Sample-based and granular synthesis use one or more digitally recorded sounds in place of an oscillator.
Low frequency oscillator (LFO) � an oscillator of adjustable frequency that can be used to modulate the sound rhythmically, for example to create tremolo or vibrato or to control a filter's operating frequency. LFOs are used in most forms of synthesis.
Voltage-controlled filter (VCF) � "shape" the sound generated by the oscillators in the frequency domain, often under the control of an envelope or LFO. These are essential to subtractive synthesis.
ADSR envelopes � provide envelope modulation to "shape" the volume or harmonic content of the produced note in the time domain with the principal parameters being attack, decay, sustain and release. These are used in most forms of synthesis. ADSR control is provided by envelope generators.
Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) � After the signal generated by one (or a mix of more) VCOs has been modified by filters and LFOs, and its waveform has been shaped (contoured) by an ADSR envelope generator, it then passes on to one or more voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs). A VCA is a preamp that boosts (amplifies) the electronic signal before passing it on to an external or built-in power amplifier, as well as a means to control its amplitude (volume) using an attenuator. The gain of the VCA is affected by a control voltage (CV), coming from an envelope generator, an LFO, the keyboard or some other source.
Other sound processing effects such as ring modulators may be encountered.
Filter
Electronic filters are particularly important in subtractive synthesis, being designed to pass some frequency regions through unattenuated while significantly attenuating ("subtracting") others. The low-pass filter is most frequently used, but band-pass filters, band-reject filters and high-pass filters are also sometimes available.
The filter may be controlled with a second ADSR envelope. An "envelope modulation" ("env mod") parameter on many synthesizers with filter envelopes determines how much the envelope affects the filter. If turned all the way down, the filter producs a flat sound with no envelope. When turned up the envelope becomes more noticeable, expanding the minimum and maximum range of the filter.
Attack Decay Sustain Release (ADSR) envelope
When an acoustic musical instrument produces sound, the loudness and spectral content of the sound change over time in ways that vary from instrument to instrument. The "attack" and "decay" of a sound have a great effect on the instrument's sonic character. Sound synthesis techniques often employ an envelope generator that controls a sound's parameters at any point in its duration. Most often this is an (ADSR) envelope, which may be applied to overall amplitude control, filter frequency, etc. The envelope may be a discrete circuit or module, or implemented in software. The contour of an ADSR envelope is specified using four parameters:
Attack time is the time taken for initial run-up of level from nil to peak, beginning when the key is first pressed.
Decay time is the time taken for the subsequent run down from the attack level to the designated sustain level.
Sustain level is the level during the main sequence of the sound's duration, until the key is released.
Release time is the time taken for the level to decay from the sustain level to zero after the key is released.
An early implementation of ADSR can be found on the Hammond Novachord in 1938 (which predates the first Moog synthesizer by over 25 years). A seven-position rotary knob set preset ADS parameter for all 72 notes; a pedal controlled release time. The notion of ADSR was specified by Vladimir Ussachevsky (then head of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center) in 1965 while suggesting improvements for Bob Moog's pioneering work on synthesizers, although the earlier notations of parameter were (T1, T2, Esus, T3), then these were simplified to current form (Attack time, Decay time, Sustain level, Release time) by ARP.
Some electronic musical instruments allow the ADSR envelope to be inverted, which results in opposite behavior compared to the normal ADSR envelope. During the attack phase, the modulated sound parameter fades from the maximum amplitude to zero then, during the decay phase, rises to the value specified by the sustain parameter. After the key has been released the sound parameter rises from sustain amplitude back to maximum amplitude.
A common variation of the ADSR on some synthesizers, such as the Korg MS-20, was ADSHR (attack, decay, sustain, hold, release). By adding a "hold" parameter, the system allowed notes to be held at the sustain level for a fixed length of time before decaying. The General Instruments AY-3-8912 sound chip included a hold time parameter only; the sustain level was not programmable. Another common variation in the same vein is the AHDSR (attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelope, in which the "hold" parameter controls how long the envelope stays at full volume before entering the decay phase. Multiple attack, decay and release settings may be found on more sophisticated models.
Certain synthesizers also allow for a delay parameter before the attack. Modern synthesizers like the Dave Smith Instruments Prophet '08 have DADSR (delay, attack, decay, sustain, release) envelopes. The delay setting determines the length of silence between hitting a note and the attack. Some software synthesizers, such as Image-Line's 3xOSC (included with their DAW FL Studio) have DAHDSR (delay, attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelopes.
LFO
A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) generates an electronic signal, usually below 20 Hz. LFO signals create a periodic control signal or sweep, often used in vibrato, tremolo and other effects. In certain genres of electronic music, the LFO signal can control the cutoff frequency of a VCF to make a rhythmic wah-wah sound, or the signature dubstep wobble bass.
Patch
A synthesizer patch (some manufacturers chose the term program) is a sound setting. Modular synthesizers used cables ("patch cords") to connect the different sound modules together. Since these machines had no memory to save settings, musicians wrote down the locations of the patch cables and knob positions on a "patch sheet" (which usually showed a diagram of the synthesizer). Ever since, an overall sound setting for any type of synthesizer has been referred to as a patch.
In mid�late 1970s, patch memory (allowing storage and loading of 'patches' or 'programs') began to appear in synths like the Oberheim Four-voice (1975/1976)[69] and Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 (1977/1978). After MIDI was introduced in 1983, more and more synthesizers could import or export patches via MIDI SYSEX commands. When a synthesizer patch is uploaded to a personal computer that has patch editing software installed, the user can alter the parameters of the patch and download it back to the synthesizer. Because there is no standard patch language it is rare that a patch generated on one synthesizer can be used on a different model. However, sometimes manufacturers design a family of synthesizers to be compatible.
Control interfaces
Modern synthesizers often look like small pianos, though with many additional knob and button controls. These are integrated controllers, where the sound synthesis electronics are integrated into the same package as the controller. However, many early synthesizers were modular and keyboardless, while most modern synthesizers may be controlled via MIDI, allowing other means of playing such as:
Fingerboards (ribbon controllers) and touchpads
Wind controllers
Theremin
The theremin (/ˈθɛrəmɪn/ therr-ə-min; originally known as the �therphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer). It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, L�on Theremin (Терм�н), who patented the device in 1928.
The instrument's controlling section usually consists of two metal antennae that sense the relative position of the thereminist's hands and control oscillators for frequency with one hand, and amplitude (volume) with the other. The electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker.
The theremin was used in movie soundtracks such as Mikl�s R�zsa's Spellbound, The Lost Weekend, and Bernard Herrmann's The Day the Earth Stood Still. It has also been used in theme songs for television shows such as the ITV drama Midsomer Murders. This has led to its association with eerie situations. Theremins are also used in concert music (especially avant-garde and 20th- and 21st-century new music) and in popular music genres such as rock.
An Etherwave-Theremin, assembled from Robert Moog's kit: the loop antenna on the left controls the volume while the upright antenna controls the pitch.
History
The theremin was originally the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into proximity sensors. The instrument was invented by a young Russian physicist named Lev Sergeyevich Termen (known in the West as L�on Theremin) in October 1920 after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, where he patented his invention in 1928. Subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA.
Although the RCA Thereminvox (released immediately following the Stock Market Crash of 1929), was not a commercial success, it fascinated audiences in America and abroad. Clara Rockmore, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a classical repertoire in concert halls around the United States, often sharing the bill with Paul Robeson.
During the 1930s, Lucie Bigelow Rosen was also taken with the theremin and together with her husband Walter Bigelow Rosen provided both financial and artistic support to the development and popularisation of the instrument.
In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his New York City apartment by NKVD agents (preceding the KGB), taken back to the Soviet Union and made to work in a sharashka laboratory prison camp at Magadan, Siberia. He reappeared 30 years later. In his 2000 biography of the inventor, Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage, Albert Glinsky suggested the Russian had fled to escape crushing personal debts, and was then caught up in Stalin's political purges. In any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991.
After a flurry of interest in America following the end of the Second World War, the theremin soon fell into disuse with serious musicians, mainly because newer electronic instruments were introduced that were easier to play. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts and kit-building hobbyists. One of these electronics enthusiasts, Robert Moog, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, and sold theremin kits that were intended to be assembled by the customer. Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking synthesizer, the Moog. (Around 1955, a colleague of Moog's, electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott, purchased one of Moog's theremin subassemblies to incorporate into a new invention, the Clavivox, which was intended to be an easy-to-use keyboard theremin.)
Since the release of the film Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey in 1994, the instrument has enjoyed a resurgence in interest and has become more widely used by contemporary musicians. Even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has garnered excellent reviews.
Theremin kit building remains popular with electronics buffs; kits are available from Moog Music, Theremaniacs, PAiA Electronics, and Jaycar. On the other end of the scale, many low-end Theremins, some of which have only pitch control, are offered online and offline, sometimes advertised as toys. These cheaper models generally do not have a linearized pitch field, and can be very hard to play consistently.
Lev Termen demonstrating Termenvox,
|
Theremin
|
A gimlet tool is traditionally shaped like the letter?
|
TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
TIMELINE OF WORLD HISTORY
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Drum machine
A drum machine is an electronic musical instrument designed to imitate the sound of drums, cymbals, other percussion instruments, and often basslines. Drum machines are most commonly associated with electronic music genres such as house music, but are also used in many other genres. They are also used when session drummers are not available or if the production cannot afford the cost of a professional drummer. Also, many modern drum machines can also produce unique sounds plus it can allow the user to compose unique drum beats and patterns that might be difficult to perform with a human drummer. In the 2010s, most modern drum machines are sequencers with a sample playback (rompler) or synthesizer component that specializes in the reproduction of drum timbres.
A Yamaha RY30 Drum Machine
History
Early drum machines
Rhythmicon (1930�1932)
In 1930�32, the spectacularly innovative and hard to use Rhythmicon was realized by D-Rail at the request of Henry Cowell, who wanted an instrument which could play compositions with multiple rhythmic patterns, based on the overtone series, were far too hard to perform on existing keyboard instruments. The invention could produce sixteen different rhythms, each associated with a particular pitch, either individually or in any combination, including en masse, if desired. Received with considerable interest when it was publicly introduced in 1932, the Rhythmicon was soon set aside by Cowell and was virtually forgotten for decades. The next generation of rhythm machines played only pre-programmed rhythms such as mambo, tango, or bossa nova.
Rhythmicon (1932) and Joseph Schillinger, a music educator
Chamberlin Rhythmate (1957)
In 1957 Californian Harry Chamberlin constructed a tape loop-based drum machine called the Chamberlin Rhythmate. It had 14 tape loops with a sliding head that allowed playback of different tracks on each piece of tape, or a blending between them. It contained a volume and a pitch/speed control and also had a separate amplifier with bass, treble, and volume controls, and an input jack for a guitar, microphone or other instrument. The tape loops were of real acoustic jazz drum kits playing different style beats, with some additions to tracks such as bongos, clave, castanets, etc.
First commercial product � Wurlitzer Side Man (1959)
In 1959 Wurlitzer released an electro-mechanical drum machine called the Side Man, which was the first-ever commercially produced drum machine. The Side Man was intended as a percussive accompaniment for the Wurlitzer organ range. The Side Man offered a choice of 12 electronically generated, predefined rhythm patterns with variable tempos. The sound source was a series of vacuum tubes which created 10 preset electronic drum sounds. The drum sounds were 'sequenced' by a rotating wiper arm with contact brushes on it that swept around a phenolic panel with corresponding contacts arranged in a pattern of concentric circles across its face; these were spaced in certain patterns to generate parts of a particular rhythm. Combinations of these different sets of rhythms and drum sounds created popular rhythmic patterns of the day, e.g. waltzes, fox trots etc. These combinations were selected by a rotary knob on the top of the Side Man box. The tempo of the patterns was controlled by a slider that increased the speed of rotation of the wiper arm. The Side Man had a panel of 10 buttons for manually triggering drum sounds, and a remote player to control the machine while playing from an organ keyboard. The Side Man was housed in a mahogany cabinet that contained the sound-generating circuitry, amplifier and speaker.
Raymond Scott (1960�1963)
In 1960, Raymond Scott constructed the Rhythm Synthesizer and, in 1963, a drum machine called Bandito the Bongo Artist. Scott's machines were used for recording his album "Soothing Sounds for Baby" series (1964).
First fully transistorized drum machines � Seeburg/Gulbransen (1964)
During the 1960s, implementation of rhythm machines were evolved into fully solid-state (transistorized) from early electro-mechanical with vacuum tubes, and also size were reduced to desktop size from earlier floor type. In the early 1960s, a home organ manufacturer, Gulbransen (later acquired by Fender) cooperated with an automatic musical equipment manufacturer Seeburg Corporation, and released early compact rhythm machines Rhythm Prince (PRP), although, at that time, these size were still as large as small guitar amp head, due to the use of bulky electro-mechanical pattern generators. Then in 1964, Seeburg invented a compact electronic rhythm pattern generator using "diode matrix" (U.S. Patent 3,358,068 in 1967), and fully transistorized electronic rhythm machine with pre-programmed patterns, Select-A-Rhythm (SAR1), was released. As the result of its robustness and enough compact size, these rhythm machines were gradually installed on the electronic organ as accompaniment of organists, and finally spread widely.
Korg Donca-Matic DA-20 (1963)
Keio-Giken (Korg), Nippon Columbia, and Ace Tone (1963�1967)
In the early-1960s, a nightclub owner in Tokyo, Tsutomu Katoh was consulted from Tadashi Osanai, a notable accordion player, about the rhythm machine he used for accompaniment in club, Wurlitzer Side Man. Osanai, a graduate of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University of Tokyo, convinced Katoh to finance his efforts to build better one. In 1963, their new company Keio-Giken (later Korg) released their first rhythm machine, Donca-Matic DA-20 using vacuum tube circuit for sound and mechanical-wheel for rhythm patterns. It was a floor-type machine with built-in speaker and keyboard featuring the manual play, in addition to the multiple automatic rhythm patterns, and the price was comparable with the average annual income of Japanese at that time.
Then, their effort was focused on the improvement of reliability and performance, along with the size reduction and the cost down. Unstable vacuum tube circuit was replaced with reliable transistor circuit on Donca-Matic DC-11 in mid-1960s, and in 1966, bulky mechanical-wheel was also replaced with compact transistor circuit on Donca-Matic DE-20 and DE-11. In 1967, Mini Pops MP-2 was developed as an option of Yamaha Electone (electric organ), and Mini Pops was established as a series of the compact desktop rhythm machine. In the United States, Mini Pops MP-3, MP-7, etc. were sold under Univox brand by the distributor at that time, Unicord Corporation.
In 1965, Nippon Columbia filed a patent for an automatic rhythm instrument. It described it as an "automatic rhythm player which is simple but capable of electronically producing various rhythms in the characteristic tones of a drum, a piccolo and so on." It has some similarities to Seeburg's slightly earlier 1964 patent.
In 1967, Ace Tone founder Ikutaro Kakehashi (later founder of Roland Corporation) developed the preset rhythm-pattern generator using diode matrix circuit, which has some similarities to the earlier Seeburg and Nippon Columbia patents. Kakehashi's patent describes his device as a "plurality of inverting circuits and/or clipper circuits" which "are connected to a counting circuit to synthesize the output signal of the counting circuit" where the "synthesized output signal becomes a desired rhythm."
Ace Tone commercialized its preset rhythm machine, called the FR-1 Rhythm Ace, in 1967. It offered 16 preset patterns, and four buttons to manually play each instrument sound (cymbal, claves, cowbell and bass drum). The rhythm patterns could also be cascaded together by pushing multiple rhythm buttons simultaneously, and the possible combination of rhythm patterns were more than a hundred (on the later models of Rhythm Ace, the individual volumes of each instrument could be adjusted with the small knobs or faders). The FR-1 was adopted by the Hammond Organ Company for incorporation within their latest organ models. In the US, the units were also marketed under the Multivox brand by Peter Sorkin Music Company, and in the UK, marketed under the Bentley Rhythm Ace brand.
Early preset drum machine users
A number of other preset drum machines were released in the 1970s, but early examples of the use can be found on The United States of America's eponymous album from 1967�8. The first major pop song to use a drum machine was "Saved by the Bell" by Robin Gibb, which reached #2 in Britain in 1969. Drum machine tracks were also heavily used on the Sly & the Family Stone album There's a Riot Goin' On, released in 1971. The German krautrock band Can also used a drum machine on their song "Peking O". The 1972 Timmy Thomas single "Why Can't We Live Together"/"Funky Me" featured a distinctive use of a drum machine and keyboard arrangement on both tracks. Another early example of electronic drums used by a rock group, is Obscured by Clouds by Pink Floyd, from early in 1972. The first album on which a drum machine produced all the percussion was Kingdom Come's Journey, recorded in November 1972 using a Bentley Rhythm Ace. French singer-songwriter L�o Ferr� mixed a drum machine with a symphonic orchestra in the song "Je t'aimais bien, tu sais..." in his album L'Espoir, released in 1974. Osamu Kitajima's progressive psychedelic rock album Benzaiten (1974) also utilized drum machines, and one of the album's contributors, Haruomi Hosono, would later start the electronic music band Yellow Magic Orchestra (as "Yellow Magic Band") in 1977.
Drum sound synthesis
A key difference between such early machines and more modern equipment is that they use sound synthesis rather than digital sampling in order to generate their sounds. For example, a snare drum or maraca sound would typically be created using a burst of white noise whereas a bass drum sound would be made using sine waves or other basic waveforms. This meant that while the resulting sound was not very close to that of the real instrument, each model tended to have a unique character. For this reason, many of these early machines have achieved a certain "cult status" and are now sought after by producers for use in production of modern electronic music, most notably the Roland TR-808.
Programmable drum machines
In 1972, Eko released the ComputeRhythm (1972), which was the first programmable drum machine.[citation needed] It had a 6-row push-button matrix that allowed the user to enter a pattern manually. The user could also push punch cards with pre-programmed rhythms through a reader slot on the unit.
Another stand-alone drum machine released in 1975, the PAiA Programmable Drum Set was also one of the first programmable drum machines, and was sold as a kit with parts and instructions which the buyer would use to build the machine.
In 1975, Ace Tone released the Rhythm Producer FR-15 that enables the modification of the pre-programmed rhythm patterns. In 1978, Roland released the Roland CR-78 drum machine, a programmable rhythm machine with four memory storage for user patterns, and in 1979, a simpler version with four sounds, Boss DR-55 was released.
Linn LM-1 (1980)
Digital sampling
The Linn LM-1 Drum Computer (released in 1980 at $4,995) was the first drum machine to use digital samples. Only about 500 were ever made, but its effect on the music industry was extensive. Its distinctive sound almost defines 1980s pop, and it can be heard on hundreds of hit records from the era, including The Human League's Dare, Gary Numan's Dance, Devo's New Traditionalists, and Ric Ocasek's Beatitude. Prince bought one of the very first LM-1s and used it on nearly all of his most popular albums, including 1999 and Purple Rain.
Many of the drum sounds on the LM-1 were composed of two chips that were triggered at the same time, and each voice was individually tunable with individual outputs. Due to memory limitations, a crash cymbal sound was not available except as an expensive third-party modification. A cheaper version of the LM-1 was released in 1982 called the LinnDrum. Priced at $2,995, not all of its voices were tunable, but crash cymbal was included as a standard sound. Like its predecessor the LM-1, it featured swappable sound chips. The LinnDrum can be heard on records such as The Cars' Heartbeat City and Giorgio Moroder's soundtrack for the film Scarface.
It was feared the LM-1 would put every session drummer in Los Angeles out of work and it caused many of L.A's top session drummers (Jeff Porcaro is one example) to purchase their own drum machines and learn to program them themselves in order to stay employed. Linn even marketed the LinnDrum specifically to drummers.
Oberheim DMX (1981)
Following the success of the LM-1, Oberheim introduced the DMX, which also featured digitally sampled sounds and a "swing" feature similar to the one found on the Linn machines. It became very popular in its own right, becoming a staple of the nascent hip-hop scene.
Other manufacturers soon began to produce machines, e.g. the Sequential Circuits Drum-Traks and Tom, the E-mu Drumulator and the Yamaha RX11.
In the 1986, SpecDrum by Cheetah Marketing, an inexpensive 8-bit sampling drum external module for ZX Spectrum, was introduced. And its price was less than �30 when similar models cost around �250.
Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer (1980)
Roland TR-808 and TR-909 machines
The famous Roland TR-808, a programmable drum machine, was also launched in 1980. At the time it was received with little fanfare, as it did not have digitally sampled sounds; drum machines using digital samples were more popular in the early 1980s. In time, however, the TR-808, along with its successor, the TR-909 (released in 1983), would become a fixture of the burgeoning underground dance, electro, house, techno, R&B and hip-hop genres, mainly because of its low cost (relative to that of the Linn machines) and the unique character of its analogue-generated sounds, which included five unique percussion sounds: �the hum kick, the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed) and the spacey cowbell.� It was first utilized by Yellow Magic Orchestra in the year of its release, after which it would gain further popularity with Marvin Gaye's "Sexual Healing" and Afrikaa Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" in 1982.
In a somewhat ironic twist it is the analogue-based Roland machines that have endured over time as the Linn sound became somewhat overused and dated by the end of the decade. The TR-808 and TR-909's beats have since been widely featured in pop music, and can be heard on countless recordings up to the present day. Because of its bass and long decay, the kick drum from the TR-808 has also featured as a bass line in various genres such as hip hop and drum and bass. Since the mid-1980s, the TR-808 and TR-909 have been used on more hit records than any other drum machine, and has thus attained an iconic status within the music industry.
E-mu SP-1200
MIDI breakthrough
Because these early drum machines came out before the introduction of MIDI in 1983, they use a variety of methods of having their rhythms synchronized to other electronic devices. Some used a method of synchronization called DIN-sync, or Sync-24. Some of these machines also output analog CV/Gate voltages that could be used to synchronize or control analog synthesizers and other music equipment. The Oberheim DMX came with a feature allowing it to be synchronized to its proprietary Oberheim Parallel Buss interfacing system, developed prior to the introduction of MIDI.
By the year 2000, standalone drum machines became much less common, being partly supplanted by general-purpose hardware samplers controlled by sequencers (built-in or external), software-based sequencing and sampling and the use of loops, and music workstations with integrated sequencing and drum sounds. TR-808 and other digitized drum machine sounds can be found in archives on the Internet. However, traditional drum machines are still being made by companies such as Roland Corporation (under the name Boss), Zoom, Korg and Alesis, whose SR-16 drum machine has remained popular since it was introduced in 1991.
There are percussion-specific sound modules that can be triggered by pickups, trigger pads, or through MIDI. These are called drum modules; the Alesis D4 and Roland TD-8 are popular examples. Unless such a sound module also features a sequencer, it is, strictly speaking, not a drum machine.
Alesis SR-16 (1991)
Programming
Programming of drum machines are varied by the products. On most products, it can be done in real time: the user creates drum patterns by pressing the trigger pads as though a drum kit were being played; or using step-sequencing: the pattern is built up over time by adding individual sounds at certain points by placing them, as with the TR-808 and TR-909, along a 16-step bar. For example, a generic 4-on-the-floor dance pattern could be made by placing a closed high hat on the 3rd, 7th, 11th, and 15th steps, then a kick drum on the 1st, 5th, 9th, and 13th steps, and a clap or snare on the 5th and 13th. This pattern could be varied in a multitude of ways to obtain fills, break-downs and other elements that the programmer sees fit, which in turn could be sequenced with song-sequence � essentially the drum machine plays back the programmed patterns from memory in an order the programmer has chosen. The machine will quantize entries that are slightly off-beat in order to make them exactly in time.
If the drum machine has MIDI connectivity, then one could program the drum machine with a computer or another MIDI device.
Comparison with live drumming
While recordings in the 2010s are increasingly using drum machines, "...scientific studies show there are certain aspects of human-created rhythm that machines cannot replicate, or can only replicate poorly" such as the "feel" of human drumming and the ability of a human drummer to respond to changes in a song as it is being played live onstage. Human drummers also have the ability to make slight variations in their playing, such as playing "ahead of the beat" or "behind the beat" for sections of a song, in contrast to a drum machine which plays a pre-programmed rhythm. As well, human drummers play a "...tremendously wide variety of rhythmic variations" that drum machines cannot reproduce.
Labor costs
Drum machines developed out of a need to create drum beats when a drum kit was not available. Increasingly, drum machines and drum programming are used by major record labels to undercut the costly expense of studio drummers.
Alesis SR-16 Digital Drum Machine
Eigenharp
Eigenharp is a brand of electronic instrument made by Eigenlabs, a company based in Devon, UK, invented by John Lambert and released in 2009 after developing it for eight years. The "instrument" is in essence a highly flexible and portable controller, with the sound being actually generated in the software it drives.
An Eigenharp Alpha-model
Characteristics of all of the instruments are:
A matrix of velocity sensitive multi-expressive keys, each of which act like a 6-way analog joystick. This allows the simultaneous pitch bend and modulation (or other parameters) of each played note individually.
A stick-like vertical form factor akin to a sitar for the larger models or a flute in the smaller ones.
A built-in wind controller, giving the larger versions of the instrument an appearance similar to a bassoon.
One or two ribbon controller strips.
The software is available as open-source under the GPLv3 and runs both on Macintosh and Windows.
Additionally, the larger models have:
A series of percussion keys
A built-in step sequencer with indicator LEDs for each key.
A headphone amplifier with an output on the instrument
Models
The instrument comes in three models: Alpha, Tau, and Pico, in decreasing order of size. Each has a breath-pipe, a key matrix (120, 72, and 18) and a ribbon controller. The Alpha and Tau also have 12 percussion keys each, a second ribbon controller, and headphone output. The Alpha also has microphone preamplifier with an input on the instrument.
Electronic organ
An electronic organ is an electronic keyboard instrument which was derived from the harmonium, pipe organ and theatre organ. Originally, it was designed to imitate the sound of pipe organs, theatre organs, band sounds, or orchestral sounds. Today, it has developed into three or more types of instruments:
Hammond-style organs used in popular music genres;
digital church organs, which imitate pipe organs and are used primarily in churches;
various other types including combo organs, home organs, and software organs.
A custom three-manual Rodgers Trillium organ console installed in a church. Note the sound module (Rodgers MX-200 on right top) for additional pipe and orchestral sounds, and the laptop (left top) used for sequencing the organ and sound module in worship and musical performances.
History
Predecessors
Harmonium
The immediate predecessor of the electronic organ was the harmonium, or reed organ, an instrument that was very popular in homes and small churches in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In a fashion not totally unlike that of pipe organs, reed organs generated sound by forcing air over a set of reeds by means of a bellows, usually operated by constantly pumping a set of pedals. While reed organs had limited tonal quality, they were small, inexpensive, self-powered, and self-contained. The reed organ was thus able to bring an organlike sound to venues that were incapable of housing or affording pipe organs. This concept was to play an important role in the development of the electric organ.
Pipe organ
In the 1930s, several manufacturers developed electronic organs designed to imitate the function and sound of pipe organs. At the time, some manufacturers thought that emulation of the pipe organ was the most promising route to take in the development of an electronic organ. Not all agreed, however. Various types of electronic organs have been brought to market over the years, with some establishing solid reputations in their own niche markets.
Early electric organs (1897�1930s)
Electricity arrived on the organ scene in the first decades of the 20th century, but it was slow to have a major impact. Electrically powered reed organs appeared during the first decades of electricity, but their tonal qualities remained much the same as the older, foot-pumped models.
Thaddeus Cahill's gargantuan and controversial instrument, the Telharmonium, which began piping music to New York City establishments over the telephone system in 1897, predated the advent of electronics, yet was the first instrument to demonstrate the use of the combination of many different pure electrical waveforms to synthesize real-world instrument sounds. Cahill's techniques were later used by Laurens Hammond in his organ design, and the 200-ton Telharmonium served as the world's first demonstration of electrically produced music on a grand scale.
Meanwhile, some further experimentation with producing sound by electric impulses was taking place, especially in France.
Tonewheel organs (1930s�1975)
After the failure of the Telharmonium business, similar designs called tonewheel organs were continuously developed; For example:
Robb Wave Organ by Morse Robb (Canada) � developed since c.1923, marketed 1936�1941
Rangertone by Richard Ranger (United States) � marketed c.1932
Hammond organ by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert (United States) � invented in 1934, marketed 1935�1975 (as a tonewheel organ)
Lichtton Orgel by Edwin Welte, et al. (Germany) � optical-tonewheel sampling organ, marketed 1935�1940s
One of the earlier electronic tonewheel organs was conceived and manufactured by Morse Robb, of the Robb Wave Organ Company. Built in Belleville, Ontario, the Robb Wave Organ predates its much more successful competitor Hammond by patent and manufacture, but shut down its operations in 1938 due to lack of funding.
A Typical Tonewheel organ, Hammond B3.
The first widespread success in this field was a product of the Hammond Corporation in 1934. The Hammond organ quickly became the successor of the reed organ, displacing it almost completely.
From the start, electronic organs operated on a radically different principle from all previous organs. In place of reeds and pipes, Robb and Hammond introduced a set of rapidly spinning magnetic wheels, called tonewheels, which excited transducers that generated electrical signals of various frequencies that were mixed and fed through an amplifier to a loudspeaker. The organ was electrically powered, replacing the reed organ's twin bellows pedals with a single swell (or "expression") pedal more like that of a pipe organ. Instead of having to pump at a constant rate, as had been the case with the reed organ, the organist simply varied the position of this pedal to change the volume as desired. Unlike reed organs, this gave great control over the music's dynamic range, while at the same time freeing one or both of the player's feet to play on a pedalboard, which, unlike most reed organs, electronic organs incorporated. From the beginning, the electronic organ had a second manual, also rare among reed organs. While these features meant that the electronic organ required greater musical skills of the organist than the reed organ had, the second manual and the pedalboard along with the expression pedal greatly enhanced playing, far surpassing the capabilities of the typical reed organ.
The most revolutionary difference in the Hammond, however, was its huge number of tonewheel settings, achieved by manipulating a system of drawbars located near the manuals. By using the drawbars, the organist could combine a variety of electrical tones and harmonics in varying proportions, thus giving the Hammond vast "registration." In all, the Hammond was capable of producing more than 250 million tones. This feature, combined with the three-keyboard layout (i.e., manuals and pedalboard), the freedom of electrical power, and a wide, easily controllable range of volume made the first electronic organs more flexible than any reed organ, or indeed any previous musical instrument except, perhaps, the pipe organ itself.
The classic Hammond sound benefitted from the use of free-standing loudspeakers called "tone cabinets" that produced a higher-quality sound than small built-in speakers. The sound was often further enhanced by rotating speaker units, usually manufactured by Leslie.
The Hammond organ was widely adopted in popular genres such as jazz, gospel, pop music, and rock music. It was utilized by bands such as Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, and Deep Purple, among others. Occasionally the legs would be cut off these instruments to make them easier to transport from show to show. The most-popular and most-emulated organ in the Hammond line is the iconic B3. Although portable "clonewheel organs" started to synthesize and displace the original Hammond tonewheel design in the 1970s, it is still very much in demand by professional organists. The industry continues to see a lively trade in refurbished Hammond instruments, even as technological advances allow new organs to perform at levels unimaginable only two or three decades ago.
Electrostatic reed organs (1934�1964)
In the wake of Hammond's 1934 invention of the tonewheel organ, competitors explored other possibilities of electric/electronic organ design. Other than the variations of tonewheel organ design, for example, a purely electronic interpretation of the pipe organ (based on "additive synthesis" design) seemed a promising approach. However, it required a huge number of oscillators, and these circuit scales and complexities were considered a technical bottleneck, as vacuum tube circuits of those days were bulky and unstable. Benjamin F. Miessner realized that a hybrid approach, using acoustic tone generators along with electronic circuits, could be a reasonable design for commercial products.
The Orgatron was originally developed in 1934 by Frederick Albert Hoschke, after a Miessner patent. A fan blew air over a set of free reeds, causing them to vibrate. These vibrations were detected by a number of capacitive pickups, then the resulting electric signals were processed and amplified to create musical tones. Orgatron was manufactured by Everett Piano Company from 1935 to 1941. Following World War II and a business transfer, production resumed in 1945 by the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company and continued into the early 1960s, including some models retaining the Everett name from 1945 to 1947.
Hammond Novachord (1939)
Electronic organs (1930s�)
On the other hand, the Hammond Novachord (1939) and other competitors selected "subtractive synthesis" design using various combinations of oscillators, filters, and possibly frequency dividers, to reduce the huge amount of oscillators which was the bottleneck on "additive synthesis" design. The heat generated by early models with vacuum tube tone generators and amplifiers led to the somewhat derogatory nickname "toaster". Today's solid-state instruments do not suffer from this problem, nor do they require the several minutes that vacuum tube organs needed to bring the filament heaters up to temperature.
Electronic organs were once popular home instruments, comparable in price to pianos and frequently sold in department stores. After their d�but in the 1930s, they captured the public imagination, largely through the film performances of Hammond organist Ethel Smith. Nevertheless, they initially suffered in sales during the Great Depression and World War II. After the war they became more widespread; for example, the Baldwin Piano Company introduced its first in 1946 (with 37 vacuum tubes). They peaked in popularity in the mid-1970s, by which time sales began being undercut by the rapid growth of television and high fidelity audio systems as home entertainment alternatives. Home electronic organ models usually attempted to imitate the sounds of theatre organs and/or Hammonds, rather than classical organs.
Frequency divider organs (1930s�))
Early electronic organ products released in the 1930s and 1940s were already implemented on frequency divider technology using vacuum tubes or transformer-dividers.
With the development of the transistor, electronic organs that used no mechanical parts to generate the waveforms became practical. The first of these was the frequency divider organ, the first of which used twelve oscillators to produce one octave of chromatic scale, and frequency dividers to produce other notes. These were even cheaper and more portable than the Hammond. Later developments made it possible to run an organ from a single radio frequency oscillator. Frequency divider organs were built by many companies, and were offered in kit form to be built by hobbyists. A few of these have seen notable use, such as the Lowrey played by Garth Hudson. Its electronic design made the Lowrey easily equipped with a pitch bend feature that is unavailable for the Hammond, and Hudson built a musical style around its use.
A typical modern console organ (Johannus Sweelinck 35)
Console organs (1930s�)
Console organs, large and expensive electronic organ models, resembled pipe organ consoles. These instruments had a more traditional configuration, including full-range manuals, a wider variety of stops, and a two-octave (or occasionally even a full 32-note) pedalboard easily playable by both feet in standard toe-and-heel fashion. (Console organs having 32-note pedalboards were sometimes known as "concert organs.") Console models, like spinet and chord organs, had internal speakers mounted above the pedals. With their more traditional configuration, greater capabilities, and better performance compared to spinets, console organs were especially suitable for use in small churches, public performance, and even organ instruction. The home musician or student who first learned to play on a console model often found that she could later make the transition to a pipe organ in a church setting with relative ease. College music departments made console organs available as practice instruments for students, and church musicians would not uncommonly have them at home.
Home organs (1940s�)
During the period from the 1940s through approximately the 1970s, a variety of more modest self-contained electronic home organs from a variety of manufacturers were popular forms of home entertainment. These instruments were much influenced by the theatre organ in its style, and often these stops contained imitative voicings such as "trumpet" and "marimba". In the 1950s�1970s, as technology progressed, they increasingly included automated features such as:
One-touch chords (Hammond S-6 Chord Organ, 1950)
Electronic rhythm (Wurlitzer Sideman, 1959)
Repeat percussion (Thomas Organ)
Arpeggiator (Hammond organ, etc.)
Autochord (Hammond Piper, 1970)
and even built-in tape players. These features made it easier to play complete, layered "one-man band" arrangements, especially for people who had not trained as organists. The Lowrey line of home organs is the epitome of this type of instrument. While a few such instruments are still sold today, their popularity has waned greatly, and many of their functions have been incorporated into more modern and inexpensive portable keyboards.
A typical home organ (Kimball Broadway)
Spinet organs (1949�)
Following World War II, most electronic home organs were built in a configuration usually called a spinet organ, which first appeared in 1949. These compact and relatively inexpensive instruments became the natural successors to reed organs. They were marketed as competitors of home pianos and often aimed at would-be home organists who were already pianists (hence the name "spinet", in the sense of a small upright piano). The instrument's design reflected this concept: the spinet organ physically resembled a piano, and it presented simplified controls and functions that were both less expensive to produce and less intimidating to learn. One feature of the spinet was automatic chord generation; with many models, the organist could produce an entire chord to accompany the melody merely by playing the tonic note, i.e., a single key, on a special section of the manual.
On spinet organs, the keyboards were typically at least an octave shorter than is normal for organs, with the upper manual (typically 44 notes, F3�C7 in Scientific Pitch Notation) omitting the bass, and the lower manual (typically F2�C6) omitting the treble. The manuals were usually offset, inviting but not requiring the new organist to dedicate the right hand to the upper manual and the left to the lower, rather than using both hands on a single manual. This seemed designed in part to encourage the pianist, who was accustomed to a single keyboard, to make use of both manuals. Stops on such instruments, relatively limited in number, were frequently named after orchestral instruments that they could, at best, only roughly approximate, and were often brightly colored (even more so than those of theatre organs). The spinet organ's loudspeakers, unlike the original Hammond models of the 1930s and 1940s, were housed within the main instrument (behind the kickboard), which saved even more space, although they produced a sound inferior to that of free-standing speakers.
The spinet organ's pedalboard normally spanned only a single octave, was often incapable of playing more than one note at a time, and was effectively playable only with the left foot (and on some models only with the left toes). These limitations, combined with the shortened manuals, made the spinet organ all but useless for performing or practicing classical organ music; but at the same time, it allowed the novice home organist to explore the challenge and flexibility of simultaneously playing three keyboards (two hands and one foot). The expression pedal was located to the right and either partly or fully recessed within the kickboard, thus conveniently reachable only with the right foot. This arrangement spawned a style of casual organist who would naturally rest the right foot on the expression pedal the entire time, unlike classically trained organists or performers on the earlier Hammonds. This position, in turn, instinctively encouraged pumping of the expression pedal while playing, especially if already accustomed to using a piano's sustain pedal to shape the music. Expressive pumping added a strong dynamic element to home organ music that much classical literature and hymnody lacked, and would help influence a new generation of popular keyboard artists.
The first chord organ (1950 Hammond S-6). Array of buttons on left side are used to play chords.
Shortly after the debut of the spinet, the "chord organ" appeared. This was an even simpler instrument designed for those who wanted to produce an organlike sound in the home without having to learn much organ (or even piano) playing technique. The typical chord organ had only a single manual that was usually an octave shorter than its already-abbreviated spinet counterpart. It also possessed scaled-down registration and no pedalboard. The left hand operated not a keyboard but an array of chord buttons adapted from those of an accordion.
The original Hammond chord organs in 1950 were electronic instruments using vacuum-tube technology. In 1958, Magnus Organ Corporation introduced chord organs similar to an electrically blown reed organ or harmonium.
Transistor organs (1957�)
Electronic organs before the mid-1950s had used vacuum tubes which tended to be bulky and unstable. This restricted attempts to extend features and spread their use into homes. Transistors, invented at Bell Labs in 1947, went into practical production in the 1950s, and their small size and stability led to major changes in the production of electronics equipment, in what has been termed the "transistor revolution".
In 1957, a home organ manufacturer, Gulbransen, introduced the world's first transistor organ, Model B (Model 1100). Although it used transistors for tone generation, vacuum tubes were still used for amplification[19] And in 1958, Rodgers built the first fully solid-state transistorized organ for church, called Opus 1 (Model 38).[20] Other manufacturers followed.
A combo organ (Vox Continental) using transistors. It's light, compact and portable.
Combo organs (1960s�)
By the 1960s, electronic organs were ubiquitous in all genres of popular music, from Lawrence Welk to acid rock (e.g. The Doors, Iron Butterfly) to the Bob Dylan album Blonde on Blonde. In some cases, Hammonds were used, while others featured very small all-electronic instruments, only slightly larger than a modern digital keyboard, called combo organs. (Various portable organs made by Farfisa and Vox were especially popular, and remain so among retro-minded rock combos.) The 1970s, 1980s and 1990s saw increasing specialization: both the gospel and jazz scenes continued to make heavy use of Hammonds, while various styles of rock began to take advantage of increasingly complex electronic keyboard instruments, as large-scale integration and then digital technology began to enter the mainstream.
Digital organs (1971�)
Allen introduced the world's first digital organ (and first digital musical instrument commercial product) in 1971: the Allen Digital Computer Organ. This new technology was developed for use in home organs by North American Rockwell (project leader Ralph Deutsch) and licensed to Allen, which began using it for church organs. Allen later sued Rockwell and Deutsch, and gained sole rights to the digital computer organ technology.
In 1980, Rodgers introduced the first church organs controlled by microprocessors, partially based on research at the University of Bradford. The university's "Bradford Computing Organ" has technological descendants in some European digital organs using synthesis technology today.
This style of instrument has also been popular with some classically trained concert organists preferring to avoid learning an unfamiliar pipe organ for every concert location, and wishing to perform in venues without pipe organs. Virgil Fox utilized a large Rodgers organ dubbed "Black Beauty" during his Heavy Organ tour during the early 1970s. From 1977 until his death in 1980, he used a custom Allen electronic organ. Carlo Curley toured with a substantial Allen Organ in the USA and with an Allen in the UK. Organist Hector Olivera has toured with a custom Rodgers instrument named "The King," and Cameron Carpenter has recently begun touring with a custom 5-manual digital organ by Marshall & Ogletree.
WERSI Scala, an open architecture software organ platform in 2002
Modern digital organs (1980s�)
Electronic organs are still made for the home market, but they have been largely replaced by the digital keyboard or synthesizer, which is not only smaller and cheaper than typical electronic organs or traditional pianos, but also far more capable than the most-advanced electronic organs of earlier years. Modern digital organs, by the same token, are far more advanced in design and capabilities than their ancestors. Today's digital organs have reached a degree of sophistication and complexity surpassed only by the pipe organ itself, and often offer features not found in pipe organs, such as orchestral and percussion sounds, a choice of historical pitch standards and temperaments, and advanced console aids.
Today's instruments incorporate real-time tone generation (based on sampling or synthesis technologies), MIDI, and Internet connectivity for downloading of music data and instructional materials, as well as making use of USB flash drive or media card storage. While electronically they are radically different from their predecessors, their basic appearance makes them instantly identifiable as the latest generation in a long line of electronic organs that now reaches back more than eighty years.
The best digital organs of the 2000s have a number of technical features that distinguish their sound from earlier, simpler instruments:
DSP technology
In 1990, Rodgers introduced software-based digital church organs with its patented "Parallel Digital Imaging" technology, which connected multiple Digital Signal Processors (DSP chips) in parallel for fast processing to generate pipe organ sound with stereo imaging. Organ sound in most current digital organs is derived from DSPs in either a sampled or synthesis type generation system. Sampled technologies use sound files recorded from various ranks of pipe organs and then processed to be the root basis for generation of the organ sound. In synthesis systems, the wave shape is created without using an actual sample as a guide. Both systems actually generate organ tone, sometimes in stereo in better systems, rather than simply playing back recordings as a simple digital keyboard sampler might do. Marketed as a "Real Time System" by Eminent and also sold by Wyvern, Copeman Hart, Cantor, and Van der Pole in Europe, synthesis organs may use circuitry purchased from Musicom, an English supply company. In the digital organ category, synthesis-based systems are rarely seen outside of Europe.
Sampling
Many of today's digital organs use high-quality samples to produce as accurate a sound as possible. Sampled systems may have samples of actual organ pipes for each individual note, or may use only one or a few samples which are then frequency-shifted to generate the equivalent of a 61-note pipe rank. Some digital organs like Walker Technical and the very costly Marshall & Ogletree organs use longer samples for additional realism, rather than having to repeat shorter samples in their generation of sound. Sampling in 2000s-era organs is typically done with 24-bit or 32-bit resolution, at a higher frequency than the 44,100 samples per second of CD-quality audio with 16-bit resolution.
Surround sound
On most digital organs, several audio channels are used to create a more spacious sound. Higher-quality custom digital organ builders use custom audio and speaker systems and may provide from 8 to 32 or more independent channels of audio, depending on the size of the organ and the overall budget for the instrument. With dedicated high-power subwoofers for the low frequencies of the sound, the best digital organs can approach the physical feeling of a pipe organ if a sufficient number of subwoofers and sufficiently powerful amplifiers are used.
Pipe organ simulations
To better imitate pipe organs, some digital organs simulate changes of windchest pressure. (In a pipe organ, the air pressure may drop slightly when many notes are sounding at once, which changes the sound of all the pipes.)
Digital organs may also incorporate simulated models of Swell boxes which mimic the environmental effects on pipes, pipe chest valve release, and other pipe organ characteristics. These effects are often added to the computer sound generation in modern digital organs to create more-realistic pipe organ tone.
Pipe sound can be simulated to include sampled or modeled room acoustic. Rodgers patented "RSS" technology, which uses binaural and transaural processing to create real-time acoustic models, and Allen's "Acoustic Portrait", purchased from Lake Industries in 2004, are examples of better-quality acoustic systems where room acoustic is part of the sound generation.
Electronic Organ Music 10 (Dilkushie Rodrigo)
EWI
EWI (an acronym for electric wind instrument, pronounced EE-wee) is the name of a wind controller, an electronic musical instrument invented by Nyle Steiner. The early models consisted of two parts: a wind controller and a synthesizer in a rackmount box. One of the current models from Akai, the EWI4000S, combines the two parts into one, placing the synthesizer in the lower section of the controller. It uses the Boehm fingering system and is designed to be similar in action to a soprano saxophone, although players familiar with the clarinet should have no problem adjusting to the fingering; the EWI instruments can also be played with a simpler fingering system that recorder players can play with very little adjustment. Modern instruments also can be switched to flute, oboe, and saxophone fingering modes. The EWI4000s and EWI USB also have a special EVI (acronym for electronic valve instrument) fingering mode that allows brass players to play the EWI. Similar to a soprano sax or clarinet, it is straight with a slight curve just below the mouthpiece, and is held in front of the body with a neck strap. Available models include the EWI3000, EWI3020, EWI4000s, EWI5000, and the EWI USB. There are also homemade and experimental EWIs with different designs.
An EWI
The wind controller part of the EWI has a silicone mouthpiece with sensors for air pressure (volume control) and teeth pressure (vibrato). The EWI keys do not move, but work through electrical capacitance, sensing the positioning of the fingers by body capacitance; this allows for very fast playing. The octave is determined by a set of rollers operated by the left thumb, and portamento by a touch plate next to the rollers. Pitch bending is handled by two touch plates operated by the right thumb. The EWI can also be used to control a synthesizer. While earlier EWIs have to be attached to a specific synth module, the EWI4000s model can connect to any synthesizer using a standard MIDI output connector, while the EWI USB has only a USB connector which allows it to connect directly to any computer that has USB ports. The EWI4000s can be connected to a computer either indirectly, through a synthesizer module (connected to a computer) to which it is already connected via MIDI, or directly, by means of a MIDI-to-USB interface box or bus card. Once an EWI is connected to a computer, it can be used to play any software synthesizer that is installed.
Though it is usually associated with jazz/rock fusion and, more recently, with new-age music, the EWI is a musically versatile instrument. The air pressure sensor allows for a considerable dynamic range, but the actual dynamic range will usually be limited by the synthesizer module or synthesizer software. Tonal range usually extends to 8 octaves.
Keytar
A keytar is a relatively lightweight keyboard (with or without a built-in synthesizer) that is supported by a strap around the neck and shoulders, similar to the way a guitar is supported by a strap. Keytars allow players a greater range of movement compared to conventional keyboards, which are placed on stationary stands. The instrument has a musical keyboard for triggering musical notes and sounds. Controls are placed on the instrument's "neck", including those for pitch bends, vibrato, portamento, and sustain.
Korg RK-100 (1984) MIDI remote controller
The term "keytar" is a portmanteau of the words "keyboard" and "guitar", and might be considered slang. This style of keyboard was mostly referred to by manufacturers as a "MIDI Controller", "Remote Keyboard", "Strap-on Keyboard", or variations thereof. Though the term "keytar" has been used since the introduction of the instrument, it was not used by a major manufacturer until 2012, when the Alesis company referred to the "Vortex", the company's first product of this type, as a "USB/MIDI Keytar Controller". The Roland AX-Synth, which incorporates its own synthesis engine, is referred to by the manufacturer as a "Shoulder Synthesizer".
Keytars may either contain their own synthesis engines, or be controllers, triggering notes and other MIDI data on a MIDI-capable synthesizer, sound module, computer with synthesis software, or any other MIDI-capable device such as lighting controllers, effects devices and audio consoles.
Bridgit Mendler during Summer Tour in 2013.
History
The oldest forerunner of the keytar probably is the orphica, a small portable piano invented at Vienna in 1795, which was played in a similar position as the modern keytar.
In 1963, the East German manufacturer Weltmeister introduced the Basset, an electric bass piano in keytar shape.
In 1966, Swedish organ manufacturer Joh Mustad AB introduced the Tubon, an electric organ in the shape of a tube. This instrument was worn with a strap around the shoulder and could be played standing or sitting. The Tubon had a half-keyboard on one end accessible to the right hand, controls to be used at the "neck" on the opposite end for the left hand, and a speaker at the end of the tube. It was sold in the UK as the Livingstone. It saw use by Kraftwerk and Paul McCartney in the 1960s and early 1970s.[3]
In the early 1970s, Edgar Winter often performed with keyboards slung around his neck, but they were not technically keytars because they had no "neck"; he actually used an ARP 2600 keyboard and a lightweight Univox electronic piano with shoulder straps added.
In late 1970s and early 1980s, Jan Hammer, the composer best known for his composition and sound design successes for Miami Vice, frequently used several keytars including Royalex PROBE which he helped develop. Jan is seen for instance using his PROBE in the music video for the "Miami Vice Theme". Also in the 1980s, Wayne Famous of the band the Producers strapped on a regular Oberheim synthesizer, which caused him to develop back problems.
The earlier keytars commercially released in late 1970s�early 1980s includes:
Hillwood RockeyBoard RB-1 (synth piano with VCF) designed in 1977 with influence from Edgar Winter,
PMS Syntar, an early keytar synthesizer designed by George Mattson (Performance Music Systems) and exhibited at 1979 Atlanta NAMM
Davis Clavitar (controller) used by George Duke and Herbie Hancock in early 1980
Powell Probe (controller) designed by Roger Powell, and
Royalex Probe (controller) helped to develop and used by Jan Hammer in early 1980s
etc. (for details, see List of keytars)
Among them, the most widely known earlier keytar may be the "Moog Liberation" released in 1980. Early users included Spyro Gyra keyboardist Tom Schuman, and Devo. The earliest printed use of the word "keytar" was in 1980, when it appeared in an interview with Jeffrey Abbott (Keytarjeff) by Tom Lounges of Illianabeat magazine (now Midwest BEAT Magazine) who now hosts a weekly interview show featuring legends of the music industry on N.W. Indiana's PBR radio station.
Although Steve Masakowski has been incorrectly credited for many years as the inventor of the keytar, in an interview with Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle on December 11, 2009, he only claimed to have invented an instrument called the Key-tar which was a string-based instrument.
The keytar was made popular in the 1980s by glam metal bands, as well as synthpop and new wave musicians. Changing trends in music diminished the keytar's popularity during the 1990s, continuing on until the late 2000s when a major revival was sparked by artists and groups such as The Black Eyed Peas, Flight of The Conchords, Motion City Soundtrack, No Doubt, and Steely Dan. Another instance is in early 2008 with Snoop Dogg's music video for his single "Sensual Seduction", in which he uses a keytar as a throwback to old school bands.
Notable manufacturers of keytar models have included Moog, Roland, Yamaha, Korg and Casio. As of 2013, the Roland AX-Synth, the Roland Lucina, the Alesis Vortex and Rock Band 3 Wireless Pro Keyboard, are the mass-manufactured keytars on the market.
Examples
1980s�1990s
The Moog Liberation was released in 1980 by Moog Music. It included two monophonic VCOs and a polyphonic section that could play organ sounds. The neck had spring-loaded wheels for filter cutoff, modulation, and volume as well as a ribbon-controlled pitch bend. The Liberation had a single VCF and two ADS envelope generators.
The Roland SH-101 is a small, 32-key, monophonic analog synthesizer from the early 1980s. It has one oscillator with two waveforms, an 'octave-divided' sub-oscillator, and a low-pass filter/VCF capable of self oscillation. When a shoulder strap is connected to it, and the small handgrip with a pitch bend wheel and a pitch modulation trigger is used, the SH-101 becomes a keytar.
Yamaha SHS-10
The Yamaha SHS-10 from the late 1980s has a small keyboard with 32 minikeys and a pitch-bend wheel, an internal Frequency modulation (usually referred to as FM) synthesizer offering 25 different voices with 6-note polyphony. Onboard voices include a range of keyboard instruments (pipe organ, piano, electric piano, etc.); strings (violin, guitar, double bass, etc.); and wind and brass (clarinet, flute, trumpet, etc.).
2000s�present
The Roland AX-7, which was manufactured from 2001 to 2007, contains many more advanced features than early keytars. It has 45 velocity sensitive keys (without aftertouch), and a 3-character LED display. Several features aimed towards stage performance are present, such as a pitch bend ribbon, touchpad-like expression bar, sustain switch, and volume control knob, all on the upper neck of the instrument. There is also a proprietary "D-Beam" interface, made up of infrared sensors that detect nearby motion. This interface can be used to trigger and control effects.
Plex used a keytar in the Yo Gabba Gabba episode Band.
In August 2009, Roland released the Roland AX-Synth, a model of keytar that contains its own synthesizer sounds in addition to being a MIDI/USB controller. In 2010, Roland released the Roland Lucina AX-09. This model does not have a traditional neck, but is still considered a keytar because of it is a strap-on model and is in the AX line, with many identical features to its AX predecessors. It is unique in that it includes an additional, front panel USB port to accommodate a USB flash drive, which may contain MP3, WAV or AIFF files for playback. The Lucina has 150 internal sounds and may also be used as a MIDI/USB controller.
Also in 2010, Mad Catz released the Wireless Pro Keyboard for Rock Band 3, a 25-key velocity-sensitive MIDI-compatible keytar controller.Despite its sub-$100 price, it is designed for serious use outside of the game.[7] Synthpop band Freezepop have used it on stage.
In 2012, Alesis released its first ever keytar and is the first major manufacturer to actually use the term "keytar" in the model name and description. The Alesis Vortex USB/MIDI Keytar Controller is unique in that it includes eight velocity-sensitive drum pads/sample triggers, which enable the performer to create beats or trigger clips, built right into the body of the keytar. It also features a unique "accelerometer", which allows the performer to control MIDI parameters by tilting the neck. Although Alesis claims to have manufactured "the first USB keytar controller", the Roland AX-Synth and the Roland Lucina feature USB connections with the same function and were released three years prior to the Alesis Vortex.
American recording artist Bridgit Mendler plays in the song "City Lights" on Summer Tour, between 2013-2014.
Majic Conner Shredding on a Keytar
Mellotron
The Mellotron is an electro-mechanical, polyphonic tape replay keyboard originally developed and built in Birmingham, England, in 1963. It evolved from a similar instrument, the Chamberlin, but could be mass-produced more effectively. The instrument works by pulling a section of magnetic tape across a head. Different portions of the tape can be played to access different sounds.
The original models were designed to be used in the home, and contained a variety of sounds, including automatic accompaniments. The bandleader Eric Robinson and television personality David Nixon were heavily involved in the instrument's original publicity. A number of other celebrities such as Princess Margaret were early adopters.
A Mellotron Mk VI
The Mellotron became more popular after the Beatles used it on several tracks. It was subsequently adopted by the Moody Blues, Genesis and King Crimson, and became a notable instrument in progressive rock. Later models such as the M400, the best selling model, dispensed with the accompaniments and some sound selection controls in order to be used by touring musicians. The instrument became less popular in the 1980s due to the introduction of polyphonic synthesizers and samplers, despite a number of high profile uses from Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and XTC.
Production of the Mellotron ceased in 1986, but it regained popularity in the 1990s, and was used by several notable bands. This led to the resurrection of the original manufacturer, Streetly Electronics. In 2007, Streetly produced the M4000, which combined the layout of the M400 with the bank selection of earlier models.
Operation
The Mellotron has a similar behaviour to a sampler, but generates its sound via audio tape. When a key is pressed, a tape connected to it is pushed against a playback head, like a tape recorder. While the key remains depressed, the tape is drawn over the head, and a sound is played. When the key is released, a spring pulls the tape back to its original position. A variety of sounds are available on the instrument. On earlier models, the instrument is split into "lead" and "rhythm" sections. There is a choice of six "stations" of rhythm sounds, each containing three rhythm tracks and three fill tracks. The fill tracks can also be mixed together. Similarly, there is a choice of six lead stations, each containing three lead instruments which can be mixed. In the centre of the Mellotron, there is a tuning button that allows a variation in both pitch and tempo. Later models do not have the concept of stations and have a single knob to select a sound, along with the tuning control. However, the frame containing the tapes is designed to be removed, and replaced with one with different sounds.
Although the Mellotron was designed to reproduce the sound of the original instrument, replaying a tape creates minor variations in pitch and amplitude (known as wow and flutter respectively), so a note sounds slightly different each time it is played. Pressing a key harder allows the head to come into contact under greater pressure, to the extent that the Mellotron responds to aftertouch.
Another factor in the Mellotron's sound is that the individual notes were recorded in isolation. For a musician accustomed to playing in an orchestral setting, this was unusual, and meant that they had nothing against which to intonate. Noted cellist Reginald Kirby refused to downtune his cello to cover the lower range of the Mellotron, and so the bottom notes are actually performed on a double bass. According to Mellotron author Nick Awde, one note of the string sounds contains the sound of a chair being scraped in the background.
The original Mellotrons were intended to be used in the home or in clubs, and were not designed for touring bands. Even the later M400, which was designed to be as portable as possible, weighed over 122 pounds (55 kg). Smoke, and variations in temperature, and humidity were also detrimental to the instrument's reliability. Moving the instrument between cold storage rooms and brightly lit stages could cause the tapes to stretch and stick on the capstan. Leslie Bradley recalls receiving some Mellotrons in for a repair "looking like a blacksmith had shaped horseshoes on top." Pressing too many keys at once caused the motor to drag, resulting in the notes sounding flat. Robert Fripp stated that "Tuning a Mellotron doesn't". Dave Kean, an expert Mellotron repairer, recommends that older Mellotrons should not be immediately used after a period of inactivity, as the tape heads can become magnetized in storage and destroy the recordings on them if played.
History
Although tape samplers had been explored in research studios, the first commercially available keyboard-driven tape instruments were built and sold by California-based Harry Chamberlin. The concept of the Mellotron originated when Chamberlin's sales agent, Bill Fransen, brought two of Chamberlin's Musicmaster 600 instruments to England in 1962 to search for someone who could manufacture 70 matching tape heads for future Chamberlins. He met Frank, Norman and Les Bradley of tape engineering company Bradmatic Ltd, who said they could improve on the original design. The Bradleys subsequently met bandleader Eric Robinson, who agreed to help finance the recording of the necessary instruments and sounds. Together with the Bradleys and television celebrity David Nixon, they formed a company, Mellotronics, in order to market the instrument. Robinson was particularly enthusiastic about the Mellotron, because he felt it would revitalise his career, which was then on the wane. He arranged the recording sessions at IBC Studios in London, which he co-owned with George Clouston.
The first model to be commercially manufactured was the Mk I in 1963. An updated version, the Mk II, was released the following year which featured the full set of sounds selectable by banks and stations. The instrument was expensive, costing �1,000, at a time when a typical house cost �2,000��3,000.
Fransen failed to explain to the Bradleys that he was not the owner of the concept, and Chamberlin was unhappy with the fact that someone overseas was copying his idea. After some acrimony between the two parties, a deal was stuck between them in 1966, whereby they would both continue to manufacture instruments independently. Bradmatic renamed themselves Streetly Electronics in 1970.
In 1970, the model M400 was released, which contained 35 notes (G�F) and a removable tape frame. It sold over 1800 units. By the early 1970s, hundreds of the instruments were assembled and sold by EMI under exclusive licence. Following a financial and trademark dispute through a U.S. distribution agreement, the Mellotron name was acquired by American-based Sound Sales. Streetly-manufactured instruments after 1976 were sold under the name Novatron. The American Mellotron distributor, Sound Sales, produced their own Mellotron model, the 4-Track, in the early 1980s. At the same time Streetly Electronics produced a road-cased version of the 400 � the T550 Novatron. By the mid-1980s, both Sound Sales and Streetly Electronics suffered severe financial setbacks, losing their market to synthesizers and solid-state electronic samplers, which rendered the Mellotron essentially extinct. The company folded in 1986, and Les Bradley threw most of the manufacturing equipment into a skip.
Streetly Electronics was subsequently reactivated by Les Bradley's son John and Martin Smith. After Les Bradley's death in 1997, they decided to resume full-time operation as a support and refurbishment business. By 2007, the stock of available instruments to repair and restore was diminishing, so they decided to build a new model, which became the M4000. The instrument combined the features of several previous models, and featured the layout and chassis of an M400 but with a digital bank selector that emulated the mechanical original in the Mk II.
Notable users
The first notable musician to use the Mellotron was variety pianist Geoff Unwin, who was specifically hired by Robinson in 1962 to promote the use of the instrument. He toured with a Mk II Mellotron and made numerous appearances on television and radio. Unwin claimed that the automatic backing tracks on the Mk II's left hand keyboard allowed him to provide more accomplished performances than his own basic skills on the piano could provide.
The earlier 1960s Mk II units were made for the home and the characteristics of the instrument attracted a number of celebrities. Among the early Mellotron owners were Princess Margaret, Peter Sellers, King Hussein of Jordan and Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard (whose Mellotron is now installed in the Church of Scientology's head UK office at Saint Hill Manor). According to Robin Douglas-Home, Princess Margaret "adored it; he (Lord Snowdon) positively loathed it."
After Mellotronics had targeted them as a potential customer, the BBC Radiophonic Workshop became interested in the possibilities of the instrument, hoping it would allow them to increase throughput. The corporation used two custom-made models that employed recorded sound effects throughout 1963 and 1964, but had problems with fluctuating tape speed and found the sound wasn't up to professional broadcast quality. The Mellotron was eventually dropped in favour of electronic oscillators and synthesizers.
British multi-instrumentalist Graham Bond is considered the first rock musician to record with a Mellotron, beginning in 1965. The first hit song to feature a Mellotron Mk II was "Baby Can It Be True", which Bond performed live with the machine in televised performances, using solenoids to trigger the tapes from his Hammond organ.
� There's one thing I can do /
Play my Mellotron for you /
Try to blow away your city blues �
� Mike Pinder, "One Step Into the Light" on Octave
Mike Pinder worked at Streetly Electronics for 18 months in the early 1960s as a tester, and was immediately excited by the possibilities of the instrument. After trying piano and Hammond organ, he settled on the Mellotron as the instrument of choice for his band, The Moody Blues, purchasing a second-hand model from Fort Dunlop Working Men's Club in Birmingham and using it extensively on every album from Days of Future Passed (1967) to Octave (1978). Pinder claims to have introduced John Lennon and Paul McCartney to the Mellotron, and convinced each of them to buy one. The Beatles hired a machine and used it on their single "Strawberry Fields Forever", recorded in various takes between November and December 1966. Though producer George Martin was unconvinced by the instrument, describing it "as if a Neanderthal piano had impregnated a primitive electronic keyboard", they continued to compose and record with various Mellotrons for the albums Magical Mystery Tour and The Beatles (White Album). McCartney used the Mellotron sporadically in his solo career, and his wife Linda played one while touring with Wings. The Rolling Stones' Brian Jones played a Mellotron on some studio tracks, including "She's a Rainbow" and "Jigsaw Puzzle".
The Mellotron became a key instrument in progressive rock. King Crimson bought two Mellotrons when forming in 1969. They were aware of Pinder's contributions to the Moody Blues and didn't want to sound similar, but concluded there was no other way of generating the orchestral sound. The instrument was originally played by Ian McDonald, and subsequently by Robert Fripp on McDonald's departure. Later member David Cross recalled he didn't particularly want to play the Mellotron, but felt that it was simply what he needed to do as a member of the band. Tony Banks bought a Mellotron from Fripp in 1971, which he claimed was previously used by King Crimson, to use with Genesis. He decided to approach the instrument in a different way to a typical orchestra, using block chords, and later stated that he used it in the same manner as a synth pad on later albums. His unaccompanied introduction to "Watcher of the Skies" on the album Foxtrot, played on a Mk II with combined strings and brass, became significant enough that Streetly Electronics provided a "Watcher Mix" sound with the M4000. Banks claims to still have a Mellotron in storage, but doesn't feel inclined to use it as he generally prefers to use up-to-date technology. Barclay James Harvest's Woolly Wolstenholme bought an M300 primarily to use for string sounds, and continued to play the instrument live into the 2000s as part of a reformed band.
The Mellotron was used by German electronic band Tangerine Dream through the 1970s, on albums such as: Atem, Phaedra, Rubycon, Stratosfear, and Encore. In 1983, the band's Christopher Franke asked Mellotronics if they could produce a digital model, as the group migrated towards using samplers.
Though the Mellotron was not extensively used in the 1980s, a number of bands featured it as a prominent instrument. One of the few UK post-punk bands to do so was Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, who featured it heavily on their platinum-selling 1981 album Architecture & Morality. Andy McCluskey has stated they used the Mellotron because they were starting to run into limitations of the cheap monophonic synthesizers they had used up to that point. He bought a second-hand M400 and was immediately impressed with the strings and choir sounds. XTC's Dave Gregory recalls seeing bands using Mellotrons when growing up in the 1970s, and thought it would be an interesting addition to the group's sound. He bought a second-hand model in 1982 for �165, and first used it on the album Mummer. IQ's Martin Orford bought a second hand M400 and used it primarily for visual appeal rather than musical quality or convenience.
The Mellotron received notable publicity in 1995 for its use on Oasis' album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? The instrument was played by both Noel Gallagher and Paul Arthurs on several tracks, but a particularly prominent use was the cello sound on the hit single "Wonderwall", played by Arthurs. Radiohead asked Streetly Electronics to restore and repair a model for them in 1997, and recorded with it on several tracks for their album OK Computer.
Spock's Beard's Ryo Okumoto is a noted fan of the Mellotron, saying it characterises the sound of the band. Porcupine Tree's Steven Wilson has acquired one of King Crimson's old Mellotrons and in 2013 gave a demonstration of the instrument in celebration of its 50th anniversary.
More recently, the Mellotron has been regularly used by Brian Jonestown Massacre's Anton Newcombe, in recordings he produced with his band and also his solo project with Tess Parks.
Paul McCartney shows the Mellotron
Sampler
A sampler is an electronic musical instrument similar in some respects to a synthesizer, but instead of generating sounds, it uses recordings (or "samples") of sounds that are loaded or recorded into it by the user. These sounds are then played back by means of the sampler program itself, a keyboard, sequencer or another triggering device to perform or compose music. Because these samples are now usually stored in digital memory, the information can be quickly accessed. A single sample may often be pitch-shifted to produce musical scales and chords.
Often samplers offer filters, modulation via low frequency oscillation and other synthesizer-like processes that allow the original sound to be modified in many different ways. Most samplers have polyphonic capabilities - they are able to play more than one note at the same time. Many are also multitimbral - they can play back different sounds simultaneously.
An AKAI MPC2000 sampling sequencer (1997)
Historical overview
Prior to computer memory-based samplers, musicians used tape replay keyboards, which store recordings on analog tape. When a key is pressed the tape head contacts the moving tape and plays a sound. The Mellotron was the most notable model, used by a number of groups in the late 1960s and the 1970s, but such systems were expensive and heavy due to the multiple tape mechanisms involved, and the range of the instrument was limited to three octaves at the most. To change sounds a new set of tapes had to be installed in the instrument. The emergence of the digital sampler made sampling far more practical.
Bruce Haack built a digital sampler which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1967. The home made synthesizer device included a built-in sampler which recorded, stored, played back and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact.
EMS Musys system, developed by Peter Grogono (software), David Cockerell (hardware and interfacing) and Peter Zinovieff (system design and operation) at their London (Putney) Studio c. 1969. The system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment PDP-8's. These had 12,000 (12k) bytes of read-only memory, backed up by a hard drive of 32k and by tape storage (DecTape). EMS equipment was used to control the world's first digital studio.
The first commercially available sampling synthesizer was the Computer Music Melodian by Harry Mendell (1976), while the first polyphonic digital sampling synthesizer was the Australian-produced Fairlight CMI, first available in 1979. The E-mu SP-1200 percussion sampler progressed Hip-Hop away from the drum machine sound upon its release in August 1987, ushering in the sample-based sound of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Akai pioneered many processing techniques, such as crossfade looping and "time stretch" to shorten or lengthen samples without affecting pitch and vice versa.
During the 1980s hybrid synthesizers began to utilize short samples (such as the attack phase of an instrument) along with digital synthesis to create more realistic imitations of instruments than had previously been possible. Examples are Korg M1, Korg O1/W and the later Korg Triton and Korg Trinity series, Yamaha's SY series and the Kawai K series of instruments. Limiting factors at the time were the cost of physical memory (RAM) and the limitations of external data storage devices, and this approach made best use of the tiny amount of memory available to the design engineers.
The modern-day music workstation usually uses sampling, whether simple playback or complex editing that matches all but the most advanced dedicated samplers, and also includes features such as a sequencer. Samplers, together with traditional Foley artists, are the mainstay of modern sound effects production. Using digital techniques various effects can be pitch-shifted and otherwise altered in ways that would have required many hours when done with tape.
Sampler structure
Interface
Usually a sampler is controlled from an attached music keyboard or other external MIDI source. Each note-message received by the sampler accesses a particular sample. Often multiple samples are arranged across the keyboard, each assigned to a note or group of notes. Keyboard tracking allows samples to be shifted in pitch by an appropriate amount. Each group of notes to which a single sample has been assigned is often called a keyzone, and the resultant set of zones is called a keymap.
In general samplers can play back any kind of recorded audio and most samplers offer editing facilities that allow the user to modify and process the audio and to apply a wide range of effects, making the sampler a powerful and versatile musical tool.
Hierarchy
A sampler is organized into a hierarchy of progressively more complicated data structures. At the bottom lie samples, individual recordings of any sound, recorded at a particular sample rate and resolution. A reference center pitch indicates the actual frequency of the recorded note. Samples may also be "looped" by defining points at which a repeated section of the sample starts and ends, allowing a relatively short sample to play endlessly. In some cases, a "loop crossfade" is indicated, allowing less obvious transitions at the loop point by fading the end of the loop out while fading its beginning in.
Keymaps are arranged into instruments. At this level parameters may be added to define how the keymaps are played. Filters can be applied to change the sound-color while low frequency oscillators and envelope generators can shape the amplitude, pitch, filter or other parameters of the sound. Instruments may have multiple layers of keymaps in order to play more than one sample at the same time and each keymap may have a different set of parameters so that the incoming note-events affect each layer differently. For example, two layers may have a different sensitivity to the velocity of the incoming note, altering the resulting timbre according to how hard the note is played.
At this level, there are two basic approaches to sampler organization. In a bank approach, each instrument is assigned to a different MIDI channel and multiple banks can be stored to reconfigure the sampler. A different and more powerful approach is to associate each instrument with a patch number or ID so that each MIDI channel can be configured separately by sending controller information on the individual channel.
Types
Many samplers work as described above: the keymapping system "spread out" a sample over a certain range of keys. This has side-effects that may be desirable in some contexts, such as speeding up or slowing down drum loops. However, the higher and lower parts of such a keymap may sound unnatural, and, when arranging a pitched instrument over several keymaps, the transition from one to another may be too noticeable for realistic imitation of the instrument - the art is to make transitions as smooth as possible.
Some phrase samplers are more optimised for triggering single "one-shot" sounds such as drum hits. Each keymap spans only a single key, requiring a large number of zones (61 on a five-octave keyboard), each with its own settings. "Phrase sampling" aims to simplify this, particularly on interfaces such as the 16 pads on the Akai MPC series: the fact that each pad is actually a note is hidden from the user. The sampling engine does not re-pitch samples, it only plays them back. The user interface is simplified. Phrase samplers often have a groovebox format; lightweight, easy to operate and carry.
Specifications
Samplers can be classified by several specifications;
Polyphony: How many voices can play simultaneously
Sample Space: How much memory is available to load samples
Channels: How many different MIDI channels are available for different instruments
Bit depth: How much sample resolution can be supported
Outputs: How many discrete audio outputs are available
Synthesizer
A sound synthesizer (usually abbreviated as "synthesizer" or "synth", also spelled "synthesiser") is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate the still existing sounds (instruments, vocal, natural sound, etc.), or generate new electronic timbres not existing before. They are often played with a musical keyboard, but they can be controlled via a variety of other input devices, including music sequencers, instrument controllers, fingerboards, guitar synthesizers, wind controllers, and electronic drums. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are often called sound modules, and are controlled via MIDI or CV/Gate using a controller device.
Early Minimoog by R.A. Moog Inc. (ca. 1970)
Synthesizers use various methods to generate signal. Among the most popular waveform synthesis techniques are subtractive synthesis, additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis, frequency modulation synthesis, phase distortion synthesis, physical modeling synthesis and sample-based synthesis. Other less common synthesis types (see #Types of synthesis) include subharmonic synthesis, a form of additive synthesis via subharmonics (used by mixture trautonium), and granular synthesis, sample-based synthesis based on grains of sound, generally resulting in soundscapes or clouds.
In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in many genres of pop, rock and dance music. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer.
History
The beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as there is confusion between sound synthesizers and arbitrary electric/electronic musical instruments.
Early electric instruments
One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the musical telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromagnetic circuit, and invented a basic single-note oscillator. This musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraphy line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a vibrating diaphragm in a magnetic field, to make the oscillator audible.
This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument using telegraphy and electric buzzers which can generate fixed timbre sound. Though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer.
Early additive synthesizer: tonewheel organs.
In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium (or Dynamophone) which used dynamos (early electric generator),[5] and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, which was invented in 1934. However, Cahill's business was unsuccessful for various reasons (size of system, rapid evolutions of electronics, crosstalk issues on the telephone line etc.), and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs.
Emergence of electronics and early electronic instruments
In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the "electronics age". He invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films. These new technologies also influenced the music industry, and resulted in various early electronic musical instruments that used vacuum tubes, including:
Audion piano by Lee De Forest in 1915
Theremin by L�on Theremin in 1920
Ondes Martenot by Maurice Martenot in 1928
Trautonium by Friedrich Trautwein in 1929
Most of these early instruments used "heterodyne circuits" to produce audio frequencies, and were limited in their synthesis capabilities. Ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers.
Graphical sound
In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, and similar graphical sound systems were developed around the world, such as those as seen on the Holzer 2010. In 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. Although his idea of reconstructing a sound from its visible image was apparently simple, the instrument was not realized until 20 years later, in 1958, as Murzin was "an engineer who worked in areas unrelated to music" (Kreichi 1997).
Subtractive synthesis & polyphonic synthesizer
In the 1930s and 1940s, the basic elements required for the modern analog subtractive synthesizers � audio oscillators, audio filters, envelope controllers, and various effects units � had already appeared and were utilized in several electronic instruments.
The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States. The Warbo Formant Organ developed by Harald Bode in Germany in 1937, was a four-voice key-assignment keyboard with two formant filters and a dynamic envelope controller and possibly manufactured commercially by a factory in Dachau, according to the 120 years of Electronic Music. The Hammond Novachord released in 1939, was an electronic keyboard that used twelve sets of top-octave oscillators with octave dividers to generate sound, with vibrato, a resonator filter bank and a dynamic envelope controller. During the three years that Hammond manufactured this model, 1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the later electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers.
Monophonic electronic keyboards
During the 1940s and 1950s, before the popularization of electronic organs and the introductions of combo organs, a number of portable monophonic electronic instruments with small keyboards were developed and commercialized. These small instruments consisted of an electronic oscillator, vibrato effect, passive filters etc., and most of them (except for Clavivox) were designed for use with conventional ensembles, rather than as experimental instruments for electronic music studios which later evolved into modern synthesizers. These small instruments included:
Solovox (1940) by Hammond Organ Company: a monophonic attachment keyboard instrument consisting of a large tone-cabinet and a small keyboard-unit, intended to accompany the pianos with monophonic lead voice of organ or orchestral sound.
Multimonica (1940) designed by Harald Bode, produced by Hohner: dual keyboard instrument consisting of an electrically-blown reed organ (lower) and a monophonic sawtooth synthesizer (upper).
Ondioline (1941) designed by Georges Jenny in France.
Clavioline (1947) designed by Constant Martin, produced by Selmer, Gibson, etc. This instrument was featured on various 1960s popular recordings, including Del Shannon's "Runaway" (1961), and The Beatles' "Baby, You're a Rich Man" (1967).
Univox (1951) by Jennings Musical Instruments (JMI).[17] This instrument was featured on The Tornados' "Telstar" (1962).
Clavivox (1952) by Raymond Scott.
Other innovations
In the late 1940s, Canadian inventor and composer, Hugh Le Caine invented Electronic Sackbut, a voltage-controlled electronic musical instrument which provided the earliest realtime control of three aspects of sound (volume, pitch and timbre), corresponding to today's touch-sensitive keyboard, pitch and modulation controllers. The controllers were initially implemented as a multidimensional pressure keyboard in 1945, then changed to a group of dedicated controllers operated by left hand in 1948.
In Japan, as early as in 1935, Yamaha released Magna organ, a multi-timbral keyboard instrument based on electrically-blown free reeds with pickups.[20] It may have been similar to the electrostatic reed organs developed by Frederick Albert Hoschke in 1934 and then manufactured by Everett and Wurlitzer until 1961.
However, at least one Japanese was not satisfied the situation at that time. In 1949, Japanese composer Minao Shibata discussed the concept of "a musical instrument with very high performance" that can "synthesize any kind of sound waves" and is "...operated very easily," predicting that with such an instrument, "...the music scene will be changed drastically."
Electronic music studios as sound synthesizers
After World War II, electronic music including electroacoustic music and musique concr�te was created by contemporary composers, and numerous electronic music studios were established around the world, especially in Bonn, Cologne, Paris and Milan. These studios were typically filled with electronic equipment including oscillators, filters, tape recorders, audio consoles etc., and the whole studio functioned as a "sound synthesizer".
Origin of the term "sound synthesizer"
In 1951�1952, RCA produced a machine called the Electronic Music Synthesizer; however, it was more accurately a composition machine, because it did not produce sounds in real time. RCA then developed the first programmable sound synthesizer, RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, installing it at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center in 1957. Prominent composers including Vladimir Ussachevsky, Otto Luening, Milton Babbitt, Halim El-Dabh, B�lent Arel, Charles Wuorinen, and Mario Davidovsky used the RCA Synthesizer extensively in various compositions.
From modular synthesizer to popular music
In 1959�1960, Harald Bode developed a modular synthesizer and sound processor, and in 1961, he wrote a paper exploring the concept of self-contained portable modular synthesizer using newly emerging transistor technology. He also served as AES session chairman on music and electronic for the fall conventions in 1962 and 1964. His ideas were adopted by Donald Buchla and Robert Moog in the United States, and Paolo Ketoff et al. in Italy at about the same time: among them, Moog is known as the first synthesizer designer to popularize the voltage control technique in analog electronic musical instruments.
A working group at Roman Electronic Music Center, composer Gino Marinuzzi, Jr., designer Giuliano Strini, MSEE, and sound engineer and technician Paolo Ketoff in Italy; their vacuum-tube modular "FonoSynth" slightly predated (1957�58) Moog and Buchla's work. Later the group created a solid-state version, the "Synket". Both devices remained prototypes (except a model made for John Eaton who wrote a "Concert Piece for Synket and Orchestra"), owned and used only by Marinuzzi, notably in the original soundtrack of Mario Bava's sci-fi film "Terrore nello spazio" (a.k.a. Planet of the Vampires, 1965), and a RAI-TV mini-series, "Jeckyll".
Robert Moog built his first prototype between 1963 and 1964, and was then commissioned by the Alwin Nikolais Dance Theater of NY; while Donald Buchla was commissioned by Morton Subotnick. In the late 1960s to 1970s, the development of miniaturized solid-state components allowed synthesizers to become self-contained, portable instruments, as proposed by Harald Bode in 1961. By the early 1980s, companies were selling compact, modestly priced synthesizers to the public. This, along with the development of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers and other electronic instruments for use in musical composition. In the 1990s, synthesizer emulations began to appear in computer software, known as software synthesizers. Later, VST and other plug-ins were able to emulate classic hardware synthesizers to a moderate degree.
The synthesizer had a considerable effect on 20th-century music. Micky Dolenz of The Monkees bought one of the first Moog synthesizers. The band was the first to release an album featuring a Moog with Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. in 1967, which reached number 1 in the charts. The Perrey and Kingsley album The In Sound From Way Out! using the Moog and tape loops was released in 1966. A few months later, both the Rolling Stones' "2000 Light Years from Home" and the title track of the Doors' 1967 album Strange Days featured a Moog, played by Brian Jones and Paul Beaver, respectively. In the same year, Bruce Haack built a homemade synthesizer which he demonstrated on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. The synthesizer included a sampler (musical instrument) which recorded, stored, played and looped sounds controlled by switches, light sensors and human skin contact. Wendy Carlos's Switched-On Bach (1968), recorded using Moog synthesizers, also influenced numerous musicians of that era and is one of the most popular recordings of classical music ever made, alongside the records (particularly Snowflakes are Dancing in 1974) of Isao Tomita, who in the early 1970s utilized synthesizers to create new artificial sounds (rather than simply mimicking real instruments) and made significant advances in analog synthesizer programming.
The sound of the Moog reached the mass market with Simon and Garfunkel's Bookends in 1968 and The Beatles' Abbey Road the following year; hundreds of other popular recordings subsequently used synthesizers, most famously the portable Minimoog. Electronic music albums by Beaver and Krause, Tonto's Expanding Head Band, The United States of America, and White Noise reached a sizable cult audience and progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes were soon using the new portable synthesizers extensively. Stevie Wonder and Herbie Hancock also contributed strongly[clarification needed] to the popularisation of synthesizers in Black American music. Other early users included Emerson, Lake & Palmer's Keith Emerson, Todd Rundgren, Pete Townshend, and The Crazy World of Arthur Brown's Vincent Crane. In Europe, the first no. 1 single to feature a Moog prominently was Chicory Tip's 1972 hit "Son of My Father".
Polyphonic keyboards and the digital revolution
In 1978, the success of the Prophet 5, a polyphonic and microprocessor-controlled keyboard synthesizer, strongly aided the shift of synthesizers towards their familiar modern shape, away from large modular units and towards smaller keyboard instruments. This form factor helped accelerate the integration of synthesizers into popular music, a shift that had been lent powerful momentum by the Minimoog, and also later the ARP Odyssey. Earlier polyphonic electronic instruments of the 1970s, rooted in string synthesizers before advancing to multi-synthesizers incorporating monosynths and more, gradually fell out of fashion in the wake of these newer, note-assigned polyphonic keyboard synthesizers.[48] These polyphonic synthesizers were mainly manufactured in the United States and Japan from the mid-1970s to the early-1980s, and included the Yamaha CS-80 (1976), Oberheim's Polyphonic and OBX (1975 and 1979), Sequential Circuits' Prophet-5 (1978), and Roland's Jupiter 4 and Jupiter 8 (1978 and 1981).
The Fairlight CMI of the late 1970s-early 1980s.
By the end of the 1970s, digital synthesizers and digital samplers arrived on the market around the world (and are still sold today), as the result of preceding research and development. Compared with analog synthesizer sounds, the digital sounds produced by these new instruments tended to have a number of different characteristics: clear attack and sound outlines, carrying sounds, rich overtones with inharmonic contents, and complex motion of sound textures, amongst others. While these new instruments were expensive, these characteristics meant musicians were quick to adopt them, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States. This encouraged a trend towards producing music using digital sounds, and laid the foundations for the development of the inexpensive digital instruments popular in the next decade. Relatively successful instruments, with each selling more than several hundred units per series, included the NED Synclavier (1977), Fairlight CMI (1979), E-mu Emulator (1981), and PPG Wave (1981).
The Yamaha DX7 of 1983.
In 1983, however, Yamaha's revolutionary DX7 digital synthesizer swept through popular music, leading to the adoption and development of digital synthesizers in many varying forms during the 1980s, and the rapid decline of analog synthesizer technology. In 1987, Roland's D50 synthesizer was released, which combined the already existing sample-based synthesis and the onboard digital effects, while Korg's even more popular M1 (1988) now also heralded the era of the workstation synthesizer, based on ROM sample sounds for composing and sequencing whole songs, rather than solely traditional sound synthesis.
The Clavia Nord Lead series released in 1995.
Throughout the 1990s, the popularity of electronic dance music employing analog sounds, the appearance of digital analog modelling synthesizers to recreate these sounds, and the development of the Eurorack modular synthesiser system, initially introduced with the Doepfer A-100 and since adopted by other manufacturers, all contributed to the resurgence of interest in analog technology. The turn of the century also saw improvements in technology that led to the popularity of digital software synthesizers. In the 2010s, new analog synthesizers, both in keyboard instrument and modular form, are released alongside current digital hardware instruments. In 2016, Korg announced the release of the Korg Minilogue, the first polyphonic analogue synth to be mass-produced in decades.
Impact on popular music
In the 1970s, Jean Michel Jarre, Larry Fast, and Vangelis released successful synthesizer-led instrumental albums. Over time, this helped influence the emergence of synthpop, a subgenre of new wave, in the late 1970s. The work of German electronic bands such as Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream, British acts Gary Numan and David Bowie and the Japanese Yellow Magic Orchestra were also influential in the development of the genre. Gary Numan's 1979 hits "Are 'Friends' Electric?" and "Cars" made heavy use of synthesizers. OMD's "Enola Gay" (1980) used distinctive electronic percussion and a synthesized melody. Soft Cell used a synthesized melody on their 1981 hit "Tainted Love". Nick Rhodes, keyboardist of Duran Duran, used various synthesizers including the Roland Jupiter-4 and Jupiter-8.
Chart hits include Depeche Mode's "Just Can't Get Enough" (1981), The Human League's "Don't You Want Me" and Giorgio Moroder's "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (1983) for Irene Cara. Other notable synthpop groups included New Order, Visage, Japan, Men Without Hats, Ultravox, Spandau Ballet, Culture Club, Eurythmics, Yazoo, Thompson Twins, A Flock of Seagulls, Heaven 17, Erasure, Soft Cell, Blancmange, Pet Shop Boys, Bronski Beat, Kajagoogoo, ABC, Naked Eyes, Devo, and the early work of Tears for Fears and Talk Talk. Giorgio Moroder, Howard Jones, Kitaro, Stevie Wonder, Peter Gabriel, Thomas Dolby, Kate Bush, D�nal Lunny, Deadmau5, Frank Zappa and Todd Rundgren, and Owl City all made use of synthesizers.
The synthesizer became one of the most important instruments in the music industry.
Types of synthesis
Additive synthesis builds sounds by adding together waveforms (which are usually harmonically related). Early analog examples of additive synthesizers are the Teleharmonium and Hammond organ. To implement real-time additive synthesis, wavetable synthesis is useful for reducing required hardware/processing power, and is commonly used in low-end MIDI instruments (such as educational keyboards) and low-end sound cards.
Subtractive synthesis is based on filtering harmonically rich waveforms. Due to its simplicity, it is the basis of early synthesizers such as the Moog synthesizer. Subtractive synthesizers use a simple acoustic model that assumes an instrument can be approximated by a simple signal generator (producing sawtooth waves, square waves, etc.) followed by a filter. The combination of simple modulation routings (such as pulse width modulation and oscillator sync), along with the physically unrealistic lowpass filters, is responsible for the "classic synthesizer" sound commonly associated with "analog synthesis"�a term which is often mistakenly used when referring to software synthesizers using subtractive synthesis.
FM synthesis (frequency modulation synthesis) is a process that usually involves the use of at least two signal generators (sine-wave oscillators, commonly referred to as "operators" in FM-only synthesizers) to create and modify a voice. Often, this is done through the analog or digital generation of a signal that modulates the tonal and amplitude characteristics of a base carrier signal. FM synthesis was pioneered by John Chowning, who patented the idea and sold it to Yamaha. Unlike the exponential relationship between voltage-in-to-frequency-out and multiple waveforms in classical 1-volt-per-octave synthesizer oscillators, Chowning-style FM synthesis uses a linear voltage-in-to-frequency-out relationship and sine-wave oscillators. The resulting complex waveform may have many component frequencies, and there is no requirement that they all bear a harmonic relationship. Sophisticated FM synths such as the Yamaha DX-7 series can have 6 operators per voice; some synths with FM can also often use filters and variable amplifier types to alter the signal's characteristics into a sonic voice that either roughly imitates acoustic instruments or creates sounds that are unique. FM synthesis is especially valuable for metallic or clangorous noises such as bells, cymbals, or other percussion.
Phase distortion synthesis is a method implemented on Casio CZ synthesizers. It is quite similar to FM synthesis but avoids infringing on the Chowning FM patent. It can be categorized as both modulation synthesis (along with FM synthesis), and distortion synthesis along with waveshaping synthesis.
Granular synthesis is a type of synthesis based on manipulating very small sample slices.
Physical modelling synthesis is the synthesis of sound by using a set of equations and algorithms to simulate a real instrument, or some other physical source of sound. This involves modelling components of musical objects and creating systems that define action, filters, envelopes and other parameters over time. Various models can also be combined, e.g. the model of a violin with characteristics of a pedal steel guitar and the action of piano hammer. When an initial set of parameters is run through the physical simulation, the simulated sound is generated. Although physical modeling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, it was not until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implementations became feasible. The quality and speed of physical modeling on computers improves with higher processing power.
Sample-based synthesis involves recording a real instrument as a digitized waveform, and then playing back its recordings at different speeds (pitches) to produce different tones. This technique is referred to a "sampling". Most samplers designate a part of the sample for each component of the Attack Decay Sustain Release (ADSR) envelope, repeating that section while changing the volume according to the envelope. This allows samplers to vary the envelope while playing the same note. See also Wavetable synthesis, Vector synthesis.
Analysis/resynthesis is a form of synthesis that uses a series of bandpass filters or Fourier transforms to analyze the harmonic content of a sound. The results are then used to resynthesize the sound using a band of oscillators. The vocoder, linear predictive coding, and some forms of speech synthesis are based on analysis/resynthesis.
Essynth is a mathematical model for interactive sound synthesis based on evolutionary computation and uses genetic operators and fitness functions to create sound.
Imitative synthesis
Sound synthesis can be used to mimic acoustic sound sources. Generally, a sound that does not change over time includes a fundamental partial or harmonic, and any number of partials. Synthesis may attempt to mimic the amplitude and pitch of the partials in an acoustic sound source.
When natural sounds are analyzed in the frequency domain (as on a spectrum analyzer), the spectra of their sounds exhibits amplitude spikes at each of the fundamental tone's harmonics corresponding to resonant properties of the instruments (spectral peaks that are also referred to as formants). Some harmonics may have higher amplitudes than others. The specific set of harmonic-vs-amplitude pairs is known as a sound's harmonic content. A synthesized sound requires accurate reproduction of the original sound in both the frequency domain and the time domain. A sound does not necessarily have the same harmonic content throughout the duration of the sound. Typically, high-frequency harmonics die out more quickly than the lower harmonics.
In most conventional synthesizers, for purposes of re-synthesis, recordings of real instruments are composed of several components representing the acoustic responses of different parts of the instrument, the sounds produced by the instrument during different parts of a performance, or the behavior of the instrument under different playing conditions (pitch, intensity of playing, fingering, etc.)
Components
Synthesizers generate sound through various analogue and digital techniques. Early synthesizers were analog hardware based but many modern synthesizers use a combination of DSP software and hardware or else are purely software-based (see softsynth). Digital synthesizers often emulate classic analog designs. Sound is controllable by the operator by means of circuits or virtual stages that may include:
Electronic oscillators � create raw sounds with a timbre that depends upon the waveform generated. Voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) and digital oscillators may be used. Harmonic additive synthesis models sounds directly from pure sine waves, somewhat in the manner of an organ, while frequency modulation and phase distortion synthesis use one oscillator to modulate another. Subtractive synthesis depends upon filtering a harmonically rich oscillator waveform. Sample-based and granular synthesis use one or more digitally recorded sounds in place of an oscillator.
Low frequency oscillator (LFO) � an oscillator of adjustable frequency that can be used to modulate the sound rhythmically, for example to create tremolo or vibrato or to control a filter's operating frequency. LFOs are used in most forms of synthesis.
Voltage-controlled filter (VCF) � "shape" the sound generated by the oscillators in the frequency domain, often under the control of an envelope or LFO. These are essential to subtractive synthesis.
ADSR envelopes � provide envelope modulation to "shape" the volume or harmonic content of the produced note in the time domain with the principal parameters being attack, decay, sustain and release. These are used in most forms of synthesis. ADSR control is provided by envelope generators.
Voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA) � After the signal generated by one (or a mix of more) VCOs has been modified by filters and LFOs, and its waveform has been shaped (contoured) by an ADSR envelope generator, it then passes on to one or more voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs). A VCA is a preamp that boosts (amplifies) the electronic signal before passing it on to an external or built-in power amplifier, as well as a means to control its amplitude (volume) using an attenuator. The gain of the VCA is affected by a control voltage (CV), coming from an envelope generator, an LFO, the keyboard or some other source.
Other sound processing effects such as ring modulators may be encountered.
Filter
Electronic filters are particularly important in subtractive synthesis, being designed to pass some frequency regions through unattenuated while significantly attenuating ("subtracting") others. The low-pass filter is most frequently used, but band-pass filters, band-reject filters and high-pass filters are also sometimes available.
The filter may be controlled with a second ADSR envelope. An "envelope modulation" ("env mod") parameter on many synthesizers with filter envelopes determines how much the envelope affects the filter. If turned all the way down, the filter producs a flat sound with no envelope. When turned up the envelope becomes more noticeable, expanding the minimum and maximum range of the filter.
Attack Decay Sustain Release (ADSR) envelope
When an acoustic musical instrument produces sound, the loudness and spectral content of the sound change over time in ways that vary from instrument to instrument. The "attack" and "decay" of a sound have a great effect on the instrument's sonic character. Sound synthesis techniques often employ an envelope generator that controls a sound's parameters at any point in its duration. Most often this is an (ADSR) envelope, which may be applied to overall amplitude control, filter frequency, etc. The envelope may be a discrete circuit or module, or implemented in software. The contour of an ADSR envelope is specified using four parameters:
Attack time is the time taken for initial run-up of level from nil to peak, beginning when the key is first pressed.
Decay time is the time taken for the subsequent run down from the attack level to the designated sustain level.
Sustain level is the level during the main sequence of the sound's duration, until the key is released.
Release time is the time taken for the level to decay from the sustain level to zero after the key is released.
An early implementation of ADSR can be found on the Hammond Novachord in 1938 (which predates the first Moog synthesizer by over 25 years). A seven-position rotary knob set preset ADS parameter for all 72 notes; a pedal controlled release time. The notion of ADSR was specified by Vladimir Ussachevsky (then head of the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center) in 1965 while suggesting improvements for Bob Moog's pioneering work on synthesizers, although the earlier notations of parameter were (T1, T2, Esus, T3), then these were simplified to current form (Attack time, Decay time, Sustain level, Release time) by ARP.
Some electronic musical instruments allow the ADSR envelope to be inverted, which results in opposite behavior compared to the normal ADSR envelope. During the attack phase, the modulated sound parameter fades from the maximum amplitude to zero then, during the decay phase, rises to the value specified by the sustain parameter. After the key has been released the sound parameter rises from sustain amplitude back to maximum amplitude.
A common variation of the ADSR on some synthesizers, such as the Korg MS-20, was ADSHR (attack, decay, sustain, hold, release). By adding a "hold" parameter, the system allowed notes to be held at the sustain level for a fixed length of time before decaying. The General Instruments AY-3-8912 sound chip included a hold time parameter only; the sustain level was not programmable. Another common variation in the same vein is the AHDSR (attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelope, in which the "hold" parameter controls how long the envelope stays at full volume before entering the decay phase. Multiple attack, decay and release settings may be found on more sophisticated models.
Certain synthesizers also allow for a delay parameter before the attack. Modern synthesizers like the Dave Smith Instruments Prophet '08 have DADSR (delay, attack, decay, sustain, release) envelopes. The delay setting determines the length of silence between hitting a note and the attack. Some software synthesizers, such as Image-Line's 3xOSC (included with their DAW FL Studio) have DAHDSR (delay, attack, hold, decay, sustain, release) envelopes.
LFO
A low-frequency oscillator (LFO) generates an electronic signal, usually below 20 Hz. LFO signals create a periodic control signal or sweep, often used in vibrato, tremolo and other effects. In certain genres of electronic music, the LFO signal can control the cutoff frequency of a VCF to make a rhythmic wah-wah sound, or the signature dubstep wobble bass.
Patch
A synthesizer patch (some manufacturers chose the term program) is a sound setting. Modular synthesizers used cables ("patch cords") to connect the different sound modules together. Since these machines had no memory to save settings, musicians wrote down the locations of the patch cables and knob positions on a "patch sheet" (which usually showed a diagram of the synthesizer). Ever since, an overall sound setting for any type of synthesizer has been referred to as a patch.
In mid�late 1970s, patch memory (allowing storage and loading of 'patches' or 'programs') began to appear in synths like the Oberheim Four-voice (1975/1976)[69] and Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 (1977/1978). After MIDI was introduced in 1983, more and more synthesizers could import or export patches via MIDI SYSEX commands. When a synthesizer patch is uploaded to a personal computer that has patch editing software installed, the user can alter the parameters of the patch and download it back to the synthesizer. Because there is no standard patch language it is rare that a patch generated on one synthesizer can be used on a different model. However, sometimes manufacturers design a family of synthesizers to be compatible.
Control interfaces
Modern synthesizers often look like small pianos, though with many additional knob and button controls. These are integrated controllers, where the sound synthesis electronics are integrated into the same package as the controller. However, many early synthesizers were modular and keyboardless, while most modern synthesizers may be controlled via MIDI, allowing other means of playing such as:
Fingerboards (ribbon controllers) and touchpads
Wind controllers
Theremin
The theremin (/ˈθɛrəmɪn/ therr-ə-min; originally known as the �therphone/etherphone, thereminophone or termenvox/thereminvox) is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist (performer). It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, L�on Theremin (Терм�н), who patented the device in 1928.
The instrument's controlling section usually consists of two metal antennae that sense the relative position of the thereminist's hands and control oscillators for frequency with one hand, and amplitude (volume) with the other. The electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker.
The theremin was used in movie soundtracks such as Mikl�s R�zsa's Spellbound, The Lost Weekend, and Bernard Herrmann's The Day the Earth Stood Still. It has also been used in theme songs for television shows such as the ITV drama Midsomer Murders. This has led to its association with eerie situations. Theremins are also used in concert music (especially avant-garde and 20th- and 21st-century new music) and in popular music genres such as rock.
An Etherwave-Theremin, assembled from Robert Moog's kit: the loop antenna on the left controls the volume while the upright antenna controls the pitch.
History
The theremin was originally the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into proximity sensors. The instrument was invented by a young Russian physicist named Lev Sergeyevich Termen (known in the West as L�on Theremin) in October 1920 after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, where he patented his invention in 1928. Subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA.
Although the RCA Thereminvox (released immediately following the Stock Market Crash of 1929), was not a commercial success, it fascinated audiences in America and abroad. Clara Rockmore, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a classical repertoire in concert halls around the United States, often sharing the bill with Paul Robeson.
During the 1930s, Lucie Bigelow Rosen was also taken with the theremin and together with her husband Walter Bigelow Rosen provided both financial and artistic support to the development and popularisation of the instrument.
In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his New York City apartment by NKVD agents (preceding the KGB), taken back to the Soviet Union and made to work in a sharashka laboratory prison camp at Magadan, Siberia. He reappeared 30 years later. In his 2000 biography of the inventor, Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage, Albert Glinsky suggested the Russian had fled to escape crushing personal debts, and was then caught up in Stalin's political purges. In any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991.
After a flurry of interest in America following the end of the Second World War, the theremin soon fell into disuse with serious musicians, mainly because newer electronic instruments were introduced that were easier to play. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts and kit-building hobbyists. One of these electronics enthusiasts, Robert Moog, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, and sold theremin kits that were intended to be assembled by the customer. Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking synthesizer, the Moog. (Around 1955, a colleague of Moog's, electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott, purchased one of Moog's theremin subassemblies to incorporate into a new invention, the Clavivox, which was intended to be an easy-to-use keyboard theremin.)
Since the release of the film Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey in 1994, the instrument has enjoyed a resurgence in interest and has become more widely used by contemporary musicians. Even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has garnered excellent reviews.
Theremin kit building remains popular with electronics buffs; kits are available from Moog Music, Theremaniacs, PAiA Electronics, and Jaycar. On the other end of the scale, many low-end Theremins, some of which have only pitch control, are offered online and offline, sometimes advertised as toys. These cheaper models generally do not have a linearized pitch field, and can be very hard to play consistently.
Lev Termen demonstrating Termenvox,
|
i don't know
|
The prefix 'neo' (neocon, Neolithic, neo-Nazi, neonatal, etc) means?
|
Neo- - definition of neo- by The Free Dictionary
Neo- - definition of neo- by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/neo-
Related to neo-: Neo-Confucianism , Neo-colonialism
neo-
a. New and different: neoimpressionism.
b. New and abnormal: neoplasm.
3. New World: Neotropical.
[Greek, from neos, new, young; see newo- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.]
neo-
or sometimes before a vowel
ne-
1. (sometimes capital) new, recent, or a new or modern form or development: neoclassicism; neocolonialism.
2. (Geological Science) (usually capital) the most recent subdivision of a geological period: Neogene.
[from Greek neos new]
neo-
1. a combining form meaning “new,” “recent,” “revived,” “modified”: Neolithic; neoorthodoxy; neophyte.
2. a combining form used in the names of isomers having a carbon atom attached to four carbon atoms: neoarsphenamine.
Also, esp. before a vowel,ne-.
[< Greek, comb. form of néos; akin to new ]
Translations
neocolonialism
n → Neokolonialismus m
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
fascism
References in periodicals archive ?
The kind of rhetoric you would normally reserve for extremists, neo- Nazis and hate groups is starting to become more commonplace on the playgrounds, in the classrooms, in the workplace and among neighbors,'' said Amanda Susskind, the ADL's director for the Pacific Southwest Region.
NEO-NAZIS RECRUIT KIDS FOR RISING HARASSMENT
Certain statements set forth above may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including, but not limited to the Company's: (i) plans to develop and commercialize its product candidates, including the Neo- Kidney Augment and the Neo-Urinary Conduit; and (ii) expectations regarding ongoing and planned preclinical studies and clinical trials.
|
New
|
The word psalm derives from meaning a song sung to what instrument?
|
neo... - English-French Dictionary WordReference.com
English
French
neo,
neo- adjadjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house."
prefix (new, new-style)
néo préfpréfix: s'ajoute au début d'un mot pour en créer un nouveau : Ex : "anti-", "kilo-"
neo-classic
néoclassique adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine)
neo-Darwinian
néo darwinien adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine)
neo-Darwinism
néodarwinisme adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine)
neo-Gothic
néogothique adjadjectif: modifie un nom. Il est généralement placé après le nom et s'accorde avec le nom (ex : un ballon bleu, une balle bleue). En général, seule la forme au masculin singulier est donnée. Pour former le féminin, on ajoute "e" (ex : petit > petite) et pour former le pluriel, on ajoute "s" (ex : petit > petits). Pour les formes qui sont "irrégulières" au féminin, celles-ci sont données (ex : irrégulier, irrégulière > irrégulier = forme masculine, irrégulière = forme féminine)
neo-realism,
neorealism nnoun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc.
(art, cinema: social realist style)
néoréalisme nmnom masculin: s'utilise avec les articles "le", "l'" (devant une voyelle ou un h muet), "un". Ex : garçon - nm > On dira "le garçon" ou "un garçon".
« Le Voleur de bicyclette » est un film classique du néoréalisme italien.
|
i don't know
|
Hydromel is a very old alcoholic drink made with fermented what?
|
Hydromel
Hydromel
Hydromel is a beverage.
Some people interpret the name to mean "watered down" honey, but it isn't at all, it just means that it's made with water and honey. And it while it is a type of mead, it drier than other meads.
It does not much honey flavour or aftertaste.
You start with clear or white honey and 5 times its volume of water. In North American terms, about 1 1/2 cups of honey to 8 cups of water. In metric, per 1 litre of water, 500g of honey.
The honey and water are mixed, then brought to a boil, and skimmed, then set aside to cool, yeast is added, then it is let ferment for 5 to 6 weeks. It is then siphoned to leave behind the sediment at the bottom.
It can also be flavoured with cinnamon, cardamom, ginger or other spices, lemon zest, etc. It can be distilled further to make a stronger alcohol from, or can be used to make vinegar.
People who raise bees often make it with honeycomb, to use up the honey that couldn't be extracted.
In English, Hydromel is generally assumed to be 10% alcohol or below, but Hydromels made and sold in Quebec can be as high as 15% alcohol.
Hydromel is very popular in France amongst home brewers.
Cooking Tips
Serve chilled as an aperitif or dessert wine.
Can be used in sauces.
History Notes
The Greeks and Romans made Hydromel.
Language Notes
The French just have one word for "mead", which is Hydromel, and the French only make, for the most part, 1 style of mead.
In English, which has many terms for different kinds of mead, this French mead is seen as a "lighter mead", and so the French name is used.
Fermented Hydromel is called "hydromel vineux" in French.
A place where Hydromel is made is called a "hydromellerie" in French.
See also:
|
Honey
|
The flammable intoxicating compound Hydroxyethane (C2H6O) is better known as what chemical?
|
10 Fermented Drinks To Make At Home | Care2 Causes
10 Fermented Drinks to Make at Home
About Anna
It’s no news that fermented foods are good for us. Essential for good digestion , fermented foods give our bodies the probiotics that they need, boosting immunity, and even improve our brain functions and mental health . But instead of popping probiotic supplements, why not make fermented foods at home? In fact, fermentation is one of the oldest forms of food preservation; it’s no wonder that fermented foods have long been a staple of almost ever diet around the world.
From sourdough bread to yogurt, there are plenty of fermented foods that we come into contact with everyday, but one of the most fun forms of fermentation to play around with in the kitchen is the drinking kind. You don’t have to spend $6 on a bottle of kombucha when you can make it yourself.
Here’s a guide to some fermented drinks you can easily make at home.
1. Kombucha
The process to making kombucha is similar to vinegar, and once you have that weird, gelatinous, SCOBY in your hands, the options are endless. Kombucha is essentially fermented tea, and once you’ve mastered the basics you can start experimenting by adding in fruits and juices , often referred to as the “ second fermentation ” because it takes place once you have put your brewed kombucha into a bottle.
2. Mead
Popular with the Vikings, this fermented honey drink has been around for a long time. Made with yeast, the brewing process is similar to beer, albeit a bit simpler.
3. Kefir
You may recognize kefir the fermented milk beverage�from the dairy section. Popular in Central and Eastern Europe, it’s easy to make at home , as simple as combining kefir grains (which you can get from a friend who’s already making kefir or online) and milk.
4. Water Kefir
Kefir can also be done in a water-based drink . All you need to start are kefir grains, and then you can experiment with all kinds of flavors and spices.
5. Kvass
Made from fermented rye bread, kvass is commonly found in Russia. Gather up a few slices of rye bread and start fermenting. You can also do an� easy homemade version from beets . It will take about 3 to 7 days for your drink to ferment.
6. Ginger Ale
While ginger ale that you buy at the store certainly isn’t a nutritious fermented drink, the kind you make at home can be. It involves making a ginger bug , which can be used as the base for a variety of homemade sodas, which helps the ginger liquid ferment its way to goodness.
7. Lacto-Fermented Orange Juice
Before you say to yourself “ lacto-fermented orange juice doesn’t sound very tasty,” take a moment and envision a bottle of Orangina. But you don’t have to buy the sugary version at the store; you can get that fizz through fermentation instead. All it takes is freshly squeezed orange juice and a little starter culture.
8. Strawberry Limemade
With kombucha as its base, this fruity drink is perfect for the warmer months.
9. Hard Apple Cider
If you can get your hands on fresh apple cider, you can turn it into hard cider . Seriously, it’s as easy as pouring into a glass jar, covering with cheesecloth and letting the natural fermentation do its thing.
10. White Peach Lavender Soda
Here’s a recipe to put on the list for the summer months. In this recipe it’s champagne yeast that’s doing the fermentation work, and can be the base for many other natural soda combinations (a watermelon mint soda perhaps?). You can easily find champagne yeast at any homebrew supply store or online.
|
i don't know
|
San Pellegrino is an Italian?
|
San Pellegrino Italian Soda
San Pellegrino Italian Soda
view description
San Pellegrino Limonata is a fantastic sparkling lemon beverage made with lemon juice. It also contains water, lemon juice from concentrate, sugar, carbon dioxide, natural flavors and l-ascorbic acid.Features include: Sparkling lemon beverageTasty, light and refreshingProduct of Italy180 calories per serving
view description
San Pellegrino Limonata is a fantastic sparkling lemon beverage made with lemon juice. It also contains water, lemon juice from concentrate, sugar, carbon dioxide, natural flavors and l-ascorbic acid.Features include: Sparkling lemon beverageTasty, light and refreshingProduct of Italy180 calories per serving
Household Essentials > Top Selection >
san pellegrino italian soda
Our competitive prices make shopping for the whole family a cinch. Find low prices every day, along with big savings events from week to week. Enjoy free 1-2 day shipping on all orders over $49. And if you are not satisfied with anything, return your item for free, for up to one year from purchase. We love wowing our customers. In fact, our Customer Care agents are expertly trained in the art of WOW. Call us and we will prove it. So if you are looking for a better, easier shopping experience, come visit our site today!Soap.com: Get stuff. Done.
|
Water
|
Originating in art around 500BC, what is the more common modern name for a nimbus, aureole, glory, or gloriole?
|
San Pellegrino Sparkling Fruit Beverages
sparkling fruit beverages
SAN PELLEGRINO
Sanpellegrino Aranciata finds its roots in the all-Italian tradition of preparing delicious thirst-quenching fruit beverages by blending the juice of freshly-squeezed citrus fruits (oranges or lemons) with sparkling water and sugar. These simple, natural and aromatic beverages are commonly called aranciata or limonata. Sanpellegrino intuitively produced an industrial version of orange soda, offering its costumers a familiar beverage that is part of their lifestyle, but already prepared and ready to be enjoyed.
Sanpellegrino’s stylish and colourful Sparkling Fruit Beverages convey a sense of joy, spontaneity and colour that whisks you outdoors to sunny southern Italy and the shade of orange groves. The Sparkling Fruit Beverages, with their strong feel of genuineness, belong to a lively atmosphere, imbued with a passionate Italian mood. Here, the sense of community and the lovely ritual of meeting friends or enjoying a special authentic moment - all create the perfect setting to sip a Sanpellegrino Sparkling Fruit Beverage.
Sanpellegrino Sparkling Fruit Beverages, refreshing and stylish in the packaging as well, blend a natural talent for taste with a sparkly desire for an all-Italian experience, transforming every gathering occasion, perhaps for brunch with friends or a break in the afternoon, into an appealing moment. Authentic Sparkling Fruit Beverages, they are all about meeting friends at favourite cafés and enjoying good coffee, good food and stimulating conversations. They spontaneously bring forth an aspirational momentum that effortlessly interprets the alluring culture of the Café Society, the “cultural circles” of young intellectuals who during the late 1800s and early 1900s loved to gather in the cafés of NY, Paris, London and Vienna to discuss politics and art, among other things.
The culture of Café Society is strongly rooted in Australia, where - since the year 2000 - the Sanpellegrino Café Society Photography Competition has been established, with the aim to capture the spirit, uniqueness and culture of Café Society in Melbourne in just one photo. Each year, talented photography students in their final year at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are challenged to think outside the square and to represent with creativity a concept that changes year to year.
San Pellegrino is an Italian brand of mineral water, and assorted real-fruit beverages made from it, with naturally occurring carbonation and additional carbonation added by the bottler, produced and bottled by Nestlé at San Pellegrino Terme, in the Province of Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy. The water contains carbon dioxide and at least the following chemical elements in amounts of 100 or more micrograms per liter: calcium, chloride, fluorine, lithium, magnesium, nitrogen, potassium, silicon, sodium, and strontium. The strontium is naturally occurring, not the radioactive strontium-90. In popular culture, San Pellegrino is portrayed as a luxury and expensive bottled water. Owned by Nestlé since 1997, San Pellegrino is exported to most countries in Europe, the Americas, Australasia and the Middle East, as well as to Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.
|
i don't know
|
Which 1949 novel featured the ironically named Ministries of the Peace, Plenty, Love, and Truth?
|
1984 by George Orwell: Summary Pt. 1 Chp. 1
Summary Pt. 1 Chp. 1
Part I
Chapter 1
Orwell�s 1984 opens in London, now a part of the country Oceania. The whole globe is divided into three countries, Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia all perpetually at war with each other. The leading protagonist Winston Smith enters his flat in the dingy building ironically named Victory Mansions and is immediately conscious of the poster of �Big Brother� with the inscription �Big Brother is Watching You.� The �Party� has taken over all aspects of life and is intent on eradicating individuality. Winston is painfully aware of the telescreen, which is both a receiver and transmitter at the same time. It incessantly relays messages from the Party and simultaneously allows the dreaded �thought police� to tune into the activities of any individual at any given time. The administration is divided among four Ministries- the Ministry of Truth, which deals with news, entertainment, education and fine arts, the Ministry of Love which maintains law and order, the Ministry of Peace which wages war and the Ministry of Plenty which handles economic affairs. The very vocabulary of the people was under Party Control; a system called �newspeak� was encouraged. One of the most dreaded words in the arsenal of Newspeak was the most heinous offence according to the Party � that of �thoughtcrime� which was sure to be punished by the Thought police. The slogans of Newspeak are �War is Peace� Freedom is Slavery� and �Ignorance is Strength.�
Winston pretended to toe the official line so as to dodge the thought police but terrifyingly, the pretence often spilled over into reality, so that he did not always know if he actually hated or adored Big Brother. On this particular day, Winston was planning to indulge in a clandestine activity which would mean at least a concentration camp if discovered- he was going to keep a diary. He enters the date � April 4, 1984 and then realizes that he was completely stuck for words. He finally puts down a long monologue about the film he had watched the day before, a war propaganda film positively encouraging the audience to delight in sights of macabre, mindless slaughter.
From his memories of the film, Winston�s thoughts move on to a daily ritual, which was conducted in each office, the �two minute Hate.� During this process, the telescreens broadcast pictures of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Number One �Enemy of the People� according to the Party. Goldstein had originally been a founding member of the Party and was supposed to have later betrayed the Party�s ideals and joined up with Eurasia or Eastasia to overthrow Oceania. He was rumored to have written an inflammatory work, usually referred to just as �the book� and to be the Head of a dangerous subversive group called �The Brotherhood�. During the �Hate� people watched the speeches of Goldstein and reacted in violent anger. Winston himself often started out by dissembling his emotions, but the effect of the collective frenzy was such that after about thirty seconds, he found himself actually feeling the power of Hate.
However, sometimes Winston felt that he sympathized with Goldstein and hated Big Brother. During that morning�s Hate, he had been especially attracted to two individuals, one, a girl who worked in the Fiction Department, operating a �novel writing machine� about whom he had both sexual and violent fantasies. She was a member of the Ant-Sex league, sex also being something not much encouraged by the Party. The other person was O�Brien, a high official in the Party, but with whom Winston felt a shared complicity of anti-party sentiment. He had the feeling that he and O�Brien had the same dislike towards the party, which neither of them dared to express openly. As he recollected the ritual of Hate, Winston almost automatically writes �Down with Big Brother� repeatedly in his diary. He does this with the fatalistic conviction that even if he did not write it down, he had already committed thoughtcrime and the thought police would get him sooner or later. As if in confirmation of this, there is a knock at the door, which Winston is convinced heralds the arrival of the thought police.
|
Nineteen Eighty-Four
|
What cocktail, named in Cuban Spanish, comprises white rum, lime/lemon, sugar and mint?
|
The Art of Penguin Science Fiction, Chapter 2: The rise of Homo superior
index >ι
2. The rise of Homo superior
Homo superior n the hypothetical successor species to Homo sapiens, the members of which have acquired super- human physical or mental abilities. The term was coined by Olaf Stapledon in his novel, Odd John (1935).
Allen Lane's idea of selling paperback reprints of other publishers' hardbacks became reality in 1935, when Penguin Books was launched as an imprint of The Bodley Head. Lane wanted the books to be cheap but not look cheap, so he priced them at sixpence and asked an employee named Edward Young to design a cover for the books and draw a penguin logo. Young was only twenty-one years old at the time but, undaunted, he rose to the challenge and created the classic cover based on three horizontal bands that has made Penguin one of the world's most recognisable brands.
The first ten titles in the Bodley Head's 'sixpenny series' of Penguin Books were published in July 1935, with a further ten following in October. Of these, Penguin No. 20 was Samuel Butler's Erewhon, a cautionary tale of a satirical utopia that is not quite Nowhere backwards. The novel climaxes in a section called The Book of the Machines, a science-fictional treatise on determinism versus free will that prophesies the evolution of conscious machines and the future cybernation of humanity. It has the makings of The Matrix except that Erewhon first appeared in 1872, only thirteen years after Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species sent shock waves through the established orthodoxy of science and religion.
Butler's book within a book took Darwinism into the machine age with a warning that when it comes to the survival of the fittest, humanity may one day lose control over the contraptions it creates. The idea was outlandish then but seems a little less so now, with society in thrall to computers and the 'global brain' of the internet. Add to this the future potential of robotics and cybernetics and a day may come when Butler's tocsin to technophobes will no longer seem like sf at all.
Erewhon (20) by Samuel Butler
First published 1872.
MORE COVERS >>
All the early Penguins such as Erewhon came wrapped in dust jackets like traditional hardback books. The jackets were more or less identical to each book's cover except for the price, which was absent from the cover but printed one or more times on the front, back and spine of the jacket, or alternatively on its front inside flap. The latter was also used for a small amount of promotional copy, while the rear flap carried a photograph of the author and a brief biography.
Initially THE BODLEY HEAD was printed down both sides of each book's front cover and dust jacket, but in January 1936 the Penguin imprint became a company in its own right and the Bodley Head's name was dropped.
Then in May 1937 Penguin launched an imprint of its own, with pale blue bands instead of orange on the cover and a new bird logo by Edward Young. Pelican Books was intended as a non-fiction imprint for the 'intelligent layman' so it is curious that the third title to appear was an sf novel by the English philosopher, Olaf Stapledon. Why the book was not published as a Penguin is a mystery, made curiouser by the almost palindromic fact that Last and First Men was the first and last novel to be published as a Pelican.
Last and First Men (A3) by Olaf Stapledon
First published 1930.
Last and First Men (A3) by Olaf Stapledon
Reissued in a cloth-covered edition June 1937 for schools in
the London County Council area which, at that time, refused
to purchase paperbacks for use as textbooks.
MORE COVERS >>
J D Beresford's tale of a child prodigy with superhuman intelligence, The Hampdenshire Wonder, was an early entry into the subgenre of sf that explores the next stage of human evolution from Homo sapiens to Homo superior, the nomen- clature coined by Olaf Stapledon for people with superhuman physical or mental abilities. Stapledon was a great admirer of Beresford's book and later paid homage to it in his own novel Odd John.
The Hampdenshire Wonder (92) by J D Beresford
First published 1911.
Published by Penguin Books June 1937.
The Invisible Man (151) by H G Wells
First published 1897.
MORE COVERS >>
The appearance of The Invisible Man in the Penguin Crime series saw sf change colour again: first orange, then blue, then back to orange and now green. This confusion about sf reflected the fact that its emergence as a genre had yet to spread beyond America, where the term 'science fiction' had been coined a decade or so earlier. However, in England such stories were simply fiction, albeit of a fantastic kind, and Penguin sf went on changing from green to blue to orange.
Great English Short Stories: Volume II (A64) edited by John Hampden
Ten short stories, including The Plattner Story by H G Wells, first published as a collection by Penguin Books in May 1940 under its Pelican Books imprint.
Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men was the only novel to be published as a Pelican but it was not the only fiction or, indeed, the only science fiction. For in 1939-40 it was joined by two anthologies of Great English Short Stories and in the second of these was a cautionary tale that had first been published in 1896. The Plattner Story by H G Wells describes how an explosion during a school chemistry experiment blows a hapless teacher clean out of three-dimensional space and into a twilight zone inhabited by ghostly Watchers of the Living. There he remains, watching the watchers, until another explosion deposits him back where he started. Well, almost, though his sudden re-entry on top of the headmaster sends the latter sprawling across his strawberry plants. Then Plattner discovers he is now left handed and his writing is back to front. A medical examination reveals his entire anatomy has been transposed and for that there is only one explanation. Plattner has been to the fourth dimension and returned as his own mirror image.
The War in the Air (343) by H G Wells
First published 1908.
MORE COVERS >>
The outbreak of hostilities in September 1939 saw Penguin turn its attention to the war effort, and among the 'books for the troops' that it published during the Second World War were two novels that highlight a not uncommon feature of sf, which is the prescience of its subject matter. The first was The War in the Air, a lesser-known novel by H G Wells that foretells of aerial warfare and cities bombarded by air raids. Penguin published it in the aftermath of the Blitz, an eight-month campaign of bombing raids by the Luftwaffe that rained destruction on London and other British cities, ports and towns. As prophecy the novel is all the more impressive since its original publication in 1908 was only a few years after the first powered flights by those magnificent men, the Wright brothers, in their heavier-than-air flying machines.
The Iron Heel (461) by Jack London
First published 1907.
MORE COVERS >>
The second though no less visionary novel was The Iron Heel, which had first been published in 1907 (a year before The War in the Air) and is widely regarded as initiating the sub-genre of modern dystopian fiction. Jack London's polemic on the evils of fascism seen from seven hundred years in the future offered a timely reminder, if one was needed, when Penguin published it in 1945. By now, however, the war had taken its toll on all aspects of life and books were no exception. The introduction of paper rationing early on in the war had quickly put an end to dust jackets, so the price was now printed directly on the front cover. The books were also of a poor, flimsy quality with tissue-thin pages, papery covers and stapled bindings, while the appearance of advertisements inside the books and on the back covers saw The Iron Heel promoting rubber heels, Horlicks, Mars Bars and Greys cigarettes.
Out of This World (537) edited by Julius Fast
An anthology of fourteen stories including The Scarlet Plague by Jack London.
First published by Penguin Books (USA) May 1944.
MORE COVERS >>
The Iron Heel was not the first sf by Jack London that Penguin had published, for in July 1939 the company had opened its first overseas office in New York, initially to import and distribute books from the UK, but this became increasingly difficult after America entered the war in 1941, so Penguin USA began to select and publish its own titles. One of these was Out of This World, an anthology of stories edited by Julius Fast who, at the time, was a sergeant in the US Army.
Fast avoided 'pseudo-scientific tales of rocket ships and time machines' but one story is sf, and that is Jack London's The Scarlet Plague. The story had first appeared in 1915 and is set in San Francisco, some sixty years after a plague in 2013 had all but wiped out the human race. One of the few survivors is a former university professor – now an old man clad in animal furs – who describes the plague and the end of civilization to his feral young grandsons.
The cover format used for Out of This World and other American Penguins was designed by Lucian Bernhard and reveals the attractive yet very different approach taken in the US compared to the unadorned typography of UK Penguin covers. Bernhard's design mixed typography, calligraphy, illustration and blurb on a colour-coded background, with the book number in the top left corner, a large Penguin logo near the lower right corner and a PENGUIN BOOKS banner extending from the left below that. The US used its own colour coding and book numbers, hence the 'Pelican blue' background on Out of This World and a book number, 537, that would later be used in the UK for Francis Bonnamy's A Rope of Sand.
Out of This World (537) edited by Julius Fast
March 1946 reprint.
MORE COVERS >>
By 1946 British and American Penguins had become two distinct species. Out of This World was reprinted that year using a new cover format (and a somewhat misleading image as none of the stories mentions flying saucers). The new format was probably designed by Robert Jonas and featured matching coloured bands above and below a large pictorial area. The book number remained in the top left corner, but the logo was smaller and relocated top-centre, while the PENGUIN BOOKS banner was now a band that varied in colour from book to book. Colour coding was dropped, however, and instead the logo was placed in a square for fiction, a triangle for mystery, a circle for anthologies and so on.
The War of the Worlds (570) by H G Wells
First published April–December 1897 as a nine-part serial in Pearson's Magazine.
Published by Penguin Books September 1946.
MORE COVERS >>
Meanwhile, back in the UK, Penguin was preparing a commemorative set of ten H G Wells titles to mark the author's 80th birthday (which was also Allen Lane's 44th birthday). The set included a reprint of The Invisible Man in Penguin Crime plus The War of the Worlds, The Island of Doctor Moreau and The Time Machine and Other Stories in the main orange list, but the celebration proved to be a little premature as Wells died five weeks before the set was published.
The Island of Doctor Moreau (571) by H G Wells
First published 1896.
The Time Machine and Other Stories (573) by H G Wells
Published by Penguin Books September 1946. The Other Stories are not science fiction.
MORE COVERS >>
The outbreak of dancing penguins on some of the books published in the years prior to, during, and immediately after the war may have been intended to inject some levity and lift readers' spirits but not everyone saw it that way, and to some the creature was an undignified eyesore. Looking back later, on the occasion of Penguin's twenty-first birthday in 1956, William Emrys Williams would write in The Penguin Story that the bird appeared to be 'in the throes of appendicitis'.
Nordenholt's Million (582) by J J Connington
First published 1923.
Published by Penguin Books June 1947. *
J J Connington was a pseudonym used by the Scottish writer Alfred W Stewart.
By 1947 it was clear to Allen Lane that the quality of the books being produced had fallen some way short of Penguin's reputation. On the covers and internally they looked somewhat amateur, with inconsistencies creeping in from one title to the next. To restore discipline and raise standards Lane hired Jan Tschichold, a Swiss typographer who was widely regarded as the best in his field. Tschichold arrived in March 1947 and immediately set about refining every aspect of a Penguin book, from the covers and page layouts to the typefaces and even the letter spacings. Nothing was overlooked, not even those dancing penguins which under Tschichold's command fell squarely to attention.
Penguin Composition Rules
Jan Tschichold
1947
Tschichold documented his changes as the Penguin Composition Rules, which set out precise instructions and a standard format – the house style – to be used for every book that Penguin published. Then in December 1949 he was off again. He had been at Penguin for less than three years but had, he felt, achieved what he had come to do, and comparing the books above with those below it is hard not to agree. For judged by their covers alone, the later books show a marked improvement over those that predated his arrival. The results of Tschichold's reworking brought the covers sharply into focus and gave them an unified appearance which had previously been lacking.
The Day of the Triffids (993) by John Wyndham
First published 1951.
MORE COVERS >>
Cover illustrations were nothing new to Penguin but they had not featured on many books since the preference was for purely typographic covers. But a few books got a picture, and one was The Day of the Triffids, with a drawing based on sketches that Wyndham himself had provided. The drawing was somewhat misleading, however, for the tubby little triffid on the cover was considerably cuter than the homicidal plants that stalked the pages of the story.
Nineteen Eighty-Four (972) by George Orwell
First published 1949.
FREEDOM IS SLAVERY
IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH
To these might be added 'madness is sanity' for it is this that underlies the Party's regime of tyranny and despotism. There are concrete contradictions too, in the form of the Party's giant pyramidal ministries, for the Ministry of Peace wages continual war, the Ministry of Plenty ensures poverty and hunger, the Ministry of Truth falsifies the news and rewrites history, and the terrifying, windowless Ministry of Love is in charge of surveillance, torture and execution. This fourth ministry is the headquarters of the Thought Police, whose ubiquitous reminders that BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU allude in part to the telescreens which broadcast Party propaganda into every apartment room and office cubicle whilst simultaneously monitoring each citizen's actions, words and gestures for the slightest hint of disobedience.
In addition to Big Brother and the Thought Police, the novel coined several other neologisms that have since entered common usage. One is doublethink, a form of self-deception where Party pronouncements are accepted unquestioningly, despite contradicting previous declarations or known facts. Another, thoughtcrime, is the heresy of independent thought, as this can lead to acts of rebellion. To prevent this the Party has created Newspeak, the official, pared-down language of Oceania which severely restricts freedom of speech so that, in time, freedom of thought will no longer be possible.
Orwell's final novel before his death in 1950 tells the story of Winston Smith, a low-ranking Party member who works at the Ministry of Truth 'correcting' old newspaper articles and other records in line with the Party's latest announcements. But Smith is a free thinker, and for that there is only one cure: Room 101, where the image of 'a boot stamping on a human face – for ever' recalls Jack London's metaphor of The Iron Heel with magnified brutality. Nineteen Eighty-Four may have passed its sell-by date but its classic status and Orwell's brilliance remain undiminished.
Collected Short Stories (1031) by E M Forster
The Machine Stops and eleven other stories, first published as a collection in 1947.
Published by Penguin Books October 1954.
MORE COVERS >>
E M Forster's Collected Short Stories bear little in common with Howards End or A Passage to India as most of the stories are fantasies, but one is a celebrated piece of dystopian sf that was first published in 1909. The Machine Stops tells of a future where people live alone in identical underground cells which they never leave unless it is absolutely necessary, for visits to the Earth's surface do not produce any 'ideas' and physical interaction with others is considered distasteful.
Instead people throughout the world communicate with each other via the Machine, which provides for all their needs and is their life-support system. A user manual called the Book of the Machine is increasingly revered as a sacred text and many people have taken to worshipping the Machine in the privacy of their cells. Until, that is, the Machine stops.
Forster described the story as 'a reaction to one of the earlier heavens of H G Wells' although today it has acquired the status of a prophecy and a warning, for the rejection of physical society and withdrawal into virtual communities – of isolation, alienation, and life lived through the Machine – echoes current concerns about the dehumanising effect that computers and the internet are having on people. A century after the story was written, science fiction is once again becoming science fact and Forster's famous leitmotif of 'only connect' is taking on a whole new meaning.
The Kraken Wakes (1075) by John Wyndham
First published 1953.
The Quatermass Experiment (1421) by Nigel Kneale
A play for television in six parts, first published by Penguin Books November 1959.
Part 2 >>
In 1953 the BBC screened a groundbreaking sf series about a scientist called Professor Quatermass. Written by Nigel Kneale, it was the first of its kind to be shown on British television and it took the nation by storm. Quatermass became a cult classic and two more series followed in 1955 and 1958, with Penguin later publishing all three scripts. The central white space on The Quatermass Experiment was filled by the grey shape of a black-and-white television screen, giving the impression that the title and author's name were credits which had just stopped rolling and would soon fade to grey.
A Scent of New-Mown Hay (1615) by John Blackburn
First published 1958.
Published by Penguin Books June 1961.
Like The Invisible Man in 1938, the publication of A Scent of New-Mown Hay in Penguin Crime was another case of mis- taken identity, for Blackburn's tale of murderous mutant mushroom-women must have perplexed more than a few fans of Agatha Christie et al. But it did show how Penguin's crime covers had changed over the years. The title and author's name were no longer in block capitals, and the symmetry of the earlier covers had been replaced by a new layout, with the typography ranged left and the quartic and logo offset to the right, leaving room for a blurb in the top-left corner.
|
i don't know
|
At a conference a 'plenary session' refers to a session which involves?
|
Chapter 12. Providing Training and Technical Assistance | Section 5. Organizing a Conference | Main Section | Community Tool Box
Section 5. Organizing a Conference
Chapter 12 Sections
Will you help us make sure
the Tool Box remains available?
Will you help us make sure
the Tool Box remains available?
Learn how to organize a conference that brings together people with a common interest to network and listen to presentations and ideas.
Who might organize a conference?
When should you organize a conference?
How do you organize a conference?
Conferences are used to bring together people with common interests and discuss issues and ideas relating to a specific topic. Conferences can be held on almost any topic, come in many sizes, and can be run by any number of organizations. In order to be successful, a conference requires intensive time, planning, and resources. This section of the Toolbox describes what a conference is, why and when you might want to organize one, who might do so, and how to go about it successfully.
What is a conference?
A conference is a gathering of people with a common interest or background, with the purposes of allowing them to meet one another and to learn about and discuss issues, ideas and work that focus on a topic of mutual concern. The Latin roots of the word “conference” mean, literally, “Bring together.” A conference brings together people and ideas. In the cases of health and community work, conferences often have the goal of generating or working toward solutions to problems or broader social change.
Conferences may be held in places other than the workplaces and neighborhoods of their participants, so that the people attending can focus on the topic at hand without distractions. Some conferences are even held in another area of the country or the world.
A conference may also be held online, or something similar. Teleconferences bring people together through live video feeds, allowing people to discuss issues, hear presentations, network, and otherwise do many of the things they might do at a conference, without leaving their homes or offices. Similar situations can be set up using the Internet, projectors, and web cams and microphones.
The structure and contents of conferences can vary greatly, but a typical framework would include one or more presentations of work and/or ideas about a given topic. These presentations may take the form of lectures, slide shows or films, workshops, panel discussions, and/or interactive experiences. In addition, many conferences include posters or graphic or multimedia exhibits that participants can view independently.
Informal local conferences – like that organized by the Peterson Women’s Health Collaborative in the example at the beginning of the section – may sometimes consist entirely of discussion, but usually include some presentation of ideas or practice, at least as a springboard. Frequently, the format of a grassroots conference is similar to that of a professional one, but less formal. (Such conferences are often held outdoors, for instance, where weather permits.)
A conference may last a few hours or several days. It may be a one-time event, or a regular (usually annual) fixture on participants’ schedules. It may be held at the YMCA down the street, or in a hotel in Paris or Barcelona or San Francisco. It may also be one of several types:
Academic conferences. Most academic conferences are centered around a single subject, and sometimes on a single topic within that subject. The format usually involves graduate students and academics presenting their research, work, and theories, and defending, expanding, or changing them in response to questions, criticism, and other feedback from colleagues. Generally annual, these conferences are often sponsored by the professional organization of the discipline involved, and may be held in a different city each year. A major focus of academic conferences, besides the exchange of ideas, is networking, which, in academia as elsewhere, is a key to collaboration, funding, employment, and other professional benefits.
Professional association conferences. These are similar to academic conferences in some ways, but presentations tend to be focused more on practical issues, both having to do with the actual work participants do, and with regulations, funding, and other forces that affect the profession. Professional associations in the U.S. may exist at state, national, and, sometimes, international levels, and each of these levels may hold a yearly conference.
Both of these types of conferences may also be used to conduct organization or association business – election of officers, approval of bylaw changes, annual meetings, etc. – and to present awards and honors.
Training conferences. A training conference may be run by a professional association, but is at least as likely to be conducted by an industry or industry organization, a state or federal agency, or a local coalition or initiative. As might be expected, its purpose is training, and so it might include workshops on methods and techniques, information on new regulations, or simply an exchange of experience and methods among people from a number of different organizations. Another possibility for nonprofits is a conference run by a manufacturer or supplier to teach participants how to use products their organizations have purchased.
Issue- or problem-related conferences. These might be convened by almost any association, organization, institution, or citizens’ group to focus on a particular concern. Such conferences range from “Education Summits” called by the President of the U.S. and attended by politicians, school superintendents from large cities, and eminent thinkers (but often no teachers or students), to local-coalition-sponsored events focusing on child abuse in the community. The purpose here may be to inform and energize people about the issue, to create a critical mass of concern about it, or to develop strategies for approaching it. Depending on the issue’s importance and the enthusiasm of the participants, this kind of conference can turn into an annual event.
Why organize a conference?
There are a number of reasons you might organize a conference, some practical, some idealistic, some political, and some with elements of all three.
There’s an issue that needs examining. The example of childhood asthma at the beginning of this section fits into this category. Organizing a conference may both respond to and help to emphasize the urgency of dealing with the issue.
The field needs a conference. There are several possible reasons for this:
The field may be a new one, and still lack a clear identity. A conference could bring together the people who are building it, and help to define it.
The field may not be cohesive. People in it may not know one another, may disagree on methods or other issues, or may simply not realize how many others have similar interests. A conference could bring them together and create networks that would expand and improve the work.
There may be new research findings, work, ideas, methods or information (new regulations, etc.) that need to be shared.
People may need to be energized, and to know they’re not alone. The field may be reeling from budget cuts or revelations of illegal or unethical practice on the parts of some. A conference may serve to refocus energy, provide a forum for solving some of the problems that have come to light, and simply give participants a chance to demonstrate mutual support.
Your organization or group wants to start an annual gathering. You think that an issue, a field, a community, or a particular group of people is important enough that it needs to have an annual conference focused on it.
There’s a crisis or opportunity that should be addressed. A conference may deal with a huge drop or a huge increase in funding for the field, for instance, or with the fact that a standard practice has been shown to be ineffective or dangerous.
Opportunities here might include an opportunity to advance knowledge or practical application in the field. A hot issue may bring funding to study or try certain things, for instance, or may attract new participants or funders.
You may want to establish the legitimacy of the field. Especially if your work has only existed for a few years – or less – you may want a conference to confirm that there are large numbers of people engaged in it; that most of them have respectable credentials; and that the field is not out on the crazy fringe, but has a solid intellectual and philosophical foundation.
Feedback from the field or the community may demand it. People may clearly express their desire for training, networking, or other benefits that a conference can provide.
A funder may demand it. Some of the funding for an organization or coalition may come earmarked for a conference, or organizing a conference may be a condition of funding for your work.
You may want to enlist people to advance the field, either through their work or through advocacy. A conference can provide instruction and motivation to that end.
It’s a matter of prestige, credibility, or credentials for you or your organization. For academics, for instance, the act of organizing a conference itself may bring prestige. The fact that you can gather people from your discipline – or, better yet, from a variety of disciplines – establishes you as an important person in your field. The same may be true for a community organization, a hospital or clinic, a coalition, or any number of other organizations or institutions. Organizing a conference can establish you as a voice of reason or a leading authority in the field, which, in turn, can bring funding and requests for collaboration that can improve your work.
It’s part of your job. Some staff and board positions in professional associations, government agencies, coalitions, foundations, or educational institutions come with the organizing and running of an annual conference as part of their job description.
Who should organize a conference?
We’ve said that many different kinds of organizations, groups, and institutions might find themselves in the position of organizing a conference. Some of the more common examples are:
Professional associations and organizations. These might include associations that represent:
Academic disciplines (economics, education)
Licensed or certified professions (psychology, social work, nursing, law)
Special interest groups within professions (environmental law, family therapy)
Line workers within professions (home health aides, independent living advisors)
Government agencies. Government agencies at many levels run conferences for their own employees, usually for purposes of training and information-sharing. They may also run conferences as funders – bidders’ conferences to help potential funding applicants understand a bidding process, for instance, or conferences to explain new regulations or other important information to funded groups.
Coalitions. Whether at the local, state, or national level, coalitions often find that conferences are good vehicles for highlighting and strategizing about issues, planning for the future, or motivating advocacy.
Individual organizations. A local organization such as a mental health center, a hospital, or a parenting teens program may host a conference focused on its issue, or on a community-wide problem that concerns it and other organizations and agencies as well. A statewide or national organization may organize a conference for its own members.
A community mediation program found that it was having difficulty mediating family cases involving teens, and that there was very little in the literature that addressed such cases. The program decided to host a conference for area mediators and mediation programs to discuss the issue, and to try to find or develop some strategies for success in these mediations.
Educational institutions, or departments or groups within them. In addition to academic conferences, educational institutions may host conferences that grow out of their work. A high school that pioneered heterogeneous (mixed ability-level) grouping in classes, for instance, held a conference to introduce the concept to high school teachers around the state, and followed it up with training conferences to help other schools learn how to apply the concept in the classroom.
Advocacy or community activist groups. These groups may hold conferences to publicize or to educate the public about their issues, or to train advocates or activists.
A group with a stake or interest in the subject of the conference. A citizens’ group – the community health educator trainees described at the beginning of this section, for example – might organize a conference around an issue that affects and is important to them.
When should you organize a conference?
When you want to educate the field, a particular group, or the public about an issue. You might organize a legislative conference to which you invite lawmakers, experts in the field, and practitioners to discuss a policy issue. A local coalition might convene a conference centered on a local issue, and invite people from all sectors of the community to learn and strategize about it.
When you want to gather people with expertise to tackle an issue that needs to be addressed, or to work on a problem.
When new work in the field needs to be publicized. A conference is sometimes the best way to get the word out.
When you want to energize or re-energize people about their work. Having the chance to discuss the work with others in the same circumstances, and to remember why they’re doing it are powerful encouragements to keep going.
Annually, to bring the field, profession, coalition, or interest group together to learn, network, celebrate successes, and work through challenges. Annual conferences serve a variety of purposes, not the least of which is to define the group and to create solidarity.
How do you organize a conference?
With conferences, as with so many other things, the devil is in the details. In some ways, organizing a successful conference is mostly about the details – how it’s publicized, how people register, how you choose the location, how you communicate with the people running the space, and on and on. We’ll try here to keep the description of handling the details under control by putting as much as possible in the “Tools” that accompany this section.
There are obvious differences between organizing a small local conference, attended mostly by people you already know and have contact with, and organizing a state- or nation-wide conference that attracts hundreds of people, most of whom don’t know the organizers or one another. There are also, however, some general guidelines that work for both. We’ll try to set out those guidelines, and to make distinctions where necessary between larger and smaller conferences.
It should be said here that a conference, even a small one, requires a lot of work. You have to start, as we explain below, months, or even a year or more ahead (for a large conference) in order to make sure that space and everything else are in place by the time you need them. For that reason, the first decision you have to make is whether you want to organize a conference. Ask yourself:
Do we have the resources – financial, personal, and otherwise – to do this?
Do we have the time and energy to do this?
Are there others – individuals or organizations – who should, and would be willing to do this instead?
Are there other ways to better achieve the goals we have for this conference?
If the answers to all these questions point in the direction of organizing a conference, then go to it! If you’re not sure, think carefully about whether it would be a good idea for you or not.
Once you’ve decided to go ahead, a way to help keep all the details under control is to make lists for yourself. Having a checklist of the necessary tasks for each part of the work you have to do – facility, presenters, etc. – with appropriate dates by which tasks need to be finished, will make your life infinitely easier, greatly reduce the chance for errors and forgetfulness (not to mention your stress), and increase the efficiency of your operation.
A final point to keep in mind as you read the rest of this section: the more work you can delegate, the better. Both the coordinator and the committee have too much to do to spend their time discussing menus or the number of chairs needed. Subcommittees, individual sub-coordinators, or volunteers can take on those tasks and do them well. Try not to burn anyone out – your conference will be far more successful if the organizers find the most of the work enjoyable and doable.
Organizing a conference involves several phases:
Creating an organizing structure – putting together the group of people who are going to organize and run the conference, and planning the ways they’ll work together.
You might call this group and its function the “infrastructure” of the conference. An infrastructure is the internal structure that supports everything else. In the case of a city, for instance, it consists of the building and maintenance of the roads, sewers, electricity system, waterworks, and other basic services, and of the people who do that building and maintenance. In the case of a conference, it’s the organizing group and the systems its members use to work together.
Planning the conference.
Publicizing the conference and recruiting and registering participants.
Running the conference.
Evaluating the conference and the conference-organizing process.
Creating an organizing structure
Put together a team or committee that will be in charge. Most conferences benefit from having a group of people in charge. A group means that decisions are considered from more than one perspective, that there are a variety of ideas to draw from, and that there are more hands to do the work. Although this group generally doesn’t replace an individual coordinator (see below), the two work closely together (the coordinator often comes from, or is at least an automatic member of, the organizing group.) It should be made up of people who have the time, energy, ability, and desire to do the job.
If it’s not possible for the previous coordinator or committee chair to serve on the committee, you might at least try to consult with him. A good idea would be to prepare, after the conference, a how-to-run-a-conference guide that can be passed on from year to year. That would be a huge benefit to the organization, and would eliminate many of the pitfalls and mistakes that plague conference organizers.
The organizing team or committee often comes from the board of the sponsoring organization. In the case of organizations that put on annual conferences, the organizing committee may be a standing committee of the board, and meet year round. It may also include the coordinator or committee chair of the previous conference. Where the conference is small, local, and a single event, the organizing team is more likely to be a group representative of several sectors of the community, or at least of the community the conference is aimed at (e.g., health and community workers). Conference committees are often split up into subcommittees, as suggested above, each handling specific parts of the conference; this arrangement generally makes for more efficiency, and keeps everyone from becoming overloaded with tasks.
Appoint a coordinator. While the organizing team plans the conference (usually in collaboration with the coordinator), the coordinator carries out the team’s decisions, and serves as the first line of communication with suppliers, participants, presenters, the site providers, exhibitors, and others outside the planning and oversight group. For many annual conferences, the coordinator is automatically the person in a particular job – the organization’s director or assistant director, for instance, or the chair of the Conference Committee. In other cases, it may be a volunteer, or a staff or board member who has experience or enthusiasm for the task. When there’s no one available from within, some organizations may hire an event planner.
Event planners are professionals who specialize in – surprise! – planning events. They may not know about your particular issue or field, but they do know how to organize large numbers of people, negotiate with facilities, book rooms, and identify and take care of all the details that can easily go unnoticed until they surface to create crises. Their services generally don’t come cheap, but if you’re running a large conference and don’t have any idea how to go about it (and you have the funds), hiring an event planner to coordinate it may be a good strategy.
Whatever the circumstances, it’s almost always a good idea to have a single coordinator – or, in some circumstances, two co-coordinators – as the focal point for a conference. Being the coordinator doesn’t mean doing all the work, but rather being the one person who knows what’s going on with every area of the event’s planning and execution. This makes for a much more efficient operation, and also simplifies communication and accountability.
Another element of infrastructure is a communication system. Unless the conference coordinator and everyone who works with her, including the organizing team, are all located in the same place – i.e., the same building – communication is an issue. It can even be an issue when the coordinator and everyone working to put together the conference works on the same floor. Where the committee may be scattered among several cities (not unusual in the case of a large professional association, for instance), communication becomes vital.
E-mail is an obvious answer, but there are times when voice contact and/or discussion are absolutely necessary. There have to be provisions for regular meetings (by conference call if people are widely scattered), and ways in which everyone can be reached quickly if there’s an emergency or an immediate judgment to be made. There also must be provisions for how and by whom final decisions are made if not everyone can be reached. The important point is that a good communication plan is invaluable.
Planning the conference
Any planning process will work better if it has a clear and reasonable timeline. Each step in the process should have a deadline that allows for time to correct mistakes, deal with the unforeseen, and still get the task completed in time to do whatever else depends on it. Time is always the most precious commodity in planning, and there is never enough of it. The better your estimate of how much time you’ll need, the more likely it is that you won’t be pulling your hair out as the deadline approaches…or after it’s passed.
The following steps will help you and your organizing committee to plan your conference:
Agree on the purpose of the conference. There are a large number of possible reasons for a conference, and many conferences combine two or more. Some of the most common are:
Training
Cheerleading (helping participants feel good about what they and the field do)
Passing on information (new developments, issues to watch, regulations, etc.)
Improving practice
Decision-making and planning (e.g., setting the direction for an initiative or a field)
Kicking off a new initiative or a new direction
Identify your target audience. To some extent, the target audience is dictated by the nature of both the conference and the sponsoring organization. But many conference organizers are interested in attracting more than just their “normal” participants. Some examples of groups from which conference attendees may be drawn:
Members of or people interested in a certain profession or discipline
People with a particular political agenda (pro-choice advocates, gun-control opponents)
People involved in a specific community (or broader) issue
People concerned with a specific population
People from a specific population
Public officials (may be at any or all levels)
People from organizations funded by particular sources
Members of the sponsoring organization
People from a particular sector of the community
Residents of a particular community
The general public
This is the time to determine whether and how to involve your intended audience in conference planning. That means somehow – through surveys, telephone sampling, focus groups, informal conversation, or some other method – getting feedback from them about what they want and need. It may also mean putting together a participatory planning group representing various parts of that intended audience. If your focus is on training, for instance, you might want to know in what areas people feel training would be most helpful. Adjusting your plan to the needs of potential participants should mean a well-attended and useful conference.
Set a length and date for the conference. How long the conference will be depends on what needs to get done; what most potential participants can afford, in time and money; and what the sponsoring organization can afford, and has the capacity, to do. What an organization can do may depend on the availability of grants, support from a parent organization, donations, etc..
In the case of many national or international organizations, the annual conference is scheduled for several days as a matter of course, at least partially because most people have to travel long distances to get to it, and often piggyback vacations onto it. For a small local conference, where everyone will go home at night, length will probably depend more on how much time participants can afford to spend, how long the space is available, and what the program is.
The conference date should be set in order to avoid conflict with other events that affect the intended audience, or with the realities of their work. (You wouldn’t plan a school administrators’ conference for September, for instance, which is probably the busiest time of year for these folks.) The conference should also not conflict with events of national interest (e.g., a national election or the Super Bowl) or that would affect family obligations (standard public school vacations, or the Thanksgiving or Christmas holidays).
Annual conferences are usually scheduled at or close to the same time every year, so that participants can plan around them. Some conferences vary their schedules depending on where the conference will be held, choosing times that people will want to come to the conference location (fall in New England, January in Miami), or times when the weather is less likely to pose problems (don’t plan on Alaska in February).
Plan the format. Here’s the meat of the conference, as far as those attending are concerned. What’s actually going to happen? Your job here is not to plan the content of each session of the conference (presenters do that, although the committee may approve presentations), but to set the overall theme and structure.
We’ll try here to discuss what might happen at both large and small conferences, but it’s difficult to draw an exact line between the two. For some organizations, a showing of 200 might be huge, for others hugely disappointing. For the purposes of this section, we’ll draw the line at 150, since it isn’t unusual for a local coalition or organization to attract that many people to a well-planned and well-advertised one-day event. We understand, however, that some conferences of that size may take place in hotels, last for several days, and involve multiple workshops. The issue here is not only the number of people you expect, but the nature of the conference itself. Is it formal or informal? Narrowly or broadly focused? Does it attract people from a wide area, or from a single community? Are there 3 sessions or 130? Is it held in a conference venue or in the local YMCA? These questions are at least as important as the number of attendees.
An often-used general format for a large conference, and one that many smaller conferences follow as well, begins with a keynote address – a speech or presentation, usually by a well-known or inspirational speaker, that is meant to introduce the theme of the conference, kindle attendees’ enthusiasm, and/or make them think.
Following the keynote speaker, and for most of the rest of the conference, the day might be divided into as few as two to as many as six shorter sessions (and sometimes evening sessions as well), often with several choices for each session, where the real content of the conference is presented. Each day may include lunch as part of the conference fee (although some local conferences may be brown-bag, especially if they charge no fee), and some or all days may also include dinner. Meals may include a speaker, awards, or organizational business, or simply be social occasions.
Finally, many conferences end with a wrap-up or final speaker, in order to send people home thinking about the issue, and feeling that they had a coherent experience. This is hardly the only structure for a conference, only a typical one. We’ll mention others as the section goes on. So…
Will you have one or more keynote speakers, or other full-conference activities? These might include plenary sessions (gatherings of all conference participants), films, music, demonstrations, a wrap-up session, etc..
If you want a keynote speaker, you have to choose someone appropriate and convince him to come. That means, if he’s any kind of celebrity – even just within your field – getting to him as much as a year or more before the conference, so that he’ll have the time free. It may also mean offering him both expenses – reimbursement for travel, lodging, and food – and frequently an honorarium (payment) as well. Choosing the keynote speaker may be a joint task of the organizing team and the coordinator, but tracking him down and negotiating with him (and going to Plan B when he’s unable or unwilling to come) falls to the coordinator.
You also should negotiate with a keynote speaker – especially if you’re paying him – both what you’d like him to talk about, and what, if anything, you expect of him besides his speech. Should he be available to mingle with participants throughout the conference or for a day, be a panel member, eat at least one meal with participants, run a session? These sorts of questions should be worked out beforehand, so neither the speaker nor the committee will be surprised by the other’s expectations.
Some conferences may be small enough that the idea of a keynote speaker or a plenary session seems foolish. That doesn’t mean, however, that they can’t attract well-known experts in the field to join the conference as speakers, presenters, and/or participants. These people may welcome the chance to get to know local folks and discuss real issues. You risk nothing by inviting them, and you may be surprised at who accepts.
What other kinds of sessions will you have? Some possibilities:
Lectures or similar presentations – informative sessions presenting practical or theoretical ideas or methods relevant to the work. These may include elements of other kinds of sessions, but essentially consist of subject matter flowing in one direction. A variant here is a poster session: posters with graphic and text explanations of a presenter’s work can be viewed independently by participants. At a scheduled time during the conference, each poster presenter gives a short talk on her poster and answers questions about it.
Workshops – teaching of methods, techniques, or other skills or related activities (e.g., relaxation response as a way to relax during breaks from a stressful job).
Important factual information – new regulations, political/advocacy issues, state of the field, etc..
Threads or strands – a series of sessions that all relate to one topic (depression, working with Hispanic populations, advocacy, program administration, etc.).
Interactive – hands-on sessions where participants are just that: participants in discussion, activities, simulations, role plays, etc..
At adult education conferences in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, theater groups of Adult Basic Education staff and learners act out situations in learners’ lives, 1and then interact – in character – with the audience to involve them in examining the situations.
Show and tell – sessions where participants share what they’re doing in their work.
Sessions of various kinds generally last from 45 minutes to three hours, depending on how the conference is scheduled. Participants may have as many as 15 or 20 choices for each session at a large conference.
Unfortunately, these choices don’t drop out of the air. Someone – the coordinator and the organizing team – has to find people who are interested (and interesting) to put on the various sessions. For a local conference, that may mean contacting appropriate people, posting notices at various organizations and agencies, or choosing the people you want beforehand, and then persuading them to accept. For a large and broader conference, it’s much more likely that you’ll send out a call for presenters with your pre-conference registration materials (or even before), advertise for presenters in one or more professional journals and/or on the Internet, put the word out through everyone you know, and blanket other organizations, universities, hospitals, etc., to recruit the presenters.
Will you have several choices (“breakout groups”) for each session, or will they be limited to one or two strands? The key here is probably the actual size of the conference. Many types of presentations are ineffective if there are too many people involved.
Will you offer professional development or continuing education credits for specific workshops, all workshops attended, or for the conference as a whole? Many professions require members to take a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to maintain their certification or licensure. Conferences may provide some of those credits – how many depends on discussions with the licensing organization.
Will there be exhibitors? Often, businesses that produce or sell materials relevant to the topic or the participants of a conference will pay a fee – and may contribute to the conference in some other way as well – in return for being allowed to set up displays and introduce (and sell) their wares to attendees. Typical examples are textbook and software companies at education-related conferences and drug companies at health conferences. Exhibitors are usually only interested in large conferences where they’re likely to be exposed to hundreds of conference-goers.
Will there be field trips? These are visits to such places as clinics, community service programs, public housing projects, natural areas of environmental interest, etc.. Field trips may last a full day (or even more than one day in some cases), and take participants to observe and experience places and programs related to the purpose of the sponsoring group and/or the topic of the conference.
Will there be organizational business transacted? Many conferences double as the sponsoring organization’s annual meeting, and include the election of board and officers, awards and honors ceremonies, yearly financial reports, and votes on such organizational matters as bylaw changes.
Will there be entertainment scheduled? Some conferences include dinner dances or evening entertainment – live music or a film, for instance. Large conferences, especially those that change locations every year, often schedule trips to local events and attractions.
Some conferences provide, and others sell promotional materials – hats, t-shirts, key rings, small backpacks, etc. – often provided by exhibitors and imprinted with the conference logo or the name and logo of the sponsoring organization.
A question for the organizer of a small conference is whether to “break out” into several sessions, or simply to stay together for the whole time. The answer really depends on what you want to accomplish, as well as on the number of participants.
There are many possibilities. Even some relatively large conferences may keep everyone together, but schedule activities in which people form smaller groups to work on problems or discuss issues, then come back together to share their results or responses. Others may keep the group intact throughout the day so that everyone can hear or participate in the same presentations and activities. Small conferences may take advantage of the size of the group to program activities that would normally take place only in a break-out session. You can be as creative or as conventional as you want – a small conference may sacrifice variety, but gain from the types of activities it can offer and the amount of mixing among participants.
Whether you choose to break out or not depends on a number of factors: the number of ideas you want to present; the extent to which you’d like to have everyone at the conference exposed to the same set of ideas; the number of people attending (a lecture with an audience of several hundred is less dynamic than a discussion among a group of 15); how much discussion you want; whether there are activities (role plays, for instance) that will work best in small groups; etc..
Address conference logistics. Logistics are the nuts and bolts of a conference that make it possible: where it will be, how you’ll find presenters, what it will cost, how you’ll get people from place to place, who’ll run the slide show, etc.. This is the part where the conference organizers earn their keep.
Geographical location. This refers to the actual city or area where the conference will be held. For a conference that centers on a particular city or community, this decision boils down to one of space (see below). For an annual conference that changes location every year, or for a statewide or national (or international) conference, however, the choice is not so simple. You have to consider what people can afford, how far they may be willing to travel, and where they’re willing to go. There’s also the question of whether you’re seeking an exciting place to visit (Rome), or a place without anything that would distract from the work of the conference (a retreat center in rural Canada).
Conference site. First, how much space do you need? A large conference with multiple break-out sessions will need a number of rooms that will accommodate groups of 10 to 40 or so, and some that will hold more. A conference that keeps all participants together can do with one large – or not-so-large, depending on the number of participants – hall or auditorium. Do you want rooms that are set up like most classrooms – everyone facing front for a lecture – or rooms that can be adapted to many styles of seating – circular, small groups, around a table, etc.? Do you need lots of open space for people to mill around? Do you need a room large enough for all participants to fit into at once? Do you want informal space where people can sit comfortably and talk? Do you want outdoor space as well? What about space for meals? Do you want to be in a hotel, where people can stay the night? Do you want to be in a space where you don’t have to worry about disturbing or being disturbed by anyone else? These and similar questions are the ones you should be asking to determine where you might want to hold your conference.
Many large conferences are held in hotels, which, incidentally, do a good deal of their business by running conferences. Most hotels have large ballrooms and a number of smaller meeting rooms which serve as conference facilities. The hotel will provide the catering for any meals and snacks, and will also hold an agreed-upon number of guest rooms at a special conference rate for conference participants. Some hotels also furnish audio-visual equipment, sound systems, and whatever other electronic gear is needed. Obviously, none of these services are free, but the attraction of having them all under one roof is a powerful one, as is the fact that these hotels host conferences continually, and their staffs are accustomed to working with conference organizers and helping to smooth the way.
Other possibilities for a large conference may be conference or convention centers, which are often very near several large hotels that will reserve blocks of rooms at conference rates; retreat centers, which are usually less comfortable lodging than hotels, but often in striking natural settings; or community facilities, which are generally no-frills, but cheap or free, and often in neighborhoods where the focus of a health or community service conference can be plainly observed.
Conference sites charge fees for their space and for each of the services they provide. Conference organizers, unless they have a regular agreement with a site, may solicit bids from a number of possibilities. The coordinator and some or all of the team may visit some or all of the bidders to see the facility and discuss how it can best serve the conference. They then choose the site that seems to best serve their needs (not necessarily always the cheapest one).
Small local conferences often are able to find donated space or use space belonging to the sponsoring organization or to an organization with which one of the committee is affiliated. Retreat centers, particularly, are sometimes willing to donate or charge a small fee for space as a community service, as may libraries, community centers, town halls, or similar facilities.
If you’re using donated space, or if there’s a very strict limit to how much you can spend on a site, then the size of your conference may be limited by the amount of space you have. That information should be sent out with pre-conference registration materials (space is limited – first come, first served), and registration should be shut off when the limit is reached.
In general, if you meet anyplace other than a hotel, conference center, or retreat center (and sometimes at those facilities as well), you’ll have to provide for any AV equipment, lodging, food, and other extras yourself. Remember also that space needs to be handicapped accessible and to have adequate restroom facilities – including accessible ones – for the number of attendees.
Food. As explained above, if you hold your conference in a conference facility, it will probably take care of the catering. (In general, for a large formal conference, participants sign up and pay for the meals they want as part of their conference registration.) A conference in a hotel or conference center will usually provide continental breakfast and lunch each day of the conference, and may include one or more dinners (often a “banquet” or awards dinner). At another type of site, you might hire a caterer to provide food, or organizers and volunteers might prepare it themselves. An informal, one-day conference might be brown-bag (i.e., bring your own lunch) or provide a simple meal (pizza or sandwiches). Another possibility is a midmorning and/or midafternoon beverage and snack break. Bottled water or coffee is often available throughout the day. If a conference is grant-funded, meals and snacks may be free to participants.
Lodging. If attendees, speakers, or presenters are coming from a distance, they may need a place to stay. Hotel-based conferences usually provide rooms at special rates (participants are virtually always expected to pay for their own hotel rooms), while lodging at retreat centers may be included in conference registration. Often, lodging is offered at several hotels. Participants at grassroots conferences might stay in local people’s homes, in hostels, or in vacant dorms for little or no charge, or might camp. Conference organizers often agree to pay lodging expenses or to provide a home stay for a keynote speaker and/or other “special guests.”
Fees. If the conference is local, and has few or no expenses, then it might be free to participants, as might a conference that is funded by a grant or contract. Most large, multi-day conferences charge fees to cover costs, which include materials, mailings, space and equipment rental, catering, expenses and/or payments for keynote speakers and other presenters, copying and printing, etc.. Some conferences are money-makers, and charge fees that are large enough to pay for the conference and support the sponsoring organization as well. Members of a sponsoring organization and those who register before a certain date often get reduced rates. Fees may range from as little as $25 or $30 for a one-day local conference to several hundred dollars for a multi-day national event. Grassroots conferences may charge fees on a sliding scale, to encourage diverse participation, and seldom charge more than will cover the actual costs of the conference.
Signage. You’ll need signs pointing the way to various conference rooms, exhibitors, meals, rest rooms, and other points of interest in the conference site, as well as to official conference tables or booths – for registration, information, advocacy, etc.. Those tables or booths will also need identifying signs, and there should be signs directing participants to each presentation. The signs might be supplemented by maps of the conference site posted in prominent places (especially at corridor intersections and gathering places). In addition, a conference bulletin board in a central location could be used to advise participants of time or room changes, emergency phone numbers, lost-and-found, etc.. It could also have space for “conference personals” (Hi, Brad – Arrived late last night, would love to see you. Lunch Friday? Call me. Jim)
Identification. People will need signs, too. Conference staff, volunteers, technical assistants, and other “officials” should have name badges that stand out (a different color, perhaps) and that identify them as people to approach with questions. All participants should have badges that give their names and work affiliations, so that everyone knows who everyone else is. (Badges can be pre-printed or supplied as blanks that participants fill in themselves. In either case, they can go into the conference packet.)
Safety and security. A hotel or other conference site will usually employ on-site security and people with emergency medical training. Even if this is the case, conference staff should have a first-aid kit with essentials: band-aids, aspirin, aspirin substitute, antacids, etc. At a local conference held at a community site, you’ll want to make sure that participants and presenters know whether and where they can safely store outer clothing and other personal effects, and you may also want to ensure that you have an EMT, nurse, or other medical professional or paraprofessional available in case of emergency.
Coordination and troubleshooting. As we discussed above, the coordinator should be the point person in dealing with the conference site, or with caterers, suppliers, presenters, entertainers, exhibitors, participants, and anyone else. It generally falls to him to negotiate with the hotel or other site, to discuss payment and any other benefits with exhibitors, and to handle participants’ problems, complaints, or special needs. He also generally works out the details of mutually acceptable contracts with sites and others.
Most hotels and conference centers have standard contracts and standard procedures that they use for all conferences. Those contracts can be adjusted for a specific conference with specific needs. It’s the coordinator’s responsibility – with the help and oversight of the organizing team – to make sure that everything possible is covered in the contract, and that prices for any special services are reasonable.
There should also be contracts with anyone else – other than participants – who’s paid for providing services or who is paying fees to the conference organizers (exhibitors, for instance). That includes any keynote speakers and/or other presenters who are being reimbursed for expenses or paid a fee, caterers, exhibitors, equipment suppliers, etc. For a large conference, absolutely everything should be in writing. (See Appendix #1 For more on negotiating contracts.)
For a local, one-day event, there may be no need for contracts. Donated space, free or sponsor-funded pizza, and local presenters may eliminate the need for any formality. If there’s a caterer, or you’re paying for a site, contracts are necessary, no matter how well you know the other party.
Publicizing the conference, registering participants, and recruiting presenters
Publicity and recruitment. Some conferences draw entirely on members of the sponsoring organization, and so publicity may be limited to the sending of calls for presenters and of pre-conference registration materials to members; in some cases, this all may be taken care of by simply posting the information on a website. But for conferences that are single or first-in-a-series events, rather than part of an annual series, or for annual conferences that seek to attract a broad audience, publicity is often necessary. In addition to mailing to a list of interested people and posting conference information on the Internet, other strategies include:
Print advertising, particularly in journals, newsletters, and other print media read by your intended audience or published by the sponsoring organization.
Posters and/or other announcements sent to organizations and institutions concerned with the conference topic or theme.
Stories, interviews, and/or press releases in the local, statewide, or national media.
General communication to an e-mail list.
Blogs.
Announcements sent to opinion leaders in the field or the community.
Word of mouth (most effective, obviously, on the local level, but also effective in much larger circles, especially through the Internet.)
Pre-conference registration. It makes sense for almost any conference, no matter how small or informal, to have a pre-conference registration procedure for participants. That gives the organizers an estimate of how many people will attend (so they can provide the right amount of food and materials, and estimate the number and size of sessions and the amount of space they need), and it gives participants a solid date to plan for. If the conference is short – a day or less – and free, the registration may be a very simple “I will attend” return card, or even a phone call or e-mail.
In addition to the registration form, pre-conference materials should include as much information about the conference as is available: the schedule of workshops, if you have it firmed up; the keynote speaker(s); any special events, such as an awards dinner, annual meeting, or banquet; field trips; and entertainment or other social/fun events.
If the conference has a fee, participants are generally expected to send it in with their registration. Registration forms should be sent out early – several months before the conference. Registration forms are also usually posted to an organization or conference website, and participants can register for many conferences online. If possible, there should be some automated procedure for letting people know that their registration forms have been received. (Please see Tool # 1 for sample registration forms.)
Recruitment of presenters. Many conference presenters come from the same pool as conference participants – people in the field or members of the sponsoring organization. Calls for presenters, therefore, often go out to the same people as pre-conference registration information and, like pre-registration, can usually be done on line.
In addition, you may have particular people in mind, especially potential keynote speakers, whom you will contact personally, or make sure to send presenter information to. Anyone being offered something over and above what most presenters receive – expenses, an honorarium, an award – should be contacted personally.
The presentations for academic and some other conferences may be scholarly papers. In general, either the papers themselves or their topic and general outline must be submitted to and accepted by a panel of experts or conference organizers. For other conferences, organizers usually require only a title and brief description of the proposed presentation.
Running the conference
Now that the groundwork is laid, the conference itself has to take place. For a large conference, that means taking care of logistics beforehand; handling registration each day in such a way that it’s not unpleasant for anyone; responding to participants’ and presenters’ problems and needs; and making sure that everyone provides feedback so that you can evaluate the conference later.
A note here about conference staff – coordinator, committee members, and any volunteers, support staff, or others involved: Conference staff should be identified by colored badges, ribbons, or some other distinguishing tag, and should be visible and available throughout the conference to answer questions and address problems. The more quickly participants, representatives of the facility, presenters, and others can find these folks, the better. And the better-briefed staff people are – the more easily they can answer questions and solve problems – the more smoothly the conference will go, and the better participants’ experience will be.
Logistics just before and during the conference. There are a number of scheduling and similar tasks that must be attended to in order to make things flow smoothly:
Scheduling the right presenters for the right rooms at the right times.
Scheduling sessions so that participants can follow topical threads (i.e., making sure that sessions on the same topic aren’t scheduled at the same time, or located so that getting from one to the next is difficult).
Appointing a “host” for each session, who will introduce the presenter, make sure equipment is in place, keep track of time, hand out printed materials, and distribute and collect evaluation forms. The host should also put out and retrieve a sign-up sheet for continuing education credit, if the conference offers it.
Working with the site to make sure that adequate space is available for meals, breaks, and other conference events.
Placing exhibitors, coffee, handouts, and anything else in appropriate places (where they don’t contribute to blocking traffic, are accessible and easy to find, etc.).
Finding the best places, in terms of traffic flow, visibility, and accessibility, for registration, information, and emergency services.
Arranging for, or informing participants and presenters beforehand about, conference parking, or the lack thereof.
Printing or copying material for participant packets, evaluation forms, etc.
Recruiting and organizing volunteers to staff check-in and information tables, direct people to sessions, hand out important information, etc..
Suburban and rural conference sites usually have ample free parking. Urban sites may charge for parking, may have arrangements with parking garages blocks away, or may have no parking at all. If numerous people are driving to the conference, it’s important to either make arrangements for parking (perhaps in a local parking garage at a reduced fee), or to at least inform conference-goers of the situation.
Conference registration/check-in. People who have pre-registered (the vast majority of participants) should have conference packets waiting for them. (See Tool #3 for contents of a typical conference packet.) Registration tables should be set up so that checking in and receiving packets is as quick and easy as possible – perhaps several lines set up alphabetically. There should always be someone at the registration station – the coordinator, or one of her assistants – who can answer just about any question.
There should also be a clear procedure for walk-in registrations – what to do with conference fees, when to stop accepting walk-ins (because the facility is at capacity, for instance, or you’ve reached the limit of extra meal preparation), letting walk-in participants know which presentations are full, etc..
Care and feeding of speakers and presenters. If there are keynote speakers or honored guests – politicians, celebrities, big names in the field – someone should be assigned to make sure that they have what they need, get to the right places at the right times, understand what’s expected of them, get meals, get introduced to people, etc.. At a small local conference, this is less important, since mixing will occur naturally. At a large conference, however, organizers should make sure that these folks – especially if they’ve made room in their schedules to be there, or have agreed not to charge a fee – have a good experience, and leave with a positive feeling about the conference and the sponsoring organization.
At a conference where most presenters are from the sponsoring organization, or are not paid, they may have their conference and meal fees waived for the day they present, as an inducement for people to consider conducting a session.
Crisis management. The failure of one or more presenters – or, even worse, a keynote speaker that everyone’s been looking forward to hearing – to show up. A weather emergency that makes it impossible for most people to get to the conference. A computer error that leaves many participants without the hotel rooms they thought they’d reserved. Any of these and any number of other crises can arise in the course of a conference.
It’s impossible to have a contingency plan for everything that might happen, but it is possible to try, and to anticipate the most common problems – it’s not unusual at a large conference for at least one presenter to fail to appear, for instance – and to have a Plan B if they arise. It’s also crucial to know who’s going to deal with crises as they come up. It’s generally the coordinator, but she should have a backup as well.
Be sure you have a plan for medical emergencies (and a first-aid kit, with band-aids, aspirin, and other basic supplies) and for other possible extreme situations. Know where all the fire exits are, and develop a plan for getting people out of the building quickly and calmly. All conference staff should know exactly what to do in these situations. You should also be prepared to deal with participants or presenters who are angry or irrational – everyone on staff should know who will take on that job, and how to reach him quickly. (Conference staff, as well as site representatives, can use cell phones or walkie-talkies to communicate, and having such a communication network can lower the stress level immensely, especially in crisis situations.)
Evaluation forms. In most cases, you will want to evaluate the conference (see below), so you need some way of finding out what people thought of it. At a small conference, it may be possible to end the day with one or more short group evaluation sessions, and to get the information directly from participants’ mouths. More common, however, is to hand out simple evaluation forms for each session, and one for the overall conference experience (see Tool #4 for sample evaluation forms.) These forms might also ask participants to identify committees or issues they would be interested in working on in future conferences. The “host” for each session is responsible for making sure that there is time at the end of the session for participants to fill out the evaluation forms, and for collecting them and depositing them at a central point.
The host for each session may be given a box with evaluation forms, any handouts that the presenter has provided beforehand, a continuing education sign-up sheet, and whatever else may be needed for the session. The box is checked out, and then checked in again when it’s returned with the sign-up sheet and filled-out evaluations.
To help with the collection of overall evaluations, conferences sometimes offer a premium – from a small conference memento to something as substantial as a t-shirt to a chance to be entered in a prize drawing (often for an item contributed by one of the exhibitors) – to everyone turning in a form.
Clean-up and packing of materials and equipment supplied by the organizers. At the end of the conference, there’s still work to do.
If the contract with the site doesn’t include clean-up in the site provider’s responsibilities (it will for a hotel or conference center), then the organizing team and volunteers have to make sure the place is clean before they leave. Even when clean-up isn’t an issue, organizers have to make sure that they have all forms and other stray materials, any equipment that they supplied themselves, and anything else that needs to go back to the sponsoring organization. It is also often necessary to establish a lost and found box, and to notify participants about lost items that now reside with the organizers, so that their owners can retrieve them.
Follow-up. The other major piece of work still left at this point is to follow up on any loose ends. If a plenary (whole-conference) session ended with an agreement to do something, it needs to be initiated. Continuing education certificates have to be issued, if that wasn’t done during the conference itself. Anyone who helped with the conference, from keynote speakers to key presenters to site representatives to volunteers, should be formally thanked in writing. The coordinator and organizers have to settle up with the site or suppliers financially. (Payment for any extra meals, for instance, is generally left till after the conference, so that the actual number can be established.) Regardless of how great it might have been, the conference isn’t over until all the follow-up tasks are done.
Evaluation
In evaluating a conference, there are several areas that need to be examined.
Individual presentations. Was the presentation relevant to the topic of the conference? Was it clear and understandable to those attending? Did the method of presentation mirror the content, and did it add to or subtract from the effectiveness of the presentation? Did people enjoy and learn from it? Should the presenter be invited to another conference? You should be able to answer these questions if you’ve either interviewed participants or devised good evaluation forms and collected enough of them.
These questions are less of an issue for an academic conference, where the goal is to have people present their work and ideas for others to wrestle with and discuss. The skill of the presenter may have a great deal to do with how convincing he is, but has very little to do with any decisions about whether he should be invited to another conference. That has more to do with the quality of his work and ideas. The only exception might be if his ideas are simply offensive or ridiculous – racist, homophobic, denying the existence of the planet Jupiter, etc.. And even ideas that seem offensive need to be taken seriously if they are based on facts that can be proven.
The overall experience. Once again, if you’ve done your work at the conference itself, either by getting direct spoken feedback or by devising good evaluation forms and collecting them from most participants, you should be able to answer the important questions: Did the conference provide a variety of experiences related to the topic? Did participants get what they hoped to, and what they needed? Were there enough opportunities for networking and socializing? Were the sessions generally interesting, helpful, and relevant? Did the conference seem well-organized? Did it flow smoothly? What did participants like best? What would they have done differently?
The site and its services (if you held the conference at a hotel, conference center, retreat center, or similar site). Here, the questions are for the coordinator and others who interacted directly with the site, as well as for participants. Was the site easy to deal with? Was the site liaison available and helpful? Did the site provide what it said it would? Did it go beyond the terms of the contract to help make the conference successful? How did it handle errors and problems? Was the food decent and reasonably healthful, and was it delivered on time? What other services did the site provide, and of what quality were they? What did the site provide as a matter of course at no extra charge (water? paper and pens? coffee?) Was the site easy to find and to get to? Were there enough conference rooms, and were they large enough for their purpose and comfortable (neither too warm nor too cold, furnished with reasonably comfortable chairs, tables where needed, etc.)? Was the cost reasonable, compared to other possibilities?
Performance of the coordinator, team, conference staff, and volunteers. This should not be a performance review (especially if this was a first or one-shot conference), but rather an examination of what went right, what should happen differently, and how good the systems were. A good bit of this part of the evaluation needs to be done by the people whose performance is being evaluated. Some of the important questions:
Were everyone’s assigned tasks clear and well-defined, so that people knew what was expected of them, and there was no overlap except where there needed to be? How well did everyone work together? Was there good communication among all the people involved? Did everyone know who to ask when they had a question? Did everyone know who was in charge of what? Were tasks accomplished in a reasonable amount of time? Did the coordinator know to whom to turn when she needed assistance?
The organizing process. There is much overlap between this and the previous part of the evaluation. Here, you need to examine:
Whether there were enough people, both in the initial stages and during the conference, to do everything that needed to be done.
Whether there was enough lead time.
The planning process. Did it include enough input from everyone who should have been included? Did it have a structure that made planning relatively easy? Did it result in a plan that was easy to follow? Did it result in a successful conference?
Whether the initial estimates – of numbers of participants, costs, etc. – were reasonably accurate.
What went particularly well.
What needs to be changed, and how.
Once the evaluation has been completed, and you’ve decided how to make improvements, you’re ready to organize your next conference. But first, take some time to put your feet up and relax now that this one’s over.
In Summary
Conferences come in many shapes and sizes, but all need to be organized. While small and large, local and farther-reaching conferences have different needs, there are some organizing guidelines that work for most. Just about any sort of conference needs a framework of people and systems to build it on. Any conference needs to be planned – its location, space, timing, content, and form have to be determined. Any conference needs to inform its intended audience of its existence, and convince that audience – or enough of them – to attend. Any conference has to attract interesting presenters, whether they’re from the next office down the hall or from the far reaches of the world. Any conference has to be run well if participants are to have a good experience. And a conference should be followed up and evaluated as well, so that the next one will be better.
Regardless of whether it’s aimed at an immediate problem, improvement in practice, networking, or advocacy, a conference should excite participants, and leave them wanting more – more ideas, more contact with others with the same concerns, more change, more ways of doing their work. A good conference has the ability to put into motion currents that can have great influence on an issue or a field. It’s worth the effort to organize it well.
Contributor
|
Everyone
|
Founded in 1769, name the specialist British publisher of guides to aristocracy, etiquette, and correct forms of address?
|
Chapter 12. Providing Training and Technical Assistance | Section 5. Organizing a Conference | Main Section | Community Tool Box
Section 5. Organizing a Conference
Chapter 12 Sections
Will you help us make sure
the Tool Box remains available?
Will you help us make sure
the Tool Box remains available?
Learn how to organize a conference that brings together people with a common interest to network and listen to presentations and ideas.
Who might organize a conference?
When should you organize a conference?
How do you organize a conference?
Conferences are used to bring together people with common interests and discuss issues and ideas relating to a specific topic. Conferences can be held on almost any topic, come in many sizes, and can be run by any number of organizations. In order to be successful, a conference requires intensive time, planning, and resources. This section of the Toolbox describes what a conference is, why and when you might want to organize one, who might do so, and how to go about it successfully.
What is a conference?
A conference is a gathering of people with a common interest or background, with the purposes of allowing them to meet one another and to learn about and discuss issues, ideas and work that focus on a topic of mutual concern. The Latin roots of the word “conference” mean, literally, “Bring together.” A conference brings together people and ideas. In the cases of health and community work, conferences often have the goal of generating or working toward solutions to problems or broader social change.
Conferences may be held in places other than the workplaces and neighborhoods of their participants, so that the people attending can focus on the topic at hand without distractions. Some conferences are even held in another area of the country or the world.
A conference may also be held online, or something similar. Teleconferences bring people together through live video feeds, allowing people to discuss issues, hear presentations, network, and otherwise do many of the things they might do at a conference, without leaving their homes or offices. Similar situations can be set up using the Internet, projectors, and web cams and microphones.
The structure and contents of conferences can vary greatly, but a typical framework would include one or more presentations of work and/or ideas about a given topic. These presentations may take the form of lectures, slide shows or films, workshops, panel discussions, and/or interactive experiences. In addition, many conferences include posters or graphic or multimedia exhibits that participants can view independently.
Informal local conferences – like that organized by the Peterson Women’s Health Collaborative in the example at the beginning of the section – may sometimes consist entirely of discussion, but usually include some presentation of ideas or practice, at least as a springboard. Frequently, the format of a grassroots conference is similar to that of a professional one, but less formal. (Such conferences are often held outdoors, for instance, where weather permits.)
A conference may last a few hours or several days. It may be a one-time event, or a regular (usually annual) fixture on participants’ schedules. It may be held at the YMCA down the street, or in a hotel in Paris or Barcelona or San Francisco. It may also be one of several types:
Academic conferences. Most academic conferences are centered around a single subject, and sometimes on a single topic within that subject. The format usually involves graduate students and academics presenting their research, work, and theories, and defending, expanding, or changing them in response to questions, criticism, and other feedback from colleagues. Generally annual, these conferences are often sponsored by the professional organization of the discipline involved, and may be held in a different city each year. A major focus of academic conferences, besides the exchange of ideas, is networking, which, in academia as elsewhere, is a key to collaboration, funding, employment, and other professional benefits.
Professional association conferences. These are similar to academic conferences in some ways, but presentations tend to be focused more on practical issues, both having to do with the actual work participants do, and with regulations, funding, and other forces that affect the profession. Professional associations in the U.S. may exist at state, national, and, sometimes, international levels, and each of these levels may hold a yearly conference.
Both of these types of conferences may also be used to conduct organization or association business – election of officers, approval of bylaw changes, annual meetings, etc. – and to present awards and honors.
Training conferences. A training conference may be run by a professional association, but is at least as likely to be conducted by an industry or industry organization, a state or federal agency, or a local coalition or initiative. As might be expected, its purpose is training, and so it might include workshops on methods and techniques, information on new regulations, or simply an exchange of experience and methods among people from a number of different organizations. Another possibility for nonprofits is a conference run by a manufacturer or supplier to teach participants how to use products their organizations have purchased.
Issue- or problem-related conferences. These might be convened by almost any association, organization, institution, or citizens’ group to focus on a particular concern. Such conferences range from “Education Summits” called by the President of the U.S. and attended by politicians, school superintendents from large cities, and eminent thinkers (but often no teachers or students), to local-coalition-sponsored events focusing on child abuse in the community. The purpose here may be to inform and energize people about the issue, to create a critical mass of concern about it, or to develop strategies for approaching it. Depending on the issue’s importance and the enthusiasm of the participants, this kind of conference can turn into an annual event.
Why organize a conference?
There are a number of reasons you might organize a conference, some practical, some idealistic, some political, and some with elements of all three.
There’s an issue that needs examining. The example of childhood asthma at the beginning of this section fits into this category. Organizing a conference may both respond to and help to emphasize the urgency of dealing with the issue.
The field needs a conference. There are several possible reasons for this:
The field may be a new one, and still lack a clear identity. A conference could bring together the people who are building it, and help to define it.
The field may not be cohesive. People in it may not know one another, may disagree on methods or other issues, or may simply not realize how many others have similar interests. A conference could bring them together and create networks that would expand and improve the work.
There may be new research findings, work, ideas, methods or information (new regulations, etc.) that need to be shared.
People may need to be energized, and to know they’re not alone. The field may be reeling from budget cuts or revelations of illegal or unethical practice on the parts of some. A conference may serve to refocus energy, provide a forum for solving some of the problems that have come to light, and simply give participants a chance to demonstrate mutual support.
Your organization or group wants to start an annual gathering. You think that an issue, a field, a community, or a particular group of people is important enough that it needs to have an annual conference focused on it.
There’s a crisis or opportunity that should be addressed. A conference may deal with a huge drop or a huge increase in funding for the field, for instance, or with the fact that a standard practice has been shown to be ineffective or dangerous.
Opportunities here might include an opportunity to advance knowledge or practical application in the field. A hot issue may bring funding to study or try certain things, for instance, or may attract new participants or funders.
You may want to establish the legitimacy of the field. Especially if your work has only existed for a few years – or less – you may want a conference to confirm that there are large numbers of people engaged in it; that most of them have respectable credentials; and that the field is not out on the crazy fringe, but has a solid intellectual and philosophical foundation.
Feedback from the field or the community may demand it. People may clearly express their desire for training, networking, or other benefits that a conference can provide.
A funder may demand it. Some of the funding for an organization or coalition may come earmarked for a conference, or organizing a conference may be a condition of funding for your work.
You may want to enlist people to advance the field, either through their work or through advocacy. A conference can provide instruction and motivation to that end.
It’s a matter of prestige, credibility, or credentials for you or your organization. For academics, for instance, the act of organizing a conference itself may bring prestige. The fact that you can gather people from your discipline – or, better yet, from a variety of disciplines – establishes you as an important person in your field. The same may be true for a community organization, a hospital or clinic, a coalition, or any number of other organizations or institutions. Organizing a conference can establish you as a voice of reason or a leading authority in the field, which, in turn, can bring funding and requests for collaboration that can improve your work.
It’s part of your job. Some staff and board positions in professional associations, government agencies, coalitions, foundations, or educational institutions come with the organizing and running of an annual conference as part of their job description.
Who should organize a conference?
We’ve said that many different kinds of organizations, groups, and institutions might find themselves in the position of organizing a conference. Some of the more common examples are:
Professional associations and organizations. These might include associations that represent:
Academic disciplines (economics, education)
Licensed or certified professions (psychology, social work, nursing, law)
Special interest groups within professions (environmental law, family therapy)
Line workers within professions (home health aides, independent living advisors)
Government agencies. Government agencies at many levels run conferences for their own employees, usually for purposes of training and information-sharing. They may also run conferences as funders – bidders’ conferences to help potential funding applicants understand a bidding process, for instance, or conferences to explain new regulations or other important information to funded groups.
Coalitions. Whether at the local, state, or national level, coalitions often find that conferences are good vehicles for highlighting and strategizing about issues, planning for the future, or motivating advocacy.
Individual organizations. A local organization such as a mental health center, a hospital, or a parenting teens program may host a conference focused on its issue, or on a community-wide problem that concerns it and other organizations and agencies as well. A statewide or national organization may organize a conference for its own members.
A community mediation program found that it was having difficulty mediating family cases involving teens, and that there was very little in the literature that addressed such cases. The program decided to host a conference for area mediators and mediation programs to discuss the issue, and to try to find or develop some strategies for success in these mediations.
Educational institutions, or departments or groups within them. In addition to academic conferences, educational institutions may host conferences that grow out of their work. A high school that pioneered heterogeneous (mixed ability-level) grouping in classes, for instance, held a conference to introduce the concept to high school teachers around the state, and followed it up with training conferences to help other schools learn how to apply the concept in the classroom.
Advocacy or community activist groups. These groups may hold conferences to publicize or to educate the public about their issues, or to train advocates or activists.
A group with a stake or interest in the subject of the conference. A citizens’ group – the community health educator trainees described at the beginning of this section, for example – might organize a conference around an issue that affects and is important to them.
When should you organize a conference?
When you want to educate the field, a particular group, or the public about an issue. You might organize a legislative conference to which you invite lawmakers, experts in the field, and practitioners to discuss a policy issue. A local coalition might convene a conference centered on a local issue, and invite people from all sectors of the community to learn and strategize about it.
When you want to gather people with expertise to tackle an issue that needs to be addressed, or to work on a problem.
When new work in the field needs to be publicized. A conference is sometimes the best way to get the word out.
When you want to energize or re-energize people about their work. Having the chance to discuss the work with others in the same circumstances, and to remember why they’re doing it are powerful encouragements to keep going.
Annually, to bring the field, profession, coalition, or interest group together to learn, network, celebrate successes, and work through challenges. Annual conferences serve a variety of purposes, not the least of which is to define the group and to create solidarity.
How do you organize a conference?
With conferences, as with so many other things, the devil is in the details. In some ways, organizing a successful conference is mostly about the details – how it’s publicized, how people register, how you choose the location, how you communicate with the people running the space, and on and on. We’ll try here to keep the description of handling the details under control by putting as much as possible in the “Tools” that accompany this section.
There are obvious differences between organizing a small local conference, attended mostly by people you already know and have contact with, and organizing a state- or nation-wide conference that attracts hundreds of people, most of whom don’t know the organizers or one another. There are also, however, some general guidelines that work for both. We’ll try to set out those guidelines, and to make distinctions where necessary between larger and smaller conferences.
It should be said here that a conference, even a small one, requires a lot of work. You have to start, as we explain below, months, or even a year or more ahead (for a large conference) in order to make sure that space and everything else are in place by the time you need them. For that reason, the first decision you have to make is whether you want to organize a conference. Ask yourself:
Do we have the resources – financial, personal, and otherwise – to do this?
Do we have the time and energy to do this?
Are there others – individuals or organizations – who should, and would be willing to do this instead?
Are there other ways to better achieve the goals we have for this conference?
If the answers to all these questions point in the direction of organizing a conference, then go to it! If you’re not sure, think carefully about whether it would be a good idea for you or not.
Once you’ve decided to go ahead, a way to help keep all the details under control is to make lists for yourself. Having a checklist of the necessary tasks for each part of the work you have to do – facility, presenters, etc. – with appropriate dates by which tasks need to be finished, will make your life infinitely easier, greatly reduce the chance for errors and forgetfulness (not to mention your stress), and increase the efficiency of your operation.
A final point to keep in mind as you read the rest of this section: the more work you can delegate, the better. Both the coordinator and the committee have too much to do to spend their time discussing menus or the number of chairs needed. Subcommittees, individual sub-coordinators, or volunteers can take on those tasks and do them well. Try not to burn anyone out – your conference will be far more successful if the organizers find the most of the work enjoyable and doable.
Organizing a conference involves several phases:
Creating an organizing structure – putting together the group of people who are going to organize and run the conference, and planning the ways they’ll work together.
You might call this group and its function the “infrastructure” of the conference. An infrastructure is the internal structure that supports everything else. In the case of a city, for instance, it consists of the building and maintenance of the roads, sewers, electricity system, waterworks, and other basic services, and of the people who do that building and maintenance. In the case of a conference, it’s the organizing group and the systems its members use to work together.
Planning the conference.
Publicizing the conference and recruiting and registering participants.
Running the conference.
Evaluating the conference and the conference-organizing process.
Creating an organizing structure
Put together a team or committee that will be in charge. Most conferences benefit from having a group of people in charge. A group means that decisions are considered from more than one perspective, that there are a variety of ideas to draw from, and that there are more hands to do the work. Although this group generally doesn’t replace an individual coordinator (see below), the two work closely together (the coordinator often comes from, or is at least an automatic member of, the organizing group.) It should be made up of people who have the time, energy, ability, and desire to do the job.
If it’s not possible for the previous coordinator or committee chair to serve on the committee, you might at least try to consult with him. A good idea would be to prepare, after the conference, a how-to-run-a-conference guide that can be passed on from year to year. That would be a huge benefit to the organization, and would eliminate many of the pitfalls and mistakes that plague conference organizers.
The organizing team or committee often comes from the board of the sponsoring organization. In the case of organizations that put on annual conferences, the organizing committee may be a standing committee of the board, and meet year round. It may also include the coordinator or committee chair of the previous conference. Where the conference is small, local, and a single event, the organizing team is more likely to be a group representative of several sectors of the community, or at least of the community the conference is aimed at (e.g., health and community workers). Conference committees are often split up into subcommittees, as suggested above, each handling specific parts of the conference; this arrangement generally makes for more efficiency, and keeps everyone from becoming overloaded with tasks.
Appoint a coordinator. While the organizing team plans the conference (usually in collaboration with the coordinator), the coordinator carries out the team’s decisions, and serves as the first line of communication with suppliers, participants, presenters, the site providers, exhibitors, and others outside the planning and oversight group. For many annual conferences, the coordinator is automatically the person in a particular job – the organization’s director or assistant director, for instance, or the chair of the Conference Committee. In other cases, it may be a volunteer, or a staff or board member who has experience or enthusiasm for the task. When there’s no one available from within, some organizations may hire an event planner.
Event planners are professionals who specialize in – surprise! – planning events. They may not know about your particular issue or field, but they do know how to organize large numbers of people, negotiate with facilities, book rooms, and identify and take care of all the details that can easily go unnoticed until they surface to create crises. Their services generally don’t come cheap, but if you’re running a large conference and don’t have any idea how to go about it (and you have the funds), hiring an event planner to coordinate it may be a good strategy.
Whatever the circumstances, it’s almost always a good idea to have a single coordinator – or, in some circumstances, two co-coordinators – as the focal point for a conference. Being the coordinator doesn’t mean doing all the work, but rather being the one person who knows what’s going on with every area of the event’s planning and execution. This makes for a much more efficient operation, and also simplifies communication and accountability.
Another element of infrastructure is a communication system. Unless the conference coordinator and everyone who works with her, including the organizing team, are all located in the same place – i.e., the same building – communication is an issue. It can even be an issue when the coordinator and everyone working to put together the conference works on the same floor. Where the committee may be scattered among several cities (not unusual in the case of a large professional association, for instance), communication becomes vital.
E-mail is an obvious answer, but there are times when voice contact and/or discussion are absolutely necessary. There have to be provisions for regular meetings (by conference call if people are widely scattered), and ways in which everyone can be reached quickly if there’s an emergency or an immediate judgment to be made. There also must be provisions for how and by whom final decisions are made if not everyone can be reached. The important point is that a good communication plan is invaluable.
Planning the conference
Any planning process will work better if it has a clear and reasonable timeline. Each step in the process should have a deadline that allows for time to correct mistakes, deal with the unforeseen, and still get the task completed in time to do whatever else depends on it. Time is always the most precious commodity in planning, and there is never enough of it. The better your estimate of how much time you’ll need, the more likely it is that you won’t be pulling your hair out as the deadline approaches…or after it’s passed.
The following steps will help you and your organizing committee to plan your conference:
Agree on the purpose of the conference. There are a large number of possible reasons for a conference, and many conferences combine two or more. Some of the most common are:
Training
Cheerleading (helping participants feel good about what they and the field do)
Passing on information (new developments, issues to watch, regulations, etc.)
Improving practice
Decision-making and planning (e.g., setting the direction for an initiative or a field)
Kicking off a new initiative or a new direction
Identify your target audience. To some extent, the target audience is dictated by the nature of both the conference and the sponsoring organization. But many conference organizers are interested in attracting more than just their “normal” participants. Some examples of groups from which conference attendees may be drawn:
Members of or people interested in a certain profession or discipline
People with a particular political agenda (pro-choice advocates, gun-control opponents)
People involved in a specific community (or broader) issue
People concerned with a specific population
People from a specific population
Public officials (may be at any or all levels)
People from organizations funded by particular sources
Members of the sponsoring organization
People from a particular sector of the community
Residents of a particular community
The general public
This is the time to determine whether and how to involve your intended audience in conference planning. That means somehow – through surveys, telephone sampling, focus groups, informal conversation, or some other method – getting feedback from them about what they want and need. It may also mean putting together a participatory planning group representing various parts of that intended audience. If your focus is on training, for instance, you might want to know in what areas people feel training would be most helpful. Adjusting your plan to the needs of potential participants should mean a well-attended and useful conference.
Set a length and date for the conference. How long the conference will be depends on what needs to get done; what most potential participants can afford, in time and money; and what the sponsoring organization can afford, and has the capacity, to do. What an organization can do may depend on the availability of grants, support from a parent organization, donations, etc..
In the case of many national or international organizations, the annual conference is scheduled for several days as a matter of course, at least partially because most people have to travel long distances to get to it, and often piggyback vacations onto it. For a small local conference, where everyone will go home at night, length will probably depend more on how much time participants can afford to spend, how long the space is available, and what the program is.
The conference date should be set in order to avoid conflict with other events that affect the intended audience, or with the realities of their work. (You wouldn’t plan a school administrators’ conference for September, for instance, which is probably the busiest time of year for these folks.) The conference should also not conflict with events of national interest (e.g., a national election or the Super Bowl) or that would affect family obligations (standard public school vacations, or the Thanksgiving or Christmas holidays).
Annual conferences are usually scheduled at or close to the same time every year, so that participants can plan around them. Some conferences vary their schedules depending on where the conference will be held, choosing times that people will want to come to the conference location (fall in New England, January in Miami), or times when the weather is less likely to pose problems (don’t plan on Alaska in February).
Plan the format. Here’s the meat of the conference, as far as those attending are concerned. What’s actually going to happen? Your job here is not to plan the content of each session of the conference (presenters do that, although the committee may approve presentations), but to set the overall theme and structure.
We’ll try here to discuss what might happen at both large and small conferences, but it’s difficult to draw an exact line between the two. For some organizations, a showing of 200 might be huge, for others hugely disappointing. For the purposes of this section, we’ll draw the line at 150, since it isn’t unusual for a local coalition or organization to attract that many people to a well-planned and well-advertised one-day event. We understand, however, that some conferences of that size may take place in hotels, last for several days, and involve multiple workshops. The issue here is not only the number of people you expect, but the nature of the conference itself. Is it formal or informal? Narrowly or broadly focused? Does it attract people from a wide area, or from a single community? Are there 3 sessions or 130? Is it held in a conference venue or in the local YMCA? These questions are at least as important as the number of attendees.
An often-used general format for a large conference, and one that many smaller conferences follow as well, begins with a keynote address – a speech or presentation, usually by a well-known or inspirational speaker, that is meant to introduce the theme of the conference, kindle attendees’ enthusiasm, and/or make them think.
Following the keynote speaker, and for most of the rest of the conference, the day might be divided into as few as two to as many as six shorter sessions (and sometimes evening sessions as well), often with several choices for each session, where the real content of the conference is presented. Each day may include lunch as part of the conference fee (although some local conferences may be brown-bag, especially if they charge no fee), and some or all days may also include dinner. Meals may include a speaker, awards, or organizational business, or simply be social occasions.
Finally, many conferences end with a wrap-up or final speaker, in order to send people home thinking about the issue, and feeling that they had a coherent experience. This is hardly the only structure for a conference, only a typical one. We’ll mention others as the section goes on. So…
Will you have one or more keynote speakers, or other full-conference activities? These might include plenary sessions (gatherings of all conference participants), films, music, demonstrations, a wrap-up session, etc..
If you want a keynote speaker, you have to choose someone appropriate and convince him to come. That means, if he’s any kind of celebrity – even just within your field – getting to him as much as a year or more before the conference, so that he’ll have the time free. It may also mean offering him both expenses – reimbursement for travel, lodging, and food – and frequently an honorarium (payment) as well. Choosing the keynote speaker may be a joint task of the organizing team and the coordinator, but tracking him down and negotiating with him (and going to Plan B when he’s unable or unwilling to come) falls to the coordinator.
You also should negotiate with a keynote speaker – especially if you’re paying him – both what you’d like him to talk about, and what, if anything, you expect of him besides his speech. Should he be available to mingle with participants throughout the conference or for a day, be a panel member, eat at least one meal with participants, run a session? These sorts of questions should be worked out beforehand, so neither the speaker nor the committee will be surprised by the other’s expectations.
Some conferences may be small enough that the idea of a keynote speaker or a plenary session seems foolish. That doesn’t mean, however, that they can’t attract well-known experts in the field to join the conference as speakers, presenters, and/or participants. These people may welcome the chance to get to know local folks and discuss real issues. You risk nothing by inviting them, and you may be surprised at who accepts.
What other kinds of sessions will you have? Some possibilities:
Lectures or similar presentations – informative sessions presenting practical or theoretical ideas or methods relevant to the work. These may include elements of other kinds of sessions, but essentially consist of subject matter flowing in one direction. A variant here is a poster session: posters with graphic and text explanations of a presenter’s work can be viewed independently by participants. At a scheduled time during the conference, each poster presenter gives a short talk on her poster and answers questions about it.
Workshops – teaching of methods, techniques, or other skills or related activities (e.g., relaxation response as a way to relax during breaks from a stressful job).
Important factual information – new regulations, political/advocacy issues, state of the field, etc..
Threads or strands – a series of sessions that all relate to one topic (depression, working with Hispanic populations, advocacy, program administration, etc.).
Interactive – hands-on sessions where participants are just that: participants in discussion, activities, simulations, role plays, etc..
At adult education conferences in New Hampshire and Massachusetts, theater groups of Adult Basic Education staff and learners act out situations in learners’ lives, 1and then interact – in character – with the audience to involve them in examining the situations.
Show and tell – sessions where participants share what they’re doing in their work.
Sessions of various kinds generally last from 45 minutes to three hours, depending on how the conference is scheduled. Participants may have as many as 15 or 20 choices for each session at a large conference.
Unfortunately, these choices don’t drop out of the air. Someone – the coordinator and the organizing team – has to find people who are interested (and interesting) to put on the various sessions. For a local conference, that may mean contacting appropriate people, posting notices at various organizations and agencies, or choosing the people you want beforehand, and then persuading them to accept. For a large and broader conference, it’s much more likely that you’ll send out a call for presenters with your pre-conference registration materials (or even before), advertise for presenters in one or more professional journals and/or on the Internet, put the word out through everyone you know, and blanket other organizations, universities, hospitals, etc., to recruit the presenters.
Will you have several choices (“breakout groups”) for each session, or will they be limited to one or two strands? The key here is probably the actual size of the conference. Many types of presentations are ineffective if there are too many people involved.
Will you offer professional development or continuing education credits for specific workshops, all workshops attended, or for the conference as a whole? Many professions require members to take a certain number of continuing education credits per year in order to maintain their certification or licensure. Conferences may provide some of those credits – how many depends on discussions with the licensing organization.
Will there be exhibitors? Often, businesses that produce or sell materials relevant to the topic or the participants of a conference will pay a fee – and may contribute to the conference in some other way as well – in return for being allowed to set up displays and introduce (and sell) their wares to attendees. Typical examples are textbook and software companies at education-related conferences and drug companies at health conferences. Exhibitors are usually only interested in large conferences where they’re likely to be exposed to hundreds of conference-goers.
Will there be field trips? These are visits to such places as clinics, community service programs, public housing projects, natural areas of environmental interest, etc.. Field trips may last a full day (or even more than one day in some cases), and take participants to observe and experience places and programs related to the purpose of the sponsoring group and/or the topic of the conference.
Will there be organizational business transacted? Many conferences double as the sponsoring organization’s annual meeting, and include the election of board and officers, awards and honors ceremonies, yearly financial reports, and votes on such organizational matters as bylaw changes.
Will there be entertainment scheduled? Some conferences include dinner dances or evening entertainment – live music or a film, for instance. Large conferences, especially those that change locations every year, often schedule trips to local events and attractions.
Some conferences provide, and others sell promotional materials – hats, t-shirts, key rings, small backpacks, etc. – often provided by exhibitors and imprinted with the conference logo or the name and logo of the sponsoring organization.
A question for the organizer of a small conference is whether to “break out” into several sessions, or simply to stay together for the whole time. The answer really depends on what you want to accomplish, as well as on the number of participants.
There are many possibilities. Even some relatively large conferences may keep everyone together, but schedule activities in which people form smaller groups to work on problems or discuss issues, then come back together to share their results or responses. Others may keep the group intact throughout the day so that everyone can hear or participate in the same presentations and activities. Small conferences may take advantage of the size of the group to program activities that would normally take place only in a break-out session. You can be as creative or as conventional as you want – a small conference may sacrifice variety, but gain from the types of activities it can offer and the amount of mixing among participants.
Whether you choose to break out or not depends on a number of factors: the number of ideas you want to present; the extent to which you’d like to have everyone at the conference exposed to the same set of ideas; the number of people attending (a lecture with an audience of several hundred is less dynamic than a discussion among a group of 15); how much discussion you want; whether there are activities (role plays, for instance) that will work best in small groups; etc..
Address conference logistics. Logistics are the nuts and bolts of a conference that make it possible: where it will be, how you’ll find presenters, what it will cost, how you’ll get people from place to place, who’ll run the slide show, etc.. This is the part where the conference organizers earn their keep.
Geographical location. This refers to the actual city or area where the conference will be held. For a conference that centers on a particular city or community, this decision boils down to one of space (see below). For an annual conference that changes location every year, or for a statewide or national (or international) conference, however, the choice is not so simple. You have to consider what people can afford, how far they may be willing to travel, and where they’re willing to go. There’s also the question of whether you’re seeking an exciting place to visit (Rome), or a place without anything that would distract from the work of the conference (a retreat center in rural Canada).
Conference site. First, how much space do you need? A large conference with multiple break-out sessions will need a number of rooms that will accommodate groups of 10 to 40 or so, and some that will hold more. A conference that keeps all participants together can do with one large – or not-so-large, depending on the number of participants – hall or auditorium. Do you want rooms that are set up like most classrooms – everyone facing front for a lecture – or rooms that can be adapted to many styles of seating – circular, small groups, around a table, etc.? Do you need lots of open space for people to mill around? Do you need a room large enough for all participants to fit into at once? Do you want informal space where people can sit comfortably and talk? Do you want outdoor space as well? What about space for meals? Do you want to be in a hotel, where people can stay the night? Do you want to be in a space where you don’t have to worry about disturbing or being disturbed by anyone else? These and similar questions are the ones you should be asking to determine where you might want to hold your conference.
Many large conferences are held in hotels, which, incidentally, do a good deal of their business by running conferences. Most hotels have large ballrooms and a number of smaller meeting rooms which serve as conference facilities. The hotel will provide the catering for any meals and snacks, and will also hold an agreed-upon number of guest rooms at a special conference rate for conference participants. Some hotels also furnish audio-visual equipment, sound systems, and whatever other electronic gear is needed. Obviously, none of these services are free, but the attraction of having them all under one roof is a powerful one, as is the fact that these hotels host conferences continually, and their staffs are accustomed to working with conference organizers and helping to smooth the way.
Other possibilities for a large conference may be conference or convention centers, which are often very near several large hotels that will reserve blocks of rooms at conference rates; retreat centers, which are usually less comfortable lodging than hotels, but often in striking natural settings; or community facilities, which are generally no-frills, but cheap or free, and often in neighborhoods where the focus of a health or community service conference can be plainly observed.
Conference sites charge fees for their space and for each of the services they provide. Conference organizers, unless they have a regular agreement with a site, may solicit bids from a number of possibilities. The coordinator and some or all of the team may visit some or all of the bidders to see the facility and discuss how it can best serve the conference. They then choose the site that seems to best serve their needs (not necessarily always the cheapest one).
Small local conferences often are able to find donated space or use space belonging to the sponsoring organization or to an organization with which one of the committee is affiliated. Retreat centers, particularly, are sometimes willing to donate or charge a small fee for space as a community service, as may libraries, community centers, town halls, or similar facilities.
If you’re using donated space, or if there’s a very strict limit to how much you can spend on a site, then the size of your conference may be limited by the amount of space you have. That information should be sent out with pre-conference registration materials (space is limited – first come, first served), and registration should be shut off when the limit is reached.
In general, if you meet anyplace other than a hotel, conference center, or retreat center (and sometimes at those facilities as well), you’ll have to provide for any AV equipment, lodging, food, and other extras yourself. Remember also that space needs to be handicapped accessible and to have adequate restroom facilities – including accessible ones – for the number of attendees.
Food. As explained above, if you hold your conference in a conference facility, it will probably take care of the catering. (In general, for a large formal conference, participants sign up and pay for the meals they want as part of their conference registration.) A conference in a hotel or conference center will usually provide continental breakfast and lunch each day of the conference, and may include one or more dinners (often a “banquet” or awards dinner). At another type of site, you might hire a caterer to provide food, or organizers and volunteers might prepare it themselves. An informal, one-day conference might be brown-bag (i.e., bring your own lunch) or provide a simple meal (pizza or sandwiches). Another possibility is a midmorning and/or midafternoon beverage and snack break. Bottled water or coffee is often available throughout the day. If a conference is grant-funded, meals and snacks may be free to participants.
Lodging. If attendees, speakers, or presenters are coming from a distance, they may need a place to stay. Hotel-based conferences usually provide rooms at special rates (participants are virtually always expected to pay for their own hotel rooms), while lodging at retreat centers may be included in conference registration. Often, lodging is offered at several hotels. Participants at grassroots conferences might stay in local people’s homes, in hostels, or in vacant dorms for little or no charge, or might camp. Conference organizers often agree to pay lodging expenses or to provide a home stay for a keynote speaker and/or other “special guests.”
Fees. If the conference is local, and has few or no expenses, then it might be free to participants, as might a conference that is funded by a grant or contract. Most large, multi-day conferences charge fees to cover costs, which include materials, mailings, space and equipment rental, catering, expenses and/or payments for keynote speakers and other presenters, copying and printing, etc.. Some conferences are money-makers, and charge fees that are large enough to pay for the conference and support the sponsoring organization as well. Members of a sponsoring organization and those who register before a certain date often get reduced rates. Fees may range from as little as $25 or $30 for a one-day local conference to several hundred dollars for a multi-day national event. Grassroots conferences may charge fees on a sliding scale, to encourage diverse participation, and seldom charge more than will cover the actual costs of the conference.
Signage. You’ll need signs pointing the way to various conference rooms, exhibitors, meals, rest rooms, and other points of interest in the conference site, as well as to official conference tables or booths – for registration, information, advocacy, etc.. Those tables or booths will also need identifying signs, and there should be signs directing participants to each presentation. The signs might be supplemented by maps of the conference site posted in prominent places (especially at corridor intersections and gathering places). In addition, a conference bulletin board in a central location could be used to advise participants of time or room changes, emergency phone numbers, lost-and-found, etc.. It could also have space for “conference personals” (Hi, Brad – Arrived late last night, would love to see you. Lunch Friday? Call me. Jim)
Identification. People will need signs, too. Conference staff, volunteers, technical assistants, and other “officials” should have name badges that stand out (a different color, perhaps) and that identify them as people to approach with questions. All participants should have badges that give their names and work affiliations, so that everyone knows who everyone else is. (Badges can be pre-printed or supplied as blanks that participants fill in themselves. In either case, they can go into the conference packet.)
Safety and security. A hotel or other conference site will usually employ on-site security and people with emergency medical training. Even if this is the case, conference staff should have a first-aid kit with essentials: band-aids, aspirin, aspirin substitute, antacids, etc. At a local conference held at a community site, you’ll want to make sure that participants and presenters know whether and where they can safely store outer clothing and other personal effects, and you may also want to ensure that you have an EMT, nurse, or other medical professional or paraprofessional available in case of emergency.
Coordination and troubleshooting. As we discussed above, the coordinator should be the point person in dealing with the conference site, or with caterers, suppliers, presenters, entertainers, exhibitors, participants, and anyone else. It generally falls to him to negotiate with the hotel or other site, to discuss payment and any other benefits with exhibitors, and to handle participants’ problems, complaints, or special needs. He also generally works out the details of mutually acceptable contracts with sites and others.
Most hotels and conference centers have standard contracts and standard procedures that they use for all conferences. Those contracts can be adjusted for a specific conference with specific needs. It’s the coordinator’s responsibility – with the help and oversight of the organizing team – to make sure that everything possible is covered in the contract, and that prices for any special services are reasonable.
There should also be contracts with anyone else – other than participants – who’s paid for providing services or who is paying fees to the conference organizers (exhibitors, for instance). That includes any keynote speakers and/or other presenters who are being reimbursed for expenses or paid a fee, caterers, exhibitors, equipment suppliers, etc. For a large conference, absolutely everything should be in writing. (See Appendix #1 For more on negotiating contracts.)
For a local, one-day event, there may be no need for contracts. Donated space, free or sponsor-funded pizza, and local presenters may eliminate the need for any formality. If there’s a caterer, or you’re paying for a site, contracts are necessary, no matter how well you know the other party.
Publicizing the conference, registering participants, and recruiting presenters
Publicity and recruitment. Some conferences draw entirely on members of the sponsoring organization, and so publicity may be limited to the sending of calls for presenters and of pre-conference registration materials to members; in some cases, this all may be taken care of by simply posting the information on a website. But for conferences that are single or first-in-a-series events, rather than part of an annual series, or for annual conferences that seek to attract a broad audience, publicity is often necessary. In addition to mailing to a list of interested people and posting conference information on the Internet, other strategies include:
Print advertising, particularly in journals, newsletters, and other print media read by your intended audience or published by the sponsoring organization.
Posters and/or other announcements sent to organizations and institutions concerned with the conference topic or theme.
Stories, interviews, and/or press releases in the local, statewide, or national media.
General communication to an e-mail list.
Blogs.
Announcements sent to opinion leaders in the field or the community.
Word of mouth (most effective, obviously, on the local level, but also effective in much larger circles, especially through the Internet.)
Pre-conference registration. It makes sense for almost any conference, no matter how small or informal, to have a pre-conference registration procedure for participants. That gives the organizers an estimate of how many people will attend (so they can provide the right amount of food and materials, and estimate the number and size of sessions and the amount of space they need), and it gives participants a solid date to plan for. If the conference is short – a day or less – and free, the registration may be a very simple “I will attend” return card, or even a phone call or e-mail.
In addition to the registration form, pre-conference materials should include as much information about the conference as is available: the schedule of workshops, if you have it firmed up; the keynote speaker(s); any special events, such as an awards dinner, annual meeting, or banquet; field trips; and entertainment or other social/fun events.
If the conference has a fee, participants are generally expected to send it in with their registration. Registration forms should be sent out early – several months before the conference. Registration forms are also usually posted to an organization or conference website, and participants can register for many conferences online. If possible, there should be some automated procedure for letting people know that their registration forms have been received. (Please see Tool # 1 for sample registration forms.)
Recruitment of presenters. Many conference presenters come from the same pool as conference participants – people in the field or members of the sponsoring organization. Calls for presenters, therefore, often go out to the same people as pre-conference registration information and, like pre-registration, can usually be done on line.
In addition, you may have particular people in mind, especially potential keynote speakers, whom you will contact personally, or make sure to send presenter information to. Anyone being offered something over and above what most presenters receive – expenses, an honorarium, an award – should be contacted personally.
The presentations for academic and some other conferences may be scholarly papers. In general, either the papers themselves or their topic and general outline must be submitted to and accepted by a panel of experts or conference organizers. For other conferences, organizers usually require only a title and brief description of the proposed presentation.
Running the conference
Now that the groundwork is laid, the conference itself has to take place. For a large conference, that means taking care of logistics beforehand; handling registration each day in such a way that it’s not unpleasant for anyone; responding to participants’ and presenters’ problems and needs; and making sure that everyone provides feedback so that you can evaluate the conference later.
A note here about conference staff – coordinator, committee members, and any volunteers, support staff, or others involved: Conference staff should be identified by colored badges, ribbons, or some other distinguishing tag, and should be visible and available throughout the conference to answer questions and address problems. The more quickly participants, representatives of the facility, presenters, and others can find these folks, the better. And the better-briefed staff people are – the more easily they can answer questions and solve problems – the more smoothly the conference will go, and the better participants’ experience will be.
Logistics just before and during the conference. There are a number of scheduling and similar tasks that must be attended to in order to make things flow smoothly:
Scheduling the right presenters for the right rooms at the right times.
Scheduling sessions so that participants can follow topical threads (i.e., making sure that sessions on the same topic aren’t scheduled at the same time, or located so that getting from one to the next is difficult).
Appointing a “host” for each session, who will introduce the presenter, make sure equipment is in place, keep track of time, hand out printed materials, and distribute and collect evaluation forms. The host should also put out and retrieve a sign-up sheet for continuing education credit, if the conference offers it.
Working with the site to make sure that adequate space is available for meals, breaks, and other conference events.
Placing exhibitors, coffee, handouts, and anything else in appropriate places (where they don’t contribute to blocking traffic, are accessible and easy to find, etc.).
Finding the best places, in terms of traffic flow, visibility, and accessibility, for registration, information, and emergency services.
Arranging for, or informing participants and presenters beforehand about, conference parking, or the lack thereof.
Printing or copying material for participant packets, evaluation forms, etc.
Recruiting and organizing volunteers to staff check-in and information tables, direct people to sessions, hand out important information, etc..
Suburban and rural conference sites usually have ample free parking. Urban sites may charge for parking, may have arrangements with parking garages blocks away, or may have no parking at all. If numerous people are driving to the conference, it’s important to either make arrangements for parking (perhaps in a local parking garage at a reduced fee), or to at least inform conference-goers of the situation.
Conference registration/check-in. People who have pre-registered (the vast majority of participants) should have conference packets waiting for them. (See Tool #3 for contents of a typical conference packet.) Registration tables should be set up so that checking in and receiving packets is as quick and easy as possible – perhaps several lines set up alphabetically. There should always be someone at the registration station – the coordinator, or one of her assistants – who can answer just about any question.
There should also be a clear procedure for walk-in registrations – what to do with conference fees, when to stop accepting walk-ins (because the facility is at capacity, for instance, or you’ve reached the limit of extra meal preparation), letting walk-in participants know which presentations are full, etc..
Care and feeding of speakers and presenters. If there are keynote speakers or honored guests – politicians, celebrities, big names in the field – someone should be assigned to make sure that they have what they need, get to the right places at the right times, understand what’s expected of them, get meals, get introduced to people, etc.. At a small local conference, this is less important, since mixing will occur naturally. At a large conference, however, organizers should make sure that these folks – especially if they’ve made room in their schedules to be there, or have agreed not to charge a fee – have a good experience, and leave with a positive feeling about the conference and the sponsoring organization.
At a conference where most presenters are from the sponsoring organization, or are not paid, they may have their conference and meal fees waived for the day they present, as an inducement for people to consider conducting a session.
Crisis management. The failure of one or more presenters – or, even worse, a keynote speaker that everyone’s been looking forward to hearing – to show up. A weather emergency that makes it impossible for most people to get to the conference. A computer error that leaves many participants without the hotel rooms they thought they’d reserved. Any of these and any number of other crises can arise in the course of a conference.
It’s impossible to have a contingency plan for everything that might happen, but it is possible to try, and to anticipate the most common problems – it’s not unusual at a large conference for at least one presenter to fail to appear, for instance – and to have a Plan B if they arise. It’s also crucial to know who’s going to deal with crises as they come up. It’s generally the coordinator, but she should have a backup as well.
Be sure you have a plan for medical emergencies (and a first-aid kit, with band-aids, aspirin, and other basic supplies) and for other possible extreme situations. Know where all the fire exits are, and develop a plan for getting people out of the building quickly and calmly. All conference staff should know exactly what to do in these situations. You should also be prepared to deal with participants or presenters who are angry or irrational – everyone on staff should know who will take on that job, and how to reach him quickly. (Conference staff, as well as site representatives, can use cell phones or walkie-talkies to communicate, and having such a communication network can lower the stress level immensely, especially in crisis situations.)
Evaluation forms. In most cases, you will want to evaluate the conference (see below), so you need some way of finding out what people thought of it. At a small conference, it may be possible to end the day with one or more short group evaluation sessions, and to get the information directly from participants’ mouths. More common, however, is to hand out simple evaluation forms for each session, and one for the overall conference experience (see Tool #4 for sample evaluation forms.) These forms might also ask participants to identify committees or issues they would be interested in working on in future conferences. The “host” for each session is responsible for making sure that there is time at the end of the session for participants to fill out the evaluation forms, and for collecting them and depositing them at a central point.
The host for each session may be given a box with evaluation forms, any handouts that the presenter has provided beforehand, a continuing education sign-up sheet, and whatever else may be needed for the session. The box is checked out, and then checked in again when it’s returned with the sign-up sheet and filled-out evaluations.
To help with the collection of overall evaluations, conferences sometimes offer a premium – from a small conference memento to something as substantial as a t-shirt to a chance to be entered in a prize drawing (often for an item contributed by one of the exhibitors) – to everyone turning in a form.
Clean-up and packing of materials and equipment supplied by the organizers. At the end of the conference, there’s still work to do.
If the contract with the site doesn’t include clean-up in the site provider’s responsibilities (it will for a hotel or conference center), then the organizing team and volunteers have to make sure the place is clean before they leave. Even when clean-up isn’t an issue, organizers have to make sure that they have all forms and other stray materials, any equipment that they supplied themselves, and anything else that needs to go back to the sponsoring organization. It is also often necessary to establish a lost and found box, and to notify participants about lost items that now reside with the organizers, so that their owners can retrieve them.
Follow-up. The other major piece of work still left at this point is to follow up on any loose ends. If a plenary (whole-conference) session ended with an agreement to do something, it needs to be initiated. Continuing education certificates have to be issued, if that wasn’t done during the conference itself. Anyone who helped with the conference, from keynote speakers to key presenters to site representatives to volunteers, should be formally thanked in writing. The coordinator and organizers have to settle up with the site or suppliers financially. (Payment for any extra meals, for instance, is generally left till after the conference, so that the actual number can be established.) Regardless of how great it might have been, the conference isn’t over until all the follow-up tasks are done.
Evaluation
In evaluating a conference, there are several areas that need to be examined.
Individual presentations. Was the presentation relevant to the topic of the conference? Was it clear and understandable to those attending? Did the method of presentation mirror the content, and did it add to or subtract from the effectiveness of the presentation? Did people enjoy and learn from it? Should the presenter be invited to another conference? You should be able to answer these questions if you’ve either interviewed participants or devised good evaluation forms and collected enough of them.
These questions are less of an issue for an academic conference, where the goal is to have people present their work and ideas for others to wrestle with and discuss. The skill of the presenter may have a great deal to do with how convincing he is, but has very little to do with any decisions about whether he should be invited to another conference. That has more to do with the quality of his work and ideas. The only exception might be if his ideas are simply offensive or ridiculous – racist, homophobic, denying the existence of the planet Jupiter, etc.. And even ideas that seem offensive need to be taken seriously if they are based on facts that can be proven.
The overall experience. Once again, if you’ve done your work at the conference itself, either by getting direct spoken feedback or by devising good evaluation forms and collecting them from most participants, you should be able to answer the important questions: Did the conference provide a variety of experiences related to the topic? Did participants get what they hoped to, and what they needed? Were there enough opportunities for networking and socializing? Were the sessions generally interesting, helpful, and relevant? Did the conference seem well-organized? Did it flow smoothly? What did participants like best? What would they have done differently?
The site and its services (if you held the conference at a hotel, conference center, retreat center, or similar site). Here, the questions are for the coordinator and others who interacted directly with the site, as well as for participants. Was the site easy to deal with? Was the site liaison available and helpful? Did the site provide what it said it would? Did it go beyond the terms of the contract to help make the conference successful? How did it handle errors and problems? Was the food decent and reasonably healthful, and was it delivered on time? What other services did the site provide, and of what quality were they? What did the site provide as a matter of course at no extra charge (water? paper and pens? coffee?) Was the site easy to find and to get to? Were there enough conference rooms, and were they large enough for their purpose and comfortable (neither too warm nor too cold, furnished with reasonably comfortable chairs, tables where needed, etc.)? Was the cost reasonable, compared to other possibilities?
Performance of the coordinator, team, conference staff, and volunteers. This should not be a performance review (especially if this was a first or one-shot conference), but rather an examination of what went right, what should happen differently, and how good the systems were. A good bit of this part of the evaluation needs to be done by the people whose performance is being evaluated. Some of the important questions:
Were everyone’s assigned tasks clear and well-defined, so that people knew what was expected of them, and there was no overlap except where there needed to be? How well did everyone work together? Was there good communication among all the people involved? Did everyone know who to ask when they had a question? Did everyone know who was in charge of what? Were tasks accomplished in a reasonable amount of time? Did the coordinator know to whom to turn when she needed assistance?
The organizing process. There is much overlap between this and the previous part of the evaluation. Here, you need to examine:
Whether there were enough people, both in the initial stages and during the conference, to do everything that needed to be done.
Whether there was enough lead time.
The planning process. Did it include enough input from everyone who should have been included? Did it have a structure that made planning relatively easy? Did it result in a plan that was easy to follow? Did it result in a successful conference?
Whether the initial estimates – of numbers of participants, costs, etc. – were reasonably accurate.
What went particularly well.
What needs to be changed, and how.
Once the evaluation has been completed, and you’ve decided how to make improvements, you’re ready to organize your next conference. But first, take some time to put your feet up and relax now that this one’s over.
In Summary
Conferences come in many shapes and sizes, but all need to be organized. While small and large, local and farther-reaching conferences have different needs, there are some organizing guidelines that work for most. Just about any sort of conference needs a framework of people and systems to build it on. Any conference needs to be planned – its location, space, timing, content, and form have to be determined. Any conference needs to inform its intended audience of its existence, and convince that audience – or enough of them – to attend. Any conference has to attract interesting presenters, whether they’re from the next office down the hall or from the far reaches of the world. Any conference has to be run well if participants are to have a good experience. And a conference should be followed up and evaluated as well, so that the next one will be better.
Regardless of whether it’s aimed at an immediate problem, improvement in practice, networking, or advocacy, a conference should excite participants, and leave them wanting more – more ideas, more contact with others with the same concerns, more change, more ways of doing their work. A good conference has the ability to put into motion currents that can have great influence on an issue or a field. It’s worth the effort to organize it well.
Contributor
|
i don't know
|
What weapon's dangerous part is defined in two sections, namely the forte and the foible?
|
Visit the Sundered Spheres©
Weapons of the Sundered Spheres © 2011
These are all historical weapons, but some of the descriptions are specific to the Sundered Spheres, or have histories related to nations or peoples of the Sundered Spheres instead of Earth. I wrote all these descriptions myself, and organized them into classifications that make it easy to divide them up according to social rank.
Weapons Classes:
Farm Tools (short): Chain, Hammer, Hatchet, Fire-iron, Knife, Machete, Mallet, Pry bar, Sickle
Farm Tools (long): Adze, Broad-axe, Hayfork, Hoe, Mattock, Maul, Pick, Pruning hook (Bill), Scythe, Shepherd's crook, Shovel (Spade), Sledgehammer, Spit, Threshing flail, Threshing staff, Woodsman's axe
Common Weapons (short): Baton, Club, Cudgel, Hand-axe, Seax, Tomahawk, Walking staff
Common Weapons (long): Great club, Guard spear, Hunting spear, Quarterstaff, Trident, War club
Common Weapons (Distance): Crossbow, Dart, Harpoon, Hunting bow, Javelin, Sling, Staff sling (fustibal), Throwing axe (Francisa), Throwing club
Infantry Weapons (short): Ball & chain, Battle-axe, Bearded war-axe, Bipennis, Crow's bill, Mace & Chain, Military pick, Morning star (Holy water sprinkler), War hammer
Infantry Weapons (long): Awlspeiss, Awl Pike, Berdiche, Chacing staff, Fauchard, Flail, Glaive (Bill), Guisarme, Gyrson Axe (Sparth Axe), Halberd, Hewing Spear, Jedburg Axe, Lochaber Axe, Long spear, Lucerne Hammer, Military flail, Military fork, Partizan, Pike, Plançon a Picot, Spetum, Voulge, War spear
Infantry Weapons (Distance): Angon, Arbalest (Double), Arbalest (Heavy), Arbalest (Medium), Pelta, Longbow, Saunion, War bow.
Cavalry/Chivalric Weapons (short): Bulawa, Horseman's axe, Horseman's flail, Horseman's hammer, Horseman's pick, Mace, Sabar, Tabar
Cavalry/Chivalric Weapons (long): Bec-de-corbin, Boar spear, Contus, Demi-lance, Lance (heavy), Lance (light), Langue de Beve (Ox-tongue), Runka (Ranseur),
Cavalry/Chivalric Distance Weapons: Arbalest (light), Horse bow (kaman), Jarid (javelin)
Sword Classes:
Infantry Swords: Baselard, Bastard sword, Baudelaire, Broadsword, Cinqueada, Claymore, Cutlass, Dagesse, Doppelhander, Falchion, Flambard, Gladius, Katzbalger, Xiphos
Cavalry/Chivalric Swords: Arming sword, Banshier, Cousitlle, , Karabela, Longsword, Palasch, Saddle sword, Sayf, Tucke, Yataghan
Civilian Swords: Brette, Colichemarde, Court sword, Dueling sword
Obsolete Swords: Dvasam, Falx, Khepesh, Kopis
Banshier, Brandistock, Man-catcher, Matched Longbow, Poll-axe, Sap/Sap-staff, Spiked Targe, Sword-shield
Weapon Descriptions by Class
Farm Tools (short)
Chain: a length of iron or bronze links, ranging from 12-36" in length, used as a weapon of last resort. Hard to control, it can cause serious crushing and ripping damage to a foe if used effectively. The addition of a hook or weight to one end increases its damage potential.
Hammer: a blunt iron or bronze cylinder attached to a wooden haft about 12-16" in length. Used for pounding in wooden pegs or nails of copper, bronze or iron, it can be used as a weapon very easily, but has little effect against armored opponents.
Hatchet: a small hand-axe with a 3-4" blade and a 16-20" haft designed for chopping wood with one hand. A fairly effective weapon at short range, it can also be thrown though it is poorly balanced for throwing. A hatchet can be used with two hands but only at very close range.
Fire-iron: a length of iron used to work with a cook-fire or camp-fire, usually from 18-24" in length with a slightly pointed end. Used as a bludgeoning weapon a fire-iron can be quite effective, though it is too soft for use against armor. It is also very good at blocking and blunting swords, though it can only be used for a few parries before it is ruined.
Knife: a short, single-edged bladed tool with a wooden or bone grip. There are hundreds of varieties of knife, used for many different purposes from cooking to whittling. A common knife has a 8" blade with a triangular section and a 4" grip. Though it can be thrown ordinary knives are not balanced for it. Because of its relatively thin blade, a knife is not much use against armor, but can be extremely dangerous as a thrusting or slashing weapon.
Machete: a longer version of the knife used for cutting back vegetation, the machete can only be used as a slashing weapon. An ordinary machete will have a 12-24" blade with a triangular section, but very thin even on the back, making it useless against armor. Dangerous against flesh, it is one of the most effective emergency weapons on a farm unless an attacker is armored.
Mallet: a wooden hammer consisting of a wooden cylinder with a wooden shaft fastened to it, usually about 16-24" in length. Though light enough to allow for quick, powerful blows, the wooden head is not strong enough to damage armor, and has trouble even breaking bones. Though effective in skilled hands, it can be easily deflected or broken by shields or steel weapons.
Pry bar: a thick, heavy iron bar with clawed or wedge-shaped ends, used for gaining leverage. Any version with a crooked or bent end will be called a crow bar. The largest pry bars might be 60" long, but they are too heavy to be used as weapons; a small 24-36" pry bar is light enough for the necessary speed, and strong enough to withstand the blows of very powerful swords. The sturdiness of a pry bar makes it effective against armor, though only in bludgeoning; it may be possible to stun or break the bones of an armored man, but to kill him with a pry bar it's usually necessary to remove the armor. A pry bar may be used with two hands, and can be thrown short distances.
Sickle: a knife with a long curved blade, edged on the inside, used for cutting stalks of grain. Most sickles are about 12-15 inches long and describe 50-75% of a circle and are very hard to use as weapons. Ineffective against armor, it can be deadly against flesh.
Farm Tools (long):
Adze: a bladed tool like an axe but with an arched blade at right angles to the haft, used for cutting or shaping large pieces of wood, usually with a 4-5" blade and a 36" haft. Though extremely effective against unarmored foes, the adze is too light for use against armor.
Broad-axe: a heavy axe with a straight-edged, broad head, usually with a flat back, used as a wedge for splitting logs and in conjunction with an adze in shaping large pieces of wood. The blade is usually 5-6" broad, and the haft is 36-42". Very effective against unarmored opponents, it can also be used more as a bludgeoning weapon against armor, though like the pry bar, it can usually only stun or break the bones of an armored foe.
Hayfork: a two- to four-pronged tool with 12-16" straight or curved tines and a 40-60" haft, designed to fork hay or straw. Very effective against unarmored foes, the tines can sometimes penetrate armor if the wielder is very strong, but usually it has little effect on armor.
Hoe: essentially a very light adze, a hoe is used for turning soil and cutting weeds. Of very little use as a weapon, it has a 4-5" blunt blade and a 40-48" haft, and is completely ineffective against armor.
Mattock: a bladed tool used for digging in rocky soil or even into rock, a mattock is like a very heavy adze, with a thick, somewhat blunt blade at right angles to the haft. The blade is usually 4-5" wide, and the haft 40-56" long. Though generally too heavy and slow to be a very effective weapon, a very strong wielder can use it to penetrate armor.
Maul: a very large mallet, with a wooden cylinder of 8-12" in diameter and a haft about 1.5" in diameter and 48-54" long. Though it is relatively light, the maul is fairly difficult to wield as a weapon, and while it can deliver powerful crushing blows, it has little effect on armor, not least because each blow is diffused by the size of the head.
Pick: a tool with a narrow mattock or chisel on one side and a pointed end on the other, used for breaking up hard ground or rock. The chisel side may be up to 3" in width, while the spike will be relatively blunt but very strong. The thick, heavy haft may be over 2" in diameter near the head, though it will normally be 1.5" or less where it is handled. Though able to deliver powerful strikes and to penetrate armor with ease, a pick is not a very good weapon due to its weight and slow speed. A pick can kill almost any foe, if it can hit him (or it; even a bear is not immune), but only an extremely strong person should use it if there are other options.
Pruning hook (Bill): a long, curved knife on the end of a pole, used for cutting small branches from trees. The blade is usually hooked and sharpened on the inside of the curve, and can be from 12-18" long. The shaft is usually 6-10" long, and sometimes may have metal or leather tubes that allow additional sections to be added for greater length. An extremely effective weapon against everything except plate armor, a pruning hook or bill is actually the basis for most other polearms.
Scythe: a tool with a long, curved blade at the end of a pole with one or two short handles, used for cutting crops in long, wide swathes. The blade varies from 16-36" in length and is sharpened on the concave side. It is set at an angle to the haft which ranges from 42-60." When used with skill a scythe can be deadly, but it is useless against plate armor and very difficult to use as a weapon, because it's necessary to pull your enemy toward you with each attack.
Shepherd's crook: a long wooden pole with a rounded end used for pulling sheep. Though useless against armor, a well-seasoned crook can be used very effectively against unarmored opponents. It can deliver crushing blows with one end, and the hooked end can be used to trip or grapple an opponent. A shepherd's crook can be used with one or two hands.
Shovel (Spade): a tool with a flat or curved blade with a round or pointed end and a 48-54" haft. The blade is usually large, 8-10" by 8-12," and is used for moving dirt or any other material needed. Some also have flat ends, but this is unusual. An ineffective weapon, the edges are too blunt to cut, and the blade is too light to bludgeon, but in a pinch it can be very useful, and the blade can be used to parry even powerful sword-cuts. If used with skill, a shovel or spade can break bones through any armor except plate.
Sledgehammer: a large hammer with a round, heavy cylinder of iron or bronze at one end, used for breaking rocks or pounding in stakes or wedges. Though capable of breaking bones and heads, and denting or crushing even the best plate armor, the sledgehammer is a slow weapon, heavy and unwieldy. The thick 48-54" haft can easily parry sword-blows, but the head is so heavy that it takes great strength to get it moving.
Spit: a long metal pole, usually of iron, used for roasting meat over a fire, from 48-66" in length. Though one end is pointed, a spit is too thin for use against plate armor, but against unarmored opponents it is deadly, being both quick and light. Some believe that the Seibarino thrusting swords that have begun to be found outside Sabarra are based on this improvised weapon, others say that the ancient Kythonic kargh was inspired by a cooking spit. It may be used with one or two hands, and can be thrown like a javelin for short distances.
Threshing flail: two poles connected by a very short chain, often only a single link, with the shorter of the two, usually about 24-30" long, being weighted or shod with metal, while the longer pole or haft is 48-50." Used to thresh grain by beating it, this tool is a very good weapon, both quick and powerful, and capable of dealing deadly crushing attacks. Though not particularly useful against plate armor, it is still possible to stun an armored foe, even break bones. It requires skill to be used effectively, however, as it can wound the wielder.
Threshing staff: a long flexible pole with one end weighted or shod with metal, usually about 72" long. Used to thresh grain like a Threshing flail, this less complex tool is both easier to use and less deadly as a weapon. Because of its flexibility it delivers very powerful blows, but also because of its flexibility it is prone to breaking, and can be easily deflected by almost any other weapon. If used with skill, it can break the bones of or stun a plate-armored foe, but it is much more effective against unarmored opponents.
Woodsman's axe: a simple axe with a curved blade about 4" across, and a curved haft about 40-54" long. Used for chopping down trees and cutting wood, it can be used as a weapon, though it is a little heavy and not well suited to cutting people. It's edge can't penetrate plate armor, but its head is heavy enough to buffet the foe inside, and many are equipped with a spike on the reverse which can penetrate armor. A skilled wielder can use a woodsman's axe with one or both hands, and if very skilled, can even throw it effectively.
Common Weapons (short):
Baton: a simple round pole about an inch in diameter and 36-42" in length, often used in a pair, and wielded like a sword. Some will be shod with metal on one end, making them more like a mace, but most are just wood. Ineffective against armor, a baton can easily break bones and heads against unarmored foes.
Club: a length of wood used to bludgeon a foe, with no standard of shape or size. To be effective a club needs to be thinner at the end it's held by, and should be at least an inch thick at that point. The knot of a branch or the knob of a root at the far end often increases its power. Usually less than 36" long, there is no rule as to length. Ineffective against plate armor, a club with a particularly thick and tough end can sometimes break bones under mail or other flexible armors. A club can be used two-handed, and can be thrown, though it will only rarely fly true.
Cudgel: almost exactly like a club, a cudgel is much more carefully made. While a club might be picked up from anywhere, a cudgel has been shaped to taper at the grip and widen at the tip, and may be wrapped with leather or wire for additional strength and a better grip. Usually about 32-36" long, it can be used two-handed, and can break bones under any flexible armor, and may be able to stun a foe wearing plate armor.
Hand-axe: a small axe that can be used as a weapon, often also used as a tool, with a 20-26" haft and a 3-4" head, which may be curved or straight on the edge. Light and quick, a hand-axe is an excellent weapon against lightly- or unarmored foes, but has almost no ability against armor. Some are equipped with a spike on the reverse, and these can often penetrate even plate armor, but because they have such little reach and such a light head, such attacks are often too dangerous to the wielder. A hand-axe can be thrown fairly well to a maximum range of 25 yards, though it is balanced for hand-to-hand combat. It can be wielded with both hands in tight quarters.
Seax: a big knife or short sword, a seax has a single-edged, straight blade where the blunt back tapers down to a sharp point, usually about 20-24" overall. The hilt usually has only a ring of metal for a guard, and has either a disc for a pommel or no pommel at all. Extremely effective in close quarters, it cannot easily penetrate armor, though it is short enough to get through any gaps. Many farmers keep a seax instead of a machete, as it can also be used for clearing brush.
Tomahawk (also Chorax, Tawarak): a small, thin-bladed axe designed to fulfill several roles, usually about 18-24" long with a 2-2.5" flat-edged axe-head. The haft of a tomahawk increases in diameter as it gets longer, from about 1" at the grip to 1.75" in the socket of the axe-head. It usually has a hammer-head on the reverse, but may have a spike or fluke instead. Balanced for throwing or hand-to-hand combat, it is versatile and deadly, though of little use against mail or plate armor. Often carried by scouts and foresters, it can be used as a camp axe as well as a weapon, and is light enough to be easily carried simply thrust through the belt. The maximum effective range for throwing is 30 yards, though a very strong wielder may increase that range.
Walking staff: a long, slender length of wood with a metal knob on both ends, usually with a point on the lower knob, ranging from 35-48" in length. While it can be used as a cane by those with unsteady feet, it is usually carried to have a weapon in places where weapons are not allowed, such as market days in towns or cities. Wielded like a sword, and made of the strongest possible wood, it can be very effective, and the metal point at the bottom has been known to penetrate plate armor, though this is uncommon, as it is rarely pitted against armor of any kind. It may be wielded either one- or two-handed, and may be hurled like a javelin, though it's lower point is not really intended to function as a spear.
Common Weapons (long):
Great club: a large, two-handed club, usually unshaped and made from a large tree-branch or root. A good great club should taper from the grip out to the end, and will be fairly point-heavy. Able to deliver terrible smashing blows, it is only partially effective against plate-armor, as it can stun or incapacitate an armored foe pretty well. It's only real problem is its weight and speed; it is a slow weapon, and only a strong wielder can last long in combat with such a heavy weapon.
Guard spear: a spear with a long, narrow spear-head of about 12-18," and a 48-60" shaft of 1-1.5" in thickness. The spear-head is shaped like an isosceles triangle, with a thick rib down the center, and the edges are kept razor sharp. The butt is covered by a pointed metal cap, so that both ends can be used. Quick and deadly, a guard spear is used by town watchmen, castle guards, and others who are working in confined spaces. It can penetrate plate-armor with a thrust, deflect sword blows with the seasoned shaft, and slash unarmored foes with its edges.
Hunting spear: like all spears, this is a knife on the end of a pole. A hunting spear, however, has an a narrow, pointed spear-head and a shaft only about 60-66" long. A hunting spear can be thrown very accurately, but also is effective in close-quarters. It can be used one- or two-handed, and is very light and quick. Despite its small point, a hunting spear is useless against armor due to the slender shaft, but is deadly against unarmored foes.
Quarterstaff: a long wooden pole which may be shaped or simply a relatively straight branch with the smaller branches cut away, usually 60-72" in length and about 1.5-2" in diameter. A good quarterstaff has the bark removed and the wood smoothed, and may even be metal clad at both ends. While the quarterstaff itself is not a particularly deadly weapon except when used against unarmored foes, it's practice is considered essential as many of the skills learned in quarterstaff bouts can be translated into wielding a spear or pole-arm. Used in a fluid, whirling style, it can block most sword cuts, can break heads and bones, and buffet those wearing armor, though it cannot penetrate plate armor and rarely can even stun a foe so armored. Too long to use one-handed, a quarterstaff can be hurled like a spear or javelin, though it can do little damage even if it strikes true.
Trident: this fisherman's tool can be a very effective weapon, though it is of little use against armor. With three tines, the sides shorter than the center, it is very similar to a hay-fork, but the tines are barbed the better to drag fish up from the water. The shaft of a trident varies from 6-8' long, while the tines are usually 8-10" in length, the central tine being 2-3" longer. While it is deadly against unarmored flesh, its tendency to lodge in the wound makes it not very effective when fighting a group. It's wide-spaced tines can parry swords or other weapons very well, and if used with skill can break them. The butt is also normally equipped with a spike, which can penetrate plate armor if a foe holds really still.
War club: while really a holdover from ancient times, a war club can be a very dangerous weapon if properly formed. There are several varieties, but most are long and curved, flaring toward the lower end. Below the grip is a knob to for balance, and the grip itself is usually about 1.5" in diameter, and expands only a little to the sides, while the depth increases to 5-6" at the end, usually about 40-46" from the knob or pommel. This narrow wooden structure focusses power more easily than a round club, and many have a spike set into the outer curve to increase its wounding potential. While unable to penetrate plate armor, a well-handled war club can easily break limbs and even heads through any armor, and is strong enough to break many sword blades. Always made of dense, seasoned wood, it is one of the few effective weapons available to those without access to much iron or steel, and its speed makes it possible to fight even against swords and spears. Though often disdained for its antiquity, it remains in use in many forested regions where iron is dear and hardwoods plentiful.
Common Weapons (Distance):
Crossbow: this is a small self bow set crosswise on the end of a wooden stock or tiller, with a simple hook and trigger to release the bowstring. The arms of the bow are often wrapped with cord or leather to keep them from breaking. The bow is about 30" and the stock about 36-42" long, and the quarrels it shoots are like small arrows of about 12-18." Though more powerful than a common hunting bow, a basic crossbow has disadvantages in speed and exposure to the elements, but is much easier to learn. With a pull weight of around 60-80 pounds, it can be spanned by hand, so giving relatively weak men (and women) a weapon of higher effectiveness than their own muscles can easily produce. Also known as a light crossbow, this weapon can do little against plate armor, unlike the more powerful arbalests, but against mail or even brigandine it is quite dangerous. The maximum effective distance is about 150 yards, but accuracy vanishes after about 50 yards.
Dart: there are many variety of darts used for games, but the version used for combat is a short, stubby spike with either four wooden or metal 'feathers' at the rear, or a string and counterweight depending from a small ring at the rear. A dart is not generally thrown directly at an object, as it is difficult to gain enough speed with a flat trajectory, but instead is launched by hand at a 45° angle to add gravity's power to its flight. As such this is not much use in close quarters, though it can be hurled short distances against unarmored opponents with some effect. Against armor, however, it must be tossed a good distance, and even then it is only occasionally able to penetrate even hardened leather. It is much more useful against horses, for many knights armor only the front of their horses and a dart in the rump can spoil a knight's charge very easily. The maximum effective range of a dart is 25 yards, and if accuracy is desired, 15 yards.
Harpoon: this long, thin, barbed metal spear of about 60-84" is used for fishing and whaling, and though poorly designed for war, it can be very effective against unarmored foes. It's broad, barbed head merely shatters against plate armor, and rarely can break the links of chain mail. It can be used like a pilum, however, if it lodges in a shield it may bend and remove the shield from a foe. The maximum range is 35 yards.
Hunting bow: this small self bow is made of a single bent piece of wood and a springy cord sometimes made from animal sinews, and ranges from 48-54" in length. A grip at the center of the arc will often be wrapped in leather, cord, or even shagreen, as will the tips. With a pull weight of anything from 25 to 80 pounds, it is powerful enough to penetrate light armor, but is usually ineffective against mail or plate armor. Most hunting arrows are broad-tipped and designed to kill animals, and fare very badly against even light armor, but 'gimlet' headed arrows can sometimes penetrate mail. Requiring a good deal of skill to use with any accuracy, it is used in war only when there is no other choice. The maximum effective distance of a hunting bow is 200 yards, but even a good archer cannot shoot consistently at targets over 50 yards.
Javelin (or Hisst): a small spear designed for throwing, often with a very long metal head, ranging from 42-60" in length. There are many types of javelins, most being pointed at both ends with a long, narrow spike for a head and shorter spike on the butt. Some have broader heads for dealing with animals or unarmored foes, and some have actual feathers, or even wooden fins to aid in flight. When used in numbers they can be deadly, and a shower of javelins can break up a charge of armored knights, however it is a rare javelin that pierces plate armor, and mail is only a little more susceptible. Thrown at short range a strong man can pierce plate armor, but even then it is a chancy thing. Even if used as a two-handed spear it is unlikely to work, because it is too light, being designed for flight. Even so, many a knight carries a few javelins beside his saddle just in case, and every castle has barrels of them in strategic locations. The longest effective range of a javelin is about 50 yards, though a very strong thrower may increase that by several yards.
Sling: a small patch of leather with two strings, the sling is one of the simplest of all weapons, and one very difficult to learn. It is used to increase the speed and power of a thrown stone or lead ball, and against unarmored opponents it is very deadly, being able to kill at 75 yards. Against armor it is helpless, as even a padded aketon can withstand its force. Favored by shepherds and travelers who require a weapon that is light and easy to carry, it can also be used in close quarters combat as a sap, though it remains useless against armor.
Staff sling (also Fustibal): this weird weapon is just a sling set atop a 40-56" shaft, and hurls a stone or lead bullet much farther and faster than a hand-held sling, with an effective range of over 120 yards. It is still ineffective against armor, however, and is used mainly by pilgrims and other lightly-armed travelers who have need for a walking staff as well as a missile weapon. The shaft can be used as a baton in a pinch, and often has a metal spike on the butt which has a slight chance of penetrating armor. While very accurate to about 50 yards, it is almost impossible to aim at anything beyond that, though it still has enough power to kill well beyond.
Throwing axe (also francisa): a small, light axe specially balanced for throwing, usually about 18-20" long with a 2-2.5" head. Very rarely it will be a double-axe. This weapon is often used first, though it is never a principle weapon, but flung at a foe before closing. Even if it does no damage it can lodge in the shield and unbalance it, and a lucky throw can end the battle before it begins. The thin, sharp axe-head is very dangerous against unarmored foes, and while it requires skill and practice to use, it can be very accurate. Often used against magicians as it is easier to throw than a knife and more likely to get in the way even if it does not wound a foe. Useless against plate armor, it has been known to cut through mail, though this is usually the result of great strength or pure luck. The thin haft makes it ineffective in hand-to-hand combat, though in a pinch it will do. A throwing axe has a maximum effective range of 20 yards.
Throwing club: a piece of wood shaped to be thrown, often between 20-24" in length and usually curved. Though ineffective against every sort of armor, this light weapon can be used for hunting small animals, and may trip up even an armored foe if used with skill. Of very little use against human or human-like foes, it may still cause them to flinch and give the wielder an extra second or two for reaction. Maximum effective range is 15 yards.
Infantry Weapons (short):
Ball & chain: this weapon consists of an iron ball welded to a chain with a handle at the other end. It can be whirled into extremely powerful crushing blows, and can dent plate armor and crush the bones or head beneath. It is relatively easy to fend off with a shield, and has limited reach, being only about 30-42" from grip to ball. It is also fairly hard to use, and requires a lot of space to wield, as it must be swung in wide arcs to be effective.
Battle-axe: a large axe with a relatively short haft of about 32-40" often wrapped with leather or wire that can be used one- or two-handed. The axe-head is usually about 6-8" on the rounded edge, and sometimes has a spike or hammer-head on the reverse. It flares widely from the socket, expanding from 3" to the wide edge, while simultaneously getting ever thinner. The edge has a triangular section, and is capable of cutting through bone with ease, while chain mail is a bit harder. Plate armor can deflect a battle-axe with relative ease, but in skilled hands it has been known to cut through helm and pauldron, especially when used two-handed. A battle-axe can also be thrown up to 10 yards, though it is not balanced for throwing.
Bearded war-axe: very similar to the battle-axe, the bearded war-axe is of the same shape and size, but has a wider axe-head, from 12-15" wide, with a long 'beard' or squared off fluke on the lower side. This gives it a broader edge, while in other respects it is exactly the same as a battle-axe. It can also be wielded one- or two-handed, can be thrown up to 10 yards with difficulty, but against unarmored or lightly armored opponents it is more devastating.
Bipennis: a double-headed axe with rounded edges of about 10-12" on both sides with a haft from 32-44" long. The versatility of having an edge on either side is a great advantage of the bipennis over the battle-axe or bearded war-axe, but it is also heavier and hence slower so its abilities are very similar. It too can be used with one or both hands, and can be thrown about 8 yards with extreme difficultly (and both hands). The axe-heads of a bipennis are usually symmetrical both with each other and above an below' they describe a perfect wedge shape with points both above and below, and these points give it additional versatility, as it can be used to thrust with as well as cut. This makes it more effective against plate armor than other axes, but it is still inferior to swords and spikes designed to pierce armor because it diffuses the strength of a thrust into two points of attack.
Crow's bill: a very simple weapon like a pick designed to pierce plate armor, the crow bill is a spike of 6-10" in length set at right angles to a wooden or steel haft of 24-36." The spike may be an inch broad at the base, and is made as hard as possible to pierce plate armor and the flesh beneath. Light and quick, it can be used to parry or counter swords or spears, but is not very versatile, and is relatively easy to fend off with shield or even gauntlet. The biggest problem is that it gets stuck in the armor it penetrates, and so if not instantly fatal to the foe, can be immediately fatal to the wielder. The crow's bill can be used one- or two-handed.
Mace and chain: this is nothing more than a ball & chain with spikes set in the ball, and a handle long enough to be used with either or both hands, from about 36-46" in length over all. Quick and deadly, the mace and chain has the unfortunate tendency to get stuck in plate armor, and the spikes are often not long enough to penetrate very far into a enemy's body. Likewise it can be easily stuck a shield, and while it will often make the shield unusable, it also is lost to the wielder. Used against any foes wearing other armor (and without shields) it is very deadly, and while it requires space to use, can be very effective if used by a skilled warrior.
Military pick: a larger version of the crow's bill, a military pick is about 36-42" in length and has a small axe-head on one side and a 10-12" spike on the other. While it can be wielded with one hand, it is more effective with two, and has the capacity to break or penetrate plate armor very well. The haft, always wood, is protected by metal langets so that it can be used to parry other weapons without breaking, and the grip is usually wrapped with wire or leather. The axe-head is usually only about 5-6" long with a 2-3" edge, while the spike may be 2" at the base, either square or six-sided. The long spike or 'beak' can penetrate any armor, and is less likely to be stuck than a crow's bill. Because it is normally used two-handed without a shield, it is often wielded by a soldier who works as part of a team, often with an arbalestier, and many pick-men carry the large pavisse that protects them as well as their comrade.
Morning star (also Holy water sprinkler): a spiked iron ball or cylinder on the end of a 2" thick wooden pole, usually about 5-6" in diameter with a 36-42" haft, and sometimes equipped with a thrusting spike of 3". This weapon is heavy and slow, but capable of dealing powerful blows that can dent or penetrate plate armor. Often wielded two-handed, it also may be stuck in the armor it crushes, though this is relatively rare, as the spikes are very short and may be pyramid-shaped. Because it is not very quick, it can be countered easily by other weapons, and in the present times is considered inferior to the military pick.
War hammer: very similar to the military pick is the war hammer. It is 28-38" in length, with a 6-8" spike on one side and a 3-5" hammer-head on the other, with langets protecting the haft. Many of these hammer-heads are not blunt, but have a single or several pyramid-shaped spikes. In addition it will frequently have a spike jutting from the top. Because it is a little lighter than the military pick, the war-hammer is often wielded one-handed, but in a pinch can be used two-handed to break into plate armor. It is also light enough to be carried thrust through the belt, and so is sometimes a secondary weapon for archers or arbalestiers. Effective against most forms of armor, it is relatively difficult to use against swords, and so is still considered inferior by most men-at-arms.
Infantry Weapons (long):
Awlspeiss (also awl-spear, spike-spear): this odd weapon was designed to penetrate plate armor in Albar, and consists of a long metal spike of square or hexagonal cross-section jutting from a wooden haft. The spike is usually 18-24" long, and the haft 48-60" with a disk-shaped guard or vamplate to protect the hand. Capable of deflecting sword-cuts and piercing the thickest armor, it remains a bit slow and unwieldy, and is very point-heavy. Many of these weapons have a counterweight on the butt, making it even heavier if better balanced. Often used in tight quarters.
Awl Pike: a very long spear with a needle-pointed spike or awl for a spear-head. An awl pike may be 16-20' long, and often has a counterweight on the butt. Used only in large formations, it is practically useless in single combat.
Berdiche (also Bantharb): a large, double-handed axe with a very long edge of 18-24" and a fluke on the reverse, about 48-54" in length. The lower end of the blade is usually connected to the haft. Heavy and bulky, the berdiche is best used in formation, for it is too slow for single combat. Even so, it's powerful edge can sheer through mail or plate armor, and its fluke can penetrate helm or cuirass.
Chacing staff: a derivative of the threshing staff, the chacing staff is not flexible, and is longer, from 10-12.' It has an iron-shod head, sometimes in several bands, and is used principally to dismount riders by brigands. It is slow and unwieldy, and best used from ambush, and while it can cause terrible crushing damage, is so long and heavy that only an extremely strong man can swing it at all, and even then it is difficult to control. Sometimes found scattered through pike formations and used as a long-range battering weapon.
Fauchard: derived from the pruning hook, a fauchard is a long, curved blade of 12-16" on the end of a 10-12' pole. The edge is on the inside of the curve, though it is only a slight curve, just enough for hooking a rider out of the saddle. While somewhat effective against mail armor, it is too light to cut through plate.
Flail: a warrior's version of the threshing flail, with two sections linked together with a very short or single link of chain. The haft portion is a 48-54" length of wood wrapped in leather or wire, while the head is a 24-30" metal rod or tube with ranks of pyramid-shaped spikes or several iron rings. Used two-handed, this weapon can smash any form of armor, but requires a lot of room to maneuver, so is not terribly useful in military formations, nor in single-combat. Mainly used in small-unit fights, it gives footmen the ability to defeat plate-armored opponents but must be used in partnership with another warrior who can protect the wielder while he whirls the dangerous flail around his head.
Glaive (also Bill): one of the simplest of pole-arms, the glaive is just a long knife-blade of 18-24" on a 10-12' pole. It can be thrust like a spear, and can deliver powerful slashes that shear right through mail armor, though plate is a fairly effective defense against a glaive blade. Some glaives have a secondary spike or hook on the reverse, and some have been shortened to 6-8' for use on horseback. A very common weapon in the borderlands and other areas where skirmishes are more common than large battles. The more recent versions of the glaive might have an extra spike aimed towards the point or back towards the butt, while some have a pair of hooks or flukes, one pointed up and the other down.
Guisarme: another derivative of the pruning hook, the falcon-shaped hooked blade of a guisarme is 12-18" long and is edged on the inside of the hook, while the shaft is 10-12.' This weapon is used to hook horsemen from their saddles, and can cut through mail with ease, though it is almost totally useless against plate armor.
Gyrson Axe (also Sparth axe): this ancient weapon is a very simple axe-head on a 54-60" haft. The axe-head is wedge-shaped and symmetrical, with a curved edge of about 10" breadth. It can deliver terrible blows and can even penetrate plate armor, but the wooden haft is vulnerable and using it requires a dangerous wind-up to be effective. Very rare on the modern battle-field, many ancient and enchanted Gyrson Axes remain prized possessions in noble or even royal households.
Halberd: this recent invention is rapidly replacing nearly every other pole-arm due to its power and versatility. A halberd has a squared axe-head on one side, a fluke opposite and a spear- or spike-head jutting up. The axe-head usually has a flat edge of about 10-12," the fluke is edged but only about 3" long and curves down, making it useful for hooking riders from their saddles, and the spear or spike varies from 1-3" wide and 12-18" long. The shaft is normally 10-12' long, with langets protecting at least 3' below the blade, though a few shorter versions of 6-8' are used in palaces, dungeons or mines. These shorter versions are fast becoming popular on the frontiers as well, replacing guard-spears. With the ability to deliver a terrible slash that can cut right through mail armor, a point that can penetrate plate-armor, and a fluke that can dismount knight or bandit with equal ease, it seems clear that the halberd will soon be the most popular infantry weapon of all.
Hewing Spear: a forerunner of all pole-arms is the Gyrson hewing spear, a 8-10' spear with a 18-24" blade, usually double-edged and as strong as a sword blade. While very effective against mail armor, this ancient weapon is almost totally helpless against plate armor, as the blade is usually a little too flexible to penetrate the heavy iron.
Jedburg Axe (also glaive-guisarme): developed in Jedburgh of Ascalon, this pole-arm is a direct ancestor of the halberd. It has a squared axe-blade similar to a halberd, but the upper end swells into a curved spear-head, and instead of a fluke there is a narrow spike on the reverse. When the Jedburg Axe was first created nobody had though of langets, so it was relatively easy to cut off the head, but it still proved extremely effective and was adopted all through Ascalon during the last century. Effective against mail but only partly against plate armor, the halberd is seen by some as a mere refinement of the Jedburg Axe. Note that a similar weapon is used in Agezaine, which supposedly developed independently, called the Glaive-guisarme. By our naming of the weapon the Jedburg Axe, it is easy to guess where we stand on this controversy.
Lochaber Axe: this development of the glaive was very popular throughout the Highland Kingdom and was named for the Lakes Region where it was developed, principally by the MacMalairts, who call it a MacMalairt Axe to this day. A lochaber axe has a long axe-blade of 12-18" with a rounded top and a hooked bottom and an actual hook at the very top facing the other direction. Either hook is used to dismount foes, and then the axe-blade is used for the kill. A little shorter than most pole-arms, it was always around 8-10' long, and while it is becoming more rare, there are many still in use in the Highlands.
Long spear (also Siuray): with the advent of heavy mailed cavalry, infantry spears grew longer, and the long spear of 12' became the weapon of the Highlander and Gallowglas schiltron, a hedgehog formation that protected archers or arbalestiers from the cavalry. With a 12" leaf-shaped spear-head, it is a deadly weapon, though mainly defensive, and useful only in large formations of others armed similarly. The long spear is one of the reasons for the creation of the claymore and other two-handed swords, for they can be used to cut many of the heads from the spears and break the front of a schiltron and more recently a pike-square. A long spear punches right through plate armor when set to receive a charge, but is useless in single combat and can't puncture plate with the strength of just a man's muscles.
Lucerne Hammer: the effectiveness of the military pick and war hammer produced a longer, deadlier version, the Lucerne Hammer, developed in Rocca Lucia of Sabarra. It has a 4" hammer-head with or without spikes, a 6" spike on the reverse, and a 10" spike as a spear-head, with langets running 3 feet down a 8-10' haft. This deadly weapon is one of the most effective against plate armor, and is often used as a dueling weapon between warriors of the middle-class who can afford armor. It was copied and renamed by the noble classes as the Bec-de-corbin, which strangely enough is Noraine for 'crow's beak' even though there was already a weapon of that name. The only drawback of a lucerne hammer is its size and speed; it is difficult to use against quick and lightly-armored enemies.
Military flail: this frightening weapon is very similar to the mace-and chain, but much longer, with a 5' haft and 3-5 36" chains ending in 2" spiked balls or diamond-shaped lugs of metal. While very scary and dangerous to unarmored foes, the weight of the balls or lugs is not enough to penetrate plate armor, and only rarely can cause much damage to a mail-armored foe. It is very good at tripping and disarming opponents, however, and can be whirled and flung 10 yards.
Military fork: a derivative of the hay-fork, a military fork has thicker tines designed to deal with armor, but they are little use against plate armor. With two 6-8" tines on a 8-10' pole, a weapon that only a generation past was considered extremely effective is losing its usefulness. Newer versions with longer tines have been tried, but they have not proved very effective. They are still used to dismount foes, however, and most have been equipped with a spike on the butt to pierce the plate armor of a fallen foe.
Partizan (or Tiath): for a while this weapon became very popular, but is now being replaced by the halberd. Developed from the ancient Brevic weapon the tiath, it was revived in the late 1400s and grew in popularity all around the world. With a long spear-blade of 18-20" and two small axe-heads jutting from either side, it was versatile and powerful, and well able to deal with mail armor. Plate armor has spelled its demise, however, for the broad-bladed spear too often shatters or skitters aside, and the axe-heads are too thin to penetrate. Still used on ceremonial occasions, most of the still existing partizans are heavily decorated.
Pike: developed by mixing the long spear and the ancient sarissa of the Etriquines, the pike is growing in popularity as well as length. Originally about 16' long, some are now using 24' pikes with tiny leaf-shaped blades at the far end. Pike-squares, the hedgehog formation that is replacing the schiltron, are very vulnerable to dire-horns and other heavy artillery, so as yet have been of little use. Most armies still use several small schiltrons rather than a large pike-square, but the long spears are slowly being replaced by pikes. Like the long spear, the pike is really only useful in formation, and can penetrate armor only if an enemy obligingly run into the point, so pikemen tend to fight only other pikemen. A pike is totally useless in single combat.
Plançon-a-Picot: a longer version of the awlspeiss, this weapon gives an infantryman better reach and cannot easily be cut by sword or halberd. It has a 36" square or hexagonal spike jutting from a disc-guard around a 6' pole, a foot of which is protected by langets. Though fairly slow and clumsy because of its weight, it can penetrate plate armor and is often seeded among longer pole-arms to fend off armored foes who break the front of the formation. Rarely used in single combat, the name means "planting a woodpecker," and was first developed in Leonés of Agezaine.
Spetum: a spear-like weapon very similar to a partizan, but with two side-blades, sharpened on the forward edge, which lean or curve toward the point of the spear-head. These side blades are usually pointed, so can be used as spikes as well as for cutting. The spear-head is usually 12-16" long and 3" wide at the base, while the side blades 5-7" long and about 1-1.5" wide where they jut from the spear-head. Set atop a 8-10' shaft, this weapon is very effective against mail armor, and can penetrate plate, though not easily. Often mixed among long spears or pikes, it was used alongside the partizan and was more popular in some nations, though it is now also giving ground to the halberd.
Voulge (also parzuth): the early pole-arm of the Noraines, the voulge is very simple and effective. It consists of a large axe-head, squared at the bottom and curving to a spike on top of about 16-18" set upon a 8-10' pole. Able to shear through mail armor with ease, it is ineffective against plate armor, and so is quickly being replaced by other weapons. Ornamental voulges can still be seen being carried by the Agezainer royal guard. The word parzuth is also used for the voulge, though it is only slightly similar to the protean pole-arm of the fledgling Kythonic military of the Great Siege. The parzuth was more spear than axe, but was in shape not unlike an elongated voulge. When first seen by the warriors of the Empire of the Jeweled Sea the voulge was despised and called a parzuth derisively, but today the words are interchangeable.
War spear (or siorm): while it is completely outdated, and despise by everyone, the war spear remains extremely common, and the current versions are very effective. War spears have been the main fighting weapon of most of the races of the world since the beginning, and consisted of a leaf-shaped or triangular blade of 8-12" atop a 6-8' shaft. A modern war spear has a leaf-shaped head of about 9" with a maximum width of 2" and a flattened diamond cross-section. It sits atop an 6-8' pole still, but the two feet below the spear-head are protected with langets, and the but has both a small counterweight and a sharp spike. A modern war-spear can pierce plate armor as easily as any of the better pole-arms, and is lighter and faster and can be wielded like a quarterstaff, using the butt as both counter and weapon. It can also be used one-handed with a shield, and can even be hurled at a foe, though the range is only about 10 yards. This versatile weapon may be scorned by many, but it remains one of the most effective and efficient weapons ever invented, which is probably why every race that came to Amelek had something similar from their diverse worlds of origin.
Infantry Weapons (Distance):
Angon (also pilum): a javelin with a 30-32" long spear-head with a flat tang set into a square or truncated pyramid socket on a 40" shaft. While it is generally used for throwing, it can also be used in close combat. An angon is sometimes called a heavy javelin, as it is a close-range weapon even when thrown--a very strong man can usually only cast it effectively about 25 yards. The long ferrule of the spear-head is thin enough to crumple, and that is it's purpose; it is thrown at a foe to foul his shield or armor. While originally it had a barbed head when thrown at foes carrying wooden shields, the current versions have a square spike for a head, which can penetrate plate armor just enough to cause discomfort rather than wounds, but more importantly the bent head and long shaft can disable or at least seriously inconvenience even a plate-armored knight. In close-quarters fighting the angon is also useful as against other spear-wielding foes, but against any other weapons it is not much use as the thin ferrule can be easily bent by even a club.
Arbalest, Double: while rarely used in large numbers, the double arbalest is very popular with those who travel in small troops, whether frontier guards or knights errant. Instead of a single bow like ordinary crossbows and arbalests, it has two, with an open slot on top and just enough space below it to slide in a second quarrel. Each quarrel can be loosed independently with two levers, and both must be spanned again to reload. Because of the difficulty in spanning the second bow, most double arbalests are of medium weight, around 100-130 pounds draw weight, so that they can be pulled back by hand or with a double gaffe or 'goat's foot' lever. A very few have heavier draw weights which require a windlass or crannequin for spanning. The most common of double arbalests has slightly less range and considerably less accuracy than a medium arbalest; it is accurate only to 50 yards, can penetrate plate armor only at about 20 yards, and has a maximum effective range of 250 yards.
Arbalest, Heavy: the most powerful non-magical missile weapon is the heavy arbalest. It is a very large, powerful crossbow with arms of spring steel and a draw weight of around 200-240 pounds. Most have either a crannequin or hand-crank atop the tiller to span the bow, or a windlass built onto the back end of the tiller. Because it is slow and difficult to span even with these helps, heavy arbalests are rarely found outside of castles or elite military units. They deliver their short quarrels with lethal power, capable of penetrating plate armor at anything less than 100 yards. They are also relatively accurate, and a good heavy arbalestier can hit a head-sized target at 75 yards or more. The extreme range of the heavy arbalest is 500 yards, where it is still capable of killing an unarmored foe, but at that range there is no accuracy at all.
Arbalest, Medium: the most common of the military crossbows, a medium arbalest has a bow with a draw weight of 130-180 pounds. It's bow is made of steel or composite layers of wood and horn, and is very difficult to span by hand, though a strong man can manage if necessary. There are two additional methods of spanning a medium arbalest, and both quicker than wrestling it by hand. The first is the simplest, the belt hook and stirrup. The front end of a medium arbalest always includes a metal stirrup, and so the belt hook is placed under the string while the arbalestier is kneeling, and as he stands up the string is pulled back to the nut. The second method is the gaffe, a wooden or metal lever with a hinge that increases leverage enough to pull back the string with one hand. Both are very commonplace, and the gaffe can also be used on horseback. While most medium arbalests are wielded by the infantry, there are hobilers and other horsemen who will carry them instead of horse bows. The range of a medium arbalest is much less than a heavy arbalest, though its accuracy is perhaps greater. While it can kill at 100 yards easily, and is accurate to that distance, it can only penetrate plate armor at fairly short range, 30 yards or less. It's extreme range is 300 yards, but hitting anything at that distance requires luck rather than skill.
Pelta: a javelin with a 26" long spear-head with a round socket on a 36" shaft. Very similar to the angon, the pelta is more aerodynamic and designed to fly much further, up to an effective range of 50 yards. The long ferrule of the spear-head is is softer, but the point is also a square spike, so that it can puncture armor and foul perhaps even an entire conrois of charging men-at-arms. Unlike a normal javelin or an angon, a pelta is almost no use in close-quarters combat as the thin ferrule cannot parry any other weapon and generally can't piece armor without crumpling. For this reason any warrior carrying several peltas will also have some other weapon. The pelta is also widely used by light cavalry.
Longbow: a 60-76" self bow with a flat front and round back, able to deliver yard-long arrows up to 300 yards, though effective combat range is generally only about 100-150 yards, and truly accurate shooting is generally only possible at 50-60 yards. Used en masse, the 'arrow storm' of a body of longbowmen can devastate charging cavalry. At close range capable of piercing plate armor with 'bodkin' arrowheads, at longer range it is the horses who suffer wounds, breaking up formations and causing confusion in the advance. Against foot troops it is even more deadly. The draw weight on a longbow varies from 80-180 pounds, but most are above 130 pounds, and it requires great strength and skill to pull, hold, and loose arrow after arrow in volleys with other longbowmen. For this reason it is not as common as crossbows and lighter bows, as being truly proficient requires literally a lifetime of practice. The best longbowmen have a bow that is perfectly matched to their strength, which may be more or less of a draw weight than another man, but because it is matched it allows them to loose more arrows quicker than a man who is overmatched by his bow. These usually belong to yeomen who have the time and the money to learn their actual strength and get a bow made to match.
Saunion: a 48-60" javelin composed entirely of a thin bar of iron with a cloth wrapped around the middle to form a grip. With a barbed head, it is very difficult to extract from shield or body. Because of it's weight its a maximum effective range is only 10 yards, and while it is of limited use in killing those wearing plate armor, it does penetrate enough to at least discompose their formations. Usually kept as the a last resort by javelin-armed troops.
War bow: a 42-54" composite or laminated bow, usually recurved for additional strength. While similar in power and lethality to the longbow, the war bow is considerably harder to make and is rarely used in large groups. Because of its smaller size, it is frequently used by scouts and skirmishers. With a pull weight of 120-150 pounds, it requires just as much skill as a longbow, and has a similar range with bodkin arrowheads, about 50-60 yards for good accuracy, effective combat range of 100-150 yards, but the maximum range is longer, up to 400 yards. While still capable of killing at 400 yards, accuracy at such a distance is almost non-existent. While slightly too long for use from horseback, particularly tall riders on big horses sometimes do carry war bows instead of horse bows for the extra punch.
Cavalry/Chivalric Weapons (short):
Bulawa: an all-steel mace with a pear-shaped or globular head, this ancient weapon has been used on nearly every battlefield in the history of Amelek. About 40" long, it is capable of denting plate armor and helmets, but it is more valued for its symbolism than its military power. As the symbol of royalty and nobility from the earliest times, it remains part of the regalia of many nations, and extremely ancient and enchanted bulawas are still carried into battle to this day. While not the most effective weapon against plate armor, it is also not useless, and it's crushing blows can stun and break bones through every other form of armor.
Horseman's axe: an all-steel axe with a back-spike and a thrusting spike, the horseman's axe is of recent date, having been designed to penetrate plate armor. The axe-head is small, only about two inches along the edge, but tapers from 2" at the haft along only a 3" distance to the edge, so that it can be used to punch holes in plate armor. The 6" spike atop the head and the 5" spike on the reverse are also thick at the base. The haft is narrow, with roundels protecting the hand at the grip, and the weapon's overall length is usually from 32-40." Used principally by knights and men-a-arms against each other, it is a very quick, very light one-handed weapon of growing popularity.
Horseman's flail: very similar to the threshing flail, the horseman's flail is much smaller, usually with a 24" wooden haft and a 12" banded or spiked metal cylinder or swingle, connected together with either one link or no more than 3" of chain. Very effective against mail armor, it is less so against plate, and has become less fashionable in recent days. Like the mace-and-chain, a horseman's flail has the tendency to get stuck in plate armor without killing the foe inside, and while this inconveniences him, it also means the wielder has lost a weapon. Devastating against lightly armored or unarmored foes, it is still common enough on most battlefields.
Horseman's hammer: like the horseman's axe, the newest version of the horseman's hammer was designed to penetrate plate armor. With a 3-4", spiked hammer-head on one side, a 5-6" spike on the reverse, and a thrusting spike of 4-6" jutting from the top, it is a very effective weapon, and even quicker than a horseman's axe. Usually made of wood with langets on the sides, the grip is protected by metal roundels and there is often a short spike below them as well. This weapon varies from 28-36" in length, and has become very fashionable of late, particularly in Agezaine.
Horseman's pick: the simplest of the new weapons for penetrating armor, a horseman's pick is nothing more than a steel rod with a spike jutting out at a right angle from the top. The spike or pick is usually 5-7" long, and the metal haft is 28-36" with roundels above and below the leather-wrapped grip. This one-handed weapon is quick and light, and punches holes through plate with ease, and more elaborate versions have begun to be made. Most popular is a head carved to look like a hand holding a dagger, where the thick spike takes the place of the dagger. These are heavier and a little slower, but none the less popular for all that.
Mace: the mace originally was just a cylindrical version of the bulawa, and over time developed a central bulge that made it more effective against mail armor. More recent versions have become flanged, with six or eight spiked flanges radiating from a 28-32" metal haft, but while a flanged mace is ever so deadly against mail armor, it has very little effect on plate armor, except to dent it and possibly break bones beneath. Maces have become less popular of late because of this reason, but are still carried by many royal or noble officials as a symbol of rank. Not so prestigious as the smooth round bulawa, it is still symbolically important and is deadly against unarmored foes.
Sabar: very similar to the horseman's pick, this weapon is much more ancient, having been borne by Thellic kings for thousands of years. It consists of a wooden haft 30-36" in length, with a small round mace-like socket at the top and a single down-curving blade jutting from one side. This 7-10" blade is really two blades with four edges, and at the point they are combined into one. Few other weapons are capable of dealing with plate armor with no changes, but the sabar is one, and while it is only popular among the Ithels and others of Thellic descent, it remains respected by every other people.
Tabar (or Tharb): while the word is just the ancient Kythonic word for axe, the style of the tabar has remained the same since the Great Siege. A tabar has a 32-36" hollow tube for a haft, anciently made of bronze but presently of steel, and a thin-bladed stabbing knife is hidden within. The axe-head has only a 4-5" slightly curved blade edge, and is wedge-shaped with a flat, square peen. While not so effective against plate armor as the sabar, it still can punch through if wielded with enough strength, and current versions have only a 2.5-3" edge to make them more effective. This ancient symbol of the Kythonic military officer has lost much of its luster in the present, but is still common enough especially amongst the Hidalgos of the Empire of the Jeweled Sea, who are descended from those very officers.
Cavalry/Chivalric Weapons (long):
Bec-de-corbin: developed from the lucerne hammer, the bec-de-corbin has a shorter, heavier spike at the top of about 4-5", a straighter back-spike of 4-5", and a smaller, four-pronged hammer-head of 2-3," all atop a 6-8' pole. Even though it is used by knights and men-at-arms, it is a weapon they only use on foot, and usually only in single combat. It's ability to puncture plate armor makes it more useful than most swords when fighting in armor, while it has long enough spikes to be instantly fatal.
Boar spear: this specialized hunting spear is generally only used by the nobility, as nobody else is allowed to hunt the boar. A simple spear with a cross-piece designed to keep the boar from running up the shaft, boar-spears tend to be 6-8' long and have a triangular head. Some have a point at the butt.
Contus: this little known weapon is the two-handed lance, used by the Chavhyrs of the west and sometimes copied by the warriors of Anjalakh. Very simple in design, it has a 6" leaf-shaped head, a 10-12' shaft which narrows towards the point, with a small counterweight at the butt. Used two-handed without a shield, can penetrate any armor when used from the back of a charging horse, and having two hands gives it more versatility when fighting foot-soldiers. It is slightly less efficient than a couched lance, and more likely to be lost in combat.
Demi-lance: a short spear for use by squires and pages, called so by courtesy. A demi-lance has a 4" leaf-shaped blade atop a 6' shaft, and cannot be used couched like a real lance. Often used by knights or men-at-arms when they fight on foot.
Lance (heavy): a long, tapering weapon with a guard or vamplate over the grip and a very small 3-4" pointed or leaf-shaped blade at the end. Usually 12-14' long with a counterweight at the butt, a lance is tucked up under the arm and extends out across the horse onto the rider's left side, making man, armor and horse a single weapon with all that power concentrated on tiny point 6 feet in front of the horse's nose. The rider must lean forward just before the moment of impact, and if accurate, a lance can pierce any armor. This powerful weapon is mostly used against other horsemen, as few foot-soldiers can stand in the face of its charge, and those who do stand together in schiltrons or pike squares that horses will not approach. A knight that finds a gap in the hedge of spears can and will use his lance against infantry to devastating effect. The greatest weakness of the heavy lance is its tendency to break. It is very frequently only good for a single use. Though it is sometimes used in war, it has become less frequent, though it is always used in tournaments.
Lance (light): this weapon is really just a spear designed to be used on horseback. It has a 6' leaf-shaped blade at the end of a 10-12' shaft, with a counterweight at the butt. It can be couched like a heavy lance, but can also be reversed to thrust downward from a rearing horse, or used two-handed if the cavalry must dismount. Used more often in war than the heavy lance, many are now calling it a war lance, and the heavy lance is being called a courtesy lance. It remains to be seen whether these new terms will catch on. The light lance also tends to get broken or more often lost, but not nearly so often as a heavy lance.
Langue de Beve (also Ox-tongue): this Noraine weapon is a pole-arm designed to be used from horseback. It has a 18" blade atop a 8-10' shaft, and a small counterweight on the butt keeps it balanced. The blade is oddly shaped, square or rounded at the base and then running parallel about 3 inches broad for 12" or so, then tapering abruptly into a 6" spike. The spine of the blade runs straight into the socket, so that it is both a cutting weapon and a piercing. The spike can pierce armor with a short charge on horseback, and the edges can cut mail or other armor. Used one-handed with a shield, it can be couched for short charges, and can be reversed for a downward thrust from a rearing horse. Used by the squires and custrels of knights, it is used after the opposing lines have merged and all the lances are broken.
Poll-axe (also Pole-axe): this is the knightly version of the halberd, used when knights are afoot in battle, or for single combat in duels. The poll-axe has an axe-head on one side, usually flaring from a 2" base to 8-10" of edge and often pierced with ornamental holes to reduce weight. The edge may be round or flat, and currently tends to be flat. On the reverse is a hammer-head that flares from 2" to 3-4," and is sometimes flat but more often with small pyramid-shaped spikes. Atop the poll-axe is a long spike or spear-head, 6-12" in length. This weapon is set upon a 6-8' haft which is protected for a third of its length by langets. Capable of cutting, crushing and piercing plate-armor, it is possibly the most dangerous of all knightly weapons, though it is practically useless on horseback.
Runka (also Ranseur): while it appears similar to a partizan or spetum, the runka has a different development and history. The Gyrsons had a form of spear they called a 'winged spear' with two lugs below the blade to prevent a berserk warrior from running along the shaft to kill the wielder. Sir Gallant, the first of the Knights Errant, found this weapon particularly useful in fighting bandits and monsters, and refined it to the present shape. A runka is an ordinary war-spear, a narrow triangular head of 12" set atop an 8-10' shaft, but with two triangular blades of 4-5" jutting from the socket below the spear-head. This prevents an enemy who has been pierced by the weapon from running up the shaft, and the side blades or flukes can also be used to cut or puncture. A runka can be couched for short charges, be reversed for downward attacks from a charging or rearing horse, and can be used two-handed while on foot. It's versatility has kept it in continual use for 400 years, and even today it can pierce plate armor with its narrow blade.
Cavalry/Chivalric Distance Weapons:
Arbalest (light): this all-steel weapon is designed to be used with one hand, though it is long enough to be used with both if necessary. The steel tiller is more curved than other arbalests, and the trigger is small, and the draw weight is only 50-75 pounds, making it relatively easy to span by hand. Considered a weapon of last resort, it is carried by those who expect to encounter magicians and need some means of breaking their concentration while the distance is closed. Incapable of penetrating armor even at close range, it is very capable against silk robes, and its needle-pointed steel quarrels can easily penetrate chain mail armor. The effective combat range of a light arbalest is 50 yards, and it is accurate to that distance, though if used one handed accuracy suffers at anything over 25 yards. Extreme range is 100 yards, and its accuracy at that distance is very poor.
Horse bow (or kaman): there are several different kinds of horse bow, angled, double-curved, recurved, double-recurved, and several more. Nearly all are made of laminated layers of wood and horn glued together to make them very powerful for their size. Most are 32-40" in length, making them easy to shoot from horseback, and have a draw weight of 100-120 pounds. Accurate to 50-60 yards if shot while on foot, it is considerably less while on horseback, unless the horse is standing still. Though a good horse-archer can hit targets even while galloping, anything above 25 yards is chancy, even from the back of an ambling horse. The effective combat range of a horse-bow is 100 yards, and while it can kill at distances of 250-300 yards, it is nearly impossible to hit anything at such a distance. The horse bow has been a mainstay of the Kythonic and Thellic traditions for many centuries, but of late it has become less popular because of its inability to penetrate plate armor at anything beyond 25 yards. Though still very common among the Sisterhoods, it is no longer used by other militaries outside of the Rythe.
Jarid: very similar to the angon, the jarid has a leaf-shaped head of about 2" and a ferrule of 20-22" set with a socket onto a 36-40" shaft. Designed for use by light cavalry, it is still carried by knights and men-at-arms who might otherwise have no distance weapon at all. With the advent of plate armor, some now are equipped with a square spike instead of the traditional leaf-shape (jarid means 'palm leaf'). Even so, it is rare for a small javelin to penetrate plate armor, and most of the time they are used against infantry or horses, especially by hobilers or reivers. When thrown from horseback the effective range of a jarid is only about 20 yards, 10 yards if accuracy is desired, though if the horse is galloping and the jarid is thrown forward, that distance may triple--but the accurate range only doubles, and then only with a skilled wielder.
Sword Descriptions
Infantry Swords:
Baselard: a short sword with a tapering blade of about 20-28" with an 'I' shaped hilt. In some both guard and pommel are straight, in others they curve towards each other. Often carried by civilians as well as soldiers, and considered (by law) to be a dagger rather than a sword. The blade is usually about 2" broad at the base of the forte and tapers slightly until the last few inches of the foible into a point. A matching dagger with a 10-14" blade is often carried in company with a baselard.
Bastard sword: a two-edged straight sword with a blade of 36-42" and an 8-10" cross-guard, often with additional side rings and/or arms of the hilt. The grip is the most distinguishing feature, being 7-9" long, not quite long enough for comfortable use with two hands. There is usually a ring around the grip to distinguish where the first and second hand should be placed. Balanced to be used one- or two-handed, this weapon was first developed in the Farath as a replacement for the knightly Arming Sword, but quickly became popular among Farathi mercenary companies while few knights would carry one. Sometimes called a Hand-and-a-half sword, and more derisively a Farathi longsword.
Baudelaire (also Shier, Sehinshir): a short saber with a slightly curved, clip-pointed, single-edged blade of about 24-28" and a decorated hilt, especially the pommel. The quillions are flat and curve opposite each other, the upper curving towards the blade and the lower towards the pommel. Often carried by archers, arbalestiers and sailors. This is the closest modern equivalent to the standard shier of the Kythonic legionaries of the Great Siege, though the hilt is slightly different. Brevics never use the Noraine term but always say shier.
Broadsword (also Bathir, Cut-and-thrust sword, Schiavona): a straight, double-edged sword with a blade 34-40" in length with the recently invented basket hilt. While the ancient bathir of the Brevics was similar with its 3-bar stirrup hilt, the full basket was first seen in the Rythe. Though it is still not very popular, it has recently been adopted as a secondary weapon by many of the Farathi mercenary commanders. The blade is of flat hexagonal cross-section, and strong enough to pierce plate armor if the wielder is lucky, but it has mostly been used in place of an arming sword by heavy cavalry of non-knightly descent.
Cinqueada: a short sword or large dagger with a two-edged, extremely broad and tapering blade of 18-28" with at least two and sometimes five fullers. The quillions curve towards the point, and the grip is unusually thin, with a knob in the middle. The blade may be 5 or even 6" across at the base of the forte, and tapers dramatically to the point. Cinqueada refers to the 'five fingers' wide base of the blade. Often carried by mercenaries and civilians, it's breadth and thickness allows it to be used both as a parrying weapon in the off hand, or as a 'dagger' in places where swords aren't allowed.
Claymore: the big Gallowglas two-handed sword, developed in the Highland Kingdom to both defend and break into the schiltron formation of spears. The claymore has a 48-60" blade, double-edged with parallel edges for most of its length, and the point tends to be slightly rounded rather than acute. At least ten inches of the blade are blunt at the base of the forte just below the hilt, which portion is called the ricasso by the Seibarinos and the fore-grip by the Gallowglas. The hilt of a claymore angles toward the blade, and often has clover-leaf decorations at the end of each quillion. The grip itself is at least 10" long, sometimes 12," giving the sword a minimum length of 58" and a maximum of 72." The fore-grip is often wrapped in leather to make it easier to hold it below the hilt. While very large, the claymore rarely weighs more than 6-7 pounds, and is used only in the schiltron or in duels.
Cutlass: a curved sword with a single-edged blade of 28-36", often 2-2.5" broad for most of its length. Used for slashing and chopping, it has lately become very popular on board ship. While most have a simpler version of a baudelaire hilt, many are now equipped with a basket hilt, strong enough to protect the hand and to bludgeon a foe. Relatively heavy for its length, it is very uncommon outside of seaports or aboard ship.
Dagesse (also Achan, Peynshir): a short sword or large dagger carried as a sidearm by many soldiers, with a double-edged, tapering blade of 18-28." Similar to the cinqueada, it is simpler, with a straight cross-guard, an ordinary grip and pommel, and a single fuller. It is also narrower, only about 3-3.5" broad at the base of the forte, and tapering more gently to a point. Carried by mercenaries and civilians, it fills the same niche as the cinqueada but is a good deal cheaper.
Doppelhander (or Doppalhande-saebel, Spadone): a big sword fashioned in imitation of the claymore by Albaring and Seibarino mercenaries. With a straight, double-edged blade of 54-66" and a grip of 12" this is the biggest swords used by humans, and it is used only in pike squares. Despite its size, the heaviest type of this weapon weighs only 8-9 pounds, and is superb at its particular purpose, which is cutting off pike-heads and breaking into enemy pike formations. Most doppelhanders have a blunt ricasso below the hilt, often up to 16" long, with a pair of flanges or spikes above that point to protect the hand when it is 'shortened.' The quillions are very wide, sometimes 16-18" across, and often have side-rings and arms of the hilt. While useful in their particular niche, a dopplehander is of little use outside of it. While its powerful cuts can sometimes shear through armor, outside of a pike square nobody holds still long enough for the slow-moving sword, and so it is not even used for duels.
Falchion (also Falco, Halcone): a short sword with a flaring blade of about 24-32" which is flat and blunt on one side and curved on the edge. Only about 1.5" broad at the base of the forte, it widens to about 3" before curving back into a point. The hilt is usually cruciform with a square or round pommel, but some have a baudelaire-style hilt instead. While most commonly used as a sidearm by archers, arbalestiers, halberdiers and spearmen, it is sometimes found among the men-at-arms and, more rarely, even knights have been known to prefer it to an arming sword.
Flambard (or Fiammabuordias, Flammenklyng): a flamboyant version of the doppelhander, the flambard is the same size and shares the same purpose. It is always on the larger side, with a blade of 60-66" and a 12" grip. Its hilt is more decorative, often with little whorls or barbs coming off of the quillions or side-rings, and both the grip and the blunt ricasso are usually wrapped in scarlet leather. Below the flanges the sword has wavy or even scalloped edges, and while this provides no particular advantage it also doesn't cause any harm. Carried by the most flamboyant mercenaries of Albar and Sabarra, it is useless outside of a pike square but much admired for its deadly beauty.
Gladius (also Tagax, Kinshir): a short stabbing sword with a 2" broad, double-edged blade of 18-26." The edges run parallel for the entirety of the forte, then taper throughout the foible to the point. The hilt comes in many varieties, the earliest being simple square cross-guards about 3" across and a spherical pommel, while the more common version today has a straight cruciform guard of 6" across and a 'scent stopper' pommel. Intended to be used in a formation of shields, it is today carried as a sidearm by many kinds of troops, and is the most common form of sword among civilians. Early versions had one or two fullers, but the current gladius has a flattened diamond section so that it can pierce plate armor. Usually it will only pierce the joints of plate armor, but the weapon-smiths are definitely trying. Very frequently carried as a sidearm by Seibarino pikemen.
Katzbalger: a medium-sized sword with a distinctive 'S' shaped guard, popular among Albaring mercenaries as a side arm. A katzbalger or 'cat gutter' has a 30-36" double-edged blade with parallel edges for most of its length, the last six inches of the foible tapering sharply. Most have a spherical pommel, but some have odd-shaped pommels, such as a dodecahedron. Usually carried as a secondary weapon by Albaring pikemen.
Xiphos (also Aor, Dvatag, Shir): one of the most ancient sword forms in Amelek, the xiphos has a straight, leaf-shaped, double-edged blade of 26-28" with a rib running up the center. It's hilt has a 3" square guard and a cylindrical pommel with a grip that flares slightly in the middle. The preferred sword of the Kavons of long ago, it remains an important symbol or royalty and nobility among the few remaining Kavonic states, even though it is hopelessly outclassed by modern weapons. Most remaining xiphoi are very ornate and belong to those claiming descent from ancient Kavonic royalty or nobility, and new ones are only forged for those who hope to gain ancestral prestige. Even the latest additions can't penetrate plate armor without the help of magic.
Cavalry/Chivalric Swords:
Arming sword (also Airos, Eir, Espasa de Zinture, Claidhea, Claybec, Kalabian, Saebel, Spata, Swerd, Syf): a light sword carried at the belt by knights and men-at-arms, usually with a 32-36" double-edged straight blade, a cruciform hilt 6-7" across and a round, heptagonal or 'scent stopper' pommel. Arming swords from the last century all have a fuller for speed and strength, but plate armor has made them obsolete. A present day arming sword has a flattened diamond or flat hexagonal cross section, and is stiff enough to penetrate plate if one is very lucky. The arming sword is rarely able to pierce plate, however, and is much more apt at getting through the joints of an armor. As recently as 25 years ago an arming sword would have a slightly tapering blade with a small point, but currently it will have the same tapering blade, but the tapering is more acute and the point is almost a spike. While intended to be used with a shield, shields are no longer much used once the lances are finished, and no use at all to an armored man on foot, and so newer forms are coming into being, though for the present it remains the most common of secondary weapons for any knight or man-at-arms.
Banshier (also Gewerkilkshir): developed by the Companions of the Black Prince on the long retreat to Chaldham, this curved sword is still kept mainly as a reminder of those times, and is rarely used in war. With a 44-50" slightly curved blade and a 10" grip, the banshier is light and quick, and can be used with one or both hands. With a disk guard and a flaring pommel, it's simple design was a sign of that time, when they had little leisure for niceties. Even so the disk of a banshier is nearly always a heptagon, in memory of the 'Seven Lights' who led the Brevics out of the Citadel. The 1.25" wide blade is triangular in section and sharpened on the convex of the curve, and has tremendous cutting power, but against plate armor the banshier is ineffective. Most of them are kept as treasured heirlooms in many a noble house of the Empire of the Jeweled Sea, and new banshiers are made from time to time for new family branches, but they have not been commonly used in war for over 200 years.
Coustille (also Coup-sword): a short, broad-bladed sword carried by non-noble men-at-arms or custrels, which name comes from the Noraine coustillier. The word coustille is actually not Noraine in origin, but comes from Odonne: 'coup steel,' or a weapon used for giving the coup-de-grace. A coustille has a straight, double-edged blade of 26-32" and which tapers from 3" at the guard to a very sharp point. It has a large fuller, but it tapers to a flattened diamond at the point, so that it can be used to penetrate armor, or more especially the joints of armor. A coustille has a straight cross-guard of about 7-8" and sometimes has one or more side rings, and its grip is just long enough to use two-handed, though it is a 'bastard' or hand-and-a-half hilt. It is carried instead of an arming sword by custrels, and it is two-handed so that it can be used reversed to kill an enemy too badly wounded for healing. In actual combat it is not really able to penetrate plate, but is still effective in the joints. The coustille is also sometimes carried by civilians, and their popularity is growing especially in Agezaine, where coustillier has become nearly synonymous with brigand.
Greatsword (also Bantag, Espasa de Guerre, Gewershir, Sword of War, War-sword): a large sword with a straight, double-edged, tapering blade of 42-56" in length, with 10-12" cruciform quillions and a 10" grip. Balanced for two-handed use, the greatsword is now the premier weapon of a knight or man-at-arms. The entire forte has only a very slight edge, allowing the sword to be strongly gripped for close thrusts (i.e. 'half-swording'), and while it cannot pierce the strongest parts of plate armor, it can certainly penetrate the joints and is easier to aim when 'half-swording.' Weighing 4-5 pounds, a greatsword can be wielded one-handed by very strong warriors, but it is not balanced well for such use. Knights and men-at-arms learn to wield this sword both on horseback and afoot, and it is considered by most to be the most deadly and versatile of all swords. Its size prevents it being carried at the waist, and it generally hangs in a sheath before the saddle of the war-horse.
Karabela (also Kilij, Samiscer, Scimitar, Seyrshir, Shashka): a curved sword with a blade edged on the convex side and part of the concave, 32-40" in length. The blade is about 1-1.5" broad along most of its length, curving into a point in the last 4-6" of the foible. The hilt varies much more widely than the blade, and the guard may be of cruciform, disk, or flat-'S' shape, while the pommel may be of round, square, pointed, or 'scent stopper' design. Many also have a baudelaire-type hilt. This sword is very effective against lightly armored enemies, but mail offers excellent protection against it, and plate armor verges on proof against its edge. Still used in areas too hot for plate armor, it retains a place of some prestige in the Empire of the Jeweled Sea, as every Companion of the Black Prince carried a Brevic samiscer.
Longsword (also Espasa de'Fenza, Tag, Udshir): a large sword in shape almost exactly like a greatsword, except slightly smaller. A longsword too has a straight, double-edged tapering blade with a sharp point, but it is only 38-46" in length. The guard is wide and cruciform and most have a tapering 'scent stopper' pommel. Like the greatsword the forte of a longsword is not sharpened to allow 'half-swording' by gripping the blade. While the longsword can sometimes penetrate plate, it is not as effective as a greatsword and so is used primarily by those who cannot afford a greatsword. Fifty years ago the longsword held the premier place, and it is still much used in war, especially in border territories and anywhere plate armor is less common. Outside of actual war a longsword is more versatile than a Greatsword, as it can be carried from the waist, is faster and lighter, and nearly as effective in every area. Knights Errant almost always carry a longsword.
Palasch (also Kilkshir, Saber, Siuroth, Talwar): a longer version of the karabela, the palasch has a curved blade 1-1.5" wide and 36-44" long. The edge is on the convex of the curve, which is slightly less pronounced than on the karabela. The main difference besides length is the hilt, as the palasch has a stirrup-hilt to protect the knuckles. Almost completely helpless in the face of plate armor, the palasch is still common in areas where the heat makes only light armor practical.
Saddle sword: this large sword is a recent invention, designed specifically to replace the Greatsword. It has not done so as yet, but it is slowly catching on. The saddle sword has a 48-50" blade, the lower third of which is not only not sharpened, but is square or hexagonal in section. The blade flares from that point to a flattened diamond or flat hexagonal cross-section about 2" broad. It then describes a slightly curved arc on both edges to a very stiff point. Able to pierce plate armor as well as a tucke, it also can be used for slashing, and while it is slightly too heavy for one-handed use in cutting, it can be gripped ahead of the hilt and used to thrust like a light lance. The hilt of a saddle sword is usually a very simple cruciform guard with a 10-12" grip and a 'scent stopper' pommel. This new sword shows great promise, as it can be wielded almost exactly like a greatsword with a couple of additional uses.
Sayf (also Halaadin Broadsword): this curved sword has a 2.5" broad, 36-42" blade with the edge on the convex side. Triangular in section, there is a rib that extends about 1/3 of the length of the blade on the concave side near the hilt, allowing for more powerful slashes with the hand on the back of the blade. This weapon is surprisingly effective against mail armor, and as it is mostly used in hotter countries where plate armor is rare, it remains an excellent weapon. Against plate armor, however, it is nearly powerless, as its point isn't sharp enough nor situated properly for thrusts. The hilt of a sayf has a very heavy down-curved pommel, with a small guard of 4" quillions. A chain connects the lower quillion with the pommel.
Tucke (also Estoc, Kargh): this piercing sword is almost like a lance. It's 48-54" blade has a triangular or hexagonal cross-section, and has no real edge, being designed to puncture every sort of armor. It was only a curiosity a few years ago, a relic of the ride of the Brevics from the Accursed Citadel to the Sea, but with the growing popularity of plate armor it has come back into vogue. The hilt is long, up to 18" with a spherical pommel and a heptagonal disk as the guard. Used as a short lance by the Companions of the Black Prince, today it has proven very effective against plate armor, and the ancient blades have been joined by many recent copies. As the blade has no edge, it can be gripped at any point, and makes for a very versatile if large and unwieldy weapon.
Yataghan (also Khachir): a double-curved sword of ancient design, still used by scouts and frontiersmen for its excellent cutting power. The blade of a yataghan is from 26-30" long and 1.25-1.5" broad, and first curves down from the simple flaring pommel hilt. About halfway the blade curves back up and makes a wicked point. The blade is edged on the lower portion of the blade, and 6-8" along the top near the point. This blade form allows for astonishing cutting power, and it is also very well balanced for thrusting. While too small and too thin for use against plate armor, it does very well against mail and even better against the thick hides of marauding beasts and monsters.
New Civilian Swords:
Brette (also Estocco, Estoque): a slim sword with a 0.75" broad, 40-50" long blade of flattened diamond section. The hilt is usually ornate, wide, and complex, with side-rings, arms of the hilt, and a knuckle guard. While capable of inflicting scratches and small cuts with its edge, the brette is primarily a thrusting sword, with a blunt ricasso as much as 12" below the guard to allow for parries. Carried by gentlemen and burgesses for self-defense, it is intended to be used solely against unarmored opponents, and though it can sometimes pierce poorly made mail, it scarcely scratches plate armor, and has great difficulty with brigandine and even boiled leather armors.
Colichemarde: a straight, edgeless sword, with a thick forte and thin, sharply tapering foible, from 32-36" in length including the hilt. Used for thrusting only, and the reinforced forte allows larger swords to be parried. The guard is usually straight with arms of the hilt and side rings, or a more ornate double shell-guard with a stirrup guard. Developed as an Albaring response to the the Seibarino Spata Cortesi, it is today carried by all Albaring courtiers, and has begun to filter into other nations. The colichemarde is completely helpless against any sort of armor as the foible is easily broken. While sometimes worn by soldiers, it is never carried by anyone to war.
Court Sword (also Smallsword, Spata cortesi): a light, short sword with a straight, edgeless blade tapering sharply from hilt to point, about 30-33" in length. Like the brette it is used only against unarmored opponents, and is considered a dagger in many courts. The 1.5" broad forte can parry heavier swords if wielded with skill, but the foible is more feeble than almost any other sword; some have been broken by a sharp blow from an unarmored fist. Helpless against armor of any kind, it is never pitted against it, being the sword of courtesy worn by courtiers.
Dueling sword (also Espata duello): a straight, double-edged sword with a simple cross-guard and small arms of the hilt, with a 1" blade about 40-44" in length. It is used in formal duels between gentlemen or burgesses, and considered by Seibarinos to be the only proper sword for such occasions. While still uncommon, other courts have begun to use the same type of sword for the same reason, for while a dueling sword is just as lethal as other swords, it is used for thrusting and so is less gory, allowing ladies to watch duels in greater comfort. Unlike the colichemarde and court sword, the dueling sword is never worn, but only carried to a duel, used there, and then returned to its place at home. The winner of a duel always receives the loser's dueling sword by Seibarino tradition, though this is ignored everywhere else.
Obsolete Swords:
Dvasam: a development of the yataghan, this two-handed version was always more of a ceremonial weapon rather than designed for battle. With a 40-44" double-curved blade and a 10-12" grip, it was very difficult to learn, and the point was never easy to aim. While capable of extremely powerful blows, and able to shear through even mail armor, it cannot cut through plate armor, and has devolved into a weapon given as a symbol of nobility to any scout or frontiersman that distinguishes himself enough for knighthood, but cannot legally receive knighthood. Every dvasam today will be extremely decorative while remaining functional, and several old families have them hanging over their mantles as reminders of their heroic ancestors.
Falx: a weapon used by the Etriquínes when they first invaded Amelek, the falx is a short curved sword with the edge on the concave of the curve. The blade is typically 20-30" long, with a very simple hilt with a roundel for a guard and a saucer-shaped pommel. Carried by the Etriquín buckler-man or marine, it was used both for battle and to cut ropes, sails or oars that were fouling a ship and preventing its movement. Simple and deadly, it was very effective against lightly armored sailors, but as ships improved it fell out of use, though some Etriquín naval captains still carry decorative versions to this day. As armor is now worn even aboard ship, the falx is no longer much use in combat, as it cannot easily penetrate mail armor and can only scratch plate.
Khepesh (also Khofsh, Xafsh): this strange weapon came to Amelek with the Yerra, and their pacific nature is the only reason it never was developed or improved upon over the centuries. A cross between a sword and a sickle, the khepesh has a straight blade for the first 8-10" which then forms a half-circle or half-elipse, ending in hooked point. The overall length of the blade is 24-30" and the grip was usually very simple, with no guard and flaring to a saucer-shaped pommel. The edge runs along the bottom of the blade around the outside of the circle, though some were double-edged. The effectiveness of this weapon was never really tested until the coming of the Etriquínes, where it proved itself to be a very poor weapon. Many of them still exist, kept as heirlooms by the Yerra to remind them that peaceful peoples can die at the point of the sword just as easily as warlike peoples.
Kopis (also Banprahn, Chypes, Falcata, Xingshir): this unusual sword was very popular with the ancient Kavons, and a very similar weapon was used by the Etriquínes when they conquered half the world. The blade curves downward from the hilt, but then broadens and curves back to form a point, and is sharpened on the lower edge of the entire length. The blade was usually 24-28" in length, and the most common form of hilt was similar to a stirrup guard, but with a horse-head for the pommel. The blade shape of a kopis allows for extremely powerful cuts with relatively little muscle, but it is almost impossible to aim a thrust with the point. The iron versions of the Kavons were easily able to cut through the bronze armor of the Thells and the scale armor of the Kythons, but was less effective against chain mail and plate armor. While a smaller dagger version called the 'prayer knife' is still common in many parts of the world, this sword has not been used since the Battle of 10,000 Ships when the militaries of the entire world were only slowly reformed after the devastation of the Wars of the Skull.
Special Weapons:
Each social class in Amelek has a weapon or weapons that are particularly associated with them. This is surprisingly common to many different cultures, and may reflect more on the availability of materials than anything else. Each class of course uses many other weapons depending on their wealth and inclinations, but these weapons are generally considered beneath those of any higher classes or above those of any lower classes. In many cases when a person is moving up in class, one of the first things done is to buy the weapon of the next rank to demonstrate his upward movement.
Banshier: this is the special weapon of the noble classes in the Empire of the Jeweled Sea, and is described in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords above. While the banshier is rarely used in war, it remains a symbol of the Hidalgo class, and anyone of Hidalgo rank or better will have one to symbolize the connection with the ancient Brevics Companions who escaped from the Great Citadel. Each nation similarly uses antique versions of swords or other weapons in the noble class, the banshier is given as an example. Additional Examples:
Albwyne: Claidhea; see Arming Sword in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Ayronners: Kalabian; see Arming Sword in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Banelow: War Spear; see Infantry Weapons (long)
Dal Chai: Karabela; see Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Etriquínes: Falcata; see Kopis in Obsolete Swords
Gyrsons: Gyrson axe; see Infantry Weapons (long)
Halaadin: Sayf; see Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Ithels: Shir; see Xiphos in Infantry Swords
Justenes: Gladius; see Infantry Swords
Kavons: Xiphos; see Infantry Swords
Noraines: Espasa de Zinture; See Arming Sword in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Seibarino: Halcone; see Falchion in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Valenzions: Airos; see Arming Sword in Cavalry/Chivalric Swords
Yerra: Khepesh; see Obsolete Swords
Brandistock: the special weapon of the middle part of the middle class, namely the citizen, franklin, or granger, the brandistock is a hidden weapon, allowing them to remain armed in places where weapons are not allowed. A brandistock is a staff made from a hollow tube of 48-54" in length, usually made of two wooden pieces glued together and then wrapped in leather, linen or silk, with a narrow, sliding spear-blade that can be shaken out of one end. Many are enchanted so that the spear blade extends on its own. This 24" spear blade is sometimes accompanied by two smaller blades that jut out at 45° angles. Both ends of the staff are clad in metal, and a cap usually has to be removed for the spear to extend. The lower end of the staff frequently ends in a point but some are rounded or even squared on the bottom. The brandistock can be wielded like a long baton or a short quarterstaff, but once the spear is visible it is a short, quick pole-arm that can be used in relatively tight quarters. As the middle class includes many merchants, it is always best not to assume that any merchant is unarmed only because he carries what looks like an ornamental walking stick.
Man-catcher: this oddity is the weapon of the middle part of the lower classes, namely the commoner of the towns, the crofter and villein of the feudal estate, and the socman or deputy who watches over them. There are two versions, the simpler of which is a leather thong or rope looped into a noose and connected to a 48-60" staff through several small metal loops. It can be used to subdue a foe by hooking him around the neck and then pulling the noose tight, which allows one to keep away from the foe while strangling him. More often used for capturing rather than killing, it can do either. The more complicated version of the man-catcher is usually owned by the socman, and consists of a metal loop and mechanical closing mechanism attached to a similar staff. It closes less tightly, and has langets to keep it from being cut in two, and rarely can kill, as the loop is designed to subdue and control rather than strangle. While it cannot kill a man in armor, it can keep him at a distance long enough for an ally to get a dagger into his liver.
Matched Longbow: the weapon of the lower middle class or yeomanry is the matched longbow. This is not the same in every nation; some use a war bow instead, but it is always a bow that matches the strength of the shooter. See Longbow in Infantry Weapons (distance) above.
Poll-axe: the weapon of the middle upper class, also known as the armigerous or equestrian class. The poll-axe is described above in Cavalry/Chivalric Weapons (Long).
Sap or Sap-staff: this simple weapon belongs to the lowest class, the beggars, cottars and serfs, and at its simplest is nothing more than a small bag of sand. The most common version has a leather thong attached to give it a little more reach, and is used from ambush for stunning and knocking out a foe. It is little use in a straight fight, but the small frames of the hungry lower classes make them unlikely to win any open fight. The best version of this weapon is the sap-staff, which is a small burlap or leather sack filled with sand, small stones, or lead sling-bullets tied to the end of a 24-48" haft. This gives it a great deal more power, and on rare occasions has killed a foe with a single blow. This is rare, and it usually requires many blows to kill anyone. It is completely useless against armor of every sort, but nobody wears armor all the time.
Spiked targe: the special weapon of the highest part of the lower class is more defensive than anything else. A targe is a round shield about 20" in diameter made of wood with one or more layers of boiled leather riveted to the wood. It is gripped by a simple handle in the back, and can be used in place of a buckler. A freeman may have such a weapon before he becomes free, but always adds a 6-8" spike at the center of the shield once he is acknowledged a freeman. Used with any other one-handed weapon a spiked targe can be very formidable, and while it is considered a bit underhanded by the middle & upper classes, it is also acknowledged as the right of every freeman. Many a yeoman also carries a spiked targe along with his longbow, and it is not infrequently seen in battle matched with sword or axe.
Sword-shield (also Adarga, Lantern shield, Pata): the weapon of the upper middle class of luminaries and squires is an odd combination of shield and sword, and unlike the spiked targe is not considered underhanded, as it is very obvious what it is. There are national versions that seem quite different from each other, but they all share similar characteristics. The most common version is a long, narrow shield, about 32-40" tall and 12-18" wide with two bosses each with a grip, and 10-14" blades jutting from the central spine of the shield at both ends. This weapon is used in disputes and duels, much like the poll-axe of the knightly class, and is rarely seen in a declared war, but many squires or luminaries carry them on journeys and may use such a weapon against bandits or robber-knights at need. The second version is the adarga, common to the western nations of Anjalakh and Chai'ia. This has a very small shield, 10-12" in diameter, with a curved sword blade or sometimes a spear-like blade jutting up above the grip, while a shorter spike extends below the grip. It is really a one-handed version of the the sword-shield described above. The third main type is the lantern shield or bramatar, so named because it has a hook for a lantern. This weapon is a small round shield about 16" in diameter, with a 10" projection to protect the elbow, and two curved 10" blades jutting out from the shield close to the grip, and a third 18-24" straight blade extending directly in front of the grip. Better than many shields at parrying attacks, it is also capable of breaking swords, and of course it is a weapon as well. The last version is the pata or tagaxatar, which is much simpler, being a long, narrow shield for the forearm, and a straight 24-40" sword-blade extending out from the grip. It is rarely used as a primary weapon as it is more difficult to use than an ordinary sword, but it makes the off-hand much more effective than an ordinary buckler or shield, though it is considerably more difficult to use.
|
Sword
|
What was a Leviathan in its original biblical references?
|
Fencing FAQ (part 3) - Google Groups
Fencing FAQ (part 3)
This is Part III of the 3-part rec.sport.fencing Frequently Asked
Questions list. All parts can be found on the UseNet newsgroups
rec.sport.fencing, rec.answers, or news.answers. Otherwise, consult
section 3.8 for information on finding archived copies of this
document.
The FIE head office is located at:
Federation Internationale d'Escrime
TEL: +41 21 320 31 15
FAX: +41 21 320 31 16
A complete list of current FIE member nations and their head
offices is available at the FIE website,
The head offices of the fencing federations of English-speaking
countries are:
TEL: (61) 3 9510 8399
FAX: (61) 3 9510 2722
BRITAIN:
British Fencing (Amateur Fencing Association)
1 Barons Gate
2197 Riverside Dr. Suite 301
Ottawa ON K1H 7X3 CANADA
TEL: (613) 731-6149
Contact your national fencing body to get the addresses and phone
numbers of your local/provincial/divisional fencing associations.
In addition to the above, there are also numerous associations for
fencing coaches and masters. Among these are:
British Academy of Fencing
Many of the following businesses will mail you a catalogue if
requested. Presence in the FAQ does not imply endorsement by the
author.
PO Box 13, Balwyn 48 Clara St
Victoria Australia 3103 Camp Hill QLD 4158
TEL: (03) 9483-3077 TEL: (07) 395 3852
FAX: +61 3 9816-4072
Angelo Santangelo, Maestro of Arms
47 Dalrymple Avenue,
35 Edinburgh Drive 29 Grange Way
Staines, Middlesex TW18 1PJ Broadstairs, Kent
TEL: 01784 255-522 CT10 2YP
FAX: 01784 245-942 TEL/FAX: (01843) 866588
Merlin Enterprises Duellist Enterprises
24 Prices Lane 1 Barrowgate Road
York, YO2 1AL Chiswick, London W4
TEL/FAX: 01904 611537 TEL: 020 8747 9629
Westerleigh Units 1 & 2, Cedar Way
North Littleton Camley St., London NW1 0JQ
Evesham TEL: 020 7388-8132
WR11 5QX FAX: 020 7388-8134
TEL: +44 (0)1386 830982 URL: http://www.leonpaul.com
TEL: (Mobile) +44 (0) 7970 642967
FAX: +44 (0)1386 833112
Fencing Equipment of Canada Allstar (Herb Obst Agency)
2407 Bayview Place Box 31039
Calgary, Alberta T2V 0L6 Kelowna, BC, V1Z 3N9
TEL: (403) 281-1384 TEL: (250) 769-1810
FAX: (403) 281-0043 FAX: (250) 769-0464
Agents:
383 Tamarack Dr. Winnipeg: Stephen and Joan Symons
Waterloo, Ontario N2L 4G7 (204) 233-4795
TEL: (519) 885-6496 Ottawa: Ron Millette
FAX: (519) 888-6197 (613) 235-2226
Regina: John Brunning
710 Marco-Polo Vancouver: Zbig Pietrusinski
Boucherville, Quebec J4B 6K7 (604) 984-2157
TEL/FAX: (514) 449-0651
18 rue Nemours 31 Boulevard Voltaire
75011 Paris (metro Parmentier) 75011 Paris (metro Oberkampf)
TEL: (0)1 43 57 89 90 TEL: (0)1 48 06 48 48
FAX: (0)1 43 57 80 11
Uhlmann/Allstar Uhlmann/Allstar
7, rue Leonard de Vinci 138 rue de Chevilly
69120 Vaulx-en-Velin, Lyon 94240 L'Hay-les-Roses, Paris
TEL: (0)4 78 79 28 96 TEL: (0)1 46 87 26 70
FAX: (0)4 78 80 11 33 FAX: (0)1 46 87 24 68
Escrime Technologies/Fencing Technologies
(see Scoring Machines subsection, below,
for contact information)
D-88471 Laupheim, Germany D-50767 Koln
TEL: +49 (0)7392 9697-0 TEL/FAX: +49 221 795254
FAX: +49 (0)7392 9697-79 EMAIL: [email protected]
Allstar-Italia di Mazzini Lucia Negrini Fencing Line
Via Nostra Signora di Lourdes 72 TEL: ++39-45-8001984
I-00167 Roma FAX: ++39-45-8002755
Av. Curry Cabral 9 1Esq.
Venda-Nova
TEL: 041 / 210 22 40
FAX: 041 / 210 22 44
Blade Fencing Equipment, Inc. George Santelli, Inc.
245 West 29th St. 465 South Dean St.
NY, NY 10011 Englewood, NJ 07631
TEL: (212) 244-3090 TEL: (201) 871-3105
FAX: (212) 244-3034 FAX: (201) 871-8718
Triplette Competiton Arms American Fencers Supply
101 E. Main St. 1180 Folsom St.
Elkin, NC 28621 San Francisco, CA 94103
TEL: 336-835-7774 TEL: (415) 863-7911
FAX: 336-835-4099 FAX: (415) 431-4931
Fencing Equipment Wolf Finck, Pres. USA Headquarters
PO Box 636 330 N. Fayette Drive
Cedarburg, Wisconsin 53012 Fayetteville, GA 30214
TEL: (414) 377-9166 TEL: (770) 461-3809
FAX: (414) 377-9166
The Fencing Post Zivkovic Modern Fencing Equipment
2543 Monticello Way 77 Arnold Road
Santa Clara, CA 95051 Wellesley Hills, MA 02181
TEL: (408) 247-3604 TEL: (617) 235-3324
FAX: (408) 243-1918 FAX: (617) 239-1224
Cheris Fencing Supply Southern California Fencers Equipment
5818 East Colfax Avenue 16131 Valerio Street
Denver, CO 80220 Van Nuys, CA 91406
TEL: (303) 321-8657 TEL: (818) 997-4538
1-800-433-6232 FAX: (818) 998-8385
FAX: (303) 321-8696 Hours: 4:30pm - 7:30pm Wed & Thurs
Alexandre Ryjik Fencing Equipment Belle and Blade
4094 Majestic Lane Suite 163 124 Pennsylvania Ave.
Fairfax, VA 22033 Dover, NJ 07801
TEL: (703) 818-3106 TEL: (201) 328-8488
Blue Gauntlet Physical Chess
246 Ross Ave. 1012A Greeley Avenue North
Hackensack, NJ 07601 Union, NJ 07083
TEL: (201) 343-3362 TEL: 800-FENCING (800-336-2464)
FAX: (201) 343-4175 FAX: (877) 650-3069
5600 E. 36th St. N. #7 Vintage Sporting Equipment
Tulsa, OK 74115-2101 P.O. Box 364
TEL: (918) 835-0467 Sheboygan, WI 53082
FAX: (918) 835-6663 TEL: (800) 690-4867
contact: Kevin Mayfield FAX: (414) 459-9666
Le Touche of Class H.O.M. Fencing Supply
TEL: 310-428-8585 P.O. Box 261121, Encino, CA 91426-1121
FAX: 310-428-8385 or, SwordPlay Fencing Studio,
EMAIL: [email protected] 64 E. Magnolia Blvd., Burbank, CA 91501
160 Constitution Drive, Suite B
Menlo Park, California, 94025
TEL: 011 (33) 3 81-61-16-05
FAX: 011 (33) 3 81-61-13-67
The following list of books on the sport of fencing is not
complete. Books on historical methods, stage fighting, Japanese
fencing, and other eastern martial arts are not listed here.
Online bookstores and databases (eg. www.amazon.com ) are a good
resource to search for more information.
Hank Pardoel published his Biliography of the Art and Sport of
Fencing in 1996 through the Queen's University School of Physical
Education. It contains a thorough index of thousands of fencing
books, articles, microfilms, and other resources dating from the
1400s to the present.
Alaux, Modern Fencing (Charles Scribner, 1975)
Anderson, All About Fencing (Arco, 1970)
Anderson, Tackle Fencing (Paul, ?)
Angelo, The School of Fencing (Land's End Press, 1971)
Barbasetti, The Art of the Foil (EP Dutton, 1932)
de Beaumont, All About Fencing (Coles, 1978)
de Beaumont, Fencing: Ancient Art and Modern Sport (ES Barnes, 1978)
de Beaumont, Teach Yourself Fencing (McKay, 1968)
de Beaumont, Your Book of Fencing (Transatlantic, 1970)
Beke & Polgar, The Methodology of Sabre Fencing (Corvina Press, 1963)
Bower, Foil Fencing 7th Ed. (Brown & Benchmark, 1993)
Campos, The Art of Fencing (Vantage Press, 1988)
Castello, The Theory and Practice of Fencing (Charles Scribner, 1933)
Castello, Fencing (Ronald Press, 1962)
Castle, The Schools and Masters of Fence (Arms & Armour Press, 1969)
Crosnier, Fencing with the Foil (Faber & Faber, 1951)
Curry, Fencing (Foresman, 1969)
Curry, The Fencing Book (Human Kinetics, 1983)
Deladrier, Modern Fencing (U.S. Naval Institute, 1948, reprint 1954)
Evangelista, The Art and Science of Fencing (Masters Press, 1996)
Evangelista, Encyclopedia of the Sword (Greenwood, 1995)
FIE, Rules of Competition (AFA, CFF, USFA, etc., every year)
Garret, Foil Fencing (Penn State, 198?)
Garret et al, Foil, Sabre, and Epee Fencing (Penn State, 1994)
Gaugler, Fencing Everyone (Hunter, 1987)
Gaugler, History of Fencing (Laureate, 1997)
Hutton, The Sword and the Centuries (Charles E. Tuttle, 1980)
Kogler, Planning to Win (CounterParry, ?)
Lukovich, Electric Foil Fencing (Corvina Press, 1971)
Lukovich, Fencing (Corvina Press, 1986)
Manley, Complete Fencing (Doubleday, 1979)
Morton, A-Z of Fencing (Queen Anne, 1988)
Nadi, The Living Sword: A Fencer's Autobiography (Laureate Press, 1995)
Nadi, On Fencing (G.P. Putnam, 1943) (Laureate Press, 1994)
Nelson, Winning Fencing (Henry Regnery, 1975)
Norcross, Fencing: the foil (Ward Lock, ?)
Palffy-Alpar, Sword and Masque (FA Davis, 1967)
Pitman, Fencing, Techniques of Foil, Epee, and Sabre (Crowood, 1988)
Manley, Compleate Fencing (Doubleday, 198?)
Selberg, Foil (Addison-Wesley, 1976)
Selberg, Revised Foil (Spotted Dog Press, 1993)
Shaff, Fencing for All (Scribner, 1981)
De Silva, Fencing: The Skills of the Game (Crowood, 1992)
Simmonds and Morton, Start Fencing (Sportman's Press, 1989)
Simmonds and Morton, Fencing to Win (Sportman's Press, 1994)
Simonian, Basic Foil Fencing 4th Ed. (Kendall/Hunt, 1995)
Skipp, Fencing (Know the Sport) (Stackpole, 1997)
Szabo, Fencing and the Master (Corvina Kiado, 1982)
Bac Tau, Fencing (self published, 1994)
Vass, Epee Fencing (Corvina, 1976)
Wyrick, Foil Fencing (W.B. Saunders, 1971)
3.4 Fencing Magazines
Hammerterz Forum - A quarterly publication focussing on the
practical traditions and literature of swordplay. US$35/year,
US$60/2 years. Hammerterz Verlag, P.O. Box 13448, Baltimore, MD,
21203, USA.
Cut and Thrust - A journal dedicated to the history, research and
development of edged weapons. Published 4 times/year by Ronin
M/A Publications, 34-3 Shunpike Road, Dept 162 Cromwell, CT
06416 USA. Subscription cost: $20/year.
Veteran Fencers Quarterly - A quarterly publication
focussing on veteran's fencing. Subscriptions are $8/year.
Contact [email protected] for more information.
Academy of Arms Online Quarterly - A Web-zine "dedicated to
the True Art, Science, and Spirit of the Sword." Subscriptions
are US$20 per year. See http://www.clarityconnect.com/webpages/ifv/v1n1.html
for information.
Japanese Sword Society of the United States Newsletter - on
collecting and appreciating Japanese Swords. Published by
JSS/US Box 712 Breckenridge, Texas USA 76024. Subscription
cost: $25/yr in USA, $35/yr foreign.
Gekkan Kendo Nippon (monthly Japan Kendo) - Japanese sword arts
magazine, published in Japanese by Ski Journal Co. Ltd. 3-11
Yotsuya, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo Japan. Subscription cost: 8106
yen/year.
Escrime Internationale - published by the FIE (see section 3.1
for contact information. Prices are 170 FF or $35 US for
subscribers outside of France (150 FF/$30 otherwise). A
subscription form can be found on the FIE web page.
American Fencing - published quarterly by USFA (see section 3.1
for contact information). Subscriptions for non-members of
the USFA are $12 in the US and $24 elsewhere. USFA members
subscribe through their dues. Subscriptions also include the
quarterly National Newsletter. Back issues available at
Escrime - published 6 times/year by Federation Francaise
d'Escrime, in French. Subscription cost: approx 230 FF/yr +
75 Fr for Air Mail. See section 3.1 for telephone/address
info.
The Sword - published quarterly by Amateur Fencing Association.
Subscription cost: 12 pounds/yr (domestic?). See section 3.1
for telephone/address info, or visit their website at
The following films involve some amount of swordfighting or
swashbuckling. They are rated on a four-star system, which is a
general critics' opinion of the film as a whole (taken from commercial
movie databases), not an indicator of the quality or quantity of the
film's fencing. Major actors and occasionally the director (denoted by
a '!') are named. Films with 2 stars or less have been omitted, as
have recent films that have not yet been widely released or reviewed.
The Adventures of Don Juan (1949, Errol Flynn, Raymond Burr, ***)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938, Errol Flynn, Basil Rathbone, ****)
Against All Flags (1952, Errol Flynn, Anthony Quinn, **1/2)
Barry Lyndon (1975, Ryan O'Neal, Patrick Magee, !Stanley Kubrick, ***1/2)
Black Arrow (1985, Oliver Reed, **1/2)
Black Pirate (1926, Douglas Fairbanks, ***1/2)
Black Swan (1942, Tyrone Power, Anthony Quinn, ***1/2)
Blind Fury (1990, Rutger Hauer, **1/2)
Bob Roberts (1992, Tim Robbins, ***1/2)
Braveheart (1995, Mel Gibson, ***1/2)
By the Sword (1993, F. Murray Abraham, Eric Roberts, **1/2)
Captain Blood (1935, Errol Flynn, Basil Rathbone, ***1/2)
The Challenge (1982, Toshiro Mifune, Scott Glenn, **1/2)
The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936, Errol Flynn, David Niven, ****)
Conan the Barbarian (1982, Arnold Schwarzenegger, James Earl Jones, **1/2)
The Corsican Brothers (1941, Douglas Fairbanks Jr, **1/2)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1934, Robert Donat, ***)
The Count of Monte Cristo (1975, Richard Chamberlain, Tony Curtis,***)
The Court Jester (1956, Danny Kaye, Basil Rathbone, **1/2)
Crossed Swords (1978, Raquel Welch, Charlton Heston, **1/2)
Cutthroat Island (1995, Geena Davis, Matthew Modine, **1/2)
Cyrano de Bergerac (1950, Jose Ferrer, ***1/2)
Cyrano de Bergerac (1990, Gerard Depardieu, ****)
Dangerous Liaisons (1988, John Malkovich, Glenn Close, ***1/2)
Don Juan de Marco (1995, Johnny Depp, Marlon Brando, ***1/2)
The Duellists (1978, Harvey Keitel, Keith Carradine, !Ridley Scott, ***)
El Cid (1961, Charlton Heston, Sophia Loren, ***)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980, Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, ****)
Excalibur (1981, Nicol Williamson, !John Boorman, ***1/2)
The Fencing Master (1992, !Pedro Olea, ***)
First Knight (1995, Sean Connery, Richard Gere, **1/2)
The Flame and the Arrow (1950, Burt Lancaster, Virginia Mayo, ***)
Flesh and Blood (1985, Rutger Hauer, !Paul Verhoeven, **1/2)
The Four Musketeers (1975, Richard Chamberlain, Michael York, ***)
Frenchman's Creek (1944, Basil Rathbone, Joan Fontaine, ***)
Gladiator (2000, Russel Crowe, !Ridley Scott, ****)
Glory (1989, Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, ***1/2)
Hamlet (1948, !Laurence Olivier, ****)
Hamlet (1969, Anthony Hopkins, ***1/2)
Hamlet (1990, Mel Gibson, Glenn Close, !Franco Zeffirelli, ***)
Hamlet (1996, Kenneth Branagh, John Gielgud, Charlton Heston, ****)
Henry V (1944, Laurence Olivier, ****)
Henry V (1989, !Kenneth Branagh, ***1/2)
Highlander (1986, Christopher Lambert, Sean Connery, **1/2)
The Hunted (1995, Christopher Lambert, **1/2)
Ivanhoe (1953, Robert Taylor, Elizabeth Taylor, ***1/2)
Ivanhoe (1982, James Mason, **1/2)
Ladyhawke (1985, Rutger Hauer, Michelle Pfeiffer, **1/2)
Long John Silver (1954, Robert Newton, Kit Taylor, ***)
Macbeth (1948, Orson Welles, Roddy McDowall, ***)
Macbeth (1971, Jon Finch, ***1/2)
The Magic Sword (1962, Basil Rathbone, **1/2)
The Man in Grey (1946, James Mason, Stewart Granger, ***1/2)
The Man in the Iron Mask (1998, Leonardo di Caprio, Jeremy Irons, ***)
The Mark of Zorro (1920, Douglas Fairbanks, ***)
The Mark of Zorro (1940, Basil Rathbone, Tyrone Power, ***1/2)
The Mask of Zorro (1998, Antonio Banderas, Catherine Zeta-Jones, ***)
The Messenger (1999, Milla Jovovich, !Luc Besson, ***)
Morgan the Pirate (1961, Steve Reeves, **1/2)
Othello (1996, Lawrence Fishburne, Kenneth Branaugh, ***1/2)
The Prince and the Pauper (1937, Errol Flynn, Claude Rains, ***)
The Princess Bride (1987, Mandy Patinkin, Cary Elwes, !Rob Reiner, ***)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1937, Douglas Fairbanks Jr, David Niven, ****)
The Prisoner of Zenda (1952, Stewart Granger, James Mason, ***)
The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex (1939, Errol Flynn, ***)
Ran (1985, Tatsuya Nakadai, !Akira Kurosawa, ****)
The Return of the Jedi (1983, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, ***1/2)
Robin and Marian (1976, Sean Connery, Audrey Hepburn, ***1/2)
Rob Roy (1995, Liam Neeson, Jessica Lange, ****)
Romeo and Juliet (1935, Basil Rathbone, Leslie Howard, ***1/2)
Romeo and Juliet (1954, Laurence Harvey, ***)
Romeo and Juliet (1968, Michael York, !Franco Zeffirelli, ***1/2)
Royal Flash (1975, Malcolm McDowell, ***)
Sanjuro (1962, Toshiro Mifune, !Akira Kurosawa, ***)
Scaramouche (1952, Stewart Granger, Janet Leigh, ***)
The Scarlet Pimpernel (1935, Leslie Howard, Merle Oberon, ***1/2)
The Sea Hawk (1940, Errol Flynn, Claude Rains, ****)
The Seven Samurai (1954, Toshiro Mifune, !Akira Kurosawa, ****)
The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad (1958, Kerwin Matthews, ***)
Shogun (1980, Toshiro Mifune, Richard Chamberlain, **1/2)
Sinbad the Sailor (1949, Douglas Fairbanks Jr, Maureen O'Hara, ***)
Six-String Samurai (1998, Jeffrey Falcon, Justin McGuire, ***)
The Spanish Main (1945, Maureen O'Hara, Paul Heinreid, ***)
Spartacus (1960, Kirk Douglas, !Stanley Kubrick, ****)
Sunshine (1999, Ralph Fiennes, William Hurt, ****)
Star Wars (1977, Harrison Ford, Alec Guinness, ****)
Sweet Liberty (1986, Alan Alda, Michael Caine, **1/2)
The Sword of Sherwood Forest (1961, Richard Greene, Peter Cushing, **1/2)
The Three Musketeers (1935, Walter Abel, **1/2)
The Three Musketeers (1948, Gene Kelley, Lana Turner, ***)
The Three Musketeers (1974, Michael York, Raquel Welch, ***)
The Three Musketeers (1993, Tim Curry, Charlie Sheen, **1/2)
Throne of Blood (1957, Toshiro Mifune, !Akira Kurosawa, ****)
Tom Jones (1963, Albert Finney, Suzannah York, ****)
Under the Red Robe (1937, Raymond Massey, ***)
The Vikings (1958, Kirk Douglas, Tony Curtis, **1/2)
The Warriors (1955, Errol Flynn, **1/2)
Willow (1988, Val Kilmer, !Ron Howard, ***)
The Yakuza (1975, Robert Mitchum, Takakura Ken, ***)
Yojimbo (1962, Toshiro Mifune, !Akira Kurosawa, ****)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985, Nicholas Rowe, **1/2)
Instructional video titles can be found in the catalogues of
several fencing equipment suppliers (see section 3.5).
The last time I checked, these included American Fencing Supply,
Triplette Competition Arms, and Physical Chess. The same sources
sometimes have videos with theatrical or period fencing
instruction.
Videos of competitions are available from some of the same fencing
suppliers, and also occasionally directly from national fencing
associations. http://www.fencingfootage.com offers a selection of
competition videos, taped by both professionals and amateurs.
See section 3.5 for movies and entertainment videos.
3.7 Fencing Software
There are numerous software packages available for the
administration of fencing tournaments. They generally provide for
automated seeding, pooling, and elimination tableau organization,
with the ability to display/print out intermediate and final
results. They are best suited for events with 15 to 250 or more
entrants. With less than 15 entrants, organization is generally
faster by hand.
Engarde is a French program (by J. F. Nicaud of Paris) that is
currently in wide use by the FIE, and is downloadable from the FIE
website. It is available in French, English, Spanish, German,
Portuguese, and Hungarian, and runs on Windows.
ATHOS is another French program (by Christian Coulon of Paris)
that has seen extensive use by the FIE. In runs in French or
English on PCs. ATHOS is commercial software, but the price
includes unlimited upgrades and support. Contact Marc Walch
( [email protected] , (818) 354 5688).
Xseed is an American program (by Dan McCormick of Hudson, Ohio),
supported by the USFA only. It runs on Windows and is
downloadable from the USFA website.
Shipshape is a British program that runs on PCs. Contact Colin
Hillier at 3 Elm Close, Shipham, Somerset, BS25 1UG, UK, Tel: +44
(0) 1934 843984.
The Director is an Australian program for MS-Windows (3.1, 95).
Contact Powerbyte at 9/26 Stirling Street, Thebarton, South
Australia, Australia 5031, Tel: +61-8-8303 3519,
Fax: +61-8-8303 4363.
Not all terms have universal definitions. The meanings of some
terms will vary between schools or periods. If any bias exists in
the following glossary, it is towards the official FIE definitions
first, and traditional French school definitions next. Note that
only a few of these terms are rigidly defined for use by referees
in Articles t.2 to t.10 of the Rules of Competition.
Absence of blade: when the blades are not touching; opposite of
engagement.
Advance: a movement forward by step, cross, or balestra.
Aids: the last three fingers of the sword hand.
Analysis: reconstruction of the fencing phrase to determine priority
of touches.
Assault: friendly combat between two fencers.
Attack: the initial offensive action made by extending the sword
arm and continuously threatening the valid target of the
opponent.
Attack au Fer: an attack that is prepared by deflecting the opponent's
blade, eg. beat, press, froissement.
Backsword: an archaic, edged, unpointed sword used in
prizefighting (also singlestick); a single-edged military sword.
Balestra: a forward hop or jump, typically followed by an attack
such as a lunge or fleche.
Bayonet: a type of electrical connector for foil and sabre.
Beat: an attempt to knock the opponent's blade aside or out of line by
using one's foible or middle against the opponent's foible.
Baudry point: a safety collar placed around a live epee point to prevent
dangerous penetration.
Bind: an action in which the opponent's blade is forced into the
diagonally opposite line.
Black Card: used to indicate the most serious offences in a fencing
competition. The offending fencer is usually expelled from the
event or tournament.
Blocking: electronic suppression of hits.
Bout: an assault at which the score is kept.
Broadsword: any later sword intended for cutting over thrusting; sabre.
Broken Time: a sudden change or hesitation in the tempo of one
fencer's actions, used to fool the opponent into responding at
the wrong time.
Button: the safety tip on the end of practice and sporting swords.
Change of Engagement: engagement of the opponent's blade in the
opposite line.
Commanding the blade: grabbing the opponent's blade with the off-hand,
illegal in sport fencing.
Compound: also composed; an action executed in two or more movements;
an attack or riposte incorporating one or more feints.
Conversation: the back-and-forth play of the blades in a fencing match,
composed of phrases (phrases d'armes) punctuated by gaps of no
blade action.
Counter-attack: an offensive action made against the right-of-way, or
in response to the opponent's attack.
Counter-disengage: a disengage in the opposite direction, to deceive
the counter-parry.
Counter-parry: a parry made in the opposite line to the attack; ie.
the defender first comes around to the opposite side of the
opponent's blade.
Counter-riposte: an attack that follows a parry of the opponent's
riposte.
Counter-time: an attack that responds to the opponent's counter-attack,
typically a riposte following the parry of the counter-attack.
Corps-a-corps: lit. "body-to-body"; physical contact between the
two fencers during a bout, illegal in foil and sabre.
Coule': also graze, glise', or glissade; an attack or feint that slides
along the opponent's blade.
Coup lance': a launched hit; an attack that starts before a
stop in play but lands after. Valid for normal halts, but not
valid at end of time.
Coupe': also cut-over; an attack or deception that passes around the
opponent's tip.
Croise: also semi-bind; an action in which the opponent's blade is
forced into the high or low line on the same side.
Cross: an advance or retreat by crossing one leg over the other;
also passe' avant (forward cross), passe' arriere (backwards cross).
Cut: an attack made with a chopping motion of the blade, normally
landing with the edge.
Deception: avoidance of an attempt to engage the blades; see
disengage, coupe'
Defensive Action: an action made to avoid being touched; parry.
Delayed: not immediate, following a hesitation.
Derobement: deception of the attack au fer or prise de fer.
Detached: a riposte executed without blade contact.
Direct: a simple attack or riposte that finishes in the same line in
which it was formed, with no feints out of that line.
Disengage: a circular movement of the blade that deceives the
opponent's parry, removes the blades from engagement, or changes the
line of engagement.
Displacement: moving the target to avoid an attack; dodging.
Double: in epee, two attacks that arrive within 40-50 ms of each
other.
Double-time: also "dui tempo"; parry-riposte as two distinct actions.
Double': an attack or riposte that describes a complete circle
around the opponent's blade, and finishes in the opposite line.
Dry: also steam; fencing without electric judging aids.
Engagement: when the blades are in contact with each other, eg.
during a parry, attack au fer, prise de fer, or coule'.
Envelopment: an engagement that sweeps the opponent's blade
through a full circle.
Epee: a fencing weapon with triangular cross-section blade and a large
bell guard; also a light duelling sword of similar design, popular
in the mid-19th century; epee de terrain; duelling sword.
False: an action that is intended to fail, but draw a predicted
reaction from the opponent; also, the back edge of a sabre blade.
Feint: an attack into one line with the intention of switching to
another line before the attack is completed.
Fencing Time: also temps d'escrime; the time required to complete
a single, simple fencing action.
FIE: Federation Internationale d'Escrime, the world governing
body of fencing.
Finta in tempo: lit. "feint in time"; a feint of counter-attack
that draws a counter-time parry, which is decieved; a compound
counter-attack.
Fleche: lit. "arrow"; an attack in which the aggressor leaps off his
leading foot, attempts to make the hit, and then passes the opponent
at a run.
Flick: a cut-like action that lands with the point, often involving some
whip of the foible of the blade to "throw" the point around a block
or other obstruction.
Florentine: an antiquated fencing style where a secondary weapon
or other instrument is used in the off hand.
Flying Parry or Riposte: a parry with a backwards glide and riposte by
cut-over.
Foible: the upper, weak part of the blade.
Foil: a fencing weapon with rectangular cross-section blade and a small
bell guard; any sword that has been buttoned to render it less
dangerous for practice.
Forte: the lower, strong part of the blade.
French Grip: a traditional hilt with a slightly curved grip and a large
pommel.
Froissement: an attack that displaces the opponent's blade by a
strong grazing action.
Fuller: the groove that runs down a sword blade to reduce weight.
Glide: see coule'.
Guard: the metal cup or bow that protects the hand from being hit.
Also, the defensive position assumed when not attacking.
Hilt: the handle of a sword, consisting of guard, grip, and pommel.
Homologated: certified for use in FIE competitions, eg. 800N clothing
and maraging blades.
Immediate: without any perceived hesitation between actions.
In Line: point in line.
In Quartata: a counter-attack made with a quarter turn to the inside,
concealing the front but exposing the back.
In Time: at least one fencing time before the opposing action,
especially with regards to a stop-hit.
Indirect: a simple attack or riposte that finishes in the opposite line
to which it was formed.
Insistence: forcing an attack through the parry.
Interception: a counter-attack that intercepts and checks an
indirect attack or other disengagement.
Invitation: a line that is intentionally left open to encourage
the opponent to attack.
Italian Grip: a traditional hilt with finger rings and crossbar.
Judges: additional officials who assist the referee in detecting
illegal or invalid actions, such as floor judges or hand judges.
Jury: the 4 officials who watch for hits in a dry fencing bout.
Kendo: Japanese fencing, with two-handed swords.
Lame': a metallic vest/jacket used to detect valid touches in foil
and sabre.
Line: the main direction of an attack (eg., high/low, inside/outside),
often equated to the parry that must be made to deflect the attack;
also point in line.
Lunge: an attack made by extending the rear leg and landing on the
bent front leg.
Mal-parry: also mal-pare'; a parry that fails to prevent the attack
from landing.
Manipulators: the thumb and index finger of the sword hand.
Maraging: a special steel used for making blades; said to be stronger
and break more cleanly than conventional steels.
Marker Points: an old method of detecting hits using inked points.
Martingale: a strap that binds the grip to the wrist/forearm.
Match: the aggregate of bouts between two fencing teams.
Measure: the distance between the fencers.
Mensur: German fraternity duel.
Middle: the middle third of the blade, between foible and forte,
sometimes held to be part of the foible.
Moulinet: a whirling cut, executed from the wrist or elbow.
Neuvieme: an unconventional parry (#9) sometimes described as blade
behind the back, pointing down (a variant of octave), other times
similar to elevated sixte.
Octave: parry #8; blade down and to the outside, wrist supinated.
Offensive Action: an action in which the fencer attempts to touch
the opponent.
Offensive-defensive Action: an action that simultaneously attempts
to touch the opponent and avoid the opponents touch.
On Guard: also En Garde; the fencing position; the stance that
fencers assume when preparing to fence.
Opposition: holding the opponent's blade in a non-threatening line;
a time-hit; any attack or counter-attack with opposition.
Parry: a block of the attack, made with the forte of one's own blade;
also parade.
Pass: an attack made with a cross; eg. fleche. Also, the act
of moving past the opponent.
Passata-sotto: a lunge made by dropping one hand to the floor.
Passe': an attack that passes the target without hitting; also a
cross-step (see cross).
Phrase: a set of related actions and reactions in a fencing conversation.
Pineapple tip: a serrated epee point used prior to electric judging.
Piste: the linear strip on which a fencing bout is fought; approx.
2m wide and 14m long.
Pistol Grip: a modern, orthopaedic grip, shaped vaguely like a small
pistol; varieties are known by names such as Belgian, German,
Russian, and Visconti.
Plaque': a point attack that lands flat.
Plastron: a partial jacket worn for extra protection; typically a
half-jacket worn under the main jacket on the weapon-arm side of the
body.
Point: a valid touch; the tip of the sword; the mechanical assembly
that makes up the point of an electric weapon; an attack made with
the point (ie. a thrust)
Point in Line: also line; an extended arm and blade that threatens
the opponent.
Pommel: a fastener that attaches the grip to the blade.
Preparation: a non-threatening action intended to create the opening
for an attack; the initial phase of an attack, before right-of-way
is established.
Presentation: offering one's blade for engagement by the opponent.
Press: an attempt to push the opponent's blade aside or out of line;
depending on the opponent's response, the press is followed by a
direct or indirect attack.
Prime: parry #1; blade down and to the inside, wrist pronated.
Principle of Defence: the use of forte against foible when parrying.
Priority: right-of-way; in sabre, the now-superceded rules that
decide which fencer will be awarded the touch in the event
that they both attack simultaneously.
Prise de Fer: also taking the blade; an engagement of the blades
that forces the opponent's weapon into a new line. See: bind,
croise, envelopment, opposition.
Quarte: parry #4; blade up and to the inside, wrist supinated.
Quinte: parry #5; blade up and to the inside, wrist pronated.
In sabre, the blade is held above the head to protect from head
cuts.
Rapier: a long, double-edged thrusting sword popular in the 16th-17th
centuries.
NB: equipment merchants are listed in section 3.2.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fencing clothing includes the jacket, pants, sous-plastron
(underarm protector), and socks. Some companies manufacture
unitards (combined jacket and pants). Inexpensive practice gear
is fashioned of synthetics or heavy cotton, but competition
clothing is required to pass an 800 N puncture test. Casual and
beginner fencers can rely on cotton or synthetic jackets, but
should consider using a plastron for extra protection. Track
pants or baseball knickers are also thrifty alternatives to
genuine fencing clothing, although they afford little
protection.
Jackets are cut differently for men and women, and also for
right- and left- handers. Ambidextrous (back-zip) jackets are
available, but generally not with homologated fabrics.
Ambidextrous (double-sided) plastrons are available from some
manufacturers.
Knee-high sport socks (such as for soccer/football or baseball)
can be purchased from most sporting goods stores. Skin should
not show between the socks and pant legs nor the cuff and glove
of the weapon hand. The trailing hand and back of the head
should be the only areas of exposed skin on the fencer's body.
2.1.1 FIE Uniforms
FIE-certified (800 N) uniforms are fashioned from special fabrics
such as kevlar, Startex, or ballistic nylon. Some uniforms (in
particular, older uniforms of kevlar construction) offer partial
800N coverage in vital areas with lighter 350N fabrics used
elsewhere. Full-coverage 800N uniforms are now the norm in
FIE clothing.
The rules for FIE 'A' level competition demand FIE jacket
and pants. As of April 1, 1995, an additional 800N plastron is
required. CFF and USFA competitions have less stringent uniform
requirments.
FIE clothing generally provides the highest degree of quality
and protection available. It is strongly recommended for serious
competitors, and for anyone else concerned about their safety.
Although considerably more expensive than practice gear, many
fencers find it well worth the price.
Kevlar clothing should be washed with mild detergent-free soap,
and no bleach. Hang dry away from sources of ultraviolet light
(especially direct sunlight). Store in a dark place (a closet or
your fencing bag, for example).
2.1.2 Colours
Traditionally, fencing clothing is all white, but the rules have
recently been relaxed to allow "light" colours on the body.
Other colours are permitted on the limbs. The fencer's last name
and country can appear on the back or the trailing leg in block
blue letters; this is required in international competition.
National colours can be worn on an armband on the trailing arm,
or printed on the leg or sleeve. Club or association badges can
be stitched to the upper trailing arm.
2.2 Masks
Masks must pass a 12 kg punch test to be certified for
competition. Consider subjecting a used mask to such a test
before using/purchasing it. Older masks can have smaller bibs
and weaker mesh (rated to 7 kg), making them less safe. When
punch testing a mask, depress the punch perpendicular to the mesh
without wiggling it. Do not apply more than the required amount
of pressure. Pay particular attention to parts of the mesh that
have already been dented or bent, including the center crease
line. Unnatural dents in the mesh can and should be pushed or
hammered out.
Masks with a clear lexan panel in front of the face are
available from several manufacturers. Although the FIE has been
encouraging the use of these masks, there has been resistance
from fencers concerned about safety, and their future remains
unclear.
The best masks have FIE homologated bibs to protect the throat,
and are required in high-level competition. 1600N bibs are
standard in FIE competition as of the 1995/96 season. The CFF
requires 800N bibs as a minimum in elite competition, while the
USFA has no FIE bib requirement.
Although it was announced that the bib would become part of the
foil target in the 1995-96 season, those plans were dropped.
2.3 Shoes
Fencing shoes are available from many vendors and manufacturers,
including Adidas, Asics, PBT, Estoc, Sport-Escrime, Starfighter,
and various vendor house brands. Prices typically range from
US$50 to over US$200 per pair. Distribution of certain brands is
often geographically limited, and limited to fencing equipment
vendors in any case. In other words, don't bother checking at
the mall. The best mass-market substitutes for fencing shoes are
lightweight indoor court shoes, such as for squash, badminton,
racquetball, or volleyball.
Hard heel cups are widely used to absorb the impact of lunges.
They are integrated into some models of fencing shoe, but can be
purchased separately from specialty athletic and orthopedics
stores for other shoes. Softer rubber (eg. Sorbothane) inserts
are also commonly used to provide extra cushioning or prevent
chronic injuries from flaring.
Gloves should have leather or equivalent construction in the
fingers and palm, have a long cuff to cover the sleeve opening,
and have an opening for the bodywire. They should not fit too
snugly, or they will be more susceptable to tearing. Varying
degrees of padding are available in the back of the hand and
fingers, which can be useful for epee and sabre fencers.
Gloves can deteriorate rapidly under heavy use, often lasting a
single season or less. Some gloves are washable; saddle soap or
other leather treatment can extend the lives of other gloves
somewhat.
Economical alternatives to genuine fencing gloves include
precision welding gloves, motorcycle gloves, and even common
workman's gloves available at any hardware store, provided the
fingers and palm are unpadded and supple enough to maintain the
feel of the blade. It may be prudent to hand-stitch a longer
cuff onto the glove, if the normal one doesn't cover the
sleeve opening (the cuff should run halfway up the forearm).
In all these cases, a small wire opening may have to be cut into
the wrist.
2.5 Metallic Vests and Jackets
The higher quality metallic vests are made of stainless steel,
which is much more corrosion resistant than copper. Your foil
vest should come to your hip bones, and be form-fitting but not
too tight. Most vests come in right and left-handed versions,
but ambidextrous (back-zip) versions are also available and
sometimes have higher hips.
Careful rinsing of your stainless steel vest in lukewarm water
following a tournament or rigourous practice will wash out most
of the sweat and salts that will damage it. Old sweat turns
alkaline and can be quite damaging to the lame' fabric. The salt
crystals left behind from dried sweat can also be abrasive and
conducive to corrosion. Occasional handwashing in lukewarm water
with a mild detergent (eg. Woolite or dishsoap) and a small
amount of ammonia is an excellent way of cleaning your stainless
steel vest/jacket and prolonging its life. Some fencers
recommend neutralizing the alkaline deposits in the vest with
lemon juice added to the bath.
Rinse your vest after washing and hang dry on a wooden or
plastic hanger. Avoid folding, crumpling, wringing, or abrading
it. All of these will fatigue the metallic threads in the
fabric.
Similar care should be taken with sabre metallic jackets, cuffs,
and mask bibs.
With proper care, quality stainless steel vests and jackets
should last 3-5 years of regular use. Copper jackets will
usually not last more than 1-2 years under regular use.
2.5.1 Repair
Electric jackets can go dead for several reasons, including high
electric resistance due to oxidation and corrosion (usually
accompanied by visible discolouration), broken metal fibres, or
tears in the fabric.
High-resistance areas that are due to oxidation can often be
temporarily resucitated by moistening them with water. As the
moisture soaks up salts and other deposits in the fabric,
conductivity will increase enough for the material to pass the
armourer's check. Sweat from vigourous fencing will have the
same effect. Some fabrics do not rely on conductive fibres, but
rather are coated with metallic powder; these will lose
conductivity when dirty, and require regular washing.
Small dead spots can be "field-repaired" with a paper stapler or
metallic paint.
Larger dead areas and tears in the fabric can only be reliably
repaired by stitching new metallic fabric over the affected
areas. If no patch material is available, the fabric from one
dead vest can be cut up and used to repair another (the material
from the back is generally in better shape). Note that large
areas can go dead due to broken fibres in a relatively small
patch. Patching only the region of broken fibres can re-activate
the entire dead area. Careful testing with an ohmmeter will
determine where the dead zone exists. Patches should be folded
over at the edges, and the stitch should overlap the edge to
prevent flaps that will catch points.
2.6 Armour
Padded jackets, plastrons, and gloves are available to take the
sting out of hard hits. Most coaches will use special
heavily-padded jackets or sleeves when giving lessons, but these
are not intended for competitive use.
Some masks have extra coverage at the back of the head to protect
against whip-overs. Elbow protectors are also commonly worn by
sabreurs.
Athletic cups are important for men, and breast protectors are
essential for women. The latter can take the form of individual
bowls to cover each breast, or more complete full-chest
protectors that cover the ribs up to the collarbone. Hard chest
protectors for men are also available from some suppliers, and
female groin protectors are available from some martial arts
suppliers.
Neck gorgets for additional throat protection can be found from
some hockey equipment suppliers.
For foil and epee, there are a wide variety of grips
available that fall into two broad categories, traditional and
pistol. Sabre grips are all fundamentally of the same design.
Most grips are fashioned of aluminum or plastic; the latter,
while lighter, are also much more fragile and prone to cracking.
Some metal grips are insulated with a layer of enamel (colour
coded by size) or rubber paint. Such insulation will turn an
epee grip into valid target, but it is useful on foils to prevent
grounding. Many traditional grips are surfaced with leather,
rubber, or twine.
These are the French, Italian, and Spanish grips. All consist of
a relatively simple handle, a large, exposed pommel, and in the
case of the Italian and Spanish grips, crossbars or similar
prongs for extra grip.
The French grip is the simplest of all fencing grips in
construction, and the most economical. It emphasizes finger
control over strength, and provides considerable flexibility, and
a variety of possible hand positions. It is the most common grip
used by novices, and remains popular (especially in epee) among
advanced fencers.
The Italian grip is noted for its strength, but is fairly rare,
partially because it requires a special tang on blades that are
used with it. It is the only ambidextrous fencing grip. Italian
grips are often used with a wrist strap, and contrary to rumour,
they remain legal in modern competition.
The Spanish grip is a compromise between the French and Italian
grips, but is illegal in modern fencing competition, due to a
technicality that forbids grips with orthopaedic aids from being
grasped in more than one manner. There are modern variants of
the Spanish grip that do not use the French pommel, and these may
be legal in competition if they fix a single hand position.
2.7.2 Pistol
These are modern, orthopedic grips, shaped vaguely like a pistol,
but still grasped in the traditional way. They provide a
pronounced strength advantage over the traditional grips, but can
encourage wrist movement over finger movement. Pistol grips all
have the features of a large protuberance below the tang for the
aids to grasp, a curved prong above the tang that fits in the
crook of the thumb, and a large prong that extends along the
inside of the wrist. There are many variations in shape, size,
sculpting for the fingers, extra prongs, and so on, although
certain designs enjoy wide popularity. Most pistol grip designs
have names (eg. Visconti, Belgian, German, etc.) but these are
not always consistent between manufacturers or regions.
2.8 Blades
There are a large number of variables to consider when shopping
for blades, including stiffness, length, durability, flex point,
weight, balance, corrosion resistance, and (of course) price.
Stiff blades provide better point control, but less
"flickability". Some brands of blades (eg. Allstar) are sold in
different flexibility grades. Blades that feel heavy in the tip
often provide better point control, while those that are light in
the tip often make for faster parries.
Blades generally come in 5 sizes, 5 being the longest (90 cm for
foil and epee, not including tang) and by far the most common.
Shorter blades are somewhat lighter and quicker of action, and
can be useful for children, fencers who prefer the lighter
balance, or those who often provoke infighting in which a long
blade can be disadvantageous.
Cheap blades (including some Eastern European and Chinese brands)
are typically not very durable or of poor temper, being inclined
to snap, bend, and rust easily. Fencers who are gentle with
their blades and clean, sand, or oil them regularly may
nevertheless find them to be a good value.
Blades typically break at the flex point in the foible. Less
commonly the tips will break off, or the tang will snap at the
base of the blade (this latter failure mode is fairly common in
sabre). Other serious modes of failure include sharp bends in
the middle of the blade and S-bends in the foible, both of which
are difficult to remove and will rapidly lead to fatiguing and
eventual breaking of the blade.
2.8.1 FIE & Maraging Blades
FIE-certified blades have the FIE logo stamped at the base of the
blade, along with the code letters for the forge that produced
the blade (caveat emptor: some disreputable forges have been
known to falsify these marks). They are mandatory at official
FIE and other high-level competitions.
Maraging steel foil blades have a reputation for lasting
considerably longer than regular steel blades, and are supposed
to break more cleanly. They are made of a special alloy steel
(incorporating iron, nickel, and titanium) that is only 5% as
likely to develop the microcracks that lead to eventual breakage.
Many fencers find them a superior value - although they cost
twice as much, they last much more than twice as long. As they
vary in character in the same way as regular blades, similar
caution should be exercised when purchasing them.
Maraging epee blades are also available, although there are
alternative steels that have also received FIE certification.
Leon Paul produces a non-maraging FIE epee blade worth
mentioning; it is stamped from a sheet of steel, rather than
forged whole. These blades are lightweight and flexible; some
older ones passed the wire through a hole to the underside of the
blade.
FIE 2000 sabre blades are stiffer than older sabre blades, which
is intended to reduce the incidence of whip-over touches.
2.8.2 Tangs
The length and thread of the tang may be an issue; some blades
are threaded for French or pistol grips only, and some blades
with French grip tangs require an extra fitting for the thread.
Italian grips may require a special tang, since part of it is
exposed in the hilt. Metric 6x1 threading is standard, but not
universal (esp. in the USA, where a 12x24 thread may be
encountered); dies to re-thread the tang can be found at most
hardware stores. If the tang must be cut to fit the grip, be
very careful to leave enough thread to screw on the pommel nut.
Tangs often have to be filed down to fit in tight grips.
Tangs are attached by an exterior pommel on traditional grips, or
by a pommel nut in pistol grips. Pommel nuts are typically
fitted for a 6mm Allen wrench or hex key, 8mm socket wrench, or a
standard screwdriver.
Many foil and epee fencers prefer a bend at the join of the tang
and blade, so that the blade points slightly inside when held in
sixte. Such a bend is best applied with a strong vise to avoid
bowing the tang. A few fencers prefer to put this bend into the
forte of the blade instead. Be gentle; blades will snap if
handled with too much force.
A gentle curve in the middle and foible of the blade is also common,
and helps to square the point against oblique surfaces. Such a bend
must be smooth and gradual. Sharp kinks are prohibited. Foible
bends are best worked into the blade using the sole of one's shoe
and the floor.
For foil and epee, the total curvature of the blade is measured
at the widest separation between the blade and an imaginary line
drawn between the the join of the forte and tang and the point.
The blade can be laid across a flat surface such as a table top
to measure the arch. Epees must not rise more than 1 cm above
the surface, while foils are allowed 2 cm. If the objective is
to angle the point to hit oblique surfaces better, this is a
significant amount of curvature. If the objective is to "hook"
the blade around blocking parries or body parts, however, these
limits are fairly restrictive.
Remember that the wire groove on epee and foil blades goes on the
top (thumb side) of the blade, and the outside of the blade
curvature.
Sabre curvature is handled differently, it being the deflection
of the point from the line of the forte. 4 cm is all that is
tolerated.
Foil guards vary mostly in diameter, being between 9.5 and 12 cm
across. The largest guards (eg. Negrini) may fail the weapon
guage check if they are dented or misshapen.
Epee guards are almost always the maximum diameter (13.5 cm) for
best protection, although they can vary considerably in profile
shape, depth (3 - 5.5 cm), weight, and eccentricity (up to 3.5 cm
off of center).
Sabre guards come in left- and right-handed versions (the outside
of the guard being larger). Competition guards may include
attachments for a capteur sensor. If not done by the
manufacturer, sabre fencers may wish to insulate the edges of the
guard (and the pommel) to prevent it from shorting to their cuff.
2.10 Points & Blade Wires
Many fencers have experienced trouble mixing their points,
barrels, and wires. They are best used in matched sets. There
are many brands to consider, each with different qualities. Some
brands are cloned by Chinese and eastern manufacturers; you may
notice a difference in quality or durability when using
imitations.
Points are regularly tested in competition. Both foil and epee
points must pass a weight test, by lifting a mass (500g for foil;
750g for epee) after the point is depressed. (Technically, epees
only have to lift the mass 0.5 mm, whereas foils must lift it to
the top of the point travel.) In addition, epees must pass two
shim tests, the first to make sure that there is at least 1.5 mm
of travel in the tip, and the second to make sure that the point
doesn't light until the last 0.5 mm.
If the weight test fails, the main spring can be replaced or made
heavier by lightly stretching it. If the fencer thinks his point
is too heavy, the spring can be replaced, compressed, cut down,
or softened by heating one end in a flame.
If the epee 0.5 mm shim test fails, the secondary contact spring
is too long. It should be adjusted or compressed. If the 1.5 mm
shim test fails, your point may be improperly set up, or may be
mismatched with the barrel.
Most points are held together by a pair of screws on the side of
the barrel, and adjusting the springs requires disassembly. Some
makes of epee point are adjusted using a small wrench or a single
screw in the tip. FIE epee points use a solid contact in place
of the secondary spring. Lighting distance can be increased by
carefully filing the contact.
Epee points work by closing the circuit between the two blade
wires when they are depressed. Dirty or faulty points will
normally cause the weapon to fail to register touches. Foil
points work in the opposite manner, by opening a closed circuit
between the blade wire and blade. Dirty or faulty points will
usually cause the weapon to produce spurious off-target lights.
See Troubleshooting (sections 2.15, 2.16), below.
Blade wires are typically insulated with cotton to facilitate
gluing and cleaning. Nevertheless, inexpensive wires can be made
at home using 26 to 36 guage wire-wrap or magnet wire from an
electronics store. Use the cup from an old wire, and attach the
new wire by heating the solder connection with a soldering
iron. This is more difficult with epee wires; the contacts may
have to be removed from the plastic base before soldering -
whether this is possible depends on the brand of wire. In a
pinch, with foils you can spool a bit of wire in the bottom of
the cup; this will work for a short period, but eventually the
spooled wire gets fouled with the spring and causes faults.
Blade tips are threaded metric 3.5 x 0.60 for foils and 4.0 x
0.70 for epees. Rethreading with a die is difficult, but
possible with adequate preparation. Pre-filing the tip into a
long, blunt cone (5.5 mm long with the top 1.5 mm narrower than
the inside diameter of the die) will assist in guiding the die
through the initial turns; the extra metal left behind can later
be removed with a file. The leading edge of the wire groove
should be rounded and the groove filled with epoxy putty or
similar hard compound to prevent the die from jamming on the
groove edge. The putty must be removed afterwards, of course.
No more than 4 mm of threading is needed to affix the barrel.
2.11 Body Wires
The primary question with foil and sabre body wires is bayonet
(eg. Paul brand) vs. two-prong (eg. Uhlmann brand). They are
equally functional; the primary difference is in cost and
maintenance.
Two-prong is a simpler design, and usually less expensive, but
sometimes has a reputation for being less reliable (depending on
the brand). On the other hand, bayonet designs have recently
also acquired a reputation for unreliability; this is probably
due to the arrival of cheap no-name bayonet body wires that give
unreliable performance. Brand-name body wires usually give
superior reliability.
Of course, choice of body wire also determines the choice of
weapon socket (or vice versa). One of the primary considerations
in deciding which format to go with should be the prevalent
format in your club or region. Going with the local favourite
will make it easier to borrow weapons or wires when yours
fail.
Epee body wires are all of the same basic 3-prong design. The
main reliability concern is how well the prongs maintain contact
over time. Some brands accumulate grime or corrosion, while
others simply wear down and become loose in the socket; sometimes
the prongs can be periodically re-bent to maintain firm contact.
2.12 Glue
Recycled blades must be cleaned before they are re-wired. 10
minutes with a utility knife to remove all traces of glue from
the groove is usually sufficient, although chemical solvents
(acetone, nail polish remover) may be helpful with some glues
such as super-glue. New blades sometimes require a small amount
of cleaning as well, to remove grease and grit from the machining
process.
Popular wiring glues include Duco cement, 5-minute epoxy, and
cyanoacrylate glues (ie. super-glue). Some fencers have reported
success using rubber cement, silicone, and white glue. Cleaning
and gluing techniques will vary depending on your choice. Thin,
quick-drying glues such as cyanoacrylates are best put down over
top of the wire as the wire is held in the groove. If you use a
thicker glue such as epoxy, you can carefully prepare one surface
first. For foil wires, coat the wire in glue, and then gently
pull it tight and lay it into the groove. For epees you can
alternatively lay a bed of glue down before setting the wire in
the groove, then make a second run of glue over the wire to seal
it in place. Top glue the blade, and let it dry while the blade
is held in a flexed position with the point in the air.
An acetone bath for cleaning blades can be constructed from a
length of copper tubing, sealed at one end. Fill with acetone,
drop in your blades, and let soak overnight. White glues can be
soaked in water to soften them.
A blade-bowing tool for holding blades flexed while the glue
dries can be constructed from a length of cord or chain attached
to some small cups (film canisters work well). Place the cups
over either end of the blade, and the tension of the cord will
hold the blade bent for as long as you need it. Alternatively,
stand the blade up with the point bent under the rim of a counter
or table.
The scoring apparatus consists of the reels, floor wires, and
indicator box, and optionally a timer and scoring tower(s).
As of February 1, 2000, the scoring lamps indicate who scored the
touch. Older scoring boxes are wired to indicate who received
the touch. Reversing the cables on older boxes will cause them
to function in the new manner.
Modern foil scoring boxes should display only a coloured light or
a white light for each fencer. Older boxes (or ones with older
firmware) may display both if an off-target touch is immediately
followed by an on-target touch. Modern sabre scoring boxes
should tolerate sabres without capteur sensors. Older boxes will
display white lights with capteurless sabres, unless the sensor
leads are shorted on the weapon.
It is possible to defeat older foil scoring circuits by grounding
your own weapon to your lame' (your opponent's touches will fail
to register, but yours will register). This is illegal, and
scoring boxes must be equipped with a grounding light to detect
when fencers do this. Newer boxes have an anti-fraud feature to
eliminate this hazard and allow touches to be scored in spite of
grounding. Boxes without such an anti-fraud circuit are useful
for detecting dead spots on lame's (ground the lame', and then
touch the opponent's lame'; white lights indicate a dead spot).
Reels are typically portable, spring-wound devices (either
"turtles" or "snails"). Less portable (but often more reliable)
systems involving pulleys and bungee cords are used at some
salles. These systems require firm anchor points at the ends and
middle of the piste, so are not as portable as reel systems.
2.13.1 Wireless Systems
Wireless scoring systems are currently prohibited in competition,
due to the difficulties in distinguishing between real and forged
signals. Various modern electronics technologies hold the
promise of circumventing these problems, and some wireless
designs are currently in development. The FIE is experimenting
with some systems, and is expected to rule on their use in the
near future.
Simple "buzzboxes", compact battery-powered devices that signal
touches with a light or buzzer, are available from various
sources, but have very limited functionality. As a rule, they
cannot distinguish between targets (on/off, bell hits, etc.), or
distinguish the timing of hits, and do not work with sabre at
all. Some manufacturers claim to sell advanced buzzboxes that
alleviate some of these problems (see, for example,
Every fencer needs a small toolkit for equipment maintenance. The
following tools and supplies are essential:
-- precision screwdrivers for point maintenance and
assembly; also handy for body wire repair.
-- pliers for tightening points; wire cutters are also
useful, and are incorporated into many pliers.
-- Allen wrench, screwdriver, or socket wrench for pommel nuts.
-- quick-drying (eg. cyanoacrylate) glue for emergency wire repairs.
-- cloth tape for insulating foil tips.
Fencers who do a lot of maintenance will also find the following
tools useful:
-- metal file for fitting tangs into guards/grips.
-- hacksaw for cutting tangs down.
-- blade-bowing tool (see 2.12) for gluing.
-- scraping tool for cleaning old glue out of grooves; an
old jeweller's screwdriver will do, provided you don't mind
ruining it. Utility knives will also work.
-- Lighter for burning off wire insulation or softening springs.
-- vice-grip pliers for heavy-duty work away from a work bench.
-- Swiss-army knife for everything else.
-- weapon-tester box.
Serious armourers will need many other tools, including:
-- workbench with vise.
1) The spring is too soft.
2) Friction between the barrel and point is overwhelming the
spring.
3) Too much tape on the end of your blade is jamming
against the hole in the weight.
Hitting the strip produces a light.
1) The strip is not grounded, or is dirty/corroded.
2) The exterior of the foil point is dirty/corroded.
Valid touch produces a white light.
1) Opponent's lame' is not connected.
2) Opponent's body wire is broken. Diagnose by testing at the
lame' clip and at the reel wire connection.
3) Opponent's lame' has a dead spot. With some boxes, dead spots
can be diagnosed by grounding the fencer's weapon to his
suspect lame', and then probing the lame' with the other
fencer's weapon. This does not work with boxes that have an
anti-fraud feature.
4) Your foil body wire polarity is reversed.
5) The exterior of your foil point is dirty/corroded.
6) Foil circuit is breaking just before the touch (see below).
Foil produces white lights when the tip is not depressed.
1) The tip is jammed shut.
2) Grit in the tip is breaking the circuit.
3) The barrel is loose.
4) The foil wire is broken. If the lights are intermittent, try
flexing the blade to trigger the white lights; success means
the blade wire is probably broken. If the lights are
triggered by shaking the blade, the point or clip may be to
blame.
5) The body wire is insecurely clipped to the weapon.
6) The body wire is broken. Diagnose by shorting the two
connections on the weapon end of the body wire. If the lights
continue, the body wire or reel is at fault. Short the two
close prongs at the other end of the body wire; if the lights
stop, the body wire is to blame. If not see (7).
7) The scoring apparatus is broken. The connections, reel wire,
reel contacts, floor wire, or scoring box may be at fault.
Short the same wires as in (6) at the various points of
connection to successively eliminate each.
8) The pommel is loose.
Foil produces coloured lights when the tip is not depressed but
is in contact with the opponent's lame'.
1) The circuit is broken; see previous problem.
2) The circuit is breaking when the blade flexes as it contacts
the lame' or when the point is jarred. Could be caused by
grit in the tip, a broken wire whose ends normally remain in
contact, or a separated wire and cup.
3) The box is on the wrong weapon setting.
There is no light when a touch is made.
1) You are not hitting properly.
2) Friction between the barrel and point is preventing the
point from depressing.
3) Spring is too heavy.
4) Opponent is grounding his weapon to his lame'.
5) You are grounding your own foil to your opponent's lame'.
Improve the insulation on your foible (15 cm is required).
6) The foil wire is shorting to the weapon. Check the integrity
of the insulation along the wire and beneath the cushion.
Also make sure no wire ends at the clip are touching the rest
of the weapon.
7) The scoring box is on the wrong weapon setting.
8) There is a short in your body wire. If there are no lights
when the weapon is unplugged, but there are lights when the
body wire is unplugged from the reel, the body wire is at
fault.
9) There is a short in the scoring apparatus. If there are no
lights when the fencer unplugs from the reel, this is the
problem. It can be isolated by successively unplugging
connections to the box.
Wrong lights go off when a touch is made.
1) The scoring box is on the wrong weapon setting.
2) The floor wires are reversed.
2.16 Epee Troubleshooting
1) The main spring is too soft.
2) Friction between the barrel and point is overwhelming the
spring.
1) The contact spring is too long.
2) Point and barrel are mismatched.
Hitting the strip produces a light.
1) The strip is not grounded, or is dirty/corroded.
2) The tip is dirty/corroded.
A touch to the guard produces a light.
1) The guard is dirty/corroded.
2) The exterior of the tip is dirty/corroded.
3) The body wire (in particular the ground) is faulty (test
against the ground pin of the body cord; if the lights
continue, the body wire or reel is at fault).
4) The contact between the clip and weapon is faulty or corroded.
5) The guard is loose.
6) The ground pin socket is loose in the weapon clip.
Epee produces lights when the tip is not depressed.
1) The tip is jammed shut.
2) Grit in the tip is shorting the circuit.
3) The blade wires are shorting to each other.
4) The scoring box is on the wrong weapon setting.
There is no light when a touch is made.
1) You are not hitting properly.
2) Friction between the barrel and point is preventing the point
from depressing.
3) Main spring is too heavy.
4) Contact spring is too short.
5) The barrel is loose.
6) Point contacts are dirty/corroded.
7) The blade wire is broken.
8) The blade wire is shorting to the weapon.
9) Something has come unplugged between you and the box.
10) The wires are improperly fastened to the weapon clip.
11) The body wire is broken.
12) The reel or floor wire is broken.
13) The scoring box is on the wrong weapon setting.
2.17 Sabre Troubleshooting
1) The box requires sensors; or the sabre is not shorted
for sensorless operation.
2) The sensor is malfunctioning or jammed.
3) The wire in the sabre is broken, or not fastened securely.
4) The mounting bracket for the sensor is loose.
5) The body wire is loose in the socket.
6) The body wire is broken. Switch to foil setting, and diagnose
as for foil.
7) The scoring apparatus is broken. Switch to foil setting and
diagnose as for foil.
There is no light when a touch is made.
1) You are not hitting hard enough (with sensors).
2) The opponent's lame' has dead spots.
3) The opponent's lame' or mask is not connected.
4) The sensor is malfunctioning.
5) The clip is not properly wired to the weapon.
6) The opponent's body wire is broken.
7) There is a break in the scoring apparatus on the opponent's
side. This may be in the reel, floor cable, or scoring box.
8) There is a short in the body wire. Switch to foil setting and
diagnose as for foil.
9) There is a short in the scoring apparatus. Switch to foil
setting and diagnose as for foil.
Box indicates a touch following weapon contact or a parry.
1) You aren't parrying well enough.
2) The weapon is shorting to the lame'. Insulate the edges of
the guard and the pommel, or hold the weapon in such a way as
to prevent the contact.
Wrong lights go off when a touch is made.
1) The scoring box is on the wrong weapon setting.
2) The floor cables are reversed at the box.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Contributors: special thanks to Suman Palit, Guy Smith, Greg Dilworth,
Kevin Taylor, Eric Anderson, Blaine Price, Steve Hick, Kim
Moser, David Glasser, Bryan Mansfield, Donald Lane, Ann McBain,
Hagen Lieffertz, Mark C. Orton, Mike Buckley, Dirk Goldgar,
Scott Holmes, Arild Dyrseth, David Airey, Renee Mcmeeken, Marc
Walch, Eric Speicher, Anton Oskamp, Bernard Hunt, Francis Cordero,
Kent Krumvieda, David Van Houten, John Crawford, Kim Taylor,
Brendan Robertson, Ivo Volf, Kevin Wechtaluk, Frank Messemer,
Benerson Little, Mark Crocker, Eileen Tan, Mark Tebault, Tim
Schofield, Peter Gustafsson, Kevin Haidl, Peter Crawford,
Camille Fabian, Matt Davis, Fernando Diaz, Anders Haavie,
Rüdiger Schierz, Todd Ellner, George Kolombatovich,
Padraig Coogan, Steve Lawrence, Bryan J. Maloney, Colin Walls
(C) 1993-2002 Morgan Burke
Permission is granted to copy and distribute all or part of this document
for non-profit purposes.
|
i don't know
|
What is the common alternative US term for a (UK) 'estate agent'?
|
Real Estate Terminology | Work-Life
Real Estate Terminology
Sources
There are many abbreviations used in real estate listings, as well as a lot of terminology that is used only in New York City. Following is a guideline of real estate terminology used to rent, purchase or sell a property, as well as some financial and architectural terminology as it pertains to real estate.
The following terms are not legal and complete definitions and are meant to provide general guidelines only. You should consult a New York licensed attorney experienced in real estate matters before purchasing property in New York.
Real Estate Terms (A-F)
Print Section
Abatement
Derived from Latin battere, "abatement" a common legal term meaning "the beating down, removal, or diminishment" of something. For example, lead abatement refers to finding and removing lead paint. Abatement usually refers to "Rent Abatement", the incentive offered by a landlord, including free rent, early occupancy, or reduction of fees.
Absorption Rate
The rate at which rentable space is filled, divided into gross absorption and net absorption. Gross absorption is a measure of the total square feet leased over a specified period, with no consideration given to space vacated in the same geographic area during the same time period. Net absorption is equal to the amount occupied at the end of a period, minus the amount occupied at the beginning of a period. Net absorption does take into consideration the space vacated during the period
Abstract of Title
Abstract of title is a historical summary of the recorded instruments and proceedings on the title of a property.
Adjustable Rate Mortgage or ARM
An ARM is a loan that has a varying interest rate and payment based on an adjustment period. The adjustment is dependent on the variation in a benchmark index, usually the LIBOR or prime rate. This loan is also known as a variable rate mortgage.
Adjusted Sales Price
Adjusted sales price is the price on the contract less all credit concessions by the seller.
Air Rights
Air rights are the legal ability to use or control the space above a property. Air rights can be sold, rented or leased to another party.
Amenities
Amenities are the enhancements that buildings offer its owners or tenants. These usually include a doorman, health club, garage, children's playroom, common lounge, etc.
Amortization
Amortization is the periodic payment of principal and interest on a liability (including a mortgage), or the write-off of a non-depreciable asset over a scheduled term.
Amortization Schedule
An amortization schedule is the designation of periodic payments of principal and interest toward the principal to eventually pay off a debt.
Annual Percentage Rate or APR
The APR is the actual effective rate of interest charged on a loan expressed on a yearly basis and represents the full cost of all elements associated with obtaining a full mortgage into a single formula. The APR is a useful device for making comparisons between mortgage products.
Appraisal
An appraisal is the evaluation of a property by a licensed appraiser on its price based on previous sales of similar properties. The appraised value is used by a bank to determine the lending limit on a given property. A seller may also have a property appraised to determine the offering price during a sale.
Assessment
An assessment is a levy against property and can be an extraordinary payment called for by the board of directors of a cooperative or condominium for the purpose of making a capital improvement or to provide some other essential service for which funds in the reserve account are inadequate.
Asset
An asset is something that is owned that has value.
Assignment
Assignment is the process by which a right or contract is transferred from one party to another. Examples of typical assigned contracts are mortgages, leases and deeds of trust.
Attorney-in-Fact
An attorney-in-fact is a person appointed to perform legal acts for another under a power-of-attorney.
Balloon Mortgage
A balloon mortgage is a short-term mortgage with fixed installments of principal and interest that do not fully amortize the loan. The balance of the mortgage is due in a lump sum at the end of the term.
Board Approval
Board approval is a condition in the standard cooperative sales contract requiring that the buyer obtain approval from the board of directors of the cooperative corporation as a prerequisite to completing the sale.
Bridge Loan
A bridge loan is a loan for a short duration of time and can be used when one is purchasing one property but is dependent on the equity from another property that has not yet been sold. Once the property is sold then the bridge loan is repaid.
Broker (See Real Estate Broker)
Brownstone
A brownstone is a townhouse that is usually a 3 to 5 story building, named for traditional "brown stone" used in the façade. It may be a single family building or have been converted into multiple apartments. The original structure was built in the 19th or early 20th centuries.
Building Restrictions
Building restrictions are the requirements in building codes that affect the size and appearance of the building.
Buy Down
Buy down is the voluntary paying of discount points by a borrower to reduce mortgage interest rate at the time the loan is made.
Buyer's Broker
A buyer's broker is a broker who represents the buyer in effectuating a purchase. Normally in residential real estate transactions, the buyer's broker shares the commission received by the listing broker, who represents the seller.
By-Laws
By-laws are the rules by which the cooperative corporation or condominium operates, including those regulating elections, officers, and authorizations.
Capital Expenditure
A capital expenditure is an improvement that will have a life of one year or more and will increase the value of the property.
Capital Gain
Capital gain is the seller's gain on an asset used in a trade or business or for investment, including real estate. This gain is taxed at varying rates depending on whether the asset was held for more or less than one year.
Capital Improvement
Capital improvement is an item that adds value to the property, adapts the property to new uses, or prolongs the life of property. Maintenance is not a capital improvement.
Capitalization Rate
The percentage of the investment the investor will receive back each year from the net income from the property.
Caps
Caps are percentage restrictions on an ARM which limit the amount the interest rate may change per year and over the life of the loan.
Carry-Cost Rule
The carry-cost rule is used by banks to evaluate borrowers for loans. It gives the maximum percentage of a borrower's income that the bank will find acceptable to carry the loan and related housing costs. This rule is used in conjunction with the debt/equity ratio.
Cash Flow
Cash flow is the income produced by an investment property after deducting operating expenses and debt.
Cash Reserve
In a mortgage commitment, some lenders require that the borrower have on deposit in their bank accounts at the time of the closing an amount equal to a predetermined number of months of the cost of principal, interest, taxes, and insurance, which is referred to as a cash reserve.
Caveat
Caveat is a warning or caution that may be an amendment to a contract of sale.
Caveat Emptor
Caveat emptor in Latin means "let the buyer beware", which applies in most real estate transactions.
Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)
The Certificate of Occupancy is a certificate issued by a local governmental entity responsible for the use of land in the community where the property is located stating that the structures on the property or any improvements made to these structures comply with the codes, ordinances and regulations of that governmental entity and that they may be occupied.
Certificate of Title Opinion
Certificate of Title Opinion is a report based on a title examination, which states the examiner's opinion of the quality of a title to real property.
Cession Deed
A cession deed is used to relinquish real property to a municipality for a road or other public work project.
Chain
A chain in land measurement is a distance of 66 feet.
Chain of Title
Chain of Title is a successive conveyance of title to a specific parcel of land.
Chattel
Chattel is personal property.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a federal law that prohibits all discrimination on the basis of race.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law that prohibits discrimination in many instances, but in Title VI it prohibits discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
Civil Rights Act of 1968 (See Fair Housing Act of 1968)
Closing
The closing is when the transfer of ownership of a property from the seller to the buyer occurs according to the sales contract.
Closing Costs
Closing costs are the expenses incurred in the purchase and sale of real property paid at the time of settlement or closing. Some examples of closing costs are title insurance, attorney fees, appraisal fees, recording fees and taxes.
Closing Statement
A closing statement is an accounting of the funds received and distributed in a real estate transaction.
Cluster Zoning
Cluster zoning is a form of zoning that provides for several different types of land use within a zoned area.
Coastal Zone Management Program
The Coastal Zone Management program is a program coordinated by DOS to preserve and protect New York's coastline.
Co-Broke
Co-broke is an arrangement between two brokerage firms to share a commission. Normally used when one broker is the seller's exclusive listing agent and the other broker represents the buyer.
Code of Ethics
The Code of Ethics is a standard of conduct required by license laws and by the National Association of Realtors.
Codicil
A codicil is a supplement or an appendix to a will either adding or changing a bequest.
Collateral
Collateral is the security put up in exchange for a loan, which can be taken by the bank if the loan goes unpaid. In the case of a mortgage loan, the collateral is the property.
Combination
Refers to when an owner combines two adjoining apartments into one to enhance the value and the space.
Commercial Zones
Commercial zones allow usage for retail stores, restaurants, hotels and service businesses.
Commingling
Commingling is the mixing of money or property of others with personal or business funds or other property.
Commission
The commission is the payment to the broker for his or her efforts on marketing and selling the property, and is usually a percentage of the total purchase price.
Commission Split
A commission split is the sharing of commissions between the listing agent and the broker of the buyer.
Commitment Fee
The commitment fee is a fee paid to the lender for processing, underwriting and originating the mortgage. It is also known as an origination fee.
Commitment Letter
A letter issued by the lender to the applicant that states funds will be provided subject to written terms and conditions.
Common Area or Common Elements
The common area is the area in the property or in the building that is available for use by all owners and tenants.
Common Charge
The monthly charge levied by a condominium to cover the cost of maintaining the common areas and services.
Common Law
Common law is the law set by judicial precedent or tradition as contrasted with a written statute.
Common Law Dedication
Common law dedication is an act by an owner allowing the public use of a property.
Community Planning
Community planning is a master plan for the orderly growth of a city or country to result in the greatest social and economic benefits to the people.
Comparables (Comps) or Comparative Market Analysis
Comps are used in assessing or establishing the fair market value of a property, a property which has been sold recently that is similar in size, condition, location and amenities.
Compensatory Damage
Compensatory damage is the amount of money actually lost, which will be awarded by a court in case of a breached contract.
Competent Parties
Competent parties are persons or organizations legally qualified to manage their own affairs, including entering into contracts.
Complete Performance
Complete performance is the execution of a contract by virtue of all parties having fully performed all terms.
Condemnation
Condemnation is the exercise of the power of eminent domain or taking private property for public use.
Condemnation Value
Condemnation Value is the market value of condemned property.
Condition
A condition in a contract is any fact or event which, if it occurs or fails to occur, automatically creates or extinguishes a legal obligation.
Condominium
A condominium is a building in which ownership has been partitioned into unit interests. Each apartment owner receives a unit deed and owns an individual unit, but common areas are shared with the other unit owners of the building.
Condominium Declaration
Condominium declaration is the document that, when recorded, creates a condominium. It is also called a master deed.
Conforming Loan
A conforming loan is a mortgage issued within the framework of FNMA/FHLMC (Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac) guidelines in terms and amount. In general, any loan which does not meet these guidelines is a non-conforming loan. A loan which does not meet guidelines specifically because the loan amount exceeds the guideline limits is known as a jumbo loan. The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) set the criteria on what constitutes a conforming loan limit that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac can buy. Criteria include debt-to-income ratio limits and documentation requirements. The maximum loan amount is based on the October-to-October changes in median home price, above which a mortgage is considered a jumbo loan, and typically has higher rates associated with it.
Conformity
Conformity is the homogeneous uses of land within a given area which results in maximizing land value.
Consent Decree
A consent decree is a compromise in civil lawsuits where the accused party agrees to stop the alleged illegal activity without admitting guilt or wrongdoing.
Consideration
Consideration is anything of value, as recognized by law, offered as an inducement to contract.
Construction Loan or Mortgage
A construction loan is a short-term loan to obtain funds to construct an improvement.
Constructive Eviction
Constructive eviction results from some action or inaction by the landlord that renders the premises unsuitable for the use agreed to in a lease or other rental contract.
Constructive Notice
Constructive notice occurs when one of any affected parties are bound by the knowledge of a fact even though they have not been officially notified of such fact.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
CPI is an index indicating the change in prices of various commodities and services, providing a measure of the rate of inflation.
Contingency
Contingency is a condition in a contract relieving a party of liability if a specified event occurs or fails to occur.
Contract
A contract is a legally binding agreement between two parties, and in order to have a valid Contract of Sale in real estate there must be: an offer, an acceptance, competent parties, consideration, legal purpose, written documentation, description of the property, and signatures of the principals.
Contract Buyer's Policy
Contract Buyer's Policy is title insurance that protects the contract buyer against defects in contract seller's title.
Contract for Deed
Contract for deed is a contract of sale and a financing instrument wherein the seller agrees to convey title when the buyer completes the purchase price installment payments. It is also called installment land contract and installment plan.
Contract Rent
Contract rent is the amount agreed to in a lease.
Contract Vendee Sale
A contract vendee sale is a transaction in which a seller transfers beneficial rights, including the right of possession and obligations of ownership, to the purchaser and agrees to close at a future date under definite terms. Ownership can be transferred for tax purposes prior to the transfer of title.
Conventional Mortgage Loan
A conventional mortgage loan is a loan in which the federal government does not insure or guarantee payment to the lender, but is under the amount of a jumbo mortgage.
Conversion
A conversion is a change in ownership status. For example, rental housing may be converted to cooperative or condominium ownership. Such changes must conform to guidelines determined by the laws of New York State.
Convertible Apartment
A "convertible apartment" is a one or two bedroom apartment that has space to make another bedroom. The other bedroom can be made from the construction of a wall; however the new bedroom must have a window in order for it to be legally considered an additional room.
Conveyance
Conveyance is the transfer of title to real property.
Cooling-off Period
A cooling-off period is a three-day right of rescission for certain loan transactions.
Cooperative (Co-op)
A cooperative is a building owned by a corporation in which each apartment is allocated shares of stock as well as a proprietary lease. The amount of shares owned is determined by the value and size of the apartment. The cooperative building owns all of the units and the purchaser is buying stock in the corporation or the building.
Co-ownership
Co-ownership occurs when title to real property is held by two or more persons at the same time; also called concurrent ownership
Corporation Franchise Tax
A corporation franchise tax is a tax calculated on the net profit of the corporation.
Cost Approach
Cost approach is an appraisal method for estimating the value of properties that have few, if any, comparables and are not income-producing.
Counter-offer
A counter-offer is a new offer made by either the buyer or seller when rejecting a previous offer.
Covenant
A covenant is a promise made in writing.
Covenant Against Encumbrances
A covenant against encumbrances is a promise in a deed that the title does not cause encumbrances except those set forth in the deed.
Covenant for Further Assurances
Covenant for further assurances is a promise in a deed that the grantor will execute further assurances that may be reasonable or necessary to perfect the title in the grantee.
Covenant of Quiet Enjoyment
A covenant of quiet enjoyment is a promise in a deed or lease that the grantee or lessee will not be disturbed in the use of the property because of a defect in the grantor's or lessor's title or lease.
Covenant of Right to Convey
A covenant of right to convey is a promise in a deed that the grantor has the legal capacity to convey the title.
Covenant of Seisin
A covenant of seisin is a promise in a deed ensuring the grantee that the grantor has the title being conveyed.
Covenant of Warranty
A covenant of warranty is a promise in a deed that the grantor will defend the title against lawful claimants.
Credit Score
A credit score is a numerical rating provided on a credit report that establishes creditworthiness based upon a person's past credit/payment history and their current credit standing.
Cubic-foot Method
The cubic-foot method is a means of estimating reproduction or replacement cost, using the volume of the structure.
Cumulative-use Zoning
Cumulative-use zoning is a type of zoning permitting a higher priority use even though it is different from the type of use designated for the area.
Curtesy
Curtesy is a husband's interest upon the death of his wife in the real property of an estate that she either soley owned or inherited provided they bore a child capable of inheriting the estate.
Damages
Damages is the amount of financial loss incurred as a result of another's action.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
The debt-to-equity ratio, also referred to as the loan-to-value ratio, is a rule used by banks requiring that a borrower invest a minimum amount of equity cash (usually 10% to 25% of the purchase price) as a condition to obtaining a mortgage. The rule is used in conjunction with the carrying-cost rule to determine how much money a bank will lend. A ratio of 1 means 100% leverage of a property, and higher than 1 means negative equity.
Debt Service
Debt Service is the cost of carrying a loan, usually through monthly payments, including the payment of interest and principal.
Debt-to-Income Ratio or Debt-Service Ratio
The debt-to-income ratio is the relationship of a borrower's monthly payment obligation on long-term debts divided by gross monthly income, expressed as a percentage. It is also known as bottom ratio.
Declaration
Declaration is the master deed containing legal description of the condominium facility, a plat of the property, plans and specifications for the building and units, a description of the common areas, and the degree of ownership in the common areas available to each owner.
Declaration of Restrictions
Declaration of restrictions is the instrument used to record restrictive covenants on the public record.
Dedication
Dedication is an appropriation of land or an easement therein by the owner to the public.
Dedication by Deed
Dedication by deed is the deeding of a parcel of land to a municipality.
Deductible Expenses
Deductible expenses are the costs of operating property held for use in business or as an investment. These expenses are subtracted from gross income to arrive at net income.
Deed
A deed is a written instrument transferring an interest in real property when delivered to the grantee.
Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure
Deed in lieu of foreclosure is the conveyance of title to the mortgagee by a mortgagor in default to avoid a record of foreclosure.
Deed Restriction
A deed restriction is a limitation on land use appearing in a deed.
Default
An act performed by the buyer, seller, tenant or landlord that breaches the contract of sale or lease and permits a claim for damages.
Defeasance Clause
A defeasance clause is a statement in a mortgage or deed of trust giving the borrower the right to redeem the title and have the mortgage lien released at any time prior to defaulting by paying the debt in full.
Defeasible Fee
A defeasible fee is a title subject to being revoked if certain conditions occur.
Deficiency Judgment
Deficiency judgment is a court judgment obtained by a mortgagee for the amount of money a foreclosure sale proceed was deficient in fully satisfying the mortgage debt.
Delivery and Acceptance
Delivery and acceptance occurs when the transfer of a title by deed is given by the grantor to the grantee.
Demise
Demise is to convey an estate for years (leasing or letting).
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
See U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Depreciation
Depreciation is the expensing of the original cost of an asset, plus any qualified improvements, over its scheduled life as defined by the IRS. Depreciation deductions are permitted only for assets held by the production of income or used in a trade or business. The current term for depreciating residential real estate is 27.5 years.
Descent
Descent is the distribution of property to qualified heirs of one who has died intestate.
Description by Monument
Description by monument is a legal description of multiple-acre tracts of land and may refer to permanent objects such as a stone wall, large trees or boulders.
Description by Reference
Description by reference is a description on a deed that refers to a plat of subdivision or other legal document.
Devise
Devise is a gift of real property by will.
Disclosure and Informed Consent
Disclosure and informed consent is a real estate agent explaining his position in the agency relationship and the verbal and written consent of the relationship by the client.
Disclosure Statement
The disclosure statement is an accounting of all financial aspects of a mortgage loan required of lenders to borrowers in residential mortgage loan as regulated by the Federal Reserve Board.
Discount Points
Discount points are a one-time payment by the borrower to the lender at closing to obtain a lower interest rate on the mortgage loan. One point equals 1% of the loan amount; therefore, two points on a $100,000 mortgage would cost $2,000. It is also referred to as points.
Distribution Box
A distribution box is part of a septic system that distributes the flow from the septic tank evenly to the absorption field or seepage pits.
Dominant Tenement
Dominant tenement is land benefiting from an easement appurtenant.
Double-Declining-Balance Depreciation
A depreciation technique whereby the asset is divided by its useful life and this sum is doubled. Thereafter, in each succeeding year the accumulated depreciation is deducted from the original asset value to recomputed depreciation for the succeeding period. It is not available for real estate, but it is permissible for tangible property.
Down Payment
The down payment is the amount of money a buyer pays upfront in order to purchase a property. It is usually paid at the signing of the contract in the form of a certified check. The amount is typically 10% of the sales price.
Dower
Dower is the part of or interest in the real estate of a deceased husband given by law to his widow during her life.
Dual Agent
A dual agent is a broker or salesperson who represents both the buyer and seller in the same transaction.
Due Diligence
Due diligence is the investigation and review of a property to determine any legal liability.
Duplex Apartment
A duplex apartment consists of two levels.
Earnest Money Deposit
Earnest money deposit is the deposit a buyer makes at the time of submitting an offer to demonstrate the true intent to purchase. It is also called a binder or good faith deposit.
Easement
An easement is a non-possessory right of the use of land.
Easement Appurtenant
Easement appurtenant is a right of use in the adjoining land of another that moves with the title to the property benefiting from the easement.
Easement by Condemnation
Easement by condemnation is exercising the right of eminent domain.
Easement by Grant
Easement by grant is created by the express written agreement of the landowners, usually in a deed.
Easement in Gross
Easement in gross is a right of use of the land of another without the requirement that the holder of the right own adjoining land.
Eave
The eave is the lowest part of the roof that projects beyond the walls of the structure.
Economic Depreciation
Economic depreciation is the physical deterioration of property caused by normal use, damage caused by natural or other hazards, and failure to adequately maintain property.
Economic Life
The economic life is the period of time during which property is financially beneficial to an owner.
Effective Interest Rate
Effective interest rate is the actual rate of interest paid on a loan.
Egress
Egress is the exit from a building or parcel of land.
Enabling Acts
Enabling acts are laws passed by state legislatures authorizing cities and counties to regulate land use within their jurisdictions.
Encroachment
Encroachment is the trespassing on the land of another by a structure or other object.
Encumbrance
An encumbrance is a claim, lien, charge or liability attached to and binding upon real property.
Environment Impact Statement (EIS)
The environment impact statement is a requirement of the State Environmental Quality Review Act prior to initiating or changing a land use that may have an adverse effect on the environment.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The EPA is a federal agency that oversees land use.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)
ECOA is a federal law prohibiting discrimination in consumer laws.
Equitable Title
Equitable title is an interest in real estate such that a court will take notice and protect the owner's rights.
Equity
Equity is the difference between what something is worth and any loan secured by the asset (i.e. the value of a property less the outstanding mortgage). For example, if a home is worth $100,000 and the owner/borrower owes $65,000 on the mortgage loan secured by the borrower's home, then the borrower's equity is $35,000 or 35% equity in the home.
Equity of Redemption
The equity of redemption is the borrower's right to redeem the title pledged or conveyed in a mortgage or deed of trust after default and prior to a foreclosure sale by paying the debt in full, accrued interest and the lender's costs.
Erosion
Erosion is the wearing away of land by water, wind or other processes of nature.
Escheat
Escheat is the right of the government to take title to property left by a person who dies without leaving a valid will (intestate) or qualified heirs.
Escrow
A state where consideration, benefits, legal rights, document, or a sum of money is held by one person in trust for another, for the purpose of assuring performance under an agreement. Normally in a residential real estate sale, the attorney for the seller is the escrow agent for the deposit money securing the deal until closing. The money is held in an escrow account.
Estate
Estate refers to the collection of all assets of a deceased person. It is also the extent of interest a person has in real property.
Estate at Sufferance
Estate at sufferance is the continuation to occupy property after legal authorization has expired.
Estate at Will
Estate at will is a leasehold condition that may be terminated at any point by either party.
Estate for Life
This is the interest of real property that ends with the death of a person.
Estate for Years
Estate for years is a leasehold condition of definite duration.
Estate from Year-to-Year
Estate from year-to-year is a leasehold state that automatically renews itself for consecutive periods until terminated by notice by either party; also called estate from period-to-period or periodic tenancy.
Estate in Real Property
Estate in real property is an interest sufficient to provide the right to use, possession, and control of land. It also establishes the degree and duration of ownership.
Estoppel Certificate
An estoppel certificate is a document executed by a mortgagor or mortgagee setting forth the principal amount. The executing parties are bound by the amount specified.
Express Agency
An express agency is a relationship created by an oral or written agreement between a principal and an agent.
Eviction
An eviction is a landlord's action that interferes with the tenant's use or possession of the property. Eviction may be actual or constructive.
Exclusive Agency Agreement (Exclusive Listing)
An exclusive agency agreement is between a broker and a seller designating the broker as the seller's sole agent for the purpose of selling his or her property. This agreement does not preclude the owner from effectuating a sale on his own.
Exclusive Right To Sell Agreement
An exclusive right to sell agreement is between a broker and a seller designating the broker as the seller's sole representative for the purpose of selling property. In contrast to an exclusive-agency agreement, under an "exclusive-right-to-sell agreement", a commission is due to the broker even if the apartment is sold directly by the owner.
Exclusive Use Zoning
Exclusive use zoning is a type of zoning in which only the specified use may be made of property within the zoned district.
Executed Contract
An executed contract is an agreement that has been fully performed.
Fair Housing Act of 1968
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 is a federal act prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental or financing of housing on the basis of race, color, religion, gender or national origin.
Fair Housing Act of 1988
This federal act prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, financing, or appraisal of housing on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, national origin, handicap, or familial status.
Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988
An amendment to the Fair Housing Act that prohibits discrimination based on a mental or physical handicap, or family status.
Fair Market Value
The fair market value is the price for a property agreed upon between a buyer and seller in a competitive market.
Fannie Mae
Fannie Mae is the nickname for the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), a privately owned corporation that purchase FHA, VA, and conventional mortgages.
Fascia
The fascia is the area facing the outside of a soffit in house construction.
Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
The Federal Housing Administration is a federal agency that is part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that sets policy for mortgage underwriting and provides insurance for residential mortgages.
Fee Simple Absolute
Fee simple absolute is the inheritable estate in land providing the greatest interest of any form of title.
FHA Insured Loan
An FHA insured loan is a mortgage insured by the Federal Housing Administration.
Finance Charge
The finance charge is the amount imposed on the borrower in a mortgage loan, consisting of origination fee, service charges, discount points, interest, credit report fees, and finders' fees.
Financing
A loan secured by personal property, such as real estate property. The stock and lease of a cooperative corporation also constitute such personal property, and a loan secured by these instruments is referred to as a financing loan. Generally, real estate brokers refer to these financing loans as mortgages because they operate in the same manner, even though technically they are not.
First Mortgage
A first mortgage is a mortgage whose lien is superior to the lien of any other mortgage on the same property. This lien is superior either because it was recorded prior to all other mortgages or because the mortgagee of another mortgage which had been recorded ahead of this mortgage has agreed to have a lien subordinated to the lien of this mortgage.
Fixed Lease
A fixed lease is when the rental amount remains the same for the entire lease term; also called flat, straight or gross lease.
Fixed-Rate Mortgage
A loan secured by real estate that has a fixed interest rate and payment amount for the term of the loan (normally 15 or 30 years).
Fixture
A fixture is an item (appliance, light fixture, etc.) that is permanently attached to a property.
Flashing
Flashing is a metal material used in parts of the roof or walls to prevent water from penetrating the structure.
Flip Tax
A levy issued on the transfer of ownership by a cooperative corporation or condominium association against the seller, typically, though it may be against the buyer.. The flip tax is usually a percentage of the purchase price.
Floating Rate
A type of loan where the interest rate is not fixed over the term but is allowed to vary according to the change in a specified index, and is also referred to as an ARM (Adjustable Rate Mortgage).
Floating Slab
A floating slab is a type of foundation constructed by pouring the footing first and then pouring the slab after the footing has set.
Footing
The footing is the concrete base below the frost line that supports the foundation of the structure.
Foreclosure
Foreclosure is an enforcement process in which the lender under a defaulted mortgage takes title to the property for the purposes of selling it to recoup moneys owed under the mortgage.
421-A
The 421-a tax incentive program was created in 1971 to encourage housing development. Under the program, developers of apartment buildings on vacant or underutilized lots throughout the five boroughs receive a temporary exemption from property tax on the value added to the site by new construction. Condominiums can be sold at any price and the tax savings are passed on to the individual owner.
Freddie Mac
Freddie Mac is the nickname for Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), a corporation wholly owned by the Federal Home Loan Bank System that purchases FHA, VA, and conventional mortgages.
Frieze Board
Frieze board is the wooden member fastened under the soffit against a wall.
Front Foot
A front foot is a linear foot of property frontage on a street or highway.
Full Bath
A full bath is a bathroom that consists of a sink, toilet, and a bathtub or shower.
Fully Amortizing Mortgage
A fully amortizing mortgage is a mortgage with scheduled uniform payments that will fully pay-off the loan over the term of the mortgage.
Functional Obsolescence
Functional obsolescence is a flawed or faulty property that is rendered inferior because of advances or changes.
Print Section
General Agent
A general agent refers to the entity that has full authority over a property of the principal, such as a property manager.
General Lien
A general lien is a lien that attaches to all of the property of a person within the court's jurisdiction.
General Warranty Deed
A general warranty deed is a deed denoting an unlimited guarantee of title.
Ginnie Mae
Ginnie Mae is the nickname for Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA), a U.S. government agency that purchases FHA and VA mortgages.
Girder
A girder is the main beam in a structure that spans the distance from one side of the foundation to the other.
Good Faith Estimate
A Good Faith Estimate is an estimate of the fees a mortgage borrower will be required to pay at closing. It is required by Federal law that the lender provides the Good Faith Estimate within three business days of the initial loan application.
Grace Period
In a mortgage, the grace period refers to a specified time frame in which payment may be made without the borrower being in default.
Graduated Lease
A graduated lease is a lease in which the rent changes from period to period over the lease term. This type of lease is usually used by a new business tenant whose income will increase over time.
Graduated Payment Mortgage (GPM)
A graduated payment mortgage has payments that are lower in the early years but increase on a scheduled basis until they reach a level of amortization.
Grandfather Clause
A "grandfather clause" allows an activity to continue that was once considered acceptable or legal, but has since had the rules or laws changed. An example of this is when a building once allowed pets, but subsequently changed the House Rules to not allow pets. The existing tenants or owners are allowed to keep their pets, but new occupants to the building are not allowed to bring them in. The existing pets and owners are "grandfathered".
Grant
A grant is a transfer of title to real property by deed.
Gross Lease
A gross lease is a lease in which the lessor pays all costs of operating and maintaining property, including the property taxes.
Ground Lease
A ground lease is a long-term lease of unimproved land and is usually for construction purposes.
Habendum Clause
The habendum clause is the statement in a deed that begins with the words "to have and to hold" and describes the estate granted.
Half Bath
A half bath, or powder room, has a sink and toilet, but does not have a bathtub or shower.
Headers
Headers are wooden reinforcements for the placement of doors and windows.
Hectare
A hectare is the metric system equivalent to 2.47 acres.
Holding Period
Holding period refers to the length of time a property is owned.
Holdover Tenant
A holdover tenant is a tenant that remains in possession of a property after a lease terminates.
Home Equity Loan
A home equity loan is a loan made against the equity in a home.
House Rules
House rules are building rules regulating the conduct and responsibilities of homeowners as they affect the building's common areas and services.
Housing Expense Ratio
The housing expense ratio is the relationship of a borrower's monthly payment obligation on housing (principal, interest, taxes, insurances and other applicable housing expenses) divided by gross monthly income, expressed as a percentage. It is also referred to as top ratio.
HVAC
HVAC is an acronym that stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Hydronic System
A hydronic system is a process in an HVAC system where liquids are heated or cooled.
Hypothecate
Hypothecate is to pledge property as security for the payment of a debt without giving up possession.
Improvements
Improvements are changes or additions made to a property. These typically increase the value of the property.
Indemnification
Indemnification is the reimbursement or compensation paid to someone for a loss already suffered.
Index
Index is a benchmark, usually a published interest rate, such as a one-year London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) security yields, used to calculate the interest rate of an adjustable rate mortgage when rate is scheduled to change. Generally, a margin stated in loan documents is added to the index to determine the new interest rate.
Index Lease
An index lease is a lease with a method of determining rent by an index, such as the LIBOR index.
Ingress
An ingress is the right to enter a parcel of land, usually used as "ingress and egress", or both entering and leaving.
Injunction
An injunction is a court instruction to discontinue a specified activity.
Insider Rights
Special rights offered to tenants occupying apartments in a building in the process of converting to a co-op or condo, giving them the exclusive right to buy their apartments for a limited period of time and normally at a discounted price.
Inspection
An examination of a property by a qualified inspector or engineer to understand the condition and to check for structural damage, termites, any required repairs or equipment replacement, etc.
Installment Land Contract
See Contract For Deed.
Installment Sale
An installment sale is a property sale in which the purchaser pays the purchase price over a period of years. The seller recognizes gain for tax purposes by the proportion of the profit (determined by the profit divided by the nest sales price of the asset) received on each payment as it is received.
Insurable Interest
Insurable interest is the amount of property qualifying for insurance.
Insured Value
The insured value is the amount that a structure is insured and should include the cost of replacing the structure if completely destroyed.
Interest-Rate Spread
The interest-rate spread is the differential between the retail interest rate charged to a borrower and the wholesale rate accepted by the financial industry when acquiring home mortgage loans. The spread is the profit to the bank.
Interest Rates
The interest rate is the cost of borrowing money from a lender. Rates will vary and will change over time.
Interim Financing
Interim financing is a short-term or temporary loan such as a construction or bridge loan.
Interim Interest
Interim interest is interest owed by the borrower to the lender on the mortgage loan from the day of the closing top the date covered by the first payment.
Intestate
Intestate is the condition that occurs when someone dies without a valid will.
Involuntary Alienation
Involuntary alienation is the transfer of title to real property as a result of a lien foreclosure sale, adverse possession, filing a petition in bankruptcy, condemnation under power of eminent domain, or, upon the death of the titleholder, to the state if there aren't any heirs.
J-51
A New York City program giving tax breaks for the substantial rehabilitation of an existing property. The program provides for an abatement of tax on a formula based on the level of improvement and an exclusion from additional tax due to the change in use of the property.
Joint Tenancy
Joint tenancy is a form of co-ownership that includes the right of survivorship.
Joist
A joist is a wooden framing member used in the construction of floors and ceilings.
Judgment Lien
A judgment lien is a general lien resulting from a court decree.
Jumbo Loan
A mortgage issued in an amount exceeding the threshold stipulated under Fannie Mae (FNMA) regulations for a conforming loan.
Land Lease
A land lease is a situation in which a building and other land improvement are rented for a term of years. At the end of the lease term, the right of possession is extinguished and reverts back to the landowner. At the time, the tenant loses any remaining equity interest in the property.
Landmark
Landmark status is the designation given to a building or neighborhood that is under government protection for purposes of preservation.
Landmarks Commission
The Landmarks Commission is a city governmental agency assigned responsibility for recommending properties and neighborhoods to be landmarked and ensuring that landmarks are properly preserved.
Lease
A lease is a written agreement to rent a property or part of a property from an owner.
Letter of Adequacy
A letter (usually issued by a managing agent) found in the offering plan of a building converting to cooperative or condominium ownership affirming that the income and expenses, as expressed in the proposed budget, are adequate to cover the costs of running the building. This expert evaluation is required by the New York State Martin Act.
Liability
A liability is a debt or claim that is owed.
LIBOR Index
Stands for "London Interbank Offered Rate", and is the average yield of interbank offered rates for one-year U.S. dollar-denominated deposits in the London market. LIBOR is a common index used as a benchmark for adjusting mortgage interest rates in adjustable-rate mortgages.
Lien
A lien is an encumbrance on property which acts as security for the payment of a debt or the performance of an obligation. A mortgage is a lien. A lender will want most, if not all, liens on a property removed before making a mortgage loan.
Lien Foreclosure Sale
A lien foreclosure sale is the sale of property without consent of the owner, as ordered by a court or authorized by state law due to a debt resulting in a lien.
Life Estate
Life estate is a freehold estate created for the duration of the life or lives of certain named persons. It is a non-inheritable estate.
Life Estate in Remainder
A life estate in remainder is a form of life estate in which certain persons are designated to receive the title upon termination of the life tenancy.
Like-Kind Exchange
The like-kind exchange is an exchange of similar property, as defined in the Internal Revenue Code that can be performed without recognition of taxable gain at the time of transfer.
Limited Liability Company
A form of organization that is similar to a partnership, in that recognition of income and expenses flow directly through to the owners for tax purposes (without a corporate tax), but that still permits insulation from liability similar to that of a corporation.
Liquidated Damages
Liquidated damages are the agreed amount to be paid as compensation for a breach of contract.
Liquidity
Liquidity refers to the ability of assets that are readily convertible to cash.
Lis Pendens
Lis pendens means a "lawsuit pending". See Notice of Lis Pendens.
Listing
The term used by brokers to market an apartment for sale or rent.
Listing Broker
The listing broker represents the interests of the seller or landlord in the sale or rental of his or her property.
Loan Commitment
The loan commitment is the written obligation from a lending institution to provide a mortgage to a borrower.
Loan Origination Fee
The loan origination fee is the financing charge required by a lender.
Loan-to-Value Ratio (LTV)
The loan-to-value ratio is the mortgage amount divided by the lower of the purchase price or the appraised value of the property. This ratio is expressed as a percentage. A lender will use this ratio in determining the maximum mortgage loan that it will make on the property.
Lock-In / Rate Lock Agreement
A lock-in is an agreement by the lender guaranteeing the applicant a specified interest rate on the mortgage loan provided the loan closes within a set period of time.
Loft
A loft refers to an open living space that was converted from commercial space to residential space. Lofts contain very high ceilings, large windows and open space. In New York City, most lofts and converted commercial space are located in downtown Manhattan.
Lot
Print Section
Maintenance
The monthly charge levied on owners by a cooperative corporation to cover the building's operating costs, real estate taxes, and the debt service on the building's underlying mortgage.
Managing Agent
In New York City, most of the cooperative and condominium buildings are managed by an outside company, or managing agent, which is responsible for the building operations.
Mansion Tax
A mansion tax is a New York State tax of 1% of the selling price levied on the buyer of any residence costing in excess of $1,000,000.
Market Value
The market value of a property is an estimation of the price for a property in relation to the current real estate market.
Martin Act
Martin Act is the New York State law regulating the conversion of properties to cooperative or condominium ownership, and is also referred to as Section 352eee and 352eeee of New York State's General Business Law.
Master Deed
A master deed is the instrument that legally establishes a condominium. It is also referred to as a condominium declaration.
Mechanic's Lien
A mechanic's lien is a statutory lien available to anyone supplying labor or material to the construction of an improvement of land that ahs not been properly compensated.
Metes and Bounds
Metes and bounds is a system of land description with distances and directions.
Monolithic Slab
A monolithic slab is a type of foundation in which the footing and slab are poured at the same time.
Mortgage
A mortgage is a pledge of real estate collateral to secure a debt. Also, it is a legal document describing and defining the pledge. The mortgage may also include the terms of repayment of the debt. It is also referred to as a deed of trust.
Mortgage Banker
A mortgage banker is an institution that performs services similar to those of a mortgage broker. However, a mortgage banker is also legally permitted to lend its own funds.
Mortgage Broker
A real estate professional who represents an array of banks seeking to issue mortgages. The mortgage broker meets with a customer, assists with the application, and facilitates the mortgage process on behalf of the borrower and the bank. Generally, in the case of residential mortgages, the mortgage broker is paid a fee by the bank for this service.
Mortgage Insurance (or Private Mortgage Insurance / PMI)
Mortgage insurance is insurance that protects the lender in case the home buyer does not make their mortgage payments. Typically, a borrower would be required to pay a fee for mortgage insurance if their down payment is less than 20%.
Mortgage Note
A mortgage note is a document signed at closing which states the borrower's promise to re-pay a sum of money. The note states an interest rate and a fixed period of time (term) for repayment.
Mortgage Satisfaction
Mortgage satisfaction refers to the full payment of a mortgage loan.
Mortgagee
The mortgagee is the lender in a mortgage transaction.
Mortgagor
The mortgagor is the borrower in a mortgage transaction.
Multiple Dwelling
A multiple dwelling is a structure with two or more residential units.
Multiple Listing Service (MLS)
A MLS is a central service for real estate listings available to member brokers.
National Association of Realtors (NAR)
The NAR is the largest and most prominent trade organization for real estate brokers and agents.
Negative Amortization
This occurs when a loan permits the borrower to make a payment that is less than the full amount required to cover the interest charge on the open balance and the shortfall is added to the mortgage principal.
Negative Pledge
A negative pledge is when the condominium places restrictions on the unit deed and trust agreement restricting the right of an owner to finance a condominium unit for more than a specified amount.
Net Lease
A net lease refers to a type of lease in which the tenant pays a fixed rent plus the operational costs of the property.
Net Listing
A net listing is a method of establishing the listing broker's commission as the entire amount above specified new amount to the seller. This method of establishing a broker's commission is illegal in New York State.
Net Worth
Net worth is your assets less your liabilities.
Nonconforming Use
A nonconforming use refers to the utilization of land that does not conform to the zoning ordinance for the area.
Nonrecourse Note
A nonrecourse note is a type of note in which the borrower has no personal liability for payment.
Notarize
Some legal documents, including certain leases and contracts of sale, are notarized by a certified Notary Public to verify the authenticity of a signature.
Notice of Lis Pendens
Notice of lis pendens is a public record warning all concerned parties that title to a property is the subject of a lawsuit and any lien resulting from the suit will attaché to the title.
Offer
An offer is made to purchase a property at a specific price. Once an offer is accepted, then a contract of sale is issued by the seller's attorney.
Offering Plan
See "Prospectus".
Open-ended Listing Contract
An open-ended listing contract is a contract between a seller and a real estate broker that does not have a termination date.
Open-end Mortgage
An open-end mortgage is a mortgage that may be refinanced without rewriting the mortgage contract.
Origination
Origination is the first step in the mortgage loan process consisting of the completion of the application.
Ordinance
An ordinance is a law enacted by the local government.
Open Listing
An open listing is an apartment for sale for which the owner has not signed an exclusive agreement with a real estate broker. Many brokers may represent the seller, or the seller can promote the property independently.
Option to Renew
An option to renew is a provision in a lease that states the method and terms of a lease renewal.
Origination Fee
The origination fee is a service charge by a lending institution for a mortgage.
Ownership in Severalty
Ownership in severalty is title to real property held in the name of one person only.
Parcel
A parcel is a specific portion of land such as a lot.
Partition
Partition refers to the legal proceeding that divides property of co-owners so each will hold title in severalty.
Party Wall
Party wall refers to the wall in common between two adjoining structures, such as in townhouses and brownstones.
Passive Loss
A passive loss is a loss generated by investment real estate when real estate is not the taxpayer's primary business. Loss in excess of income may not be fully recognized for tax purposes in the year it was incurred.
Penthouse
A penthouse apartment refers to the apartment on the highest floor in a luxury, high-rise building.
Percentage Lease
A percentage lease refers to a lease that has a rental amount that is a combination of a fixed amount plus a percentage of the lessee's gross sales.
Percolation
Percolation is the movement of water through soil.
Percolation (Perc) Test
A perc test determines if the soil is sufficiently porous for the installation of a septic tank.
Perfecting a Loan
When a loan is issued against a personal property, it is recorded in the county clerk's office against the name of the borrower. The recording process perfects a security position against the collateral.
Periodic Tenancy
A periodic tenancy lease automatically renews for successive periods unless terminated by either party. It is also called an estate from year to year.
Phantom Gain
A sale of real estate in which income is recognized for tax purposes but no money has been received correlating to the gain amount. This can occur when the property's basis has been depreciated below the property's mortgage amount.
Pied-a-Terre
Pied-a-terre is a term that refers to an apartment that is not the primary residence of the owner. The term refers to an apartment that is used only sporadically throughout the year.
PITI
PITI is an acronym for a mortgage payment that includes principal, interest, taxes and insurance.
Plat
A plat is a property map that is part of the public record.
Platform Framing
Platform framing is the most common type of framing in residential construction in which the framing of the structure rests on a subfloor platform.
Points
Points refer to the payment made to a lender as consideration for issuing a mortgage, usually based on a percentage of the loan amount. Each point is equal to 1% of the principal of the mortgage.
Post-War
A post-war building is one that was built after World War II, typically between the 1950s and 1970s. They vary in size, but are usually taller than pre-war buildings, are often constructed of white, red or brown brick and have few architectural details. The rents are usually lower than in pre-war or newer buildings.
Powder Room
A powder room is also referred to as a half-bath, and only has a toilet and sink.
Pre-Approval
A pre-approval is a process in which a conditional commitment is issued after a loan profile is underwritten with all standard documentation except a property appraisal and a title search.
Pre-Qualification
A pre-qualification is a process in which a loan officer calculates the housing-to-income ratio and the total debt-to-income ratio to determine an approximate maximum mortgage loan amount.
Pre-War
A pre-war building is one that was built before World War II, and mainly prior to 1929, since there were few residential buildings built during the 1930s. Buildings are less than 20 stories and usually have large rooms, mouldings, hardwood floors and high ceilings.
Price-to-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio)
The price-to-earnings ratio is the common metric used to assess the relative valuation of equities. To compute the P/E ratio in the case of a rented house, divide the price of the house by its potential earnings or net income, which is the market rent of the house minus expenses, which include maintenance and property taxes. This formula is:
House P/E Ratio = House Price / Rent-Expenses
Compare this ratio to the simpler but less accurate price-rent ratio.
Price-to-Income Ratio
It is the basic affordability measure for housing in a given area. It is generally the ratio of median house prices to median familial disposable incomes, expressed as a percentage or as years of income. This ratio, applied to individuals, and also referred to as "attainability", is a basic component of mortgage lending decisions.
Price-Rent Ratio
The price-rent ratio is the average cost of ownership divided by the received rent income (if buying to let) or the estimated rent that would be paid if renting (if buying to reside). This formula is:
House Price-Rent ratio = House Price / Monthly Rent x 12
Primary Residence
Generally, a primary residence of an owner or renter is one that they occupy the majority of time, usually considered to be 6 months and 1 day out of every year.
Principal
The principal in the mortgage is the amount that is borrowed and on which interest is paid or received.
Private Mortgage Insurance (PMI)
See Mortgage Insurance.
Processing
Processing is the second step in the mortgage application process which involves the verification of information stated on the application. Credit reports and the appraisal are also ordered at this time.
Profit Exemption
Current tax rules permit the profit on the sale of a primary residence to be tax exempt for up to $250,000 for an individual, or $500,000 for a married couple.
Property Condition Disclosure Form
This form is a comprehensive checklist pertaining to the condition of the property including its structure and any environmental issues in and around the property.
Property Description
The property description is an accurate, legal description of the land.
Property Tax
The tax issued by a municipality on the ownership of a property.
Proprietary Lease
The lease issued by a cooperative corporation to each tenant-shareholder prescribing his or her right to occupy a specific apartment and his or her general obligations as an owner and tenant.
Pro-Rata Share
In relation to a co-op, the pro-rata share is your apartment's share of the building's underlying mortgage. The share is determined by dividing the amount of the underlying mortgage by the number of shares in the building then multiplying the per-share amount by the number of shares for your apartment. The lower of either the appraised value or purchase price then divides that number.
Prospectus
A document issued by a sponsor in the process of converting a building to a cooperative or condominium ownership. It is intended to provide "full disclosure" of all relevant facts associated with evaluating an investment in the property, and is also referred to as the offering plan or black book.
Quadruplex
A quadruplex is an apartment with four levels.
Radon
Radon is a colorless, odorless gas present in soil that enters a home through small spaces and openings.
Rate Cap
A rate cap is the limit on interest rates during the term of an adjustable rate mortgage.
Rate Lock
The rate lock is an agreement between the borrower and the mortgage lender that guarantees a rate for a set period of time (typically 30, 60 or 90 days).
Ratios
Ratios are guidelines applied by the lender during underwriting a mortgage loan application to determine how large a loan to grant an applicant. The ratios the lenders use are generally the Loan-to-Value Ratio, Housing-to-Income Ratio, and Debt-to-Income ratio.
Real Estate Broker
A real estate broker is an individual employed on a fee or commission basis as an agent to bring buyers and sellers together and assist in negotiating real estate contracts between them.
Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
An REIT is a trust owned by shareholders that buys and initiates mortgage loans.
Real Estate Salesperson
A real estate salesperson performs any of the acts of a real estate broker but while associated with and supervised by a broker.
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA)
RESPA is a federal law that regulates the activities of lending institutions in making mortgage loans.
Real Property Tax Lien
This lien is a tax levied against real property by the local government and has priority over all other liens.
Recapture
When investment real estate has been depreciated for tax purposes, the gain on the sale includes a "recapture" of the previously written-off depreciation as gain. In certain cases, this can result in a tax liability that exceeds the cash received. See "Phantom Gain".
Recognition Letter
A recognition letter is a letter from the cooperative corporation's board of directors recognizing the secured rights of a lender to the shares of stock and the proprietary lease on a specific apartment.
Recording
Recording is registering the ownership, lien, or claim of a party to a specific parcel of real estate with the local county.
Recording Fees
Recording fees are the fees charged by the recorder's office to record a document such as a mortgage, deed of trust, deed and UCC Financing Statement.
Redlining
Redlining is the resistance of lending institutions to make loans for the purchase, construction, or repair of a dwelling due to the socio-economic conditions of the property's location.
Referral Fee
A referral fee is a percentage of a broker's commission paid to another broker for the referral of a buyer or seller.
Refinancing
Refinancing are the proceeds of a new loan used to pay off an existing mortgage on the same property.
Rental
A rental is the possession, but not ownership, of a property for a limited duration of time under defined terms and conditions.
Rental Building
A rental building only has apartments for rent and not for purchase.
Rent Control
A form of rent regulation, rent control occurs when an apartment has tenants that have been in continual residence since July 1, 1971, or other qualified occupants that have been in residence with the original tenant continuously for either two years (immediate relative) or five years (non-relative). Rent control limits the amount of rent landlords can charge for apartments and restricts their ability to evict.
Rent Stabilization
Another form of rent regulation, rent stabilization usually applies to buildings built before 1974 and apartments removed from rent control. After the rent has legally been raised to over $2,500 per month, or the household income of the tenants is over $200,000 per year, rent stabilization is no longer in effect. The amount that landlords are legally allowed to increase the rent every year is regulated by the NYC Rent Guidelines Board. It also covers buildings that receive J-51 and 421-A tax benefits, so there are newer buildings with apartments that have higher rent that also are regulated by rent stabilization.
Reserve Fund
A reserve fund is the amount reserved to provide funds for future expenses in order to maintain a cooperative or condominium building and is managed by the building's board.
Residential Lead-based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
This act stipulates procedures to be followed in disclosing the presence of lead-based paint in the sale or rental of properties built prior to 1978.
Reverse Annuity Mortgage
A reverse annuity mortgage is a type of mortgage that retirees on fixed incomes can use to generate income out of the equity in their homes while they continue to live in the home.
R-Factor or R-Value
The R-Factor is a rating that measures the degree of resistance to heat transfer.
Rider
A rider is an addendum to a document that covers supplemental issues.
Ridge Beam
A ridge beam is the highest part of framing in a structure and forms the apex of the roof.
Right of Assignment
The right of assignment allows the lender to sell a mortgage at any time and obtain money invested rather than wait for the completion of the loan term.
Right of First Refusal
A condition contained in many condominium master deeds that permits the board to review any party seeking to purchase or rent an apartment and to refuse the applicant if it so desires. If the board refuses the applicant, it must thereafter purchase or rent the apartment under the same terms and conditions stipulated in the contract.
Right of Survivorship
The right of survivorship is the right of an owner to receive the title to a co-owner's share upon death of the co-owner, as in the case of joint tenancy and tenancy by the entirety.
Right-of-Way
Right-of-way is an easement allowing someone to use the land of another for a specific purpose.
Riparian Rights
Riparian rights are the rights of an owner of property adjoining a watercourse such as a river, including access to and use of the water.
Room
Apartment size may be described by number of rooms. A room in NYC must be at least 100 sq. ft. and have a window, except in the case of a kitchen. Most kitchens are counted as rooms, unless they are Pullman types, which are part of the living room. Baths are not counted as rooms. A three room apartment consists of a living room, bedroom and kitchen. A four room apartment could have two bedrooms, or a bedroom and dining room, a living room and kitchen.
Running with the Land
Running with the land refers to rights that are passed with the title of property from the grantor to the grantee.
Print Section
Sale Price
The sale price, also referred to as the purchase price, refers to the amount of money paid by the purchaser to the seller.
Sales Comparison Approach
The sales comparison approach is an appraisal tool for estimating the value of a property with other similar properties that have sold recently.
Satisfaction of Mortgage
The satisfaction of mortgage indicates that a mortgage has been paid in full.
Schedule A
A list in the offering plan of all the apartments being sold in a newly-constructed building or one that is undergoing conversion. It presents allocated shares or unit-percentage interest, room count, and other material cost elements, including the projected maintenance charge and the tax-deductible portion of the maintenance.
Schedule B
The projected cost of operating a cooperative or condominium during its first year of operation and is part of the offering plan.
Section 421 A
A New York City tax program intended to stimulate new construction by permitting a phase-in of the real estate tax over a period of ten years.
Security Deposit
The security deposit is the payment required by the landlord that guarantees that the tenant will meet their financial obligations under the terms of the lease. Besides guarding against any unpaid rent, it also guards against any potential damage that may be incurred by the tenant.
Seller Contribution
The seller contribution is a payment by the seller of a property of some, or all, of the buyer's closing costs.
Seller's Agent
A seller's agent is the listing agent that works in the best interests of the seller.
Service Drop
A service drop is the above-ground electrical cables that come from the nearest electrical pole connecting the electrical service of the house.
Service Lateral
Service lateral are the underground electrical wiring connecting the electrical service of the house.
Servicing
Servicing are activities the lender performs such as collecting the payments and/or paying taxes and insurance from an escrow account.
Servient Tenement
Servient tenement refers to land encumbered by an easement.
Setback
The setback is the distance from the front or interior property line to the point where the structure is located.
Severalty
Severalty refers to ownership by only one person.
Shares
When purchasing in a cooperative building, the apartment is not actually purchased directly as real estate but rather shares in the cooperative corporation are purchased. The amount of shares represent the portion of the building owned based on the size and location of the unit in the apartment. A proprietary lease is then issued by the corporation for a specific unit to the purchaser.
Soffit
A soffit is the area under the roof extension of a structure that can be made of wood, vinyl or aluminum.
SONYMA (Sonny Mae)
SONYMA or State of New York Mortgage Agency raises money from the sale of New York tax-free bonds and uses these funds for mortgage loans.
Sponsor
The sponsor is the developer or owner of the property that initiates the conversion of a property from single ownership to cooperative or condominium ownership.
Square Footage
The area measured in square feet of a certain property. Square footage can be measured in different ways and is usually considered approximate. Condominium apartments have specific laws that determine the way in which the apartment is measured and usually more accurately reflect the actual square footage within a property.
Standing Mortgage
A standing mortgage is an interest-only mortgage with no principal reduction over time. See "Balloon Mortgage".
Subject to Financing
A clause in the contract of sale for a cooperative apartment stipulating that the agreement is conditioned upon the buyer's obtaining financing from a financial institution in an agreed-upon amount.
Sublet
A sublet is when the owner of an apartment or the main lease holder decides to rent the apartment to a sub-tenant.
Super Jumbo Loan
This is a loan that exceeds $1,000,000.
Survey
A survey is a document indicating measurements, boundaries and the area of a property.
Tax Abatement
A tax abatement is a financial incentive offered by a local or municipal government to stimulate development in a particular area. The owner of the property and/or the developer has reduced taxes for a specific period of time, typically 10-15 years. The taxes are raised incrementally to the full tax burden over the period of a few years.
Tax Deductible
A tax deductible expense helps to reduce taxable income. The tax deductible expenses related to real estate are interest payments on mortgages and real estate taxes.
Tenancy by the Entirety
Tenancy by the entirety refers to co-ownership limited to husband and wife, with the right to survivorship.
Tenancy in Common
Tenancy in common is co-ownership that does not include the right of survivorship.
Term, Amortization
The amortization term is the period of time in which the interest and principal payments of a loan must be made.
Term Mortgage
A term mortgage is a mortgage with interest payments only during the mortgage term, with the principal due at the end of the term.
Title
The title of a property is the evidence or documentation that an owner is in lawful possession of the property, such as a property deed.
Title Insurance
Title insurance is an insurance policy protecting the insured from financial loss caused by a defect or question about the title to real property.
Title Search
Title search is a process that examines local public records, laws and related court decisions to determine if any other parties have valid claims against the subject property (such as past due taxes, judgments or mechanics' liens). It also discloses past and current facts about the subject property's ownership.
Title Transfer Tax
Title transfer tax is a tax imposed on the conveyance of title to real property by deed.
Townhouse
A townhouse is a private residence where at least one wall is shared with another residence.
Treasury Index
The Treasury Index is the weekly average yield on US Treasury securities adjusted to a constant maturity of one, three or five years, as made available by the Federal Reserve Board.
Triple Mint
Triple mint condition refers to a residence that is in immaculate condition.
Triple Net Lease
Triple net lease refers to a condition when the lessee pays all the expenses associated with the property in addition to the rent.
Triplex
A triplex is an apartment that has three levels.
Truth-in-Lending Disclosure
Federal law requires that the lender must give this document to the home buyer within three business days after the loan application. This disclosure gives details of the mortgage payments along with the corresponding APR and finance charges.
12 MAT Index
Stands for "12-month average Treasury index" and is a 12-month average of the one-year U.S. Treasury rates used for one form of a monthly adjustable mortgage. Since it is based on historical experience, this index lags current interest rates.
Underwriting
In mortgage lending, underwriting is the decision-making process used to determine whether the loan risk is acceptable to the lender. Underwriting involves the satisfactory review of the property appraisal and examination of the borrower's ability and willingness to repay the debt and sufficiency of collateral value of the property.
Unencumbered Property
Unencumbered property is property that is free of any lien.
Unity of Interest
Unity of interest occurs when co-owners all have the same percentage of ownership in a property.
Unity of Possession
Unity of possession occurs when all co-owners have the right to possess any and all portions of the property owned, without physical division.
Unity of Time
Unity of time occurs when co-owners receive title at the same time in same conveyance.
Unity of Title
Unity of title occurs when co-owners have the same type of ownership in a property.
Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI)
A special federal tax levied on investment income generated from property held in a pension plan in which there is a mortgage. The property ownership is allocated between the cash investment and the mortgage, and all gain allocable to the mortgage portion is subject to UBTI tax.
Unsold Shares
Shares of stock in a cooperative corporation transferred to the sponsor at the completion of the conversion process. The sponsor normally gets special rights to rent and/or sell these shares (representing special apartments) without board approval.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
A federal agency that administers funding for projects related to housing.
Useful Life
Useful life is the period of time that a property is expected to be economically useful.
Use Variance
Use variance is the permission to use the land for a purpose which, under the current zoning restrictions, is prohibited.
Usury
Usury is charging a rate of interest higher than the rate allowed by law.
Vacancy Rate
The vacancy rate is the projected rate of the percentage of rental units that will be vacant in a given year.
VA Guaranteed Loan
A VA guaranteed loan is a mortgage loan in which the loan payment is guaranteed to the lender by the Department of Veteran Affairs.
Valuation
Valuation establishes an opinion of value utilizing an objective approach based on facts related to the property, such as age, square footage, location, cost to replace, etc.
Value in Use
Value in use is the present worth of the future benefits of ownership.
Variance
A variance is a deviation from specific requirements of a zoning ordinance due to special conditions of the property.
Vendor's Affidavit
A vendor's affidavit is a document signed under oath by the seller stating that the seller has not encumbered title to real estate without full disclosure to the purchaser.
Vesting Options
Vesting options are choices buyers have in how to acquire property.
Vicarious Liability
Vicarious liability is one person being responsible for the actions of another.
Walk-up Building
A walk-up building is a building that does not have an elevator and are usually four or five stories.
Walk-Through Inspection
The walk-through inspection of a property occurs right before a closing to ensure that the property is being delivered as stipulated in the contract of sale.
Wetlands
Wetlands are federal and state protected transition areas between uplands and aquatic habitats that provide flood and storm water control, surface and groundwater protection, erosion control, and pollution treatment.
Words of Conveyance
Words of conveyance is a stipulation in a deed demonstrating the definite intent to convey a specific title to real property to a named grantee.
Wraparound Mortgage
A wraparound mortgage is a junior mortgage in an amount exceeding a first mortgage against the property.
Writ of Attachment
A writ of attachment is a court order preventing any transfer of attached property during litigation.
Yield
The yield refers to the return on an investment.
Zone
An area of a municipality or specific building that is zoned for a specific use, such as residential, commercial, etc.
Zoning
Zoning are the laws regulating land use.
Zoning Ordinance
Zoning ordinance is a statement settling forth the type of use permitted under each zoning classification and specific requirements for compliance.
|
Real estate broker
|
What clothing decoration took its name from Italian 'zecchino' and 'zecca' (= mint), and Arabic 'sikka' (= 'a die for coining')?
|
Glossary of Real Estate Terms - realestate.co.nz
Realestate.co.nz
Show Property Finder
Glossary of Real Estate Terms
Below is a list of some of the most commonly used terms relating to real estate and the property market. Browsing from A to Z will help you become more familiar with the meaning of these terms and give you a better knowledge of the real estate industry.
A
Acceptance
Consent by the person receiving the offer to be bound by the terms and conditions of the person making the offer. Acceptance of an offer constitutes an agreement.
Act of God
Any act of nature such as rain, lightning, floods or earthquakes. Many insurance policies do not cover losses resulting from an ‘Act of God’.
Additional principal payment
A payment by a borrower of more than the scheduled principal amount due in order to reduce the remaining balance on the loan.
Administrator
A person appointed by a probate court to administer the estate of a person who died intestate (without a will).
Agreement
The written contract for the sale and purchase of property between the seller (vendor) and the buyer (purchaser).
Amenity
A feature of real property that enhances its attractiveness and increases the occupant’s or user’s satisfaction although the feature is not essential to the property’s use, eg: scenic views, proximity to public transport or recreational facilities.
Amortise
To repay a mortgage with regular payments that cover both Principal and Interest.
Annuity
An amount paid yearly or at regular intervals, often on a guaranteed dollar basis.
Appraisal
A written analysis of the estimated value of a property prepared by a qualified appraiser.
Appraiser/Valuer
A person qualified by education, training, and experience to estimate the value of real property and personal property. You can tell someone is accredited in NZ with the “B Prop” or “Dip Valuation” after their name
Appreciation
An increase in the value of a property due to changes in market conditions or supply and demand, etc.
Architrave
A decorative moulding around doors or windows.
Asking Price
The listed price of the property buy may not always be the selling price. The owner may be willing to negotiate.
Assessed Value
The valuation placed on a property for the purposes of taxation by an authority.
Asset
Anything of monetary value that is owned by a person, eg: personal property, bank accounts.
Assignment
The transfer of a mortgage or lease from one person to another.
Auction
A public sale of a property or real estate that is sold to the highest bidder when the owner’s reserve is reached
A large loan payment to clear a debt.
Beneficiary
The person designated to receive the income from a trust, estate, or a deed of trust.
Bi-weekly payment mortgage
A mortgage that requires payments to reduce the debt every two weeks, (instead of the standard monthly payment schedule). The 26 (or possibly 27) bi-weekly payments are each equal to one-half of the monthly payment that would be required if the loan were a standard 30 year fixed-rate mortgage and they are usually drafted from the borrower’s bank account. The result for the borrower is a substantial savings in interest.
Body Corporate
An administrative body made up of all the owners within a group of units or apartments of a strata building. The owners elect a committee, which handles administration and upkeep of the site.
Bond
A sum of money paid by a tenant and held by the Tenancy Services to ensure against defaulting on payment and damage to the property.
Boundary
The lines that define the perimeter of a property.
Brick Veneer
A type of construction in which a structural timber frame is tied to a non-load bearing, single-brick external wall.
Bridging Loan
A short term loan (usually at a higher rate) taken out to cover the financial gap between buying a new property and selling an existing property.
Building Code
Local Council regulations that control design, construction and materials used in construction.
Business Day
A standard day for conducting business. 9.00am - 5.00pm. Excludes weekends and public holidays.
Buyers Market
C
Capital
Money used to create income, either as an investment in a business or an income property
The money or property comprising the wealth owned or used by a person or business.
The accumulated wealth of a person or business.
The net worth of a business represented by the amount its assets exceed its.
Capital Expenditure
The cost of an improvement made to extend the useful life of a property or added to its value.
Capital Gain
The gain on the sale of a capital asset.
Capital Improvement
Any structure or addition to a property erected as a permanent improvement that adds to its value and useful life.
Cash Flow
A measure of cash inflow and outflow from the business. Positive cash flow means more money is coming into the business than is leaving it. Negative cash flow is the converse.
Cash-out refinance
A refinance transaction in which the amount of money received from the new loan exceeds the total of the money needed to repay the existing first mortgage, closing costs, points and the amount required to satisfy any outstanding subordinate mortgage liens,. In other words a refinance transaction in which the borrower receives additional cash that can be used for any purpose.
Caveat
A warning on a title to a purchaser that a third party might have some interest or right in the property.
Caveat Emptor
A Latin phrase for “Let the buyer beware”, i.e.: the onus is on the buyer to be satisfied with any item before purchasing.
Certificated Salesperson
All Salespeople in real estate who have not qualified by exam to be an Associate (AREINZ), who are employed by a licensed Real Estate Agent.
Certificate of Occupancy
A document issued by a local government to a developer permitting the structure to be occupied. This generally indicates that the building is in compliance with public health and building codes.
Certificate of Title
A description of a property with the name of the registered owner, encumbrances, i.e.: mortgages or easements on the property. It must be produced by the vendor before the sale of the property.
Chattels
Moveable and removable items of personal property. In real estate transactions, chattels included in the sale usually include the stove, television aerial, carpets, blinds, curtains, drapes and light fittings. However, unless chattels are specified in the agreement, they are not sold as part of the property.
Special Conditions in a Sale & Purchase Agreement
Cash out
Conditional upon a Specialist Report
Conditional upon the sale of the purchaser’s property
Conditional upon an existing agreement
Conditional upon a LIM report
Conditional upon Finance
A title that is free of or legal questions as to ownership of the property.
Collateral
An asset (such as a car or a home) that guarantees the repayment of a loan. The borrower risks losing the asset if the loan is not repaid according to the terms of the loan contract.
Commission
A proportion (usually a percentage) of the sale price of a property paid to a real estate agent for negotiating a real estate transaction.
Common Law
An unwritten body of law based on general custom in England and used to an extent in Australia.
Common Law Title
See Old System Title
Common Property
Area of building, land or amenities within a strata title property that are shared by all owners, eg: a driveway.
Company Title
A company owner has a certificate of title and the owner automatically becomes a member of a company that administers, manages and maintains the property in which the owner’s flat is registered. The Directors of that company are elected each year at the Annual General Meeting from owners involved only with that company, i.e. owners in that block.
Conditional Agreement
This is a legally binding contract, but it is subject to conditions being satisfied, usually by the purchaser. The conditions will be detailed in the agreement and may, for example, require that you are able to sell your existing home by a set date or to arrange finance by a certain date. Conditions can also be included by the purchaser that require the seller to do something by a specified date - for example, that settlement will take place only on the conditions that the house is painted, the windows repaired or that rubbish around the section is removed. Note: Purchasers' conditions usually do not prevent the sale-taking place, but may allow the purchaser to delay settlement without penalty or claim damages if the conditions are not met in time.
Construction Loan
Also called Building Loan. A short-term, interim loan (only paid to registered builders) for financing the cost of construction. The lender makes payments to the builder at periodic intervals as work progresses.
Contingency
Contingency. See Special Condition.
Contract Note
An agreement in writing setting out the terms and conditions relating to the sale or purchase of a property.
Contract of Sale
An agreement in wiring setting out the terms and conditions relating to the sale or purchase of a property. It is the purchase document signed at auction.
Covenant
Terms, conditions and restrictions noted on the title. A covenant may affect future plans or resale of the property.
Cover Note
A document issued by an insurance company giving temporary insurance until a formal policy is issued.
Credit History
A record of an individual’s current and repaid debts which is usually used by a lender to assess the risk of a potential borrower.
Credit Report
A report of an individual’s credit history prepared by a credit bureau and used by a lender in determining a loan applicant’s creditworthiness.
Cross Lease
This type of ownership is common where there is more than one home on a block of land. You are all owners of the land and you each lease your home. The lease will usually provide for an exclusive use area for each cross-lessee. It's like owning a freehold property but there are some restrictions. Another form of ownership for more than one home on a block of land is a unit title.
Cul-de-Sac
Also called a ‘Court’ or ‘Dead End Street’. A street with only one entrance, the other end being closed. Often valued for the privacy provide to homes in the street.
A legal document conveying title to a property.
Default
Failure to make mortgage payments regularly or to comply with other requirements of the mortgage.
Deposit
A percentage of the purchase price given to bind the sale of real estate.
Depreciation
A decline in the value of property due to changes in market conditions or other clauses.
Disbursement
A cash expenditure for the purpose of settling a debt.
Disposable Income
Money left over after all expenses have been met.
Door Jambs
The vertical sides of a door frame.
Drawdown
The disbursement of mortgage funds provided by the Bank.
Dual Occupancy
A block of land which is zoned so that there two distinct dwellings are permitted by the Local Territorial Authority, to be constructed.
Duplex
E
Easement
A right that someone has to use the land belonging to another, eg: a water authority may have a sewerage easement across part of your property.
Encroachment
Part of a house or establishment illegally overhanging the street or a neighbour’s property.
Encumbrance
An impediment to the use or transfer of the property in the form of an interest or right in the property.
Equity
The amount of an asset actually owned, Equity is the difference between the market value of the property and the amount still owed on its mortgage.
Establishment Fee
See Loan Application Fee
Estate
The total of all the real estate and personal property owned by an individual at the time of death.
Eviction
The lawful expulsion of an occupant or tenant from real property.
Exclusive Listing/Sole Listing
A written contract that gives a licensed real estate agent the exclusive right to sell a property for a specified time.
Executor
F
Fair Credit Reporting Act
A consumer protection law that regulates the disclosure of consumer credit reports by consumer/credit reporting agencies and establishes procedures for correcting mistakes on one’s credit record.
Fee Simple
The greatest possible interest a person can have in real estate.
Fibro Cement
Building material made of compressed fibres cemented into rigid sheets.
FID
Financial Institutions Duty. State duty on the receipts of financial institutions.
Fiduciary
A person who essentially holds the character of a trustee. Real Estate agents and salespersons are considered by law to be fiduciaries, thus they have a duty to act primarily for the benefit of the principal (the person who employed them) and not their own. A fiduciary must act with the highest degree of care and good faith in relations with the principal and on the principal’s business. Penalties for failing in fiduciary duties may be quite severe.
First Mortgage
A mortgage that is the primary lien against a property.
Fittings
Objects that can be removed from a property without causing damage to it.
Fixed Instalment
The monthly payment due on a mortgage loan. The fixed instalment includes payment of both principal and interest.
Fixed Rate Mortgage
A mortgage in which the interest rate does not change during the term of the loan.
Fixtures
Fixed items that cannot be removed without damaging either the property or the fixture itself, eg: cupboards.
Footing
The footing supports the building on its foundation.
Foreclosure
The legal process by which a borrower in default under a mortgage is deprived of his or her interest in the mortgaged property. This usually results in the selling the property by auction and the proceeds being used to service the mortgage debt.
Freehold
An estate in real property which continues for an indefinite period of time. Freehold estates may be inheritable or non-inheritable. Inheritable estates include the fee simple absolute, the qualified fee, and the fee tail. Non-inheritable estates include various life estates which are created by acts of parties, such as an ordinary life estate, or by operation of law.
G
Gable
The triangular part of a building’s end wall which extends up to meet the two slopes of a roof.
Garnishee
The legally divert part or whole of someone’s money or property to someone else, eg: for Child Support Payment.
Gearing
The ratio of your own money and borrowed funds for investment.
Gross Income
Income before taxes are deducted.
Guarantor
A person who agrees to indemnify the holder of a loan all or a portion of the unpaid principal balance in case of default by the borrower.
H
Habitable
Suitable for occupancy. Local building codes ensure that structures are habitable through requirements for building permits and certificates of occupancy.
Home Equity Line of Credit
A mortgage loan which allows the borrower to obtain multiple advances of the loan proceeds up to a specified percentage of the borrower’s equity in a property.
Home Improvement Loan
A loan made to a homeowner in which the home is used as collateral for the loan.
Home Inspection.
I
Insured Mortgage
A mortgage that is protected by private mortgage insurance. If the borrower defaults on the loan, the insurer must pay the lender the lesser of the loss incurred or the insured amount.
Interest
The fee charged for borrowing money.
Interest Only Loan
A loan where only the interest is repaid throughout the course of the loan. The original amount is repaid at the end of the term of the loan, rolled over by the same bank or the owner re-mortgages.
Interest Rate
The rate of interest in effect for the monthly payment due.
Introductory Loan
A loan offered at a reduced rate for an introductory period to new borrowers.
Investment Property
A property that is not occupied by the owner, but provides a return to the owner through letting or leasing to a tenant.
J-K
Joint Tenancy
A form of co-ownership that gives each tenant equal shares and rights in the property including the right of survivorship, eg: ownership of a property passes to the surviving owners.
Key Tenant
A major or primary tenant in an office building or shopping centre, generally such a tenant leases a significant amount of the available space.
L
Laminated Timber
Layers of timer glued and pressed together to increase rigidity or to use as bench tops or cupboard doors.
Landlord
A person who rents property to another, a lessor. A property owner who surrenders the right to use property for a specific time in exchange for the receipt of rent.
Leasehold
You buy the right to own the home and lease the land for a certain time. You pay rent to the landlord for the land. You can sell the lease if you want to move on. There may be restrictions on your use of the property.
Lessee
A person leasing a property.
Lessor
The owner of a property that is leased to another person.
Liabilities
A list of debts owned.
Lien
A legal claim against a property that must be paid off when the property is sold.
Life Estate
Also called Tenancy for Life. A freehold interest (in real property) that expires upon the death of the owner or some other specified person.
LIM Report (Land Information Memorandum)
A LIM is a report prepared by the local Council at your request. It provides a summary of property information held by the Council as at the day the LIM was produced.
A LIM provides some or all of the following:
Information on special land features or characteristics including potential erosion, avulsion (removal of land by water action), falling debris, subsidence, slippage, alluvion (the deposition of silt from flooding), inundation (flooding), presence of hazardous contaminants which are likely to be relevant to land and is known to Auckland City
Information on private and public stormwater and sewerage drains as shown in Auckland City's records
Information relating to any rates owing in relation to the land
Details of approved building, plumbing/drainage and resource planning permits and consents indicating where further action is required
As required by the Building Act 1991 details are included of
Code Compliance Certificates: a final certificate of approval for building consents
Compliance Schedule: required for certain systems or features of commercial and multi-residential properties
Warrant /Statement of Fitness: in conjunction with compliance schedule -issued annually to maintain compliance standard
Details of Dangerous Goods, Liquor, Hairdressing and Health Licences (mainly refers to commercial properties)
Details of Operative and proposed zoning, road widening, height restrictions, view and tree protection, and any Historic Places Trust listing
Any outstanding requisitions or notifications from Auckland City regarding any matters on that property that do not meet Auckland City specifications and which require action within a certain time frame. Satisfying requisitions is the responsibility of the owner of the property.
The Memorandum may also include:
Such other information concerning the land which Auckland City considers, at its discretion, to be relevant. Line of Credit
An agreement by a lender to extend credit up to a specified amount for a specified time for a specified purpose.
An asset, cash or otherwise, that can be converted into cash.
Listing
A written contract between an owner and a real estate, authorizing the agent to perform services for the principal involving the owner’s property. The property so listed.
Loan
A sum of borrowed money that is generally repaid with.
Loan Application Fee
Also called Establishment Fee. A fee paid to a lender for processing a loan.
Loan to Valuation Ratio
The amount of the loan financed as a proportion of the property value, expressed as a percentage.
M
Manhole
An opening which permits access to the space between the roof and the ceiling, or below the floor.
Market Value
The price at which a seller is happy to sell and a buyer is willing to buy. This assumes that there is sufficient activity in the marketplace to generate enough buyers and sellers so that neither party controls the price. Establishing the market value is the objective of an appraisal.
Mortgage
A legal document that pledges a property to the lender as security for payment of a debit.
Mortgage Broker
An individual or company that brings borrowers and lenders together for the purpose of loan origination. Mortgage brokers typically require a fee or a commission for their services. Usually paid by the Lender.
Mortgage Discharge Fee
A fee charged by some lending institutions for finalising a loan repayment.
Mortgage Insurance
A policy that insures the lender against the borrower on a loan. Most lenders generally require insurance when borrowing more than 80% of the property value.
Mortgage Life Insurance
A type of term life insurance often bought by mortgagors. The amount of coverage decreases as the principal balance declines. In the event that the borrower dies while the policy is in force, the debt is automatically satisfied by insurance proceeds.
Mortgage Offset
A non-interest earning account that is offset against a home loan to reduce the total interest payable.
Mortgagee
The lender in a mortgage agreement.
Mortgagor
N
Negative Gearing
Where the return on an investment is not sufficient to cover the costs on the investment, eg: property maintenance and interest on the loan against income from letting/leasing.
Negotiation
Make an offer and we will attempt to negotiate a concluded contract between the parties.
Net Income
Income after taxes are deducted.
Net Worth
The value of a person’s assets minus liabilities.
Nominee
A person who, in a limited sense, acts for or represents another.
Notice of Default
A formal written notice to a borrower that has occurred and that legal action may be taken.
Notice to Quit
A notice to a tenant to vacate the property.
Null and Void
That which cannot be legally enforced, as with a contract provision that is not in conformance with the law.
To purchase a property before it is completed after having only seen the plans.
Offer
Conveyed intent by one party to form a contract, which may have conditions and stipulations, with another party.
Offers
A process of calling for offers on the property, usually required by a certain date.
Offset Account
An account linked to a mortgage account so that the interest earned is applied to reduce the interest on the mortgage.
Ombudsman
The Banking Industry Ombudsman is the avenue through which a customer can make a complain about their bank and have it dealt with independently.
Ongoing Fee
A loan maintenance fee charged regularly over the life of the loan.
Open Space
Land which has not had improvements such as buildings and other structures added to it. Such land is often left in a subdivision by a developer or stipulated by a local authority for recreational use or for personal use by the owner.
P
Passed In
The highest bid fails to meet the reserve price of a property at an auction and consequently does not sell.
PIM (Project Information Memorandum)
A report giving information on items such as potential erosion, subsidence, hazardous contaminants, stormwater. It may also include classifications under organisations such as the Dept. of Conservation or Historic Places Trust, as well as authorisations required by the Resource Management Act.
POA
A pricing method used by some Real Estate companies, meaning Price On Application.
Power-of Attorney
The person who has authority to execute documents on behalf of the grantor of the power. Also a legal document which authorises another person to act on one’s behalf. A power of attorney can grant complete authority or can be limited to certain acts and/or certain periods of time.
Pre-qualification
The process of determining how much money a prospective home buyer will be eligible to borrow before he or she applies for a loan.
Prime Rate
The interest rate that banks charge their preferred customers. Changes in this rate can influence other rates including mortgage interest rates.
Principal
The amount borrowed or still to be repaid. The part of the monthly payment that reduces the balance of the mortgage.
Private Sale
The sale of property by the owner without the services of a real estate agent.
Private Treaty Sale
The sale of property, through a real estate agent, by negotiation.
Proxy
A person who represents another, particularly, in some meeting. Also, the document giving to another, the authority to represent.
Q
Qualified Buyer
A buyer who has satisfied a lender that he or she is financially able to qualify for a loan. Qualifying the buyer is one of the primary steps taken by the lender as part of the loan process.
R
Rafter
Part of the framework of the roof, the rafters slope down from the ridge to the eaves.
Real Estate Agent
A person or Company licensed to negotiate and transact the sale or lease of real estate on behalf of the property owner.
Refinance
The process of paying off one loan with the proceeds from a new loan using the same property as security.
REINZ
Real Estate Institute of New Zealand. National representation body of real estate agents.
Requisitions on Title
A process where the buyer requests additional information about the title of the property from the vendor.
Reserve Price
The minimum price which a seller will accept at auction.
Resource Consents
Resource consents are necessary when a group or individual wishes to carry out an activity or development that may have some effect on the environment. Resource consents relate directly to the rules set out in the District or Regional Plans and the Resource Management Act and are different to Building Consents.
Right of First Refusal
A provision in an agreement that gives a party the first opportunity to purchase or lease the property before it is offered for sale or lease to others.
Right of Survivorship
In, the right of the survivors to acquire the interest of a deceased joint estate.
Right of Way
A right of one property or the general public for access to or across another property.
Rise and Fall clause
This clause may be contained in a building contract. It provides for an upward or downward contract price which correlates to the movement of prices, wages or other factors specified in the clause.
Roof Pitch
The frame in which a pane of glass is set to form a window.
Second Mortgage
A mortgage that, on the sale of a property, is paid off only when the first mortgage is paid.
Security
The property that is pledged as collateral.
Seller’s Market
When demand for property is greater than supply. The result is greater opportunities for owners who may find someone willing to offer the asking price or even a figure greater than the asking price.
Semi-detached
Also called Duplex. A type of construction where two buildings are attached together by a common wall.
Service (the loan)
The period, normally monthly, collection of mortgage interest and principal repayment and other related expenses, such as property taxes and property insurance.
Settlement
The sale of a property is finalized by the legal representatives of the vendor and the purchaser, mortgage documents come into effect, costs are paid and the new owner takes possession of the property and receives the keys.
Sinking
Sinking of the soil or any part of the structure which it supports.
Shingles
Thin pieces of wood or other material set in overlapping rows to form a roof or wall cladding.
Sill
The horizontal section of material at the base of a window opening.
Skillion
A roof shape consisting of a single sloping surface without a ridge.
Sole/Exclusive Agency
A sole or exclusive agency precludes all other agents from working on the disposal of the property, although another agent may approach the sole agent if the former has a suitable client. But even then the sole agent would finalise the deal.
Special Condition
A condition that must be met before the contract is legally binding. For example, if buying a home the purchaser may specify that the contract is not legally binding until the purchaser has obtained a building inspection and been satisfied by the report.
Strata Title
A title to a unit or lot on a plan of subdivision associated with townhouses, units and blocks of flats and based on the horizontal and vertical subdivision of air space. Owners have a certificate of title, are absolute owners of a freehold flat and have an undivided share of the common property.
Studs
The uprights in the wall of a building.
Subdivision
A tract of land divided into individual lots for a housing development.
Survey
A drawing or map showing the precise legal boundaries of a property, the location of improvements, easements, rights of way, encroachments, and other physical features.
The right to occupy a property under agreed terms and conditions.
Tenancy for Life
See Life Estate
Tenants in Common
A type of joint tenancy in a property where two or more purchasers own a property in unequal shares. If one dies, his or her shares pass to his or her beneficiaries under the terms of the will. The shares can be sold without consultation of the other owners.
Tender
A process of selling, calling for purchasers to make their best offers in writing for that property by a given date.
Title
A legal document evidencing a person’s right to or ownership of a property.
Title Search
A check of the title records to ensure that the seller is the legal owner of the property and that there are no other claims or outstanding.
Townhouse
A dwelling unit, generally having two or more floors and attached to other similar units via party walls. Can be Strata or Cross lease titled.
Transfer
A document registered at the Land Titles Office and noted on the Certificate of Title which verifies the change of ownership of a property.
Trustee
U-V
Unconditional Agreement
The legal contract that binds both the purchaser and the seller to settle on the agreed date at the agreed price. It is either not subject to any conditions or those conditions have already been satisfied. You should only consider entering an unconditional agreement if and when you are absolutely sure you want to buy a particular property and you already have the full purchase price or 'pre-approved' loan finance from a lender. You should also be confident that there are no other issues or requirements that must be satisfied before you are committed to purchase the property. An unconditional agreement commits you to purchasing the property.
Under License
Early possession of the property before settlement with the permission of the vendor. This usually involves the payment of rent.
Underpinning
Supports placed under an existing wall to provide added strength.
Unsecured Loan
A loan that is not backed up by assets or guarantee.
Utilities
The private or public service facilities such as gas, electricity, telephone, water and sewer that are provided as part of the development of the land.
Valuation
A written analysis of the estimated value of a property prepared by a qualified valuer.
Vendor
The person or entity legally authorised to sell a property.
Void
The space between the inner and outer sections of a wall.
Water Course
A natural stream of running water being fed by a natural source such as a stream or river.
Wish List
Think of a wish list as the criteria for your perfect home. While it’s rare to find everything you’d like in the house you finally purchase, sitting down and making a wish list will help you find the house, which most closely matches your dream.
X
A notation made by an individual who has not learned to write or physically unable to write, to show intent to sign an instrument such as a deed or will. In regard to the conveyance of real property, such a person would be required to make such a mark or at least a thumbprint as intent to sign and have it witnessed.
Yield
The interest earned or return by an investor on an investment, stated as a percentage of the amount invested.
Zoning
|
i don't know
|
Vogue magazine's front cover featured for the first time a model wearing what in November 1988?
|
Mario Testino's Vogue Paris covers | Vogue Paris
1/65
In February 1995, Mario Testino first began collaborating with Vogue Paris. Within this issue dedicated to ready-to-wear, we found the must-have Parisian accessories including shoes, bags, veils and gloves. Timeless elegance exuded from the cover as model Meghan Douglas appeared in a silk crepe jumpsuit by John Galliano with long white feathers in her hair. This shot was picked twelve years later to front the Vogue En Beauté exhibit at the national library in Paris in June 2007.
Vogue Paris February 1995
2/65
With platinum blond hair and glossy red lips, model Anne Pederson posed for Mario Testino wearing a silver, raffia fitted blazer by Jean Paul Gaultier .
Vogue Paris March 1995
3/65
Stephanie Seymour posed for the April 1995 cover in head-to-toe white. This image also appeared in the S.O.S Robes Blanchesedit, which added a breeze of modernity to the eternal fantasy of the white blouse. With a full pout and her raven-colored hair twisted up, Stephanie Seymour was irresistible in her shirtdresses by Mugler and Gucci .
Vogue Paris April 1995
4/65
Exactly one year after his first Vogue Paris cover, Mario Testino played with tone-on-tone color and photographed Carolyn Murphy in a mandarin-colored Gianni Versace look.
Vogue Paris February 1996
5/65
Louis Vuitton celebrated their 100 years and Balmain its 50, and for the occasion Vogue Paris feted the French couture houses with its March 1996 issue. Legendary model of the 1990s, Shalom Harlowfronted the issue in a yellow retro asymmetrical dress from Givenchy haute couture, and brought to life the best looks of the collections for Mario Testino . In a shot taken from the La Couture Par Excellencespread by the Peruvian photographer, Shalom Harlow was also photographed alongside fellow models Kyle Bax, Amy Wesson, Esther De Jong, Christina Kruse, Ramsay Jones, and Veronica Renault.
Vogue Paris March 1996
6/65
Chandra North wore a perforated, neoprene crop top by Jean Paul Gaultier on the cover of Vogue Paris April 1996. The luxurious issue contained the Riche & Célèbre spread by Mario Testino where animal printed looks by Dolce &Gabbana and streams of Harry Winston diamonds rubbed shoulder, exuding ultimate glamour.
Vogue Paris April 1996
7/65
For this haute couture special, Carolyn Murphyshowed off the small of her back for Mario Testino dressed in an embroidered satin bolero with Japanese dragon motifs by Givenchy couture. We found the photograph again a few pages into the magazine in the Choc Sportspread, which looked at sportswear with an elegant eye.
Vogue Paris March 1998
8/65
The color white washonored for the April 1998 Vogue Paris issue. Eva Herzigova exuded a minimalist allure on the cover by Mario Testino wearing a zip-up nylon blouse over a cotton Jil Sander tank. Partnering with this issue, the photographer signed a modernist edit where the Czech model appeared stripped of any superfluous accessories. The editorial alluded to the turn of the century, and the start of the 2000s, a time that marked an important moment in the magazine's history, which was demonstrated in the Les Années Vogue 1920-2010 documentary distributed with the November issue that year.
Vogue Paris April 1998
9/65
Thirty years after the events of May 1968 in Paris, Vogue Paris reinterpreted the revolutionary and utopist spirit of this era in its May 1998 issue. Posing for Mario Testino , EwaWitkowska mixed military and floral prints in an embroidered, camouflage jacket by Jean Paul Gaultier worn over a lacy cotton Chloé blouse and military green pants.
Vogue Paris May 1998
10/65
Fernanda Tavares posed for Mario Testino on the cover of this issue dedicated to swimwear, and as a nod to the soccer world cup, the model held a France 98 scarf.
Vogue Paris June/July 1998
11/65
Natalia Semanova embodied the chic graphic look present throughout the September 1998 issue, in a white silk Chanel haute couture camisole and wrapped with a black cashmere scarf. In the Vogue Paris couture special, Mario Testino signed the Rebelle spread featuring black and white photos where Audrey Marnay ,as well as several other models, appeared in floor-length skirts and long black leather gloves.
Vogue Paris September 1998
12/65
On the cover of the October 1998 issue, we found Aurélie Claudel - one of the rare French models on the scene during the 1990s - photographed by Mario Testino . Discovered as she was walking through the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, Aurélie saw her career hit another level thanks to this Vogue Paris cover. In 2001, the Peruvian photographer met up with the model again for the Pirelli calendar shoot.
Vogue Paris October 1998
13/65
For November 1998, Mario Testino photographed Elisabet D.on the cover of Vogue Paris wearing a Shetland wool coat over a Prada skirt. Partnering with the magazine once again, the Peruvian photographer captured the Paris hip, abandoning the legendary Left Bank to explore the other side of the Seine and its new, ultra cool spots like concept store colette and the Flèche d'Or. Within the glossy pages we found Bianca Li, Audrey Marnay and LouDoillon .
Vogue Paris November 1998
14/65
For her first Vogue Paris cover, Audrey Marnay radiated mysterious beauty for this Christmas issue. After signing almost every cover in 1998, Mario Testino gave this French model a modern-day Madonna look to incarnate the Mode et Science trend popular at the end of the 20th century. Sporting brown hair for the issue, Audrey Marnay wore a chiffon cape-dress and a Balenciaga high-necked collar.
Vogue Paris December/January 1998-1999
15/65
American model Haylynn Cohen posed for the cover of the February 1999 sport issue wearing a Sea Island cotton sweater and Louis Vuitton silk Bermuda shorts.
Vogue Paris February 1999
16/65
This Vogue Paris cover was Kate's very first shoot with Mario Testino . Their friendship began when the photographer went backstage to congratulate the young model after her first John Galliano show, and found her in tears, upset over the way she had walked. On this cover, the blonde turned brunette and wore head-to-toe Christian Dior haute couture, and inside the March 1999 special couture issue, Mario Testino honored Madame Yevonde, the English photographer from the 1930s with the Haute Couture, Excès Simple editorial.
Vogue Paris March 1999
17/65
It was all in the details for the April 1999 issue. Frankie Rayder hit the cover photographed by Mario Testino sporting a canvas and leather Gucci bag. As the model of the moment, Frankie was one of the most asked for models on the runways and in campaigns for 1999. A few pages into the magazine, the photographer shot the top 20 accessories of the season in a series of vibrant, sixties-inspired photos.
Vogue Paris April 1999
18/65
As Victorie de Castellane presented her very first fine jewelry collection at Christian Dior, and Jean Paul Gaultier made Jacqueline de Ribes his muse, fashion found its taste for excess and Vogue Paris honored this passion in the May 1999 issue. On the cover, Vivien Solari appeared wearing a hand-knit Céline sweater in front of Mario Testino 's lens.
Vogue Paris May 1999
19/65
For her third Vogue Paris cover by Mario Testino , Carolyn Murphy posed in a Calvin Klein green silk tank dress. This summer special honored pastel colors and materials that act as a second skin.
Vogue Paris June/July 1999
20/65
After shooting almost all the covers for Vogue Paris in 1998 and 1999, Mario Testino dedicated himself to his own work in 2000, and didn't return to Vogue until February 2001. He chose Kate Moss to play a platinum blonde femme-enfant on one of the covers for this issue.
Vogue Paris February 2001
21/65
What stands out most about Carolyn Murphy on the cover of the June/July 2001 issue, isher sixties-inspired eyeliner - thick and precise. The top model is almost unrecognizable on the cover photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris June/July 2001
22/65
This was her ninth Vogue Paris cover in 15 years and for the October 2001 issue, Linda Evangelista guest starred in the magazine that honored the "sacred top model". Photographed by Mario Testino , the model posed in a relaxed, playful manner wearing a Prada dress.
Vogue Paris October 2001
23/65
Photographed by Mario Testino , Amber Valetta revealed her new short haircut and showed off a pair of Gucci fantastical earrings on the cover of the November 2001 issue.
Vogue Paris November 2001
24/65
After posing for the February 2001 cover, Kate Moss rang in the new year by appearing again on the cover ofVogue Paris for the holiday issue. With her face half-lit by a crown of Christmas lights, the British model was photographed by Mario Testino in a turban and tank top by Yohji Yamamoto .
Vogue Paris December/January 2001-2002
25/65
Claudia Schiffer revealed her beauty secrets in the pages of Vogue Paris April 2002, and posed for Mario Testino on the cover of the issue in a ck Calvin Klein Jeans denim jacket embroidered with her name.
Vogue Paris April 2002
26/65
With her beauty mark just above her lips, legs that go on forever and long glossy brown hair, Cindy Crawford was the sex symbol of the 1980s and 1990s. The super model posed for Mario Testino on the cover of the August 2002 issue wearing a washed lambskin jacket and Empire dress in silk lace by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent . In wild photographs that radiated a sensual energy, we found the model inside the magazine in the Une Belle FilleCommeMoi edit.
Vogue Paris August 2002
27/65
Over the years, Vogue Paris has invited various famous faces, including Alfred Hitchcock, Salvador Dali, the Dalaï Lama and even Kurosawa to take the reins on the Christmas issue. For the months of December 2002 and January 2003, the biggest models at the time opened up their photo albums for the magazine. On the cover of this special edition Gisele Bündchen poses in a silk kimono by Tom Ford for Gucci , under the lens of Mario Testino . Several pages into the magazine, the Peruvian photographer also shot a mischievous Margherita Missoni, who revealed her extraordinary family legacy to the magazine.
Vogue Paris December/January 2002-2003
28/65
It is a rare thing to see a man pose of the cover of Vogue Paris, but for this April 2003 issue, titled Nos Hommes , we see Natalie Vodianova , dressed entirely in Chanel, draped lovingly over Werner Schreyer as photographed by Mario Testino . Here, the front cover star isn't the top Russian model but Werner himself. Star of the 1990s and easily mistaken for James Dean, the young male model saw his career take off the day he was discovered by Mario Testino in London. Since then he has posed for some of the biggest names in the business and, in this issue, divulges all to Marie Pointurier including his plans for the future.
Vogue Paris April 2003
29/65
Who better than Mario Testino to cut through the Kate Moss phenomenon? Close with Kate since her early days, he photographed the model wearing a Coeur Anatomique crystal necklace by Swarovski , holding a velvet ribbon by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent between her fingers, for the May 2003 cover of Vogue Paris. Here Kate Moss seems more childlike than ever, letting her boyfriend sweater slip slightly to reveal a bare shoulder. She also bares her secrets in this Vogue Paris issue. Mario Testino worked on two other series, one a Chrome Séduction shoot playing neon colors against cold metal, and the other, an intimate look into the life of Nicole Kidman .
Vogue Paris May 2003
30/65
With a lightly bronzed visage and hair windswept by the sea air, Milla Jovovich poses for the cover of this summer edition under the watchful eye of Mario Testino . This powerful duo feature in the magazine's series Bons Basiers de Russie where the actress, an obsession of Luc Besson, shows off her physical prowess in swimsuits and wrists bound in a pair of diamond encrusted cuffs designed by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent .
Vogue Paris June/July 2003
31/65
Contributor to the September 2003 issue, Mario Testino chose the setting of the Croisette in Cannes to shoot the ultra feminine series, Le Grand Jeu. On the cover of this fashion special, Carolyn Murphy wears a Dior fox fur jacket complete with silk Yvan & Marzia scarf tied around her short locks.
Vogue Paris September 2003
32/65
Twenty years after having posed on the cover of Vogue Paris for her ex-husband photographer David Bailey, Catherine Deneuve was given the honor of fronting the 2003 Christmas issue. Turned only three-quarters of the way towards the camera lens, Catherine is captured in a Lanvin fur trench coat broken down for the reader by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris December/January 2003-2004
33/65
On the cover of this February issue dedicated to the best collections for the Spring/Summer 2004 season, top model Erin Wasson is captured in a shoot by Mario Testino . Hair lightened by the Californian sun with eyes darkened by an intense smoky look, the American super model shows off her sculpted curves in a Prada t-shirt and Calvin Klein mesh silk skirt.
Vogue Paris February 2004
34/65
For her fifth cover with Mario Testino , Kate Moss wore a Gucci fox fur and organza shawl coat, over a Nike cotton sports bra, in a sporty-chic look was created in honor of the Olympic Games held in Athens that year. The Peruvian photographer worked on almost all of the fashion editorials in this issue of Vogue Paris.
Vogue Paris November 2004
35/65
Sofia Coppola was the guest of honor for the cover of Vogue Paris in December 2005. Faithful to her classic yet subdued elegance, Francis Ford Coppola's daughter poses in a black bustier dress knotted with silk taffeta by Marc Jacobs , as photographed by Mario Testino . At the back of this Christmas edition, the reader finds a selection of the director's photographs, including her favorite places and even parts of her personal diary.
Vogue Paris December/January 2004-2005
36/65
Larry Flynt's personal confessions, the most troubling erotic memories from 12 well-known faces... There is no doubt that this February 2005 sets the standards high for eroticism and pleasure. Mario Testino has photographed a provocative Gemma Ward in Lolita for the cover. The photographic genius, in-keeping with the theme of the magazine, plunges the reader into the world of luxury and takes them to the limits of the law with the Corps & Lames series.
Vogue Paris February 2005
37/65
Under the careful eye of Mario Testino , Isabeli Fontana and Jeisa Chiminazzo exhale the evocative sensuality of their home country for the cover of the June/July 2005 issue. Contributor for this summer edition, the Peruvian photographer feels completely at home in Brazil, and the reader can tell. It is here where discovered he the top models namely Gisele Bündchen and Marcelle Bittar. It was the perfect opportunity for him to pay homage to the exotic beauty of this South American country in the photo shoot Transe des Sens.
Vogue Paris June/July 2005
38/65
To celebrate her return to the big screen, Demi Moore chose Vogue Paris for an exclusive interview. Draped in the American flag from a private collection at Ralph Lauren , the actress posed for the cover of this August 2005 edition in front of Mario Testino . It was a chance for Vogue Paris to present a portrait of the faces the most en vogue in American fashion at the time, among them Pharell Williams and Marc Jacobs.
Vogue Paris August 2005
39/65
A family atmosphere is felt from the cover of this November 2005 edition, a photo, fashion and report special. An all-smiling Freja Beha Erichsen , Maricarla Boscono , Vlada Roslyakova , Natasha Poly , Solange Wilvert and Tasha Tilberg feature on the front as photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris November 2005
40/65
Mariacarla Boscono and Patricia Schmid are unrecognizable for this Vogue Paris February 2006 cover shot. Dressed in blonde and brown wigs, the two top models celebrate Argentinean passion in front of Mario Testino 's lens. Audacious and sensual perfectly describe this edition, seen principally in the Tango des Passions series shot by the photographer. His work appears again several pages into the magazine in the editorial Maîtresse Glam.
Vogue Paris February 2006
41/65
A look at Italy in this magazine released for May 2006 featuring top model Anna Mariya playing a femme fatale in Versace for Mario Testino . To shoot the series Ivre de Rome, the photographer took inspiration from the films Fellini and Pasolini to give the winding streets of this eternal city a theatrical allure.
Vogue Paris May 2006
42/65
Hilary Rhoda plays Parisian for the August 2006 issue of Vogue Paris. Under the lens of Mario Testino , the American model gives us a fashion lesson slipping with verve into the small black dresses and other essentials that are staples in the French woman's wardrobe.
Vogue Paris August 2006
43/65
Several months after having given birth to the daughter Neva, Natalie Vodianova poses with her for the cover of Vogue Paris in October 2006, wearing a long bustier linen dress embroidered with Swarovski crystals designed by Dolce& Gabanna . Artists, designers and models; the magazine met with all those who electrify Russia. The series Poupées Russes featured Snejana Onopka , Vlada Roslyakova , Sasha Pivovarova et Natalia Vodianova revisiting traditional folklore in their home country as photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris October 2006
44/65
Known for using her public image to her advantage with the most dexterity, Paris Hilton had the honor of covering the November 2006 issue of Vogue Paris. The young socialite confided in Loïc Prigent and posed naturally in front of Mario Testino , dressed simply in a cotton brassière by Ralph Lauren and a paneled wool and leather tulip skirt by Azzedine Alaïa .
Vogue Paris November 2006
45/65
Guest of honor for the February 2007 magazine, Mario Testino dressed the cover with the new en vogue jet-set. The photographer knew Margherita Missoni , Bee Shaffer and Tatiana Santo Domingo and photographed them at a party at Gramarcy Park in New York. We particularly love the Lanvin dress worn by Doutzen Kroes on the cover of the magazine, printed with the face of fellow top model Malgosia Bela.
Vogue Paris February 2007
46/65
Sophie Marceau was the special guest for this Cannes Film Festival edition of the magazine. We see the star, who presented at the Croisette her second full length film, on the cover of this issue for May 2007. Sophie Marceau doesn't shy away from the camera, revealing her toned body for Mario Testino , concealing her waist behind a large Yves Saint Laurent belt.
Vogue Paris May 2007
47/65
For this June/July edition, Vogue Paris headed to Rio in Brazil. Here the reader discovers Catherine McNeil as captured by Mario Testino in a long wool crimped bustier dress by Ralph Lauren Collection, accompanied by a felt head piece created by Stephen Jones for Comme des Garçons.
Vogue Paris June/July 2007
48/65
Five years after their first collaboration together for Vogue Paris, Mario Testino met up with Claudia Schiffer once more for the August 2007 issue. Dressed in a tweed military style Chanel Croisière jacket, the supermodel went au natural opening the doors of her Suffolk castle to Carole Sabas and the photographer for an exclusive photo shoot. Mario Testino also worked on the series Icône, inspired by the allure and the unique style of Anna Wintour , editor-in-chief of Vogue US.
Vogue Paris August 2007
49/65
For Vogue Paris February 2008, the magazine chose Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell to pose for the cover. The supermodel friends known for their party girl London lifestyles, wore Louis Vuitton to star in this specialBad Girls issue, in a black and white photo shoot by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris February 2008
50/65
Cannes Film Festival once again hits the Croisiette and it is the turn of Julianne Moore to embody the film festival special for Mario Testino.
Vogue Paris May 2008
51/65
Laetitia Casta and Noémie Lenoir take turns playing like little Parisian children in a complete Chanel look for the cover of this June/July 2008 issue. Vogue Paris dressed the two stars of L'Oréal for this double cover dedicated to French charm. In an almost perfect mime, the two models copy each other's movements and gestures exactly, without ever bumping into one another. Evil twins one could say.
Vogue Paris June/July 2008
52/65
"It is her first time posing for the cover of a magazine. She chose Vogue and Mario Testino", wrote Emmanuelle Alt , editor-in-chief of Vogue Paris about Charlotte Casiraghi in the exclusive September 2011 edition. Experienced horse-rider and new face of the equestrian wear by Gucci, the heir of the Grimaldi family opened her doors to Rocher and Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris September 2011
53/65
"Vogue and the cinema go back a long way together, in a story lived passionately over many years. Polanski, Deneuve, Dietrich, Scorsese, Moreau, Hitchcock, Marceau, Cotillard and so many other film stars have all been featured on the cover", wrote Emmanuelle Alt, editor-in-chief of Vogue Paris, in her May editorial. On the cover is Laetitia Casta shot by Mario Testino , four years after he shot her for the June/July 2008 issue dedicated to French charm. The ex-runway star now turned actress is preparing to shine on the big screen in Les Adorés by Hélène Fillières and with the Cannes Film Festival just around the corner, Laetitia Casta played the sultry screen siren in an Alexander McQueen dress in a series of photos which set the tone for this special edition of the magazine, packed full of ball gowns and diamonds.
Vogue Paris May 2012
54/65
"George Michael is an idol. From the happy-go-lucky days of Wham! to the steamy Faith-era leather bomber, and supermodel-packed video for Freedom, the British pop star's irresistible dulcet tones make him something of a phoenix, able to transcend trends like no other," writes Vogue Paris Editor-in-Chief Emmanuelle Alt, in her editorial for the October 2012 issue. George chose Kate Moss to feature in the video for his latest hit, White Light, and the pair featured on our cover, in a picture taken by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris October 2012
55/65
Guest of honor of the April issue, Mario Testino took Vogue Paris all around his homeland of Peru, from the mountains to the desert and to the sea in an exclusive trip to visit and discover the photographer's sentiments of home and favorite addresses.
Vogue Paris April 2013
56/65
The pages of Vogue Paris April 2013 were dripping with diamonds, evening dresses and couture desire. Fronting the cover of an issue dedicated to all things decadent and luxurious, Mario Testino captured model Edita Vilkeviciute under the French Riviera sunshine.
Vogue Paris April 2013
57/65
"Here comes the sun. Spring brightens the pages of Vogue Paris this month as fashion heads for South Beach Miami, where Mario Testino captured sun-kissed girls under the early summer sun, for the Miami Heat editorial. With their caramel skin, these are free, conquering women," wrote Vogue Paris editor-in-chief Emmanuelle Alt in her April 2014 editorial. Cover girl Cameron Russell continues the commitment to challenging discrimination and promoting healthy body image that she started with her TED talk in 2012, turning to imagery to make her voice heard. A meeting organized for New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2014-2015 was followed by the bright lights of Florida, as Mario Testino captured Cameron alongside Malaika Firth in the vibrant Jungle Fever editorial.
Vogue Paris April 2014
58/65
"May is a month for actresses. What would the Cannes Film festival be without flowing gowns and stunning stars walking the red carpet? French film star par excellence Sophie Marceau covers this issue, currently on the big screen in Lisa Azuelos' Quantum Love, a love story on the cusp of fantasy and reality," writes Vogue Paris editor-in-chief Emmanuelle Alt , in her May editorial. Seen through the lens of Mario Testino and beautifully drawn by writer Vincent Cespedes, Sophie Marceau leads a star-studded issue.
Vogue Paris May 2014
59/65
The runaway star of this issue is good enough to eat, a real-life Johnson's baby that had the whole team lining up for a cuddle. Her name is Aleksandra, the blue eyed, blonde-haired daughter of model Natasha Poly, who was as good as gold when she sat for Mario Testino's "Un Air de famille" editorial.", wrote Vogue Paris Editor-in-Chief Emmanuelle Alt, in her October 2014 editorial. The intimate picture shot by Mario Testino, marks 10 years of our relationship with the cover girl and a first appearance for her baby daughter.
Vogue Paris October 2014
60/65
Vogue Paris April 2015
"The most private of fashion personalities, Charlotte Casiraghi is our cover girl this issue. She has lived in the glare of the paparazzi since childhood, but the blue-eyed beauty granted us an exclusive interview and her first fashion shoot with Mario Testino back in 2011, so it was only natural for us to welcome her back to the pages of the magazine. And we hope this won't be the last time: absolutely sublime, sporty, brilliant and creative, doesn't Charlotte Casiraghi represent the ideal woman?" writes Emmanuelle Alt, editor-in-chief ofVogue Paris, in her April 2015 editorial. Emerging from Winter hibernation, the Vogue Paris girls are out in force, in an issue fronted by Charlotte Casiraghi in an ode to femininity by long-time friend Mario Testino.
61/65
Vogue Paris October 2015
“Vogue Paris is 95 years old, but the Vogue legend shows no sign of dimming. To mark this huge milestone, we invited some of the magazine’s most emblematic collaborators back into the studio,” writes Emmanuelle Alt, Vogue Paris editor-in-chief in her anniversary editorial. And to mark 95 years of style, supermodels Gisele Bündchen, Kate Moss and Christy Turlington join Kendall Jenner, the fashion world’s latest phenomenon, fueled by a vast following on Instagram; to front four limited edition collector’s covers. Four superlative faces, shot by our most emblematic visual signatures – Inez & Vinoodh, Mario Testino, Mert & Marcus and David Sims – whose best work for the magazine is also in Vogue Covers, a 140-page greatest hits of covers from the past 95 years published by Ramsay to mark the anniversary.
62/65
Vogue Paris November 2015
"In sky blue chiffon muslin split by a shapely, tanned leg, her head thrown back to the sun in laughter, Mica is an incandescent dancing queen in the back streets of Mykonos for our cover this issue, barefoot on hot stones with her dark curls mussed by the Mediterranean breeze. We chose an island renowned for its idyllic beauty, languorous heat and sense of fun for a fashion fiesta of winter couture led by Mario Testino, in gender-bending, uninhibited, folklore-fantastic style. The first of many extravagances this issue and an invitation to travel as the nights draw in,” writes Emmanuelle Alt, Vogue Paris editor-in-chief, in her editor’s letter for our November issue.
63/65
|
Jeans
|
A birthstone of March, the mineral heliotrope is commonly called what, due to its red inclusions?
|
Mario Testino's Vogue Paris covers | Vogue Paris
1/65
In February 1995, Mario Testino first began collaborating with Vogue Paris. Within this issue dedicated to ready-to-wear, we found the must-have Parisian accessories including shoes, bags, veils and gloves. Timeless elegance exuded from the cover as model Meghan Douglas appeared in a silk crepe jumpsuit by John Galliano with long white feathers in her hair. This shot was picked twelve years later to front the Vogue En Beauté exhibit at the national library in Paris in June 2007.
Vogue Paris February 1995
2/65
With platinum blond hair and glossy red lips, model Anne Pederson posed for Mario Testino wearing a silver, raffia fitted blazer by Jean Paul Gaultier .
Vogue Paris March 1995
3/65
Stephanie Seymour posed for the April 1995 cover in head-to-toe white. This image also appeared in the S.O.S Robes Blanchesedit, which added a breeze of modernity to the eternal fantasy of the white blouse. With a full pout and her raven-colored hair twisted up, Stephanie Seymour was irresistible in her shirtdresses by Mugler and Gucci .
Vogue Paris April 1995
4/65
Exactly one year after his first Vogue Paris cover, Mario Testino played with tone-on-tone color and photographed Carolyn Murphy in a mandarin-colored Gianni Versace look.
Vogue Paris February 1996
5/65
Louis Vuitton celebrated their 100 years and Balmain its 50, and for the occasion Vogue Paris feted the French couture houses with its March 1996 issue. Legendary model of the 1990s, Shalom Harlowfronted the issue in a yellow retro asymmetrical dress from Givenchy haute couture, and brought to life the best looks of the collections for Mario Testino . In a shot taken from the La Couture Par Excellencespread by the Peruvian photographer, Shalom Harlow was also photographed alongside fellow models Kyle Bax, Amy Wesson, Esther De Jong, Christina Kruse, Ramsay Jones, and Veronica Renault.
Vogue Paris March 1996
6/65
Chandra North wore a perforated, neoprene crop top by Jean Paul Gaultier on the cover of Vogue Paris April 1996. The luxurious issue contained the Riche & Célèbre spread by Mario Testino where animal printed looks by Dolce &Gabbana and streams of Harry Winston diamonds rubbed shoulder, exuding ultimate glamour.
Vogue Paris April 1996
7/65
For this haute couture special, Carolyn Murphyshowed off the small of her back for Mario Testino dressed in an embroidered satin bolero with Japanese dragon motifs by Givenchy couture. We found the photograph again a few pages into the magazine in the Choc Sportspread, which looked at sportswear with an elegant eye.
Vogue Paris March 1998
8/65
The color white washonored for the April 1998 Vogue Paris issue. Eva Herzigova exuded a minimalist allure on the cover by Mario Testino wearing a zip-up nylon blouse over a cotton Jil Sander tank. Partnering with this issue, the photographer signed a modernist edit where the Czech model appeared stripped of any superfluous accessories. The editorial alluded to the turn of the century, and the start of the 2000s, a time that marked an important moment in the magazine's history, which was demonstrated in the Les Années Vogue 1920-2010 documentary distributed with the November issue that year.
Vogue Paris April 1998
9/65
Thirty years after the events of May 1968 in Paris, Vogue Paris reinterpreted the revolutionary and utopist spirit of this era in its May 1998 issue. Posing for Mario Testino , EwaWitkowska mixed military and floral prints in an embroidered, camouflage jacket by Jean Paul Gaultier worn over a lacy cotton Chloé blouse and military green pants.
Vogue Paris May 1998
10/65
Fernanda Tavares posed for Mario Testino on the cover of this issue dedicated to swimwear, and as a nod to the soccer world cup, the model held a France 98 scarf.
Vogue Paris June/July 1998
11/65
Natalia Semanova embodied the chic graphic look present throughout the September 1998 issue, in a white silk Chanel haute couture camisole and wrapped with a black cashmere scarf. In the Vogue Paris couture special, Mario Testino signed the Rebelle spread featuring black and white photos where Audrey Marnay ,as well as several other models, appeared in floor-length skirts and long black leather gloves.
Vogue Paris September 1998
12/65
On the cover of the October 1998 issue, we found Aurélie Claudel - one of the rare French models on the scene during the 1990s - photographed by Mario Testino . Discovered as she was walking through the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, Aurélie saw her career hit another level thanks to this Vogue Paris cover. In 2001, the Peruvian photographer met up with the model again for the Pirelli calendar shoot.
Vogue Paris October 1998
13/65
For November 1998, Mario Testino photographed Elisabet D.on the cover of Vogue Paris wearing a Shetland wool coat over a Prada skirt. Partnering with the magazine once again, the Peruvian photographer captured the Paris hip, abandoning the legendary Left Bank to explore the other side of the Seine and its new, ultra cool spots like concept store colette and the Flèche d'Or. Within the glossy pages we found Bianca Li, Audrey Marnay and LouDoillon .
Vogue Paris November 1998
14/65
For her first Vogue Paris cover, Audrey Marnay radiated mysterious beauty for this Christmas issue. After signing almost every cover in 1998, Mario Testino gave this French model a modern-day Madonna look to incarnate the Mode et Science trend popular at the end of the 20th century. Sporting brown hair for the issue, Audrey Marnay wore a chiffon cape-dress and a Balenciaga high-necked collar.
Vogue Paris December/January 1998-1999
15/65
American model Haylynn Cohen posed for the cover of the February 1999 sport issue wearing a Sea Island cotton sweater and Louis Vuitton silk Bermuda shorts.
Vogue Paris February 1999
16/65
This Vogue Paris cover was Kate's very first shoot with Mario Testino . Their friendship began when the photographer went backstage to congratulate the young model after her first John Galliano show, and found her in tears, upset over the way she had walked. On this cover, the blonde turned brunette and wore head-to-toe Christian Dior haute couture, and inside the March 1999 special couture issue, Mario Testino honored Madame Yevonde, the English photographer from the 1930s with the Haute Couture, Excès Simple editorial.
Vogue Paris March 1999
17/65
It was all in the details for the April 1999 issue. Frankie Rayder hit the cover photographed by Mario Testino sporting a canvas and leather Gucci bag. As the model of the moment, Frankie was one of the most asked for models on the runways and in campaigns for 1999. A few pages into the magazine, the photographer shot the top 20 accessories of the season in a series of vibrant, sixties-inspired photos.
Vogue Paris April 1999
18/65
As Victorie de Castellane presented her very first fine jewelry collection at Christian Dior, and Jean Paul Gaultier made Jacqueline de Ribes his muse, fashion found its taste for excess and Vogue Paris honored this passion in the May 1999 issue. On the cover, Vivien Solari appeared wearing a hand-knit Céline sweater in front of Mario Testino 's lens.
Vogue Paris May 1999
19/65
For her third Vogue Paris cover by Mario Testino , Carolyn Murphy posed in a Calvin Klein green silk tank dress. This summer special honored pastel colors and materials that act as a second skin.
Vogue Paris June/July 1999
20/65
After shooting almost all the covers for Vogue Paris in 1998 and 1999, Mario Testino dedicated himself to his own work in 2000, and didn't return to Vogue until February 2001. He chose Kate Moss to play a platinum blonde femme-enfant on one of the covers for this issue.
Vogue Paris February 2001
21/65
What stands out most about Carolyn Murphy on the cover of the June/July 2001 issue, isher sixties-inspired eyeliner - thick and precise. The top model is almost unrecognizable on the cover photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris June/July 2001
22/65
This was her ninth Vogue Paris cover in 15 years and for the October 2001 issue, Linda Evangelista guest starred in the magazine that honored the "sacred top model". Photographed by Mario Testino , the model posed in a relaxed, playful manner wearing a Prada dress.
Vogue Paris October 2001
23/65
Photographed by Mario Testino , Amber Valetta revealed her new short haircut and showed off a pair of Gucci fantastical earrings on the cover of the November 2001 issue.
Vogue Paris November 2001
24/65
After posing for the February 2001 cover, Kate Moss rang in the new year by appearing again on the cover ofVogue Paris for the holiday issue. With her face half-lit by a crown of Christmas lights, the British model was photographed by Mario Testino in a turban and tank top by Yohji Yamamoto .
Vogue Paris December/January 2001-2002
25/65
Claudia Schiffer revealed her beauty secrets in the pages of Vogue Paris April 2002, and posed for Mario Testino on the cover of the issue in a ck Calvin Klein Jeans denim jacket embroidered with her name.
Vogue Paris April 2002
26/65
With her beauty mark just above her lips, legs that go on forever and long glossy brown hair, Cindy Crawford was the sex symbol of the 1980s and 1990s. The super model posed for Mario Testino on the cover of the August 2002 issue wearing a washed lambskin jacket and Empire dress in silk lace by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent . In wild photographs that radiated a sensual energy, we found the model inside the magazine in the Une Belle FilleCommeMoi edit.
Vogue Paris August 2002
27/65
Over the years, Vogue Paris has invited various famous faces, including Alfred Hitchcock, Salvador Dali, the Dalaï Lama and even Kurosawa to take the reins on the Christmas issue. For the months of December 2002 and January 2003, the biggest models at the time opened up their photo albums for the magazine. On the cover of this special edition Gisele Bündchen poses in a silk kimono by Tom Ford for Gucci , under the lens of Mario Testino . Several pages into the magazine, the Peruvian photographer also shot a mischievous Margherita Missoni, who revealed her extraordinary family legacy to the magazine.
Vogue Paris December/January 2002-2003
28/65
It is a rare thing to see a man pose of the cover of Vogue Paris, but for this April 2003 issue, titled Nos Hommes , we see Natalie Vodianova , dressed entirely in Chanel, draped lovingly over Werner Schreyer as photographed by Mario Testino . Here, the front cover star isn't the top Russian model but Werner himself. Star of the 1990s and easily mistaken for James Dean, the young male model saw his career take off the day he was discovered by Mario Testino in London. Since then he has posed for some of the biggest names in the business and, in this issue, divulges all to Marie Pointurier including his plans for the future.
Vogue Paris April 2003
29/65
Who better than Mario Testino to cut through the Kate Moss phenomenon? Close with Kate since her early days, he photographed the model wearing a Coeur Anatomique crystal necklace by Swarovski , holding a velvet ribbon by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent between her fingers, for the May 2003 cover of Vogue Paris. Here Kate Moss seems more childlike than ever, letting her boyfriend sweater slip slightly to reveal a bare shoulder. She also bares her secrets in this Vogue Paris issue. Mario Testino worked on two other series, one a Chrome Séduction shoot playing neon colors against cold metal, and the other, an intimate look into the life of Nicole Kidman .
Vogue Paris May 2003
30/65
With a lightly bronzed visage and hair windswept by the sea air, Milla Jovovich poses for the cover of this summer edition under the watchful eye of Mario Testino . This powerful duo feature in the magazine's series Bons Basiers de Russie where the actress, an obsession of Luc Besson, shows off her physical prowess in swimsuits and wrists bound in a pair of diamond encrusted cuffs designed by Tom Ford for Yves Saint Laurent .
Vogue Paris June/July 2003
31/65
Contributor to the September 2003 issue, Mario Testino chose the setting of the Croisette in Cannes to shoot the ultra feminine series, Le Grand Jeu. On the cover of this fashion special, Carolyn Murphy wears a Dior fox fur jacket complete with silk Yvan & Marzia scarf tied around her short locks.
Vogue Paris September 2003
32/65
Twenty years after having posed on the cover of Vogue Paris for her ex-husband photographer David Bailey, Catherine Deneuve was given the honor of fronting the 2003 Christmas issue. Turned only three-quarters of the way towards the camera lens, Catherine is captured in a Lanvin fur trench coat broken down for the reader by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris December/January 2003-2004
33/65
On the cover of this February issue dedicated to the best collections for the Spring/Summer 2004 season, top model Erin Wasson is captured in a shoot by Mario Testino . Hair lightened by the Californian sun with eyes darkened by an intense smoky look, the American super model shows off her sculpted curves in a Prada t-shirt and Calvin Klein mesh silk skirt.
Vogue Paris February 2004
34/65
For her fifth cover with Mario Testino , Kate Moss wore a Gucci fox fur and organza shawl coat, over a Nike cotton sports bra, in a sporty-chic look was created in honor of the Olympic Games held in Athens that year. The Peruvian photographer worked on almost all of the fashion editorials in this issue of Vogue Paris.
Vogue Paris November 2004
35/65
Sofia Coppola was the guest of honor for the cover of Vogue Paris in December 2005. Faithful to her classic yet subdued elegance, Francis Ford Coppola's daughter poses in a black bustier dress knotted with silk taffeta by Marc Jacobs , as photographed by Mario Testino . At the back of this Christmas edition, the reader finds a selection of the director's photographs, including her favorite places and even parts of her personal diary.
Vogue Paris December/January 2004-2005
36/65
Larry Flynt's personal confessions, the most troubling erotic memories from 12 well-known faces... There is no doubt that this February 2005 sets the standards high for eroticism and pleasure. Mario Testino has photographed a provocative Gemma Ward in Lolita for the cover. The photographic genius, in-keeping with the theme of the magazine, plunges the reader into the world of luxury and takes them to the limits of the law with the Corps & Lames series.
Vogue Paris February 2005
37/65
Under the careful eye of Mario Testino , Isabeli Fontana and Jeisa Chiminazzo exhale the evocative sensuality of their home country for the cover of the June/July 2005 issue. Contributor for this summer edition, the Peruvian photographer feels completely at home in Brazil, and the reader can tell. It is here where discovered he the top models namely Gisele Bündchen and Marcelle Bittar. It was the perfect opportunity for him to pay homage to the exotic beauty of this South American country in the photo shoot Transe des Sens.
Vogue Paris June/July 2005
38/65
To celebrate her return to the big screen, Demi Moore chose Vogue Paris for an exclusive interview. Draped in the American flag from a private collection at Ralph Lauren , the actress posed for the cover of this August 2005 edition in front of Mario Testino . It was a chance for Vogue Paris to present a portrait of the faces the most en vogue in American fashion at the time, among them Pharell Williams and Marc Jacobs.
Vogue Paris August 2005
39/65
A family atmosphere is felt from the cover of this November 2005 edition, a photo, fashion and report special. An all-smiling Freja Beha Erichsen , Maricarla Boscono , Vlada Roslyakova , Natasha Poly , Solange Wilvert and Tasha Tilberg feature on the front as photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris November 2005
40/65
Mariacarla Boscono and Patricia Schmid are unrecognizable for this Vogue Paris February 2006 cover shot. Dressed in blonde and brown wigs, the two top models celebrate Argentinean passion in front of Mario Testino 's lens. Audacious and sensual perfectly describe this edition, seen principally in the Tango des Passions series shot by the photographer. His work appears again several pages into the magazine in the editorial Maîtresse Glam.
Vogue Paris February 2006
41/65
A look at Italy in this magazine released for May 2006 featuring top model Anna Mariya playing a femme fatale in Versace for Mario Testino . To shoot the series Ivre de Rome, the photographer took inspiration from the films Fellini and Pasolini to give the winding streets of this eternal city a theatrical allure.
Vogue Paris May 2006
42/65
Hilary Rhoda plays Parisian for the August 2006 issue of Vogue Paris. Under the lens of Mario Testino , the American model gives us a fashion lesson slipping with verve into the small black dresses and other essentials that are staples in the French woman's wardrobe.
Vogue Paris August 2006
43/65
Several months after having given birth to the daughter Neva, Natalie Vodianova poses with her for the cover of Vogue Paris in October 2006, wearing a long bustier linen dress embroidered with Swarovski crystals designed by Dolce& Gabanna . Artists, designers and models; the magazine met with all those who electrify Russia. The series Poupées Russes featured Snejana Onopka , Vlada Roslyakova , Sasha Pivovarova et Natalia Vodianova revisiting traditional folklore in their home country as photographed by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris October 2006
44/65
Known for using her public image to her advantage with the most dexterity, Paris Hilton had the honor of covering the November 2006 issue of Vogue Paris. The young socialite confided in Loïc Prigent and posed naturally in front of Mario Testino , dressed simply in a cotton brassière by Ralph Lauren and a paneled wool and leather tulip skirt by Azzedine Alaïa .
Vogue Paris November 2006
45/65
Guest of honor for the February 2007 magazine, Mario Testino dressed the cover with the new en vogue jet-set. The photographer knew Margherita Missoni , Bee Shaffer and Tatiana Santo Domingo and photographed them at a party at Gramarcy Park in New York. We particularly love the Lanvin dress worn by Doutzen Kroes on the cover of the magazine, printed with the face of fellow top model Malgosia Bela.
Vogue Paris February 2007
46/65
Sophie Marceau was the special guest for this Cannes Film Festival edition of the magazine. We see the star, who presented at the Croisette her second full length film, on the cover of this issue for May 2007. Sophie Marceau doesn't shy away from the camera, revealing her toned body for Mario Testino , concealing her waist behind a large Yves Saint Laurent belt.
Vogue Paris May 2007
47/65
For this June/July edition, Vogue Paris headed to Rio in Brazil. Here the reader discovers Catherine McNeil as captured by Mario Testino in a long wool crimped bustier dress by Ralph Lauren Collection, accompanied by a felt head piece created by Stephen Jones for Comme des Garçons.
Vogue Paris June/July 2007
48/65
Five years after their first collaboration together for Vogue Paris, Mario Testino met up with Claudia Schiffer once more for the August 2007 issue. Dressed in a tweed military style Chanel Croisière jacket, the supermodel went au natural opening the doors of her Suffolk castle to Carole Sabas and the photographer for an exclusive photo shoot. Mario Testino also worked on the series Icône, inspired by the allure and the unique style of Anna Wintour , editor-in-chief of Vogue US.
Vogue Paris August 2007
49/65
For Vogue Paris February 2008, the magazine chose Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell to pose for the cover. The supermodel friends known for their party girl London lifestyles, wore Louis Vuitton to star in this specialBad Girls issue, in a black and white photo shoot by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris February 2008
50/65
Cannes Film Festival once again hits the Croisiette and it is the turn of Julianne Moore to embody the film festival special for Mario Testino.
Vogue Paris May 2008
51/65
Laetitia Casta and Noémie Lenoir take turns playing like little Parisian children in a complete Chanel look for the cover of this June/July 2008 issue. Vogue Paris dressed the two stars of L'Oréal for this double cover dedicated to French charm. In an almost perfect mime, the two models copy each other's movements and gestures exactly, without ever bumping into one another. Evil twins one could say.
Vogue Paris June/July 2008
52/65
"It is her first time posing for the cover of a magazine. She chose Vogue and Mario Testino", wrote Emmanuelle Alt , editor-in-chief of Vogue Paris about Charlotte Casiraghi in the exclusive September 2011 edition. Experienced horse-rider and new face of the equestrian wear by Gucci, the heir of the Grimaldi family opened her doors to Rocher and Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris September 2011
53/65
"Vogue and the cinema go back a long way together, in a story lived passionately over many years. Polanski, Deneuve, Dietrich, Scorsese, Moreau, Hitchcock, Marceau, Cotillard and so many other film stars have all been featured on the cover", wrote Emmanuelle Alt, editor-in-chief of Vogue Paris, in her May editorial. On the cover is Laetitia Casta shot by Mario Testino , four years after he shot her for the June/July 2008 issue dedicated to French charm. The ex-runway star now turned actress is preparing to shine on the big screen in Les Adorés by Hélène Fillières and with the Cannes Film Festival just around the corner, Laetitia Casta played the sultry screen siren in an Alexander McQueen dress in a series of photos which set the tone for this special edition of the magazine, packed full of ball gowns and diamonds.
Vogue Paris May 2012
54/65
"George Michael is an idol. From the happy-go-lucky days of Wham! to the steamy Faith-era leather bomber, and supermodel-packed video for Freedom, the British pop star's irresistible dulcet tones make him something of a phoenix, able to transcend trends like no other," writes Vogue Paris Editor-in-Chief Emmanuelle Alt, in her editorial for the October 2012 issue. George chose Kate Moss to feature in the video for his latest hit, White Light, and the pair featured on our cover, in a picture taken by Mario Testino .
Vogue Paris October 2012
55/65
Guest of honor of the April issue, Mario Testino took Vogue Paris all around his homeland of Peru, from the mountains to the desert and to the sea in an exclusive trip to visit and discover the photographer's sentiments of home and favorite addresses.
Vogue Paris April 2013
56/65
The pages of Vogue Paris April 2013 were dripping with diamonds, evening dresses and couture desire. Fronting the cover of an issue dedicated to all things decadent and luxurious, Mario Testino captured model Edita Vilkeviciute under the French Riviera sunshine.
Vogue Paris April 2013
57/65
"Here comes the sun. Spring brightens the pages of Vogue Paris this month as fashion heads for South Beach Miami, where Mario Testino captured sun-kissed girls under the early summer sun, for the Miami Heat editorial. With their caramel skin, these are free, conquering women," wrote Vogue Paris editor-in-chief Emmanuelle Alt in her April 2014 editorial. Cover girl Cameron Russell continues the commitment to challenging discrimination and promoting healthy body image that she started with her TED talk in 2012, turning to imagery to make her voice heard. A meeting organized for New York Fashion Week Fall/Winter 2014-2015 was followed by the bright lights of Florida, as Mario Testino captured Cameron alongside Malaika Firth in the vibrant Jungle Fever editorial.
Vogue Paris April 2014
58/65
"May is a month for actresses. What would the Cannes Film festival be without flowing gowns and stunning stars walking the red carpet? French film star par excellence Sophie Marceau covers this issue, currently on the big screen in Lisa Azuelos' Quantum Love, a love story on the cusp of fantasy and reality," writes Vogue Paris editor-in-chief Emmanuelle Alt , in her May editorial. Seen through the lens of Mario Testino and beautifully drawn by writer Vincent Cespedes, Sophie Marceau leads a star-studded issue.
Vogue Paris May 2014
59/65
The runaway star of this issue is good enough to eat, a real-life Johnson's baby that had the whole team lining up for a cuddle. Her name is Aleksandra, the blue eyed, blonde-haired daughter of model Natasha Poly, who was as good as gold when she sat for Mario Testino's "Un Air de famille" editorial.", wrote Vogue Paris Editor-in-Chief Emmanuelle Alt, in her October 2014 editorial. The intimate picture shot by Mario Testino, marks 10 years of our relationship with the cover girl and a first appearance for her baby daughter.
Vogue Paris October 2014
60/65
Vogue Paris April 2015
"The most private of fashion personalities, Charlotte Casiraghi is our cover girl this issue. She has lived in the glare of the paparazzi since childhood, but the blue-eyed beauty granted us an exclusive interview and her first fashion shoot with Mario Testino back in 2011, so it was only natural for us to welcome her back to the pages of the magazine. And we hope this won't be the last time: absolutely sublime, sporty, brilliant and creative, doesn't Charlotte Casiraghi represent the ideal woman?" writes Emmanuelle Alt, editor-in-chief ofVogue Paris, in her April 2015 editorial. Emerging from Winter hibernation, the Vogue Paris girls are out in force, in an issue fronted by Charlotte Casiraghi in an ode to femininity by long-time friend Mario Testino.
61/65
Vogue Paris October 2015
“Vogue Paris is 95 years old, but the Vogue legend shows no sign of dimming. To mark this huge milestone, we invited some of the magazine’s most emblematic collaborators back into the studio,” writes Emmanuelle Alt, Vogue Paris editor-in-chief in her anniversary editorial. And to mark 95 years of style, supermodels Gisele Bündchen, Kate Moss and Christy Turlington join Kendall Jenner, the fashion world’s latest phenomenon, fueled by a vast following on Instagram; to front four limited edition collector’s covers. Four superlative faces, shot by our most emblematic visual signatures – Inez & Vinoodh, Mario Testino, Mert & Marcus and David Sims – whose best work for the magazine is also in Vogue Covers, a 140-page greatest hits of covers from the past 95 years published by Ramsay to mark the anniversary.
62/65
Vogue Paris November 2015
"In sky blue chiffon muslin split by a shapely, tanned leg, her head thrown back to the sun in laughter, Mica is an incandescent dancing queen in the back streets of Mykonos for our cover this issue, barefoot on hot stones with her dark curls mussed by the Mediterranean breeze. We chose an island renowned for its idyllic beauty, languorous heat and sense of fun for a fashion fiesta of winter couture led by Mario Testino, in gender-bending, uninhibited, folklore-fantastic style. The first of many extravagances this issue and an invitation to travel as the nights draw in,” writes Emmanuelle Alt, Vogue Paris editor-in-chief, in her editor’s letter for our November issue.
63/65
|
i don't know
|
Turgescence or tumefaction, affecting parts of the human body, is more commonly called what?
|
Project MUSE - Luminaries in Medicine: Richard Mead, James Gibbs, and Solar and Lunar Effects on the Human Body in Early Modern England
Anna Marie Eleanor Roos - Luminaries in Medicine: Richard Mead, James Gibbs, and Solar and Lunar Effects on the Human Body in Early Modern England - Bulletin of the History of Medicine 74:3
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 74.3 (2000) 433-457
Luminaries in Medicine: Richard Mead, James Gibbs, and Solar and Lunar Effects on the Human Body in Early Modern England
Anna Marie Roos *
In early modern England, the medical effects of the sun and the moon had been traditionally explained by a vast symbolic system of "analogies, correspondences, and relations among apparently discrete elements in man and the universe," which had its conceptual origins in the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Galen. 1 The ultimate causes of planetary emanations had been considered "occult," an Aristotelian and early modern term utilized when distinguishing "qualities which were evident to the senses from those which were hidden." 2 After the Restoration, many physicians attempted to rid the natural world of occult causes and to explain invisible forces like solar and lunar emanations via mechanical, chemical, and mathematical systems. [End Page 433]
To explain the medical effects of the luminaries, the English physicians Richard Mead (1673-1754) and James Gibbs (d. 1724) utilized iatromechanism, which regarded the body as a Cartesian machine, conforming in its functions to mechanical laws. Physiological phenomena could thus be explained in terms of physics. Archibald Pitcairne (1652-1713), professor of medicine at the University of Leyden, more specifically attempted to develop a theory of physiology called "hydraulic iatromechanism," in which the body was conceptualized as a series of canals or vessels filled with fluids. 3 Proper circulation, and the pressure and secretion of fluids in the vessels--all "mechanical, mathematizable, . . . observable entities"--were the bases of health. 4 Pitcairne's student Richard Mead subsequently applied Newton's gravitational theories to Pitcairne's hydraulic iatromechanism and astrological medicine. 5 In De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis [A treatise concerning the influence of the sun and moon on human bodies and the diseases thereby produced] (1704), Mead stressed the mechanical effects of solar and lunar emanations, especially the gravitational effects of the tides, on the pressure of vessels and fluids within the human body. 6 James Gibbs--taking as his theoretical basis the works of John Baptista van Helmont (1577-1644) and Franciscus de la Böe, called Sylvius (1614-1672)--combined mechanism with acid-alkali iatrochemistry to explain how lunar emanations controlled the occurrence of scrofula, the King's Evil. 7 [End Page 434]
Certainly, Gibbs's and Mead's use of chemical and mechanical explanations illustrates the changed intellectual climate after the Restoration, which placed rationalistic, empirical, and "scientific" values above traditional academic medicine. 8 While there has been little scholarly work done on Gibbs, 9 past writers on Mead have seen his application of Newtonianism to medicine as in character for an exemplar of these post-Restoration values. Mead's wealth, medical library, and bibliophilia, his friendships with scientists and physicians such as John Freind, Hermann Boerhaave, Hans Sloane, and Isaac Newton, and his prolific authorship made him the subject of numerous scientific biographies by his contemporaries, as well as current works by Richard Meade and Arnold Zuckerman. 10 His studies on plague and contagion have been seen as examples of rational empiricism; for instance, C.-E. A. Winslow argued that Mead was one of the first in England to postulate that plague spread via the transportation of goods from infected places, and to recommend that ships from infected ports be quarantined, and C. E. Joscelyne subsequently elucidated Mead's understanding of the "mechanical" method by which smallpox was spread, and thus how it could be countered. 11 Finally, more recent studies by historians Theodore [End Page 435] Brown and Anita Guerrini have eruditely placed Mead in intellectual context, and illustrated his contribution to the ultimately unsuccessful attempts of a group of "Newton-struck" physicians to apply Newton's work to matter theory, chemistry, and medicine from 1690 to 1713. 12
Mead and Gibbs may also have been prompted to portray themselves as educated adherents of the new science because of the increasing influence of consumer culture in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Early modern English medicine was a competitive market in which physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, and astrologers contended for business, and the use of the language of the new science was a commercially and professionally effective tool. 13 In his 1712 work on scrofula, Gibbs utilized iatrochemistry to defend his professional reputation and treatments. Mead's adoption of the more innovative theory of a Newtonian hydraulic iatromechanism in his 1702 Treatise likewise gave him "a rhetoric which might please Newton and his disciples and otherwise prove useful in winning a Newton-admiring and nationalistic British clientele." 14
But as effective as the application of Newtonian theory and iatromechanism to medicine may have been in attracting patients, Mead's and Gibbs's actual medical treatments and causal explanations of disease were entirely traditional. This was partly because the successes of gravitation, iatrochemistry, and "the mechanical philosophy were rarely practical, and medicine in the end is practical." 15 Indeed, an examination of [End Page 436] the works of Mead and Gibbs reveals that their use of hydraulic iatromechanism, and iatrochemistry, to explain the causes of solar and lunar disease had very little influence on their beliefs in and treatments for the luminaries' effects. Although neither man portrayed himself as a "modern," moving away from "ancient" medical practice, their use of the new science to a large degree was a gloss on these "ancient" practices, as their diagnosis and treatment of the diseases of the luminaries were largely based on concepts of traditional humoral imbalance and evacuation from Aristotelian theory and the Galenic corpus. Previously, Thomas Willis's Diatribe duae medico-philosophicae (1659), the English work responsible for introducing iatromechanism to medicine, had been readily accepted by the College of Physicians because it successfully combined an innovative explanation of fever as "the mutual mechanical action of the corpuscular constituents of chemical matter" with the traditional Galenic treatments of vomits and purges that members of the college favored and patients anticipated. 16 Likewise, as I will argue, Gibbs's and Mead's adoption of iatromechanism also justified older treatments in a seemingly innovative manner--satisfying their intellectual interests, while enhancing their professional reputations in a competitive medical marketplace.
Solar/Lunar Medicine and Richard Mead
Mead's Treatise on the influence of the sun and the moon, published in 1704, was his "second iatrophysical effort." 17 To identify himself as a forward-thinking physician, in his first iatromechanical work, A Mechanical Account of Poisons (1702), he asserted that "mathematical learning will be the distinguishing mark of a physician from a quack"--followed by lavish praise of other physicians influenced by mechanism and Newtonianism such as Bellini, Cheyne, and Pitcairne. 18 He proceeded to argue that the nervous spirits or animal fluids of the body that were the most susceptible to poison were made of a "universal elastic matter" first postulated by "our great philosopher, Sir Isaac Newton," who supposed it to be "the cause of the refraction and reflection of the rays of light, and by the vibrations of which light communicates heat to bodies; and while readily pervading all bodies, produces many of their actions upon one another." 19 Mead then referred the reader, "for the sentiments of this [End Page 437] divine man, to his Optics," where Newton in queries 23 and 24 postulated that the vibrations of this subtle medium were responsible for "animal motion" and nervous sensation. 20 Such praise of Newton and his followers likely had an effect on Mead's career advancement, for he was elected to the Royal Society and obtained a position as physician-in-ordinary at St. Thomas's Hospital in Southwark the next year. 21 As Guerrini noted, "although there is no evidence of Newton's direct involvement in these appointments, the connection between Newtonian science and professional success was an easy one for contemporaries to make." 22
Encouraged by the professional rewards of his first publication, Mead resumed his "iatrophysical efforts," and published his Treatise on the sun and the moon in 1704. When he began his medical career, the "growing power of the commercial economy . . . had a tendency to commoditize medical relationships," something that Mead well recognized and profited from. 23 Though he ultimately attained great heights, when he wrote the Treatise he was a young physician attempting to build his practice, and he knew that "in getting a physician talked about and therefore lucratively in demand, weighty treatises and noisy controversy could be as effective as reputed cures." 24 He not only participated in several pamphlet wars with other physicians during his career, but as he later rather cynically advised another young physician, Timothy Vanbustle,
Should you have an itching to make your name known by writing a book on physic, yet so customary, I will advise you to choose the subject by which you think you will get most money, or that will bring you the most general business. . . . The method of writing, if in your frontispiece you address not your book to some great man, is to club with some other physicians; and thus by way of letters to commend each other's good practice and to support and make each other favour. But above all things, take particular care, let the subject be what it will, that the words be well chosen, so to make up an elegant and fervid speech; since you have ten to one that mind the language more than the ideas. 25 [End Page 438]
Indeed, the prestige of the language of Newtonianism and matter theory, combined with traditional Galenic treatments for diseases thought to be influenced by the sun and the moon, such as epilepsy or menstrual disorders, served to make the Treatise a commercial success. It was republished in 1710, 1713, 1746, 1748, 1758, 1763, and 1775 in London, Amsterdam, Edinburgh, and Dublin. The Treatise was also praised by Mead's colleagues in the Royal Society: it appeared in English translation in William Derham's 1723 edition of Miscellanea curiosa, which was self-described as "containing a collection of some of the principal phaenomena in nature, accounted for by the greatest philosophers of this age," including works that Bernard Fontanelle and Halley had presented to the Royal Society. 26 Augustan wits also satirized Mead's work. William Douglas, in a tract called The Cornutor of Seventy-Five (primarily devoted to recording the most "abject instances" of Mead's "decrepid amours"), remarked that Mead "became principal secretary to all the Planets, and Prime Minister of the Sun and the Moon, of whose powers and Faculties he wrote a learned and elaborate Treatise; proving, that not a Plant could grow without Leave of the Sun, and that we should all be Frozen to Death, in one winter, if it was not for the powerful Influence of that Warm Luminary." 27
Satire aside, Mead stated that he wrote the Treatise because, although physicians had long recognized the effects of the luminaries on the human body,
when in course of time medicine began to be accommodated to the reasonings of [scholastic] philosophers; nobody being able to account for the manner of this celestial action, and the rule of observation being . . . laid aside, it was allowed no farther share in affecting our health, than what might be imputed to the changes in the manifest constitution of the air: excepting perhaps something of truth, which still remains disguised and blended with the jargon of judicial astrology. 28
In his rejection of the "jargon of judicial astrology," Mead was reflecting a distinction previously made by Robert Boyle, who suspiciously regarded astrology that was specifically predictive (judicial astrology), yet accepted that celestial influences could materially affect weather, [End Page 439] health, and the atmosphere (natural astrology). Although Boyle decried the "superstition and paganism incident" to astrology, 29 by 1674 he specifically applied the corpuscular philosophy to solar and lunar effects in his treatise, Tracts Containing Suspicions about Some Hidden Qualities of the Air. Boyle first considered "whether among the bodies we are acquainted with here below, there may not be found some, that may be Receptacles, if not also Attractives, of the Sydereal, and other exotic Effluviums that rove up and down in our Air." 30 He answered in the affirmative, stating that
the sun and planets, (to say nothing of the Fixt Stars) may have influences here below distinct from their Heat and Light. On which Supposition it seems not absurd to me to suspect, that the Subtil, but Corporeal, Emanations even of these Bodies may (sometimes at least) reach to our Air, and mingle with those of our Globe in that great receptacle or rendevouz of Celestial and Terrestrial Effluviums, the Atmosphere. 31
This process of differentiating natural astrology from judicial astrology in the late 1600s and early 1700s has been described by Patrick Curry as one of "re-naming, whereby hitherto astrological ideas became 'safe' through being grafted onto the body of . . . natural philosophy." 32 By 1728, Ephraim Chambers's popular Cyclopedia officially sanctioned these distinctions in astrology. 33 Chambers noted that judicial astrology "is that which pretends to foretell moral events; i.e., such as have a dependance on the free will and agency of man; as if that were directed by the stars. . . . The same superstition has prevailed in more modern ages." 34 On the other hand, natural astrology of the sort in Mead's Treatise was acceptable, and Chambers would sanction the physician's views: [End Page 440]
[The art of natural astrology] properly belongs to physiology, or natural philosophy, and is only to be deduced a posteriori from phaenomena and observations. It is evident, that the properties of moisture, heat, cold &c. employed by nature to produce the two great effects of rarefaction and condensation almost wholly depend on the course, motion, position, &c. of the heavenly bodies. . . . The sun, we know, not only shines on all the planets, but by his genial warmth calls forth, excites, and raises the motions, properties, &c. peculiar to them; and his rays must share or receive somewhat of the tincture thereof; and thus tinged be again reflected into the other parts of the world, and particularly the adjacent bodies of the planetary system. Whence, according to the angle the planets make with that grand luminary, and the degree wherein they are enlightened, wither by his direct or his oblique rays; together with their distance and situation in respect of our earth; the powers, effects, or tinctures, proper to each, must be transmitted hitherto, and have a greater or less effect on sublunary things. See Mead de imperio solis & lunae. 35
Just as traditional astrological ideas were given a gloss of "new science" to make them acceptable among intellectual elites, Mead's Treatise applied a layer of Newtonian ideas over traditional Galenic principles and treatments. Driven by the fact that in the medical profession there was a substitution "for the certainty of philosophy axioms"--the surety of empirical observation and the new science--Mead asserted that as the solar and lunar cycles exerted various gravitational pulls on the earth and thus caused the tides, they likewise affected the earth's atmosphere, causing changes in barometric pressure and in the winds and weather. 36 He argued that the gravitational effect of the sun and moon on the atmosphere was actually greater than that on the tides because of the air's exceptional thinness and elasticity, and because of the "universal law of bodies attracted, that the force of attraction is reciprocally as the squares of their distances; so that the action of the Sun and Moon will be greater upon the air, than upon the water, upon the account of its nearness." 37 Solar and lunar cycles thus provided for continuous air circulation, which helped to prevent disease, as fresh air was one of the six Galenic non-naturals known to benefit the ill and well alike. In fact, Mead put great stock in Galen's claims of the power of fresh air to heal--so much so, that he disagreed with the practice of quarantining patients during plague, as the infection was thereby localized within the patient's quarters instead of "being allowed to be dispersed by the wind." 38 [End Page 441]
Though Mead followed a good many Galenic principles, he was also careful to distinguish his theories from those of scholastics. Echoing Newton's hypotheses non fingo, Mead's theory of gravitational medicine was not merely philosophical, as "in some cases" where "a point may perhaps be strained, to serve a darling hypothesis which the writer has taken up." 39 Rather, he claimed that his ideas were empirically grounded, for they explained observations that "there is generally some breeze at mid-day and midnight . . . when the Sun or Moon arrives at the meridean," and the fact that there were changes of weather "about the new and full Moons." 40 Mead noted that these meteorological observations were "matters of fact, and in a manner regular and universal," and that, via deduction, "so constant and uniform an effect, must undoubtedly be owing to one necessary cause"--namely, gravitation. 41 And, if the reader wanted even more evidence, he was referred to John Goad's Astrometeorologica (1690), a work privately praised by astronomer royal John Flamsteed (1646-1719) that attempted to prove the validity of astrology by collating thirty years' weather observations with astrological predictions. 42
Changes in atmospheric pressure caused by the luminaries could also affect physiological processes like circulation of the blood and nervous fluids. Because Mead believed that respiration caused the blood to circulate by air pressure pushing "against all the sides of the vesiculae" in the lungs, "the same things which cause any alterations in this property of the air, will more or less disturb the animal motions." 43 He argued that just as air pump experiments illustrated that lower external air pressure led to the expansion of gases in a glass of water, and thus caused the water to boil, the same thing could happen in the blood in conditions of lower atmospheric pressure at new and full moon. 44 During these times in the lunar cycle, the "juices [of the blood] begin to ferment . . . and stretch [End Page 442] the vessels to such a degree, as sometimes to burst the smallest of them"--which to him explained the outcome of experiments performed by the Italian experimental society Academia del Cimento, in which small animals were placed into an evacuated air pump receiver. 45
For Mead, this same mechanism explained the lunar cycle's connection with menstrual bleeding: he argued that the "periodical hemorrhages" of women discharged themselves "through proper ducts, at certain intervals, when the pressure of the external air being diminished, the internal aura can exert its elasticity." 46 Men of weaker and thus more feminine constitution, if they sustained an injury, would also bleed periodically according to the cycles of the moon just like women. If in a man "there happens to be a superabundancy of the same fluid, together with a weak tone of the fibres, it is plain that the vessels will be most easily burst, when the resistance of the atmosphere is least; and this more especially, if any accidental hurt, or rarefying force, has first given occasion to the other causes to take effect." 47 As an example, Mead described
a young gentleman of a tender frame of body . . . who having once, by overreaching, strained the parts about the breast, fell thereupon into a spitting of blood, which for a year and half constantly returned every new Moon, and decreasing gradually, continued always four or five days, the fits being more or less considerable, according as his management about that time contributed to a greater or lesser fulness of the vessels. 48
In fact, so convinced was Andrew Pitcairne, Mead's teacher, of the moon's gravitational effects upon atmospheric and blood pressure, that he made barometric and astronomical observations when getting a nosebleed. In accordance with his medical theories, Pitcairne had his nosebleed at the new moon, when atmospheric pressure was lowest and the vessels in his nose were distended by boiling blood. 49
Of course, although Mead's explanation appropriated the language and theories of gravitation, his idea that the waxing and waning moon regulated blood, fluid, and other humoral matter was rooted in traditional astronodia. Astronodia was the belief attributed to Hippocrates that the presence of the moon in different signs of the zodiac influenced the humoral content of various parts of the body. 50 Just as the moon [End Page 443] caused the sea to swell and recede with the tides, it was believed, there was a corresponding monthly periodicity in the volume of the bodily humors, including venous and arterial blood. These fluctuations of the blood could potentially lead to superfluous amounts within the body and thus to disease, which could be solved by bloodletting--a course of treatment usually followed by Mead, though he did recommend "peruvian bark" or quinine for menstrual disorders. 51 Other excessive humors were traditionally treated with purges and evacuations, and Mead also gave "proper medicines for correcting the taint of the fluids," which were usually vomits and purgatives. 52
Mead then claimed that the cycles of the moon could more greatly affect and agitate the nervous fluid in the body, because it was composed of even more minute and elastic parts than the blood and humors, and "must be the more easily susceptible of [sic] the power of any external cause whatever." 53 This to him explained the occurrence of epileptic fits every new and full moon, as Galen had postulated. The Galenic corpus advised that the waxing and waning of the moon controlled not only the volume of blood in the body, but also the amount of cold and moist phlegm in the brain. An abundance of phlegm was thought to cause fits in epileptics and madness. 54 Mead also commented that the physician Alexander of Tralles (525-605), as well as the medieval herbalist Apuleius Barbarus, had observed that fits of madness corresponded to the lunar cycle; he further noted that one of his colleagues working in Bethlehem Hospital observed that mad fits were "generally accompanied with epileptic symptoms." 55 [End Page 444]
The connection between the moon and lunacy was followed by most early modern physicians. As one seventeenth-century physician and Behemist, 56 Thomas Tryon, wrote: "Therefore it is observed, that distracted people are more subject to be altered by the Influences Coelestial. . . . And therefore persons bereaved of their Wits, are in our English laws called Lunaticks, from the great power she hath upon such people." 57 Another tract advised that
there are but fewe that knowe not these kind of fools by their name onely, whom at this present time we terme lunaticall or fooles by season . . . they appeering mutable in this infirmitie of their follie like the moone: or rather bicause this kinde of madnes is proper and peculiar to those, that are borne . . . in the waining or encrease of the moone, and according to the diuers alterations of it, this infirmitie somtimes greatly aboundeth, and otherwhiles also hath his force exceedingly abated. 58
Mead commented that some epileptics had spots on their face that greatly resembled lunar maculae. These spots, which "varied both in colour and magnitude, according to the time of the moon," helped the physician to predict when fits would occur. 59 Indeed, early modern portrayals of the goddess Luna on the borders of selenographic maps, such as the Riccioli-Hevelius Tabula Selenographica, showed her with black spots or decorative patches on her face to represent the lunar maculae. 60 Mercury treatments for scrofula--which, as we will see below, was considered a lunar disease--often consisted of plasters that caused circular black spots on the face. 61
To further support the connections drawn between the moon and epileptic fits, Mead explained that the father of one of his epileptic patients, who transported goods on the Thames, predicted the tidal levels [End Page 445] on the basis of the occurrence of his daughter's fits: "she lay always speechless during the whole time of flood, and recovered upon the ebb." 62 And, as in the case of boiling blood, Mead's solution for curing this girl's epilepsy was again evacuation--this time, via an "epistatic plaister" (a blistering compound) placed on the head to cause a swelling of "limpid serum," which was evacuated to release the excess viscid and phlegmatic humors. 63
Mead believed that any disease or condition that involved swelling and subsequent evacuation of bodily fluids was due to the moon: "It is not therefore at all strange, that we should once a month be liable to the returns of such distempers as depend upon a fulness of the vessels; that these should take place at those times especially, when the ambient air is least able to repress the turgency . . . [at] new and full Moon." 64 It was not only prosaic diseases such as nephritis or urinary tract infections that were influenced by the moon: a particular maid's beauty "depended upon the lunar force, insomuch that at full Moon she was plump and very handsome; but in the decrease of the planet so wan and ill-favored, that she was ashamed to go abroad; till the return of the new Moon gradually gave fullness to her face, and attraction to her charms." 65 For Mead, moonlight could affect women's appearance in a variety of ways.
Gravitational theories also provided Mead with an explanation for the Galenic conception of critical days. Critical days were crisis points in acute diseases, or turning points toward death or recovery, "which usually took the form of a sudden excretion of 'bad humors'" such as a sweat during a fever, a bout of vomiting or diarrhea, or the beginning of menstruation. 66 Hippocrates had postulated that crisis in a fever happened most often at fixed times; fevers recurred on the odd days or the even days, and a crisis on other than the expected day would probably be fatal. 67 Later physicians attempted to predict the day of a crisis utilizing numerology. Galen, however, in his works On Crisis and On Critical Days, argued that the calculation of critical days must be based on physical [End Page 446] arguments--namely, the lunar cycle. 68 His rationale was that because the moon was the primary controller of the volume of bodily humors, the periodicity of the moon could be mathematically related to the Hippocratic critical days. Using these Galenic precepts and his own mechanical explanation, Mead stated that the "expulsion of morbific matter out of the body" that defined a crisis--whether it was via sweat, bleeding, or serum--fell "in with those changes in the atmosphere, which diminish its pressure at the new and full Moon." 69 By observing the lunar cycles using the familiar Galenic means, the practitioner could thus predict the return "and the issue of the disease, which will gain reputation to the physician, and give confidence to the patient." 70
Dr. James Gibbs: Scrofula, the Sun, and the Moon
Like Mead, James Gibbs used iatromechanism to gain an impressive reputation. He was the son of the vicar of Gorran in Cornwall, and a student of Exeter College, Oxford. Although he spent part of his professional career as a poet, promoting a new metrical version of the Psalms (published in 1701), he became better known for his work as a physician. 71 In 1712 he wrote a treatise on scrofula, or the King's Evil, which is the "tubercular inflammation of the lymph glands of the neck," although "the term was employed more loosely to comprehend a wide variety of complaints affecting the head, neck and eyes, particularly swollen lips, tumours, sores and blisters" as well as cataracts. 72 Gibbs was motivated to publish for both legal and commercial reasons. In 1706, he had apparently cured a Plymouth youth of scrofula who had been unsuccessfully treated with mercury. However, he had not been paid adequately for his services, and he thus "commenced a [legal] action against [the boy's] Father, for the sum he promised" at Launceston, and subsequently re-ceived his fee. 73 Because the father continued to maintain that Gibbs had not truly healed his son, which resulted in some other unspecified "various discourses concernying this Tryal," Gibbs "thought fit to publish" his treatise in vindication of the court's judgment and his course of treatment, and in defense of his reputation as a physician. 74 His medicament, based [End Page 447] on acid-alkali iatrochemistry combined with earlier beliefs about lunar influences, was also sufficiently different from the usual cures for scrofula to be considered innovative in the medical marketplace.
Traditionally, the moon's tidal control over water and watery bodily fluids like lymph made it the morbificant planet in scrofula, which, as the seventeenth-century astrological physician Richard Saunders claimed, "comes under the chin like a swelling, and it doth increase and decrease with the [moon]." 75 Cures were customarily effected by the king's touch; following the tradition of his ancestors, Charles II gave a specially stamped piece of gold to the sufferer to be worn about the neck, which was "widely regarded as a talisman in which the curative power was deposited." 76
While it is likely, as historian Keith Thomas has claimed, that the monarch's innate personal power and consecration as king was an important reason that people felt his touch was effective, the cure may have to do with more basic medical principles of signatures, sympathy, and antipathy. The medical doctrine of signatures was an extra-Galenic principle that had been popularized by Paracelsus, and by subsequent English publications such as Nicolas Culpeper's English Physitian Enlarged (1653) or Robert Turner's Botanologia (1664). 77 Paracelsian herbal remedies, via the system of astral parallels, went by the principle that each organ and [End Page 448] each herb is bound with its own planet, and maladies could be cured sympathetically by employing plants belonging to the planets causing the disease. 78 Each plant had a signature of its medical application, usually resembling the part of the body or the ailment that it could cure--for instance, lentils and rape-seed were thought sympathetically to cure the smallpox, a lunar disease, because the seeds were similar to the spots of the moon. 79 Alternatively, some cures for a disease caused by a particular morbificant planet could be healed antipathetically by a herb of the opposing planet. 80 For example, lunar diseases with their abundance of cold and moist humors could be cured via solar herbs, which were hot and drying. 81 [End Page 449]
The same principles of sympathy and antipathy utilized in herbal medicines were also prevalent in the making of astrological sigils and amulets. As explained by astrological physician Israel Hiebner in his Mysterium sigillorum (1698), "What concerns the Influence of Herbs and Roots, they are not esteem'd so strong as the Metals, altho' they have almost equal Vertue with the same." 82 Since the sun was astrologically and alchemically associated with gold, a gold amulet struck with a picture of the sun (usually when it was at its strongest influence, during the vernal equinox) was believed, via antipathy, to protect against lunar diseases like scrofula. 83 The wearer was protected from the malignant influence of the heavens; as Hiebner explained, the "antipathetick noxious Influence goes into the Metal, then Man, and Man is preserved from the threatening Illness; but when the Illness is already in the body, [the metal] extracts it by degrees." 84 It is possible that the amulet given by the monarch to the sufferer was associated at some level as an antipathetic astrological preventative, for, as Anne Geneva has shown, the astrological identification of the monarch with the sun was pervasive in early modern England. 85 Indeed, for those who were unable to visit the king or to afford a gold talisman, Joseph Blagrave, an astrological physician of the [End Page 450] late seventeenth century, recommended "three solary herbs to wear . . . haveing a vertue agreeing with the nature of Gold, and serveth instead of Gold, as Gold is under the dominion of the Sun as being a Metal." 86
Though Gibbs did not use amulets in treatment, having found previous "notions of [scrofula] to be of little use, and very few accounts of their success in curing disorders of this nature," he did believe that scrofula was due to lunar influence. 87 First, he explained that the full moon reflected all the light that it received from the sun to the earth, and he argued that these "reflected rays of the Moon, passing by the earth on all sides of it, tho' not equally, cannot but obstruct the Beams in some Measure, which are directed from the Sun to the Earth; and consequently the influence of the Sun on the Earth is diminished." 88 The lunar beams thus met and obstructed the sunbeams, and "consequently the Motion and Heat which the Sun communicates to the Earth will be lessen'd, and the natural Effect hereof will manifest it self in some Constitutions" in the form of scrofula. 89
The source of the subsequent effect of the lack of sunlight on the body was explained by the traditional connection between the vital animal spirits and the sun. Aristotle's linkage of life with the generative sun and the motion inherent in the soul-principle--the pneuma--meant that he considered the motion of the heart as indicative of the seat of the soul. 90 The sun was thus often associated by early modern English writers with the animal spirits and the circulatory system. 91 For instance, William Harvey believed that the blood had a celestial nature for it was "analogous to the [End Page 451] element of the stars," and the heart in the body was as the sun in the solar system, in the midst of the body and giving life. 92 Sylvius, a supporter of Harvey who trained at Leiden, wrote that the blood was set alight by the innate fire of the sunlike heart, which "causes its rarefaction and expansion. Hence it dilates the blood and finally breaks through to the arteries." 93 Harvey also thought the blood was the best example of the animal spirits, writing that "for us physicians, spirit is . . . namely that whatsoever attempts anything by its own endeavour and arouses any motion with agility and vehemence, or initiates any action." 94 As another medical treatise published at about the same time as Mead's indicated, "a Body, or its particles are said to Warm, when by their motion they greatly move, stir, or agitate the Animal tactile Spirits. . . . coldness is caused by diminishing, retarding, or putting a stop to the natural motion of the animal Spirits. Thus some bodies cause a coldness by repelling, baiting back, or crowding together the said Spirits." 95
Gibbs then put a mechanical gloss on this traditional linkage between the sun and the vital spirits. Like Mead, in his discussion of how his treatments affected the body, he wanted to avoid "Philosophical Cant." Gibbs, disavowing the "occult Notions of Expression" of the Peripatetics, rather demonstrated "Mechanically the Operation of such Medicines . . . explaining their Forms and Qualities by which they are dispos'd and enabled to perform such effects." 96 Specifically, he utilized the acid- alkali theory of the humors, which had its origin in the 1660s among iatrochemists on the Continent influenced by van Helmont, and was championed by Thomas Willis and Sylvius. 97 The theory's basic tenets [End Page 452] were that effervescence was typical of physiology, and that everything, including the bodily humors, had acidic and basic qualities in addition to their cold, hot, moist, and dry attributes. 98 For instance, Sylvius compared the blood's effervescence to the reaction between acids and alkalis, and claimed that "inspiration serves to temper this process" by enabling a volatile alkali salt in the air to enter the blood. 99 Sylvius in particular believed that "acrimonious influences were ascribed to specific fluids," including the lymph, and that "characteristic diseases resulted from their acidic or alkaline natures." 100 Acidic conditions in bodily fluids especially caused disease--a state to be countered with alkaline remedies. 101
Harold Cook has shown that the simplistic division of all chemical substances into acids and bases made this theory an extremely popular and often misused medical treatment among the English populace in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries--popular enough to elicit a warning against its use by Robert Boyle, as well as published rebuttals. 102 Although Robert Boyle himself rejected the "acid/alkali hypothesis as a general theory pretending to account for all kinds of phenomena," he did not deny "that the consideration of the Duellist (or the two jarring principles of alkali and acidum) may be of good use to Spagyrists and physicians." 103 Apart from Boyle, Gibbs's work may have been more directly influenced by the well-known treatise of the English physician John Browne, entitled Adenochoiradelogia, or, an Anatomick-Chirurgical Treatise of Glandules & Strumaes, or Kings Evil Swellings (1684), in which Browne uses the acid-alkali theory as a basis for treatment, and speculates about lunar influences in scrofula. 104 Browne thought that as the "Tydes [End Page 453] become the presages of Sickness as well as of Health, of Recovery or Death," that "proper Conjectures" were necessary to explain how the cycles of the "Plenilunaries" were likely to regulate the amount of the acidic substance that ran "between these loose fibrous Contextures" of the lymphatic glands, and hence controlled the severity of the scrofular outbreak. 105
In his application of acid-alkali theory to scrofula and his discussion of lunar influences, Gibbs provided these "proper Conjectures." He asserted that because the sunshine would mechanically cause the particles of the spirits to expand or "elastically ferment," a loss of sunshine during a full moon would cause the spirits to be sluggish, leading to "turgescence in the humors." 106 The excessive influence of the moon compounded this humoral turgidity, by cooling, compressing, and restraining the spirituous particles. 107 Usually the solution to humoral turgidity was evacuation of the excess humors, but Gibbs believed that the suppression of the animal spirits caused a decrease in alkalinity and thus an excessively acid condition in the lymphatic ducts. The lymph as a result coagulated, similar to the way in which "milk is coagulable by vinegar": the acid's coagulative effects were produced by particles "which are long and sharp pointed, and can be no otherwise dispos'd for Coagulation, which is a transfixing, as it were a Nailing together; and by that means accumulating the sulphurs of the lymph into a curd-like mass." 108 It was this turgescence and coagulation of the lymph in the lymphatic ducts that caused the glandular swellings of scrofula, and the blockage of the optic nerve by these excess scrofulous humors caused the sore eyes and blindness associated with the "King's Evil."
Gibbs's remedy was the administration of volatile salts or alkalis, which would decoagulate the tumors and cure the disease by acting as a chemical substitution for the traditional vitalizing influence of sunshine on the body. In this course of treatment, Gibbs displays some influence from English Helmontians, who also would administer volatile alkaline salts distilled from blood to restore the weakened vital spirits or archaeus of the body; he justifies his treatment by noting that "Van Helmont reckons Sadness, or a long dejection of the Spirits . . . occassioned Scrophulous Disorders. . . . This shews that a Defect or Depression of the Animal [End Page 454] Spirits is . . . the Cause of Scrophulous Diseases." 109 Although Boyle rejected van Helmont's alkali-acid medical treatments as too simplistic, he himself attempted to distill the spirit of blood, which he believed was "fully satiated with saline and spiritous parts," and thus had the therapeutic ability to restore the vital spirits. 110
Although Gibbs published in the early eighteenth century, his combination of Helmontianism with iatrochemistry was more typical of the ideas of chemists and physicians in London in the latter half of the seventeenth century. As Antonio Clericuzio has illustrated, by the 1670s and 1680s English scientists such as John Webster, Thomas Sherley, and William Simpson blended van Helmont's iatrochemistry with corpuscularianism and the mechanical philosophy. 111 Gibbs does not specifically cite Otto Tachenius's Hippocrates chymicus (first published in 1666), but Tachenius also combined van Helmont's iatrochemistry with Sylvius's theory of acids and alkalis in medical treatments; Gibbs's use of iatromechanism thus clearly relied on ideas that were a bit outdated. 112 Because he was from more conservative Cornwall, he was far removed from the direct influence of the College of Physicians, the Royal Society, and the latest penchant for medical applications of Newtonian theory such as Mead displayed. Indeed, Gibbs seemingly was not yet affected by the "establishment of Newtonianism which brought about the decline of van Helmont's chemistry and medicine in England." 113 In fact, the manner in which he used the tides to support his idea of sunshine causing ferment in the body and in the air indicates that he either did not know of, or did not believe in, gravitational forces. Rather, he believed that the sunbeam's "elastic ferment" of the particles of the air was the cause of the [End Page 455] tides: when the moon passed over a part of the sea, it obstructed and damped the elastic ferment of the atmosphere, causing the waters to ebb; however, when the moon passed and the sun took over again, the renewed elasticity of the atmosphere upon the waters caused them to flow. 114
Conclusion
While Gibbs made no mention of the latest applications of Newtonianism to medical treatment, at the end of his work on scrofula he inveighed for several pages against the practitioner ignorant of medical theory. He particularly criticized "such persons as Empirically pretend to Physic, without so much as the knowledge of their own Ignorance," and, in a striking metaphor, stated that he had "often lamented the Public Damage which has proceeded from no more than a pretense to a Secret which, if they [the empirics] had, would be like a sword in a blind Man's Hand, who by ill management might destroy the Person he would defend." 115 Only physicians who pursued "long labor and expensive Studies" could be confident that they would do no harm and could "qualify themselves regularly to serve the Publick in so importunate a Business." 116 Rather than pretend to secrets, a "true" physician would understand how to "dextrously" prescribe a variety of volatile salts to cure a disease like scrofula, with its multivariant symptoms and degrees of severity. 117 Mead also distinguished himself from the empiric, emphasizing the fact that medicine required "the joint assistance" of experience and reason; 118 thus, it was especially important that even those doctors who "despise all reasoning in physic, and rely on experience alone," would read and "reap benefit" from his Treatise. 119
Nevertheless, the innovations and expertise of Mead and Gibbs to a large degree were only so much vocabulary--the vocabulary of rhetoric, as well as the vocabulary of mechanism. Both physicians provided a verbal gloss over traditional medical beliefs that "less distinguished" colleagues, unacquainted (in Gibbs's words) with "Rational Methods of the Medicinal Art," also utilized as a basis for treatment. 120 Astrological physicians may have used "old-fashioned" solary herbal treatments for scrofula, but we have seen that conceptually this was no different from [End Page 456] Gibbs's administration of volatile salts to mimic the vitalizing effects of sunshine, and it was perhaps a good deal less harmful. Mead's iatromechanical cures were no more efficacious. Indeed, a "remedy stumbled upon by an empiric might seem to outperform anything the learned [physician] could cite from Galen." 121 The boundaries of treatment between an unlicensed empiric and a licensed member of the Royal College of Physicians were not firm ones.
However, as historian Patricia Fara has argued, "while many modern historians of science would concur in rejecting philosophical distinctions between science and pseudo-science, some are still tempted to retain categories such as orthodox and quack, or professional and amateur." 122 These categories are clearly anachronistic when describing early modern English medicine. Because Gibbs and Mead worked diligently in their writings to demonstrate to their readers that they were innovative professionals, in order to achieve a truly contextualized analysis of their work we must further delineate to what extent self-fashioning, self-promotion, and publication contributed to the process of medical "professionalism" in this period. 123 Only then will we understand what in the professional and the public mind distinguished the "unlearned" empiric from the "rational practitioner" of the medicinal arts.
Anna Marie Roos is an assistant professor in the History Department of the University of Minnesota at Duluth, 265 A. B. Anderson Hall, 10 University Drive, Duluth, Minnesota 55812-2496 (e-mail: [email protected] ). Her research interests center upon early modern England, with emphasis upon popular perceptions of scientific ideas, as well as the history of astronomy. She is currently working on a monograph for Peter Lang Publishing, entitled Luminaries of the Natural World: Perceptions of the Sun and the Moon in England, 1400-1720.
Note
* I would like to acknowledge Dr. Edward Ruestow and Dr. Marjorie McIntosh of the University of Colorado at Boulder, and Dr. Anita Guerrini of the University of California, Santa Barbara, for their cogent suggestions about this article. I also would like to thank Dr. Tony Whall, the Bellavance Honors Program, and the SSU Foundation of Salisbury State University for providing funding for a research trip to Cambridge and the Wellcome Institute in London. Thanks as well to the reviewers and editors of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine for their advice.
1 . Brian Vickers, "On the Function of Analogy in the Occult," in Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe, ed. Ingrid Merkel and Allen G. Debus (Washington, D.C.: Folger Shakespeare Library; London: Associated University Presses, 1988), pp. 265-92, quotation on p. 265.
2 . Keith Hutchinson, "What Happened to Occult Qualities in the Scientific Revolution?" Isis, 1982, 73: 231-53, quotation on p. 234.
3 . Theodore M. Brown, "Medicine in the Shadow of the Principia," J. Hist. Ideas, 1987, 48: 629-48, quotation on p. 630. See also Anita Guerrini, "Archibald Pitcairne and Newtonian Medicine," Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 70-83.
4 . Brown, "Medicine in the Shadow" (n. 3), p. 632.
5 . Anita Guerrini, "Newtonian Matter Theory, Chemistry, and Medicine, 1690-1713" (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1983), p. 125, UMI #AAT8406805.
6 . Richard Mead, "A Treatise Concerning the Influence of the Sun and the Moon upon Human Bodies, and the Diseases Thereby Produced," in The Medical Works of Richard Mead, M.D. (Edinburgh: Alexander Donaldson and Charles Elliot, 1775; New York: AMS Press, 1978), pp. 113-56. Mead's original 1704 work underwent several editions with addenda and changes; this is the edition that I will utilize here.
7 . James Gibbs, Observations of various eminent cures of the Scrophulous Distempers Commonly call'd the King's Evil; Such as Tumours, Ulcers, Cariosity of Bones, Blindness and Consumptions: With Some New Consideration of the Structure of the Glands, and of Animal Secretion; Of the influence of the Moone on Human Bodies, Mechanically explain'd; and other Phaenomena relating to the Causes of Scrophulous Diseases. To which is Added, An Essay, Concerning the Animal Spirits, and the Cure of Convulsions: Together with a Short Account of the Forms and Qualities of the Essential Particles of Salts and Sulphurs (London: Simpson, Innys, and Yeo, 1712). The last essay, about animal spirits, has separate pagination.
8 . Harold Cook, The Decline of the Old Medical Regime in Stuart London (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p. 253.
9 . Gibbs and his treatise on scrofula are mentioned in Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), p. 355 n. 1.
10 . Tanfield Leman, Some Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Late Dr. Richard Mead (London, 1755); Matthew Maty, Authentic Memoirs of the Life of Richard Mead, M.D. (London: Whiston and White, 1755); John Cordy Jeaffreson, A Book about Doctors (London: Hurst-Blackett, 1875); William Macmichael, M.D., The Gold-Headed Cane (London: Milford, 1919); Arnold Zuckerman, "Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754), a Biographical Study" (Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1965), UMI# AAT6511900; Richard H. Meade, In the Sunshine of Life: A Biography of Dr. Richard Mead, 1673-1754 (Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1974). During his son's concert travels in London in 1764, Leopold Mozart was treated for a streptococcal infection by a prescription from the Pharmacopoeia Meadiana, published in Mead's name; Mead was associated with the famous, even posthumously! See J. S. Jenkins, "Leopold Mozart: A Patient in Eighteenth-Century London," J. Med. Biog., 1997, 5: 30-32. For information about Mead's library, see K. F. Russell, "The Anatomical Library of Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754)," J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1947, 2: 97-109; Herman Henkle, "The Physician as Book Collector: Notes on Famous Libraries," J. Internat. Coll. Surg., July 1960, 34: 107-17; Joan Campbell, The Library of Dr. Richard Mead, 1673-1754, with Emphasis on the Titles Related to Medicine (Chicago: University of Chicago Graduate School, 1962). For Mead's bibliomania, see Paul Potter, "Taste Sets the Price: Mead, Askew, and the Birth of Bibliomania in Eighteenth-Century England," Can. Bull. Med. Hist., 1995, 12: 241-57. Mead's art collection is referenced in a catalogue by Abraham Langford, A Catalogue of the Genuine and Capital Collection of Pictures . . . (London, 1754), and his interest in antiquities is seen by a letter from Francis Wise, A letter to Dr Mead concerning some Antiquities in Berkshire . . . (Oxford, 1738).
11 . C.-E. A. Winslow, "A Physician of Two Centuries Ago: Richard Mead and His Contributions to Epidemiology," Bull. Inst. Hist. Med., 1935, 3: 509-44; C. E. Joscelyne, "Medical Practice and Medical Theory: Smallpox in Britain During the Long Eighteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., University of Essex, 1990), UMI # DAI-A 51/09.
12 . Brown, "Medicine in the Shadow" (n. 3); Theodore M. Brown, "The College of Physicians and the Acceptance of Iatromechanism in England, 1665-1695," Bull. Hist. Med., 1970, 44: 12-30; Anita Guerrini, "Isaac Newton, George Cheyne, and the Principia medicinae," in The Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, ed. Roger French and Andrew Wear (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 222-45. This group of "Newton-struck" physicians included, among others, George Cheyne and his protégé John Keill, as well as James Jurin and Henry Pemberton. See Anita Guerrini, "James Keill, George Cheyne, and Newtonian Physiology, 1690-1740," J. Hist. Biol., 1985, 18: 247-66; idem, "The Tory Newtonians: Gregory, Pitcairne, and Their Circle," J. Brit. Stud., 1986, 25: 288-311.
13 . Andrew Wear, "The Popularization of Medicine in Early Modern England," in The Popularization of Medicine 1650-1850, ed. Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 17. The College of Physicians (of which Mead became a Candidate in 1708) from 1665 to 1695 had suffered a significant decline in its intellectual prestige, and had been charged in print and in Parliament with ignorance and intellectual backwardness. To counter these attacks, the members of the College borrowed ideas of iatromechanism prevalent in the Royal Society in the 1680s and 1690s, and subsequently looked "more like responsible contemporary scientists"--which raised their professional standing (Brown, "College of Physicians" [n. 12], p. 29).
14 . Brown, "Medicine in the Shadow" (n. 3), p. 646.
15 . Andrew Wear, "Medical Practice in Late Seventeenth- and Early Eighteenth-Century England: Continuity and Union," in French and Wear, Medical Revolution (n. 12), pp. 294-320, quotation on p. 295.
16 . Brown, "College of Physicians" (n. 12), p. 21.
17 . Zuckerman, "Dr. Richard Mead" (n. 10), p. 60.
18 . Richard Mead, "Preface" to A Mechanical Account of Poisons in Several Essays in Medical Works (n. 6), p. 7.
19 . Richard Mead, "Introduction" to ibid., p. 15.
20 . Ibid.; Sir Isaac Newton, Opticks; or A treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light (New York: Dover, 1952), pp. 353-54.
21 . Guerrini, "Isaac Newton" (n. 12), p. 230.
|
Swelling
|
ALMA, in Chile, cost $1.4bn, 10 years to build, became the largest operating what in 2013?
|
Archaic Medical Terms English List S
Get the CD , Book or Download the Glossary
English Glossary of Causes of Death and other Archaic Medical Terms
Sahib�s Disease
Kala-Azar. [NomDis1961]
Sahib: Used formerly as a form of respectful address for a European man in colonial India.
Salivation
A superabundant secretion of saliva occasioned either locally, by the use of irritating masticatories, or under the influence of some cause which acts on the whole economy, and especially of mercurial preparations. [Dunglison1874]
Salt Rheum
An inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by the presence of redness and itching, an eruption of small vesicles, and the discharge of a watery exudation, which often dries up, leaving the skin covered with crusts; -- called also tetter, milk crust [Webster]
Sandfly Fever
A febrile virus disease of short duration and no mortality, transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and clinically resembling influenza. It frequently occurs in epidemic form among new arrivals in endemic areas. [Saunders1945]
Sanguineous Crust
Sanies
A thin bad matter, discharged from an ill conditioned sore. [Buchan1798]
A thin, fetid, greenish fluid consisting of serum and pus discharged from a wound, ulcer, or fistula. [Heritage]
Sapr�mia
Infection of the blood by putrefactive products. [Appleton1907]
Blood poisoning caused by putrefactive bacteria; results from eating putrefied matter [Wordnet]
Sarcoma
A malignant tumor arising from connective tissues. [Heritage]
Scabies
A contagious skin disease caused by a parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) and characterized by intense itching. [Heritage]
Malignant form of Scarlet Fever [Thomas1907].
Example from an 1886 death certificate from Illinois:
Scarlatinella
Fourth disease, Rose rash, Roseola.
Scarlet Fever
An acute contagious disease of childhood, characterized by a bright, scarlet-colored, punctiform eruption, diffused over the entire body; by an angina more or less severe; by a fever so variable in character that it may only be detected by the thermometer, or so severe as to rapidly destroy life, the thermometer registering higher in this than in any other fever; and by a marked tendency to nephritis, the disease finally terminating' by desquamation of the skin. [Thomas1907].
Example from an 1856 death certificate from West Virginia:
Example from a 1919 Death Certificate from Georgia
Scarlet Rash
Example from an 1871 death certificate from West Virginia:
Schistosomiasis
Any of various generally tropical diseases caused by infestation with schistosomes, widespread in rural areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America through use of contaminated water, and characterized by infection and gradual destruction of the tissues of the kidneys, liver, and other organs. [Heritage].
Fact sheet from CDC
Schizophrenia
Any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact (syn: schizophrenic disorder, schizophrenic psychosis, dementia praecox). [Wordnet]
Schlammfieber
Name given to an outbreak of leptospirosis near Breslau in Germany thought to have been due to infection with Leptospira grippotyphosa. [CancerWEB]
Sciatica
A form of neuralgia characterized by intense pain and tenderness along the course of the body's longest nerve ( sciatic nerve ), extending from the back of the thigh down to the calf of the leg. [Collins].
A hard dense cancerous growth usually arising from connective tissue. [Heritage].
Example from an 1893 death certificate from England:
Example from an 1862 Death Register from Scotland:
Example from an 1870 Death Certificate from England:
Scitta
Epidemic dysentery that prevailed in the 10th century. [Duglison1874]
Sclerosis
Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue. [Webster]
Cerebro-Spinal Sclerosis
An affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuralgia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, or insular, sclerosis. [Webster]
Scorbutic Fever
The febrile movement that sometimes accompanies scorbutus or scurvy. [Dunglison1868]
Scorbutic Ulcers
Ulcers caused by scurvy. [CivilWarMed]
Scorbutus
The scurvy, a disease characterized by heaviness, dejection of spirits, bloated countenance, livid spots on the skin, offensive breath, spongy gums, with occasional hemorrhage from the mouth and nostrils, swelling of the legs, etc. [Thomas1875]
Scotomy
Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Webster1913]
Screw Worm
The larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. [Webster]
Scrofula
A state of the system, characterized by indolent, glandular tumours, chiefly in the neck; suppurating slowly and imperfectly, and healing with difficulty; the disease ordinarily occurring in those of a sanguine temperament, with thick upper lip, &c. The tumours, after suppuration, degenerate into ulcers; which, in process of time, cicatrize, leaving scars. The internal organs are apt to be attacked in those disposed to scrofula; hence they are often the subjects of phthisis and mesenteric affections. [Dunglison1846].
A disease principally characterized by a chronic swelling of the absorbent glands, which tend very slowly to imperfect suppuration. It is classically called struma; by the French, ecrouelles, which is found corrupted, in Scotland, into the cruels; by the Germans, der kropft, from the swelling under the chin; and by the English, the king's evil. [Hoblyn1865].
A disease characterized chiefly by chronic swelling of absorbent glands, particularly of the neck, behind the ears, and under the chin, tending slowly to imperfect suppuration. Also termed struma. [Thomas1875]
A form of tuberculosis affecting the lymph nodes, especially of the neck, that is most common in children and is usually spread by unpasteurized milk from infected cows. Also called struma; the King's Evil. [Heritage].
"scrofula" was first used: 14th century from the Late Latin expression "scrofulae " meaning swelling of the glands of the neck". [Webster]
Example from an 1869 death certificate from West Virginia:
Scrofula Americana
Scrofula when it is joined with the yaws. [Hooper1843]
Scrofula Consumption
Scrofula
Scrofula Fugax
Scrofula: This is of the simplest kind; it is seated only about the neck, and for the most part is caused by absorption from sores on the head. [Hooper1843]
Scrofula Mesenterica
Scrofula when internal, with loss of appetite, pale countenance, swelling of the belly, and an unusual fetor of the excrements. [Hooper1843]
Scrofula Vulgaris
Scrofula when it is without other disorders external and permanent. [Hooper1843]
Scrofula of the Bowels
Inflammation and ulceration of the intestines from tubercular disease. [Webster1913]
Scrofuloderma
Tuberculosis resulting from extension into the skin from underlying atypical mycobacterial infection, most commonly of cervical lymph nodes. [CancerWEB]
Scrofulosis/ Scrophulosis
Pellagra
Black Scurvy
Scurvy resulting in induration of the legs and gangrene. Also called; black leprosy, joint evil and the scourge of the north. [Schmidt2007]
Button Scurvy
An epidemic cachectic affection, which has appeared in the southern counties of Ireland, and is characterized by indolent button like growths of the corpus papillare of the skin. It appears to be allied to framboesia. [Dunglison1868]
Land Scurvy
An affection, consisting in circular spots, stripes, or patches, scattered over the thighs, arms, and trunk; it is called by Bateman purpura h�morrhagica, from the occasional h�morrhage from the mouth, nostrils, or viscera. [Hoblyn1855]
Purpura
Scarlet Fever. Second of six classic exanthems, or rash-associated diseases, of childhood.
Seizure
The sudden attack or recurrence of a disease. A single episode of epilepsy; often a seizure is named for the kind of epilepsy it represents (see under epilepsy). Called also convulsion, fit, and ictus epilepticus. [Dorland]
Sepsis
The poisoned condition resulting from the presence of pathogens or their toxins, as in septicemia. [Heritage].
Example from an 1892 Death Record from Vojnivice, Czech Republic:
Septic
Trench Fever
Shingles
This is probably a corruption of the Latin cingulum, a girdle, so called from the situation which it occupies on the trunk of the body. It is the Herpes zoster of Bateman. [Hoblyn1855]
A popular name for herpes zoster. [Thomas1875]
Herpes zoster, an erysipelatous eruption around the middle of the body. [Cleaveland1886]
An acute viral infection characterized by inflammation of the sensory ganglia of certain spinal or cranial nerves and the eruption of vesicles along the affected nerve path. It usually strikes only one side of the body and is often accompanied by severe neuralgia. Also called herpes zoster. [Heritage]
Example from a 1758 Death Record from England:
Ship Fever
Example from an 1850 Death Record from Illinois:
Sideratio
The state of one struck suddenly, without apparent cause, and as if by the influence of the stars or planets. The ancients comprised under the name, different morbid conditions, such as paralysis, apoplexy, and gangrene. [Dunglison1868]
Sigmoid Carcinoma
Sigmoid: In human anatomy, the lower colon (the lower portion of the large bowel). "Sigmoid" is short for "sigmoid colon." The word "sigmoid" came from the Greek letter "sigma" which is shaped like a C. It also means curved in two directions like the letter S. A sigmoid curve is an S-shaped curve. [MedicineNet.com].
Simple Fever
Febris Simplex. Simple fever is that which has no predominant character - bilious, inflammatory, or nervous; and which is unaccompanied by any local determination, hyperemia, or complication. It may be continued, remittent or intermittent. [Dunglison 1874].
Example from an 1874 death certificate from England:
Sinking Chills
The congestive form of intermittent fever; called pernicious fever or congestive fever. It was known in the west as sinking chills.
Example from an 1850 Death Record from Illinois:
Sinusitis
A localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white, softening. [Webster].
Example from a 1921 Death Certificate from Illinois:
Siriasis
Sunstroke
Situs Inversus
A congenital condition in which the organs of the viscera are transposed through the sagittal plane so that the heart, for example, is on the right side of the body. [Heritage]
Sixth Disease
Exanthem Subitum. Sixth of six classic exanthems, or rash-associated diseases, of childhood.
Slapped Cheek Syndrome
Fifth Disease
Slavering
Involuntary flow of saliva, from sluggishness of degluition, without increased secretion. It is seen in the infant, the aged, and the idiot. Also called Slabbering, Slobbering, Drivelling, and (Old English) Pirtling. [Dunglison1868].
Drooling; defiling with saliva. [Webster1913]
Sleeping Sickness
Dead tissue separating from the surrounding tissue. [CivilWarMed]
Slow Fever
Example from an 1888 death certificate from New Brunswick, Canada:
Smallpox
An acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus and characterized by high fever and aches with subsequent widespread eruption of pimples that blister, produce pus, and form pockmarks. Also called variola. [Heritage].
There are three forms of smallpox: variola major, variola minor and hemorrhagic smallpox, or black pox. These vary in severity and fatality with black pox being 100% fatal. [Webster]
"smallpox" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1588. [Webster]
Example from a 1734 London, England Death Record:
Example from an 1874 death certificate from West Virginia:
Example from a 1920 Death Certificate from Louisiana:
Hemorrhagic Smallpox
Another variety is that in which the eruption assumes the haemorrhagic form owing to bleeding taking place into the pocks after their formation. This is apt to be accompanied with haemorrhages from various mucous surfaces (particularly in the case of females), occasionally to a dangerous degree and with symptoms of great prostration. Many of such cases prove fatal. [Britannica1911]
Malignant Smallpox
A still more serious form is that termed malignant, toxic or purpuric smallpox, in which there is intense streptococcus septicaemia, and the patient is from the onset overwhelmed with the poison and quickly succumbs. The rash scarcely, if at all, appearing or showing in the haemorrhagic or purpuric character. [Britannica1911]
Mild Smallpox
During 1896 a very mild type of smallpox began to prevail in the South and later gradually spread over the country. The mortality was very low and it was usually at first mistaken for chicken pox or some new disease called "Cuban itch," "elephant itch," "Spanish measles," "Japanese measles," "bumps," "impetigo," "Porto Rico scratches," "Manila scab," "Porto Rico itch," "army itch," "African itch," "cedar itch," "Manila itch," "bean itch," "Dhobi itch," "Filipino itch," "nigger itch," "kangaroo itch," "Hungarian itch," "Italian itch," "bold hives," "eruptive grip," "beanpox," "waterpox," or "swinepox."
Purpuric Smallpox
Gangrene when it occupies the whole limb of a body. [Dunglison1868]
Spider Fingers
Marfan's Syndrome
Spina Bifida
A congenital defect in which the spinal column is imperfectly closed so that part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes, often resulting in hydrocephalus and other neurological disorders. Also called schistorrhachis. [Heritage].
Example from a 1919 Death Certificate from Georgia:
Spirillum Fever
Relapsing Fever
Spleen
Typhoid Fever, Febricula, Little Fever. [Symptom, Nature, etc. of the Febricula or Little Fever, Manningham, 1746].
Hypochondria.
Inflammation of the spleen. [American Heritage]
Example from an 1875 death certificate from England:
Spondylitis Deformans
Arthritis and osteitis deformans involving the spinal column; marked by nodular deposits at the edges of the intervertebral disks with ossification of the ligaments and bony ankylosis of the intervertebral articulations, it results in a rounded kyphosis with rigidity. [CancerWEB]
Spotted Fever
Cerebro-Spinal Fever. [A Treatise on the Continued Fevers, Wilson, 1881].
A febrile disease typically characterized by a skin eruption, such as typhus gravior, epidemic cerebral meningitis, and the infections caused by tick-borne rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain spotted fever, boutonneuse fever, and others). [Dorland].
Example from a 1740 Death Record from England:
Example from an 1885 Death Record from Michigan:
Sprue
A chronic form of malabsorption syndrome occurring in both tropical and nontropical forms. [Dorland].
Also called: Sprew.
Gout
St. Anthony's Fire
Ergotism ; aka Ignis Sacer and Holy Fire, also used for Anthrax and later for Erysipelas. [Schmidt2005]
Erysipelas. [Hoblyn1855].
Erysipelas. [Dunglison1868].
Erysipelas in England. [Erysipelas and Child-Bed Fever, Minor, 1874].
The erysipelas; -- popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. [Webster1913]
Erysipelas, Anthrax. [Gould1916]
Erysipelas; -- an eruptive fever which St. Anthony was supposed to cure miraculously. --Hoblyn. [Webster]
Ergotism; is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, classically due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus which infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs. It is also known as ergotoxicosis or ergot poisoning. [Wikipedia]
The history of Saint Anthony�s Fire is fascinating but complex. In the majority of the old documents it is depicted as a horrible disease leading to excruciating pain, gangrene and hallucinations. Many diseases including black death and syphilis have been named in this way; however after the Middle Ages, Saint Anthony�s Fire became a synonym of ergotism in France and Germany, of erysipelas in England, of herpes zoster in Italy. While the term of �Saint Anthony�s Fire� is outdated when it refers to ergotism or erysipelas, in Italy herpes zoster is, at present still, more well known by its eponym. [www.bium.univ-paris5.fr].
A constriction or narrowing of a duct or passage; a stricture. [Heritage]
Stethaemia
Hyperaemia of the lungs. Congestion or accumulation of blood in the pulmonary vessels. [Dunglison1868]
Stillbirth
A child or fetus dead at birth. [Heritage]
Stillborn
Example from a 1734 Death Record from England:
Example from an 1898 Cemetery record from Maine:
Example from a 1909 Canadian Death Certificate:
Stitch
A spasmodic action of the muscles of the side, accompanied with pain, produced by running, etc. [Hoblyn1855]
A local sharp pain; an acute pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side. [Webster].
A symptom of Pleurisy . [Buchan1785]
Stitches in the Side
Stomatitis
Inflammation of the mouth. [Appleton1904]
Any of numerous inflammatory diseases of the mouth having various causes (as mechanical trauma, irritants, allergy, vitamin deficiency, or infection). [Merriam-Webster].
Example from a 1911 Death Certificate from Ohio:
Stomatitis Mycosa
Thrush; an affection, generally occurring during the cachetic stage of all diseases, characterized by the growth and development on the mucous surfaces with pavement epithelium of a specific yeast fungus, known as odium albicans. It is a beginning of decomposition, and a sure forerunner of death. Nosologically, the name of Thrush is given to an idiopathic disease common in the newborn, characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, and by the development upon the membrane of odium albicans. The principal seat of the lesion is the mouth. [The Practice of Medicine, Jousset, 1901]
Example from an 1897 death record from Michigan:
Stone
Calculi are most commonly found in the gallbladder, kidney, or urinary bladder. Also called stone. [American Heritage].
Example from a 1746 Death Record from England:
Stonepock
Tubercular tumours of the face, the acne indurata of Bateman. [Hoblyn1855]
Stoppage
Example from a 1779 Death Record from England:
Stopping
Sandfly Fever
Sunstroke
Sunstroke and Insanity - Dr. Hyslop, of Bethlehem Hospital, states that India is par excellence the tropical country which is most liable to cause sunstroke in Europeans. Alcohol, syphilis, malarial fever, excesses of any kind, have a distinct predisposing effect. Sunstroke in infancy and childhood is a not infrequent cause of idiocy and dementia, and is to be suspected when there is no evidence of hereditary taint or congenital deficiency in the child. In adult life the sequel� of sunstroke often resemble in a marked degree the symptoms of general paralysis in its mental, motor, and paralytic symptoms. But if the cause of such abnormalities be sunstroke, the prognosis is on the whole very favourable. In the same way epilepsy following sunstroke is very amenable to treatment. Dr. Hyslop states that the whole pathology of insanity of sunstroke is in accordance with the theory of vaso-motor disturbance. (Journal of Mental Science, October 1890.)
Insolation, or thermic fever; a condition produced by exposure to the sun, and marked by convulsions, coma, and a high temperature of the skin; Heatstroke. [Dorland]
Any affection produced by the action of the sun on some part of the body; especially, a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symptoms resembling those of apoplexy, occasioned by exposure to excessive heat, and often terminating fatally; coup de soleil. [Webster].
Example from an 1880 death certificate from West Virginia:
Suppression of Urine
Example from an 1857 Death Certificate from England:
Suppuration
The formation or discharge of pus. [Heritage]
Surfeit
To load the stomach with food, so that sickness or uneasiness ensues; to eat to excess. [Webster].
Example from a 1779 London, England Death Record:
Swamp Sickness
Milk Sickness
Sweating Sickness/Fever
A febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occurred in a few hours. Anglicus Sudor. [Webster]
Swelling
A protuberance; a prominence; especially (Med.), an unnatural prominence or protuberance; as, a scrofulous swelling. [Dorland]
Swelled Head
Erysipelas. [A Treatise on the Nature, Causes, and Treatments of Erysipelas 1844]
Swimming of the Head
Vertigo
Swine Pox
A species of varicella, in which the vesicles are pointed and the fluid is clear throughout. [Thomas1875]
Varicella. [Dunglison1868]
Swooning
People of weak nerves or delicate constitutions are liable to swoonings or fainting fits. These indeed are seldom dangerous when duly attended to; but when wholly neglected, or improperly treated, they often prove hurtful, and sometimes fatal. [Buchan1785]
Sydenham's Chorea
A nervous disorder occurring chiefly in childhood or during pregnancy, closely associated with rheumatic fever, and characterized by rapid, jerky, involuntary movements of the body. [Heritage]
Syncope
A fainting fit attended with a complete abolition of sensation and thought. [Buchan1798]
Complete and, commonly, sudden loss of sensation and motion, with considerable diminution, or entire suspension of the pulsations of the heart and respiratory movements. Syncope is, commonly, an affection of no consequence; but, sometimes, it is an index of diseased heart. [Dunglison1868]
A brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary deficiency of oxygen in the brain; a swoon. [Heritage].
Example from an 1896 death certificate from West Virginia:
Synocha
A species of continued fever, characterized by increased heat; and by quick, strong, and hard pulse; urine highcoloured; disturbance of mind slight. It requires, of course, the most active treatment. [Dunglison1868]
Synochal Fever
Febricula
Synochus
Continued fever, compounded of synocha and typhus: - in its commencement often resembling the former; in its progress, the latter. [Dunglison1868]
A continuous fever. [Obs.]. Note: Synocha and synochus were used as epithets of two distinct types of fever, but in different senses at different periods. The same disease is placed under synocha by one author, under synochus by another. --Quain. [Webster1913]
A continuous fever. Typhoid Fever [CancerWEB]
Example from an 1865 death certificate from England:
Syphilis
Vulgarly called pox. The true venereal disease, otherwise termed lues venerea, and morbus gallicus. [Thomas1875].
The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under {Primary}, {Secondary}, and {Tertiary}. [Webster1913].
A chronic infectious disease caused by a spirochete (Treponema pallidum), either transmitted by direct contact, usually in sexual intercourse, or passed from mother to child in utero, and progressing through three stages characterized respectively by local formation of chancres, ulcerous skin eruptions, and systemic infection leading to general paresis. [Heritage].
"syphilis" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1759. [Webster]
|
i don't know
|
What religion takes its name from the Greek for 'universal', from the root words meaning 'in respect of [the] whole'?
|
Dictionary of Catholic Terms
DICTIONARY OF CATHOLIC TERMS
A
Abortion:
Deliberate termination of pregnancy by killing the unborn child. Such direct abortion, willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law. The Church attaches the canonical penalty of excommunication to this crime against human life.
Abraham:
The man of faith and patriarch of Israel with whom God made a covenant which promised him land in which to live and many descendants, a great people for whom the Lord would be their God. Through Abraham God formed the people to whom he would later give the law by revelation to Moses. With the advent of Christ, the people of Israel would serve as the root to which the Gentiles would be grafted by their coming to believe.
Absolution:
Part of the sacrament of penance. It is the formal declaration by the priest that a penitent's sins are forgiven.
Abstinence:
Refraining from certain kinds of food or drink as an act of self-denial. Usually refraining from eating meat. Official days of abstinence from meat for Catholics are Ash Wednesday and Good Friday.
Acedia:
A less common synonym for sloth, one of the seven "capital" sins.
Acolyte:
A liturgical minister appointed to assist at liturgical celebrations. Priests and deacons receive this ministry before they are ordained. Lay men may be installed permanently in the ministry of acolyte through a rite of institution and blessing.
Adam:
According to the creation story in Genesis, the first man. From this story the Church has learned that humanity was originally created in a state of holiness and justice and that the first ancestors of the human race lost this state for themselves and all humanity by their sin, original sin. Christ is called the second or new Adam because he ushered in the new creation by forgiving sin and restoring humanity to the grace of God's friendship lost by original sin.
Adoration:
The acknowledgment of God as God, Creator and Savior, the Lord and Master of everything that exists. Through worship and prayer, the Church and individual persons give to God the adoration which is the first act of the virtue of religion. The first commandment of the law obliges us to adore God.
Adultery:
Marital infidelity, or sexual relations between two partners, at least one of whom is married to another party. The sixth commandment and the New Testament forbid adultery absolutely.
Advent:
The liturgical seaSon of four weeks devoted to preparation for the coming of Christ at Christmas.
All Saints Day:
The day on which Catholics remember all the saints of the Church, whether officially canonized or not. It is celebrated on November 1st.
All Souls Day:
The day on which Catholics remember the dead and pray for them recognizing that they may still need to be brought to perfection. It is observed on November 2nd.
Almsgiving:
Money or goods given to the poor as an act of penance or fraternal charity. Almsgiving, together with prayer and fasting, are traditionally recommended to foster the state of interior penance.
Altar:
The center and focal point of a Church, where the sacrifice of Christ on the cross is made present under sacramental signs in the Mass. Among the Israelites the altar was the place where sacrifices were offered to God. The Christian altar represents two aspects of the mystery of the Eucharist, as the altar of sacrifice where Christ as the sacrificial victim offers himself for our sins and as the table of the Lord where Christ gives himself to us as food from heaven.
Amen:
A Hebrew word meaning truly; it is so; let it be done, signifying agreement with what has been said. The prayers of the New Testament and of the Church's liturgy, and the Creeds, conclude with amen. Jesus used the word to introduce solemn assertions, to emphasize their trustworthiness and authority.
Analogy of Faith:
The coherence of the truths of the faith among themselves and within the whole plan of Revelation.
Anamnesis:
The remembrance of God's saving deeds in history in the liturgical action of the Church, which inspires thanksgiving and praise. Every Eucharistic Prayer contains an anamnesis or memorial in which the Church calls to mind the Passion, Resurrection, and glorious return of Christ Jesus.
Anaphora:
The Eucharistic Prayer, the prayer of thanksgiving and consecration which is the heart and summit of the celebration of the Mass.
Angel:
A spiritual, perSonal, and immortal creature, with intelligence and free will, who glorifies God without ceasing and who serves God as a messenger of his saving plan. Meaning "Messenger". In the Bible they are described as carrying messages from God to Humans.
Angelus:
A form of prayer said 3 times per day; morning, noon and evening.
Anger:
An emotion which is not controlled by reason or hardens into resentment and hate, becomes one of the seven capital sins. Christ taught that anger is an offense against the fifth commandment.
Annunciation:
The visit of the angel Gabriel to the virgin Mary to inform her that she was to be the mother of the Savior. After giving her consent to God's word, Mary became the mother of Jesus by the power of the Holy Spirit. The feast day is March 25.
Anointing:
A symbol of the Holy Spirit, whose anointing of Jesus as Messiah fulfilled the prophecies of the Old Testament. Christ in Hebrew - Messiah means the one anointed by the Holy Spirit. Anointing is the sacramental sign of Confirmation, called Chrismation in the Churches of the East. Anointings form part of the liturgical rites of the catechumenate, and of the Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Orders.
Anointing of the Sick:
One of the seven sacraments, also known as the sacrament of the dying, administered by a priest to a baptized person who begins to be in danger of death because of illness or old age, through prayer and the anointing of the body with the oil of the sick. The proper effects of the sacrament include a special grace of healing and comfort to the Christian who is suffering the infirmities of serious illness or old age, and the forgiving of the perSon's sins.
AntiChrist:
The deceitful one referred to in the New Testament, associated with the mystery of iniquity which will precede the second coming of Christ, through which people will be led away from the truth to follow a false messianism, by which man glorifies himself and human achievement in place of God and his Messiah come in the flesh, in whom the kingdom will be fulfilled.
Apostasy:
The total repudiation of the Christian faith.
Apostle:
One who is sent as Jesus was sent by the Father, and as he sent his chosen disciples to preach the Gospel to the whole world. He called the Twelve to become his Apostles, chosen witnesses of his Resurrection and the foundation on which the Church is built. The apostolic office is permanent in the Church, in order to ensure that the divine mission entrusted to the Apostles by Jesus will continue to the end of time. The bishops receive their office as successors of the Apostles through the Sacrament of Holy Orders.
Apostles' Creed:
A statement of Christian faith developed from the baptismal Creed or symbol of the ancient Church of Rome, the see of St. Peter, first of the Apostles. The Apostles' Creed is considered to be a faithful summary of the faith of the Apostles.
Apostolate:
The activity of the Christian which fulfills the apostolic nature of the whole Church by working to extend the reign of Christ to the entire world.
Apostolic Succession:
The handing on of apostolic preaching and authority from the Apostles to their successors the bishops through the laying on of hands, as a permanent office in the Church.
Apparition:
An appearance to people on earth of a heavenly being Christ, Mary, an angel,or a saint. The apparitions of Jesus in his risen body to his disciples occurred between Easter and his Ascension into heaven.
Ascension:
The taking up of Jesus into Heaven forty days after the resurrection and witnessed by the Apostles. Ascension Thursday is celebrated forty days after Easter.
Ascesis:
The practice of penance, mortification, and self-denial to promote greater self-mastery and to foster the way of perfection by embracing the way of the cross.
Ash Wednesday:
The first day of Lent. By tradition Catholics have ashes sprinkled on their foreheads to mark repentance. They also fast and abstain from eating meat.
Assumption:
The taking up of Mary, the Mother of Jesus, into Heaven. Celebrated on August 15.
Atheism:
The denial in theory and/or practice that God exists. Atheism is a sin against the virtue of religion required by the first commandment of the law.
Ave Maria:
Latin words meaning; "Hail Mary". The first words of the most popular prayer that Catholics address to Mary.
B
Baptism:
The first of the seven sacraments which gives access to the other sacraments. Baptism is the first and chief sacrament of forgiveness of sins because it unites us with Christ, who died for our sins and rose for our justification. Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist constitute the sacraments of initiation by which a believer receives the remission of original and personal sin, begins a new life in Christ and the Holy Spirit, and is incorporated into the Church, the Body of Christ. The rite of Baptism consists in immersing the candidate in water, or pouring water on the head, while pronouncing the invocation of the Most Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Baptismal Font:
Large container of water often made of marble and placed at the entrance of the Church. At it, the priest or deacon pours the water that is used in the Baptism of the candidate entering the Church.
Base Communities:
Groups of 10 to 20 people gathered for scripture reading and discussion. Using these discussions to make decisions about conditions in their community.
Beatification:
The first step in the process by which a dead person is officially declared to be a Saint.
Beatific Vision:
The contemplation of God in heavenly glory, a gift of God which is a constitutive element of the happiness of heaven.
Beatitude:
Happiness or blessedness, especially the eternal happiness of heaven, which is described as the vision of God, or entering into God's rest by those whom he makes partakers of the divine nature.
Beatitudes:
The teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount on the meaning and way to true happiness. These teachings reflect the promises made to the chosen people since Abraham; they portray the countenance of Christ and describe His charity.
Benediction:
A short service in which the consecrated Host is placed in a monstrance where it can be seen and venerated by the people.
Bible:
Derived through Latin from the Greek word "biblia" or "books" the diminutive form of "byblos" the word for "papyrus" or "paper", which was exported from the ancient Phoenician port city of Biblos. Sacred Scripture: the books which contain the truth of God's Revelation and were composed by human authors inspired by the Holy Spirit. The Bible contains both the forty-six books of the Old Testament and the twenty-seven books of the New Testament.
Bible Vigil:
A post-Vatican II liturgical ceremony in which the Bible is prominently displayed on the Church altar and the service consists of readings and reflection on biblical texts.
Biblical Inspiration:
The gift of the Holy Spirit which assisted a human author to write a biblical book so that it has God as its author and teaches faithfully, without error, the saving truth that God has willed to be consigned to us.
Bidding Prayers:
Prayers which are said at Mass after the Creed for the needs of the world and the Church. Also referred to as; "The prayer of the Faithful."
Bishop:
From the Greek word "episcopos" meaning "overseer". A bishop is in charge of the Church in a local area. One who has received the fullness of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, which makes him a member of the episcopal college and a successor of the Apostles. He is the shepherd of a particular Church entrusted to him.
Blasphemy:
Speech, thought, or action involving contempt for God or the Church, or persons or things dedicated to God. Blasphemy is directly opposed to the second commandment.
Blessed Sacrament:
A term Catholics use when referring to the consecrated Host-especially when it is reserved in the Tabernacle. A name given to the Holy Eucharist, especially the consecrated elements reserved in the tabernacle for adoration, or for the sick.
Blessing:
A short prayer, usually accompanied by the sign of the cross, asking God's favor on persons or objects. A blessing or benediction is a prayer invoking God's power and care upon some person, place, thing, or undertaking. The prayer of benediction acknowledges God as the source of all blessing. Some blessings confer a permanent status: consecration of persons to God, or setting things apart for liturgical usage.
Body of Christ:
The human body which the Son of God assumed through his conception in the womb of Mary and which is now glorified in heaven. This same Body and Blood, together with the soul and divinity, of our Lord Jesus Christ are sacramentally present in the Eucharist under the appearances of bread and wine. The Church is called the Mystical Body of Christ because of the intimate communion which Jesus shares with His disciples; the metaphor of a body, whose head is Christ and whose members are the faithful, provides an image which keeps in focus both the unity and the diversity of the Church.
Breviary:
A book containing the prayers, hymns, psalms and readings which make up the Divine Office (a form of prayer said by the Clergy.)
Calumny:
A false statement which harms the reputation of others and gives occasion for false judgments concerning them.
Canon Law:
The rules, canons or laws, which provide the norms for good order in the visible society of the Church. Those canon laws that apply universally are contained in the Codes of Canon Law. The most recent Code of Canon Law was promulgated in 1983 for the latin Western Church and in 1991 for the Eastern Church.
Canon of the Mass:
The central part of the Mass, also known as the Eucharistic Prayer or "Anaphora," which contains the prayer of thanksgiving and consecration.
Canon of Scripture:
The Church's complete list of sacred books of the Bible.
Canonization:
The solemn declaration by the Pope that a deceased member of the faithful may be proposed as a model and intercessor to the Christian faithful and venerated as a Saint on the basis of the fact that the person lived a life of heroic virtue or remained faithful to God through martyrdom.
Canticle:
From the word for "song," these Scripture selections are poetic hymns which are often sung in the liturgy. These canticles come from both the Old Testament and the New Testament. Some examples are Daniel 3:52-90; Habakkuk 3:1-19; Luke 1:46-55; Luke 1:68-79; Philippians 2:6-11; and Colossians 1:15-20.
Capital Sins:
Sins which engender other sins and vices. They are traditionally numbered as seven: pride, covetousness, envy, anger, gluttony, lust, and sloth.
Cardinal Virtues:
Four pivotal human virtues derived from the latin carbo, "pivot": prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The human virtues are stable dispositions of the intellect and will that govern our acts, order our passions, and guide our conduct in accordance with reason and faith.
Catacombs:
System of tunnels used by early Catholics as hiding places when they were being persecuted.
Catechesis:
An education of children, young people, and adults in the faith of the Church through the teaching of Christian doctrine in an organic and systematic way to make them disciples of Jesus Christ. Those who perform the ministry of catechists in the Church are called "catechists".
Catechism:
A popular summary or compendium of Catholic doctrine about faith and morals and designed for use in catechists.
Catechist:
Someone who teaches Christian doctrine, especially in Parish or School.
Catechumen:
A person who is preparing for Baptism. The catechumenate is the formation of these catechumens in preparation for their Christian Initiation, and aims at bringing their conversion and their faith to maturity within the occlusal community. The candidates are anointed with oil of catechumens by which they are strengthened in their conversion from sin and renunciation of Satan.
Cathedral:
The official Church of the bishop of a diocese. The Greek word cathedra means chair or throne; the bishop's "Chair" symbolizes his teaching and governing authority, and is located in the principal Church or "cathedral" of the local diocese of which he is the chief pastor.
Catholic:
One of the four marks or notes of the Church, taken from the Nicene Creed. The Church is catholic or universal both because she possesses the fullness of Christ's presence and the means of salvation, and because she has been sent out by Christ on a mission to the whole of the human race.
Catholic Church:
The Church established by Christ on the foundation of the Apostles, possessing the fullness of the means of salvation which he has willed: correct and complete confession of faith, full sacramental life, and ordained ministry in apostolic succession.
Celebrant:
The one who presides at a religious service. The priest at Mass is referred to as the Celebrant.
Celibacy:
The state or condition of those who have chosen to remain unmarried for the sake of the kingdom of heaven in order to give themselves entirely to God and to the service of his people. In the latin Church, celibacy is obligatory for bishops and priests. In some Eastern Churches, celibacy is a prerequisite for the ordination only of bishops; priests may not marry after they have been ordained.
Ceremony:
Formal practice or custom established as proper to honor a special occasion.
Chalice:
The cup used at Mass to hold the wine.
Character, Sacramental:
An indelible spiritual mark which is the permanent effect of the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Orders, by which a person is given a new permanent configuration to Christ and a specific standing in the Church; the reception of these sacraments is never repeated.
Charism:
A specific gift or grace of the Holy Spirit which directly or indirectly benefits the Church, given in order to help a person live out the Christian life, or to serve the common good in building up the Church.
Charismatic Renewal:
A movement within the Church which aims for renewal by being attuned to the power of the Holy Spirit working in the lives of individuals and communities.
Charity:
The theological virtue by which we love God above all things for his own sake, and our neighbor as ourselves for the love of God.
Chastity:
The moral virtue which, under the cardinal virtue of temperance, provides for the successful integration of sexuality within the person leading to the inner unity of the bodily and spiritual being. Chastity is called one of the fruits of the Holy Spirit.
Choir:
A group of persons trained to lead in the singing at liturgical celebrations.
Chrism:
Perfumed oil, consecrated by the bishop, which signifies the gift of the Holy Spirit. Chrism is used for consecration in the sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Holy Orders.
Chrismation:
The name used in the Eastern Churches for the sacrament of Confirmation, from the "chrism" or "myron" used in the anointing.
Christ:
From the Greek translation of the Hebrew Messiah, which means "Anointed." It became the name proper to Jesus because he accomplished perfectly the divine mission of priest, prophet, and King, signified by his anointing as Messiah, "Christ".
Christ the King:
A feast celebrated on the last Sunday of the Church's year acclaiming Christ as King of the Worlds.
Christian:
A name derived from that of Christ himself. The name refers to all those who have been anointed through the gift of the Holy Spirit in Baptism; hence, the followers of Christ, the members of the Christian Church. According to acts 11:26 "it was in Antioch that the disciples were first called Christians".
Christmas:
The feast of the nativity, the birth of Jesus.
Church:
The name given the "convocation" or "assembly" of the People God has called together from "the ends of the earth." In christian usage, the word "Church" has three inseparable meanings: the People that God gathers in the whole world; the particular or local Church diocese; and the liturgical assembly. The Church draws her life from the word and the Body of Christ, and so herself becomes Christ's body. In the Creed, the sole Church of Christ is professed to be one, holy, catholic, and apostolic.
Ciborium:
A bowl or chalice-shaped vessel to hold the consecrated Hosts for the distribution of Holy Communion.
Circumcision:
The rite prescribed in Judaism and other cultures which involves cutting off the foreskin of a male. Circumcision was a sign of the covenant between God and his people Israel and prefigured the rite of Christian initiation in Baptism. Jesus was circumcised eight days after his birth in accord with Jewish law.
Clergy:
A term applied to men who have been Ordained for ministry within the Church. Bishops, Priests and Deacons are members of the Clergy.
Cloister:
A place of religious seclusion.
College of Cardinals:
A collection of cardinals that offers counsel to the Pope, elects new popes and governs the Church in between popes.
Collegiality:
The principle that all the bishops of the Church with the Pope at their head form a single "college," which succeeds in every generation the "college" of the Twelve Apostles, with Peter at their head, which Christ instituted as the foundation of the Church. This college of bishops together with, but never without, the Pope has supreme and full authority over the universal church.
Commandment:
A norm of moral and/or religious action; above all, the Ten Commandments given by God to Moses. Jesus summarized all the commandments in the twofold command of love of God and love of neighbor.
Communion:
Holy Communion, the reception of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist. More generally, our fellowship and union with Jesus and other baptized Christians in the Church, which has its source and summit in the celebration of the Eucharist.
Communion under both kinds:
Receiving Holy Communion under both of the forms of bread and wine. It is becoming increasingly common for Catholics to receive Holy Communion in This way, particularly on special occasions.
Communion of Saints:
The unity in Christ of all the redeemed, those on earth and those who have died. The communion of saints is professed in the Apostles' Creed, where it has also been interpreted to refer to unity in the "holy things" communio sanctorum, especially the unity of faith and charity achieved through participation in the Eucharist.
Concelebration:
The celebration of Mass by several Priests together.
Conclave:
The meeting of the Cardinals in complete seclusion, when they assemble to elect a Pope.
Concupiscence:
Human appetites or desires which remain disordered due to the temporal consequences of original sin, which remain even after Baptism, and which produce an inclination to sin.
Confession:
An essential element of the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation, which consists in telling one's sins to the priestly minister. By extension, the word confession is used to refer to the Sacrament of Penance itself.
Confessor:
A Priest who hears confessions.
Confirmation:
One of the ensemble of the Sacraments of Initiation into the Church, together with Baptism and Eucharist. Confirmation completes the grace of Baptism by a special outpouring of the gifts of the Holy Spirit, which seal or "confirm" the baptized in union with Christ and equip them for active participation in the worship and apostolic life of the Church.
Conscience:
The interior voice of a human being, within whose heart the inner law of God is inscribed. Moral conscience is a judgment of practical reason about the moral quality of a human action. It moves a person at the appropriate moment to do good and to avoid evil. An examination of conscience is recommended as a preparation for the reception of the Sacrament of Penance.
Consecrated Life:
A permanent state of life recognized by the Church, entered freely in response to the call of Christ to perfection, and characterized by the profession of the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Consecrated Virgins:
Women who have decided with the Church's approval to cling only to the Lord and to live in a state of virginity "for the sake of the kingdom of heaven" and are consecrated in that state by a solemn rite.
Consecration:
The dedication of a thing or person to divine service by a prayer or blessing. The consecration at Mass is that part of the Eucharistic Prayer during which the Lord's words of institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper are recited by the priestly minister, making Christ's Body and Blood his sacrifice offered on the cross once for all sacramentally present under the species of bread and wine.
Contemplation:
A form of wordless prayer in which mind and heart focus on God's greatness and goodness in affective, loving adoration; to look on Jesus and the mysteries of his life with faith and love.
Contemplative Prayer:
Form of prayer developed in the monasteries.
Contraception, Artificial:
The use of mechanical, chemical, or medical procedures to prevent conception from taking place as a result of sexual intercourse; contraception offends against the openness to procreation required of marriage and also the inner truth of conjugal love.
Contrition:
Sorrow of the soul and hatred for the sin committed, together with a resolution not to sin again. Contrition is the most important act of the penitent, and is necessary for the reception of the Sacrament of Penance.
Convent:
The place where a community of Nuns live.
Conversion:
A radical reorientation of the whole life away from sin and evil, and toward God. This change of heart or conversion is a central element of Christ's preaching, of the Church's ministry of evangelization, and of the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation.
Corpus Christi:
A Latin phrase meaning; "The Body of Christ". The feast of Corpus Christi commemorates the institution of the Eucharist and is celebrated on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday.
Council:
An assembly of representatives from the whole Church called together by the Pope to make decisions.
Council, Ecumenical:
A gathering of all the bishops of the world, in the exercise of their collegial authority over the universal Church. an Ecumenical Council is usually called by the successor of St. Peter, the Pope, or at least confirmed or accepted by him.
Covenant:
A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being involving mutual commitments or guarantees. The Bible refers to God's covenants with Noah, Abraham, and Moses as leader of the chosen people, Israel. In the Old Testament or Covenant, God revealed his law through Moses and prepared his people for salvation through the prophets. In the New Testament or Covenant, Christ established a new and eternal covenant through his own sacrificial death and Resurrection. The Christian economy is the new and definitive covenant which will never pass away, and no new public revelation is to be expected before the glorious manifestation of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Covetousness:
A disordered inclination or desire for pleasure or possessions. One of the capital sins, it is proscribed by the ninth and tenth commandments.
Creation:
The act by which the eternal God gave a beginning to all that exists outside of himself. Creation also refers to the created universe or totality of what exists, as often expressed by the formula "the heavens and the earth".
Creed:
A brief, normative summary statement or profession of Christian faith, e.g., the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed. The word "Creed" comes from the latin credo, meaning "I Believe," with which the Creed begins. Creeds are also called symbols of faith.
Cross:
The instrument of execution on which Christ died; a symbol of the unique sacrifice of Christ as sole mediator between God and man. Jesus invited his disciples to take up their cross and follow him, in order to associate with his redeeming sacrifice those who were to be its first beneficiaries. Catholics begin their prayers and actions with the sign of the cross "in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." A devotional cross with the figure of Jesus suspended on it is called a "Crucifix". Made of two planks of timber, one placed across the other. Used as the instrument of execution in Roman times.
Crucifix:
A cross with the figure of the crucified Jesus upon it. Used by Catholics to bring to mind the sufferings of Christ.
Crusades:
Military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe from the 11th to the 13th centuries to reclaim the Holy Land from the Muslims.
CWL:
Catholic Womens League: An organization promoting religious, education and social welfare and represents Catholic women's interests on national and international bodies.
D
Deacon, Diaconate:
A third degree of the hierarchy of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, after bishop and priest. The deacon is ordained not to priesthood but for ministry and service. Deacons are ordained to assist the bishop and priests in the celebration of the divine mysteries, above all the Eucharist, in the distribution of Holy Communion, in assisting at and blessing marriages, in the proclamation of the gospel and preaching, in presiding over funerals, and in dedicating themselves to the various ministries of charity. While the Churches of the East have always had a functioning order of deacons, in the West the permanent diaconate was reestablished by the Second Vatican Council.
Deanery:
Several parishes form a Deanery. This unit is administered by one of the Priests' of the Deanery who has the title; 'Dean'.
Decalogue:
The Ten Commandments (literally, "ten words") given by God to Moses on Sinai. In order to be faithful to the teaching of Jesus, the decalogue must be interpreted in the light of the great commandment of love of God and neighbor.
Definition, Dogmatic:
A solemn declaration by an ecumenical council or by the Pope that a doctrine is revealed by God and must be believed by the Universal Church; such definitions are called infallible, and must be adhered to with the obedience of faith.
Deposit of Faith:
The heritage of faith contained in Sacred Scripture and tradition, handed on in the Church from the time of the Apostles, from which the Magisterium draws all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed.
Descent into Hell:
An article in the Apostles' Creed referring to the victory over death and sin which Christ won by being "raised from the dead." Jesus, like all people, experienced death and in his soul joined the others in the realm of the dead, where he descended as savior, proclaiming the gospel to the spirits imprisoned there in order to free the just ones who had gone before him.
Despair:
The abandonment of hope in salvation and the forgiveness of sins.
Detraction:
Disclosure of another's faults and sins, without an objectively valid reason, to persons who did not know about them, thus causing unjust injury to that person's reputation.
Deuterocanonical books:
"Deuterocanonical" means "second canon" . This terms refers to the seven additional books in the Old Testament (and the additions to two others) that the Catholic Church believes are part of the canon of Scripture inspired by the Holy Spirit.
Development, Doctrinal:
Growth in the understanding of God's revelation, which continues though the contemplation and study of believers, theological research, and the preaching of the Magisterium.
Devil/Demon:
A fallen angel, who sinned against God by refusing to accept His reign. Satan or the devil, the Evil One, and the other demons were at first good angels, created naturally good, who became evil by their own doing.
Diocese:
A "particular Church", a community of the faithful in communion of faith and sacraments whose bishop has been ordained in apostolic succession. A diocese is usually a determined geographic area; sometimes it may be constituted as a group of people of the same rite or language. In Eastern churches, an eparchy.
Disciple:
Those who accepted Jesus' message to follow him are called his disciples. Jesus associated his disciples with his own life, revealed the mystery of the kingdom to the disciples and gave them a share in his mission, His joy, and his sufferings.
Dispensation:
Exemption from a Church law in a particular case for a special reason.
Divine Office:
The Liturgy of the Hours, the public prayer of the Church which sanctifies the whole course of the day and night. Christ thus continues his priestly work through the prayer of his priestly people.
Divorce:
The claim that the indissoluble marriage bond validly entered into between a man and a woman is broken. A civil dissolution of the marriage contract divorce does not free persons from a valid marriage before God; remarriage would not be morally licit.
Doctrine/Dogma:
The revealed teachings of Christ which are proclaimed by the fullest extent of the exercise of the authority of the Church's Magisterium. The faithful are obliged to believe the truths or dogmas contained in divine revelation and defined by the Magisterium.
Doxology:
Christian prayer which gives praise and glory to God, often in a special way to the Three Divine Persons of the Trinity. Liturgical Prayers traditionally conclude with the doxology "to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit"; the final doxology of the Lord's Prayer renews the prayer's first three petitions in the form of adoration and praise.
E
Easter:
The greatest and oldest Christian feast, which celebrates Christ's Resurrection from the dead. Easter is the "feast of feasts," the solemnity of solemnities, the "Great Sunday." Christians prepare for it during Lent and Holy Week, and catechumens usually receive the Sacraments of Christian Initiation Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist at the Easter Vigil.
Easter Tridium:
A three day festival of Holy Thursday, Good Friday and the Easter Vigil.
Eastern Churches:
Churches of the East in union with Rome, the Western Church, but not of Roman rite, with their own liturgical, theological, and administrative traditions, such as those of the Byzantine, Alexandrian or Coptic, Syriac, Armenian, Maronite, and Chaldean rites. The variety of particular churches with distinctive traditions witnesses to the catholicity of the one Church of Christ, which takes root in distinct cultures.
Ecclesiastic/Ecclesiastical:
Pertaining to or of the Church (Greek/Latin: ecclesia). Hence ecclesiastical government is Church government; an ecclesiastical province is a grouping of Church jurisdictions or dioceses; an ecclesiastic is a Church official.
Economy:
The structure and organization of productive work or activity in a society, forming the basis for financial support and stability of individuals, families, and society. The morality of economic activity is judged according to the seventh commandment; economic activity is one of the principal points addressed by the Church's social doctrine.
Economy of Salvation (Divine Economy):
From a Greek word oikonomia, literally "management of a household" or "stewardship" which refers to God's revelation and communication of himself to the world in time for the sake of the salvation of all humanity; hence, the economy of salvation. The Fathers of the Church distinguished oikonomia from theologia; the latter term refers to the mystery of the internal life of the trinity. The economy of salvation, on the other hand, refers to God's activity in creating and governing the world, particularly with regard to his plan for the salvation of the world in the person and work of Jesus Christ, a plan which is being accomplished through his Body the Church, in its life and sacraments; hence, the "sacramental economy".
Ecumenical Council:
A gathering of all the bishops of the world, in the exercise of their collegial authority over the universal Church. An Ecumenical Council is usually called by the successor of St. Peter, the Pope, or at least confirmed or accepted by him.
Ecumenism:
Promotion of the restoration of unity among all Christians, the unity which is a gift of Christ and to which the Church is called by the Holy Spirit. For the Catholic Church, the Decree on Ecumenism of the Second Vatican Council provides a charter for ecumenical efforts.
Enclosure:
That part of a convent or monastery to which outsiders are not permitted.
Encyclical:
A pastoral letter written by the Pope and sent to the whole Church and even to the whole world, to express Church teaching on some important matter. Encyclicals are expressions of the ordinary papal magisterium.
Envy:
Resentment or sadness at another's good fortune, and the desire to have it for oneself. One of the seven capital sins, envy is contrary to the tenth commandment.
Eparchy:
A "particular Church", a community of the faithful in communion of faith and sacraments whose bishop has been ordained in apostolic succession. A diocese is usually a determined geographic area; sometimes it may be constituted as a group of people of the same rite or language. In Eastern Churches, an eparchy.
Epiclesis:
The prayer petitioning God to send the Holy Spirit so that the offerings at the Eucharist may become the Body and Blood of Christ and thus the faithful, by receiving them, may themselves become a living offering to God. In every sacrament, the prayer asking for the sanctifying power of God's Holy Spirit is an "epiclesis".
Epiphany:
The feast which celebrates the manifestation to the world of the newborn Christ as Messiah, Son of God, and Savior of the world. The feast of epiphany celebrates the adoration of Jesus by the wise men, magi, from the East, together with his Baptism in the Jordan and the wedding feast of Cana in Galilee.
Episcopal/Episcopate:
Pertaining to the office of bishop Greek: episkopos), hence episcopal consecration, the episcopal college, episcopal conferences. Episcopate is a collective noun referring to all those who have received sacramental ordination as bishops.
Epistle:
From the Greek word meaning "letter," This word refers to the 21 books in the New Testament that were written as letters to instruct and encourage the members of the early Church.
Eremitical Life:
The life of a hermit, separate from the world in praise of God and for the salvation of the world, in the silence of solitude, assiduous prayer, and penance.
Eschatology:
From the Greek word eschaton, meaning "last." Eschatology refers to the area of Christian faith which is concerned about "the last things," and the coming of Jesus on "the last day": our human destiny, death, judgment, resurrection of the body, heaven, purgatory, and hell all of which are contained in the final articles of the Creed.
Eternal Life:
Living forever with God in the happiness of heaven, entered after death by the souls of those who die in the grace and friendship of God. In preaching the kingdom of heaven, Jesus called all people to eternal life, which is anticipated in the grace of union with Christ: "This is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent".
Eucharist:
The ritual, sacramental action of thanksgiving to God which constitutes the principal Christian liturgical celebration of and communion in the paschal mystery of Christ. The liturgical action called the Eucharist is also traditionally known as the holy sacrifice of the Mass. It is one of the seven sacraments of the Church; the Holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation. The Sunday celebration of the Eucharist is at the heart of the Church's life.
Eucharistic Ministers:
Unordained parishoners chosen by the parish to assist the priest in the distribution of the elements bread and wine at communion time during Mass.
Eucharistic Prayer:
The central part of the Mass, also known as the Eucharistic Prayer or "Anaphora," which contains the prayer of thanksgiving and consecration.
Euthanasia:
An action or an omission which, of itself or by intention, causes the death of handicapped, sick, or dying persons sometimes with an attempt to justify the act as a means of eliminating suffering. Euthanasia violates the fifth commandment of the law of God.
Evangelical Counsels:
In general, the teachings of the New Law proposed by Jesus to his disciples which lead to the perfection of Christian life. In the New Law, the precepts are intended to remove whatever is incompatible with charity; the evangelical counsels are to remove whatever might hinder the development of charity, even if not contrary to it. The public profession of the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience is a constitutive element of state of consecrated life in the Church.
Evangelist:
One of the four authors to whom is ascribed the writing of the Gospels, i.e., Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The term is also used for one who works actively to spread and promote the Christian faith.
Evangelization:
The proclamation of Christ and his Gospel Greek: evangelion by word and the testimony of life, in fulfillment of Christ's command.
Eve:
According to the creation story in Genesis, the first woman; wife of Adam. God did not create man a solitary being; from the beginning, "male and female he created them". Because she is the mother of the eternal Son of God made man, Jesus Christ the "new adam," Mary is called the "new eve," the "mother of the living" in the order of grace.
Evil:
The opposite or absence of good. One form of evil, physical evil, is a result of the "state of journeying" toward its ultimate perfection in which God created the world, involving the existence of the less perfect alongside the more perfect, the constructive and the destructive forces of nature, the appearance and disappearance of certain beings. Moral evil, however, results from the free choice to sin which angels and men have; it is permitted by God, who knows how to derive good from it, in order to respect the freedom of his creatures. The entire revelation of God's goodness in Christ is a response to the existence of evil. The devil is called the Evil One.
Examination of Conscience:
Prayerful self-reflection on our words and deeds in the light of the Gospel to determine how we may have sinned against God. The reception of the Sacrament of Penance ought to be prepared for by such an examination of conscience.
Excommunication:
A severe ecclesiastical penalty, resulting from grave crimes against the Catholic religion, imposed by ecclesiastical authority or incurred as a direct result of the commission of an offense. Excommunication excludes the offender from taking part in the Eucharist or other sacraments and from the exercise of any ecclesiastical office, ministry, or function.
Exodus:
God's saving intervention in history by which he liberated the Hebrew people from slavery in Egypt, made a covenant with them, and brought them into the Promised Land. The Book of Exodus, the second of the Old Testament., narrates this saving history. The exodus is commemorated by the Jewish people at Passover, which for Christians is a foreshadowing of the "passover" of Jesus Christ from death to life and is celebrated in the memorial of the Eucharist.
Exorcism:
The public and authoritative act of the Church to protect or liberate a person or object from the power of the devil (e.g., demonic possession) in the name of Christ. A simple exorcism prayer in preparation for Baptism invokes God's help in overcoming the power of Satan and the spirit of evil.
Expiation:
The act of redemption and atonement for sin which Christ won for us by the pouring out of his Blood on the cross, by His obedient love "even to the end". The expiation of sins continues in the mystical Body of Christ and the communion of saints by joining our human acts of atonement to the redemptive action of Christ, both in this life and in Purgatory.
Extreme Unction:
One of the seven sacraments, also known as the sacrament of the dying, administered by a priest to a baptized person who begins to be in danger of death because of illness or old age, through prayer and the anointing of the body with the oil of the sick. The proper effects of the sacrament include a special grace of healing and comfort to the Christian who is suffering the infirmities of serious illness or old age, and the forgiving of the person's sins.
F
Faith:
Both a gift of God and a human act by which the believer gives personal adherence to God who invites his response, and freely assents to the whole truth that God has revealed. It is this revelation of God which the Church proposes for our belief, and which we profess in the Creed, celebrate in the sacraments, live by right conduct that fulfills the twofold commandment of charity as specified in the ten commandments, and respond to in our prayer of faith. Faith is both a theological virtue given by God as grace, and an obligation which flows from the first commandment of God.
Faithful, The Christian:
Those who have been incorporated into Christ in Baptism and constituted as the people of God, the Church. The term "lay faithful" refers to the laity, all the faithful except those in Holy Orders and those who belong to a religious state approved by the Church.
Fall:
Biblical revelation about the reality of sin in human history. The Biblical story begins with the original sin freely committed by the first human beings. This primeval event is narrated in figurative language in the Book of Genesis, which describes this sin as a "fall" from God's friendship and grace, which they had received from God not only for themselves but for the whole human race. In the "fall" of angels, Scripture and Church tradition see the emergence of Satan and the "devil"; the "fall" of these angelic spirits was due to their freely chosen rejection of God and His reign.
Fasting:
Refraining from food and drink as an expression of interior penance, in imitation of the fast of Jesus for forty days in the desert. Fasting is an ascetical practice recommended in Scripture and the writings of the Church Fathers; it is sometimes prescribed by a precept of the Church, especially during the liturgical season of Lent.
Father, God:
God, the first Person of the Blessed Trinity. Jesus revealed that God is Father in a unique way: not only as Creator, the origin of all things, but also as eternal Father in his relationship to his only Son, who is eternally begotten of the Father and consubstantial with the Father.
Fathers of The Church:
Church teachers and writers of the early centuries whose teachings are a witness to the Tradition of the Church.
Fear of the Lord:
One of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit which ensures our awe and reverence before God.
Feast Days:
The annual cycle of liturgical celebrations commemorating the saving mysteries of Christ's life, as a participation in the Paschal Mystery, which is celebrated annually at Easter, the "Feast of feasts." Feast days commemorating Mary, the Mother of God, and the saints are also celebrated, providing the faithful with examples of those who have been glorified with Christ.
Filioque:
A word meaning "and from the Son," added to the Latin version of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, by which the Latin tradition of the Creed confesses that the Holy Spirit "proceeds from the Father and the Son".
First Communion:
Reception of the sacrament of the Eucharist for the first time.
First Friday:
A basin or bowl in a Church used for the Baptismal water.
Fornication:
Sexual intercourse between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman. Fornication is a serious violation of the sixth commandment of God.
Fortitude:
One of the four cardinal moral virtues which ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in doing the good. Fortitude sometimes called strength, courage, or might is also one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Free Will:
Human experience which governs our actions and gives us the freedom to make choices regarding our full expression of God's love.
Friday Penance:
In commemoration of the sufferings of Christ, Catholics perform some act of self-denial every Friday. This used to take the form of abstaining from meat, but now Catholics may choose one of several forms of self-denial.
Fruits of the Holy Spirit:
The perfections that the Holy Spirit forms in us as the "first fruits" of eternal glory. The tradition of the Church identifies twelve fruits of the Holy Spirit.
G
General Confession and Absolution:
A communal form of the Sacrament of Penance in which, in a case of grave necessity, a priest may give absolution to all persons present at one time, after they have made a general, but not individual, confession of their sins. For the absolution to be valid, the faithful must have the intention of individually confessing their sins in their next individual reception of the Sacrament of Penance.
Genesis:
The first book of Bible, which describes God's creation of the world and humanity, and the drama of sin and the hope for salvation.
Genuflection:
A reverence made by bending the knee, especially to express adoration of the Blessed Sacrament.
Gifts of the Holy Spirit:
Permanent dispositions that make us docile to follow the promptings of the Holy Spirit. The traditional list of seven gifts of the Spirit is derived from Isaiah 11:1-3: wisdom, understanding, knowledge, counsel, piety, fortitude, and fear of the Lord.
Gluttony:
Overindulgence in food or drink. Gluttony is one of the seven capital sins.
God:
The infinite divine being, one in being yet three Persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. God has revealed himself as the "One who is," as truth and love, as creator of all that is, as the author of divine revelation, and as the source of salvation.
Godparent:
The sponsor of one who is baptized, who assumes a responsibility to assist the newly baptized child or adult on the road of Christian life.
Good Friday:
The day on which the crucifixion of Jesus is commemorated.
Gospel:
The "good news" of God's mercy and love revealed in the life, death, and resurrection of Christ. It is this Gospel or good news that the Apostles, and the Church following them, are to proclaim to the entire world. The Gospel is handed on in the apostolic tradition of the Church as the source of all-saving truth and moral discipline. The four Gospels are the books written by the evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John which have for their central object Jesus Christ, God's incarnate Son: his life, teachings, Passion and glorification, and his Church's beginnings under the Spirit's guidance.
Gospel, Law of the:
The New Law, prepared for by the Old Law in the time of the Old Covenant, is the perfection here on earth of the divine law, natural and revealed. It is the work of Christ, expressed particularly in the Sermon on the Mount, and of the Holy Spirit, by whose grace it becomes for us the interior law of charity.
Grace:
The free and undeserved gift that God gives us to respond to our vocation to become his adopted children. As sanctifying grace, God shares his divine life and friendship with us in a habitual gift, a stable and supernatural disposition that enables the soul to live with God, to act by his love. As actual grace, God gives us the help to conform our lives to his will. Sacramental grace and special graces (charisms, the grace of one's state of life) are gifts of the Holy Spirit to help us live out our Christian vocation.
Grace at Meals:
A short prayer before and after meals thanking God for the food we eat and asking his blessing on those who prepare it.
Guardian Angels:
The distinctive form of dress worn by members of religious communities.
Hail Mary:
The prayer known in Latin as the Ave Maria. The first part of the prayer praises God for the gifts he gave to Mary as Mother of the Redeemer; the second part seeks her maternal intercession for the members of the Body of Christ, the Church, of which she is the Mother.
Happiness:
Joy and beatitude over receiving the fulfillment of our vocation as creatures: a sharing in the divine nature and the vision of God. God put us into the world to know, love, and serve him, and so come to the happiness of paradise.
Heaven:
Eternal life with God; communion of life and love with the Trinity and all the blessed. Heaven is the state of supreme and definitive happiness, the goal of the deepest longings of humanity.
Hell:
The state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed, reserved for those who refuse by their own free choice to believe and be converted from sin, even to the end of their lives.
Heresy:
The obstinate denial after Baptism of a truth which must be believed with divine and Catholic faith.
Hermit:
One who lives the eremitical life. Through silence and solitude, in prayer and penance, the hermit or anchorite vows, although not necessarily publicly, to follow the evangelical counsels out of love for God and desire for the salvation of the world.
Hierarchy:
The Apostles and their successors, the college of bishops, to whom Christ gave the authority to teach, sanctify, and rule the Church in his name.
Hierarchy of Truths:
The order hierarchy of the truths in Catholic doctrine, insofar as they vary in their relation to the central mystery and foundation of Christian faith, the mystery of the Holy Trinity.
Holy Days of Obligation:
Principal feast days on which, in addition to Sundays, Catholics are obliged by Church law to participate in the Eucharist; a precept of the Church.
Holy Hour:
A service in which Jesus is venerated in the blessed sacrament.
Holy Orders:
The day between Good Friday and Easter Sunday.
Holy See:
The seat of the central administration of the worldwide Catholic Church; the name is taken from the seat or diocese of the Pope, Bishop of Rome and successor of St. Peter as Vicar of Christ and pastor of the universal Church.
Holy Spirit:
The third divine Person of the Blessed Trinity, the personal love of Father and Son for each other. Also called the Paraclete Advocate and Spirit of Truth, the Holy Spirit is at work with the Father and the Son from the beginning to the completion of the divine plan for our salvation.
Holy Thursday:
The day before Good Friday. On This day Catholics commemorate the supper Jesus held with his disciples on the night before he died.
Holy Water:
Blessed water, a sacramental whose sprinkling or use is a reminder of Baptism and a means of sanctification.
Holy Week:
The week preceding Easter, beginning with Palm Passion Sunday, called the "Great Week" in the liturgies of the Eastern Churches. It marks the Church's annual celebration of the events of Christ's Passion, death, and Resurrection, culminating in the Paschal Mystery.
Homily:
Preaching by an ordained minister to explain the Scriptures proclaimed in the liturgy and to exhort the people to accept them as the Word of God.
Homosexuality:
Sexual attraction or orientation toward persons of the same sex and/or sexual acts between persons of the same sex. Homosexual acts are morally wrong because they violate God's purpose for human sexual activity.
Hope:
The theological virtue by which we desire and expect from God both eternal life and the grace we need to attain it.
Host:
The wafer of consecrated bread which Catholics receive at Holy Communion. It is usually disc-shaped and thin for convenience and there are two sizes; the larger is used by the Priest at the altar.
Humility:
The virtue by which a Christian acknowledges that God is the author of all good. Humility avoids inordinate ambition or pride, and provides the foundation for turning to God in prayer. Voluntary humility can be described as "poverty of spirit".
Hymn:
Sacred poetry set to music and meant to raise the hearts of Christian people to God, especially during liturgical services.
Hypostatic Union:
The union of the divine and human natures in the one divine Person (Greek: hypostasis) of the Son of God, Jesus Christ.
I
Icon:
Religious painting traditional among many Eastern Christians. Christian iconography expresses in images the same Gospel message that Scripture communicates by words.
Iconoclasm:
A heresy which aintained that veneration of religious images is unlawful. Iconoclasm was condemned as unfaithful to Christian tradition at the Second Ecumenical Council of Nicaea in 787 A.D.
Idolatry:
The divinization of a creature in place of God; the substitution of some one (or thing) for God; worshiping a creature (even money, pleasure, or power) instead of the Creator.
Immaculate Conception:
The dogma proclaimed in Christian Tradition and defined in 1854, that from the first moment of her conception, Mary by the singular grace of God and by virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ was preserved immune from original sin.
Immanance:
Belief that God exists throughout all of creation and that humans can experience God's presence on earth.
Immortality:
The quality of the spiritual human soul whereby it survives the death of the body and remains in existence without end, to be reunited with the body at the final resurrection.
Impediment:
An obstacle that makes a person ineligible for performing an act or receiving a sacrament, e.g., Holy Orders or Matrimony.
Impediments to Marriage:
Something which prevents a person entering into a Church marriage. For example, certain degrees of blood-relationship between partners, or where one partner is not baptized. A dispensation can be obtained from some impediments.
Incarnation:
The fact that the Son of God assumed human nature and became man in order to accomplish our salvation in that same human nature. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the second Person of the Trinity, is both true God and true man, not part God and part man.
Incipit:
From the Latin word meaning "to begin," this word refers to the words added at the beginning of a Scripture reading in the Lectionary. These introductions provide a smooth entrance to a reading and context for the listeners.
Incredulity:
The willful refusal to assent to revealed truth, or even the neglect of this truth.
Indulgence:
The remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sin whose guilt has already been forgiven. A properly disposed member of the Christian faithful can obtain an indulgence under prescribed conditions through the help of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints. An indulgence is partial if it removes part of the temporal punishment due to sin, or plenary if it removes all punishment.
Inerrancy:
The attribute of the books of Scripture whereby they faithfully and without error teach that truth which God, for the sake of our salvation, wished to have confided through the Sacred Scriptures.
Infallibility:
The gift of the Holy Spirit to the Church whereby the pastors of the Church, the pope and bishops in union with him, can definitively proclaim a doctrine of faith or morals for the belief of the faithful. This gift is related to the inability of the whole body of the faithful to err in matters of faith and morals.
Initiation, Christian:
The foundations of every Christian life laid by the Sacraments of Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist. The process by which a non-baptized person is prepared to become a full member of the Church is called the catechumenate, which was restored in the Latin Church by the Second Vatican Council, and whose distinct stages and rites are found in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults.
Inquistions:
Official investigations by the Church of suspected heresies.
Inspiration:
See Biblical Inspiration.
Institute, Religious:
A society whose members, in accord with Church law, live a life consecrated to Christ and shared with one another by the public profession of the evangelical counsels of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
Institute, Secular:
A form of consecrated life in which the Christian faithful living in the world strive for the perfection of charity and work for the sanctification of the world especially from within.
Intercession:
A form of prayer of petition on behalf of others. The prayer of intercession leads us to pray as Christ, our unique Intercessor, prayed.
Intercommunion:
Participation or sharing in the reception of the Eucharist or Holy Communion by Christians who are not fully united to or in full communion with the Catholic Church.
Irreligion:
A vice contrary by defect to the virtue of religion. Irreligion directs us away from rendering to God what we as creatures owe him in justice.
Israel:
The Jewish people, chosen by God to be his people and named after Israel (Jacob), from whose twelve sons the tribes of Israel descend. God formed Israel into his priestly people in their exodus from the slavery of Egypt, when he made the first or Old Covenant with them and gave them his Law through Moses.
J
Jesuit:
Common name for a religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. The official name is the Society of Jesus and the initials after a members name is "S.J.".
Jesus Christ:
The eternal Son of God, who was born of the Virgin Mary, suffered crucifixion and death, rose from the dead and ascended into heaven, and will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead. "Jesus," which means "God saves" in Hebrew, was the name given to him at the Annunciation; "Christ" is a title which comes from the Greek translation of the Hebrew Messiah and means "anointed". There are a number of symbols for the name Jesus which you may see in Churches or works of art. These are some of them:
IHS:
three letters from the Greek name, Jesus.
INRI:
the initial letters form the Latin inscription written on the cross: Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum, (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews).
PX:
a monogram of the first two Greek letters for 'Christus'.
John the Baptist:
The immediate precursor or herald of Jesus. John identified Jesus as the Messianic Lamb of God and baptized him in the Jordan River. With prophetic power, John gave witness to Jesus by his preaching, by the baptism of conversion he announced, and finally by his martyrdom.
Joseph:
Husband of Mary, venerated as a saint. His feast day is celebrated on March 19.
Judgment:
The eternal retribution received by each soul at the moment of death, in accordance with that person's faith and works "the particular judgment". The "Last Judgment" is God's triumph over the revolt of evil, after the final cosmic upheaval of this passing world. Preceded by the resurrection of the dead, it will coincide with the second coming of Christ in glory at the end of time, disclose good and evil, and reveal the meaning of salvation history and the providence of God by which justice has triumphed over evil.
Judgment, Rash:
A fault against the eighth commandment committed by one who assumes the moral fault of the neighbor to be true without sufficient foundation.
Justice:
The cardinal moral virtue which consists in the constant and firm will to give their due to God and to neighbor. Original justice refers to the state of holiness in which God created our first parents. Commutative justice, which obliges respect for the rights of the other, is required by the seventh commandment; it is distinguished from legal justice, which concerns what the citizen owes to the community, and distributive justice, which regulates what the community owes its citizens in proportion to their contributions and needs.
Justification:
The gracious action of God which frees us from sin and communicates "the righteousness of God through faith in Jesus Christ" (Rom 3:22). Justification is not only the remission of sins, but also the sanctification and renewal of the interior man.
K
Kingdom of God:
The reign or rule of God: "the kingdom of God is righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit" (Rom 14:17). The Kingdom of God draws near in the coming of the Incarnate Word; it is announced in the Gospel; it is the messianic Kingdom, present in the person of Jesus, the Messiah; it remains in our midst in the Eucharist. Christ gave to his Apostles the work of proclaiming the Kingdom, and through the Holy Spirit forms his people into a priestly kingdom, the Church, in which the Kingdom of God is mysteriously present, for she is the seed and beginning of the Kingdom on earth. In the Lord's Prayer "Thy Kingdom come" we pray for its final glorious appearance, when Christ will hand over the Kingdom to his Father.
Kyrie EleiSon:
Greek words meaning; "Lord have mercy". Sometimes said or sung in Greek during the penitential rite of the Mass.
L
Laity:
The faithful who, having been incorporated into Christ through Baptism, are made part of the people of God, the Church. The laity participate in their own way in the priestly, prophetic, and kingly functions of Christ. Laity are distinguished from clergy (who have received Holy Orders) and those in consecrated life.
Last Judgment:
See Judgment.
Last Supper:
The last meal, a Passover supper, which Jesus ate with his disciples the night before he died. Jesus' passing over to his Father by his death and Resurrection, the new Passover, is anticipated in the Last Supper and celebrated in the Eucharist, which fulfills the Jewish Passover and anticipates the final Passover of the Church in the glory of the kingdom. Hence the Eucharist is called "the Lord's Supper".
Latin Rite:
The traditions of liturgy, laws, and practice in the Church in the West, as distinct from the rites and practices of the churches of the East.
Law, Moral:
A rule of conduct established by competent authority for the common good. In biblical terms, the moral law is the fatherly instruction of God, setting forth the ways which lead to happiness and proscribing those which lead to evil. The divine or eternal law can be either natural or revealed positive. Natural moral law is inscribed in the heart, and known by human reason. Revealed law is found in the ancient law (Old Testament), notably the ten commandments, and in the new law (Law of the Gospel), the teaching of Christ, notably the Sermon on the Mount, which perfects the ancient law.
Lay:
Church members who are not ordained.
Lay Apostolate:
Work done on behalf of the Church by Lay people.
Lectern:
The stand from which the Scriptures are read in Church.
Lectionary/Lector:
The official, liturgical book ,lectionary, from which the reader ,lector, proclaims the Scripture readings used in the Liturgy of the Word.
Lectionary Cycle:
The Scripture readings used in Mass are set in a 3-year Sunday cycle and 2-year weekday cycle.
Lent:
The liturgical season of forty days which begins with Ash Wednesday and ends with the celebration of the Paschal Mystery (Easter Triduum). Lent is the primary penitential season in the Church's liturgical year, reflecting the forty days Jesus spent in the desert in fasting and prayer.
Liberation Theology:
Theology that attempts to articulate the faith from the perspective of a group's experience of its struggle to overcome oppression.
Life:
Both God's gift of created human life and His divine life given to us as sanctifying grace. Beyond its ordinary meaning of human life, Jesus used "life" to signify a share in his own divine Trinitarian existence, which becomes possible for those who respond to his invitation to turn away from sin and open their hearts to God's abiding love. Eternal life signifies that this gift will last forever in the blessedness of heaven. This gift of God begins with the "life" of faith and "new life" of Baptism, is communicated in sanctifying grace, and reaches perfection in the communion of life and love with the Holy Trinity in heaven.
Litany:
A form of prayer in which the Priest recites a series of petitions to God, or calls on the help of Saints. These petitions are followed by a set response said or sung by the congregation.
Liturgical:
Describes Church practices such as hymns, prayers and services.
Liturgical Rituals:
Refers to all Church services and ceremonies.
Liturgical Year:
The celebration throughout the year of the mysteries of the Lord's birth, life, death, and Resurrection in such a way that the entire year becomes a "year of the Lord's grace." Thus the cycle of the liturgical year and the great feasts constitute the basic rhythm of the Christian's life of prayer, with its focal point at Easter.
Liturgy:
In its original meaning, a "public work" or service done in the name of or on behalf of the people. Through the liturgy Christ our High Priest continues the work of our redemption through the Church's celebration of the Paschal Mystery by which he accomplished our salvation.
Lord:
The Old Testament title for God that in speaking or reading aloud was always substituted for the name that was revealed to Moses and that was too holy to be pronounced: Yahweh. The New Testament uses this title both of God the Father and in a new way of Jesus, the incarnate Word.
Lord's Prayer:
The title early Christians gave to the prayer which Jesus entrusted to his disciples and to the Church (Mt 6:9-13). This fundamental Christian prayer is also called the "Our Father," which are its first words.
Love:
The wise men who came from the East to pay homage to the newborn Savior.
Magisterium:
The living, teaching office of the Church, whose task it is to give as authentic interpretation of the word of God, whether in its written form (Sacred Scripture), or in the form of Tradition. The Magisterium ensures the Church's fidelity to the teaching of the Apostles in matters of faith and morals.
Marks Notes of the Church:
The four attributes (marks or notes) of the Church mentioned in the Nicene Constantinopolitan creed: "We believe in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church".
Marriage:
A covenant or partnership of life between a man and woman, which is ordered to the well-being of the spouses and to the procreation and upbringing of children. When validly contracted between two baptized people, marriage is a sacrament (Matrimony).
Martyr:
A witness to the truth of the faith, in which the martyr endures even death to be faithful to Christ. Those who die for the faith before having received Baptism are said to have received a "baptism of blood," by which their sins are forgiven and they share in the death and Resurrection of Christ.
Mary:
The mother of Jesus. Because she is the mother of Jesus Son of God and second Person of the Blessed Trinity according to the flesh, she is rightly called the Mother of God (Theotokos). Mary is also called "full of grace," and "Mother of the Church," and in Christian prayer and devotion, "Our Lady," the "Blessed Virgin Mary," and the "New Eve". See Virgin Mary.
Mass:
The Eucharist or principal sacramental celebration of the Church, established by Jesus at the Last Supper, in which the mystery of our salvation through participation in the sacrificial death and glorious resurrection of Christ is renewed and accomplished. The Mass renews the paschal sacrifice of Christ as the sacrifice offered by the Church. It is called "Mass" (from the Latin missa) because of the "mission" or "sending" with which the liturgical celebration concludes (Latin: "Ite, Missa est."). See Eucharist; Paschal Mystery/Sacrifice.
Matrimony:
Special services held during the month of May to honor Mary, the mother of Jesus.
Mediator/Mediatrix:
One who links or reconciles separate or opposing parties. Thus Jesus Christ is the "one mediator between God and the human race". Through his sacrificial offering he has become high priest and unique mediator who has gained for us access to God's saving grace for humanity. Moreover, Mary too is sometimes called Mediatrix in virtue of her cooperation in the saving mission of Christ, who alone is the unique mediator between God and humanity.
Meditation:
An exercise and a form of prayer in which we try to understand God's revelation of the truths of faith and the purpose of the Christian life, and how it should be lived, in order to adhere and respond to what the Lord is asking.
Mercy:
The loving kindness, compassion, or forbearance shown to one who offends (e.g., the mercy of God to us sinners). See Works of Mercy.
Merit:
The reward which God promises and gives to those who love him and by his grace perform good works. One cannot "merit" justification or eternal life, which are the free gift of God; the source of any merit we have before God is due to the grace of Christ in us.
Messiah:
A Hebrew word meaning "anointed". See Christ; Jesus Christ.
Ministry:
The service or work of sanctification performed by the preaching of the word and the celebration of the sacraments by those in Holy Orders, or in determined circumstances, by laity. The New Testament speaks of a variety of ministries in the Church; Christ himself is the source of ministry in the Church. Bishops, priests, and deacons are ordained ministers in the Church.
Miracle:
A sign or wonder, such as a healing or the control of nature, which can only be attributed to divine power. The miracles of Jesus were messianic signs of the presence of God's kingdom.
Missal:
A book containing the prayers of Mass.
Mission:
Trinitarian missions: To accomplish the divine plan of the triune God for the redemption of humanity, the Son and the Holy Spirit were "sent" into the world: hence the Trinitarian "missions" (Latin missus means "sent").Apostolic mission: Just as he was sent by the Father, Jesus sent his Apostles into the world to continue his own saving mission. Church as mission: Thus the Church is missionary by its very nature, continuing the mission or work of Christ through the Holy Spirit, according to the plan of God. This apostolic mission of the Church is fulfilled according to their different states of life by the clergy, laity, and religious. Missionary activity is sometimes given in a more specific sense as the work of initial evangelization and establishment of the Church in non-Christian lands.
Mixed Missionaries:
Christians who proclaim the Gospel to non-Christians in a foreign country.
Modernism:
A heresy condemned by the Pope in 1907. The term refers to the Church's condemnation of modern scientific thinking that said truth changed.
Monastic Life:
Consecrated life marked by the public profession of religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, and by a stable community life in a monastery with the celebration of the Liturgy of the Hours in choir.
Monasticism:
Tradition of taking yourself away from the mainstream of society for the purpose of developing your spirtual practice.
Monstrance:
An ornate receptacle in which a consecrated host is placed so that Jesus in the form of bread, can be seen and venerated by the people.
Morality:
Referring to the goodness or evil of human acts. Human freedom makes a person a "moral subject" or agent, able to judge the morality, goodness or evil, of the acts which are chosen. The morality of human acts depends on the object or nature of the action, the intention or end foreseen, and the circumstances of the action.
Mortal Sin:
A grave infraction of the law of God that destroys the divine life in the soul of the sinner sanctifying grace, constituting a turn away from God. For a sin to be mortal, three conditions must be present: grave matter, full knowledge of the evil of the act, and full consent of the will.
Moses:
The leader chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of their exile in Egypt. To him God revealed the divine name, Yahweh, and the law on Mount Sinai including the Decalogue, by which he sealed the covenant with his people Israel. As lawgiver, Moses was a type of Christ, the lawgiver of the New Law.
Mother of God:
A title given to Mary because she is the mother of Jesus who is both God and man.
Mystagogy:
A liturgical catechesis which aims to initiate people into the mystery of Christ. In a more specific sense, the catechetical period following immediately after the reception of Baptism by adults.
Mystery:
A truth which cannot be grasped by human reason.
Mystic:
Greek word meaning mystery. Describes a person whose prayer life includes meditation from which they gain spirtual understanding.
Mysticism:
The process of being contemplative when you meditate and go within yourself to a quiet place where it is possible to experience God.
Myth:
A myth is neither historically true or false. Myths transmit truth that cannot be understood apart from the story.
Parish not based on geographical boundries, comprised of an ethnic group.
Natural Law:
Describes the nature of creation. It represents a common-sense understanding of the world.
Nature:
The created order. Human nature, though wounded and weakened by the effects of original sin, continues to participate in the goodness of God's creative work. Through the Incarnation the second Person of the Trinity assumed our human nature, taking flesh in the womb of the Virgin Mary. The divine nature refers to the one divine substance or essence; each of the three distinct Persons of the Trinity is entirely God, who is one by the divine nature.
New Covenant:
The new "dispensation," order or Covenant, established by God in Jesus Christ, to succeed and perfect the Old Covenant. The New Law or Law of the Gospel is the perfection here on earth of the divine law, natural and revealed; this law of the New Covenant is called a law of love, grace, and freedom.
New Testament:
The twenty-seven books of the Bible written by the sacred authors in apostolic times, which have Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son of God, his life, teachings, Passion and glorification, and the beginnings of his Church as their central theme. The promises and mighty deeds of God in the old alliance or covenant, reported in the Old Testament, prefigure and are fulfilled in the New Covenant established by Jesus Christ, reported in the sacred writings of the New Testament.
Nicene Creed:
The profession of faith, common to the churches of East and West, which came from the first two ecumenical councils, Nicaea and Constantinople: 325 and 381 a.d..
Novena:
Nine days of prayer. It has its origins in the nine days the disciples spent in prayer awaiting the coming of the Holy Spirit between the Ascension and the Pentecost.
Novie:
A person who has been accepted into a religious order and who is undergoing a period of training and formation before taking vows.
Novitiate:
The period a novice spends in training.
Nun:
A member of an enclosed religious order of women. Members of orders which are not enclosed are usually referred to as religious sisters.
Nuptial Blessing:
Prayers for the blessing of a couple being married, especially of the bride.
Nuptial Mass:
A Mass which includes the Wedding Service. Not all Weddings in the Catholic Church are accompanied by Mass. There is no rule regarding This, it is up to the Bride and Groom.
O
Obedience:
The submission to the authority of God which requires everyone to obey the divine law. Obedience to the Church is required in those things which pertain to our salvation; and obedience is due to legitimate civil authority, which has its origin in God for the sake of the common good and the order of society. The fourth commandment obliges children to obey their parents. Obedience of faith: The first obedience is that of faith: to listen and freely submit to the word of God. Obedience of Christ: Jesus Christ substituted his obedience to the will of his Father, even unto death, for the disobedience of sin, in order to bring us the grace of justification and to satisfy for our sins. Vow of obedience: In imitation of this obedience of Jesus, as an evangelical counsel, the faithful may profess a vow of obedience; a public vow of obedience, accepted by Church authority, is one element that characterizes the consecrated life.
Olkonomia:
See Economy.
Old Covenant:
The old dispensation or order, which God established with his chosen people Israel, through the revelation of the Law to Moses. See Covenant.
Old Testament:
The forty-six books of the Bible, which record the history of salvation from creation through the old alliance or covenant with Israel, in preparation for the appearance of Christ as Savior of the world. See Bible; Covenant.
Omnipresence:
That God is everywhere.
Orders, Holy:
The Sacrament of Apostolic Ministry by which the mission entrusted by Christ to his Apostles continues to be exercised in the Church through the laying on of hands. This sacrament has three distinct degrees or orders: deacon, priest, and bishop. All three confer a permanent, sacramental character.
Orders, Religious:
See Consecrated Life; Institute, Religious.
Ordination:
The rite of the Sacrament of Holy Orders by which the bishop, through the imposition of hands and the prayer of consecration, confers the order of bishop, priest, or deacon to exercise a sacred power which comes from Christ on behalf of the Church.
Original Sin:
The sin by which the first human beings disobeyed the commandment of God, choosing to follow their own will rather than God's will. As a consequence they lost the grace of original holiness, and became subject to the law of death; sin became universally present in the world. Besides the personal sin of Adam and Eve, original sin describes the fallen state of human nature which affects every person born into the world, and from which Christ, the new Adam, came to redeem us.
Orthodox Churches:
Eastern Churches not in full communion with the Catholic Church. Christians of the Orthodox Churches are separated from the Catholic Church, schism, yet are in an imperfect but deep communion with the Catholic Church by reason of our common Baptism, the profession of the Creed, and the possession of true sacraments by reason of the apostolic succession of their priesthood.
Our Father:
A collective term meaning; "Unbelievers"
Palm Sunday:
The Sunday before Easter. It commemorates the occasion when Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey and the people waved palm branches in his honor. In the Catholic Church This Sunday is also known as Passion Sunday.
Papacy:
The supreme jurisdiction and ministry of the pope as shepherd of the whole Church. As successor of St. Peter, and therefore Bishop of Rome and Vicar of Christ, the pope is the perpetual and visible principle of unity in faith and communion in the Church. See Pope.
Parables:
A characteristic feature of the teaching of Jesus. Parables are simple images or comparisons which confront the hearer or reader with a radical choice about his invitation to enter the Kingdom of God.
Paraclete:
A name for the Holy Spirit. The term was used by Jesus in the New Testament to indicate the promised gift of the Spirit as another consoler and advocate, who would continue his own mission among the disciples.
Paradise:
The symbolic description of the condition of our first parents before the Fall, who lived in a state of friendship with God in the happiness of original justice and holiness. Paradise also signifies heaven, the state of those who live with Christ forever in the friendship and presence of God.
Parish:
A stable community of the faithful within a particular church or diocese, whose pastoral care is confided by the bishop to a priest as pastor.
Parish Council:
A group of people elected by the Parish who, together with the Parish Priest, look after the various needs of the Parish.
Parish Mission:
A period of spiritual renewal within the Parish, usually conducted by one or more visiting Priests over the period of a week or a fortnight.
Parochial Schools:
Private schools run by the parish Church.
Parousia:
The glorious return and appearance of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ as judge of the living and the dead, at the end of time; the second coming of Christ, when history and all creation will achieve their fulfillment.
Particular Church:
See Diocese.
Pasch/Paschal Lamb:
Jesus' saving death and its memorial in the Eucharist, associated with the Jewish feast of Passover or Pasch commemorating the deliverance of the Jewish people from death by the blood of the lamb sprinkled on the doorposts in Egypt, which the angel of death saw and "passed over." Hence Jesus is acknowledged in the New Testament as the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world; he is the Paschal Lamb, the symbol of Israel's redemption at the first Passover. The Eucharist celebrates the new Passover, in which Jesus "passes over" to his Father by his death and resurrection, thus anticipating the final Passover of the Church in the glory of the Kingdom.
Paschal Mystery/Sacrifice:
Christ's work of redemption accomplished principally by his Passion, death, Resurrection, and glorious Ascension, whereby "dying he destroyed our death, rising he restored our life". The Paschal Mystery is celebrated and made present in the liturgy of the Church, and its saving effects are communicated through the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, which renews the paschal sacrifice of Christ as the sacrifice offered by the Church.
Passion:
The suffering and death of Jesus. Passion or Palm Sunday begins Holy Week, during which the annual liturgical celebration of the Paschal Mystery of Christ takes place.
Passion Sunday:
See Palm Sunday
Passions, Moral:
The emotions or dispositions which incline us to good or evil actions, such as love and hate, hope and fear, joy and sadness, and anger.
Passover:
See Pasch/Paschal Lamb.
Pastor/Pastoral Office:
The ministry of shepherding the faithful in the name of Christ. The Pope and bishops receive the pastoral office which they are to exercise with Christ the Good Shepherd as their model; they share their pastoral ministry with priests, to whom they give responsibility over a portion of the flock as pastors of parishes.
Pastoral Care:
The caring work of the Church, particularly that exercised by Ordained Ministers. Pastor means "shepherd"
Pastoral Letter:
A letter sent from a Bishop to his diocese on a number of occasions during the year and read out to people at Mass.
Pastoral Ministers:
Used since Vatican II to describe Church workers who have taken on various roles that once were filled by priests.
Patriarch:
A title given to the venerable ancestors or fathers of the Semitic peoples, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, who received God's promise of election. In the Church hierarchy, and especially among the Churches of the East, a patriarch is a senior bishop with jurisdiction over a larger unit of particular churches, patriarchate, of a certain rite or region or liturgical tradition.
Patristic:
Pertaining to the writings of the holy Fathers of the Church, who are privileged witnesses of the apostolic tradition. See Fathers of the Church.
Pax Christi:
Literally means; "The peace of Christ". It is the name of an international Catholic movement for peace.
Peace:
One of the fruits of the Holy Spirit mentioned in Galations 5:22-23. Peace is a goal of Christian living, as indicated by Jesus who said "Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God". The Fifth Commandment requires us to preserve and work for peace, which was defined by St. Augustine as "the tranquility of order," and which is the work of justice and the effect of charity.
Penance:
Interior penance: a conversion of heart toward God and away from sin, which implies the intention to change one's life because of hope in divine mercy. External acts of penance include fasting, prayer, and almsgiving. The observance of certain penitential practices is obliged by the fourth precept of the Church.
Penance, Sacrament of:
The liturgical celebration of God's forgiveness of the sins of the penitent, who is thus reconciled with God and with the Church. The acts of the penitent contrition, the confession of sins, and satisfaction or reparation together with the prayer of absolution by the priest, constitute the essential elements of the Sacrament of Penance.
Penitent/Penitential:
The sinner who repents of sin and seeks forgiveness. In the early Church, public sinners belonged to an "order of penitents," who did public penance for their sins, often for years. Penitential acts or practices refer to those which dispose one for or flows from interior penance or conversion; such acts lead to and follow upon the celebration of the Sacrament of Penance. See Satisfaction (for sin).
Pentateuch:
The first five books of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.
Pentecost:
The "fiftieth" day at the end of the seven weeks following Passover, Easter in the Christian dispensation. At the first Pentecost after the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus, the Holy Spirit was manifested, given and communicated as a divine Person to the Church, fulfilling the paschal mystery of Christ according to his promise. Annually the Church celebrates the memory of the Pentecost event as the beginning of the new age of the Church, when Christ lives and acts in and with his Church.
People of God:
A synonym for the Church, taken from the Old Testament people whom God chose, Israel. Christ instituted the new and eternal covenant by which a new priestly, prophetic, and royal People of God, the Church, participates in these offices of Christ and in the mission and service which flow from them.
Pericope:
From the Greek word meaning "cutting" or "section," a pericope describes the Scripture readings at Mass which are sections of books of the Bible.
Perjury:
Giving one's word under oath falsely, or making a promise under oath without intending to keep it. Perjury violates the second and eighth commandments.
Person, Divine:
Hypostasis in Greek; the term used to describe the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in their real relation to and distinction from one another within the unity of the Blessed Trinity. Each of the three divine Persons is God. See Trinity.
Person, Human:
The human individual, made in the image of God; not some thing but some one, a unity of spirit and matter, soul and body, capable of knowledge, self-possession, and freedom, who can enter into communion with other persons and with God. The human person needs to live in society, which is a group of persons bound together organically by a principle of unity that goes beyond each one of them.
Peter, Saint:
Simon, whom Jesus called Peter or Rock, upon whom he would build his Church (Mt 16:16-19). He was the first to confess Jesus to be the Christ, the Son of the living God. He was the first among the Apostles, and their head; the pope is his successor as Bishop of Rome and Vicar of Christ, and as pastor of the universal Church.
Petition:
Asking God for our needs in prayer.
Piety:
One of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit which leads one to devotion to God. Filial piety connotes an attitude of reverence and respect by children toward their parents. Piety also refers to the religious sense of a people, and its expression in popular devotions.
Pilgrimage:
A journey to a holy place. For example, the Holy Land, Rome and Lourdes.
Polygamy:
The practice of having more than one wife at the same time, which is contrary to the unity of marriage between one man and one woman, and which offends against the dignity of woman.
Pope:
The successor of St. Peter as Bishop of Rome and Supreme Pontiff of the universal Catholic Church. The pope exercises a primacy of authority as Vicar of Christ and shepherd of the whole Church; he receives the divine assistance promised by Christ to the Church when he defines infallibly a doctrine of faith or morals. See Papacy.
Postulant:
A person who has applied to join a religious order and is waiting to be admitted.
Poverty:
The condition of want experienced by those who are poor, whom Christ called "blessed," and for whom he had a special love. In imitation of Christ, the Church expresses her concern for the poor by working for justice and solidarity. Poverty is one of the three evangelical counsels whose public profession in the Church is a constitutive element of consecrated life. Poverty of spirit signifies detachment from worldly things and voluntary humility.
Praise:
The form of prayer which focuses on giving recognition to God for his own sake, giving glory to Him for who he is. In the liturgy of the Eucharist, the whole Church joins with Christ in giving praise and thanksgiving to the Father. See Doxology.
Prayer:
The elevation of the mind and heart to God in praise of his glory; a petition made to God for some desired good, or in thanksgiving for a good received, or in intercession for others before God. Through prayer the Christian experiences a communion with God through Christ in the Church.
Prayer of the Faithful:
See "Bidding Prayers"
Preaching:
The proclamation of the Gospel challenging the listener to make a commitment. It also means to deliver a sermon.
Precepts of the Church:
Positive laws sometimes called commandments made by Church authorities to guarantee for the faithful the indispensable minimum in prayer and moral effort, for the sake of their growth in love of God and neighbor.
Presbyter:
An elder or priest, a member of the order of priesthood; the presbyterate is one of the three degrees of the Sacrament of Holy Orders. Presbyters or priests are co-workers with their bishops and form a unique sacerdotal college or presbyterium dedicated to assist their bishops in priestly service to the People of God. Through the ministry of priests, the unique sacrifice of Christ on the cross is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice of the Church. See Priesthood.
Presentation:
The presentation and dedication of Jesus to God by Mary and Joseph in the Temple (Lk 2:22-39), in accord with Mosaic Law concerning the first born. At the Presentation, Simeon and Anna sum up the expectation of Israel for the long awaited Messiah, the light of the nations and the glory of Israel, but also as a sign of contradiction. The presentation of the gifts, especially of bread and wine, is a preparatory rite for the liturgy of the Eucharist at Mass.
Presumption:
An act or attitude opposed to the theological virtue of hope. Presumption can take the form of trust in self without recognizing that salvation comes from God, or of an over confidence in divine mercy.
Pride:
One of the seven capital sins. Pride is undue self esteem or self love, which seeks attention and honor and sets oneself in competition with God.
Priest:
Someone who is ordained to minister within the Church. The main duties of the Priest are; preaching, celebrating Mass, administering the other sacraments and exercising a role of leadership within the Church.
Priesthood:
Of the faithful: The priestly people of God. Christ has made of his Church a "kingdom of priests," and gives the faithful a share in his priesthood through the Sacraments of Baptism and Confirmation. Ministerial: The ministerial priesthood received in the Sacrament of Holy Orders differs in essence from this common priesthood of all the faithful. It has as its purpose to serve the priesthood of all the faithful by building up and guiding the Church in the name of Christ, who is Head of the Body. See Priesthood of Christ; Presbyter.
Priesthood of Christ:
The unique high priest, according to the order of Melchizedek. Christ fulfilled everything that the priesthood of the Old Covenant prefigured. He offered himself once and for all (Heb 10:14), in a perfect sacrifice upon the cross. His priesthood is made present in a special way in the Church through the ministerial priesthood, conferred through the Sacrament of Holy Orders.
Primacy:
See Pope.
Private Revelations:
Revelations made in the course of history which do not add to or form part of the deposit of faith, but rather may help people live out their faith more fully. Some of these private revelations have been recognized by the authority of the Church, which cannot accept so called "revelations of faith" that claim to surpass or correct the Revelation of Christ confided to his Church.
Processions:
A solemn walk for a religious purpose, usually accompanied by prayers and hymns.
Profession:
The taking of vows on joining a religious order.
Profession of Faith:
The synthesis (creed, "symbol of faith") of the faith which summarizes the faith professed by Christians. See Creed.
Prophet:
One sent by God to form the people of the Old Covenant in the hope of salvation. The prophets are often authors of books of the Old Testament. The prophetic books constitute a major section of the Old Testament of the Bible. John the Baptist concludes the work of the prophets of the Old Covenant.
Prophetic:
People in the community who warned others about consequences of their actions.
Protestant:
A person who believes in Christ and has been baptized, but who does not profess the Catholic faith in its entirety, but rather is a member of a Protestant church or ecclesial community whose roots are in the Reformation, begun in the sixteenth century.
Proto-Evangelium:
The proto or first Gospel: the passage in Genesis (3:15) that first mysteriously announces the promise of the Messiah and Redeemer.
Providence:
The dispositions by which God guides his creation toward its perfection yet to be attained; the protection and governance of God over all creation.
Prudence:
The virtue which disposes a person to discern the good and choose the correct means to accomplish it. One of the cardinal moral virtues that dispose the Christian to live according to the law of Christ, prudence provides the proximate guidance for the judgment of conscience.
Psalm:
A prayer in the Book of Psalms of the Old Testament, assembled over several centuries; a collection of prayers in the form of hymns or poetry. The psalms have been used since Jesus' time as the public prayer of the Church.
Psalter:
The book of psalms arranged for liturgical use.
Pulpit:
Comes from the Latin word "pulpitum", meaning staging platform, from which the priest proclaims the Gospel readings of the Mass and preaches the homily.
Punishment, Eternal:
The penalty for unrepented mortal sin, separating the sinner from communion with God for all eternity; the condemnation of the unrepentant sinner to hell.
Punishment, Temporal:
Purification of the unhealthy attachment to creatures, which is a consequence of sin that perdures even after death. We must be purified either during our earthly life through prayer and a conversion which comes from fervent charity, or after death in purgatory.
Purgatory:
A state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in God's friendship, but were only imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of human imperfection before one is able to enter the joy of heaven.
R
Racism:
Unjust discrimination on the basis of a person's race; a violation of human dignity, and a sin against justice.
RCIA:
Stands for Right of Christian Initiation of Adults. A year long process of entrance into the Catholic Church.
Readers:
Those who read the scripture passages during Mass. Passages from the Old Testament or the epistles in the New Testament may be read by lay people. Passages from the Gospel are always read by a Priest or Deacon.
Real Presence:
The unique, true presence of Christ in the Eucharist under the species or appearances of bread and wine. The Church invites the faithful to deepen their faith in the real presence of Christ through adoration and communion at the Eucharistic liturgy, and through adoration outside its celebration.
Reason:
Our ability to know the existance of God with certainty through our hearts and minds.
Reconciliation, Sacrament of:
The sacramental celebration in which, through God's mercy and forgiveness, the sinner is reconciled with God and also with the Church, Christ's Body, which is wounded by sin.
Redeemer/Redemption:
Jesus Christ, redeemer of mankind. Christ paid the price of his own sacrificial death on the cross to ransom us, to set us free from the slavery of sin, thus achieving our redemption.
Reformation:
A movement for reform of certain doctrines and practices of the Church which began in the 16th Century and led to division between Catholic and Protestant Churches.
Relic:
Any part of the physcial remains of a saint or items that have touched the body of a saint.
Religion:
A set of beliefs and practices followed by those committed to the service and worship of God. The first commandment requires us to believe in God, to worship and serve him, as the first duty of the virtue of religion.
Religious Liberty:
A Vatican II doctrine affirming the natural right to be free of coercion in one's religious beliefs.
Religious Life:
See Consecrated Life.
Remission of Sins:
The forgiveness of sins, which is accomplished in us through faith and Baptism, as the fruit of the redemptive sacrifice of Christ on the cross. Christ gave the power to remit sins to his Apostles, and through them to the ministers of the Church. The remission of sins committed after Baptism is effected sacramentally through the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation.
Reparation:
Making amends for a wrong done or for an offense, especially for sin, which is an offense against God. By his death on the cross, the Son of God offered his life out of love for the Father to make reparation for our sinful disobedience. We are obliged to make reparation for personal sins against justice and truth, either through restitution of stolen goods or correcting the harm done to the other's good name.
Repentance:
See Contrition; Penance.
Requiem:
A Mass for the dead. It takes its name from the first word of the prayer with which Mass begins. In Latin This is; "Requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine."(Lord, give them eternal rest).
Responsorial Psalm:
A psalm which is recited or sung after the first scripture reading at Mass.
Restitution:
The return of what has been unjustly taken from another.
Resurrection of Christ:
The bodily rising of Jesus from the dead on the third day after his death on the cross and burial in the tomb. The resurrection of Christ is the crowning truth of our faith in Christ.
Resurrection of the Dead:
The raising of the righteous, who will live forever with the risen Christ, on the last day. The eleventh article of the Christian creed states, "I believe in the resurrection of the body." The resurrection of the body means not only that the immortal soul will live on after death, but that even our "mortal bodies" (Rom 8:11) will come to life again.
Revelation:
God's communication of himself, by which he makes known the mystery of his divine plan, a gift of self-communication which is realized by deeds and words over time, and most fully by sending us his own divine Son, Jesus Christ.
Rites:
The diverse liturgical traditions in which the one catholic and apostolic faith has come to be expressed and celebrated in various cultures and lands; for example, in the West, the Roman and Ambrosian (Latin) rites; in the East, the Byzantine, Coptic (Alexandrian), Syriac, Armenian, Maronite, and Chaldean rites. "Rite" and "ritual" are sometimes interchanged, as in "the sacramental rite" or "the sacramental ritual."
Roman Curia:
The bureaucracy that assists the Pope in administering his duty of pastoring the Catholic Church.
Roman Ritual:
Liturgical book containing special rites and blessings. Since Vatican II, this book has been called the Book of Blessings.
Rosary:
A prayer in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, which repeats the privileged Marian prayer Ave Maria, or Hail Mary, in "decades" of ten prayers, each preceded by the Pater Noster ("Our Father") and concluded by the Gloria Patri (Glory Be to the Father), accompanied by meditation on the mysteries of Christ's life. The rosary was developed by medieval piety in the Latin church as a popular substitute for the liturgical prayer of the Hours.
S
Sabbath:
The Sabbath or seventh "day," on which God rested after the work of the "six days" of creation was completed, as recounted in the opening narrative of the Bible. Creation is thus ordered to the Sabbath, the day to be kept holy to the praise and worship of God. Just as the seventh day or Sabbath completes the first creation, so the "eighth day," Sunday, the day of the week on which Jesus rose from the dead, is celebrated as the "holy day" by Christians the day on which the "new creation" began. Thus the Christian observance of Sunday fulfills the commandment to remember and keep holy the Sabbath day.
Sacrament:
An efficacious sign of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us through the work of the Holy Spirit. The sacraments (called "mysteries" in the Eastern Churches) are seven in number: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance or Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.
Sacramentals:
Sacred signs which bear a certain resemblance to the sacraments, and by means of which spiritual effects are signified and obtained through the prayers of the Church.
Sacred Heart:
The symbol of the love with which Jesus continually loves the eternal Father and all human beings without exception.
Sacred Scripture:
The sacred writings of the Old and New Testament that are believed to be inspired by the Holy Spirit and written by human hands.
Sacrifice:
A ritual offering made to God by a priest on behalf of the people, as a sign of adoration, gratitude, supplication, and communion. The perfect sacrifice was Christ's death on the cross; by this sacrifice, Christ accomplished our redemption as high priest of the new and eternal covenant. The sacrifice of Christ on the cross is commemorated and mysteriously made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice of the Church.
Sacrilege:
Profanation of or irreverence toward persons, places, and things which are sacred, i.e., dedicated to God; sacrilege against the sacraments, especially the Eucharist, is a particularly grave offense against the first commandment.
Sacristy:
The room in the Church where the Priests vests for Mass and other services and the sacred vessels are kept.
Saint:
The "holy one" who leads a life in union with God through the grace of Christ and receives the reward of eternal life. The Church is called the communion of saints, of the holy ones.
Salvation:
The forgiveness of sins and restoration of friendship with God, which can be done by God alone.
Sanctifying Grace:
The grace which heals our human nature wounded by sin by giving us a share in the divine life of the Trinity. It is a habitual, supernatural gift which continues the work of sanctifying us of making us "perfect," holy, and Christlike.
Sanctuary:
The part of a church set apart for the principal rites of worship. A shrine or place of pilgrimage.
Sanctuary Lamp:
A lamp which is kept burning in front of the tabernacle in Catholic churches as a sign and a reminder that Jesus is really present.
Satan:
A fallen angel or the devil; the Evil One.
Satisfaction (for Sin):
An act whereby the sinner makes amends for sin, especially in reparation to God for offenses against him. The penance given by the confessor in the Sacrament of Penance constitutes such satisfaction. All true satisfaction for sin must be a participation in the satisfaction for sin made by Christ through his death on the cross.
Savior:
Jesus which means "God saves" in Hebrew. The Son of God became man to achieve our salvation; he is the unique savior of humanity.
Scandal:
An attitude or behavior which leads another to do evil.
Schism:
Refusal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff, or of communion with the members of the Church subject to him.
Scripture, Sacred:
The sacred writings of the Old and New Testaments.
Seal of Confession:
The confessor's obligation to keep absolutely secret what a penitent has told to him in the Sacrament of Penance; also known as the "sacramental seal".
Seamless Garment of Life:
Refers to Jesus' robe, which legend says it was seamless.
Second Coming of Christ:
A college where men are trained for the priesthood.
Sensus Fidei:
A supernatural appreciation of the faith (sensus fidei) shown by the universal consent in matters of faith and morals manifested by the whole body of the faithful under the guidance of the Magisterium.
Septuagint:
A pre-Christian Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures made by Jewish scholars, and later adopted by Greek speaking Christians.
Sermon:
A talk in which the word of God is explained. Also called a homily. Only people commissioned by the Bishop are allowed to give sermons, usually Priests or Deacons.
Sign of the Cross:
A sign in the form of a cross made by the Christian as a prayer honoring the Blessed Trinity, "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".
Signal Graces:
Signal Graces are those special and unique Graces to help sanctify us in our state in life.
Simony:
The buying or selling of spiritual things, which have God alone as their owner and master.
Sin:
An offense against God as well as a fault against reason, truth, and right conscience. Sin is a deliberate thought, word, deed, or omission contrary to the eternal law of God. In judging the gravity of sin, it is customary to distinguish between mortal and venial sins.
Slander:
See Calumny.
Sloth:
A culpable lack of physical or spiritual effort; acedia or laziness. One of the capital sins.
Social Justice:
The respect for the human person and the rights which flow from human dignity and guarantee it. Society must provide the conditions that allow people to obtain what is their due, according to their nature and vocation.
Social Sin:
The effect of sin over time, which can affect society and its institutions to create "structures of sin," by analogy called "social sin".
Social Teaching:
The teaching (social doctrine) of the Church on the truth of revelation about human dignity, human solidarity, and the principles of justice and peace; the moral judgments about economic and social matters required by such truth and about the demands of justice and peace.
Solemnity
A solemnity is a principal day in the Church's liturgical calendar. Solemnities celebrate events in the life of Christ, Mary, and the saints which are of particular importance for the whole Church, Celebration of these special days begins the evening before. The following days are solemnities:
January 1
Christmas (Birth of the Lord)
Son of God:
A title frequently applied to Jesus in the Gospel, signifying his unique relationship to the Father. The second Person of the Blessed Trinity is called Son of God in reference to the Eternal Father. The revelation of his divine sonship is the principal dramatic development of the story of Jesus of Nazareth.
Son of Man:
The title used by our Lord of himself in the Gospel. This title connotes a relationship with the eschatological figure of the "Son of man appearing in clouds and glory" in the prophecy of Daniel.
Soul:
The spiritual principle of human beings. The soul is the subject of human consciousness and freedom; soul and body together form one unique human nature. Each human soul is individual and immortal, immediately created by God. The soul does not die with the body, from which it is separated by death, and with which it will be reunited in the final resurrection.
Spirit:
Person trained to work with people spiritually.
Stations of the Cross:
A series of fourteen meditations on incidents in the suffering and death of Christ. Pictures of these scenes can be found round the walls of most Catholic churches.
Stealing/Theft:
Unjustly taking and keeping the property of another, against the reasonable will of the owner. Stealing is a violation of the seventh commandment of God, "You shall not steal."
Suicide:
The willful taking of one's own life; a grievous sin against the fifth commandment. A human person is neither the author nor the supreme arbiter of his life, of which God is sovereign master.
Sunday:
The "Lord's Day," the principal day of the week for the Eucharistic celebration of the Church. Each Sunday Mass commemorates the resurrection of Christ on the first Easter Sunday, and is a reminder of the first day of creation for those who have become a "new creation in Christ".
Supernatural:
Surpassing the power of created beings; a result of God's gracious initiative. Our vocation to eternal life is supernatural.
Superstition:
The attribution of a kind of magical power to certain practices or objects, like charms or omens. Reliance on such power, rather than on trust in God, constitutes an offense against the honor due to God alone, as required by the first commandment.
S.V.P.:
Stands for Society of St Vincent de Paul: A society of men and women willing to undertake charitable works.
Synod:
A meeting of bishops of an ecclesiastical province or patriarchate (or even from the whole world, e.g., Synod of Bishops) to discuss the doctrinal and pastoral needs of the church. A diocesan synod is an assembly of priests and other members of Christ's faithful who assist the bishop by offering advice about the needs of the diocese and by proposing legislation for him to enact. The words "synod" and "council" are sometimes used interchangeably.
Synoptic:
Seeing with one lens. Matthew, Mark and Luke all give a common view of Jesus and they are called the Synoptic Gospels.
T
Tabernacle:
The receptacle in the church in which the consecrated Eucharist is reserved for Communion for the sick and dying. Reservation of the Eucharist in the tabernacle lends itself to private devotional visits and adoration of our Lord in the Blessed Sacrament by the faithful.
Teaching Office:
See Magisterium.
Temperance:
The cardinal moral virtue that moderates the attraction of pleasure and provides balance in the use of created goods. It ensures the mastery of the will over instinct, and keeps natural desires within proper limits.
Temple:
The house of worship built in Jerusalem by Solomon as God's dwelling-place, for the exercise of the priestly rites of sacrifice in the Jewish religion. After the capture of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. by the Romans, the second temple was destroyed and never rebuilt. Jesus recognized the Temple as God's dwelling, and a house of prayer; he even identified himself with the Temple by presenting himself as God's definitive dwelling place. The Holy Spirit makes the Church "the temple of the living God".
Temptation:
An attraction, either from outside oneself or from within, to act contrary to right reason and the commandments of God. Jesus himself during his life on earth was tempted, put to the test, to manifest both the opposition between himself and the devil and the triumph of his saving work over Satan.
Ten Commandments:
The rules of life delivered by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. They still form the basis of Christian morality.
Testament:
The name given to the two major parts of the Bible; a synonym for "covenant," as in Old and New Covenants. The Old Testament recounts the history of salvation before the time of Christ (46 books), and the New Testament unfolds the saving work of Jesus and the apostolic beginnings of the Church (27 books).
Theology:
The study of God, based on divine revelation.
Theophany:
A revelation or visible appearance of God, as in the case of Moses at Mount Sinai.
Time:
See Eternal Life.
Tradition:
The living transmission of the message of the Gospel in the Church. The oral preaching of the Apostles, and the written message of salvation under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit (Bible), are conserved and handed on as the deposit of faith through the apostolic succession in the Church. Both the living Tradition and the written Scriptures have their common source in the revelation of God in Jesus Christ. The theological, liturgical, disciplinary, and devotional traditions of the local churches both contain and can be distinguished from this apostolic Tradition.
Transcendence:
The belief that God exists at a higher plane, such as heaven. God is beyond human ability to perceive.
Transfiguration:
The mysterious event in which Jesus, seen speaking with Moses and Elijah on the mountain, was transformed in appearance in the sight of Peter, James, and John as a moment of disclosure of his divine glory.
Transubstantiation:
The scholastic term used to designate the unique change of the Eucharistic bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. "Transubstantiation" indicates that through the consecration of the bread and the wine there occurs the change of the entire substance of the bread into the substance of the Body of Christ, and of the entire substance of the wine into the Blood of Christ even though the appearances or "species" of bread and wine remain.
Tridentine Mass:
The Latin Mass authorized by the Council of Trent in the 16th Century. It was the form of Mass used by the Western Church until 1969 when Pope John Paul VI authorized the use of a revised Mass which could be said in the language of the country.
Triduum:
A liturgical celebration of three days duration, as in the Easter Triduum.
Trinity:
The mystery of one God in three Persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. The revealed truth of the Holy Trinity is at the very root of the Church's living faith as expressed in the Creed. The mystery of the Trinity in itself is inaccessible to the human mind and is the object of faith only because it was revealed by Jesus Christ, the divine Son of the eternal Father.
Trinity Sunday:
The Sunday after Pentecost. A day on which special honor is paid to the Blessed Trinity.
Typology:
The discernment of persons, events, or things in the Old Testament which prefigured, and thus served as a "type" (or prototype) of, the fulfillment of God's plan in the person of Christ. The typology of the Old Testament which is made clear in the New Testament demonstrates the dynamic unity of the divine plan of salvation.
U
U.C.M.:
Stands for "Union of Catholic Mothers", and organization of Catholic married women for the preservation of faith and morals in the home.
Unity, Christian:
V
Vatican:
The official residence of the Pope in Rome. It also refers to the central government of the Church.
Veneration (of Saints):
Showing devotion and respect to Mary, the Apostles, and the martyrs, who were viewed as faithful witnesses to faith in Jesus Christ. Later, veneration was given to those who led a life of prayer and self-denial in giving witness to Christ, whose virtues were recognized and publicly proclaimed in their canonization as saints. Such veneration is often extended to the relics or remains of those recognized as saints; indeed, to many sacred objects and images. Veneration must be clearly distinguished from adoration and worship, which are due to God alone.
Venial Sin:
Sin which does not destroy the divine life in the soul, as does mortal sin, though it diminishes and wounds it. Venial sin is the failure to observe necessary moderation, in lesser matters of the moral law, or in grave matters acting without full knowledge or complete consent.
Vespers:
The evening prayer of the Divine Office.
Vestments:
Garments worn by Ministers of the Church when celebrating Mass or administering the sacraments. These include the alb (a long white tunic worn by all ministers); the chasuble (the main outer-garment worn by the Priest when celebrating Mass); the stole (a type of scarf worn around the neck). It is worn by all Clergy when administering the sacraments as well as for Mass.
Viaticum:
The Eucharist received by a dying person. It is the spiritual food for one's "passing over" to the Father from this world. With Penance and the Anointing of the Sick, the reception of Holy Communion as Viaticum constitute the "last sacraments" of the Christian.
Vicar of Christ:
A title given to St. Peter, head of the Twelve Apostles, and to his successors, the popes; "vicar" means one who stands in for or acts for another.
Vice:
A habit acquired by repeated sin in violation of the proper norms of human morality. The vices are often linked with the seven capital sins. Repentance for sin and confession may restore grace to a soul, but the removal of the ingrained disposition to sin or vice requires much effort and self-denial, until the contrary virtue is acquired.
Virgin Birth:
The conception of Jesus in the womb of the Virgin Mary solely by the power of the Holy Spirit. The Church's confession of faith in the virgin birth affirms that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit without human seed.
Virgin Mary:
The mother of Jesus, who is honored as "ever-virgin" for her perpetual virginity.
Virtue:
An habitual and firm disposition to do the good. The moral virtues are acquired through human effort aided by God's grace; the theological virtues are gifts of God.
Virtues, Theological:
Gifts infused by God into the souls of the faithful to make them capable of acting as his children and of meriting eternal life. The theological virtues are faith, hope, and charity.
Vision, Beatific:
See Beatific Vision.
Visit:
Catholic custom of dropping into the Church for a few minutes during the day to say a quick prayer.
Vocation:
The calling or destiny we have in this life and hereafter. God has created the human person to love and serve him; the fulfillment of this vocation is eternal happiness. Christ calls the faithful to the perfection of holiness. The vocation of the laity consists in seeking the Kingdom of God by engaging in temporal affairs and directing them according to God's will. Priestly and religious vocations are dedicated to the service of the Church as the universal sacrament of salvation.
Votive Mass:
A votive Mass celebrates a mystery of the Lord or a saint to which the faithful may have a special devotion. The Lectionary provides readings for votive Masses in honor of the Trinity, the Triumph of the Cross, the Eucharist, the Sacred Heart, the Precious Blood, the Holy Name, the Holy Spirit, the Apostles.
Vow:
A deliberate and free promise made to God, concerning a possible and better good which must be fulfilled by reason of the virtue of religion. Religious vows, the public profession of the evangelical counsels in the Church, have an exemplary value in witnessing to the Kingdom to come.
W
Way of the Cross:
A devotional exercise which follows the "way of the cross" in the Savior's steps, observing stops or "stations" to meditate on the path Jesus took from the Praetorium in Jerusalem to Golgotha and the tomb. "By his holy Cross he has redeemed the world".
Whitsunday:
Another name for the feast of Pentecost. Whit means White, in earlier times the newly baptized wore the white robes of Baptism on This day.
Western World:
Lands west of Istanbul Turkey. Lands east of Istanbul are called Eastern world.
Wisdom:
A spiritual gift which enables one to know the purpose and plan of God; one of the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. Wisdom is also the name of one of the books of the Old Testament.
Word of God:
The entire content of Revelation as contained in the Holy Bible and proclaimed in the Church. In John's Gospel, God's "Word" means his only-begotten Son, who is the fullness of God's Revelation and who took flesh (the Word incarnate) and became man for the sake of our salvation.
Works of Mercy:
Charitable actions by which we come to the aid of our neighbors in their bodily and spiritual needs. The spiritual works of mercy include instructing, advising, consoling, comforting, forgiving, and patiently forbearing. Corporal works of mercy include feeding the hungry, clothing the naked, visiting the sick and imprisoned, sheltering the homeless, and burying the dead.
World:
Creation, or the earth, or even the universe. "All that is" often called the "world" in Scripture owes its existence to God's act of creation; God's creation is called "good" in the Bible, and human beings are said to have been created "in his own image and likeness". In the New Testament the "world" is sometimes used to indicate the forces of opposition to the work of Jesus and of his Holy Spirit. In this sense it signifies the world which Jesus came to redeem from sin. The world will reach its goal and perfection when it has been renewed and transformed into "the new heaven and the new earth" in the fullness of God's kingdom.
Worship:
Adoration and honor given to God, which is the first act of the virtue of religion. Public worship is given to God in the Church by the celebration of the Paschal Mystery of Christ in the liturgy.
Y
Yahweh (Yhwh):
The personal name of the God of Israel, revealed to Moses on Mt. Sinai, meaning "I am who I am".
|
Catholicism
|
In Manhattan, NYC, what is famously the oldest public hospital in the US?
|
Religion Dictionary | Teaching Tools | The Learning Center | The Association of Religion Data Archives
A
Abraham : The Hebrew Bible patriarch and father of the "Abrahamic," monotheistic religions of Judaism , Christianity , and Islam (Prothero 2008: 193).
Adherent : 1) A person who identifies with some religious tradition. It is a broader term than "member" because the latter refers to an official status that varies according to congregation or denomination. 2) Note that in ARDA's online Maps & Reports , �adherent� has a more specific meaning: �All members, including full members, their children and the estimated number of other participants who are not considered members; for example, the �baptized,� �those not confirmed,� �those not eligible for communion,� �those regularly attending services,� and the like,� according to the Religious Congregations and Membership Study, 2010 (Grammich et al. 2012: xvi).
Advent : A season of preparation for Christmas , more characteristic of Western Liturgical Churches . In Orthodox Churches , Advent is known as the "Nativity Fast" (Reid et al. 1990: 28).
Adventist Family : Churches originating from founder William Miller in the late 19th century. Miller taught that Christ would soon return to earth and that Saturday, rather than Sunday, should be observed as the Christian Sabbath . The Adventist family includes the Seventh-day Adventist Church , which was founded by Ellen White and James Springer White , as well as offshoots such as the Advent Christian Church (Melton 2009: 560-561).
African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) : One of the largest black denominations in the United States. The denomination broke off from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1787. In 1816 , it was officially founded by Richard Allen in Philadelphia (Prothero 2008: 194).
Afterlife : The fate of humans after death (Smith and Green 1995: 31). Descriptions of the afterlife will differ by cultural, historical and geographical context (see Egyptian Book of the Dead and Tibetan Book of the Dead ). In Eastern religions, such as Hinduism or Buddhism , reincarnation is an afterlife concept. In the monotheistic religions of Judaism , Christianity and Islam discussions of the afterlife also entail whether an individual goes to either heaven or hell based on God's judgment (Hinnells 1984: 25-26).
Agnosticism : A philosophical position neither affirming nor denying belief in a deity. Agnostics believe the question of whether God exists must be left open and unanswered. The concept comes from David Hume (1711-1776), who questioned the idea of causality, and by extension the historical accuracy of biblical miracles. The term "agnostic" was coined by Thomas Huxley (1825-1895), and was used as a method more than a belief system, claiming that one should seek truth until a certain point where the evidence becomes scarce or non-existent (Reid et al. 1990: 31).
Ahimsa : A term in Hinduism , Buddhism , and Jainism that is often translated as "non-violence," referring to not harming or wishing to harm. In Jainism, nonviolence is considered the highest moral duty, as Jain ascetics even attempt to avoid the injury and death of insects. Ahimsa also influenced Gandi and his nonviolent campaign in India (Prothero 2008: 194-195).
Ali : One of the most important caliphs in Islam . He was cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad , founder of Islam. Ali was brutally murdered in 661 CE by an assassin. Sunnis consider him the fourth caliph, while Shi'ite Muslims consider him the first. In addition, Shiite Muslims trace the lineage of the imams through him (Esposito 2011: 241).
Alienation : A feeling of estrangement from society as a whole, or from its dominant institutions, but not necessarily estrangement from all local religious groups (Dean 1961; Neal and Rettig 1967).
All Saints Day : A feast celebrated in the Western Church on the first of November to commemorate Christian martyrs and all those who have led conspicuously holy lives. In the Eastern Church it is observed on the first Sunday after Pentecost (Reid et al. 1990: 36).
Allah : A term in Islam , meaning "God" in Arabic. In the Koran , Allah is viewed as merciful and compassionate along with being all powerful (Prothero 2008: 195).
Allen, Richard (1760-1831) : Richard Allen was an influential black minister who established the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816, the first black denomination in the United States. For more information on Richard Allen, click here .
Al-Qaeda : An international terrorist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the 1980s. The organization seeks to establish a transnational Islamic empire that strictly adheres to Islamic law. The group is most famous for the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001 . The leader, Osama bin Laden, was killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy seals and CIA operatives (Prothero 2008: 196).
Amillennialism : A Christian theological position that the thousand-year reign of Jesus Christ is symbolic, not literal, and is a period between the ministry of Christ and the Second Coming . It emphasizes the present reality of the Kingdom of God, and that the perfect age will not arrive until the establishment of the new heaven and the new earth. This is an alternative interpretation of Chapter 20 in the New Testament's Book of Revelation , and it differs from a premillennial interpretation (Reid et al. 1990: 57). See Premillennialism for more.
Amish : A group of the Mennonites who broke away in the late seventeenth century, led by the minister Jacob Amman. He supported a strict interpretation of discipline and the practice of avoidance, shunning excommunicated members . They arrived in America in the early 1700s, and have retained a fairly separatist environment from modern culture ever since, preferring to cultivate a community more representative of the late seventeenth century (Melton 2009: 439). Examples of Amish churches include the Beachy Amish Mennonite Churches and Old Order Amish Mennonite Church
Analogical Imagination : A religious perspective that emphasizes God�s presence in the world, expressed through every aspect of creation. Moreover, it stresses the community. The analogical imagination contrasts with the dialectical imagination , which stresses the individual and the belief that God has withdrawn from the sinful world. This concept was developed by Andrew Greeley (1989), who believed that Catholics tend to have analogical imagination, while Protestants tend to have dialectical imagination.
Ananda : Cousin and disciple of the Buddha who lived in the sixth century BCE. He used his exceptional memory to recite the Buddha�s sermons , and played a pivotal role in forming the Buddhist community after the Buddha�s death. He also is known for his support of female disciples (Smith and Green 1995: 46).
Anathema : 1) A Greek term referring to a curse in the New Testament . 2) In Catholicism , it refers to an open condemnation against immorality, heresy , or blasphemy by church authorities (Smith and Green 1995: 46).
Anatman : A Buddhist doctrine denying the reality of a permanent, immortal soul as the spiritual center of a human. The term means "no self," and it is meant to teach that all things are connected and there is no separate existence (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-6).
Ancestor Worship : The worship, feeding and petitioning of the souls of dead ancestors at home altars, temples and graves. This practice is most common among East Asian religions (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-15).
Angel : A superhuman intermediary between the divine and human realm. Angels exist in Judaism , Christianity and Islam . Perhaps the most famous angel is Gabriel , who reveals himself as God's messenger in the Hebrew scriptures , Christianity's New Testament and Islam's Koran . Theological discussions of the nature of angels vary by tradition (Smith and Green 1995: 49-50).
Anglican Family : Churches originating in England that broke with Roman Catholicism during the 16th century Reformation after King Henry VIII rejected papal supremacy. Some view the Anglican Church as a "middle way" between Catholicism and Protestantism , since both traditions have influenced Anglican theology and practice (Mead et al. 2005: 102). Churches in the Anglican family include the Church of England and the Episcopal Church in the United States . For more information on the Anglican family, click here .
Animism : The belief in an inner soul that represents the main identity for all humans, animals, plants and places. It places a large emphasis on ritualistic activities (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-2).
Antichrist : In Christian literature, the Antichrist is an evil figure that deceives people into thinking that he is holy. In the end-times , according to the Christian tradition, Jesus will come back and defeat the Antichrist (Smith and Green 1995: 53). In Islamic eschatology , there also is an Antichrist figure that is depicted in the Hadith as a one-eyed monster from the East who rules the earth for a period of time before Jesus comes to vanquish him (Hinnells 1984: 44).
Antinomianism : 1) The belief that certain religious allegiances exempt one from following secular law. 2) The belief that secular laws ought to be disobeyed because they are evil (Smith 1995: 53). 3) A theological position in which subjective elements of Christianity are emphasized over objective elements of Christianity, like moral law. The famous "Antinomian Controversy" took place in the 1630s, where Anne Hutchinson was brought to trial in Massachusetts for claiming to follow her direct revelation of the Holy Spirit instead of Scripture alone. She was banished from the colony in 1638 (Reid et al. 1990: 69).
Anti-Semitism : Unreasoning hostility toward and discrimination against the Jews . It can range from a formal doctrine and from mild antipathy to active efforts to kill the Jews. German writer Wilhelm Marr coined the term in 1880 to distinguish between secular hatred for the Jews as a people and hatred toward the Jewish religion , although the modern usage of the word denotes hatred for the Jews and Judaism in all forms (Smith and Green 1995: 53). Also defined on the ARDA's Theory, Concepts & Measures page.
Apocalypse : Catastrophic end-times battle between good and evil, in which good will triumph over evil. The Greek term refers to "hidden things." The most famous apocalyptic literature is the Book of Revelation at the end of the New Testament . In contemporary usage, the apocalypse has been popularized by Tim LaHaye's Left Behind series of Christian novels (Prothero 2008: 197).
Apocrypha : A collection of books or chapters of books not included in the Hebrew Bible , but present in various Christian versions of the Old Testament , mostly in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. These traditions see the Apocrypha as authoritative, whereas Protestantism does not. Protestant Bibles either exclude the Apocrypha or create a separate section for it found in-between the Old and New Testament . Traditions that include this collection of terms prefer the term "deuterocanonical" books, not the Apocrypha. The majority of these books were composed between the third century BCE and the first century CE. This collection of books is not to be confused with the pseudepigrapha or the Christian Apocrypha , which are not regarded as authoritative by any major branch of Christianity (Smith and Green 1995: 55).
Apologetics : The argumentation or defense on behalf of a certain religious faith. It is usually directed toward those outside the faith community, but the audience is usually those within the faith community (Reid et al. 1990: 71). Famous apologists include Orestes Brownson and Francis Schaeffer .
Apologist : One who engages in apologetics (see Apologetics ). Famous apologists include Orestes Brownson and Francis Schaeffer .
Apostasy : Departing or falling away from a religious faith. In Christianity , it is the complete renunciation of the faith through either words or actions (Reid et al. 1990: 72).
Apostle : It refers to both the mission and representational authority of someone sent on a mission by a superior. In Christianity , "apostle" refers to the authoritative mission conferred to Christ on his disciples, with special emphasis on the Twelve Apostles and other specific people, to continue his mission on earth after his resurrection-ascension (Reid et al. 1990: 72).
Apostles' Creed : Short statement of Christian beliefs, attributed to Jesus� disciples, but officially written long after their deaths (Prothero 2008: 198).
Archbishop : The bishop of an Archdiocese. The archbishop�s power extends over an ecclesiastical province, not just a diocese. Catholic Churches , Eastern Orthodox Churches , and Anglican Churches maintain these hierarchal positions, although the jurisdiction, positional rank and specific role of the archbishop differs by tradition (Reid et al. 1990: 73). Famous archbishops in American Catholic history include James Gibbons and John Hughes .
Archdiocese : A large diocese overseen by the Archbishop . Since the fourth century CE, neighboring dioceses have been grouped into provinces, and the most important province has been designated as the archdiocese, while the others are called "suffragan dioceses." Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize archdioceses, although Eastern Orthodox Churches prefer the terminology of �eparchey� and �archeparchy.� Although Episcopalians organize dioceses into provinces, they do not officially recognize archdioceses (Reid et al. 1990: 74).
Arhat : One who has attained the final stage of enlightenment in Theravada Buddhism . Over time, a distinction arose between arhats and bodhisattvas , and some Mahayanists came to malign arhats as a selfish and inferior enterprise, lacking in the compassion of the bodhisattva. There has been some debate as to whether only monks and nuns or laypeople can be arhats, and whether arhats still exist today (Smith and Green 1995: 71).
Armageddon : A term referring to the battle between god and evil in the last days. The term itself only appears once in the Bible in Revelation 16:16. �Armageddon� is a transliteration for the Hebrew word for �Mount Megiddo� in northern Israel (Prothero 2008: 198).
Asbury, Francis (1745-1816) : Francis Asbury was the preeminent leader of American Methodism after the Revolutionary War. When many Methodist missionaries fled back to England during the American Revolution, he stayed behind and continued spreading Methodism. For more information on Francis Asbury, click here .
Asceticism : The complete renunciation of physical pleasures and other bodily desires in order to foster spiritual development. This practice is common in many religious traditions, including Buddhism , Catholicism , Eastern Orthodoxy and classical Hinduism (Smith and Green 1995: 77-78).
Ash Wednesday : The first day of the Lent in the Western calendar, where individuals spread ashes on their forehead as a sign of penitence or mortality (Smith and Green 1995: 84).
Ashkenazi : Jews originating from central and eastern Europe. This group adopted Yiddish , a language based on medieval German. The majority of American Jews are Ashkenazi (Smith and Green 1995: 83).
Assemblies of God : One of the largest Pentecostal denominations in the United States. As the Pentecostal movement began to flourish in the early 20th century, several diverse regional constituencies of the Reformed tradition desired to combine their efforts into one movement. Click here for more information on the founding of the Assemblies of God. Today they have a little under three million adherents (Smith and Green 1995: 84).
Astral Projection : The experience of one�s soul traveling outside the physical body into unknown realms of the universe. The belief in astral projection is found in many occult systems (Smith and Green 1995: 84).
Astrology : Belief and practice of determining the influence of stars (Smith and Green 1995: 85).
Atheism : A belief that God does not exist (Prothero 2008: 198).
Atman : The Hindu concept that the soul resides in the heart, and is the source of life energy and spiritual awareness. In Hindu thought, the soul transmigrates after death (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-4).
Atonement : A term in both Judaism and Christianity referring to the forgiveness of sins. For Christians , atonement is found through the death of Jesus Christ on the cross. For Jews , atonement is found on the holiday Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) , where practitioners ask God to forgive them of the sin they committed in the past year (Prothero 2008: 199).
Attachment Theory : Attachment theory, under a religious framework, posits that religion can be explained by understanding the human need for attachment in general and one�s relationship to her/his parents specifically. For more information on attachment theory, click here .
Avalokiteshvara : The most popular and celestial bodhisattva in Buddhism , especially Mahayana Buddhism . He is the bodhissattva of compassion. In China, Avalokiteshvara is known as Guanyin, and is female (Esposito et al. 2012b: 424).
Ayatollah : The highest rank of Shi'ite Muslim clerics. The term literally means "sign of God." An ayatollah is respected for his knowledge and his piety (Esposito 2011: 241).
Azusa Street Revival (1906-1915) : The Azusa Street Revival, led by William Seymour, took place in Los Angeles, where Seymour�s congregants began experiencing miraculous healings, glossalia (i.e., "speaking in tongues"), and spontaneous worship. It was a defining event for early Pentecostalism and functioned as the catalyst to the growth of American Pentecostalism. For more on William Seymour and the Azusa Street Revival, click here .
B
Baha�i : A religion started in 19th century Persia (now Iran) by Mirza Husain Ali. The Baha�i faith is now worldwide and teaches the unity of God, the truth of his prophets , and continuation of revelation in every age. It has no priesthood, believing in spiritual equality between men and women (Parrinder 1973: 39).
Baptism : The rite of applying water to a person, usually marking his or her entrance into the Christian church . It appears to have derived from John the Baptist in the first century CE, although some scholars believe that the act was inspired by the ritual ablution of the Jewish Essenes. Churches and denominations are divided on whether baptism literally or symbolically washes away sin (Smith and Green 1995: 102-103).
Baptist : Protestants that originated from 17th century English Puritanism. The term "Baptist" came from their insistence that baptism should be reserved for those old enough to comprehend and confess a personal faith in Jesus . Modern Baptist churches teach that only believers should be voluntarily baptized by immersion (Reid et al. 1990: 110). For more on the Baptist family, click here . To interactively explore the history of Baptists in America, click here .
Bar Mitzvah : This Jewish ceremony, usually performed when a boy is 13, marks his passage into adulthood. The ceremony includes a reading from the Torah or the Prophets, and is followed by an elaborate party for friends and family (Smith and Green 1995: 104).
Bat Mitzvah : A Jewish ceremony, usually performed when a girl is 12, which marks her transition into adulthood. The ceremony includes a reading from the Torah or the Prophets , and is followed by an elaborate party for friends and family. The Bat Mitzvah is a fairly new rite of passage in modern times, and functions as a way to give the girl more of a role in Jewish public life (Hinnells 1984: 37).
Belief, Religious : On its most basic level, religious belief refers to views toward the supernatural . One of the most common measures for religious belief is whether respondents believe in God . A new strain of research is focusing not just on if individuals believe in God, but specifically what they believe God to be like (see images of God ). For more on religious belief, click here .
Bhagavad Gita : The most popular scripture in contemporary Hinduism . It is part of a Hindu epic called the Mahabharata, written in Sanskrit between 200 BCE and 200 CE, and discusses Hindu ethics (Prothero 2008: 201).
Bible, Christian : The sacred text for Christians , comprising the Old and New Testaments . The Old Testament is comprised of thirty-nine books, further divisions of the twenty-four books in the Hebrew Bible . The New Testament contains twenty-seven books: the four Gospels of Jesus� life, the Acts of the Apostles, twenty-one letters, and the Book of Revelation . The canon of the New Testament became official in the Easter Letter of Athanasius in 367 CE. It is important to note that Bibles in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches contain more books, including the apocrypha (Smith and Green 1995: 113).
Bible, Hebrew (Tanakh) : The sacred text of Judaism , also known as the Old Testament for Christians . The Hebrew Bible is comprised of twenty-four books that are further divided into the Law , the Prophets, and the Writings (Smith and Green 1995: 113).
Biblical Inerrancy : The belief that the Bible is without error, in terms of theology , ethics, history, geography, and science. This is common in Christian fundamentalism , as opposed to evangelicals who typically have a less strict view that the Bible, and instead simply believe that the Bible is the inspired word of God (Prothero 2008: 235).
Biblical Literalism : The extent to which individuals believe that the Bible (or other sacred scriptures) should be interpreted literally. Social surveys that are interested in religion often ask a question pertaining to biblical literalism, though the question wording and response options can vary. For more information, click here .
Bishop : A senior member of the clergy who is in charge of a diocese or association of congregations or parishes (Smith and Green 1995: 116).
Black Muslims : Members of the Nation of Islam. See Nation of Islam for more.
Black Protestantism : Also known as the Black Church, Black Protestantism is a unique religious tradition that has theological and structural similarities to white evangelical denominations, but also emphasizes social justice and community activism. Black Protestants tend to be liberal on economic issues, but conservative on social issues. Historically, seven major denominations compose this religious tradition, including the African Methodist Episcopal Church , the Church of God in Christ , and the Progressive National Baptist Convention . For more information, click here .
Black Theology : A system of Christian thought that focuses on God as a liberator of the oppressed, specifically those in the black community. It derives from traditional African-American religion and liberation theology . Many attribute its development to the Civil Rights and Black Power movements of the 1950s/1960s (Reid et al. 1990: 161-164).
Blasphemy : An act or verbal offense that mocks beliefs, sacred beings, or objects in a certain religion. In some religions, like Islam , blasphemy and heresy are sometimes used interchangeably (Smith and Green 1995: 118).
Bodhisattva (Bodhissata) : One destined for enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition. In Theravada Buddhism , it is one on the way to becoming a Buddha. In Mahayana Buddhism , there are many Bodhisattvas, and they function as embodiments of ideals like compassion. One of the greatest bodhisattvas in Mahayana Buddhism is Avalokiteshvara, the bodhisattva of compassion (Parrinder 1973: 48).
Book of Mormon : The sacred text of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) , along with the Bible . It is said that the angel Moroni led church founder Joseph Smith to golden plates in 1827. According to Smith, the angel gave him gold plates that were engraved in what Smith describes as a reformed Egyptian language. The angel also gave him two divining stones, the Urim and Thummim, which were used to translate the text. The Book of Mormon tells the story of two groups of people: the Jeradites and the Israelites. According to the story, both groups came to America, although at different times, and both groups were eventually destroyed, with Native Americans as the last remnants of the Israelites in America. In the book, Jesus visits the New World after his resurrection and before his ascension. These revelations were officially published in 1830. Smith also received other revelations, including the Book of Moses, the Book of Abraham, and an alternate translation of the Bible (Melton 2009: 635-636).
Book of Revelation : An important book in Christian apocalypticism and millenarianism . It is the last book in the New Testament canon , and it is written by John of Patmos. The book has traditionally been attributed to John the Apostle, but more recently scholars have questioned this assertion. The book deals with the end-times as well as persecution by the Roman government at the time. The writing heavily uses symbolic language and imagery (Smith and Green 1995: 927).
Born-Again : A term used by Jesus in the New Testament that is now employed to describe the conversion experience for many evangelical and fundamentalist Christians. The conversion experience includes the feeling of knowing Jesus, sensing the Holy Spirit , and putting off the old sinful self (Smith and Green 1995: 126).
Brahman : A Hindu concept referring to the world spirit that arises at creation. Hindus believe that it is either in an impersonal form (Nirguna Brahman) or human form (Saguna Brahman) (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-4).
Branch Davidians : A breakaway Christian Adventist group that was infamously sieged by the U.S. government in 1993 at Mt. Carmel Center, the Davidians' compund outside Waco, Texas. The Branch Davidians began as an offshoot of the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist Association in 1930. After a divisive fight in the 1950s, Vernon Howell, who later assumed the messianic name of David Koresh , became the prominent leader of the group. Based on Koresh's interpretation of the Book of Revelation , the group stockpiled weapons in preparation for imminent final conflict. This attracted the attention of government officials, who in February 1993 launched a deadly gun battle, during which several federal agents and Branch Davidians died. That set off a siege of nearly two months. On April 19, federal authorities launched another attempt to raid Mt. Carmel. A fire erupted, the complex burned down and many members died, including David Koresh (Smith and Green 1995: 127-128).
Brownson, Orestes (1803-1876) : Orestes Brownson (1803-1876) was a 19th century public intellectual in the United States. He defended Catholicism and its compatibility with American society, which was controversial at the time, for Catholics were a small minority that many Protestant Americans viewed with skepticism. For more on Orestes Brownson, click here .
Buddha : It literally means one who has "awakened," reaching enlightenment and escaping rebirth (see samsara ). This also is the name given to Siddhartha Gautama , the founder of the Buddhist religion (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-6).
Buddha-nature : The inborn essence of all sentient beings that enable them with the potential for Buddhahood. This is a prominent belief in Chinese Buddhism (Smith and Green 1995: 129).
Buddhism : A world religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama , the Buddha in the sixth or fifth century BCE in India. Teaching reincarnation and freedom from worldly attachments, Buddhism has three major branches: Theravada , Mahayana and Vajrayana . According to Buddhism, the origin of suffering comes from ignorance, and that one must follow the Eightfold Path to reach nirvana . Buddhism first came to America through Chinese immigration (Prothero 2008: 205-206).
C
Caliph : A title for the political leader of the Muslim community. Sunni Muslims believe that the most qualified person should be elected as a caliph, whereas Shi'ite Muslims believe that the caliph should come from the bloodline of Ali , Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law (Esposito 2011: 43).
Calvinism : Also known as Reformed theology , Calvinism is a Protestant theological tradition based on the works of John Calvin (1509-1564). Calvin believed in the absolute sovereignty of God and the total depravity of humans. Calvinism also includes the doctrine of double predestination : the belief that God fated every human being, before birth, to either heaven or hell (Prothero 2008: 207).
Cane Ridge Camp Meeting : Barton Stone organized the Cane Ridge camp meeting (1801), the largest and most famous religious revival of the Second Great Awakening . It took place in Bourbon County, Kentucky, and he invited Presbyterian , Baptist and Methodist preachers. For more information on Cane Ridge Camp Meeting, click here .
Canon : A general term for an authoritative set of sacred texts (Smith and Green 1995: 179).
Canon Law : Church law or decrees given by an ecclesiastical authority for governing a given church. In Roman Catholicism , there is a history of systematic collections dating back to the 11th century, but the first code of canon law was promulgated in 1917, and was revised several times since its inception. It includes the obligations of the clergy and laity , missionary activities , Catholic education, worship and the sacraments (Reid et al. 1990: 219-220).
Cardinal : A papal-appointed position in the Roman Catholic Church responsible for electing new popes . The term originally applied to all clergy with permanent positions. Currently, there are more than 100 cardinals (Reid et al. 1990: 223).
Carroll, John (1735-1815) : John Carroll served as the first Catholic bishop in the United States and helped expand the Catholic Church domestically. For more information on John Carroll, click here .
Caste System : A complex network of interdependent, yet separated, hereditary, occupationally specialized, and hierarchal social groups in India. It is a distinctive social institution in India, guided by religious principles in Hinduism , and yet transcending Hinduism in the sense that non-Hindus also are subject to the caste system. The structure of the caste system can be traced back thousands of years. Some scholars have recently questioned the emphasis of the caste system as a definitive representation of Indian society and culture. Some scholars even suggest that the caste system is a recent invention due to the fall of Hindu kings in the medieval period, or due to British colonial rule (Smith and Green 1995: 182-185).
Catechism : A manual of instruction in the basics of the Christian faith. Various denominations have issued catechisms outlining basic teachings and practices of their faiths. Examples of catechisms include Luther�s German catechism (1529) and the Roman Catechism (1566). Catechisms were an important tool in educating both Catholic and Protestant youths until recently, where many have viewed them as somewhat outdated (Smith and Green 1995: 186).
Cathedral : A building traditionally designated as the principal church of a diocese or archdiocese in the Catholic , Anglican and Orthodox traditions (Reid et al. 1990: 232).
Catholic Church Abuse Scandal : The Catholic Church abuse scandal involves widespread allegations of child sexual abuse at the hands of Catholic clergy and institutional cover-ups by Catholic officials. Although accusations of clerical sexual misconduct had arisen in decades prior to 2002, investigative reporters for the Boston Globe revealed not only how prevalent it was, but how these incidents were dealt with internally within the Catholic Church. For more information on the abuse scandal, click here .
Catholic Worker Movement : A Catholic movement created to serve the poor. It was founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin during the Great Depression , and it still exists today. For more information, click here .
Catholicism, Roman : The largest of Christianity�s three main branches, which include the Eastern Orthodox Church and Protestantism . Catholicism maintains a hierarchy of bishops and priests , with the pope as the clerical leader. Notable differences from Protestantism also include the veneration of the Virgin Mary and other saints, the importance of church traditions, and the celibacy of the priesthood (Prothero 2008: 208). For more information on the Roman Catholic Church, including membership data, click here . To interactively explore the history of Catholics in America, click here .
Celibacy : The renunciation of marriage and sexual relations as part of a religious vocation. Roman Catholic priests are celibate while Orthodox priests are not required to be celibate (Smith and Green 1995: 190-191).
Charismatics : Christians who stress spiritual gifts described in the New Testament , such as speaking in tongues and healing. Prior to 1960, this phenomenon was closely associated with the Pentecostal tradition (see Azusa Street Revival ), but since then it has become a more general term that emphasizes the presence of the Holy Spirit , without a specific denominational affiliation (Smith and Green 1995: 194). For more information on charismatics, click here .
Christian Apocrypha : Also known as the New Testament Apocrypha, it is a collection of non-canonical Christian writings purporting to contain information regarding Jesus and other first-century Christian leaders. Books in the Christian Apocrypha include the Gospel of Thomas and the Gospel of Peter. The major branches of Christianity do not view these books as authoritative, as many of them were written much later than the New Testament canon . The Christian Apocrypha is different from the Old Testament Apocrypha , or deuterocanonical books (Smith and Green 1995: 55).
Christian Coalition : A conservative political pressure group composed of white evangelicals and Catholics that was established in 1989 by Pat Robertson after he failed to receive the Republican nomination in the presidential election. The Christian Coalition is the spiritual successor to Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority of the 1980s . Today, the group is known for promoting "family values" and a return to the nation�s "Christian heritage" (Prothero 2008: 209).
Christian Science Family : Churches following the teachings of founder Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) , who believed that personal healing was the central message of Christianity . She believed that the correct interpretation of Scripture would alleviate disease, suffering, and even death according to her book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875). The movement became more of an institution in 1879. Worship services include readings from the Bible as well as Eddy�s �Science and Health.� The largest group in the Christian Science family is the Church of Christ, Scientist (Smith and Green 1995: 264).
Christianity : The largest of the world religions , comprising a third of the world�s population. It views sin as a core human problem that can only be absolved through the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ , the Son of God. The three main branches of Christianity are Eastern Orthodoxy , Roman Catholicism , and Protestantism (Prothero 2008: 209-210). See the ARDA's American Denomination: Profiles web page for specific denominations of Christianity.
Christians : Adherents of the Christian religion. See Christianity for more details.
Christmas : A Christian holiday generally celebrated on December 25th that commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ . Some Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 7th (Prothero 2008: 210).
Christology : The theological study of Jesus Christ , mostly concerned with his person and nature (Reid et al. 1990: 263).
Church : 1) A building, program or service providing religious goods to a certain constituency and a specific geographical location. 2) Historically and theologically , it represents a Christian community founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ (Reid et al. 1990: 266).
Church/Sect Cycle : A cycle whereby new religious bodies begin as sects that have high tension with their surrounding environment and gradually transform into churches that have low tension with their surrounding environment. As members become less satisfied with their low-tension church, growing conflict within the group will erupt into a split, and the faction desiring a return to higher tension will found a new sect. This perpetuates an endless cycle of church-sect formation (Finke and Stark 1992:44-45). For more, click here
Circumcision : In Judaism , the cutting of the penis's foreskin as a sign of the covenant between God and Abraham's offspring. The practice is also common among Christians and Muslims , along with some indigenous groups (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-4).
Civil Religion : A religio-political phenomenon describing the general faith of a nation or state, and its commonly held beliefs about the history and destiny of the nation. The term was coined by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his book, Social Contract (1762). The concept was further developed by the sociologist Robert Bellah in 1967, referring to the historical belief that America represents "God�s New Israel" (Reid et al. 1990: 281). For more information on civil religion, click here .
Clergy : Ordained leaders who carry out religious duties. Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Anglican churches tend to emphasize the distinction between the clergy and the laity , although this distinction exists in various other Protestant denominations to a lesser degree (Reid et al. 1990: 293).
Communal Family : Churches where members often live together or share living activities, such as common meals, as an expression of their faith. The Hutterian Brethren is an example of a communal church (Smith and Green 1995: 275).
Communion : 1) The Christian commemoration of Christ's last supper by partaking of the elements of bread and wine (or grape juice). The various churches and denominations are divided on whether these elements actually become Christ's body and blood or symbolize them (see Transubstantiation ). Communion also is known as the Eucharist in some Christian traditions. 2) The fellowship of all Christians on earth and in heaven. 3) A specific Christian church or family of churches (Hinnells 1984: 94).
Confession : A sacrament in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches in which a penitent confesses his or her sins to a priest and is absolved of them. In Roman Catholicism, confession is only one part of the entire sacrament of penance (Smith and Green 1995: 280).
Confirmation : This ceremony marks the reception of young Christians (usually in their early teen years) into full participation in the life of the church . Confirmation is most often celebrated in the Roman Catholic , Episcopal , Lutheran , Methodist and Presbyterian denominations (Smith and Green 1995: 280).
Confucianism : A Chinese religion founded by Confucius (551-479 BCE), whose goal was to foster social harmony through a combination of self-cultivation and social rites. Chinese Immigrants brought Confucianism to the United States in the 19th century (Prothero 2008: 211-212).
Confucius (551-479 BCE) : A Chinese philosopher who taught concepts of righteousness and of "being fully human." His disciples helped spread his philosophy, which later became known as Confucianism in the Han dynasty. His name actually was Master K'ung, but Catholic missionaries later referred to him as Confucius, a Latinized version of his name (Esposito et al. 2012: 491-492).
Congregation : Any local gathering of believers for worship. This can be thought of as a more inclusive term for church , since many religious traditions use different names for their place of worship. Usually this refers to a building or physical structure, but it also could refer to a more fluid group of people without a specific building (e.g. a �congregation� that meets in member�s homes).
Congregationalism : A system of church governance in which the members hold most of the power, such as electing the clergy and making other major decisions. 2) Congregationalism can also refer to the church tradition stemming from the English Puritans of the 17th century and now found in the United States in the United Church of Christ and smaller Congregationalist bodies (Smith and Green 1995: 285-286).
Conservative Judaism : An offshoot of Reform Judaism in America that officially began in the early 20th century, but traces its early thought pattern to European Jews in the mid-19th century. The founders desired to reaffirm the validity of the Jewish past while still emphasizing the need for Jews to modernize. The movement claims to be an authentic continuation of rabbinical Judaism while still maintaining a sense of relevance in modern times (Smith and Green 1995: 286-287).
Conservative Protestantism : A broad social category of Protestantism that advocates a conservative theological position (e.g., the inspiration of the Bible , the physical resurrection of Jesus Christ , etc.). Conservative Protestants are often subdivided into Evangelical Protestants and Fundamentalists , who differ in terms of their engagement with the secular non-Christian world.
Conversion : A turning away from one way of life to another. In Christianity , it is a turning away from sin and toward a new life of Christ . Most churches agree on the need for conversion, but its relationship with salvation is debated between religious groups (Reid et al. 1990: 316). Some sociologists of religion define conversion as the shift in religious allegiance from one religious tradition to another, from Judaism to Christianity, for example. These scholars would define the shift from the Baptist to the Catholic tradition as a process of reaffiliation , not conversion (Stark and Finke 2000: 114). For more information on conversion, click here .
Coping Theory : The way in which individuals use religion to cope with difficult situations and make sense of events in their lives (Pargament 1997). Originating in psychological studies of religion, research and theory indicate that religious coping is more likely to occur in situations perceived as uncontrollable. For more information, click here .
Coughlin, Charles (1891-1979) : Charles Coughlin was a Catholic "radio priest ," who was controversial for his anti-Semitic , pro-Nazi views leading up to World War II. Although he garnered millions of listeners, the U.S. government and church authorities were disturbed by Coughlin, and they eventually pushed him off the air in 1942. For more information on Charles Coughlin, click here .
Creationism : The belief that the creation account of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, is historically and scientifically correct. This has led to some confrontation with proponents of Darwinian evolution, most notable in the infamous Scopes Trial of 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee. More recently, former creationists have advocated Intelligent Design instead of creationism to counter evolutionary claims (Prothero 2008: 213-214). For more information, click here .
Creed : A confession or adherence to selected essentials of religious faith. Creeds are especially prominent in liturgical traditions. Some groups, like those in the Restoration Movement , state that there is "no creed, but Christ." Baptist groups also resist creedal statements. The most famous creeds are Christianity's Apostles' Creed and Nicene Creed (Reid et al. 1990: 327).
Crosby, Frances "Fanny" (1820-1915) : Fanny Crosby was a blind Christian hymn writer who wrote thousands of famous hymns, including "Blessed Assurance," "Jesus Keep Me Near the Cross," and "To God Be the Glory." For more information on Fanny Crosby, click here .
Cross : 1) A sign widely used in the history of religion to express the structure of the cosmos. 2) An instrument of execution used by the Romans. 3) A Christian symbol of salvation and God�s compassion on humanity by allowing his Son, Jesus Christ , to die for humanity�s sins (Smith and Green 1995: 297).
Crucifix : A cross bearing the figure of Christ . It is often used to represent the suffering of Christ. It became an important image for devotional purposes in the Middle Ages, but was viewed as idolatry by many Protestant Reformers, which is why many Protestant churches prefer the symbol of a cross without Jesus on it (Reid et al. 1990: 330).
Crusades : Medieval military campaigns of the eleventh through fifteenth centuries waged by Christians to recapture Jerusalem from Muslims (Prothero 2008: 214).
Cult : 1) A new and unconventional religious movement that is often founded on the teachings of a new prophet and/or new sacred text. 2) The ARDA and other scholars tend to use the term "new religious movements" rather than cults because the latter term carries negative political and social connotations and prejudices associated with those belonging to such groups. 3) In popular use, people often refer to sects as cults (Smith and Green 1995: 298). For more information on this concept, click here .
D
Damnation : Condemnation to punishment in the afterlife for sins committed while alive. This is said to occur on judgment day , and the eternal abode for the damned is hell (Smith and Green 1995: 303).
Day, Dorothy (1897-1980) : Dorothy Day was a Catholic activist known for co-founding the Catholic Worker movement , leading anti-war and anti-nuclear proliferation movements, and promoting assistance to the poor. For more information on Dorothy Day, click here .
Deacon : A minister ranking below a priest in the Anglican , Catholic and Orthodox churches. In most Protestant churches, deacons are not ordained and are seen as people who assist the clergy (Reid et al. 1990: 344).
Deism : A rationalistic religion based on religion and nature instead of revelation. Deists believe in one God and in an afterlife of rewards and punishments, but they reject both miracles and prayers . This position spread under the Enlightenment period and influenced the founding fathers of the United States (Prothero 2008: 216).
Deity : Typically, a supernatural being considered holy or sacred .
Demon : A superhuman being between humans and gods , which can have benevolent or malevolent intentions based on the religious tradition. In Christianity , they are considered evil. In Hinduism , demons belong to many castes and are sometimes hard to distinguish from gods (Smith and Green 1995: 311).
Denomination : A larger religious organization or structure to which a congregation may be a member. Usually, congregations within a denomination are united by some historical and/or theological tradition. Congregations not belonging to a denomination are usually called "independent" or "non-denominational" (Melton 2009: 3).
Denominationalism : Denominationalism refers to the subdivision of a particular religion. A common example is Protestant Christianity in the United States, which is subdivided into multiple denominations (e.g., Baptist, Methodist, etc.). For more information, click here .
Deuterocanonical Books : See Apocrypha .
Devotionalism : The frequency at which an individual performs religious rituals and comparable behaviors, notably prayer and Bible reading, often measured independently of group activities such as church attendance (Roof 1976). For ways to measure devotionalism, click here .
Dharma : The proper course of conduct, norms and ultimate realities in the Buddhist religion. Dharma is central to Buddhist practice. The term also exists in Hinduism and Brahmanic thought as a set of ritual actions sanctioned by the priestly class (Smith and Green 1995: 315).
Dialectical Imagination : A religious perspective emphasizing the individual and the withdrawal of God from the sinful world. The dialectical imagination contrasts with the analogical imagination , which stresses the community and the expression of God through every aspect of creation. The differing concepts were developed by Andrew Greeley (1989), who believed that Catholics tend to have analogical imagination while Protestants tend to have dialectical imagination.
Diaspora : The dispersion of a religious people outside their geographic homeland, where they must live as a minority among others (Esposito et al. 2012: G-4).
Diocese : The wider regional structure connecting parishes and other local organizations that is overseen by a bishop (Reid et al. 1990: 357).
Disaffiliation : The opposite of conversion , disaffiliation refers to the process of leaving a religious organization or disavowing one�s former religious identity . For more information on this concept, click here .
Disciple : A pupil who is attached to a specific teacher or way of life (Smith and Green 1995: 317). In the Christian tradition, John the Baptist and Jesus had disciples. Peter is a famous disciple of Jesus. The term also has been used in the Buddhist tradition. For example, Ananda was a disciple and cousin of the Buddha .
Dispensational Premillennialism : The belief held by some Christians that the current dispensation, or historical period, is near the end, and will conclude with the rapture of the believers into heaven . Jesus will come down from heaven to fight the Antichrist and establish a thousand-year reign of peace . British theologian John Nelson Darby (1800-1882) developed this theology and it spread to the United States after the Civil War. This type of theology was made popular by the Scofield Reference Bible and the fictional Left Behind book series. It is one of the most popular forms of prophecy belief in the United States (Prothero 2008: 217).
Dispensationalism : A Christian theological view that divides history into several periods, or dispensations. God�s plan for salvation differs according to the dispensation (Smith and Green 1995: 318).
Divination : The determination of the hidden significance of things through a variety of techniques. Divination often is performed by specialists and is historically common in Chinese and Japanese religions (Smith and Green 1995: 318-319).
Divinity : A term frequently used prior to the 20th century to refer to the study of theology or the "science of divine things." The term also could refer to the quality of being divine as well as to God himself (Reid et al. 1990: 359).
Doctrine : An official teaching of a religious group. Religious bodies and officials often establish doctrine through written statements or councils. In a Christian context, the Trinity serves as an important doctrine. In Buddhist , Hindu , and Jainist traditions, ahimsa is an important doctrine (McBrien 1995: 424).
Dogma : A religious doctrine that is taught definitively, that is infallibly. Dogma is understood as a principle component of a religious ideology that is non-disputable. In the context of the Catholic Church, the Nicene Creed contains dogmata (McBrien 1995: 424).
Dogma : The truths and their systematic presentations which all Christians must accept. The Greek word is "dokeo," which means "appears." Dogma is particularly found in Roman Catholicism , explicitly stated in ecumenical councils or by the pope . In a non-liturgical setting, it has a pejorative connotation (Reid et al. 1990: 361).
Dome of the Rock : A domed shrine in Jerusalem that houses the rock upon which the Prophet Muhammad ascended into the Seven Heavens during his night journey . It was constructed by the Caliph Abd al-Malik and was finished in 691 CE (Smith and Green 1995: 320).
Dominionism : The belief that Christians should hold positions of power in society and government based on biblical law. Dominionism has close ties to Christian nationalism , which suggests that it is important to reunite church and state in the United States because the Founding Fathers believed in a Christian nation.
E
Easter : A Christian holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ three days after his crucifixion. It is known as "Pascha" by Orthodox Christians (Prothero 2008: 218).
Eastern Liturgical (Orthodox) Family : One of the three great divisions of Christianity ; the others are the Protestant churches and the Roman Catholic Church . The Catholic and Orthodox churches were originally united, but they parted in the eleventh century, when they differed over several points of doctrine, including the supreme authority of the pope, which Orthodox Christians reject (Melton 2009: 169-172). Since the 20th century, the Catholic and Orthodox churches have made greater efforts toward reconciliation.
Ecclesiastic : A broad term for anyone who specializes in religion . The person helps to explain, supervise, and/or conduct exchanges with a god or gods (Stark and Finke 2000: 279).
Ecumenism : A movement supporting closer relations and unity between Christians . Often this means denominational dialogues and even mergers (Reid et al. 1990: 377). For more information on ecumenism, click here .
Eddy, Mary Baker (1821-1910) : Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910) founded the Christian Science movement , a religious body that believes illness is an illusion. She helped establish a church of 100,000 members and founded the Christian Science Monitor, which still exists today. For more on Mary Baker Eddy, click here .
Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758) : Jonathan Edwards is the most influential theologian in American religious history and helped start the First Great Awakening . He was a Congregational preacher with a calm preaching style, though he is ironically known for his passionate 1741 sermon entitled "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" . For more information on Jonathan Edwards, click here .
Egyptian Book of the Dead : A collection of more than 200 prayers , spells, and illustrations to ensure a peaceful afterlife for the dead. It dates back to the second millennium BCE in Egypt (Smith and Green 1995: 331).
Eightfold Path : As a culmination of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism , it charts the course from suffering to nirvana . It is further divided into three parts: wisdom (right view and right intention), morality (right speech, right conduct, and right livelihood), and concentration (right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration). It also is known as the "middle way" (Prothero 2008: 189-190).
Elder : In various churches , especially the Presbyterian-Reformed tradition, the elders are laypeople who share authority and leadership with the clergy (Smith and Green 1995: 335-336).
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882) : Ralph Waldo Emerson was an influential writer/ minister who promoted Transcendentalist thought, which emphasized experiencing God through lived experience and intuition. For more information on Ralph Waldo Emerson, click here .
Encyclical : A statement or document on an important issue written by the pope or bishops to fellow Catholics . These statements often pertain to controversial social issues, like poverty ( Rerum Novarum , 1891), human rights (Pacem in Terris, 1963), contraception ( Humanae Vitae , 1968), as well as abortion, birth control, euthanasia, and capital punishment (Evangelium Vitae, 1995) (Prothero 2008: 219).
End-Times : The belief that the world is coming to an end and God�s kingdom will be established. See Apocalypse .
Enlightenment : The experience of knowing the cause of suffering in the Buddhist tradition. Siddhartha Gautama , the Buddha, is said to have experienced enlightenment under the Bodhi tree (ca 530 BCE) (Smith and Green 1995: 338).
Eschatology : A broad theology concerning the End-Times , and processes of salvation . The term was first used in the nineteenth century with the advent of critical biblical studies. Topics in eschatology include Armageddon , millennialism, the Second Coming , and the Messiah (Smith and Green 1995: 342).
Eucharist : The Christian ritual that focuses on the life, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ . The term has existed since the second century CE and comes from a thanksgiving prayer that acts as an important element of the rite. It also is known as the Divine Liturgy, Holy Communion , Lord�s Supper, or Mass (Smith and Green 1995: 345).
European Free Church Family : Churches that left established and state churches in Europe over the belief that congregational activity and membership should be voluntary and free of state control. Examples of these churches include the Society of Friends ( Quakers ) and the Evangelical Covenant Church, which is the result of a schism from the Church of Sweden in the 19th century (Melton 2009: 433).
Evangelical Protestantism : A movement in Protestantism emphasizing one�s personal relationship with Christ , the inspiration of the Bible , and the importance of sharing one�s faith with non-believers. Evangelical Protestantism is usually seen as more theologically and socially conservative than Mainline Protestantism , although there is obviously variation between denominations , congregations , and individuals within the "evangelical" category (Reid et al. 1990: 413).
Evangelism : The Christian practice of sharing the gospel of Christ with non-believers. This term comes from the New Testament Greek word "euangelizomai," which means "to proclaim the good news" (Reid et al. 1990: 416).
Evangelist : One who engages in evangelism. See evangelism .
Excommunication : The banishment of an individual from a religious community. This practice exists in some Jewish and Christian communities (Smith and Green 1995: 351).
Extrinsic Religion : Using religious participation and affiliation to achieve practical rewards, such as social status. This is in contrast to intrinsic religion , which pertains to internal motivations for religious activity. The concepts of extrinsic religion and intrinsic religion was developed by Gordon Allport (1960). Differences between intrinsic and extrinsic religion can be understood as differences in religious orientation (Allport 1960).
Family, Religious : See religious family .
Fanatic : A derogatory term for someone overly zealous in their religious faith (Smith and Green 1995: 356).
Fasting : The religious practice of abstaining from food for a certain period of time. There are various forms of fasting in the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism , Christianity and Islam . The Jewish passover includes a fast, Lent usually includes a chosen fast for Christians, and Ramadan in Islam includes a month-long daytime fast (Smith and Green 1995: 357).
Fatalism : The belief that all events are predetermined, and human effort is therefore irrelevant (Smith and Green 1995: 357).
Fatwa : The legal opinion of a private religious scholar concerning Islamic law . This opinion often guides certain legal rulings (Esposito 2011: 243).
Feminist Theology : A system of religious thought that interprets practices and scriptures through a feminist perspective. It tends to challenge male-dominance in religious language, authority, and scripture. This perspective spans across Christian , Jewish , Muslim , and other religions (Lippy and Williams 2000).
Finney, Charles (1792-1875) : Charles Finney was a prominent evangelist and revivalist during the Second Great Awakening . Licensed by the Presbyterian Church , Finney began conducting revivals in small New York towns and then spread to large urban centers, including Philadelphia, Boston, and Rochester. Like many revivalists, he was criticized for using emotionalism and abandoning traditional religious teachings. For more information on Charles Finney, click here .
Fiqh : Human interpretation and application of divine law in Islam (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-8).
First Great Awakening (1730s-1770s) : The First Great Awakening (1730s-1770s) was a series of religious revivals in the 18th century that propelled the expansion of evangelical denominations in the colonies. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield played pivotal roles in the development of the First Great Awakening. For more information on the First Great Awakening, click here .
Five Pillars of Islam : The five essential practices of Islam . These include shahada (profession of faith), salat (worship), zakat (alms-giving), saum (fasting) and Hajj (pilgrimage). The observance of these pillars differs between Sunni and Shi�ite traditions (Hinnells 1984: 136).
Four Noble Truths : The Core Teachings of Buddha in his first sermon in what is now known as northern India. These four truths include: the Existence of Suffering (which characterizes human life), the Origin of Suffering (which is ignorance), the Cessation of Suffering (through nirvana ), and the Path to the Cessation of Suffering (through the Eightfold Path ) (Prothero 2008: 187-188).
Friar : A member of the mendicant orders of Roman Catholicism (Reid et al. 1990: 454).
Fuller, Charles (1887-1968) : Charles Fuller was a prominent evangelist on the popular evangelical radio show "The Old Fashioned Revival Hour." By the mid-1940s, Fuller's sermons were being broadcast on 575 stations, making the "The Old Fashioned Revival Hour" one of the most widely heard shows. Fuller also founded Fuller Theological Seminary, which helped graduate influential religious figures, including Bill Bright, Rob Bell, John Piper , and Rick Warren . For more information on Charles Fuller, click here .
Fundamentalism : 1) A movement of Protestants embracing similar beliefs as evangelicals , although usually in a more conservative direction, stressing separation from the world and from more liberal Christian bodies. The term derives from a series of booklets entitled The Fundamentals, which were published in the early 20th century on what were viewed to be the basic doctrines of Christianity . 2) The term also is used to describe similarly conservative movements in other religions, particularly Islam (Smith and Green 1995: 369-370). For more information on fundamentalism, click here .
G
Gabriel : An archangel in Jewish , Christian and Islamic traditions. In Christianity, he is known for announcing to Mary that she will bear the Jesus , the savior of humanity. In Islam, he is known as "Jibril," and is known for visiting the Prophet Muhammad in a human form. It was Jibril who revealed God�s messages through Muhammad, and who also guided Muhammad during his night journey through the heavens (Smith and Green 1995: 373).
Gentile : Anyone not Jewish (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-4).
Ghost : The appearance of a dead person, usually thought of as a disembodied spirit . In Korea, ghosts operate as malevolent spirits who died prematurely and are therefore unfulfilled, like unmarried women, young children or drowning victims (Smith and Green 1995: 385).
Gibbons, James (1834-1921) : James Gibbons was an important American cardinal archbishop who guided the Catholic Church through the influx of Irish immigrants in the 19th century. Moreover, he mediated relations between American Catholics and the Vatican . Pope Leo XIII was suspicious of American cultural influence on American clerics, but Gibbons defended his American officials. For more information on James Gibbons, click here .
Gnosticism : A term used for a category of religions that emphasize knowledge as a means to salvation . Its origins and age are debated. Since there have been Gnostic interpretations of Christian , Jewish , Greek and Iranian philosophies, it is not necessarily a religion as much as it is an interpretative perspective of specific religious phenomena (Smith and Green 1995: 387).
God/Goddess : Common term for supreme deities. Judaism , Christianity , and Islam often mention God as the supreme and sole deity. Goddesses are more common in Eastern religions, especially Hinduism (Smith and Green 1995: 389).
Golden Rule : A popular moral maxim espoused by Jesus in the New Testament Gospel According to Matthew. It states, "Do to others what you would have them do to you" (Matthew 7:12, NIV). Variations of this precept are attributed to Confucius, Muhammad and the rabbi Hillel (Prothero 2008: 227-228).
Good Friday : The Friday before Easter and an important Holy Week observance for Christians . It functions as a somber time of reflection and meditation with regards to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Reid et al. 1990: 485).
Gospel of Wealth : A religious doctrine that maintains that wealth is the natural product of moral character, diligence and faith (Reid et al. 1990: 1238).
Gospels : The narratives of the life of Jesus found in the beginning of the New Testament of the Bible in the books of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. In Greek, "gospel" refers to "good news." The gospels contain some differences between them. Many believe that Mark is the first gospel, and that Matthew and Luke borrowed some of their material from Mark. For this reason, they are known as synoptic gospels, while the Book of John is believed to be written later, and contains information not found in the synoptic gospels (Prothero 2008: 187).
Government Favoritism : When a government provides subsidies, privileges, support, or favorable sanctions for a select religion or a small group of religions . For more information, see the National Profiles section on the ARDA website.
Government Regulation of Religion : The restrictions placed on the practice, profession, or selection of religion by the official laws, policies, or administrative actions of the state. For more information, see the National Profiles section on the ARDA website.
Grace : The term refers to an expression of unmerited divine love and assistance given to humans from God (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-6). In Christianity , God's grace is expressed through the sacrifice of his Son, Jesus Christ , on the cross for the redemption of human sin .
Graham, William "Billy" (1918-present) : Billy Graham was the preeminent Christian evangelist of the second half of the 20th century, preaching to millions in the United States and abroad. His "crusades" throughout his career were attended by very large audiences. For example, the 1949 Los Angeles Crusade was attended by more than 350,000 people. He was friends with Martin Luther King, Jr. , as well as many U.S. presidents. For more information on Billy Graham, click here .
Greek Septuagint : The name for the original Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. It was the first translation of the Hebrew Bible into another language and includes the books in the rabbinic Bible along with apocryphal/deuterocanonical books. Scholars trace some of the early translations to as far back as the third century B.C. The Greek Septuagint was later eclipsed by the Latin Vulgate (McBrien 1995: 1183-1184).
Guru : A spiritual and cultural leader. Sometimes disciples perceive their guru to be semi-divine (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-10).
H
Hadith : A narrative report of what the Prophet Muhammad said and did based on the accounts of his followers, which supplements the Koran (Smith and Green 1995: 403).
Hajj (Pilgrimage) : One of the Five Pillars of Islam is the Hajj (pilgrimage), where Muslims visit the sacred monuments in and near Mecca . It is required for Muslims to make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime, if they are physically able and can afford it (Hinnells 1991: 145).
Hanukkah (Chanukah, Chanukkah, or Chanuka) : An eight-day Jewish festival of lights commemorating the victory of the Hasmonean priests over the non-Jewish Seleucid rulers of Palestine in the second century BCE. On each night a candle is lit on a special Hanukkah menorah , and presents are exchanged (Hinnells 1991: 34).
Hasidism : A form of Judaism that is orthodox in that it emphasizes the fulfillment of all Jewish precepts and ritual, and yet it also incorporates mystical aspects. It originated in the Ukraine during the 18th century through the efforts of rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. He taught that all men were equal under God, and that piety, devotion, purity and prayer were more important than study, learning or ascetic practices. A strong emphasis on tradition, social service, celebration, communal life and experimenting with radical ideas is characteristic of Hasidic practice. In the last generation, the Hasidim became the fastest growing segment of American Judaism, due to proselytization and high birth rates (Melton 2009: 898).
Heaven (Christianity) : The dwelling place of God, angels and redeemed individuals in the afterlife . It functions as the ultimate reward for the redeemed, as opposed to hell , which is the punishment for the damned (Smith and Green 1995: 411). To find information on survey questions related to heaven, click here .
Hell (Christianity) : A place for the damned in the afterlife after Judgment Day . Hell originally referred to the dark regions of the underworld, but now it refers to the eternal separation between individuals and God. Whether hell is everlasting or a temporary state of existence is often debated (Smith and Green 1995: 412).
Heresy : Either a rejection of doctrines taught by a communal authority or a choice to advocate an alternative doctrine/interpretation opposed to the authoritative conventional teaching. This concept is tied to the early Christian tradition, as the Church attempted to dispel certain Hellenistic philosophies. It also is evident in Judaism and Islam , although in these religions it is often more related to religious behavior, instead of religious beliefs (Smith and Green 1995: 414).
Heschel, Abraham (1907-1972) : Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907-1972) was an important Jewish theologian and social activist in the 20th century. He boldly supported the civil rights movement and walked with Martin Luther King, Jr. at Selma, which led to jail time. He opposed the Vietnam War and helped improve Jewish-Catholic relations by providing advice during Vatican Council II . For more information on Abraham Heschel, click here .
Hijab : An Arabic term referring to any partition separating two things, but most commonly it refers to a veil or head covering worn by Muslim women (Prothero 2008: 232).
Hijra : The Prophet Muhammad�s flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 after his enemies attempted to assassinate him. This year serves as the first year in the Islamic lunar calendar (Prothero 2008: 257).
Hijra : Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. He fled after his enemies made a failed assassination attempt on him. His flight to Medina led to the establishment of the first Muslim community . The year of the flight (622 CE) now serves as the first year in the Muslim lunar calendar (Prothero 2008: 257).
Hinduism : The name given for the majority religion of India. There is no central authority in Hinduism, although most Hindu groups and traditions believe in reincarnation and venerate gods and goddesses who are viewed as manifestations of God. Sanskrit texts known as Vedas are sacred scriptures in Hinduism, and they were composed between 1200 and 900 BCE. Around 660 million people identify as Hindu in the world, and 97 percent of Hindus live in India (Smith and Green 1995: 424).
Holiness Family : Churches that emerged out of the Methodist churches in the United States as they sought to restore John Wesley�s teachings of personal holiness and total sanctification (perfection). The movement originated in the mid-nineteenth century. Holiness bodies include the Church of the Nazarene and the various Church of God denominations (Smith and Green 1995: 457-458).
Holy : See sacred .
Holy Spirit : A term widely employed in the New Testament , and used at points in the Old Testament , although in a different context. In the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit came upon prophets in order for them to transmit God's message to others. In Christianity , it describes the third person in the Trinity . The archaic term for the Holy Spirit is "holy ghost." Charismatics often refer to the gifts of the Holy Spirit, including speaking in tongues and prophecy (Smith and Green 1995: 464).
Holy Thursday : A day in the Christian Holy Week commemorating the Eucharist at the Last Supper of Jesus . The rite of washing feet also is sometimes practiced, just as Jesus washed his disciples' feet at the Last Supper. Holy Thursday also is known as Maundy Thursday (Smith and Green 1995: 465).
Holy Week : A Christian celebration of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus . Palm Sunday begins the week, followed by Holy Thursday , Good Friday , an Easter Vigil on Saturday night and Easter Sunday. This practice probably began in fourth-century Jerusalem (Smith and Green 1995: 465).
Homily : Similar to a sermon , though usually briefer and most often given in Catholic churches. In the Catholic Church, it is often a short interpretation of a Gospel passage during the Eucharistic liturgy (Smith and Green 1995: 465).
Homo religiosus : A term referring to the universal practice of religion by all humans. From the earliest period of human history, religion has been the center of human culture and social life. The term was coined by the comparative religions scholar Mircea Eliade (Esposito et al. 2012b: 41).
House Churches : Gatherings of believers held in the home of a Christian individual or family. They existed from the time early Christianity began, and continue to exist with the advent of new independent Christian groups. Some view it as providing intimacy and community that is more difficult to find in larger churches (Reid et al. 1990: 557).
Hubbard, L. Ron (1911-1986) : L. Ron Hubbard (1911-1986) founded Scientology , a controversial new religious movement . Once a science fiction writer, he became interested in the human condition and detailed techniques to rid humans of destructive behaviors in his famous book entitled Dianetics (1950). In 1954, he opened the first Church of Scientology in Los Angeles. He was accused of being a cult leader and a fraud. For more information, click here .
Hughes, John (1797-1864) : John Hughes was an important New York archbishop who oversaw growth in the American Catholic Church due to Irish immigration and advocated Catholic parochial education. For more information on John Hughes, click here .
Hymn : A worship song. Influential hymn writers include Fanny Crosby and Charles Wesley .
Hymnal : A collection of hymns , typically organized in a book for worship.
Icon : A religious sacred image. Icons are an integral part of worship in Eastern Orthodox Churches . They also are important to Catholic Churches and Anglican Churches (Hinnells 1984: 159).
Idol : A pejorative term for any three-dimensional, or sculpted figure, or more broadly, a figure representing a god or goddess used for worship. Many world religions use such figures in their religious rituals , but Western religions, including Judaism , Christianity and Islam , forbid the worship of idols (Smith and Green 1995: 479).
Idolatry : A pejorative term for the alleged worship of idols . In Judaism , Christianity and Islam , it often loosely refers to the worship of other beings or things besides God (Smith and Green 1995: 479).
Ijma : A term referring to the agreement of Muslim scholars on the interpretation of legal questions. Their consensus is seen as authoritative (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-8).
Images of God : Images of God are a collection of survey items that tap into personal theologies pertaining to God�s nature. Typically, these measures ask respondents their beliefs pertaining to: God�s level of engagement or distance from the world, wrath or anger, and love (see Froese and Bader 2010). For more information on this topic, click here .
Imam : For Sunni Muslims , the imam is the prayer leader of a mosque . For Shi'ite Muslims , the imam is a direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad that leads the congregation in all areas of belief in practice. Many Shi'ite Muslims believe that there will be a "hidden imam" that will come in the end-times to bring peace and justice to the world (Prothero 2008: 234-235).
Immaculate Conception : A teaching of the Roman Catholic Church that the Blessed Virgin Mary , by a singular grace and privilege of God, through the merits of her son Jesus Christ , was preserved from the stain or effects of original sin from the first moment of her conception by her parents. This teaching is not the same as the virgin birth of Jesus (Reid et al. 1990: 567).
Incarnation : In Christian theology , it is the eternal Word of God embodied in the flesh of Jesus during his time on earth (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-6).
Independent Fundamentalist Family : Churches that left mainline and evangelical denominations in 1930. Out of the initial 39 men who formed the movement, twelve were Congregationalists , three Presbyterians , nineteen Independents, one Baptist , and four with no denominational affiliation. The movement was a response to modernity, as they believed that other churches were too liberal in theology . The Independent Fundamental Churches in America is the largest of these separatist bodies (Reid et al. 1990: 573).
Intelligent Design : A theory that posits that both the universe and individual organisms are too complex to be a result of either chance or random selection, thus pointing to an "intelligent designer." Critics accuse Intelligent Design proponents of espousing "pseudoscience," and attempting to give creationist sentiments a more scientific facade (Prothero 2008: 214).
Interfaith (Dialogue) : A movement attempting to foster closer relations between different religions (Smith and Green 1995: 317).
Interfaith Marriage : When spouses in a marriage identify with different religions (e.g., Christianity and Judaism ). Typically, this excludes interdenominational marriages (e.g., Baptist & Methodist ), but some researchers consider it interfaith marriage if the spouses come from different Christian traditions (e.g., Evangelical Protestant & Mainline Protestant ; see Murphy 2015). For more on how researchers measure interfaith marriage, click here .
Intrinsic Religion : Religion that serves as its own goal, motivated by internal desires. The concepts of extrinsic religion and intrinsic religion was developed by Gordon Allport (1960). Differences between intrinsic and extrinsic religion can be understood as differences in religious orientation (Allport 1960).
Irreligion : Irreligion refers to individuals who are "not religious." This can refer to a number of different dimensions including religious affiliation , belief, practice, and identification . For more information, click here .
Islam : The religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632), who is believed by followers to be the final prophet . The word "Islam" means "submission." Muslims follow the sacred text of the Koran and stress the oneness of God. Muslims practice the Five Pillars : praying , fasting during Ramadan , almsgiving , pilgrimage and a testimony of faith . There are two divisions of Islam: Sunni and Shi�ite . The Muslim community split due to different opinions on leadership succession (Prothero 2008: 236).
Islamic Center : A building that operates as a community center, similar to Christian or Jewish community centers. It usually has educational programs, sports activities, computer classes, religious classes and a prayer room. Islamic centers are either stand alone or incorporate a mosque (Esposito 2011: 40).
Islamism : Ultraconservative Islamic movements that use their religion to advance a political agenda. The term is pejorative, and often aimed at groups like al-Qaeda . It also is known as "political Islam" (Prothero 2008: 237).
Israel : 1) A term for the Jews as a religious people. 2) The land and state of Israel founded in 1948 and located in the Middle East (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-4).
Jain : An adherent of Jainism .
Jainism : An ancient Indian religion that teaches no supreme deity, although some Hindu gods are recognized. The religion stresses non-violence and takes its authority from spiritual teachers known as Jinas. There are two major sects , the Digambaras and Shvetambara, and both have different canons of scripture (Parrinder 1973: 141).
Jehovah�s Witnesses : A worldwide Christian society noted for their use of "Jehovah" as the name of God and their assertive proselytizing efforts through door-knocking. Charles Taze Russell founded the movement in the 1880s with hopes of restoring the Church to the beliefs of first-century Christianity. Some of their prominent beliefs include: hell is not a place of eternal torment, the entire Bible is the inspired Word of God, a rejection of the Trinity , living in the "last days" of the world ( millenarianism ), and converting every person into a Witness (Melton 2009: 592).
Jerusalem : The capital city of Israel , and a holy site for Judaism , Christianity and Islam . In the Jewish tradition, Jerusalem was a holy city where King Solomon built the first temple to God around 950 BCE. In Christianity, Jesus performed miracles there and spent his last weeks there. In Islam, Jerusalem was the site where Muhammad traveled on his Night Journey (Smith and Green 1995: 567-568).
Jesus Christ : The founder of the Christian religion. "Christ" is a Hebrew term for "messiah," meaning Christians believe that he is the savior of humanity. Jesus was born in Palestine under Roman occupation around 6 BCE. Many Christians believe that he is the Son of God, who died for human sin , and was raised in order for all humans to have salvation . He, along with God the Father and the Holy Spirit make up what is known as the Trinity . Muslims believe that Jesus was an important prophet , but he was not the Son of God, nor do they believe in the Trinity. The nature of Jesus� form, in terms of his physical form and divine form, has been debated over the centuries in what is known as Christology (Smith and Green 1995: 568-572).
Jews : A term originally referring to inhabitants of Judea, but now refers to adherents of Judaism , or individuals who strongly identify with Jewish culture (Smith and Green 1995: 572).
Jews for Jesus : A term referring to a contemporary movement of young Jews to Christianity and a missionary agency. The movement began in the late 1960s during the "Jesus Movement." The movement and missionary group attempt to convert Jews by emphasizing that accepting Christianity did not entail an automatic rejection of Jewish heritage (Reid et al. 1990: 595).
Jihad : A term derived from Arabic that means "to struggle." For Muslims , there are two types of Jihads: the greater struggle is the internal spiritual battle between the believer and his/her nature, and the lesser struggle is the physical battle against the enemies of Islam . Muslim extremists and critics of Islam emphasize jihad as a "holy war," while most Muslims do not (Prothero 2008: 240).
Jimmy Carter�s 1976 Election : In 1976, Jimmy Carter became the first self-proclaimed "born again" Christian elected to be president of the United States. For more information on this historical event, click here .
Jinn : An invisible order of beings who are either good or evil in Islam . They hold extraordinary powers and are held accountable for their actions before God (Smith and Green 1995: 573).
Joan of Arc : A 15th century French saint, martyr and national hero (Prothero 2008: 241).
John F. Kennedy�s 1960 Election : John F. Kennedy became the first Catholic President of the United States when he defeated Richard Nixon in the 1960 election. Unlike Al Smith , an earlier Catholic candidate, Kennedy was able to overcome suspicions that his faith would impede his ability to successfully govern. He was assassinated during his first term, in 1963. For more on John F. Kennedy and his presidential election, click here .
John the Baptist : A first-century figure who appears in Josephus' Antiquities and in the New Testament gospels as a prophetic forerunner to Jesus Christ . Many believe that he was associated with the baptist movements in Judaism at the time and preached baptism for the purification of sins (Smith and Green 1995: 574).
Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of 1965 : The Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of 1965 revoked the mutual excommunications of 1054 that led to the Great Schism, which separated Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. During the Second Vatican Council in 1964, Catholic leaders and Orthodox representatives began discussing greater efforts of ecumenism between Catholic and Orthodox churches, which came to fruition in 1965. This event reflected a growing desire for reconciliation between both churches and led to firmer ecumenical relations after centuries of mutual excommunication. For more information on this historical event, click here .
Jones, Jim : The founder of the controversial religious movement known as the People's Temple. See People's Temple for more information.
Jonestown : See People's Temple .
Judaism : A monotheistic religion based on the Torah , Talmud and other texts in the Hebrew Bible . There are several Jewish traditions, including Orthodox , Conservative , Reform Judaism , and Reconstructionist . Today, there are 15 million Jews worldwide, making it the third largest religion, and there are 5.2 million Jews in the United States (Prothero 2008: 241-242).
Judgment Day : A Christian term for the imminent last period of the world when Jesus will render a verdict of salvation or damnation for human beings (Smith and Green 1995: 611).
Judson, Adoniram (1788-1850) : Adoniram Judson was one of the first American missionaries to travel to Burma, inspiring other Protestants to engage in overseas missionary work. For more information on Adoniram Judson, click here .
K
Kaaba : The most sacred space in the Muslim world. It literally means "cube" because it is a cube-shaped structure that contains a sacred black stone, which Muslims believe is a meteorite upon which Abraham was willing to sacrifice his son, Ishmail, to display his submission to Allah (in Christianity, it was his son Isaac who Abraham nearly sacrificed; and this has become a key distinction between the two religions). It is located in the Grand Mosque at Mecca , and many Muslims visit it every year as part of their pilgrimage . Muslims pray in the direction of the Kaaba everyday (Esposito 2011: 23-24).
Kaballah : The Jewish mystical teachings which offer esoteric interpretations of Jewish law. It comes from the Zohar, a thirteenth century (CE) multivolume text, and covers topics ranging from angels to the afterlife (Prothero 2008: 244).
Kama Sutra : A popular Hindu scripture , originally intended as a sex manual for courtesans. It was written around 400 CE by Hindu thinker Vatsyayana. It provides different types of kisses and different sexual positions for intercourse (Prothero 2008: 244).
Karma : A term in Sanskrit referring both to an action and its consequences. It drives the never-ending cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth in the eastern religions of Buddhism , Hinduism , Jainism , and Sikhism (Prothero 2008: 244).
Khatam : The seal or last of the prophets . In Islam , the Prophet Muhammad is the khatam (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-8).
Khutba : A sermon delivered at the Friday prayer session in a mosque (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-8).
King, Martin Luther (1929-1968) : Martin Luther King, Jr. was an important African-American Baptist minister and civil rights leader who combined Gandhi�s nonviolent philosophy and Christian love to fight racism. He is the most recognizable figures in in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. For more information on Martin Luther King, Jr., click here .
Kingdom Hall : A meeting place for Jehovah�s Witnesses , which are usually built by Witnesses themselves (Melton 2009: 593).
Koan : A Buddhist riddle designed to foster spiritual growth, posed by a monastic leader to junior monks . An example includes: "What is the sound of one hand clapping?" (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-7).
Koran : The sacred text of Muslims , and the ultimate authority in Islam regarding law, religion , and ethics. It literally means "recitation." It is also spelled "Quran" or "Qur'an." The Koran is a compilation of the Prophet Muhammad's revelations from the angel Gabriel between 610 CE and 632 CE. Muhammad's recited these revelations, which his followers memorized and later complied into a canon . It consists of 114 surahs , or chapters, which are organized from largest to shortest. As a result, the Koran is not arranged chronologically, which can be confusing for those unfamiliar with the context of each surah (Prothero 2008: 269-270). The Koran is four-fifths the size of the New Testament
Koresh, David (1958-1993) : Leader of the breakaway Christian Adventist group known as the Branch Davidians and self-proclaimed final prophet . His birthname is Vernon Howell, but he took on the messianic name David Koresh in 1990. He died in 1993 after government officials raided the Branch Davidian compound outside of Waco, Texas (Smith and Green 1995: 127-128). See Branch Davidians for more details.
Kosher : Jewish dietary laws that include permissible and restricted foods from one�s diet. These guidelines were set forth in the Torah , and later elaborated in postbiblical Jewish law. Animals with cloven hooves and who chew their cud are forbidden to eat, like pigs. Some explain that kosher laws exist for hygienic reasons, as well as symbolic reasons, like discouraging the assimilation of non-Jewish neighboring communities (Smith and Green 1995: 645-646).
L
Laity : Non-ordained members of Christian churches. The term�s root meaning comes from the Greek "laos," which means "the people." The distinction between laity and clergy is often articulated in a Catholic context in order to clarify roles in church hierarchy. Some Protestant denominations claim that there should be no distinction between laity and clergy, at least in a theological sense (Reid et al. 1990: 627).
Last Rites : The Catholic sacrament preparing members for death, which usually involves applying oil to the dying person and hearing his or her last confession (Reid et al. 1990: 1036).
Last Supper : The New Testament narrative of Jesus' last meal with his disciples prior to his arrest, trial and crucifixion. This event is commemorated through the Christian rite of Communion , also known as the Eucharist (Smith and Green 1995: 652).
Latter-day Saints Family (Mormonism) : A 19th century religious movement in America founded by Joseph Smith . The purpose of the movement is to restore New Testament Christianity . The Latter-day Saints� main authority is the Book of Mormon , along with a distinct translation of the Bible . Mormons moved westward from New York after religious persecution. Some of their distinct doctrinal views include: baptism for the dead, eternal marriage and the corporeality of God. They also refrain from tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) , and the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Latter-day Saints) are the largest denominations in this family (Prothero 2008: 254-255).
Lent : A 40 day period of fasting that begins on Ash Wednesday and ends on Easter . The purpose of fasting is to encourage spiritual discipline and devotional reflection. These 40 days usually don't include Sundays. Roman Catholic , Orthodox , Anglican , and some Protestant churches celebrate this practice. For Orthodox Christians, Lent begins on Clean Monday (Reid et al. 1990: 643).
Li : In Confucianism , it refers to individual performances needed for personal development. These include services to others and various rituals (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-16).
Liberal Religious Family : Consists of churches and associations stressing the primacy of reason and experience over the authority of doctrine and sacred texts. It emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in hopes of making Christianity more relevant to modern times (Reid et al. 1990: 646). The Unitarian-Universalist Association and the American Ethical Union are two examples of such groups.
Liberation Theology : A system of Christian thought that reflects on structures of oppression and emphasizes divine judgment on the oppressors. It began in Latin America in the 1960s as a response to explain extreme poverty, and God�s response to these conditions. In North America, it has been used to explain racial and gender inequalities. Some have criticized liberation theology for using Marxist concepts (Smith and Green 1995: 658).
Liturgy : A set order of public worship , often comprised of chants, prayers and readings. Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican churches have more ornate liturgies than other churches that stress preaching and the singing of hymns (Reid et al. 1990: 662).
Lord�s Prayer : The most popular prayer in Christianity , and widely recited by Christians today. It comes from a passage in the Gospel According to Matthew, where Jesus� disciples ask him how to pray. It begins (in the King James Bible): "Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name�" (Prothero 2008: 246-247).
Luther, Martin (1483-1546) : A German monk and theologian who became a leader in the sixteenth century during the Protestant Reformation. He was excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church after publishing his 95 Theses, which challenged the Church�s doctrines and practices. Luther placed importance on justification by grace through faith, and the Bible as the sole authority for Christians, not scripture and tradition as Catholics assert. His ideas helped pioneer Protestant thought. He is the founder of Lutheranism (Prothero 2008: 247).
Lutheran Family : Christian churches following the teachings of sixteenth century reformer Martin Luther , particularly his teaching on justification by faith and scripture alone ( sola scriptura ). It is one of the most liturgical Protestant movements, along with Episcopalianism. Lutheranism is more prominent in the Midwestern United States, particularly among those with German ancestry. There has never been a Lutheran president of the United States (Prothero 2008: 247-248).
M
Madrasa : The term is most often used to describe Islamic schools, including Islamic universities, seminaries, primary and secondary schools. The term literally means "a place where learning or studying occurs." While some madrasas teach a radical view of Islam, most historically do not. Critics of Barack Obama have equated madrasas with terrorist training schools in order to malign the president�s early schooling (Esposito 2011: 40-41).
Magic : A term referring to all efforts to manipulate supernatural forces to gain rewards, or avoid costs, without a reference to a god or gods or to general explanations of existence (Stark and Finke 2000: 279).
Mahayana Buddhism : A school of Buddhism that is much more open to the role of nonmonks in the faith. The goal for this school of thought is the ultimate salvation of all living beings. This universalist tendency helped to carry the faith across Southeast Asia to Japan. The school dates itself to Ananda and other early disciples of Buddha (Melton 2009: 1043).
Mainline Protestantism : A branch of Protestantism encompassing what are considered theologically liberal and moderate denominations , such as the Presbyterian Church (USA) , the United Methodist Church , The Reformed Church in America , the Episcopal Church , the United Church of Christ , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . This term emerged in the youth counterculture of the 1960s, and was used pervasively in the 1970s by journalists and scholars. While Mainline Protestantism is usually seen as more theologically and socially liberal than Evangelical Protestantism, there is obviously variation between denominations, congregations, and individuals within the "Mainline" category (Reid et al. 1990: 700).
Martyr : In Judaism , Christianity and Islam , a martyr is someone who dies, typically premature and violently, for a sacred cause. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, martyrdom became a terrorist strategy for suicide bombers in Israel, Iraq, the United States, and other countries (Prothero 2008: 248).
Mary (Mother of Jesus) : Also known as the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Catholic tradition, she was the mother of Jesus Christ . Her miraculous virgin birth is recorded in the gospels . She is frequently depicted in Eastern icons and Western art. In the Catholic tradition, she is seen as a powerful mediator between the individual and God. The Protestant Reformers criticized what they believed was an excessive veneration of Mary (Smith and Green 1995: 687).
Mary Magdalene : A prominent follower of Jesus Christ as recorded in the gospels . She is specifically mentioned as a witness to his death as well as one of the first witnesses of his resurrection . A gnostic gospel presents her as one of the most important disciples of Jesus. A later tradition depicted her as a prostitute, which is not evident in the gospels (Smith and Green 1995: 687).
Masjid : Another term for a mosque (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-8).
Massachusetts Bay Colony : In 1630, a group of Puritans, led by John Winthrop , established the Massachusetts Bay Colony after fleeing religious persecution in England. For more information on the Massachusetts Bay Colony, click here .
Matha : A term for a Hindu monastery; also used in Jainism (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-10).
Mecca : The most holy city in Islam , located in modern-day Saudi Arabia. It was the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and is the location for the sacred Kaaba . When Muslims go on their pilgrimage (hajj), they visit Mecca. Muslims pray toward this city as well (Esposito 2011: 245).
Medina : The second most holy city in Islam after Mecca . It is located in modern day Saudi Arabia. Muslims view the city as holy because Muhammad fled to Medina in 622 CE (see Hijra ) and established the Muslim community there before returning to Mecca. In Medina, Muhammad established himself as a politician and military leader in addition to being a religious leader (Prothero 2008: 251).
Meditation : A process of serious contemplation that is common in Eastern religions. In Buddhism , it refers to a range of conscious-altering practices used to remove passion and ignorance, leading to nirvana . Meditation is also prominent in the practice of Taoism , although the connection to Taoist thought is unclear (Smith and Green 1995: 692-695).
Megachurch : A large congregation with 2,000 or more people attending services. It is typically Protestant , often evangelical . Two-thirds of megachurches are affiliated with a denomination . They tend to cluster in the suburbs located outside of growing cities. Currently, there are more than 1,200 megachurches in the United States. Famous megachurch pastors include Joel Osteen and Rick Warren (Prothero 2008: 251).
Member : 1) A member is a person belonging to a congregation and/or denomination . Rules concerning membership vary by religious tradition. For example, there may be confessions, behaviors, rituals or other requirements for becoming a full member. 2) Sometimes people use the word "member" to mean that they simply attend a congregation, whether they are full members of the congregation or denomination. In this sense, "member" is similar to adherent . 3) Note that on the ARDA's Maps & Reports, "members" are defined as "All individuals in a religious group with full membership status," based on the definition of a "member" from the Religious Congregations and Membership Study (Grammich et al. 2012: xvi).
Menorah : A seven-branched candle stand first mentioned in the Book of Exodus. It is a strong symbol of Jewish identity, and is associated with modern Israel (Smith and Green 1995: 700).
Merger : When two or more denominations , organizations or congregations join together to make one structure. For instance, the creation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America in 1988 was the result of a merger of three smaller Lutheran denominations. Denominations with low tension will typically have declining membership, and are therefore more likely to form mergers (Stark and Finke 2000: 206). See the Denominations section to explore denominational histories, including mergers.
Merton, Thomas (1915-1968) : Thomas Merton was a Catholic monk and prolific writer. He denounced social inequality and opened up interfaith dialogue through his hundreds of articles and numerous books. For more information on Thomas Merton, click here .
Messiah : The long-awaited king who will come in the last days. In the Jewish tradition, the messiah will restore the Jews to the promised land, rebuild the temple, and inaugurate a period of peace. This is particularly emphasized in Orthodox Judaism . In the Christian tradition, Jesus is the messiah, but most Jews do not hold this view, with the exception of Jews for Jesus and some messianic Jewish groups (Prothero 2008: 252).
Methodist-Pietist Family : The Methodist-Pietist family consists of churches that stress the importance of internal faith, spirituality and Christian living over adherence to formal creeds and doctrine. The largest among these churches is the United Methodist Church , which follows the teachings of John Wesley , who in the 18th century broke away from the Church of England because of his emphasis on personal holiness. Methodism came to the United States in the 1760s with Leesburg, Virginia being the site of the first Methodist society (Melton 2009: 273-274).
Millenarianism : The belief that there will be an unprecedented period of peace and righteousness on the earth, usually associated with the return of Jesus Christ . Millennial groups are typically divided into premillennialist and postmillennialist perspectives based on beliefs regarding the return of Christ and the events preceding his return. Amillennialism is sometimes considered a third perspective, although it mostly deals with a symbolic interpretation of the "millenium" (Smith and Green 1995: 738).
Miller, William (1782-1849) : William Miller was a Baptist lay preacher who predicted that the return of Christ would occur in 1843. This garnered both fervor from religious seekers and criticism from established churches. Despite his failed predictions, his teachings influenced both Ellen Gould White and her husband, James Springer White . They would later found the Seventh-day Adventist Church . For more information on William Miller, click here .
Million Man March : The Million Man March of 1995, organized by the Nation of Islam's Louis Farrakhan, was the largest gathering of African Americans in U.S. history. Taking place after the widely publicized beating of Rodney King, the subsequent riots in Los Angeles, and in the midst of conservative backlash toward civil rights efforts, the Million Man March desired to paint a more positive portrayal of black males in America. For more information on the Million Man March, click here .
Minister : 1) One who performs a number of church duties. 2) The title for a preacher or pastor in many Protestant churches (Smith and Green 1995: 721).
Miracle : A desirable effect believed to be caused by the intervention of a god or gods in worldly matters. Miracles credited to a religion will increase the confidence in certain religious explanations (Stark and Finke 2000: 280). To find survey questions related to miracles, click here .
Mission/Missionary Movements : The organized effort to spread one's religion to others, often by traveling to other nations (Smith and Green 1995: 723).
Mitt Romney's 2012 Presidential Campaign : Mitt Romney became the first Mormon nominee for president when he ran as a Republican in 2012 against Barack Obama. His religious views became a focus in both his 2008 and 2012 presidential runs, though it is debatable whether it actually led to either failed campaigns. For more on Mitt Romney and his religious faith, click here .
Modernization Theory : This theory holds that religion is just as important a feature of modern society as it is of traditional society, but it takes different forms and possesses different characteristics. For more information on this theory, click here .
Moksha : A Hindu concept meaning the release of samsara , or the life cycle from birth, life, death and rebirth. In Buddhism , this concept is known as nirvana (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-4).
Monasticism : A form of religious organization that emphasizes strict ascetic practices and individual salvation . The origins of monasticism are somewhat unknown, although many believe that started around the third to fourth century CE by Christians . Monasticism was fairly dominant in the medieval ages. It has waned since the Protestant Reformation, but still exists in
Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Monasticism also is fairly prominent in the Buddhist tradition (Smith and Green 1995: 727).
Monk : Male member of a monastic community (Smith and Green 1995: 728). See Monasticism .
Monotheism : The belief that there is only one God, shared by Jews , Christians and Muslims . This is in contrast to polytheism , which posits multiple gods, and atheism , which posits that there is no God (Prothero 2008: 253).
Monstrance : A vessel, typically made of metal, used to display the Eucharistic bread in Catholic and Anglican churches. Typically, it is placed on the altar for adoration during religious rites. It is also known as an ostensorium (McBrien 1995:890).
Moody, Dwight (1837-1899) : Dwight L. Moody was a 19th century Protestant revivalist whose popularity led to the Moody Bible Institute and the growth of Christian fundamentalism . For more information on Dwight Moody, click here .
Moonie : A popular name for members of the controversial Unification Church (Smith and Green 1995: 728). See Unification Church .
Moral Majority : A conservative political group seeking to "return" Judeo-Christian morality to society. Founded in 1979 and led by Baptist pastor Jerry Falwell , the Moral Majority later dissolved in 1989. For more information, click here .
Mormon : A member who belongs to a church in the Latter-day Saint Family. See Latter-day Saints Family for more.
Moroni : The last of the Nephite prophets who resurrected in the form of an angel to reveal to Joseph Smith where he buried sacred golden plates 14 centuries earlier. This occurred on September 21, 1823 (Smith and Green 1995: 731).
Moses : A very important prophet in Judaism , Christianity , and Islam . He is remembered for leading the Jewish slaves out of Egypt and receiving the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai. The revelations on Mount Sinai became known as the Torah , or Law. In all three traditions, Moses is highly regarded, but receives special importance in the Jewish tradition (Prothero 2008: 256).
Mosque : The Islamic building for public worship. The term "mosque" comes from the Arabic word "masjid," meaning "place for ritual prostration." The first mosque was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in Medina as a place for worship and prayer . There are more than 2,100 mosques located in the United States (Esposito 2011: 38-39).
Muhammad (Mohammad) : The founder and last prophet in Islam . He was born in Mecca (570 CE) and died in Medina (632 CE). He was born an orphan and became a trader. He received his first of many revelations at age 40 from the angel Gabriel in a cave. These revelations covered issues of God�s nature, morality, other prophets (including Jesus ) and more. His followers recorded his accounts, which later became the Koran . As he preached his revelations in Mecca, which differed from the polytheism at the time, he started to encounter hostility. After his enemies attempted to kill him, he fled to Medina in 622 C.E., where he established his Muslim community. He returned to Mecca with his army in 630 C.E., and demolished the idols around the Kaaba . In Islam, the phrase "peace be upon him" follows any utterance of his name (Prothero 2008: 257-258).
Muslim : An adherent of Islam. See Islam .
Mystical Experience : Some sense of contact, however fleeting, with a god or gods . Mystical experiences increase the confidence in religious explanations (Stark and Finke 2000: 280).
Mysticism : A form of spirituality stressing union with God and religious experience, rather than doctrine. Mystical traditions transcend religious traditions, evident in the three major world religions of Christianity , Islam , and Judaism (Smith and Green 1995: 747-748).
N
Nation of Islam : An American movement founded in the early 20th century that emphasizes that Islam is the true religion of black people and that African-Americans should leave the distorted white religion of Christianity . The movement spread throughout the country under Elijah Muhammad and became increasingly militant after World War II (Mead et al. 2005: 379-380).
Native American Church : A movement among Native Americans that has factions related to Christianity , but diverges from popular aspects of Christianity through the use of cactus peyote for ceremonial purposes. This movement has been criticized for diluting distinct tribal identities into one "pan-American" religious identity. Their use of peyote is legal in the United States since it is being used for "religious" purposes (Esposito et al. 2012b: 64).
Neo-Confucianism : A tradition that attempts to harmonize the spiritual teachings of Confucius with the cosmology of Taoism and the teaching of karma in Buddhism . It also incorporates meditation techniques from both Taoism and Buddhism (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-16).
Neopaganism : A diverse, decentralized religious movement that emphasizes the importance of nature, polytheism , pantheism , personal responsibility and rituals . Neopagan religions include reconstructions of Egyptian, Celtic, Norse and Greek Paganism as well as Neopagan Witchcraft ( Wicca ). The movement has more than 100,000 adherents in the United States and Canada (Smith and Green 1995: 765).
New Age : A loosely based movement that emerged in the late 1960s stressing experiential spirituality, the interconnectedness of life and the immanence (or nearness) of the sacred to the world, drawing on a blend of occult , Eastern and human potential teachings. Evangelical churches in the United States and Europe have denounced New Age movements as detrimental to Christian values (Smith and Green 1995: 768-769). For more information on the New Age movement, click here .
New Religious Movements : Groups and movements that because of belief and practice exist outside of traditional Christianity , Judaism , and other major religious traditions. Examples of new religious movements would be the Unification Church and various neopagan groups, although even such an established religion as Christianity started out as a new religious movement within Judaism. Scholars prefer the term "New Religious Movement" over "cult" because the term "cult" is more of a political term used to denounce new religious groups. There is little evidence that new religious movements actually use "brainwashing" (Stark and Finke 2000: 136).
New Testament : Canonized scripture in addition to the Old Testament that constitutes the Christian Bible . The New Testament is made up of 27 books, written roughly between 50 and 150 CE. The first four books are the gospels , which record the life of Jesus Christ . Among the gospels, the first three (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) are considered the synoptic gospels for their similarity in content, whereas the book of John is considered fairly distinct. The gospels are followed by the Acts of the Apostles, which records the development of the early Christian movement. Most of the New Testament contains letters, many of whom are attributed to the apostle Paul, while others are either anonymous or associated with other early church leaders. The New Testament ends with the book of Revelation, an apocalypse that deals with the end-times as well as with current persecution at the hands of the Romans. The New Testament was officially canonized in 367 by Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria (Smith and Green 1995: 769-770).
Nicene Creed : A formal creed stating that Jesus was "the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of the Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, Very God of Very God." This creed originated in the fourth century CE as a response to controversies pertaining to Jesus� nature (see Christology ). Most Catholics , Protestants , and Orthodox Christians affirm this creed (Prothero 2008: 239).
Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892-1971) : Reinhold Niebuhr (1892-1971) was an influential Christian theologian in the 20th century. He advocated social justice and, although he came from a theologically liberal background, he rejected liberal notions of the innate goodness of humans. He also is credited with the popular Serenity Prayer. For more information on Reinhold Niebuhr, click here .
Night Journey : The Prophet Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Jerusalem , and then from Jerusalem into heaven where he met Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . This event is reported to have occurred in 621 CE. This event is briefly discussed in the Koran and further elaborated in the hadith . The Night Journey made Jerusalem the third-holiest city, behind Mecca and Medina , in Islam . It also affirmed the continuity of Islam with Judaism and Christianity (Esposito 2011: 188).
Nirvana : The main religious goal in major forms of Hinduism and Buddhism . The term comes from Sanskrit, meaning "blowing out." It is essentially the extinction of suffering and the liberation from samsara . It is important to note that Mahayana Buddhists do not see a clear distinction between nirvana and samsara, seeing the world of suffering as nirvana itself (Prothero 2008: 259).
Nominal Christian : A term for those who identify as Christian in name only, meaning that they aren�t particularly religious. This identification is contrasted with practicing Christians, and is often used in a pejorative way (Reid et al. 1990: 827).
Numinous : A primary sense of religious experience, an overwhelming feeling of the divine. The German theologian Rudolf Otto coined this term in his 1917 book The Idea of the Holy (Smith and Green 1995: 804).
Nun : A term referring to any Catholic , Orthodox or Anglican woman who is an avowed member of the religious community. Technically, it refers to women who take a solemn oath to renounce a life of pleasure and live a life of prayer and discipline in a monastery (Reid et al. 1990: 832).
O
Occultism : The practices and beliefs relating to "hidden" spiritual truths or esoteric insights. These hidden truths are seen as very powerful. This tradition was somewhat underground during the Middle Ages, but became more prominent in the Renaissance. The occult worldview was basic to pre-Copernican and pre-Newtonian science. Modern groups that incorporate elements of the occult include the Liberal Catholic Church and Wicca, as well as some Neopagan groups (Smith and Green 1995: 806).
Ockenga, Harold (1905-1985) : Harold Ockenga was an influential evangelical leader in the mid-20th century. He led a "neo-evangelical" movement, which upheld conservative theological standards while still maintaining a sense of warmth and engagement with society. He helped co-found Fuller Seminary, the National Association of Evangelicals , and Christianity Today. For more information on Harold Ockenga, click here .
of Constantinople, Athenagoras I (1886-1972) : Athenagoras was an important archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in America . He helped unite Orthodox communities that were divided by ethnicity at the time. In 1948, he was elected Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, a position he held until his death in 1972. For more information on Athenagoras, click here .
Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) : The first portion of the Christian Bible . It also is known as the Hebrew Bible in Judaism. The Hebrew Bible contains twenty-four books, while Protestant Bibles further divide the 24 books into 39 books, and place them in a different order. Catholic Bibles are ordered the same as Protestant Bible, but include seven additional books known as the Deuterocanonical Books . Orthodox Bibles also contain additional books (Prothero 2008: 260).
Ordination : The setting apart of some members by a church for ministerial or priestly leadership. In Christianity , this usually is done by either the laying on of hands or invocation of the Holy Spirit . Ordination is considered a sacrament in the Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and evangelical churches ordain men only, while liberal , some Holiness , and some Pentecostal churches have ordained women (Reid et al. 1990: 846). Ordinations also exist in Buddhism and Judaism (Smith and Green 1995: 815-816).
Orthodox Judaism : A branch of Judaism that was developed by European Jews in the 19th century as a response to modernization and the rise of Reform Judaism . Orthodox Jews maintain a traditional form of worship and strict observance of dietary laws (Smith and Green 1995: 822).
Orthodoxy : This is usually assessed in reference to affirming a series of beliefs representing "traditional" religious views, such as stances on sacred texts or belief in miracles (Smith and Green 1995: 824). Click here for more information regarding orthodoxy.
Orthopraxy : The "right actions" or rituals in religious practice (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-1).
P
Pali Canon : The complete canon among the early collections of the Buddha's teachings. It is written in the Pali language derived from Sanskrit. The canon is split into three sections: Vinaya (monastic code), Sutras (sermons), and Abhidhamma (advanced teaching formula) (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-13).
Palm Sunday : The first day of Holy Week that commemorates Jesus' triumphant entry into Jerusalem . It is called "Palm Sunday" because in the gospel of John, the crowds took palm branches and met Jesus as he arrived into the city. It is celebrated a week before Easter (Smith and Green 1995: 827).
Pantheism : The belief that all of reality is divine. It can be cosmic in the sense that God is equated with nature, or acosmic in the sense that experience is illusory and only the divine is real (Hinnells 1984: 245).
Papal Infallibility : A Roman Catholic term referring to the pope�s share in the general grace that preserves the Church from error. This term was formally defined by the Roman Catholic Church in 1870 at the First Vatican Council (Reid et al. 1990: 862).
Paranormal : This concept refers to beliefs, views, or experiences that are typically perceived as supernatural in nature. For more information, click here .
Parish : Another name for a congregation found predominantly in Roman Catholic , Orthodox and Anglican churches (Smith and Green 1995: 829).
Parochial Schools : Parish-supported Catholic , usually elementary, schools (Reid et al. 1990: 868).
Particularism : This refers to the belief that only one�s own faith is true or that salvation can be achieved only by adherence to a particular religion . For more information on particularism, click here .
Passover : A seven-day Jewish holiday commemorating the story in Exodus where God saved the Jewish people from slavery in Egypt. No leavened bread is eaten during this holiday, and matzah is considered the staple food (Hinnells 1991: 35).
Pastor : Ordained leader of a congregation . In Catholicism , the term can also mean the head priest of a parish (Reid et al. 1990: 871).
Patriarch : 1) The head bishop of an Eastern Orthodox Church (see Athenagoras I of Constantinople, 1886-1972 ). 2) A historical title for the bishops in the ancient cities of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. 3) A term for Abraham , Isaac, and Jacob in the Hebrew Bible (Smith and Green 1995: 833).
Patriarchate : A seat of authority in the Eastern Orthodox churches . See Patriarch .
Paul : A first-century church leader in Christianity and the author of many New Testament epistles. He was born Jewish and was called Saul, a Pharisee and persecutor of Christians . According to the Book of Acts, he saw the resurrected Christ on the road to Damascus and converted to Christianity. Afterward, he preached the gospel to Jews and Christians alike. While some debate whether all the letters attributed to him in the New Testament were written by him, the consensus is that his "authentic" letters were written around the 50s CE and became the theological architecture of ancient and modern Christian beliefs (Prothero 2008: 261-262).
Penn, William (1644-1718) : William Penn was a Quaker activist, religious tolerance advocate, and founder of the Pennsylvania colony. He wrote many books on his religious faith and the ideal style of government, including No Cross, No Crown (1669) and Frame of Government (1682), the latter of which influenced the U.S. Constitution. For more information on William Penn, click here .
Pentecost : The annual Christian celebration commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit on the disciples of Jesus as recorded in the biblical book of Acts. The term derives from Greek, literally meaning "50 days," traditionally the time between the Passover feast and the wheat harvest. In the early church and in some churches today, Pentecost is celebrated fifty days following Easter . Later Judaism associated Pentecost with God giving Moses the Law on Mount Sinai. The Christian celebration is common in liturgical churches with the final lighting of the Paschal candle, readings from the lectionary, and prayer (Reid et al. 1990: 881).
Pentecostal Family : A movement of churches that emerged in early 20th century America , stressing enthusiastic worship and the restoration of such practices evident in New Testament Christianity , such as speaking in tongues and healing . It is sometimes divided into "classical Pentecostalism," indicating the movement�s historical bodies, and "neo-Pentecostalism," the modern movement emphasizing charismatic renewal (Reid et al. 1990: 885-886).
People of the Book (Ahl al-Kitab) : In Islam , this refers to non-Muslims who possess some revelation or scripture from God. Jews and Christians make up this group, and sometimes Zoroastrians are included (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-9).
People's Temple : A controversial new religious movement that was founded by Jim Jones in the 1960s. The congregation was known for its racial diversity, emphasizing anti-racial themes along with socialist ideals. Jones became increasingly paranoid about government authorities, moving followers from California to Guyana, where he established an isolated farming community dubbed Jonestown. The group would routinely practice mass suicide rituals. This, along with heterodox religious teachings, made the People's Temple a controversial group. As growing opposition mounted against Jones in the United States, Congressman Leo Ryan visited Jonestown in 1978 and was murdered along with several members of his group. Thereafter, Jones gave members poisoned fruit punch in a mass suicide, often argued as murder. Jones and more than 900 members died on November 18, 1978 (Smith and Green 1995: 836).
Pluralism : The existence or toleration of diverse religious groups in a society. For example, America is a religiously pluralistic country because it has many different denominations and religions . Some consider this to be a distinctly modern phenomenon. Social scientists have debated whether this is a problem or opportunity in modern religion (Smith and Green 1995: 848). For more information on pluralism, click here .
Plymouth Plantation : Plymouth Plantation was a North American colony settled in 1620 by English Separatists, later known as Pilgrims, who desired to practice their own religion freely. For more information on Plymouth Plantation, click here .
Polytheism : The belief in many gods (Prothero 2008: 264).
Pope : The appointed leader of the Roman Catholic Church (Smith and Green 1995: 849).
Pope John XXIII (1881-1963) : Pope John XXIII called the Second Vatican Council , one of the most significant events in the modern Catholic Church . Though he died two years before its conclusion, the historic council would become his lasting legacy for its momentous moves toward openness and ecumenism in the Roman Catholic Church. Pope John XXIII was canonized a saint in 2014. For more information on Pope John XXIII, click here .
Pope Paul VI (1897-1978) : Pope Paul VI oversaw the completion of the Second Vatican Council and authored Humanae Vitae , an important, albeit controversial, document in modern Catholicism that denounced contraception. For more on Pope Paul VI, click here .
Postmillennialism : The belief that the return of Christ will take place after the millennium, which may be a literal period of peace and prosperity or else a symbolic representation of the final triumph of the gospel. This new age will come through Christian teaching and preaching on earth. This view is often dismissed by critics as a Christian version of the secular idea of progress, but it was actually formulated by Puritan theologians (Reid et al. 1990: 919).
Prayer : Communication addressed to god or gods , and sometimes intermediaries. Prayers build confidence and affection between humans and a god or gods (Stark and Finke 2000: 280).
Preacher : A person, traditionally, ordained, who preaches sermons to a congregation . It�s a common term for ministers in non- liturgical religious groups.
Predestination : The belief that every human being, before birth, was predestined by God to either heaven or hell . This is found in Calvinist theology , also known as Reformed theology (Prothero 2008: 207).
Premillennialism (Chiliasm) : The belief that at the end of the present age Christ will come back and reign on earth for one thousand years, based on passages in Isaiah 55-66 and Revelation 20:1-10. Before the advent of God�s kingdom, premillennialists believe that there will be signs including preaching to all nations, earthquakes, famine, wars, a great apostasy , the Antichrist , and a period of great tribulation (Reid et al. 1990: 929).
Presbyterian-Reformed Family : The Protestant tradition based on the teachings of reformer John Calvin. The Reformed tradition consists both of Presbyterian churches as well as denominations that developed in continental Europe, such as the Dutch and the German Reformed. American Presbyterianism split over revivalism, slavery and fundamentalism, but is still one of the leading Protestant families in the United States (Prothero 2008: 265).
Presbytery : An administrative body in a Presbyterian church (Reid et al. 1990: 933).
Priest : An ordained person who performs religious duties in the Anglican , Catholic , and Orthodox churches, as well as in world religions such as Hinduism (Smith and Green 1995: 858-859).
Prophecy : A mode of communication between the divine and specific humans, known as prophets . Prophecy can be understood as a dialogue, not just a one-way message from God. In various religious traditions, prophecy often occurs at times of crises, like an imminent military threat or natural disaster (Smith and Green 1995: 861-862).
Prophet : The intermediary between the divine and the human audience, communicating with god/gods on behalf of other humans. Famous prophets in the Judeo-Christian-Islam traditions include Abraham , Moses and the Prophet Muhammad . Some other traditions, especially native religions, refer to this type of intermediary as a shaman , conjurer, spirit or medium (Smith and Green 1995: 861).
Proselytism : The practice of seeking to convert people from other religions or no religion to another faith (Melton 2009: 3).
Prosperity Gospel : See Gospel of Wealth .
Protestant Buddhism : A term coined by anthropologist Gananath Obeyesekere to describe the adoption of aspects of missionary Protestant Christianity into Buddhism to reinvigorate practices and doctrines. Henry Steele Olcott (1832-1907) was an American convert who went to colonial Sri Lanka, and encouraged Buddhist leaders to emphasize the importance of the laity and reestablish "true Buddhism" (Esposito et al. 2012: 450).
Protestant Ethic : Based on Max Weber�s ([1904-05] 1996) classic argument about religion and capitalism, this concept brings together supposed characteristics of Protestantism , such as worldly asceticism , dedication to work, and the notion that economic success is evidence of grace .
Protestantism : A branch of Christianity dating back to the Reformation of the 15th century, when Reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, first sought to reform the Catholic Church but increasingly left to start their own churches . Most Protestant churches share a belief in the priesthood of all believers, whereas Catholic Churches have a hierarchal model that clearly separates the priesthood (clergy) from the members (laity) . Also, Protestants emphasize the sole authority of the Bible (sola scriptura) , whereas Catholics see church tradition along with the Bible as authorities for faith and practice (Reid et al. 1990: 949).
Pseudepigrapha : A collection of Jewish and Christian books written from the third century BCE to the sixth century CE. These works include rewritten portions of the Hebrew Bible , resemble biblical texts, and books attributed to figures in the Hebrew Bible. The term "pseudepigrapha" literally means "writings with false attributions," for they are not regarded as authentic, and therefore not authoritative. However, some parts of the pseudepigrapha are included in the Ethiopian Christian Old Testament (Smith and Green 1995: 55).
Punya : Good karma , or merit, in Buddhism . One accumulates punya through moral actions, learning, and meditation (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-14).
Purgatory : The place, state or condition of departed Christian souls in which they undergo purifying suffering before entering heaven . This belief is evident in Roman Catholicism (Reid et al. 1990: 964).
Purim : A Jewish holiday commemorating the events in the book of Esther, where Queen Esther saved the Jews of the Persian Empire from the designs of the villainous Haman. On this day, the scroll of Esther is read publicly in Jewish synagogues . Some Jews wear costumes on this day and send food to one another (Hinnells 1991: 35).
Q
Qiyas : A legal term in Islam that refers to analogical reasoning. This form of deduction often is used in order to understand whether something is forbidden, even if not explicitly stated in any Islamic scriptures (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-9).
Quakers (Friends) : A seventeenth century Christian movement that originally arose in England, led by George Fox. They emphasize the belief in the "inner light," where God�s revelation is not limited to the Bible but continues in the daily contact between the believer and God. Because of this, they have no clergy , and their worship service consists of members waiting in silence until the Holy Spirit moves them. They also are known for their social-activism (Melton 2009: 440).
QuickLists : Using the best available data, the QuickLists section of the ARDA provides data on American and international religion in rank order. For example, if one wants to know the number of Christians or Muslims in the world, this list will assist the user. If one wants a list of states with the most Evangelical Protestants, this list provides that information. For more information on QuickLists, click here !
QuickStats : The QuickStats section of the ARDA allows users to browse dozens of topics covered by major national surveys. Survey responses, pie charts, and time series charts present a variety of religious attitudes, behaviors, and beliefs among individuals as well as congregations. Click here to explore the ARDA�s QuickStats!
Rabbi : The ordained leader of a synagogue in Judaism . The term was first used after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 CE (Melton 2009: 440).
Ramadan : The Islamic month of daytime fasting , and one of the
Five Pillars of Islam. This daytime fast includes abstinence from food, water and sensual pleasures. An evening meal usually follows the daytime fast (Smith and Green 1995: 363).
Rapture : The belief that Christians will be brought up to heaven and escape a time of tribulation and testing before the return of Christ (Smith and Green 1995: 877).
Rauschenbusch, Walter (1861-1918) : Walter Rauschenbusch was the main founding theologian of the Social Gospel movement , a loose coalition of social reformers and theologians who believed that Christianity would eradicate all societal evils some day. His most famous works are Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907) and A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917). For more information on Walter Rauschenbusch, click here .
Reaffiliation : The process by which people shift from one religious group to another within their religious tradition. For example, one goes from a Baptist church to a Methodist Church. Reaffiliation is synonymous with religious switching . This is in contrast with conversion , which is understood as a shift across religious traditions, like converting to Christianity from Judaism (Stark and Finke 2000: 114).
Reconstructionism, Christian : A fundamentalist Christian movement that started in the 1960s with the intent of reconstructing society based upon Old Testament law. Reconstructionists argue that Old Testament law still applies today, and that Christians should oversee all aspects of society. Reconstructionists also are postmillennial in their eschatology , believing the world is now in the millennial age (Reid et al. 1990: 977).
Reconstructionism, Judaism : A modern movement of Judaism in North America, and to some extent, in Israel . American theologian and Rabbi Mordecai Kaplan (1881-1983) is considered the founder of the movement and provided the formal name "Reconstructionism" for the movement. Influenced by French sociologist Emile Durkheim and American psychologist John Dewey, Kaplan believed that Judaism was an ever-changing institution, and that its main function is to provide social solidarity and desire for moral perfection. Kaplan's rejection of Israel being "supernaturally" chosen made him a controversial figure in Judaism (Smith and Green 1995: 881).
Reform Judaism : A form of Judaism that arose in Europe and the United States in the 19th century as a Jewish response to modernity. It is considered a liberal movement within Judaism. It proposes that Jewish Law provides general guidelines for Jewish observance and does not require strict adherence like in Orthodox Judaism (Lindner 2010: 225).
Reincarnation : The belief that souls take up new bodies as part of an ongoing cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth (see samsara ). This belief is common in Hinduism . In Buddhism , they affirm the belief in reincarnation, but contend that one's consciousness is reborn, not the soul, for they deny the existence of the eternal soul . Although this belief is common in Eastern religions, nearly one-fourth of American Christians believe in reincarnation (Prothero 2008: 272-273). To find information on survey questions related to reincarnation, click here .
Relic : Sacred items, like the bones of saints or articles of clothing associated with specific saints
Religion : Religion consists of very general explanations of existence, including the terms of exchange with a god or gods (Stark and Finke 2000: 91).
Religiosity : The degree to which a person is religious or spiritual. Sociologists usually consider a number of factors, such as church attendance, belief in God, prayer frequency, and professed importance of religion to assess a person's level of religiosity (Johnstone 2006: 102-103). For more information on religiosity, click here .
Religious Affiliation : This refers to an individual�s self-identified religious tradition (e.g., Evangelical Protestant, Mainline Protestant, etc.) or denomination (e.g., Baptist, Methodist, etc.). For more information, click here .
Religious Behavior : The type and amount of religious actions an individual exhibits. Closely tied to the concept of religiosity , religious behavior focuses upon what individuals are doing in relation to religion specifically. The most commonly used measure of religious behavior in survey research is religious service attendance. For more on this topic, click here .
Religious Capital : The degree of mastery and attachment to a particular religious culture. For example, one might learn when or when not to say "Amen" during a sermon , or learn certain passages of scripture in order to accumulate religious capital. The greater their religious capital, the less likely people are to either reaffiliate or to convert (see Stark and Finke 2000: 120). For more information on religious capital, click here .
Religious Compensator : A religious compensator promotes the belief in a future reward and/or justice. According to Iannaccone and Bainbridge (2009:466), "A distinctive feature of religious organizations is that they promise attainment of rewards, such as eternal life in Heaven , that cannot be delivered in the here and now" (2009:466). For more on this concept, click here .
Religious Consumer : Using a religious economies perspective, a religious consumer is a religiously active individual seeking religious goods, often from religious organizations (Iannaccone and Bainbridge 2009). A religious consumer often weighs the benefits and costs of their religious investment. For more information on this concept, click here .
Religious Economies : A sociological term used to denote a distinct subsystem encompassing the religious activity of a society. It focuses on a "market" of current and potential adherents , organizations seeking to attract and maintain adherents, and the religious culture offered by the organizations. Within all religious economies, there are relatively stable market niches that appeal to the religious preferences of potential adherents (Stark and Finke 2000: 193-195).
Religious Experience : An experience that is believed to have religious significance. The term usually refers to experiences of the divine through either God or sacred objects. Theologians often debate whether reports of religious experiences function as universal phenomena. A famous example of a religious experience is when the apostle Paul reported witnessing Jesus Christ on the road to Damascus, even though Jesus was no longer on earth at the time (Smith and Green 1995: 918). For more information on religious experiences, click here .
Religious Family : A way to classify religious groups based on religious ancestry or heritage. It is a broader category than religious denomination , but more specific than a religious tradition . Some common religious families include: Adventist , Lutheran , Holiness , etc. The ARDA provides religious family trees to illustrate the history of schisms and mergers within each religious family.
Religious Favoritism : Subsidies, privileges, support or favorable sanctions provided by the state to a select religion or a small group of religions. Research shows that religious favoritism can be used to reduce religious freedoms and to control religious groups. Religious favoritism is also associated with higher rates of violent religious persecution (Grim and Finke 2011: 207).
Religious Freedom : The absence of government discrimination, restrictions, regulations and societal pressures on religious individuals or groups. This allows for individuals to change religions, or propagate their message within society with the intent of winning new adherents . Research shows that religious freedoms produce less violent religious persecution , less conflicts, and better overall outcomes for society (Grim and Finke 2011: xiii).
Religious Group : 1) Typically a subgroup of a larger world religion that is defined by a common religious doctrine , identity and/or value-system. 2) When used by the ARDA, a religious group is an alternative way to describe a religious denomination without the connotations linked to Protestant Christianity or a centralized/established religious organization.
Religious Identity : This refers to how survey respondents place themselves within a certain religious category, like whether the respondent considers himself/herself an Evangelical Protestant . This is in contrast to survey researchers categorizing the respondent based on beliefs (theological conservative) or denomination . The strengths and limitation of this measure are discussed here .
Religious Investor : One who gives their church time and money in hopes of some reward (Iannaccone and Bainbridge 2009). For more information on this concept, click here .
Religious Markets : Using a religious economies perspective, religious markets describe the three main economic roles that people play in religion : consumer , producer , and investor (Iannaccone and Bainbridge 2009). In religious markets, religious producers (i.e., religious organizations) compete over consumers (i.e., adherents ). For more on this concept, click here .
Religious Order : An official society within a church whose members , such as nuns or monks , live under the same rule (Reid et al. 1990: 997).
Religious Organizations : Social enterprises whose primary purpose is to create, maintain and supply religion to a set of individuals. They support and supervise exchanges with a god or gods . Religious organizations are able to demand extended and exclusive commitments to the extent that they offer otherworldly rewards (Stark and Finke 2000: 279).
Religious Orientation : The motivation for the expression of religiosity . A religious orientation perspective is sometimes used in the psychology of religion. For more information, click here .
Religious Persecution, Violent : The physical abuse or displacement of people because of their particular religion (Grim and Finke 2011: xii).
Religious Preference : This refers to an "individual�s evaluations of competing religious goods" (Sherkat 1997:69). Religious preference as a concept is used to explain why individuals participate in different religions or choose varying styles of religion. For more information, click here .
Religious Problem-Solving : Religion conceptualized as a way of responding to life�s problems, in contrast, for example, to political or psychotherapeutic responses. For more information, click here .
Religious Producer : Providers of religious "goods," typically available clergy or administrative denominational members (Iannaccone and Bainbridge 2009). For more on this topic, click here .
Religious Regulation : The legal and social restrictions that inhibit the practice, profession, or selection of religion . Societies with high religious regulation produce less religious pluralism (Stark and Finke 2000: 198). For more information on religious regulation, click here .
Religious Seeker : The state of a person who is unsatisfied with her currently available religious affiliation and is carrying out exchanges in search of a more satisfying affiliation, belief system, or practice. For more on this topic, click here .
Religious Social Network : This refers to the religious affiliation and ideological composition of people within one�s social network. For more information on this concept, click here
Religious Switching : This concept refers to shifts in religious affiliations within religious traditions (e.g., Baptist to Methodist ). This term is synonymous with reaffiliation . The concept of religious switching is commonly conflated with the concept of religious conversion , which deals with shifts from one religious tradition to another (e.g., Christianity to Judaism ). It can be difficult to measure what constitutes religious switching (for more on this topic, click here ).
Religious Tolerance : One�s level of toleration and acceptance of members of differing religions or worldviews. For more information on this concept, click here .
Religious Tradition (RELTRAD) : A way to measure religious affiliation . Developed by Steensland and colleagues (2000), it divides religious traditions into Black Protestant, Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Jewish, Mainline Protestant, no religion, and "other" religion based on both doctrine and historical changes in religious groups . The ARDA uses this general scheme for our U.S. Congregational Membership Reports . For more information, click here .
Ren : In Confucianism , it refers to the ideal of being "fully human," as described by Confucius . This is fulfilled through ethics, manners and cultivation (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-16).
Renewal Group : A group or movement within or on the periphery of a denomination attempting to reform or change its teachings and practices in a desired direction. Usually this means change back to "traditional" beliefs and/or practices (Reid et al. 1990: 1002-1003).
Rerum Novarum : Rerum Novarum, an 1891 encyclical by Pope Leo XIII on protecting the working class, is a foundational text in modern Catholic social thought. The encyclical decried the poverty condition of the working class as well as the dangers of runaway profiteering. For more information on Rerum Novarum, click here .
Restorationist Family : Churches that broke away from established American denominations during the 19th century to restore what they understood as true New Testament Christianity , stressing strict adherence to the Bible rather than to creeds . Restorationist churches include the Churches of Christ and the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (Melton 2009: 478-479).
Resurrection : The belief that the dead will rise on some day in the future for final judgment . This is closely associated with the Jewish , Christian , and Islamic belief that a person is a combination of body and soul . Belief in a resurrection came late in the Jewish tradition, in 2 Maccabees, and was later adopted by Christians. Sometimes, when Christians refer to the "resurrection," they are referring to the bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ three days after his crucifixion (Prothero 2008: 274).
Revival, Religious : This refers to staged episodes of increased religious emotion and group celebration, often to reclaim "sliding" religious commitment or moral values. Revivals are typically organized by established religious groups , and employ a variety of methods designed to arouse religious fervor. For more information on revivals, click here . For examples of revivals, see the First Great Awakening , the Second Great Awakening , Cane Ridge camp meeting , and Charles Finney�s Rochester Revival .
Revivalist : An individual who is engaged in religious revivals. See religious revivals .
Rite : Any repetitive ceremonial activity with fixed rules. It also may be any particular ritual ceremony (e.g., Baptism) (McBrien 1995:1118).
Ritualism : Strict and frequent performance of the public rites of religious observance, even in the absence of fervent belief. For more information on ritualism, click here .
Rituals, Religious : Collective ceremonies having a common focus and mood in which the common focus is on a god or gods , while the common mood may vary (Stark and Finke 2000: 107). For more information on religious rituals, click here .
Russell, Charles Taze (1852-1916) : Charles Taze Russell sparked the religious group later known as the Jehovah's Witnesses . He wrote a series of Bible study books called Studies in Scripture, which, although popular, attracted criticism from evangelical Christians for his denial of hell , the immortal soul , the deity of Jesus , and his insistence that God was One, not a Trinity . His ideas and early religious movement would later influence the development of Jehovah�s Witnesses. For more information on Charles Taze Russell, click here .
Ryan, John (1869-1945) : John A. Ryan was a Catholic priest and moral theologian who fought for economic justice. He helped inspire and support Roosevelt�s New Deal Programs. For more information on John Ryan, click here .
S
Sabbatarianism : The rigid and scrupulous observance of the Sabbath as a divinely ordained day of rest. This view contends that people should abstain from all activity on the Sabbath, except for what is necessary for the benefit of society and is based on a strict understanding of Old Testament law (Reid et al. 1990: 1036). Sabbatarianism also is often associated with Christian groups that believe the Sabbath should be observed on Saturday rather than Sunday, like the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Sabbath : The last day of the week, considered the day of rest by Jews according to the Book of Genesis. On this day, God rested after creating the universe, and therefore observers are forbidden from working. Over time, the Sabbath became known as a day of worship. Jews and Seventh-day Adventists observe the Sabbath on Saturday, while many Christians observe it on Sunday (Prothero 2008: 275).
Sacralization : The process through which there is little differentiation between religious and secular institutions, and the primary aspects of life, from family to politics, are suffused with religious symbols, rhetoric and rituals (Stark and Finke 2000: 199). For more information on sacralization, click here .
Sacrament : A term for a sacred rite or "holy act" of great significance. Catholics affirm seven sacraments: baptism , confirmation , the Eucharist , penance, Anointing of the Sick, ordination and matrimony. Eastern Orthodox Christians also have sacraments, but believe that there are other "holy acts" besides those practiced by Catholics. Protestants generally only recognize the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper, with Baptists viewing these as ordinances, performed because Jesus ordained their use, rather than as a means of grace (Reid et al. 1990: 1037).
Sacred : Things set apart or forbidden, according to the sociologist Emile Durkheim. This is contrasted with the "profane," or mundane aspects of life. Critics claim that this definition is fairly vague, and not too useful in understanding religion (Stark and Finke 2000: 89).
Saint : A category of holy person. In Christianity , it can mean at least one of the following: a holy person who is venerated in life and after death, a term to designate a member of the Christian community, or a person who is publicly venerated in the liturgy as an intercessor in heaven . In Islam , it is used in the Koran to designate a "friend of God," and a person who mediates on behalf of adherents (Smith and Green 1995: 953).
Salat (Worship) : One of the Five Pillars of Islam . The Salat consists of formal prayer rituals performed five times a day facing Mecca (Hinnells 1991: 137).
Salem Witch Trials : During the Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693), citizens accused one another of witchcraft, leading to mass hysteria and the imprisonment/death of approximately 170 community members in Salem, Massachusetts. For more detailed information on the Salem Witch Trials, click here .
Salvation : The belief that humans require deliverance due to the problem of sin . For Christians , the death and resurrection of Jesus allows individuals to be forgiven of sin, and therefore saved. Salvation also is often associated with receiving admission into heaven (Smith and Green 1995: 954).
Samsara : The never-ending cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth due to karma , the ethical law of cause and effect. This doctrine is found in the eastern religions of Buddhism , Hinduism , Jainism and Sikhism (Prothero 2008: 244).
Sangha : Monks and nuns who make up the Buddhist monastic community (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-14).
Satan : A malevolent figure in the Abrahamic religions, which include Judaism , Christianity and Islam . Satan often is interpreted as an angelic being in the Hebrew scriptures . In the New Testament , Satan is the enemy of God who challenges Jesus in the desert. In Islam, Satan is identified with Iblis, chief of the legion of devils who leads humanity astray. It is important to note that the portrayal of Satan as a horned being with cloven hoofs and a tail appears in the Middle Ages, ascribed by the European populace to ancient fertility spirits, such as the Greek god Pan (Smith and Green 1995: 962).
Satanism : The worship of Satan or the devil. Satanism should not be confused with Neopaganism or with occultism because Satanists in some sense honor the biblical interpretation of Satan, but choose to venerate him instead of vilify him. Modern Satanism emerged from the late medieval and early modern period due to rising spiritual tension and atmosphere of witch hysteria. Satanism garnered much attention in the mid-20th century with the much-publicized Church of Satan and the Manson family (Smith and Green 1995: 963).
Saum (Fasting) : One of the Five Pillars of Islam . The Saum is a 30-day daytime fast performed during Ramadan (Hinnells 1991: 144).
Scapular : A garment typically worn by monks . The narrow cloak has an opening for the head that hangs in front and in back of the body (McBrien 1995:1165-1166).
Schaeffer, Francis (1912-1984) : Francis Schaeffer was a famous evangelical apologist , famous for denouncing the spread of relativism in modern society in his book How Should We Then Live? (1976) . For more information on Francis Schaeffer, click here .
Schism : A division or split within a religious group. Although a congregation can undergo a schism, the term usually refers to a split within a denomination (Smith and Green 1995: 964). For example, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America split off from the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in 1874. See the "Denominations" section to explore denominational histories, including schisms.
Scientology : A new religious movement , founded in 1953 by science fiction author L. Ron Hubbard . Scientologists believe that suffering is caused by ingrained records of past experiences ("engrams"). Scientologists aim to remove these "engrams" and become "Clears." Famous Scientologists include John Travolta and Tom Cruise (Prothero 2008: 276).
Scofield Reference Bible : The Scofield Reference Bible, developed by C.I. Scofield and published in 1909, popularized premillennial dispensationalism , a theological development suggesting that the world would inevitably spiral downward into sin and decay prior to the return of Christ. The book was a tremendous success, selling more than two million copies by the end of World War II. For more information on the Scofield Reference Bible, click here .
Scopes Trial : A 1925 court case in Dayton, Tennessee, in which science teacher John Scopes was accused of violating state law by teaching Darwinian evolution instead of a creationist account. The court found John Scopes guilty, but the ruling was overturned due to a small technicality (Prothero 2008: 214). For more information on the Scopes trial, click here .
Scriptures : A term often used to denote sacred writings of different religions . Commonly, the authority of the scriptures is believed to come from God (e.g., Christianity , Judaism , and Islam ), and sometimes it is believed to come from a legendary person (e.g., Confucianism and Buddhism ). Popular scriptures include the Christian Bible , the Torah , the Koran , and the Vedas (Hinnells 1984: 289).
Second Coming : The belief that Jesus will return to earth to judge the world at the end of time (Prothero 2008: 277).
Second Great Awakening (1790s-1840s) : The Second Great Awakening(s) (1790s-1840s) fueled the rise of an evangelical Protestant majority in antebellum America, giving rise to new denominations and social reform organizations. The Cane Ridge camp meeting of 1801 , led by Barton Stone, is considered the largest and most famous religious revival of the Second Great Awakening. For more information on the Second Great Awakening, click here .
Sect : 1) A religious group that separates from a larger religious movement or tradition. 2) Sociologists also refer to sects as religious groups making high demands on their members and holding a high level of tension with the rest of society (Stark and Finke 2000: 144). For more information on sects, click here .
Secular : Someone or something not identified as religious or spiritual (Esposito et al. 2012b: 27).
Secularization : 1) The process of a group or individual discarding religious beliefs and practices. 2) Sociologists also refer to a society being secularized when religion loses its public presence. 3) A theory about the eventual decline of religion due to modernity (i.e. science, economic development, pluralism, etc.), which is debated among social scientists (Reid et al. 1990: 1069-1070). For more information on secularization, click here .
Seminary : An institution that educates clergy , theologians and other professionals for religious service (Reid et al. 1990: 1071-1072).
Sephardic Jews : Jews whose traditions originated in Spain and Portugal (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-4).
September 11th (9/11) : On September 11, 2001 ("9/11"), al-Qaeda terrorists crashed two planes into the Twin Towers and one into the Pentagon. More than 3,000 people died. The event was the catalyst for two wars, one in Afghanistan and one in Iraq, and deepened anti-Muslim sentiments in America, even though al-Qaeda espoused a form of militant Islamism not approved by the majority of Muslims in the world. For more information on 9/11, click here .
Sermon : A message on a religious topic preached by clergy and other leaders of a congregation during worship.
Serra, Junipero (1713-1784) : Junipero Serra (1713-1784) was a Spanish Franciscan priest who strengthened Spanish control of California and helped spread Catholicism to the New World. His relationship with the native population, however, was complex and remains widely debated. For more information on Junipero Serra, click here .
Seven Deadly Sins : In Roman Catholicism , it refers to the seven most serious human failings: pride, envy, greed, anger, sloth, lust and gluttony. Some date the list back to Pope Gregory the Great in the sixth century CE (Prothero 2008: 189).
Seventh-day Adventist Church : An evangelical sabbatarian church founded in the mid nineteenth century. It grew from the work of William Miller , who had predicted the Second Coming of Christ in 1844. The church continued to grow under Ellen White and James Springer White . Besides advocating a Saturday Sabbath , the church also teaches the infallibility of the Bible , the Trinity , creation out of nothing, baptism by immersion, and salvation by atonement in Jesus Christ (Melton 2009: 577).
Shahada (Profession of Faith) : One of the Five Pillars Of Islam . The Shahada is a profession of faith. A Muslim recites the following Islamic creed : "There is no God but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God." This is recited by new converts and during each performance of Salat (Hinnells 1991: 136).
Shaman : Intermediaries who attempt to connect this realm to another realm of existence that affects humanity. They act as ritual specialists that help foster social solidarity within the community, and protect the group from harm. This role is more common in indigenous religions (Esposito 2012b: G-3).
Sharia : The canon law of Islam that seeks to guide human activity. It is established from the Koran and the hadith . Some nations incorporate Sharia law into their governance (Smith and Green 1995: 982).
Sheen, Fulton (1895-1979) : Fulton Sheen was a popular Catholic leader, who appeared on popular radio programs ("Catholic Hour") and television programs (Emmy-winning "Life is Worth Living"). His themes of patriotism, Christian faith, and morality strongly resonated with both Catholic and non-Catholic Americans alike. For more information on Fulton Sheen, click here .
Shema : The declaration of monotheistic faith in Judaism . This central prayer , which begins, "Hear O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is One," often is recited in temple services (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-5).
Shi'ite Islam : A branch of Islam that split from Sunni Islam when the fourth caliph , Ali , was assassinated in 661 CE. The Shi�is viewed Ali as the First Caliph, rather than the Fourth, and traced the line of true Caliphs through Ali's family. Shi'ite Muslims make up 10 percent of the one billion Muslims in the world (Mead et al. 2005: 341).
Shinto : The indigenous religion of Japan, also known as the "way of the gods." Its polytheistic "kami" were, by and large, essentially the patronal deities of the uji, or clans, of ancient Japan. Since Shinto holds to a strong sense of purity, its shrines are often located outside human communities, away from possible pollutions. It was not considered a distinct religion until the advent of Buddhism in the sixth century CE. Most Japanese maintain a relationship to both Shinto and Buddhism (Melton 2009: 1052).
Shirk : Considered the biggest sin in Islam . It includes polytheism , idolatry and attribution of anyone or anything with God (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-9).
Shramana : Wandering ascetics that existed at the time of Buddha . It was his experience with seeing a shramana that led the Buddha to leave his palace and search for deeper meaning in life (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-14).
Shrine : A sacred place usually commemorating a holy person or a holy event. Shrines typically house relics and sometimes are constructed over tombs. The Kaaba in Mecca functions as a shrine for Muslims (Smith and Green 1995: 992).
Siddhartha Gautama : Also known as Gautama Buddha, he is the founder of Buddhism . He was born around 563 BCE to an aristocratic family in an area near the Himalayan foothills. He decided to leave his palace after seeing a sick man, an old man, a dead man, and a shramana . He experimented with asceticism before finding a "middle way" (see eightfold path ) between excessive indulgence and asceticism (Buddhism also is known as the "Middle Way" for this reason). Finally, he reached enlightenment under the bodhi tree, extinguishing all desire and ignorance. He taught his disciples , called arhats , about suffering and how to reach enlightenment. He died around 483 BCE (Esposito et al. 2012b: 400-402). Siddhartha often is associated with the jolly corpulent being depicted in statues in Chinese restaurants. But, it is important to note that the being in the statue is not Siddhartha, but Maitreya, a Chinese bodhisattva who many believed would be the next Buddha (Esposito et al. 2012a: 208).
Sikh : An adherent of Sikhism
Sikhism : Emerged in central India and the Punjab region of India in the 16th century and was founded by Guru Nanak. The Sikhs stress the oneness of God and follow the teachings of 10 gurus , the fifth of whom, Arjan, compiled the religion's primary sacred text, the Guru Granth Sahib (Parrinder 1973: 260).
Sin : An act against religious law. In Judaism , it is a violation of the stipulations of the covenant with God. In Orthodox Judaism , it may not be a moral violation, but perhaps a violation of dietary law. In Christianity , sin has a variety of interpretations. It can mean "missing the mark" or wandering from God's path. It also can be interpreted as rebellion against God or a disease (Smith and Green 1995: 1002-1003).
Smith, Joseph (1805-1844) : The founder and prophet of the Church of Latter-day Saints . He lived from 1805 to 1844, and wrote the Book of Mormon (1830). The Book of Mormon consists of revelations that he received from the angel Moroni . He also wrote Doctrine and Covenants (1835) and The Pearl of Great Price (1842) (Smith and Green 1995: 1006). He was killed by a mob on June 27, 1844 . For more information on Joseph Smith, click here .
Social Encapsulation : The situation when a high fraction of friendships or other social relations of members of a religious organization are with fellow members rather than outsiders (Stark and Bainbridge 1980). For more information on this concept, click here .
Social Gospel : A theological Protestant movement that aims to apply Jesus' teachings toward ameliorating socioeconomic problems. This movement was led by Baptist theologian Walter Rauschenbusch in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its emphasis on rectifying the problems caused by capitalism and industrialism influenced aspects of the New Deal policies (Prothero 2008: 283).
Social Regulation of Religion : The restrictions placed on religion by other religious groups, associations, or the culture at large (Grim and Finke 2011: 216).
Sociology of Religion : The study of religion as an institution, a cluster of values, norms, statuses, roles and groups developed around a basic social need. Under this framework, sociologists study religious behavior as a social phenomenon (Smith and Green 1995: 905).
Sola Scriptura : A Latin phrase translated as "by Scripture alone," used in the Protestant tradition to signify that biblical scriptures are the ultimate authority of faith and practice. This was a response to the Catholic emphasis on church traditions as an authority (Reid et al. 1990: 1111).
Soteriology : The doctrines and beliefs regarding salvation (Smith and Green 1995: 1012).
Soul : The animating force conjoined with the body in a human being. Many believe that the soul is capable of separating from the body at death and under special conditions, like dreaming (see astral projection ). In some dualistic traditions, the soul is understood as divine and in opposition to the body. The belief in the soul pervades various religious traditions, including Hinduism , Buddhism , Judaism , Christianity and Islam (Smith and Green 1995: 1012-1013).
Southern Christian Leadership Conference : Founded in 1957, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was monumental in the Civil Rights Movement. The organization believed that racial equality was a Christian imperative and utilized non-violent protests to combat racism. Led by Martin Luther King, Jr. , SCLC members organized protests in Albany (1962), Birmingham (1963), St. Augustine (1964), and Selma (1965). For more information on the SCLC, click here .
Speaking In Tongues : The practice of speaking in unknown or foreign languages by charismatic and Pentecostal Christians. It is usually seen as a gift of the Holy Spirit first described in the New Testament book of Acts. It is also known as "glossolalia" (Reid et al. 1990: 1179-1180).
Spirit : General term for minor supernatural beings, especially disembodied ghosts (Smith and Green 1995: 1022).
Spiritualist Family : Churches and other religious associations teaching that believers can communicate with spirits and the deceased through such practices as seances and other paranormal activities (Melton 2009: 747-750). Churches in the Spiritualist tradition include the Swedenborgian Church and the International General Assembly of Spiritualists .
Spirituality : An orientation toward transcendent or supernatural realities outside any strict doctrinal framework. This primarily includes beliefs and practices that are internal and privatized. For more information on this concept, click here .
Stake : A regional association of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) congregations or wards .
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902) : Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902) was an important women�s rights leader in the 19th century, who, along with Susan B. Anthony, convened the first women�s rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. However, it was her controversial biblical commentary, known as The Woman�s Bible (1895), that led many in the movement to disaffiliate with her. Nonetheless, The Woman�s Bible helped pioneer feminist theology . For more information on Elizabeth Cady Stanton, click here .
Star of David (Magen David) : A six-pointed star that is an important symbol of Judaism , similar to the importance of the symbol of the cross in Christianity . In the Middle Ages, both Jews and Christians used the Magen David as a symbol to protect against the powers of demons . It was only after the emancipation of European Jewry in the 19th century that it became centrally associated with Judaism (Smith and Green 1995: 673).
State Church : An officially endorsed denomination by a government, such as the Church of England (Smith and Green 1995: 1025).
Stations of the Cross : Fourteen images that depict the Passion of Jesus in his last hours, from condemnation through his crucifixion. Stations of the Cross are found in some Roman Catholic churches and Episcopal churches. Mel Gibson fashioned his film The Passion of the Christ from the Stations of the Cross (Prothero 2008: 284).
Stigmata : The imprinted wounds on the hands and feet that resemble the wounds of Jesus Christ . Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) was the first to report experiencing stigmata. The Roman Catholic Church is cautious about the validity of stigmata (Smith and Green 1995: 1026).
Strictness Theory : This theory suggests that strict religious groups will tend to retain members and foster ongoing commitment, while more lenient churches will tend to lose members and exhibit lower levels of commitment. Kelley (1972) posited three primary aspects of strictness: 1) ideological; 2) lifestyle or behavioral; 3) and policing. For more on this theory, click here .
Stupa : A Buddhist shrine , a raised mound surmounted by a ceremonial pole and umbrella. It usually contains relics of a Buddha or an enlightened saint (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-8).
Sub-Cultural Identity Theory : A theory that posits that religion survives and can thrive in pluralistic, modern society by embedding itself in subcultures that offer satisfying, morally-orienting collective identities which provide adherents with meaning and a sense of belonging. For more information, click here .
Sufism : A term used to describe a wide variety of mystical and disciplined orders found throughout the Islamic world. It is an eclectic movement that draws from Christian and Gnostic elements. There is an emphasis on ecstatic experience, the immediate knowledge of God, in contrast to secondhand knowledge from theologians (Melton 2009: 927).
Sunday School : An educational ministry for children and adults usually held before or after worship services in Christian churches . In Judaism , there are educational classes for children that serve a similar purpose and are sometimes called Hebrew school. The Sunday school movement migrated from England to the United States in the 1790s, although the purpose at the time was to teach working-class children how to read (Prothero 2008: 100).
Sunday, William "Billy" (1862-1935) : Billy Sunday was a prominent evangelist who led revivals in the early 20th century. He passionately advocated a prohibition of alcohol and strengthened conservative Protestantism . For more information on Billy Sunday, click here .
Sunnah : The Prophet Muhammad's life example as evidenced in the hadith (Esposito 2011: 248).
Sunni Islam : A branch of Islam that teaches that the process of interpretation of the law was closed in the 10th century. Before that there were four legal traditions: Hanafi, Malaki, Shafi and Hanbali. Sunnis are expected to follow one of the four traditions, which is somewhat difficult for American Muslims from different schools who share the same mosque . Sunnis make up 90 percent of the one billion Muslims in the world (Mead et al. 2005: 339-340).
Supernatural : A term referring to forces or entities beyond or outside nature that can suspend, alter, or ignore physical forces (Stark and Finke 2000: 277).
Surah : The chapters in the Koran , arranged from the largest in content to the smallest. The 286 Surahs detail the revelations communicated through the Prophet Muhammad . Since they are ordered by size, and not chronologically or thematically, it can be difficult to follow without any additional commentaries. For this reason, the hadith accounts can be very useful in understanding the context of certain passages. Muslims believe that the Koran was initially preserved in oral and written form during the lifetime of the Prophet. Muslims also do not believe that Muhammad was the author, nor editor, of the Surahs because they consider the scriptures to be the eternal word of God (Esposito 2011: 9).
Synagogue : The Jewish building for public worship. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the synagogue has been a central component of Jewish religious and cultural life (Smith and Green 1995: 1041).
Synod : An official meeting of ministers and other members of the Christian church . This term also can refer to an association of churches, such as the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Smith and Green 1995: 1044).
T
Taliban : Islamic militants who were trained in Pakistani refugee camps during the Russo-Afghan war. The Taliban took control of Afghanistan in the mid-1990s and turned it into a theocratic state under Mullah Muhammad Omar. The United States invaded Afghanistan in 2001 because the state was providing shelter and protection to Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda (Prothero 2008: 285).
Talmud : A text of commentary and traditions supplementing the Torah and other Old Testament writings. There are two Talmuds: the first is called the Talmud of the Land of Israel, and was completed in Israel between 400-500 CE. The second is called the Talmud of Babylonia, and was completed around 600 CE in present-day Iraq (Smith and Green 1995: 1048).
Tantra : An esoteric tradition common to both Hinduism and Buddhism (see Tantric Buddhism ). It often defies caste and gender orthopraxy , and is believed to lead to nirvana faster (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-11).
Tantric (Vajrayana) Buddhism : A form of Buddhism that combines elements of the Theravadan tradition and the Mahayanan tradition based on the belief that everything is permeated by a single power (Shakti) emanating from God. It originated in India around the fifth century CE. It manifests itself in three ways: positive masculine, negative feminine, and the union of the two. Tantric Buddhism is known for its esoteric rituals, including sexual rituals (Melton 2009: 1047).
Taoism : One of the three "Great Teachings of China," along with Buddhism and Confucianism . Lao Tzu (570-490 BCE) founded Taoism, while Chuang Tzu (370-290 BCE) further advanced it in China. They viewed Confucianism as an empty set of rituals, and supported self-cultivation through naturalness and spontaneity. This is known as "philosophical Taoism," as opposed to "religious Taoism," which is a later form that emphasizes physical immortality through meditation and dietary practices (Prothero 2008: 286).
Televangelism : The use of television to teach viewers about Christianity . Well-known televangelists include Pat Robertson , Jerry Falwell and Benny Hinn. The Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) is an example of a Christian television station used for the purposes of televangelists. For how survey researchers study televangelism, click here .
Televangelist : A preacher who engages in televangelism (i.e., appearing on television to preach Christianity). Examples include Pat Robertson , Jerry Falwell , and Benny Hinn.
Temperance : The proper control of one�s desires and one of the four cardinal virtues in the Catholic tradition. It�s often associated with abstaining from alcohol (see Temperance Movement ) (McBrien 1995:1244).
Temperance Movement : A century-long effort, beginning in the 19th century, to denounce alcohol consumption in the United States. Many temperance organizations, like the American Temperance Society (est. 1826) and Women�s Christian Temperance Union (est. 1873/1874), had explicit connections to Protestantism and Christian thought. Seven of the 16 founders of the American temperance Society were clergyman. The temperance movement slowly declined in the 1930s, as Prohibition became increasingly unpopular (Reid et al 1990).
Temple : Religious buildings for ritual activities and public worship (see also Synagogue for Jews). They are commonly known in Judaism , Mormonism , Hinduism , and Buddhism . There also existed temples in Mesopotamia, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome (Smith and Green 1995: 1059-1062).
Ten Commandments (Decalogue) : Religious and moral laws given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai. This story is found in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) books of Exodus and Deuteronomy. The Ten Commandments begin with obligations towards God and end with obligations toward one another. There are Catholic , Protestant , and Jewish variations of these statutes (Prothero 2008: 190).
Tension : A term referring to the degree of distinctiveness, separation and antagonism in the relationship between a religious group and the "outside" world (Stark and Finke 2000: 281). For more information on tension, click here .
Theism : The belief in God (Reid et al. 1990: 1167).
Theologian : A person who systematically studies theology or some aspects of theology. In Colonial America, theologians usually were educated pastors who might instruct prospective ministers in a college setting. Theologians became professional academicians and specialists after the advent of seminaries in the 19th century (Reid et al. 1990: 1170).
Theology : The study of God and of his relationship with created reality (Reid et al. 1990: 1170).
Theravada Buddhism : One of the oldest schools of Buddhism that looked to the writings of Sariputra, an early disciple of the Buddha whose method of interpreting Buddha�s teachings was very conservative and emphasized the role of the monastic life as the way to nirvana (Melton 2009: 1043).
Three Faiths : The Chinese grouping of the three great religions : Confucianism , Taoism and Buddhism (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-11).
Three Jewels : The three things that provide refuge for Buddhists : the Buddha , the Dharma (teaching), and the Sangha (Buddhist community) (Prothero 2008: 205).
Three Marks of Existence : Described as impermanence, suffering, and no soul in the Buddhist conception of human reality (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-14).
Tibetan Book of the Dead : A collection of Buddhist texts focused on the state between death and rebirth. The texts describe a 49-day journey that includes unconsciousness at the moment of death, reawakening in a bodiless form, and the appearance of both peaceful and wrathful deities (Smith and Green 1995: 1075).
Torah : The Hebrew term ("teaching") broadly refers to both the oral and written Jewish Law. More narrowly, it refers to the first five books in the Hebrew Bible , or Old Testament, which Jewish believers consider their most sacred text (Prothero 2008: 287).
Tradition : See religious tradition .
Transubstantiation : A Catholic doctrine that the Eucharistic bread and wine are the body and blood of Christ in a literal sense. The term means "substance crossing" or "substance changing." It is based on the literal interpretation of the Last Supper in the Gospel accounts. The Benedictine monk Paschasius Radbertus (c.785-c.860 CE) is credited as the first explicit proponent of the doctrine, although the actual term first appears around 1130 CE. The Protestant reformers rejected this doctrine (Reid et al. 1990: 1184).
Trinity : The Christian term for the community of God made of three "persons" (Father, Son and Holy Spirit ). The term itself is not in the New Testament , although the persons of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are mentioned. The distinctions between the three are relational and not believed to be a separation of power. Jesus is said to be the Son of God. The doctrine of the trinity is somewhat controversial, for critics (e.g. Muslims and Unitarians ) claim that it is polytheism , while Christians traditionally defend the doctrine as communal monotheism (Smith and Green 1995: 1100).
Turban : The head covering worn by some Muslim males in Afghanistan and in Iran (Esposito 2011: 248).
U
Ummah : The Muslim community of believers (Esposito et al. 2012b: G-10).
Unchurched : Those who do not attend or have stopped attending religious services. For more information on the unchurched, click here .
Unclaimed Population : As used by the ARDA, the unclaimed population are those that are not adherents of any of the 236 groups included in the Religious Congregations & Membership Study, 2010 . This number should not be used as an indicator of irreligion or atheism , as it also includes adherents of groups not included in these data.
Unction : The sacrament of healing in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches . Since Vatican Council II , Catholicism has used the term "Anointing of the Sick" rather than "unction." This sacrament is based on passages in the New Testament books of Mark and James, as well as early Christian tradition. Medieval practice in Western Christianity limited the sacrament to those who were dying. Vatican Council II restored its earlier general purpose (Reid et al. 1990: 1194).
Unification Church : A new religious movement founded in Korea by Sun Myung Moon in 1954. The full name of the movement is the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity. Unification theology is based on Moon's interpretation of the Old and New Testaments . It claims that Jesus� mission was to restore spiritual and physical salvation to the world, but due to his crucifixion, he was only able to bring spiritual salvation . Moon claims that physical salvation comes through marriage, and as a result, Moon selects members of the church to be married. Their children are considered to be free of a "fallen nature" (Smith and Green 1995: 1109).
Unitarianism : The belief that there is only one God, and thus Jesus was not divine in essence. This tenet dates back to the Protestant Reformation, where Michael Servetus and Faustus Socinus were opposing the concept of the Trinity . Famous Unitarians include Issac Newton, John Locke, and John Milton (Mead et al. 2005: 368). For modern Unitarian/Universalist churches, see the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations .
Universalism : The belief that ultimately all individuals will be saved (Reid et al. 1990: 1205). For modern Unitarian/Universalist churches, see the Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations .
Upanishads : A collection of texts at the end of the Vedas that record early Hindu speculations on Brahman , atman and moksha . These texts are very influential to Hindu thought (Esposito et al. 2012a: G-5).
Vajrayana Buddhism : See Tantric Buddhism .
Vatican City : An independent state within the city of Rome governed by the pope . It was established by the Lateran Pacts in 1929, and later ratified by the Republic of Italy in 1948. The area is 108.7 acres and has a population of 1,000, making it the smallest country in the world. Its famous buildings include St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel (Smith and Green 1995: 1114).
Vatican Council I : A church-wide council held for Catholics from 1869 to 1870 in Rome at St. Peter�s Basilica. Led by Pope Pius IX, the purpose of the Council was to deal with contemporary problems of the time, but it is best known for establishing the definition of papal infallibility (McBrien 1995:1296-1298).
Vatican Council II : A church-wide council held for Catholics from 1962-1965 to renew the church and update Catholic teachings, especially involving the liturgy , religious freedom, and ecumenism (Smith and Green 1995: 1114). For more information on Vatican Council II, click here .
Vedas : The most ancient and sacred texts of Hinduism . It is a large body of Sanskrit texts collected by the Brahmans , or priestly class, who were Aryans who occupied North India. They are dated from 2000-1000 BCE. Until recently, it was preserved through oral tradition (Smith and Green 1995: 1114).
Virgin Birth : A Christian teaching that Mary conceived Jesus without a human father. God miraculously made Mary pregnant without the use of sexual intercourse with Joseph. This doctrine is accepted by Catholics , Orthodox Christians, Protestants , and Muslims . This doctrine is not the same as the Immaculate Conception (Prothero 2008: 289).
Virginia's Religious Disestablishment (1786) : In 1786, the Virginia legislature passed a bill by Thomas Jefferson ending the Anglican Church�s formal establishment as the state religion. Although Virginia was not the first state to disestablish religion -- North Carolina claimed that honor in 1776 -- it marked the turning point in American disestablishment because of the state's massive population and the out-sized political influence. Virginia�s disestablishment became important to future legal battles regarding the separation of church and state. For more information on this historical event, click here .
Vishnu : The most popular Hindu deity. He is said to have 10 different incarnations, including the Buddha (Prothero 2008: 289).
Voodoo (Vodou) : An African-Christian religion originating in Haiti. Followers serve divine spirits and accept possession by those spirits for spiritual and healing purposes. Recently, the Roman Catholic Church in Haiti attempted to suppress Voodoo. It has spread to Noth America in the cities of New York, Miami, Montreal and is significantly present in New Orleans (Smith and Green 1995: 1126).
Vulgate : The Latin translation of the Bible used by the Roman Catholic Church . In the late fourth century CE, Jerome put together a Latin translation that translated from the Hebrew of the Old Testament instead of the Greek Septuagint as was common at the time. It was deemed the official version of the Bible of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century CE, and all Roman Catholic translations were required to use it until 1943 (Smith and Green 1995: 1127).
W
Wahhabism : A conservative Sunni Muslim movement that seeks to return the Muslim world to the pure Islam in the Koran and restore traditional morality in society. The term derives from the founder of the movement, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), although the term is considered derogatory. Proponents of the movement prefer being called "Muwahhidun" or Salafis. It recently spread to Afghanistan through the Taliban , and has influenced leaders of al-Qaeda , like Osama bin Laden (Prothero 2008: 290).
Ward : A congregation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) .
Warrior Monks : Japanese Buddhist monks who participated in armed violence in the eighth century. They were used to protect the monasteries' interests as they continued to grow. Most of the conflicts were between monasteries, but some warrior monks would threaten the government if their demands were not met. Warrior monks were particularly influential in eleventh through twelfth centuries, but their influence abated when Japan was unified in the sixteenth century (Smith and Green 1995: 1130).
Wesley, Charles (1707-1788) : Charles Wesley was an important leader of the Methodist movement. He was influential in having his brother, John , join the group that eventually became the Methodists. He also was a prolific hymn writer. Some of his well-known hymns include "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" and "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today." For more information on Charles Wesley, click here .
Wesley, John (1703-1791) : The founder of Methodism . He was ordained in 1725 in the Church of England. From 1729 to 1735, he led the Holy Club, a group of students who were called Methodists. They performed acts of piety and charity. After his disastrous missionary trip to America, he returned to England. In 1738, he had a religious experience that convinced him the activities of the Methodists could be empowered by grace through faith in Jesus . This led to a revival and a 52-year ministry up until his death (Reid et al. 1990: 1241). For more information on John Wesley, click here .
Western Liturgical Family : Churches represented by or originating from the Roman Catholic Church . Such offshoots include the Old Catholic Church and the Polish National Catholic Church, which differ from the Roman Catholic Church in their rejection of the authority of the pope (Melton 2009: 82). To interactively explore the history of Catholics in America, click here .
Westminster Abbey : The central church of English Christianity . It also is the traditional site for the coronation of British royalty. It was once a Benedictine Abbey, and legend has it that Peter consecrated it (Smith and Green 1995: 1131).
White, Ellen Gould (1827-1915) : Ellen Gould White was the co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church , along with her husband, James Springer White . She promoted Saturday as the Christian Sabbath and advocated biblically-based health initiatives. For more information on Ellen White, click here .
White, James Springer (1821-1881) : James Springer White was the co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church , along with his wife Ellen Gould White . For more information on James Springer White, click here .
Whitefield, George (1714-1770) : George Whitefield was the leading preacher and revivalist of the First Great Awakening in the American colonies. George Whitefield was a Church of England clergyman and itinerant preacher who made seven trips to the American colonies, attracting large crowds during this "preaching tours." For more information on George Whitefield, click here .
Wicca : The common term for many different traditions of Neopagan Witchcraft, also known as "the craft." It is a nature-based religion that celebrates seasonal and life cycles (Smith and Green 1995: 1131).
Willard, Frances (1839-1898) : Frances Willard was a Christian social activist who promoted temperance , women�s suffrage, labor reform and home-centered family life. She became involved in the Women�s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1874 when she began preaching at daily temperance meetings in Chicago, and she eventually became WCTU president in 1879 (see Temperance Movement ). In her later life, she promoted Christian socialism, making her a forerunner of the Social Gospel Movement . For more information on Frances Willard, click here .
Williams, Roger (1603-1683) : Roger Williams was a theologian , advocate for the separation of civil and church authority, and founder of Rhode Island. For more information on Roger Williams and his role in American history, click here .
Winthrop, John (1588-1649) : John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was famous for describing the colony as a "city on a hill." For more information on John Winthrop, click here .
Witherspoon, John (1723-1794) : John Witherspoon was an influential Presbyterian minister in Colonial America. As president of the college of New Jersey (Princeton), he helped expand the college�s curriculum, endowment, and enrollment. He also was influential in American politics, serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress, New Jersey state legislature, and the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. For more information on John Witherspoon, click here .
World Religion : The broadest categorization of religious affiliation . Examples of world religions include: Christianity , Judaism , Islam , Buddhism , and Hinduism .
Worship (Christianity) : The public and ritual honor given to God in the name of Jesus Christ . It often consists of words ( prayers and other ritual formulas) and sacred acts (see sacrament ). Protestant churches tend to stress the verbal aspect of Christian worship over sacramental activity. Catholic and Orthodox churches place a larger emphasis on the sacraments (Smith and Green 1995: 260).
Worship Style : The types of activities that occur within the context of worship services in a given religious group. Some worship styles are more liturgical (e.g., Catholic Mass), and some are more spontaneous (e.g., Pentecostal services). For more on this topic, click here .
X
X, Malcolm (1925-1965) : Malcolm X was an active and controversial minister/spokesman for the Nation of Islam from the mid-1950s until 1964. He brought national attention to his religious group and the problems facing the black Americans, though his negative comments toward whites and the civil rights movement received national criticism as well. For more information on Malcolm X, click here .
Y
Yiddish : A vernacular language of Ashkenazi Jews. It is a combination of medieval German with elements from Hebrew, Slavic and other romance languages. It has been used since the Middle Ages and continues to be used today (Smith and Green 1995: 1143).
Yin/Yang : Two forces that oppose, yet complement each other in the world according to Confucianism , Taoism and religion in China. Yin is dark and passive, while yang is bright and active (Prothero 2008: 290-291).
Yoga : A term meaning "union," specifically referring to union with the divine. Early forms of yoga were related to ascetic practices and Hindu philosophy, but now many use it for physical fitness and mental health. In 1893, yoga was introduced to Americans by Swami Vivekananda, the first Hindu missionary in the United States. The practice took off in the 1950s and 1960s, and now it is considered mainstream (Prothero 2008: 291).
Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh (1918-2008) : Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was the founder of Transcendental Meditation and a popular religious figure of the 1960s and 1970s. He became a mentor to rock groups like the Beatles and The Rolling Stones. For more information on this important figure, click here .
Yom Kippur : A Jewish holiday 10 days after the Jewish New Year that entails a 25-hour fast day from dusk until nightfall the following day. It also is known as the Day of Atonement, where Jews seek atonement from God for past sins . It is considered one of the most solemn Jewish holidays, and synagogues are often very crowded on this day (Hinnells 1991: 34).
Young, Brigham (1801-1877) : Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith as Mormon president. He led the Mormon exodus to Utah and helped expand the church to 150,000 members. Young was one of the most influential leaders in Latter-day Saints history, although critics have noted his controversial history of plural marriage, ban on African-American priesthood, tacit support for slavery, and wars with the American government. For more information on Brigham Young, click here .
Z
Zakat (Alms-giving) : One of the Five Pillars of Islam . Zakat (alms-giving) is the sharing of one's wealth, generally to either an administration or government (Hinnells 1991: 143).
Zen Buddhism : A mystical school of Buddhism founded by Daosheng (Tao-sheng) (360-434 CE), who added to Buddhist meditative techniques the doctrine of instantaneous enlightenment �the attainment of enlightenment in one single act. It illuminates the goal of mystical truth in both its objective and subjective aspects (Melton 2009: 1046).
Zion : 1) A specific hill in Jerusalem . 2) The place from which God rules the world in the Hebrew Bible (Smith and Green 1995: 1149).
Zionism : It relates to the persistent belief that God's covenant with his people, the Jews , is linked to Palestine and Jerusalem , in particular, and that that land is rightfully theirs (Reid et al. 1990: 1303). The growth of Zionism came with the 1917 Balfour Declaration that committed England to the Zionist cause (Melton 2009: 897).
Zoroastrianism : The religion founded by Zoroaster (c. 1400 BCE) that reforms ancient Persian polytheism into a monotheistic belief system. Zoroastrian teachings include the Avesta and the Pahlavi literature. It is considered dualistic since it has a good god, Ahura Mazda, and an evil god, Angra Mainyu. The religion has influenced Judaism , Christianity and Islam , specifically in the concepts of heaven and hell , resurrection of the dead and final judgment (Hinnells 1984: 362-363).
|
i don't know
|
Argentinian Jorge Mario Bergoglio made the news in 2013 as a?
|
Pope Francis - Photo 7 - Pictures - CBS News
Pope Francis
Jorge Mario Bergoglio attends his first Mass with cardinals as Pope Francis in the Sistine Chapel, March 14, 2013.
Credit: L'Osservatore Romano/Getty Images
Jorge Mario Bergoglio attends his first Mass with cardinals as Pope Francis in the Sistine Chapel, March 14, 2013.
Credit: L'Osservatore Romano/Getty Images
Pope Francis leads a mass at the Sistine Chapel a day after his election, at the Vatican, March 14, 2013.
Credit: OSSERVATORE ROMANO/AFP/Getty Images
Two nuns watch Pope Francis celebrate mass with the cardinals in the Sistine Chapel, as it is shown on a screen in St Peter's square, March 14, 2013.
Credit: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images
Pope Francis sits on the papal throne in the Sistine Chapel during a Mass with his cardinals, March 14, 2013. He chose not to sit on the throne the previous day, as cardinals paid him homage upon his election.
Credit: Vatican TV
Jorge Mario Bergoglio attends his first private Mass as Pope Francis in the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, March 14, 2013 .
Credit: Getty Images
Newly elected Pope Francis appears on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentinian Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pontiff and will lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics.
Credit: Getty Images
Merchandise depicting the newly elected Pope Francis is sold in a gift shop in Rome, March 14, 2013.
Credit: Dan Kitwood/Getty Images
Argentina's Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio giving a mass outside San Cayetano church in Buenos Aires, Aug. 7, 2009. Bergoglio, who took the name of Pope Francis, was elected on March 13, 2013 the 266th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church.
Credit: AP
In this picture taken March 3, 2013, Argentina's cardinal Jorge Bergoglio drinks "mate," a traditional local beverage, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Bergoglio was chosen as Pope on March 13, 2013, the first pope ever from the Americas and the first from outside Europe in more than a millennium.
Credit: AP Photo/ DyN
Newly elected Pope Francis appears on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentinian Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pontiff and will lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics.
Credit: Getty Images
Newly elected Pope Francis appears on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentinian Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pontiff and will lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics.
Credit: Getty Images
Newly elected Pope Francis appears on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentinian Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pontiff and will lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics.
Credit: Getty Images
Newly elected Pope Francis appears on the central balcony of St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentinian Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected as the 266th Pontiff and will lead the world's 1.2 billion Catholics.
Credit: Getty Images
Pope Francis speaks from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, Wednesday, March 13, 2013. Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio who chose the name of Francis, is the 266th pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia)
Credit: Gregorio Borgia
Argentine Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio during a mass for Ash Wednesday, opening Lent, the forty-day period of abstinence and deprivation for the Christians, before the Holy Week and Easter, at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Feb. 13, 2013.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
Argentine Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio during a mass for Ash Wednesday, opening Lent, the forty-day period of abstinence and deprivation for the Christians, before the Holy Week and Easter, at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Feb. 13, 2013.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
This screengrab from a YouTube video uploaded in 2008 shows then-Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio. According to its author, Bergoglio was washing the feat of drug addicts in Buenos Aires.
Credit: YouTube
Cardinal Mario Jorge Bergoglio of Argentina smiles during a news conference at the Vatican, Oct. 17, 2003.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
Argentine Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio (R) draws the cross on the forehead of a believer during a mass for Ash Wednesday, opening Lent, the forty-day period of abstinence and deprivation for the Christians, before the Holy Week and Easter, at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Feb. 13, 2013.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
Argentina's cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio (R) and Preu's Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne attend the special "pro eligendo summo pontifice " (to elect Supreme Pontiff) mass presided over by German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger at St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, April 18, 2005.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
Argentine Cardinal Jorge Bergoglio delivers his homily at the church of San Cayetano in Buenos Aires, Aug. 7, 2009.
Credit: AFP/Getty Images
|
Pope
|
The word 'haram' refers to both a sanctuary and a forbidden act in which religion?
|
Argentina's Bergoglio Elected Pope Francis I
Argentina's Bergoglio Elected Pope Francis I
2013-03-14 02:26:55 Xinhua Web Editor: Fu Yu
Jorge Mario Bergoglio waves on the balcony of the Basilica of Saint Peter in Vatican, March 13, 2013. Argentine Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 77, the archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected the new pope on Wednesday during a secret ballot in the cardinals' conclave in Vatican City. [Photo: Xinhua/Alberto Lingria]
Argentinian Jorge Mario Bergoglio, 77, the archbishop of Buenos Aires, was elected the new pope on Wednesday on the second day of secrete ballots in the cardinals' conclave held in Vatican City.
White smoke out of the chimney on the roof of the Sistine Chapel and the sound of church bells announced at 7:06 p.m. local time (1806 GMT) that Bergoglio was the new pope in front of thousands of believers and international journalists who were waiting for the news in St Peter square.
The name he chose as the new pope was Francis I. He is the first Jesuit to become pope.
A member of the Jesuits, and ordained in 1936, after four years as priest Bergoglio became head of all the Jesuits in Argentina.
After studying in Germany, he became bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992 and archbishop in 1998. A strong supporter of helping the poor, Bergoglio was made cardinal in 2001.
The secret conclave began on Tuesday night with a first ballot and four ballots were held on Wednesday. Francis obtained the required two thirds majority in the fifth ballot.
The pope emeritus renounced office at the end of last month after surprising the world by announcing that he no longer had the mental and physical strengths to continue papacy.
|
i don't know
|
What volatile metallic element forms the nitrate compound Sr(NO3)2 commonly used in red fireworks?
|
Read Chapter 3 - An Introduction to Chemistry: Chemical Compounds
Classification of Matter Compounds and Chemical Bonds Molecular Compounds Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Ionic Compounds
3.5
Review Skills
The presentation of information in this chapter assumes that you can already perform the tasks listed below. You can test your readiness to proceed by answering the Review Questions at the end of the chapter. This might also be a good time to read the Chapter Objectives, which precede the Review Questions. Describe the particle nature of solids, Using a periodic table, classify elements liquids, and gases. (Section 2.1) as metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. Convert between the names and (Section 2.3) symbols for the common elements. Describe the nuclear model of the atom. (Table 2.1) (Section 2.4) Given a periodic table, write the number Define the terms ion, cation, and anion. of the group to which each element (Section 2.4) belongs. (Figure 2.3) Define the terms covalent bond, Given a periodic table, identify the molecule, and diatomic. (Section 2.5) alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Describe the covalent bond in a halogens, and noble gases. (Section 2.3) hydrogen molecule, H2. (Section 2.5)
69
Chemical Compounds
3.1 Classification of Matter
Before getting started on your chemistry homework, you go into the kitchen to make some pasta for your sixyearold nephew. You run water into a pan, adding a few shakes of salt, and while you're waiting for it to boil, you pour a cup of coffee. When the water begins to boil, you pour in the pasta. Then you add some sugar to your coffee. Pure water, the sucrose in white sugar, and the sodium chloride in table salt are all examples of chemical compounds. A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements, with the atoms of those elements always combining in the same wholenumber ratio (Figure 3.1). There are relatively few chemical elements, but there are millions of chemical compounds. Compounds in our food fuel our bodies, and the compounds in gasoline fuel our cars. They can alter our moods and cure our diseases. Water is composed of molecules that contain two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. We describe the composition of water with the chemical formula H2O. White sugar is a highly purified form of sucrose, whose chemical formula is C12H22O11. Its molecules are composed of 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms. Sodium and chlorine atoms combine in a onetoone ratio to form sodium chloride, NaCl, which is the primary ingredient in table salt.
objeCtive 2
Figure 3.1
Elements Versus Compounds
ELEMENTS Hydrogen is composed of molecules with two hydrogen atoms. Neon is composed of independent atoms. Silver exists as an assembly of silver atoms.
H2 molecule COMPOUNDS Water is composed of molecules that contain one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
Neon atom
Silver atom
Water molecule, H2O
Sodium chloride exists as an assembly of sodium and chloride ions, always in a one-to-one ratio. Sodium ion
500
3.1 Classification of Matter
71
Note that a chemical formula is a concise written description of the components of a chemical compound. It identifies the elements in the compound by their symbols and describes the relative number of atoms of each element with subscripts. If an element symbol in a formula is not accompanied by a subscript, the relative number of atoms of that element is assumed to be one. Pure water, sodium chloride, and sucrose always have the composition described in their chemical formulas. In other words, their composition is constant. Elements, too, have a constant composition described by a chemical formula. (We have seen that the formula for hydrogen is H2.) When a substance has a constant composition--when it can be described by a chemical formula--it must by definition be either an element or a compound, and it is considered a pure substance. For example, the symbol Na refers to pure sodium. The formula Na2CO3 refers to pure sodium carbonate and tells us that this compound is always composed of sodium, carbon, and oxygen in a constant atom ratio of 2:1:3. Mixtures are samples of matter that contain two or more pure substances and have variable composition (Figure 3.2). For example, when salt, NaCl, and water, H2O, are combined, we know the resulting combination is a mixture because we can vary the percentage of these two pure substances. You can add one, two, or ten teaspoons of salt to a pan of water, and the result will still be salt water.
objeCtive 2
Automobile Exhaust--a Mixture The components and amounts vary.
objeCtive 3
Nitrogen oxides, NO and NO2
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
The following sample study sheet and Figure 3.3 show the questions you can ask to discover whether a sample of matter is an element, a compound, or a mixture.
Sample Study Sheet 3.1 Classification of Matter
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
Tip-off You are asked to classify a sample of matter as a pure substance or a mixture; or you are asked to classify a pure substance as an element or a compound. General Steps The following general procedure is summarized in Figure 3.3. To classify a sample of matter as a pure substance or a mixture, ask one or both of the following questions: Does it have a constant composition? If it does, it is a pure substance. If it has variable composition, it is a mixture. Can the sample as a whole be described with a chemical formula? If it can, it is a pure substance. If it cannot, it is a mixture. To classify a pure substance as an element or a compound, ask the following question: Can it be described with a single symbol? If it can, it is an element. If its chemical formula contains two or more different element symbols, it is a compound. Example See Example 3.1.
Figure 3.3
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
Matter
Does it have a constant composition? Can it be described with a chemical formula? Yes No
Pure Substance
Can it be described with a single symbol? Yes No
Mixture
coffee with cream and sugar
water, H2O
3.2 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
73
example 3.1 - ClassifiCation of matter
Many of us have a bottle in our medicine cabinet containing a mild disinfectant consisting of hydrogen peroxide and water. The liquid is about 3% hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, and about 97% water. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure substance, is it an element or a compound? a. the liquid disinfectant b. the hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, used to make the disinfectant c. the hydrogen used to make hydrogen peroxide Solution a. We know that the liquid disinfectant is a mixture for two reasons. It is composed of two pure substances (H2O2 and H2O), and it has variable composition. b. Because hydrogen peroxide can be described with a formula, H2O2, it must be a pure substance. Because the formula contains symbols for two elements, it represents a compound. c. Hydrogen can be described with a single symbol, H or H2, so it is a pure substance and an element.
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
exerCise 3.1 - ClassifiCation of matter
The label on a container of doubleacting baking powder tells us that it contains cornstarch, bicarbonate of soda (also called sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3), sodium aluminum sulfate, and acid phosphate of calcium (which chemists call calcium dihydrogen phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2). Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure substance, is it an element or a compound? a. calcium b. calcium dihydrogen phosphate c. doubleacting baking powder
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
3.2 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
The percentage of H2O2 in the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water that is used as a disinfectant can vary, but the percentage of hydrogen in the compound water is always the same. Why? One of the key reasons that the components of a given compound are always the same, and present in the same proportions, is that the atoms in a compound are joined together by special kinds of attractions called chemical bonds. Because of the nature of these attractions, the atoms combine in specific ratios that give compounds their constant composition. This section will introduce you to the different types of chemical bonds and provide you with the skills necessary to predict the types of chemical bonds between atoms of different elements.
74
Chemical Compounds
Equal and Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Let's first consider the compound hydrogen chloride, HCl. When HCl is dissolved in water, the resulting mixture is called hydrochloric acid. Not only is this mixture a very common laboratory agent, but it is also used in food processing and to treat the water in swimming pools. In Section 2.5, we learned about the bond between hydrogen atoms in H2 molecules. We saw that the two electrons in the H2 molecule are shared equally between the atoms and can be viewed as an electroncharge cloud surrounding the hydrogen nuclei. This sharing creates a covalent bond that holds the atoms together. There is also a covalent bond between the hydrogen atom and the chlorine atom in each molecule of HCl. It is very similar to the covalent bond in hydrogen molecules, with one important exception. The difference between the HCl bond and the HH bond is that the hydrogen and chlorine atoms in HCl do not share the electrons in the bond equally. In the hydrogenchlorine bond, the two electrons are attracted more strongly to the chlorine atom than to the hydrogen atom. The negatively charged electrons in the bond shift toward the chlorine atom, giving it a partial negative charge, -, and giving the hydrogen atom a partial positive charge, + (Figure 3.4). The lower case Greek delta, , is a symbol that represents partial or fractional. When the electrons of a covalent bond are shared unequally, the bond is called a polar covalent bond. Due to the unequal sharing of the electrons in the bond, a polar covalent bond has one atom with a partial positive charge, +, and one atom with a partial negative charge, -.
H2
Chlorine attracts electrons more.
objeCtive 7
If the electronattracting ability of one atom in a bond is much greater than the others, there is a large shift in the electron cloud, and the partial charges are large. If the electronattracting ability of one atom in a covalent bond is only slightly greater than the others, there is not much of a shift in the electron cloud, and the partial charges are small. When the difference in electronattracting abilities is negligible (or zero), the atoms in the bond will have no significant partial charges. We call this type of bond a nonpolar covalent bond. The covalent bond between hydrogen atoms in H2 is an example of a nonpolar covalent bond.
3.2 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
75
Transfer of Electrons
Sometimes one atom in a bond attracts electrons so much more strongly than the other that one or more electrons are fully transferred from one atom to another. This commonly happens when metallic atoms combine with nonmetallic atoms. A nonmetallic atom usually attracts electrons so much more strongly than a metallic atom that one or more electrons shift from the metallic atom to the nonmetallic atom. For example, when the element sodium combines with the element chlorine to form sodium chloride, NaCl, the chlorine atoms attract electrons so much more strongly than the sodium atoms that one electron is transferred from each sodium atom to a chlorine atom. When an electron is transferred completely from one uncharged atom to another, the atom that loses the electron is left with one more proton than electron and acquires a +1 charge overall. It therefore becomes a cation (Section 3.4). For example, when an uncharged sodium atom with 11 protons and 11 electrons loses an electron, it is left with 11 protons (a charge of +11) and 10 electrons (a charge of -10), yielding an overall +1 charge. Na Na+ + e- - 11p/11e 11p/10e- +11 + (-11) = 0 +11 + (-10) = +1 In contrast, an uncharged atom that gains an electron will have one more electron than proton, so it forms an anion with a -1 charge. When a chlorine atom gains an electron from a sodium atom, the chlorine atom changes from an uncharged atom with 17 protons and 17 electrons to an anion with 17 protons and 18 electrons and an overall -1 charge. Cl + e- 17p/17e- +17 + (-17) = 0 Cl- 17p/18e- +17 + (-18) = -1
objeCtive 6 objeCtive 6
objeCtive 6
Atoms can transfer one, two, or three electrons. Thus cations can have a +1, +2, or +3 charge, and anions can have a -1, -2, or -3 charge. Because particles with opposite charges attract each other, there is an attraction between cations and anions. This attraction is called an ionic bond. For example, when an electron is transferred from a sodium atom to a chlorine atom, the attraction between the +1 sodium cation and the -1 chlorine anion is an ionic bond (Figure 4.5). You will see as you read more of this book that substances that have ionic bonds are very different from those that have all covalent bonds. For example, compounds that have ionic bonds, such as the sodium chloride in table salt, are solids at room temperature and pressure, but compounds with all covalent bonds, such as hydrogen chloride and water, can be gases and liquids as well as solids.
The Salt-Encrusted Shore of The Dead Sea Salt (sodium chloride) is an ionic compound. Water is molecular.
76
Ionic bond, an attraction between a cation and an anion
Summary of Covalent and Ionic Bond Formation
objeCtive 7
When atoms of different elements form chemical bonds, the electrons in the bonds can shift from one bonding atom to another. The atom that attracts electrons more strongly will acquire a negative charge, and the other atom will acquire a positive charge. The more the atoms differ in their electronattracting ability, the more the electron cloud shifts from one atom toward another. If there is a large enough difference in electronattracting ability, one, two, or three electrons can be viewed as shifting completely from one atom to another. The atoms become positive and negative ions, and the attraction between them is called an ionic bond. If the electron transfer is significant but not enough to form ions, the atoms acquire partial positive and partial negative charges. The bond in this situation is called a polar covalent bond. If there is no shift of electrons or if the shift is negligible, no significant charges will form, and the bond will be a nonpolar covalent bond. It might help, when thinking about these different kinds of bonds, to compare them to a game of tugofwar between two people. The people are like the atoms with a chemical bond between them, and the rope is like the electrons in the bond. If the two people tugging have the same (or about the same) strength, the rope will not move (or not move much). This leads to a situation that is like the nonpolar covalent bond. If one person is stronger than the other person, the rope will shift toward that person, the way the electrons in a polar covalent bond shift toward the atom that attracts them more. If one person can pull a lot harder than the other person can, the stronger person pulls the rope right out of the hands of the weaker one. This is similar to the formation of ions and ionic bonds, when a nonmetallic atom pulls one or more electrons away from a metallic atom.
3.2 Compounds and Chemical Bonds
77
Figure 3.6 summarizes the general differences between nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds. Nonpolar Covalent Bond Equal sharing of electrons Both atoms attract electrons equally (or nearly so). No significant charges form.
Figure 3.6
Polar Covalent Bond Unequal sharing of electrons is atom attracts electrons more strongly.
Partial positive charge
-
Partial negative charge.
Ionic Bond Strong attraction between positive and negative charges. is atom attracts electrons so much more strongly than the other atom that it gains one or more electrons and gains a negative charge.
is atom loses one or more electrons and gains a positive charge.
+
-
Predicting Bond Type
The simplest way to predict whether a bond will be ionic or covalent is to apply the following rules. When a nonmetallic atom bonds to another nonmetallic atom, the bond is covalent. When a metallic atom bonds to a nonmetallic atom, the bond is usually ionic. Some bonds between a metallic atom and a nonmetallic atom are better described as covalent. For now, however, we will keep our guidelines simple. All nonmetalnonmetal combinations lead to covalent bonds, and except when you are told otherwise, you can assume that all bonds between metallic atoms and nonmetallic atoms are ionic bonds.
objeCtive 8
Classifying Compounds
objeCtive 9
Compounds can be classified as molecular or ionic. Molecular compounds are composed of molecules, which are uncharged collections of atoms held together by all covalent bonds. Ionic compounds contain cations and anions held together by ionic bonds (Figure 3.7). You will see some exceptions later in this text, but for now, if a formula for a compound indicates that all the elements in it are nonmetals, you can assume that all of the bonds are covalent bonds, which form molecules, and that the compound is a molecular compound. We will assume that metalnonmetal combinations lead to ionic bonds and ionic compounds.
objeCtive 9
Molecular compound Hydrogen chloride, HCl, gas HCl molecule Nonmetallic anions Nonmetal Nonmetal Metallic cations
Ionic compound Sodium chloride, NaCl, solid
Covalent bond
example 3.2 - Classifying Compounds
objeCtive 9
Classify each of the following as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. calcium chloride, CaCl2 (used for deicing roads) b. ethanethiol, C2H5SH (a foulsmelling substance used to odorize natural gas) Solution a. Calcium, Ca, is a metal, and chlorine, Cl, is a nonmetal. We expect the bonds between them to be ionic, so calcium chloride is an ionic compound. b. Carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur are all nonmetallic elements, so we expect the bonds between them to be covalent bonds. The formula, C2H5SH, tells us that ethanethiol is composed of molecules that each contain two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one sulfur atom. Ethanethiol is a molecular compound.
exerCise 3.2 - Classifying Compounds
objeCtive 9
Classify each of the following substances as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. formaldehyde, CH2O (used in embalming fluids) b. magnesium chloride, MgCl2 (used in fireproofing wood and in paper manufacturing)
3.3 Molecular Compounds
79
3.3 Molecular Compounds
Have you ever wondered why salt dissolves so quickly in water but oil does not?...why bubbles form when you open a soft drink can?... why a glass of water fizzes when an AlkaSeltzer tablet is plopped into it? What's going on at the submicroscopic level that makes these things happen? To answer these questions, you need to know more about the structure of water, including the spatial arrangement of atoms in water molecules. The purpose of this section is to begin to describe the threedimensional structure of molecular compounds such as water. Earlier we saw that when some elements form ionic and covalent bonds, their atoms gain, lose, or share electrons. This suggests an important role for electrons in chemistry. However, chemists have also found that for most elements, some electrons are more influential in the formation of chemical bonds than others are. Of chlorine's 17 electrons, for example, only seven are important in predicting how chlorine will bond. Of sulfur's 16 electrons, only six are important; of phosphorus's 15 electrons, only five are important. Chemists noticed that the important electrons, called valence electrons, are equal in number to the element's "Agroup" number. For example, the nonmetallic elements in group 7A (F, Cl, Br, and I) have seven valence electrons, those in group 6A (O, S, and Se) have six valence electrons, those in group 5A (N and P) have five, and carbon (C) in group 4A has four. A more precise definition of valence electrons, and an explanation for why chlorine has seven, sulfur six, and so on, will have to wait until you learn more about atomic theory in Chapter 11. For now, it is enough to know the numbers of valence electrons for each nonmetallic atom and know how they are used to explain the bonding patterns of nonmetallic atoms. The valence electrons for an element can be depicted visually in an electron-dot symbol. (Electrondot symbols are known by other names, including electrondot structures, electrondot diagrams, and Lewis electrondot symbols.) An electrondot symbol that shows chlorine's seven valence electrons is Cl Electrondot symbols are derived by placing valence electrons (represented by dots) to the right, left, top, and bottom of the element's symbol. Starting on any of these four sides, we place one dot at a time until there are up to four unpaired electrons around the symbol. If there are more than four valence electrons for an atom, the remaining electrons are added one by one to the unpaired electrons to form up to four pairs. X X X X X X X X
objeCtive 11 objeCtive 11
objeCtive 10
There is no set convention for the placement of the paired and unpaired electrons around the symbol. For example, the electrondot symbol for chlorine atoms could be Cl or Cl or Cl or Cl
80
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
There seems to be something special about having eight valence electrons (often called an octet of electrons). For example, the noble gases (group 8A) have an octet of electrons (except for helium, which has only two electrons total), and they are so stable that they rarely form chemical bonds with other atoms.
objeCtive 11
Kr
Xe
When atoms other than the noble gas atoms form bonds, they often have eight electrons around them in total. For example, the unpaired electron of a chlorine atom often pairs with an unpaired electron of another atom to form one covalent bond. This gives the chlorine atom an octet of eight electrons around it: two from the twoelectron covalent bond and six from its three lone pairs. This helps us explain why chlorine gas is composed of Cl2 molecules. Cl Cl Cl Cl
Note that each chlorine atom in Cl2 has an octet of electrons. Apparently, the formation of an octet of electrons leads to stability. Cl Cl
objeCtive 12
This way of depicting a molecule--using the elements' symbols to represent atoms and using dots to represent valence electrons--is called a Lewis structure. Covalent bonds are usually represented by lines in Lewis structures, so the Lewis structure of a Cl2 molecule can have either of two forms:
Cl Cl
covalent bond
objeCtive 11
Some atoms do not form octets of electrons when they bond. For example, hydrogen atoms form one bond, achieving a total of two electrons around them. The reason is similar to the reason that chlorine atoms form one covalent bond and have three lone pairs. Atoms of helium, which is one of the very stable noble gases, have two electrons. When hydrogen atoms form one covalent bond, they get two electrons around them, like helium atoms. Knowing that hydrogen atoms form one covalent bond and that chlorine atoms form one bond and have three lone pairs helps us to build the Lewis
3.3 Molecular Compounds
structure for a hydrogen chloride molecule, HCl: H + Cl H Cl or H Cl
objeCtive 11
Like chlorine, the other elements in group 7A also have seven valence electrons, so their electrondot symbols are similar to that of chlorine. The unpaired dot can be placed on any of the four sides of each symbol. F Br I
In order to obtain octets of electrons, these atoms tend to form compounds in which they have one bond and three lone pairs. Note how the Lewis structures of hydrogen fluoride, HF (used in the refining of uranium), hydrogen bromide, HBr (a pharmaceutical intermediate), and hydrogen iodide, HI (used to make iodine salts) resemble the structure of hydrogen chloride. H F Hydrogen fluoride H Br Hydrogen bromide H I Hydrogen iodide
objeCtive 11
The nonmetallic elements in group 6A (oxygen, sulfur, and selenium) have atoms with six valence electrons: O S Se
(The unpaired dots can be placed on any two of the four sides of each symbol.) These elements usually gain an octet by forming two covalent bonds and two lone pairs, as in water, H2O, and hydrogen sulfide, H2S. H O Water H H S H
Hydrogen sulfide
objeCtive 11
Nitrogen and phosphorus, which are in group 5A, have atoms with five valence electrons: N P
They form three covalent bonds to pair their three unpaired electrons and achieve an octet of electrons around each atom. Ammonia, NH3, and phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, molecules are examples. H N H Ammonia H Cl P Cl Phosphorus trichloride Cl
PCl3 is used to make pesticides and gasoline additives.
82
Chemical Compounds
objeCtive 11
Carbon, in group 4A, has four unpaired electrons in its electrondot symbol. C Predictably, carbon atoms are capable of forming four covalent bonds (with no lone pairs). Examples include methane, CH4, the primary component of natural gas, and ethane, C2H6, and propane, C3H8, which are also found in natural gas, but in smaller quantities. H H C H Methane H H H C H H C H H H H C H H C H Propane H C H H
Web Molecules
Ethane
Methane, ethane, and propane are hydrocarbons, compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Fossil fuels that we burn to heat our homes, cook our food, and power our cars, are primarily hydrocarbons. For example, natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons with from one to four carbons, and gasoline contains hydrocarbon molecules with from six to twelve carbons. Like the hydrocarbons described above, many of the important compounds in nature contain a backbone of carboncarbon bonds. These compounds are called organic compounds, and the study of carbon based compounds is called organic chemistry.
Propane, C3H8
Figure 3.8
Household Hydrocarbon Liquid petroleum gas is a mixture of the hydrocarbons propane and butane.
Table 3.1 shows electrondot symbols for the nonmetallic atoms and lists their most common bonding patterns. Note that the sum of the numbers of bonds and lone pairs is always four for the elements in this table.
3.3 Molecular Compounds
Electron-Dot Symbols and Usual Numbers of Bonds and Lone Pairs for Nonmetallic Elements
objeCtive 13
Group 4A 4 valence electrons X
Group 5A 5 valence electrons X 1 lone pair N phosphorusP P
Group 6A 6 valence electrons X 2 bonds 2 lone pairs O sulfurS S seleniumSe Se
Group 7A 7 valence electrons X 1 bond 3 lone pairs F chlorineCl Cl bromineBr Br iodineI I
4 bonds No lone 3 bonds pairs carbonC C
nitrogenN
oxygenO
fluorineF
Atoms can form double bonds, in which four electrons are shared between atoms. Double bonds are represented by double lines in a Lewis structure. For example, in a carbon dioxide molecule, CO2, each oxygen atom has two bonds to the central carbon atom. O C O Note that each atom in CO2 still has its most common bonding pattern. The carbon atom has four bonds and no lone pairs, and the oxygen atoms have two bonds and two lone pairs. Triple bonds, in which six electrons are shared between two atoms, are less common than double bonds, but they do exist in molecules like the diatomic nitrogen molecule, N2. This triple bond gives each nitrogen atom its most common bonding pattern of three bonds and one lone pair. N N This text describes two ways to construct Lewis structures from chemical formulas. In this chapter, you will find that Lewis structures for many common substances can be drawn by giving each type of atom its most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs. You will learn a more widely applicable procedure for drawing Lewis structures in Chapter 12. To illustrate how Lewis structures can be drawn using the information on Table 3.1, let's figure out the Lewis structure of methanol, CH3OH, which is often called methyl alcohol or wood alcohol. Methanol is a poisonous liquid that is used as a solvent.
84
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
When drawing its Lewis structure, we assume that the carbon atom will have four bonds (represented by four lines), the oxygen atom will have two bonds and two lone pairs, and each hydrogen atom will have one bond. The Lewis structure below meets these criteria. H H
objeCtive 14 objeCtive 15
O
H
Methanol, CH3OH (methyl alcohol) Methanol is an alcohol, which is a category of organic compounds, not just the intoxicating compound in certain drinks. Alcohols are organic compounds that possess one or more OH groups attached to a hydrocarbon group (a group that contains only carbon and hydrogen). Ethanol, C2H5OH, is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages (see Special Topic 3.1: Intoxicating Liquids and the Brain), while the alcohol in rubbing alcohol is usually 2propanol (Figure 3.9). These alcohols are also called methyl alcohol, CH3OH, ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH, and isopropyl alcohol, C3H7OH. H H C H O H H H C O C
objeCtive 15
85
example 3.3 - drawing lewis struCtures from formulas
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following formulas: a. phosphine, PH3 (used to make semiconductors) b. hypochlorous acid, HOCl (used to bleach textiles) c. CFC11, CCl3F (used as a refrigerant) d. C2H2, acetylene (burned in oxyacetylene torches) Solution a. Phosphorus atoms usually have three covalent bonds and one lone pair, and hydrogen atoms have one covalent bond and no lone pairs. The following Lewis structure for PH3 gives each of these atoms its most common bonding pattern. H P H b. Hydrogen atoms have one covalent bond and no lone pairs, oxygen atoms usually have two covalent bonds and two lone pairs, and chlorine atoms usually have one covalent bond and three lone pairs. H O Cl H
objeCtive 16
c. Carbon atoms usually have four covalent bonds and no lone pairs. Fluorine and chlorine atoms usually have one covalent bond and three lone pairs. The fluorine atom can be put in any of the four positions around the carbon atom. F Cl C Cl d. Carbon atoms form four bonds with no lone pairs, and hydrogen atoms form one bond with no lone pairs. To achieve these bonding patterns, there must be a triple bond between the carbon atoms. H C C H Cl
exerCise 3.3 - drawing lewis struCtures from formulas
Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following formulas: a. nitrogen triiodide, NI3 (explodes at the slightest touch) b. hexachloroethane, C2Cl6 (used to make explosives) c. hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 (a common antiseptic) d. ethylene (or ethene), C2H4 (used to make polyethylene)
objeCtive 16
Chemical Compounds
Molecular Shape
Lewis structures are useful for showing how the atoms in a molecule are connected by covalent bonds, but they do not always give a clear description of how the atoms are arranged in space. For example, the Lewis structure for methane, CH4, shows the four covalent bonds connecting the central carbon atom to the hydrogen atoms: H H C H However, this Lewis structure seems to indicate that the five atoms are all located in the same plane and that the angles between the atoms are all 90° or 180°. This is not true. The actual shape of a molecule can be more accurately predicted by recognizing that the negatively charged electrons that form covalent bonds and lone pairs repel each other. Therefore, the most stable arrangement of the electrongroups is the molecular shape that keeps the groups as far away from each other as possible. The best way to keep the negative charges for the four covalent bonds in a methane molecule as far apart as possible is to place them in a threedimensional molecular shape called tetrahedral, with angles of 109.5° between the bonds. H H C H e shaded shape is a regular tetrahedron. H H
objeCtive 17 objeCtive 18
objeCtive 19
The angle formed by straight lines (representing bonds) connecting the nuclei of three adjacent atoms is called a bond angle. Three ways to represent the methane molecule are shown in Figure 3.10. The first image, a spacefilling model, provides the most accurate representation of the electroncharge clouds for the atoms in CH4. A ballandstick model, the second image, emphasizes the molecule's correct molecular shape and shows the covalent bonds more clearly. The third image, a geometric sketch, shows a simple technique for describing threedimensional tetrahedral structures with a twodimensional drawing. Two hydrogen atoms are connected to the central carbon atom with solid lines. Picture these as being in the same plane as the carbon atom. A third hydrogen atom, connected to the central carbon with a solid wedge, comes out of the plane toward you. The fourth hydrogen atom, connected to the carbon atom by a dashed wedge, is situated back behind the plane of the page.
3.3 Molecular Compounds
Extends away from viewer Extends toward viewer Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model
objeCtive 19
objeCtive 20 Figure 3.10
Three Ways to Describe a Methane Molecule
The nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule, NH3, forms three covalent bonds and in addition has a lone pair of electrons. A lone pair on a central atom must be considered in predicting a molecule's shape. H N H Like the carbon atom in a methane molecule, the nitrogen atom has four electrongroups around it, so the ammonia molecule has a shape that is very similar to the shape of a CH4 molecule. However, the lone pair on the nitrogen atom repels neighboring electrongroups more strongly than the bond pairs do, so the lone pair in the ammonia molecule pushes the bond pairs closer together than the bond pairs for methane. The bond angle is about 107° instead of 109.5°. Figure 3.11 shows three ways to represent the ammonia molecule. H
H H Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model
N 107°
Three Ways to Describe an Ammonia Molecule
Liquid Water
A chemist'seye view of the structure of liquid water starts with the prediction of the molecular shape of each water molecule. The Lewis structure of water shows that the oxygen atom has four electrongroups around it: two covalent bonds and two lone pairs. H O H
We predict that the four groups would be distributed in a tetrahedral arrangement to keep their negative charges as far apart as possible. Because the lone pairs are more repulsive than the bond pairs, the angle between the bond pairs is less than 109.5°. In fact, it is about 105° (Figure 3.12).
88
Three ways to Describe a Water Molecule
H O Space-filling model Ball-and-stick model 105° H
objeCtive 20
Geometric Sketch
Web Molecules
Because oxygen atoms attract electrons much more strongly than do hydrogen atoms, the OH covalent bond is very polar, leading to a relatively large partial minus charge on the oxygen atom (represented by a -) and a relatively large partial plus charge on the hydrogen atom (represented by a +). H + - O H +
objeCtive 21
The attraction between the region of partial positive charge on one water molecule and the region of partial negative charge on another water molecule tends to hold water molecules close together (Figure 3.13). Remember that opposite charges attract each other and like charges repel each other.
Figure 3.13
Attraction between partial positive charge and partial negative charge H + + O H - + + - + + - H + + O H -
objeCtive 22
As in other liquids, the attractions between water molecules are strong enough to keep them the same average distance apart, but they are weak enough to allow each molecule to be constantly breaking the attractions that momentarily connect it to some molecules and forming new attractions to other molecules (Figure 3.14). In other chapters, you will find this image of the structure of water useful in developing your understanding of what is happening when salt dissolves in your pasta water and when bubbles form in a soft drink or in a glass of AlkaSeltzer and water.
3.3 Molecular Compounds
Attractions exist between hydrogen and oxygen atoms of different water molecules.
500
Molecules break old attractions and make new ones as they tumble throughout the liquid.
objeCtive 22 Figure 3.14
Liquid Water
The Shockwave animation at the textbook's Web site will help you to visualize the structure of water.
SPECIAL TOPIC 4.1
Molecular Shapes, Intoxicating Liquids, and the Brain
The GABA molecules are constantly attaching to the protein and then leaving again. When the GABA molecules are attached, the information transfer between nerve cells is inhibited. Anything that would make it easier for the GABA molecules to attach to the protein would lead to a slowing of the transfer of information between nerve cells. Ethanol molecules can attach to the same protein as the GABA molecules, but they attach to a different site on the protein molecule. They change the shape of the protein in such a way that it becomes easier for the GABA molecules to find their position on the protein. Thus, when ethanol is present, the GABA molecules will become attached to the protein more often, inhibiting the firing of the cell. In this way, ethanol helps to slow the transfer of nerve information. This slowing of the transfer of nerve information to the brain may not be a big problem to someone having a glass of wine with dinner at home, but when a person has a few drinks and drives a car, the consequences can be serious. If a deer runs in front of the car, we want the "put on the brake" signal sent from eyes to brain and then from brain to foot as quickly as possible.
Even if we do not all have firsthand experience with alcoholic beverages, we all know that their consumption slows brain activity. Ethanol, or ethyl alcohol, is the chemical in alcoholic beverages that causes this change. H H C H H C H O H Ethanol, C2H5OH
Information is transferred through our nervous system when one nerve cell causes the next nerve cell to fire. This firing is regulated by the attachment of molecules with specific shapes to large protein molecules that form part of the nerve cell's membrane. When certain small molecules of the correct shape attach to the protein structures in the cell membranes, the cell is caused to fire. When certain other molecules attach, the firing of the cell is inhibited. For example, when a molecule called gammaaminobutanoic acid, or GABA, attaches to a protein molecule in certain nerve cells, it causes changes that inhibit the firing of the cell.
H H H O H N C C C C O H
GABA
3.4 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
Please excuse Lisa for being absent; she was sick and I had her shot.
A note to the teacher to explain why a child was absent
We can probably assume that the parent who wrote this note meant the child was taken to the doctor for an injection, but who knows? Like everyone else, chemists need to be careful about how they use language, and the names and formulas for chemical compounds form the core of the language of chemistry. The purpose of this section is to describe the guidelines for constructing the names for binary covalent compounds, which are pure substances that consist of two nonmetallic elements. The water, H2O, you boil to cook your eggs and the methane, CH4, in natural gas that can be burned to heat the water are examples of binary covalent compounds.
Memorized Names
objeCtive 23
Some binary covalent compounds, such as water, H2O, and ammonia, NH3, are known by common names that chemists have used for years. There is no systematic set of rules underlying these names, so each must simply be memorized. Organic compounds, such as methane, CH4, ethane, C2H6, and propane, C3H8, are named by a systematic procedure that you might learn later in your chemical education, but for now, it will be useful to memorize some of their names and formulas also (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2
Names and Formulas of some Binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 23
Formula NH3 C2H6
Systematic Names
There are many different types of chemical compounds, and each type has its own set of systematic guidelines for writing names and chemical formulas. Thus, to write the name that corresponds to a formula for a compound, you need to develop the ability to recognize the formula as representing a specific type of compound. Likewise, to write a formula from a name, you need to recognize the type of compound the name represents. You also need to learn the guidelines for converting between names and formulas for that type of compound. You can recognize binary covalent compounds from their formulas, which contain symbols for only two nonmetallic elements. The general pattern of such formulas is AaBb, where "A" and "B" represent symbols for
3.4 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
91
nonmetals, and "a" and "b" represent subscripts (remember that if one of the subscripts is absent, it is understood to be 1). For example, because nitrogen and oxygen are nonmetallic elements, the formula N2O3 represents a binary covalent compound. Nonmetallic elements Binary covalent compound AaBb Subscripts (may be absent) Follow these steps to write the names for binary covalent compounds.
If objeCtive 28 objeCtive 24
the subscript for the first element is greater than one, indicate the identity of the subscript using prefixes from Table 3.3. We do not write mono at the beginning of a compound's name (see Example 3.4). Example: We start the name for N2O3 with di.
Table 3.3
Prefixes Used in the Names of Binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 25
Number of atoms 1 2 3 4 5
Attach
Prefix mon(o) di tri tetr(a) pent(a)
Number of atoms 6 7 8 9 10
Prefix hex(a) hept(a) oct(a) non(a) dec(a)
the selected prefix to the name of the first element in the formula. If no prefix is to be used, begin with the name of the first element. Example: We indicate the N2 portion of N2O3 with dinitrogen. a prefix to identify the subscript for the second element (even if its subscript is understood to be one). Leave the a off the end of the prefixes that end in a and the o off of mono if they are placed in front of an element whose name begins with a vowel (oxygen or iodine). Example: The name of N2O3 grows to dinitrogen tri. the root of the name of the second element in the formula as shown in Table 3.4 on the next page. Example: The name of N2O3 becomes dinitrogen triox.
Select
Write
Add ide to the end of the name. Example: The name of N2O3 is dinitrogen trioxide.
92
Element F Cl Br I
Root fluor chlor brom iod
example 3.4 - naming binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 28
Write the names that correspond to the formulas (a) N2O5, (b) NO2, and (c) NO. Solution These formulas are in the form of AaBb, where A and B represent symbols for nonmetallic elements, so they are binary covalent compounds. a. The first subscript in N2O5 is 2, so the first prefix is di. The first symbol, N, represents nitrogen, so the name for N2O5 begins with dinitrogen. The second subscript is 5, and the second symbol, O, represents oxygen. Therefore, the prefix pent combines with the root of oxygen, ox , and the usual ending, ide, to give pentoxide for the second part of the name. N2O5 is dinitrogen pentoxide. Notice that the a is left off penta, because the root ox begins with a vowel. b. NO2 is nitrogen dioxide. We leave mono off the first part of the name. c. NO is nitrogen monoxide. We leave mono off the first part of the name, but we start the second part of the name with mon. The o in mono is left off before the root ox.
objeCtive 27
Hydrogen atoms always form one covalent bond, and halogen atoms (group 17 or 7A) usually form one bond. Thus hydrogen reacts with halogens to form compounds with the general formula of HX, with the X representing the halogen. Because this is common knowledge among scientists and science students, these compounds are often named without prefixes. For example, HF can be named hydrogen fluoride or hydrogen monofluoride. Likewise, HCl can be named hydrogen chloride or hydrogen monochloride, HBr can be named hydrogen bromide or hydrogen monobromide, and HI can be named hydrogen iodide or hydrogen moniodide. For similar reasons, H2S can be named hydrogen sulfide or dihydrogen monosulfide.
exerCise 3.4 - naming of binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 28
Write names that correspond to the following formulas: (a) P2O5, (b) PCl3, (c) CO, (d) H2S, and (e) NH3.
3.4 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
93
Converting Names of Binary Covalent Compounds to Formulas
Now let's go the other way and convert from systematic names to chemical formulas. The first step in writing formulas when given the systematic name of a binary covalent compound is to recognize the name as representing a binary covalent compound. It will have one of the following general forms. prefix(name of nonmetal) prefix(root of name of nonmetal)ide (for example, dinitrogen pentoxide) or (name of nonmetal) prefix(root of name of nonmetal)ide (for example, carbon dioxide) or (name of nonmetal) (root of nonmetal)ide (for example, hydrogen fluoride) Follow these steps for writing formulas for binary covalent compounds when you are given a systematic name. Notice that they are the reverse of the steps for writing names from chemical formulas. Write the symbols for the elements in the order mentioned in the name. Write subscripts indicated by the prefixes. If the first part of the name has no prefix, assume it is mono. Remember that HF, HCl, HBr, HI, and H2S are often named without prefixes. You will also be expected to write formulas for the compounds whose nonsystematic names are listed in Table 3.2.
objeCtive 28 objeCtive 24
example 3.5- writing formulas for binary Covalent Compounds
Write the formulas that correspond to the following names: (a) dinitrogen tetroxide, (b) phosphorus tribromide, (c) hydrogen iodide, and (d) methane. Solution a. Because the name dinitrogen tetroxide has the following form, it must be binary covalent. prefix(name of nonmetal) prefix(root of name of nonmetal)ide The di tells us there are two nitrogen atoms, and the tetr tells us there are four oxygen atoms. Dinitrogen tetroxide is N2O4. b. Because the name phosphorus tribromide has the following form, it must be binary covalent. (name of nonmetal) prefix(root of name of nonmetal)ide Because there is no prefix attached to phosphorus, we assume there is one phosphorus atom. Phosphorus tribromide is PBr3.
objeCtive 28
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
There is a tutorial on the textbook's Web site that provides practice converting between names and formulas of binary covalent compounds.
c. Because the name hydrogen iodide has the following form, it must be binary covalent. (name of nonmetal) (root of name of nonmetal)ide This is one of the binary covalent compounds that do not require prefixes. Iodine usually forms one bond, and hydrogen always forms one bond, so hydrogen iodide is HI. d. Methane is on our list of binary covalent compounds with names you should memorize. Methane is CH4.
exerCise 3.5 - writing formulas for binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 28
Write formulas that correspond to the following names: (a) disulfur decafluoride, (b) nitrogen trifluoride, (c) propane, and (d) hydrogen chloride.
3.5 Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are substances composed of ions attracted to each other by ionic bonds. Let's consider how they play a part in a "typical" family's Fourth of July. Before the family leaves the house to go to the holiday picnic, the kids are sent off to brush their teeth and change into clean clothes. Their toothpaste contains sodium fluoride, a common cavityfighting ionic compound. The white shirts in their red, white, and blue outfits were bleached with the ionic compound sodium hypochlorite, the stains on their red pants were removed by potassium oxalate, and dyes were fixed to their blue hats by aluminum nitrate. While the kids are getting ready, dad and mom get the picnic dinner together. The hot dogs they are packing are cured with the ionic compound sodium nitrite, and the buns contain calcium acetate as a mold inhibitor and calcium iodate as a dough conditioner. The soft drinks have potassium hydrogen carbonate to help trap the bubbles, the mineral water contains magnesium sulfate, and the glass for the bottles was made with a variety of ionic compounds. Because it will be dark before they get home, Mom packs a flashlight as well. Its rechargeable batteries contain the ionic compounds cadmium hydroxide and nickel hydroxide. When our family gets to the park, they find themselves a place on the lawn, which was fertilized with a mixture of ionic compounds, including iron(II) sulfate. They eat their dinner and play in the park until it's time for the fireworks. The safety matches used to light the rockets contain barium chromate, and ionic compounds in the fireworks provide the colors: red from strontium chlorate, white from magnesium nitrate, and blue from copper(II) chloride.
Ionic compounds play an important role in creating the excitement of a Fourth of July celebration.
3.5 Ionic Compounds
95
Cations and Anions
Remember the sodium fluoride in the kids' toothpaste? It could be made from the reaction of sodium metal with the nonmetallic atoms in fluorine gas. As you discovered in Section 3.2, metallic atoms hold some of their electrons relatively loosely, and as a result, they tend to lose electrons and form cations. In contrast, nonmetallic atoms attract electrons more strongly than metallic atoms, and so nonmetals tend to gain electrons and form anions. Thus, when a metallic element and a nonmetallic element combine, the nonmetallic atoms often pull one or more electrons far enough away from the metallic atoms to form ions. The positive cations and the negative anions then attract each other to form ionic bonds. In the formation of sodium fluoride from sodium metal and fluorine gas, each sodium atom donates one electron to a fluorine atom to form a Na+ cation and an F - anion. The F - anions in toothpaste bind to the surface of your teeth, making them better able to resist tooth decay. This section provides you Sodium fluoride is with more information about other cations and anions, including added to toothpaste how to predict their charges and how to convert between their to help fight tooth decay. names and formulas.
objeCtive 29
Predicting Ionic Charges
It is useful to be able to predict the charges the atoms of each element are most likely to attain when they form ions. Because the periodic table can be used to predict ionic charges, it is a good idea to have one in front of you when you study this section. We discovered in Chapter 2 that the atoms of the noble gases found in nature are uncombined with other atoms. The fact that the noble gas atoms do not gain, lose, or share their electrons suggests there must be something especially stable about having 2 (helium, He), 10 (neon, Ne), 18 (argon, Ar), 36 (krypton, Kr), 54 (xenon, Xe), or 86 (radon, Rn) electrons. This stability is reflected in the fact that nonmetallic atoms form anions in order to get the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas. All of the halogens (group 17) have one less electron than the nearest noble gas. When halogen atoms combine with metallic atoms, they tend to gain one electron each and form -1 ions (Figure 3.15). For example, uncharged chlorine atoms have 17 protons and 17 electrons. If a chlorine atom gains one electron, it will have 18 electrons like an uncharged argon atom. With a -18 charge from the electrons and a +17 charge from the protons, the resulting chlorine ion has a -1 charge. The symbol for this anion is Cl-. Notice that the negative charge is indicated with a "-" not "-1" or " 1-". Cl + 17p/17e- 1e- Cl- 17p/18e -
objeCtive 30
objeCtive 30
The nonmetallic atoms in group 16 (oxygen, O, sulfur, S, and selenium, Se) have two fewer electrons than the nearest noble gas. When atoms of these elements combine with metallic atoms, they tend to gain two electrons and form -2 ions (Figure 3.15). For example, oxygen, in group 16, has atoms with eight protons and eight electrons.
96
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
Each oxygen atom can gain two electrons to achieve ten, the same number as its nearest noble gas, neon. The symbol for this anion is O2-. Notice that the charge is indicated with "2-" not "-2". O + 2e- O2- 8p/8e- 8p/10e- Nitrogen, N, and phosphorus, P, have three fewer electrons than the nearest noble gas. When atoms of these elements combine with metallic atoms, they tend to gain three electrons and form -3 ions (Figure 3.15). For example, nitrogen atoms have seven protons and seven electrons. Each nitrogen atom can gain three electrons to achieve ten, like neon, forming a N3- anion. N + 3e- N3- 7p/7e- 7p/10e- Hydrogen has one less electron than helium, so when it combines with metallic atoms, it forms a -1 ion, H-(Figure 4.15). Anions like H-, Cl-, O2-, and N3-, which contain single atoms with a negative charge, are called monatomic anions.
Figure 3.15
The Making of an Anion
objeCtive 30
When a hydrogen atom gains one electron,
1 H
or when an atom in group 15 gains three electrons,
15 7 N 15 P
or when an atom in group 16 gains two electrons,
16 8 O 16 S 34 Se
or when an atom in group 17 gains one electron,
17
it has the same number of electrons as an atom of the nearest noble gas.
18 2 He 10 Ne
+e
9 F 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I
+e
18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe
Atomic number equals number of electrons.
objeCtive 30
Some metallic atoms lose enough electrons to create a cation that has the same number of electrons as the nearest smaller noble gas. For example, the alkali metals in group 1 all have one more electron than the nearest noble gas. When they react with nonmetallic atoms, they lose one electron and form +1 ions (Figure 3.16). For example, sodium has atoms with 11 protons and 11 electrons. If an atom of sodium loses one electron, it will have ten electrons like uncharged neon. With a -10 charge from the electrons and a +11 charge from the protons, the sodium ions have a +1
3.5 Ionic Compounds
97
overall charge. The symbol for this cation is Na+. Notice that the charge is indicated with a "+" instead of "+1" or "1+". Na Na+ + 1e- - 11p/11e 11p/10e- The alkaline earth metals in group 2 all have two more electrons than the nearest noble gas. When they react with nonmetallic atoms, they tend to lose two electrons and form +2 ions (Figure 3.16). For example, calcium has atoms with 20 protons and 20 electrons. Each calcium atom can lose two electrons to achieve 18, the same number as its nearest noble gas, argon. The symbol for this cation is Ca2+. Note that the charge is indicated with "2+" not "+2". Ca Ca2+ + 2e- 20p/20e- 20p/18e- Aluminum atoms and the atoms of the group 3 metals have three more electrons than the nearest noble gas. When they react with nonmetallic atoms, they tend to lose three electrons and form +3 ions (Figure 3.16). For example, uncharged aluminum atoms have 13 protons and 13 electrons. Each aluminum atom can lose three electrons to achieve ten, like neon, forming an Al3+ cation. Al Al3+ + 3e- - 13p/13e 13p/10e- Cations like Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+, which are single atoms with a positive charge, are called monatomic cations.
objeCtive 30
When an atom in group 1 loses one electron,
1 3 Li 11 Na 19 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr
or when an atom in group 2 loses two electrons,
2 4 Be 12 Mg 20 Ca 38 Sr 56 Ba 89 Ra
or when an atom in group 3 loses three electrons,
3 21 Sc 39 Y
or when an aluminum atom loses three electrons,
13 13 Al
it has the same number of electrons as an atom of the nearest noble gas.
18 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn
-3e -
Atomic number equals number of electrons.
X3+
The Making of a Cation
98
Chemical Compounds
objeCtive 30
The metallic elements in groups other than 1, 2, or 3 also lose electrons to form cations, but they do so in less easily predicted ways. It will be useful to memorize some of the charges for these metals. Ask your instructor which ones you will be expected to know. To answer the questions in this text, you will need to know that iron atoms form both Fe2+ and Fe3+, copper atoms form Cu+ and Cu2+, zinc atoms form Zn2+, cadmium atoms form Cd2+, and silver atoms form Ag+. Figure 3.17 summarizes the charges of the ions that you should know at this stage.
Figure 3.17
18 8A H 13 3A 14 4A 15 5A 16 6A 17 7A F Cl
1 1A
2 2A
Li+ Be2+ Na+ Mg2+ K+ Ca2+ Rb+ Sr2+ Cs+ Ba2+ Fr+ Ra2+ 3 3B Sc3+ Y3+ 4 4B 5 5B 6 6B 7 7B 8 8B Fe2+ Fe3+ 9 8B 10 8B 11 12 Al3+ 1B 2B Cu+ 2+ Cu2+ Zn Ag+ Cd2+
N3 O2 P3 S2
Naming Monatomic Anions and Cations
objeCtive 31
The monatomic anions are named by adding ide to the root of the name of the nonmetal that forms the anion. For example, N3- is the nitride ion. The roots of the nonmetallic atoms are listed in Table 3.4, and the names of the anions are displayed in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5
Names of the Monatomic Anions
Anion N3- P3-
Anion H- F- Cl- Br- I-
Name hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide
3.5 Ionic Compounds
99
The names of monatomic cations always start with the name of the metal, sometimes followed by a Roman numeral to indicate the charge of the ion. For example, Cu+ is copper(I), and Cu2+ is copper(II). The Roman numeral in each name represents the charge on the ion and allows us to distinguish between more than one possible charge. Notice that there is no space between the end of the name of the metal and the parentheses with the Roman numeral. If the atoms of an element always have the same charge, the Roman numeral is unnecessary (and considered to be incorrect). For example, all cations formed from sodium atoms have a +1 charge, so Na+ is named sodium ion, without the Roman numeral for the charge. The following elements have only one possible charge, so it would be incorrect to put a Roman numeral after their name. The alkali metals in group 1 are always +1 when they form cations. The alkaline earth metals in group 2 are always +2 when they form cations. Aluminum and the elements in group 3 are always +3 when they form cations. Zinc and cadmium always form +2 cations. Although silver can form both +1 and +2 cations, the +2 is so rare that we usually name Ag+ as silver ion, not silver(I) ion. Ag2+ is named silver(II) ion. We will assume that all of the metallic elements other than those mentioned above can have more than one charge, so their cation names will include a Roman numeral. For example, Mn2+ is named manganese(II). We know to put the Roman numeral in the name because manganese is not on our list of metals with only one charge.
objeCtive 31
example 3.6 - naming monatomiC ions
Write names that correspond to the following formulas for monatomic ions: (a) Ba2+, (b) S2-, and (c) Cr3+. Solution a. Because barium is in group 2, the only possible charge is +2. When there is only one possible charge, metallic ions are named with the name of the metal. Therefore, Ba2+ is barium ion. b. Monatomic anions are named with the root of the nonmetal and ide, so S2- is sulfide ion. c. Because chromium is not on our list of metals with only one possible charge, we need to indicate the charge with a Roman numeral. Therefore, Cr3+ is chromium(III) ion.
objeCtive 31
exerCise 3.6 - naming monatomiC ions
Write names that correspond to the following formulas for monatomic ions: (a) Mg2+, (b) F-, and (c) Sn2+.
objeCtive 31
example 3.7 - formulas for monatomiC ions
objeCtive 31
There are two tutorials on the textbook's Web site that provide practice converting between names and formulas of cations and anions.
Write formulas that correspond to the following names for monatomic ions: (a) phosphide ion, (b) lithium ion, and (c) cobalt(II) ion. Solution a. We know this is a monatomic anion because it has the form, (nonmetal root) ide. Phosphorus atoms gain three electrons to get 18 electrons like the noble gas argon, Ar. Phosphide ion is P3-. b. Lithium atoms lose one electron to get two electrons, like the noble gas helium. Lithium ion is Li+. c. The Roman numeral indicates that the cobalt ion has a +2 charge. Note that we would not have been able to determine this from cobalt's position on the periodic table. Cobalt(II) is Co2+.
exerCise 3.7 - formulas for monatomiC ions
objeCtive 31
Write formulas that correspond to the following names for monatomic ions: (a) bromide ion, (b) aluminum ion, and (c) gold(I) ion. Several of the monatomic cations play important roles in our bodies. For example, we need calcium ions in our diet for making bones and teeth. Iron(II) ions are found in hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells that carry oxygen from our lungs to the tissues of our bodies. Potassium, sodium, and chloride ions play a crucial role in the transfer of information between nerve cells. Enzymes (chemicals in the body that increase the speed of chemical reactions) often contain metallic cations, such as manganese(II) ions, iron(III) ions, copper(II) ions, and zinc ions. For example, Zn2+ ions are in the center of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which is the enzyme in our livers that accelerates the breakdown of the ethanol consumed in alcoholic beverages.
Structure of Ionic Compounds
objeCtive 31
Figure 3.18 shows the solid structure of the ionic compound sodium chloride, NaCl. We have already seen that the particles that form the structure of ionic compounds are cations and anions, and the attractions that hold them together are ionic bonds. When atoms gain electrons and form anions, they get larger. When atoms lose electrons and form cations, they get significantly smaller. Thus the chloride ions are larger than the sodium ions. The ions take the arrangement that provides the greatest cationanion attraction while minimizing the anionanion and cationcation repulsions. Each sodium ion is surrounded by six chloride ions, and each chloride ion is surrounded by six sodium ions. Any ionic compound that has the same arrangement of cations and anions as NaCl is said to have the sodium chloride crystal structure. The ionic compounds in this category include AgF, AgCl, AgBr, and the oxides and sulfides of the alkaline earth metals, such as MgO, CaS, etc. The sodium chloride crystal structure is just one of many different possible arrangements of ions in solid ionic compounds.
3.5 Ionic Compounds
101
Each chloride anion is surrounded by six cations. Each sodium cation is surrounded by six anions.
Ball-and-stick model Salt (sodium chloride)
Space-filling model
Sodium Chloride Structure
Polyatomic Ions
When an electric current is run through a purified saltwater solution (brine), hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and an ionic compound called sodium hydroxide, NaOH, form. The sodium hydroxide, commonly called caustic soda or lye, is a very important compound that is used in paper production, vegetable oil refining, and to make many different compounds, such as soap and rayon. Like sodium chloride, NaCl, sodium hydroxide, NaOH, contains a cation and an anion, but unlike the monatomic Cl- anion in NaCl, the hydroxide ion, OH-, in NaOH is a polyatomic ion, a charged collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds. To show the charge, Lewis structures of polyatomic ions are often enclosed in brackets, with the charge indicated at the top right. The Lewis structure for hydroxide is O H hydroxide Note in the Lewis structure above that the oxygen atom does not have its most common bonding pattern, two bonds and two lone pairs. The gain or loss of electrons in the formation of polyatomic ions leads to one or more atoms in the ions having a different number of bonds and lone pairs than is predicted on Table 3.1. The Lewis structure of the ammonium ion, NH4+, the only common polyatomic cation, is H H N H +
H ammonium ion The ammonium ion can take the place of a monatomic cation in an ionic crystal structure. For example, the crystal structure of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, which is found in fertilizers, is very similar to the crystal structure of cesium chloride, CsCl, which is used in brewing, mineral waters, and to make fluorescent screens. In each structure, the chloride ions form a cubic arrangement with chloride ions at the corners of each
objeCtive 33
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
cube. In cesium chloride, the cesium ions sit in the center of each cube, surrounded by eight chloride ions. Ammonium chloride has the same general structure as cesium chloride, with ammonium ions playing the same role in the NH4Cl structure as cesium ions play in CsCl. The key idea is that because of its overall positive charge, the polyatomic ammonium ion acts like the monatomic cesium ion, Cs+ (Figure 3.19).
Figure 3.19
Each Cs+ cation is surrounded by eight Cl - anions.
Cesium chloride
Each Cl - anion is surrounded by eight Cs+ cations.
Each NH4+ cation is surrounded by eight Cl - anions. Each Cl - anion is surrounded by eight NH4+ cations.
Ammonium chloride
objeCtive 34
There are many polyatomic anions that can take the place of monatomic anions. For example, zinc hydroxide, used as an absorbent in surgical dressings, has a similar structure to zinc chloride, which is used in embalming and taxidermist's fluids. The hydroxide ion, OH-, plays the same role in the structure of Zn(OH)2 as the chloride ion, Cl-, plays in ZnCl2. (Note that to show that there are two hydroxide ions for each zinc ion, the OH is in parentheses, with a subscript of 2.) It is very useful to be able to convert between the names and formulas of the common polyatomic ions listed in Table 3.6. Check with your instructor to find out which of these you will be expected to know and whether there are others you should know as well.
3.5 Ionic Compounds
Ion SO42- C2H3O2-
Name sulfate acetate
Some polyatomic anions are formed by the attachment of one or more hydrogen atoms. In fact, it is common for hydrogen atoms to be transferred from one ion or molecule to another ion or molecule. When this happens, the hydrogen atom is usually transferred without its electron, as H+. If an anion has a charge of -2 or -3, it can gain one or two H+ ions and still retain a negative charge. For example, carbonate, CO32-, can gain an H+ ion to form HCO3-, which is found in baking soda. The sulfide ion, S2-, can gain one H+ ion to form HS-. Phosphate, PO43-, can gain one H+ ion and form HPO42-, or it can gain two H+ ions to form H2PO4-. Both HPO42- and H2PO4- are found in flame retardants. These polyatomic ions are named with the word hydrogen in front of the name of the anion if there is one H+ ion attached and dihydrogen in front of the name of the anion if two H+ ions are attached. HCO3- is hydrogen carbonate ion. HS- is hydrogen sulfide ion. HPO42- is hydrogen phosphate ion. H2PO4- is dihydrogen phosphate ion. Some polyatomic ions also have nonsystematic names that are often used. For example, HCO3- is often called bicarbonate instead of hydrogen carbonate. You should avoid using this less accepted name, but because many people still use it, you should know it.
objeCtive 35
objeCtive 36
You can find a more comprehensive description of polyatomic ions, including a longer list of their names and formulas at the textbook's Web site.
104
As we noted earlier, chemists have established different sets of rules for writing the
objeCtive 37
names and formulas of different types of chemical compounds, so the first step in writing a name from a chemical formula is to decide what type of compound the formula represents. A chemical formula for an ionic compound will have one of the following forms. Metal-nonmetal: Ionic compounds whose formula contains one symbol for a metal and one symbol for a nonmetal are called binary ionic compounds. Their general formula is MaAb, with M representing the symbol of a metallic element, A representing the symbol for a nonmetallic element, and lowercase a and b representing subscripts in the formula (unless one or more of the subscripts are assumed to be 1). For example, NaF (used to fluoridate municipal waters), MgCl2 (used in floor sweeping compounds), and Al2O3 (in ceramic glazes) represent binary ionic compounds. Metallic element Binary ionic compound Nonmetallic element MaAb Subscripts (may be absent)
Metal-polyatomic ion: Polyatomic ions can take the place of monatomic anions, so formulas that contain a symbol for a metallic element and the formula for a polyatomic ion represent ionic compounds. For example, NaNO3 (in solid rocket propellants) and Al2(SO4)3 (a foaming agent in fire foams) represent ionic compounds. Ammonium-nonmetal or ammonium-polyatomic ion: Ammonium ions, NH4+, can take the place of metallic cations in an ionic compound, so chemical formulas that contain the formula for ammonium with either a symbol for a nonmetallic element or a formula for a polyatomic ion represent ionic compounds. For example, NH4Cl (in dry cell batteries), (NH4)2S (used to color brass), and (NH4)2SO4 (in fertilizers) represent ionic compounds.
objeCtive 37
The names of ionic compounds consist of the name for the cation followed by the name for the anion. Tables 3.7 and 3.8 summarize the ways cations and anions are named.
3.5 Ionic Compounds
Summary of the Ways Cations Are Named
objeCtive 37
Type of cation metal with one possible charge (groups 1, 2, 3Al, Zn, and Cd) metal with more than one possible charge (the rest of the metallic elements) polyatomic cations (for us, only ammonium)
Table 3.8
General name name of metal name of metal (Roman numeral) name of polyatomic cation
Example Mg2+ is magnesium. Cu2+ is copper(II). NH4+ is ammonium.
Summary of the Ways Anions Are Named
objeCtive 37
Type of anion monatomic anions polyatomic anions
General name (root of nonmetal)ide name of polyatomic anion
Example O2- is oxide. NO3- is nitrate.
As an example of the thoughtprocess for naming ionic compounds, let's write the name for MnO (used as a food additive and dietary supplement). Our first step is to identify the type of compound it represents. Because it is composed of a metallic element and a nonmetallic element, we recognize it as ionic. Thus we must write the name of the cation followed by the name of the anion. Manganese is not on our list of metallic elements with only one possible charge, so the cation's name is the name of the element followed by a Roman numeral that represents the charge. Therefore, our next step is to determine the charge on each manganese cation in MnO. When the cation in an ionic formula is created from a metallic element whose atoms can have more than one charge, you can discover the cation's charge by identifying the charge on the anion and then figuring out what charge the cation must have to yield a formula that is uncharged overall. To discover the charge on the manganese ions in MnO, you first determine the charge on the anions. A glance at the periodic table shows oxygen to be in group 16, or 6A, whose nonmetallic members always form -2 ions. With x representing the charge on the manganese ion, the charge on the manganese cation can be figured out as follows: total cation charge + total anion charge = 0 x + (-2) = 0 x = +2 Each manganese cation must therefore be +2 to balance the -2 of the oxide to yield an uncharged ionic formula. The systematic name for Mn2+ is manganese(II). Monatomic anions are named with the root of the nonmetal followed by ide, so O2- is oxide. MnO is named manganese(II) oxide. Example 3.8 provides other examples.
106
example 3.8 - naming ioniC Compounds
objeCtive 37
Write the names that correspond to the following formulas: (a) MgO (used to make aircraft windshields), (b) CoCl2 (used to manufacture vitamin B12), (c) NH4NO3 (used to make explosives), and (d) Fe2O3 (in paint pigments). Solution a. The compound MgO includes the cation Mg2+ and the anion O2-. Magnesium cations are always +2, so the name of the cation is the same as the name of the metallic element. The anion O2- is monatomic, so it is named by combining the root of the name of the nonmetal with ide. Therefore, MgO is magnesium oxide. b. Cobalt is not on our list of metallic elements that form ions with only one charge, so we assume it can form ions with more than one possible charge. Therefore, we need to show the charge on the cobalt ion with a Roman numeral in parentheses after the name cobalt. The cobalt ion must be +2 to balance the -2 from the two -1 chloride ions. Total cation charge + total anion charge = 0 x + 2(-1) = 0 x = +2 The anion Cl- is monatomic, so its name includes the root of the name of the nonmetal and ide. Therefore, CoCl2 is cobalt(II) chloride. c. The compound NH4NO3 includes the cation NH4+ and the anion NO3-. Both of these ions are polyatomic ions with names you should memorize. The name of NH4NO3 is ammonium nitrate. d. Iron is not on our list of metallic elements that form ions with only one charge, so we need to show the charge on the iron ion with a Roman numeral. Because oxygen atoms have two fewer electrons than the nearest noble gas, neon, they form -2 ions. In the following equation, x represents the charge on each iron ion. Because there are two iron ions, 2x represents the total cation charge. Likewise, because there are three oxygen ions, the total anion charge is three times the charge on each oxygen ion. total cation charge + total anion charge = 0 2x + 3(-2) = 0 x = +3 The iron ions must be +3 in order for them to balance the -6 from three -2 oxide ions, so the cation name is iron(III). Because O2- is a monatomic anion, its name includes the root of the name of the nonmetal and ide. Therefore, Fe2O3 is iron(III) oxide.
CoCl2 is used to make vitamin B-12.
exerCise 3.8 - naming ioniC Compounds
objeCtive 37
Write the names that correspond to the following formulas: (a) LiCl (used in soft drinks to help reduce the escape of bubbles), (b) Cr2(SO4)3 (used in chrome plating), and (c) NH4HCO3 (used as a leavening agent for cookies, crackers, and cream puffs).
3.5 Ionic Compounds
107
Converting Names of Ionic Compounds to Formulas
Before you can write a chemical formula from the name of a compound, you need to recognize what type of compound the name represents. For binary ionic compounds, the first part of the name is the name of a metallic cation. This may include a Roman numeral in parentheses. The anion name starts with the root of the name of a nonmetal and ends with ide. (name of metal)(maybe Roman numeral) (root of nonmetal)ide For example, aluminum fluoride (used in the production of aluminum) and tin(II) chloride (used in galvanizing tin) are binary ionic compounds. You can identify other names as representing ionic compounds by recognizing that they contain the names of common polyatomic ions. For example, ammonium chloride and iron(III) hydroxide are both ionic compounds. Many of the polyatomic ions that you will be expected to recognize end in ate, so this ending tells you that the name represents an ionic compound. Copper(II) sulfate is an ionic compound. Follow these steps to write formulas for ionic compounds. Step 1 Write the formula, including the charge, for the cation. (See Figure 3.17 to review the charges on monatomic cations.) Step 2 Write the formula, including the charge, for the anion. (See Figure 3.17 to review the charges on monatomic anions. See Table 3.6 to review polyatomic ion formulas.) Step 3 Write subscripts for each formula so as to yield an uncharged compound. Table 3.9 shows examples. Use the lowest whole number ratio for the subscripts. If the subscript for a polyatomic ion is higher than one, place the formula for the polyatomic ion in parentheses and put the subscript outside the parentheses.
Table 3.9 objeCtive 37
Possible Cation-Anion Ratios (X represents the cation, and Y represents the anion.)
objeCtive 37
Ionic charges X+ and Y- X+ and Y2- X+ and Y3- X2+ and Y- X2+ and Y2- X2+ and Y3- X3+ and Y- X3+ and Y2- X3+ and Y3-
General formula XY X2Y X3Y XY2 XY X3Y2 XY3 X2Y3 XY
Example ions Na+ and Cl- NH4+ and SO42- Li+ and PO43- Mg2+ and NO3- Ca2+ and CO32- Ba2+ and N3- Al3+ and F- Sc3+ and S2- Fe3+ and PO43-
Example formula NaCl (NH4)2SO4 Li3PO4 Mg(NO3)2 CaCO3 Ba3N2 AlF3 Sc2S3 FePO4
108
example 3.9 - formulas of ioniC Compounds
objeCtive 37
Write the chemical formulas that correspond to the following names: (a) aluminum chloride (used in cosmetics), (b) chromium(III) oxide (a pigment for coloring pottery glazes), (c) calcium nitrate (provides a redorange color in fireworks), and (d) ammonium sulfide (used to make synthetic flavors). Solution a. Aluminum chloride has the form (name of metal) (root of nonmetal)ide, so we recognize it as a binary ionic compound. Because aluminum atoms have three more electrons than the nearest noble gas, neon, they lose three electrons and form +3 ions. Because chlorine atoms have one fewer electron than the nearest noble gas, argon, they gain one electron to form -1 ions. The formulas for the individual ions are Al3+ and Cl-. It would take three chlorides to neutralize the +3 aluminum ion, so the formula for the compound is AlCl3. b. Chromium(III) oxide has the form (name of metal)(Roman numeral) (root of nonmetal)ide, so it represents a binary ionic compound. The (III) tells you that the chromium ions have a +3 charge. Because oxygen atoms have two fewer electrons than the nearest noble gas, neon, they gain two electrons to form -2 ions. The formulas for the ions are Cr3+ and O2-. When the ionic charges are +3 and -2 (or +2 and -3), a simple procedure will help you to determine the subscripts in the formula. Disregarding the signs of the charges, use the superscript on the anion as the subscript on the cation, and use the superscript on the cation as the subscript on the anion. Cr3+ O2- Chromium(III) oxide is Cr2O3. c. Calcium nitrate has the form (name of metal) (name of a polyatomic ion), so it represents an ionic compound. (The ate at the end of nitrate tells us that it is a polyatomic ion.) Calcium is in group 2 on the periodic table. Because all metals in group 2 have two more electrons than the nearest noble gas, they all lose two electrons and form +2 ions. Nitrate is NO3-, so two nitrate ions are needed to neutralize the charge on the Ca2+. Calcium nitrate is Ca(NO3)2. Notice that in order to show that there are two nitrate ions, the formula for nitrate is placed in parentheses. d. Ammonium sulfide has the form ammonium (root of a nonmetal)ide, so it represents an ionic compound. You should memorize the formula for ammonium, NH4+. Sulfur has two fewer electrons than the noble gas, argon, so it gains two electrons and forms a -2 anion. Two ammonium ions would be necessary to neutralize the -2 sulfide. Ammonium sulfide is (NH4)2S.
Cr2O3 is a pigment used for coloring pottery glazes.
There is a tutorial on the textbook's Web site that provides practice converting between names and formulas of ionic compounds.
exerCise 3.9 - formulas of ioniC Compounds
objeCtive 37
Write the formulas that correspond to the following names: (a) aluminum oxide (used to waterproof fabrics), (b) cobalt(III) fluoride (used to add fluorine atoms to compounds), (c) iron(II) sulfate (in enriched flour), (d) ammonium hydrogen phosphate (coats vegetation to retard forest fires), and (e) potassium bicarbonate (in fire extinguishers).
Chapter Glossary
109
Compound A substance that contains two or more elements, the atoms of these elements always combining in the same wholenumber ratio. Chemical formula A concise written description of the components of a chemical compound. It identifies the elements in the compound by their symbols and indicates the relative number of atoms of each element with subscripts. Pure substance A sample of matter that has constant composition. There are two types of pure substances, elements and compounds. Mixture A sample of matter that contains two or more pure substances and has variable composition. Chemical bond An attraction between atoms or ions in chemical compounds. Covalent bonds and ionic bonds are examples. Polar covalent bond A covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally, leading to a partial negative charge on the atom that attracts the electrons more and to a partial positive charge on the other atom. Nonpolar covalent bond A covalent bond in which the difference in electronattracting ability of two atoms in a bond is negligible (or zero), so the atoms in the bond have no significant charges. Ionic bond The attraction between a cation and an anion. Molecular compound A compound composed of molecules. In such compounds, all of the bonds between atoms are covalent bonds. Ionic Compound A compound that consists of ions held together by ionic bonds. Valence electrons The electrons that are most important in the formation of chemical bonds. The number of valence electrons for the atoms of an element is equal to the element's Agroup number on the periodic table. (A more comprehensive definition of valence electrons appears in Chapter 12.) Electron-dot symbol A representation of an atom that consists of its elemental symbol surrounded by dots representing its valence electrons. Lewis structure A representation of a molecule that consists of the elemental symbol for each atom in the molecule, lines to show covalent bonds, and pairs of dots to indicate lone pairs. Lone pair Two electrons that are not involved in the covalent bonds between atoms but are important for explaining the arrangement of atoms in molecules. They are represented by pairs of dots in Lewis structures. Hydrocarbons Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Organic chemistry The branch of chemistry that involves the study of carbonbased compounds. Double bond A link between atoms that results from the sharing of four electrons. It can be viewed as two 2electron covalent bonds. Triple bond A link between atoms that results from the sharing of six electrons. It can be viewed as three 2electron covalent bonds. Alcohols Compounds that contain a hydrocarbon group with one or more OH groups attached. Tetrahedral The molecular shape that keeps the negative charge of four electron groups as far apart as possible. This shape has angles of 109.5° between the atoms. Bond angle The angle formed by straight lines (representing bonds) connecting the nuclei of three adjacent atoms.
Chapter Glossary
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
Binary covalent compound A compound that consists of two nonmetallic elements. Monatomic anions Negatively charged particles, such as Cl-, O2-, and N3-, that contain single atoms with a negative charge. Monatomic cations Positively charged particles, such as Na+, Ca2+, and Al3+, that contain single atoms with a positive charge. Polyatomic ion A charged collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Binary ionic compound An ionic compound whose formula contains one symbol for a metal and one symbol for a nonmetal. You can test yourself on the glossary terms at the textbook's Web site.
Chapter Objectives
The goal of this chapter is to teach you to do the following. 1. Define all of the terms in the Chapter Glossary. Section 3.1 Classification of Matter 2. Convert between a description of the number of atoms of each element found in a compound and its chemical formula. 3. Given a description of a form of matter, classify it as a pure substance or mixture. 4. Given a description of a pure substance, classify it as an element or compound. Section 3.2 Chemical Compounds and Chemical Bonds 5. Describe the polar covalent bond between two nonmetallic atoms, one of which attracts electrons more than the other one does. Your description should include a rough sketch of the electroncloud that represents the electrons involved in the bond. 6. Describe the process that leads to the formation of ionic bonds between metallic and nonmetallic atoms. 7. Describe the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond, a polar covalent bond, and an ionic bond. Your description should include rough sketches of the electronclouds that represent the electrons involved in the formation of each bond. 8. Given the names or formulas for two elements, identify the bond that would form between them as covalent or ionic. 9. Given a formula for a compound, classify it as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. Section 3.3 Molecular Compounds 10. Determine the number of valence electrons for the atoms of each of the nonmetallic elements. 11. Draw electrondot symbols for the nonmetallic elements and use them to explain why these elements form the bonding patterns listed in Table 3.1. 12. Give a general description of the information provided in a Lewis structure.
Chapter Objectives
111
13. Identify the most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs for the atoms of each of the following elements: hydrogen, the halogens (group 17), oxygen, sulfur, selenium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon. 14. Convert between the following systematic names and their chemical formulas: methanol, ethanol, and 2propanol. 15. Given one of the following names for alcohols, write its chemical formula: methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol. 16. Given a chemical formula, draw a Lewis structure for it that has the most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs for each atom. 17. Describe the tetrahedral molecular shape. 18. Explain why the atoms in the CH4 molecule have a tetrahedral molecular shape. 19. Describe the information given by a spacefilling model, a ballandstick model, and a geometric sketch. 20. Draw geometric sketches, including bond angles, for CH4, NH3, and H2O. 21. Describe attractions between H2O molecules. 22. Describe the structure of liquid water. Section 3.4 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds 23. Convert between the names and chemical formulas for water, ammonia, methane, ethane, and propane. 24. Given a formula or name for a compound, identify whether it represents a binary covalent compound. 25. Write or identify prefixes for the numbers 110. (For example, mono represents one, di represents two, etc.) 26. Write or identify the roots of the names of the nonmetallic elements. (For example, the root for oxygen is ox). 27. Convert among the complete name, the common name, and the chemical formula for HF, HCl, HBr, HI, and H2S. 28. Convert between the systematic names and chemical formulas for binary covalent compounds. Section 3.5 Ionic Compounds 29. Explain why metals usually combine with nonmetals to form ionic bonds. 30. Write the ionic charges acquired by the following elements: a. group 17 halogens b. oxygen, sulfur, and selenium c. nitrogen and phosphorus d. hydrogen e. group 1 alkali metals f. group 2 alkaline earth metals g. group 3 elements h. aluminum i. iron, silver, copper, and zinc 31. Convert between the names and chemical formulas for the monatomic ions.
112
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
32. Describe the crystal structure of sodium chloride, NaCl. 33. Describe the similarities and differences between the ionic structure of cesium chloride and ammonium chloride. 34. Convert between the names and chemical formulas for common polyatomic ions such as hydroxide, ammonium, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, and carbonate. Be sure to check with your instructor to determine which polyatomic ions you will be expected to know for your exams. 35. Convert between the names and chemical formulas for the polyatomic anions that are derived from the additions of H+ ions to anions with -2 or -3 charges. For example, H2PO2- is dihydrogen phosphate. 36. Write the chemical formula corresponding to the common name bicarbonate. 37. Convert between the names and chemical formulas for ionic compounds.
Review Questions
For problems 16, write in each blank the word or words that best complete each sentence. 1. An atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons to create a charged particle is called a(n) _____________________. 2. An atom or collection of atoms with an overall positive charge is a(n) __________________. 3. An atom or collection of atoms with an overall negative charge is a(n) __________________. 4. A(n) ______________________ bond is a link between atoms that results from the sharing of two electrons. 5. A(n) ______________________ is an uncharged collection of atoms held together with covalent bonds. 6. A molecule like H2, which is composed of two atoms, is called __________________. 7. Describe the particle nature of solids, liquids, and gases. Your description should include the motion of the particles and the attractions between the particles. 8. Describe the nuclear model of the atom. 9. Describe the hydrogen molecule, H2. Your description should include the nature of the link between the hydrogen atoms and a sketch that shows the two electrons in the molecule.
Key Ideas
113
10. Complete the following table. Element Name Element symbol Li carbon Cl oxygen Cu calcium Sc 11. Write the name of the group to which each of the following belongs. a. chlorine b. xenon c. sodium d. magnesium Group number of periodic table Metal, nonmetal, or metalloid?
Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank. + - anionanion and cationcation repulsions anions arranged in space binary cationanion attraction cations compounds constant composition constantly breaking covalent double eight valence electroncharge clouds forming new attractions four four electrons gain gases H+ larger liquids lose molecular molecules monatomic cations negative negligible (or zero) noble gas nonmetallic octet partial negative partial positive positive repel same average distance apart smaller solids specific type of compound strongly subscripts symbols usually ionic variable wholenumber ratio
Key Ideas
12. A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements, the atoms of those elements always combining in the same _____________. 13. There are relatively few chemical elements, but there are millions of chemical _____________.
114
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
14. A chemical formula is a concise written description of the components of a chemical compound. It identifies the elements in the compound by their _____________ and indicates the relative number of atoms of each element with _____________. 15. When a substance has a(n) _____________, it must by definition be either an element or a compound, and it is considered a pure substance. 16. Mixtures are samples of matter that contain two or more pure substances and have _____________ composition. 17. When the difference in electronattracting ability between atoms in a chemical bond is _____________, the atoms in the bond will have no significant partial charges. We call this type of bond a nonpolar covalent bond. 18. Because particles with opposite charges attract each other, there is an attraction between _____________ and _____________. This attraction is called an ionic bond. 19. Compounds that have ionic bonds, such as the sodium chloride in table salt, are _____________ at room temperature and pressure, but compounds with all covalent bonds, such as hydrogen chloride and water, can be _____________ and _____________ as well as solids. 20. The atom in a chemical bond that attracts electrons more strongly acquires a(n) _____________ charge, and the other atom acquires a(n) _____________ charge. If the electron transfer is significant but not enough to form ions, the atoms acquire _____________ and _____________ charges. The bond in this situation is called a polar covalent bond. 21. When a nonmetallic atom bonds to another nonmetallic atom, the bond is _____________. 22. When a metallic atom bonds to a nonmetallic atom, the bond is _____________. 23. _____________ compounds are composed of _____________, which are collections of atoms held together by all covalent bonds. 24. The noble gases (group 8A) have a(n) _____________ of electrons (except for helium, which has only two electrons total), and they are so stable that they rarely form chemical bonds with other atoms. 25. When atoms other than the noblegas atoms form bonds, they often have _____________ electrons around them in total. 26. The sum of the numbers of covalent bonds and lone pairs for the most common bonding patterns of the atoms of nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium, and the halogens is ____________. 27. Atoms can form double bonds, in which _____________ are shared between atoms. Double bonds are represented by _____________ lines in a Lewis structure. 28. Lewis structures are useful for showing how the atoms in a molecule are connected by covalent bonds, but they do not always give a clear description of how the atoms are _____________.
Chapter Problems
115
29. The actual shape of a molecule can be predicted by recognizing that the negatively charged electrons that form covalent bonds and lone pairs _____________ each other. Therefore, the most stable arrangement of the electron groups is the molecular shape that keeps the groups as far away from each other as possible. 30. A spacefilling model provides the most accurate representation of the _____________ for the atoms in CH4. 31. Because oxygen atoms attract electrons much more _____________ than do hydrogen atoms, the OH covalent bond is very polar, leading to a relatively large partial negative charge on the oxygen atom (represented by a(n) _____________) and a relatively large partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom (represented by a(n) _____________). 32. As in other liquids, the attractions between water molecules are strong enough to keep them the _____________ but weak enough to allow each molecule to be _____________ the attractions that momentarily connect it to some molecules and _____________ to other molecules. 33. To write the name that corresponds to a formula for a compound, you need to develop the ability to recognize the formula as representing a(n) ____________. 34. You can recognize binary covalent compounds from their formulas, which contain symbols for only two _____________ elements. 35. Metallic atoms hold some of their electrons relatively loosely, and as a result, they tend to _____________ electrons and form cations. In contrast, nonmetallic atoms attract electrons more strongly than metallic atoms, so nonmetals tend to _____________ electrons and form anions. 36. Nonmetallic atoms form anions to get the same number of electrons as the nearest _____________. 37. The names of _____________ always start with the name of the metal, sometimes followed by a Roman numeral to indicate the charge of the ion. 38. When atoms gain electrons and form anions, they get _____________. When atoms lose electrons and form cations, they get significantly _____________. 39. The ions in ionic solids take the arrangement that provides the greatest _____________ while minimizing the _____________. 40. It is common for hydrogen atoms to be transferred from one ion or molecule to another ion or molecule. When this happens, the hydrogen atom is usually transferred without its electron, as _____________. 41. Ionic compounds whose formula contains one symbol for a metal and one symbol for a nonmetal are called _____________ ionic compounds.
116
Chapter Problems
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
Section 3.1 Classification of Matter 42. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure substance, is it an element or a compound? Explain your answer. a. apple juice b. potassium (A serving of one brand of apple juice provides 6% of the recommended daily allowance of potassium.) c. ascorbic acid (vitamin C), C6H8O6, in apple juice 43. Classify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture. If it is a pure substance, is it an element or a compound? Explain your answer. a. fluorine (used to make fluorides, such as those used in toothpaste) b. toothpaste c. calcium fluoride, CaF2, from the naturally occurring ore fluorite (It is used to make sodium monofluorophosphate, which is added to some toothpastes.) 44. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. List the symbols for the elements in the order that the elements are mentioned in the description. a. a compound with molecules that consist of two nitrogen atoms and three oxygen atoms. b. a compound with molecules that consist of one sulfur atom and four fluorine atoms. c. a compound that contains one aluminum atom for every three chlorine atoms. d. a compound that contains two lithium atoms and one carbon atom for every three oxygen atoms. 45. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. List the symbols for the elements in the order that the elements are mentioned in the description. a. a compound with molecules that consist of two phosphorus atoms and five oxygen atoms. b. a compound with molecules that consist of two hydrogen atoms and one sulfur atom. c. a compound that contains three calcium atoms for every two nitrogen atoms. d. a compound with molecules that consist of 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms. Section 3.2 Chemical Compounds and Chemical Bonds
objeCtive 3 objeCtive 4
objeCtive 5
46. Hydrogen bromide, HBr, is used to make pharmaceuticals that require bromine in their structure. Each hydrogen bromide molecule has one hydrogen atom bonded to one bromine atom by a polar covalent bond. The bromine atom attracts electrons more than does the hydrogen atom. Draw a rough sketch of the electroncloud that represents the electrons involved in the bond.
Chapter Problems
117
47. Iodine monochloride, ICl, is a compound used to make carbonbased (organic) compounds that contain iodine and chlorine. It consists of diatomic molecules with one iodine atom bonded to one chlorine atom by a polar covalent bond. The chlorine atom attracts electrons more than does the iodine atom. Draw a rough sketch of the electroncloud that represents the electrons involved in the bond. 48. Atoms of potassium and fluorine form ions and ionic bonds in a very similar way to atoms of sodium and chlorine. Each atom of one of these elements loses one electron, and each atom of the other element gains one electron. Describe the process that leads to the formation of the ionic bond between potassium and fluorine atoms in potassium fluoride. Your answer should include mention of the charges that form on the atoms. 49. Atoms of magnesium and oxygen form ions and ionic bonds in a similar way to atoms of sodium and chlorine. The difference is that instead of having each atom gain or lose one electron, each atom of one of these elements loses two electrons, and each atom of the other element gains two electrons. Describe the process that leads to the formation of the ionic bond between magnesium and oxygen atoms in magnesium oxide. Your answer should include mention of the charges that form on the atoms. 50. Explain how a nonpolar covalent bond, a polar covalent bond, and an ionic bond differ. Your description should include rough sketches of the electron clouds that represent the electrons involved in the formation of each bond. 51. Write a chemical formula that represents both a molecule and a compound. Write a formula that represents a compound but not a molecule. 52. Would you expect the bonds between the following atoms to be ionic or covalent bonds? a. NO b. AlCl 53. Would you expect the bonds between the following atoms to be ionic or covalent bonds? a. LiF b. CN 54. Classify each of the following as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. acetone, CH3COCH3 (a common paint solvent) b. sodium sulfide, Na2S (used in sheep dips) 55. Classify each of the following as either a molecular compound or an ionic compound. a. cadmium fluoride, CdF2 (a starting material for lasers) b. sulfur dioxide, SO2 (a food additive that inhibits browning and bacterial growth)
objeCtive 5
objeCtive 10
objeCtive 11
56. How many valence electrons does each atom of the following elements have? a. Cl b. C 57. How many valence electrons does each atom of the following elements have? a. N b. S 58. Draw electrondot symbols for each of the following elements and use them to explain why each element has the bonding pattern listed in Table 3.1. a. oxygen c. carbon b. fluorine d. phosphorus 59. Draw electrondot symbols for each of the following elements and use them to explain why each element has the bonding pattern listed in Table 3.1. a. iodine b. nitrogen c. sulfur 60. The following Lewis structure is for CFC12, which is one of the ozonedepleting chemicals that has been used as an aerosol can propellant and as a refrigerant. Describe the information given in this Lewis structure. F Cl C Cl F
objeCtive 11
objeCtive 12
objeCtive 12
61. Describe the information given in the following Lewis structure for methylamine, a compound used to make insecticides and rocket propellants. H H C H N H H
objeCtive 13
62. Write the most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs for atoms of each of the following nonmetallic elements. a. H c. sulfur b. iodine d. N 63. Write the most common number of covalent bonds and lone pairs for atoms of each of the following nonmetallic elements. a. C c. oxygen b. phosphorus d. Br 64. Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following formulas. a. oxygen difluoride, OF2 (an unstable, colorless gas) b. bromoform, CHBr3 (used as a sedative) c. phosphorus triiodide, PI3 (used to make organic compounds)
objeCtive 13
Chapter Problems
119
65. Draw a Lewis structure for each of the following formulas. a. nitrogen trifluoride, NF3 (used in highenergy fuels) b. chloroethane, C2H5Cl (used to make the gasoline additive tetraethyl lead) c. hypobromous acid, HOBr (used as a wastewater disinfectant) 66. Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds by adding any necessary lines and dots to the skeletons given. a. hydrogen cyanide, HCN (used to manufacture dyes and pesticides) H C N
objeCtive 16
b. dichloroethene, C2Cl4 (used to make perfumes) Cl C Cl C Cl
objeCtive 16
Cl
67. Draw Lewis structures for the following compounds by adding any necessary lines and dots to the skeletons given. a. formaldehyde, H2CO (used in embalming fluids) O H C H
b. 1butyne, C4H6 (a specialty fuel) H H C C C H H C H
objeCtive 14 objeCtive 15
68. Write two different names for each of the following alcohols. H
a. H
Chapter 3
Chemical Compounds
objeCtive 18 objeCtive 19 objeCtive 20 objeCtive 19 objeCtive 20 objeCtive 19 objeCtive 20 objeCtive 21
objeCtive 22
69. Explain why the atoms in the CH4 molecule are arranged with a tetrahedral molecular shape. 70. Compare and contrast the information given in the Lewis structure, the spacefilling model, the ballandstick model, and the geometric sketch of a methane molecule, CH4. 71. Compare and contrast the information given in the Lewis structure, the spacefilling model, the ballandstick model, and the geometric sketch of an ammonia molecule, NH3. 72. Compare and contrast the information given in the Lewis structure, the spacefilling model, the ballandstick model, and the geometric sketch of a water molecule, H2O. 73. What are the particles that form the basic structure of water? Describe the attraction that holds these particles together. Draw a rough sketch that shows the attraction between two water molecules. 74. Describe the structure of liquid water. Section 3.4 Naming Binary Covalent Compounds
objeCtive 28 objeCtive 28
objeCtive 28
objeCtive 28
75. What is wrong with using the name nitrogen oxide for NO? Why can't you be sure of the formula that corresponds to the name phosphorus chloride? 76. The compound represented by the ballandstick model to the left is used in the processing of nuclear fuels. Although bromine atoms most commonly form one covalent bond, they can form five bonds, as in the molecule shown here, in which the central sphere represents a bromine atom. The other atoms are fluorine atoms. Write this compound's chemical formula and name. List the bromine atom first in the chemical formula. 77. The compound represented by the ballandstick model to the left is used to add chlorine atoms to other molecules. Write its chemical formula and name. The central ball represents an oxygen atom, and the other atoms are chlorine atoms. objeCtive 28 List the chlorine atom first in the chemical formula. 78. The compound represented by the spacefilling model to the left is used to vulcanize rubber and harden softwoods. Write its chemical formula and name. The central ball represents a sulfur atom, and the other atoms are chlorine atoms. List the sulfur atom first in the chemical formula. objeCtive 28 79. The compound represented by the spacefilling model to the left is used in processing nuclear fuels. The central sphere represents a chlorine atom, which in most cases would form one covalent bond but is sometimes able to form three bonds. The other atoms are fluorine atoms. Write this compound's chemical formula and name. List the chlorine atom first in the chemical formula. 80. Write the name for each of the following chemical formulas. a. I2O5 ( an oxidizing agent) b. BrF3 (adds fluorine atoms to other compounds) c. IBr (used in organic synthesis) d. CH4 (a primary component of natural gas) e. HBr (used to make pharmaceuticals)
Chapter Problems
121
81. Write the name for each of the following chemical formulas. a. ClO2 (a commercial bleaching agent) b. C2H6 (in natural gas) c. HI (when dissolved in water, used to make pharmaceuticals) d. P3N5 (for doping semiconductors) e. BrCl (an industrial disinfectant) 82. Write the chemical formula for each of the following names. a. propane (a fuel in heating torches) b. chlorine monofluoride (a fluorinating agent) c. tetraphosphorus heptasulfide (dangerous fire risk) d. carbon tetrabromide (used to make organic compounds) e. hydrogen fluoride (an additive to liquid rocket propellants) 83. Write the chemical formula for each of the following names. a. ammonia (a household cleaner when dissolved in water) b. tetraphosphorus hexasulfide (used in organic chemical reactions) c. iodine monochloride (used for organic synthesis) d. hydrogen chloride (used to make hydrochloric acid) Section 3.5 Ionic Compounds 84. Explain why metals usually combine with nonmetals to form ionic bonds. 85. How may protons and electrons do each of the following ions have? a. Be2+ b. S2- 86. How may protons and electrons do each of the following ions have? a. N3- b. Ba2+ 87. Write the name for each of these monatomic ions. a. e. b. Li+ f. Sc3+ c. Cr2+ g. P3- d. F- h. Pb2+ 88. Write the name for each of these monatomic ions. a. Na+ e. Se2- b. Br- f. Zn2+ c. Al3+ g. Cr3+ d. Mn2+ 89. Write the formula for each of these monatomic ions. a. b. c. d. magnesium ion sodium ion sulfide ion iron(III) ion e. scandium ion f. nitride ion g. manganese(III) ion h. zinc ion Ca2+ Ag+
objeCtive 28
Chemical Compounds
objeCtive 30 objeCtive 31
90. Write the formula for each of these monatomic ions. a. strontium ion f. oxide ion b. aluminum ion g. chloride ion c. silver ion h. copper(I) ion d. nickel(II) ion i. mercury(II) ion e. potassium ion 91. Silver bromide, AgBr, is the compound on black and white film that causes the color change when the film is exposed to light. It has a structure similar structure to that of sodium chloride. What are the particles that form the basic structure of silver bromide? What type of attraction holds these particles together? Draw a rough sketch of the structure of solid silver bromide. 92. Describe the crystal structures of cesium chloride and ammonium chloride. How are they similar, and how are they different? 93. Write the name for each of these polyatomic ions. a. NH4+ c. HSO4- b. C2H3O2- 94. Write the name for each of these polyatomic ions. a. OH- c. HCO3- b. CO32- 95. Write the formula for each of these polyatomic ions. a. ammonium ion c. hydrogen sulfate ion b. bicarbonate ion 96. Write the name for each of these chemical formulas. a. Na2O (a dehydrating agent) b. Ni2O3 (in storage batteries) c. Pb(NO3)2 (in matches and explosives) d. Ba(OH)2 (an analytical reagent) e. KHCO3 (in baking powder and fireextinguishing agents) 97. Write the name for each of these chemical formulas. a. CdI2 (a nematocide--that is, it kills certain parasitic worms.) b. Ca3P2 (in signal flares) c. Au(OH)3 (used in gold plating) d. FeCl2 (in pharmaceutical preparations) e. NH4HSO4 (in hair wave formulations) 98. Write the chemical formula for each of the following names. a. potassium sulfide (a depilatory) b. zinc phosphide (a rodenticide) c. nickel(II) chloride (used in nickel electroplating) d. magnesium dihydrogen phosphate (used in fireproofing wood) e. lithium bicarbonate (in mineral waters)
objeCtive 32
objeCtive 33 objeCtive 34 objeCtive 35
objeCtive 34 objeCtive 35 objeCtive 34 objeCtive 35 objeCtive 36 objeCtive 37
objeCtive 37
Chapter Problems
123
99. Write chemical formulas for each of the following names. a. barium chloride (used in manufacture of white leather) b. cobalt(III) oxide (used in coloring enamels) c. manganese(II) chloride (used in pharmaceutical preparations) d. iron(III) acetate (a medicine) e. chromium(III) phosphate (in paint pigments) f. magnesium hydrogen phosphate (a laxative) 100. The ionic compounds CuF2, NH4Cl, CdO, and HgSO4 are all used to make batteries. Write the name for each of these compounds. 101. The ionic compounds MgF2, NH4OH, Ba(NO3)2, Na2HPO4, and Cu2O are all used to make ceramics. Write the name for each of these compounds. 102. The ionic compounds copper(II) chloride, lithium nitrate, and cadmium sulfide are all used to make fireworks. Write the chemical formulas for these compounds. 103. The ionic compounds barium bromide, silver phosphate, and ammonium iodide are all used in photography. Write the chemical formulas for these compounds. Discussion Topic 104. It has been suggested that there is really only one type of chemical bond-- that ionic and covalent bonds are not really fundamentally different. What arguments can be made for and against this position?
objeCtive 37
objeCtive 37 objeCtive 37 objeCtive 37
objeCtive 37
|
Strontium
|
Where in the human body are glial cells?
|
Elements & Environments - Documents
Documents
Share Elements & Environments
Embed
<iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/elements-environments.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/elements-environments.html" title="Elements & Environments" target="_blank">Elements & Environments</a></div>
size(px)
Download Elements & Environments
Transcript
TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY TOPIC 2 : ELEMENTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY This topic deals with some underlying principles of chemistry and then considers the chemistry of the environment. The elemental chemistry focuses on the periodic table and the concept of electronegativity, which underlie most of the other topics in this curriculum statement. The environmental chemistry focuses on a small number of inorganic molecular substances and their impact on the environment. When the chemical elements are arranged in a periodic table, similarities and trends in properties become apparent. This topic examines the properties of compounds and elements. These properties can be explained in terms of the electronegativities of the elements and their positions in the periodic table. The effects of human beings on the environment have not always been for the better. In the last hundred years concern about these effects has extended from local to global matters. Students are often exposed to environmental concerns about life on Earth, sometimes presented in emotive language. In this topic students are exposed to factual information, and consider causes and solutions of environmental problems. Subtopic 2.1: The Periodic Table Key Ideas The arrangement of electrons in any atom can be described in terms of shells and subshells. Intended Student Learning Write, using subshell notation, the electron configuration for an atom or monatomic ion of any of the first thirty-eight elements in the periodic table. The position of an element in the periodic table reflects Identify the s, p, d, and f block elements in the its electron configuration. periodic table. The periodic table is the unifying framework for the study of the chemical elements and their compounds. Elements within each group of the periodic table have similar chemical properties that can be explained in terms of their similar outer-shell electron configurations. Predict the following properties of the s and p block elements of any of the first thirty-eight elements in the periodic table: Metal, metalloid, or non-metal nature of the element. Charge of the monatomic ions. Likely oxidation state(s) of the element in its compounds (including octet expansion for phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine). Find regions with elements of high, intermediate, and low electronegativity in the periodic table. Predict the acidic±basic character of the oxides of an element from the position of the element in the periodic table. Write equations for the reactions of oxides of non-metals such as SiO2, CO2, SO2, SO3, and P4O10 with hydroxide ions and with water, where a reaction occurs. Write equations for the reactions of oxides of metals such as MgO, Na2O, CuO, and Fe2O3 with acids and with water, where a reaction occurs. The electronegativities of non-metallic atoms are higher than those of metals; non-metallic atoms tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions. The trend from metallic to non-metallic behaviour across a period is related to the increase in electronegativity. These trends are reflected in changes in the acidic±basic character of the oxides. The oxides of non-metals are acidic. Their acidic character can be displayed by reaction with hydroxide ions to produce an oxyanion and, in most cases, by reaction with water to produce an oxyacid. The oxides of metals are basic. Their basic character can be displayed by reaction with an acid to produce a cation and, in some cases, by reaction with water to produce OH in solution. 1 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Key Ideas Intended Student Learning Metalloids form amphoteric oxides. Amphoteric oxides Write equations for the reaction of an amphoteric can display basic character by reaction with hydrogen oxide such as Al2O3, ZnO with hydrogen ions or ions and acidic character by reaction with hydroxide hydroxide ions. ions. Small molecules are formed from elements in a small Predict whether or not a compound or element is section of the periodic table. Small molecules are those likely to be molecular, given its properties, name, either of non-metallic elements or of compounds of elemental composition, or formula. non-metallic elements. Atoms in a molecule are bound strongly to each other by covalent bonds. Molecules interact weakly with each other. The strengths of secondary interactions between non-polar molecules depend on their molar mass. Compare the strengths of covalent bonds with the strengths of secondary interactions. Explain the higher melting-points and boiling-points of substances of large molar mass. The shape of molecules can be explained and predicted Draw diagrams showing covalent bonds, by repulsion between pairs of bonding and non-bonding pairs, and shapes for two-element non-bonding electrons. molecules and ions containing no more than five atoms. Examples that involve valence shell octet tetrahedra, SO2 expansion are limited to and SO3. The polarity of a molecule results from the polar character of the bonds and their spatial arrangement. Predict whether or not a molecule is polar, given its spatial arrangement. The strengths of secondary interactions between Explain the higher melting-points and molecules of similar molar mass depend on the polarity boiling-points of polar substances when of the molecules. compared with those of non-polar substances of similar molar mass. Molecules containing N±H or O±H groups can form hydrogen bonds to N or O atoms in other molecules. 1. Electron Configurations (up to atomic number 38) (a) The arrangement of electrons in any atom can be described in terms of shells and subshells. Each electron in an atom, or monotomic ion, has a certain amount of potential energy arising from the attraction between its negative charge and the Main Shell Subshells positive charge of the nucleus 1 1s Electrons in the atoms or monatomic ions of a particular element have energy values that are unique to that 2 2s element, and these electrons are said to exist at certain 2p energy levels. 3 3s Each allowed energy level is represented by a main shell 3p number (1,2,3 etc) and a subshell represented by the 3d letters s, p, d, f or g. For each main shell (n), there are n 4 4s subshells. The subshells for the first four shells are 4p shown in the table. 4d 4f Describe, with the aid of diagrams, hydrogen bonding between molecules. 2 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (b) When writing electron configurations, the following principles must be observed: y in the most stable state of any atom (or ion), the electrons ³occupy´ the lowest available energy level. They are ³allocated´ to subshells in order of increasing energy as showing in the following energy sequence 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s lower energy p higher energy for each subshell, there is a maximum number of electrons which can ³occupy´ that subshell as shown below Subshell Maximum number of electrons s p d f 2 6 10 14 y A diagram to illustrate the sequence is shown below. (c) Using subshell notation The electron configuration is written in energy sequence order the main shell number is written, followed by the letter for the subshell and then the number of electrons (as a superscript). This is illustrated in the following examples: y y y sodium (11 electrons) iron (26 electrons) strontium (38 electrons) chromium (24 electrons) copper (29 electrons) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 Note that chromium and copper do not conform to the principles exactly y y (d) Using subshell notation to write electron configurations for monatomic ions (i) (ii) For positive ions of the main group elements determine the number of electrons left. eg Ca2+ has lost 2 electrons and has 18 left and so is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 For negative ions of the main group elements, determine the total number of electrons. eg the S2- has gained 2 electrons and so has 18 electrons so its configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. 3 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (iii) For positive ions of the transition metals (eg Fe2+ and Fe3+) write the electron configuration of the atom eg Fe (26 electrons) - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 Decrease the number electrons equal to the number of positive charges on the ion (ie 2 for Fe2+ and 3 for Fe3+), by removing 4s electrons first, with any further deletions being made from the 3d subshell. Thus Fe2+ (24 electrons) becomes 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 and Fe3+ (23 electrons) becomes 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 EXERCISE 1 1. Write the electron configuration of the following elements (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) 2. Lithium Nitrogen Magnesium Sulphur Beryllium Oxygen Sodium Chlorine (e) (f) (g) (h) (e) (f) (g) (h) Argon Manganese Arsenic Rubidium Potassium Manganese II Copper I Bromine Write the electron configuration of the following ions Electron configuration and the Periodic table (a) An element¶s position in the Periodic Table is determined by its electron configuration. (i) (ii) Horizontal rows are called Periods and the number of the period in which an element is placed is equal to the highest numbered main shell that is occupied by electrons. Vertical columns are called Groups (the main groups are normally numbered with Roman Numerals) and the number of electrons occupying its highest numbered main (or outer) shell determines the group number (for main group elements). Those with incomplete 3d subshells go into a group called the transition elements. Examples Phosphorus (15 electrons) - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 has electrons in the 3rd shell and is in Period 3 and has 5 electrons in that main shell so is in Group V. Bromine (35 electrons) - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 has electrons in the 4th shell and is therefore in Period 4 and has 7 electrons in that shell so is in Group VII. Iron (26 electrons) - 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 has electrons in the 4th shell so is in Period V, but has an incomplete 3d shell, so is a Transitional Element. 4 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (b) The following is an outline of a modern Periodic Table n GROUP NUMBERS p I 1 1 2 II 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 III 13 IV 14 V 15 VI 16 VII 17 VIII 18 PERIOD 3 4 5 6 7 nTRANSITION ELEMENTS p * ** * ** (i) LANTHANIDES ACTINIDES The elements in the following groups of the Periodic Table are given collective names: Group I elements are called the alkali metals Group II elements are called the alkaline earth metals Group VII elements are called the halogens Group VIII elements are called the noble gases lithium (Li) 1s2 2s1 rubidium (Rb) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 (ii) For all elements in Group I, there is one highest energy electron in an s subshell. For example: (iii) For all elements in Group II, there are two highest energy electrons in an s subshell. For example: magnesium (Mg) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 calcium (Ca) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 (iv) (v) Groups I and II form the s block of the Periodic Table. For all elements in Group III, there is one highest energy electron in a p subshell. For example: boron (B) gallium (Ga) 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 (vi) For all elements in Group IV, there are two highest energy electrons in a p subshell. For example: silicon (Si) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 germanium (Ge) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2 (vii) For elements in Groups V to VIII there are in turn 3 to 6 highest energy electrons in a p subshell (helium being an exception at the top of Group VIII). (viii) Groups III to VIII form the p block of the Periodic Table. (ix) For the Transition Elements, the highest energy electrons are in a d subshell. The following are examples of electron configurations of elements from the first row (period 4) of the transition elements: titanium (Ti) cobalt (Co) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 5 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (x) (xi) The Transition Elements form the d block of the Periodic Table. For the Lanthanides and Actinides, the highest energy electrons are in an f subshell. The following is an example of an electron configuration of an element from the lanthanides: samarium, Sm 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f6 (xii) The Lanthanides and Actinides form the f block of the Periodic Table. (xiii) The s, p, d and f blocks of the Periodic table are summarised on the following diagram: s-block ns 1 p-block np6 n ns 2 d-block np 1 np 2 np 3 np 4 np 5 n=1 n n=2 (n-1)d110 n n=3 n n=4 n n=5 * ** n n n=6 n=7 f-block * ** 6f1-14 7f1-14 EXERCISE 2 1. Using subshell notation, write the electron configurations for the following atoms for which the atomic number is given in brackets. From the electron configuration, determine the "block" of the Periodic Table to which the element belongs. (a) (b) (c) (d) arsenic, As, (33) vanadium, V, (23) krypton, Kr, (36) cobalt, Co, (27) 6 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2. By inspection of a copy of the Periodic Table determine the "group" and "block" for each of the following elements. Group No. (a) (b) (c) (d) francium thorium tungsten thallium n/a n/a Periodic Table block Chemical properties of the elements and the Periodic Table The elements in each Group of the s and p blocks of the Periodic Table display similar chemical properties that can be explained in terms of their similar outer-shell electron configurations. Examples of "similar chemical properties" The elements from Group I all react with chlorine to form a chloride of formula type MCl. Group I elements also react with water to form an hydroxide of formula type MOH. Each element in Group V forms a compound with hydrogen of formula type XH3. Electron configurations of the atoms of the s and p block elements can be used as a basis for explaining and predicting their chemical properties. The connection between the electron configuration of an element and its position on the Periodic Table can be used to make predictions about the properties of an element, including its metal/metalloid/non-metal nature, the charge(s) of its monatomic ion(s) and its likely oxidation states in its compounds. Metals Non-metals Metalloids Atoms of metals lose electrons in chemical reactions Atoms of non-metals gain or share electrons in chemical reactions Atoms of metalloids lose or share electrons in chemical reactions The similarity in chemical properties of the elements within each particular Group is explained in terms of the similarity of their electron configurations. When elements react, their atoms either lose or gain electrons (to form positive or negative ions respectively) or they share electrons with those of other atoms (to form covalent bonds). The electron configurations of the resultant ions are more stable than the configurations of the atoms from which they have been formed. Similarly, when atoms share electrons they acquire more stable configurations. The Octet Rule For period 1 and 2 elements an electron configuration in which the outer shell is "complete" with its maximum number of electrons is more stable than a configuration with an incomplete outer shell. For example, Mg2+, 1s22s22p6, is more stable than Mg, 1s22s22p63s2. These complete stable electron configurations are the same as for the Noble Gases of periods 1 and 2 and are often referred to as "Noble Gas configurations". For the period 2 and 3 Noble Gases, the electron configurations show 8 electrons in the outer shell and when atoms attain 8 electrons in their outer shell they are said to have conformed to the "Octet Rule". Expansion of the Octet Atoms of the period 3 elements from the p block often conform to the octet rule by accepting electrons to form negatively charged monatomic ions or by sharing electrons with other atoms. For example, S, 1s22s22p63s23p4, forms the S2- ion, 1s22s22p63s23p6. The atoms of the period 3 elements from groups V to VII can share all of their outer shell electrons and as a consequence acquire more than 8 electrons in their outer shells. The extra electrons above the octet are 7 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY "accommodated" in the previously unoccupied 3d subshell. This is referred to as the "expansion of the octet". Valence Electrons Electrons lost or shared are those from the valence (outer) shells of atoms. Electrons gained are accepted into valence shells. These electrons are called valence or outer shell electrons. y For s block elements, the valence shell electrons are the highest energy (often called the "outer") s subshell electrons. For each Group I element, the valence shell electron is the ns1 outer electron (where n represents the number of the Period of the element). For each Group II element, the valence shell electrons are the ns2 outer electrons. For p block elements, the valence shell electrons are the "outer" s and p subshell electrons. For each Group III element, the valence shell electrons are the ns2np1 outer electrons. For each Group IV element, the valence shell electrons are the ns2np2 outer electrons. For each Group VII element, the valence shell electrons are the ns2np5 outer electrons. y y y y y y Chemical Reactions involving the s Block Elements Group I Elements The atoms of the Group I elements lose their outer s1 valence electrons to form an M ion. The electron lost is gained by the other reactant. The product compounds are ionic with formulae such as MCl, M2S, M2O and MOH. The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group I elements is always 1+. Consequently the oxidation state of the Group I elements in their compounds is always +1. The Group I elements are classified as metals because their atoms lose electrons in chemical reactions. NB: As described in the box below, these generalizations do not apply to hydrogen. The following are examples of reactions involving Group I elements: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) p 2NaCl(s) 2K(s) + S(s) p K2S(s) Note that hydrogen is not included as a member of Group I. Although its electron configuration is 1s1, its properties are quite different to those of other members of Group I. Sometimes it is not shown at the top of Group I but is given a separate "box" of its own. In compounds with non-metals, hydrogen atoms share their one valence electron with valence electrons of the other non-metal atoms. In these compounds hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1. In compounds of hydrogen with active metals (such as those of Groups 1 and 2) hydrogen exists as the hydride ion, H-. 8 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Group II Elements The atoms of the Group II elements lose their outer 2 valence electrons to form an M2+ ion. The electrons lost are gained by the other reactant. The product compounds are ionic with formulae such as MCl2, MS, MO and M(OH)2 . The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group II elements is always 2+. Consequently the oxidation state of the Group II elements in their compounds is always +2. Except for beryllium (which acts as a metalloid), the Group II elements are classified as metals because their atoms lose electrons in chemical reactions. The following are examples of reactions involving Group II elements: 2Ca(s) + O2(g) p 2CaO(s) Mg(s) + S(s) p MgS(s) Chemical Reactions invo lving the p Block Elements Group III Elements In their compounds Either they exhibit a covalence of 3 as in the case for boron in its compounds, for example BCl3. When boron forms compounds, its atoms share the s2p1 outer shell electrons to form covalent bonds with other non metal atoms. Covalence The covalence of an element is equal to the number of electrons that its atoms share when forming covalent bonds with other atoms. When boron shares its 3 outer shell electrons with, for example, electrons from three chlorine atoms, then boron is exhibiting a covalence of 3. Or they exist as triple positive ions, such as Al3+, in compounds with non metals. These ions are formed when atoms of the Group III elements lose the s2p1 outer shell electrons in electron transfer reactions. The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group III elements is usually 3+. The oxidation state of the Group III elements in their compounds is usually +3. In some compounds their oxidation state is -3. The elements range from a non-metal, boron, at the top of the group, to metalloids, aluminium and gallium in the middle and metals at the bottom of the group. The following are examples of reactions involving Group III elements: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) p 2A12O3(s) 2Ga(s) + 3Cl2(g) p 2GaCl3(s) Group IV Elements In their compounds Either they exhibit a covalence of 4, as in the case for carbon and silicon in their compounds, for example CCl4 and SiH4. When carbon and silicon form compounds, their atoms share the s2p2 outer shell electrons to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. Or they exist as 2+ or 4+ ions, such as Pb2+, Sn2+ or Pb 4+, in compounds with non metals. 4+ ions are formed when the atoms of Group IV elements lose the s2p2 outer shell electrons in electron transfer reactions. 2+ ions are formed when the atoms of Group IV elements lose only the p2 electrons of the s2p2 outer shell electrons in electron transfer reactions. 9 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group IV elements is usually 2+ or 4+. The oxidation state of the Group lV elements in their compounds is either +4, +2 or -4. The elements range from the non-metals, carbon and silicon, at the top of the group, to metalloids for the rest of the group. Group V Elements In their compounds Either they exhibit a covalence of 3, as in the case of nitrogen in all of its compounds such as NH3, and of phosphorus and arsenic in some of their compounds, for example AsCl3. In these compounds, the nitrogen, phosphorus and arsenic atoms share only the p3 electrons from the s2p3 outer shell configuration to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are conforming to the octet rule. they exhibit a covalence of 5, as in the case of phosphorus and arsenic in some of their compounds, for example AsCl5 and P4 O10. In these compounds, the phosphorus and arsenic atoms share all of the s2p3 electrons from the s2p3 outer shell configuration to form covalent bonds with other non metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are expanding the octet. they exist as 3- ions, such as N3- or P3- in compounds with metals. 3- ions are formed when atoms of the Group V elements gain three electrons into the p subshell thereby changing the outer shell configuration from s2p3 to s2p6. The resultant ions conform to the octet rule. Or Or The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group V elements is 3-. The oxidation state of the Group V elements in their compounds is either +5, +3 or -3. The elements range from the non-metals, nitrogen and phosphorus, at the top of the group, to the metalloids arsenic and antimony in the middle and the metal bismuth at the bottom of the group. Group VI Elements In their compounds Either they exhibit a covalence of 2, as in the case of oxygen in all of its compounds such as H2O, and of sulfur and selenium in some of their compounds, for example SF2. In these compounds the oxygen, sulfur and selenium atoms share only two of the p4 electrons from the s2p4 outer shell configuration to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are conforming to the octet rule. they exhibit a covalence of 4, as in the case of sulfur arid selenium in some of their compounds, for example SO2 and SeF4. In these compounds, the sulfur and selenium atoms share all of the p4 electrons from the s2p4 outer shell configuration to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are expanding the octet. It must be noted that oxygen does not exhibit a covalence of 4. they exhibit a covalence of 6, as in the case of sulfur and selenium in some of their compounds, for example SF6, and Se03. In these compounds, the sulfur and selenium atoms share all of the s2p4 electrons from the outer shell configuration to form covalent bonds with other non-metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are expanding the octet. It must be noted that oxygen does not exhibit a covalence of 6. they exist as 2- ions, such as O2- or S2- in compounds with metals. 2- ions are formed when the atoms of Group VI elements gain two electrons into the p subshell thereby changing the outer shell configuration from s2p4 to s2 p6. The resultant ions conform to the octet rule. Or Or Or The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group VI elements is 2-. 10 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The oxidation state of the Group VI elements in their compounds is +6, +4, +2 or -2. An exception is oxygen with an oxidation number of -1 in H2O2. The elements range from the non-metals, oxygen and sulfur, at the top of the group, to the metalloids selenium and tellurium in the middle and the metal polonium at the bottom of the group. Group VII Elements In their compounds Either they exhibit a covalence of 1, as in the compounds such as HBr and CCl4. In these compounds, the Group VII atoms share one of the p5 electrons from the s2p5 outer shell configuration to form a covalent bond with other non-metal atoms. In sharing in this way they are conforming to the octet rule. they exhibit a covalence of 3, 5 or 7 and in sharing in this way they are expanding the octet. It must be noted that fluorine does not exhibit a covalence of 3, 5 or 7. In such compounds, the atoms of the Group VII elements share electrons in the following ways: covalence of 3 three of the p5 electrons shared covalence of 5 all five of the p5 electrons shared covalence of 7 all seven of the s2p5 electrons shared or they exist as 1- ions, in compounds with metals. 1- ions are formed when the atoms of Group VII elements gain one electron into the p subshell, thereby changing the outer shell configuration from s2p5 to s2p6. The resultant ions conform to the octet rule. Or The charge on the monatomic ions of the Group VII elements is 1-. The oxidation state of the Group VII elements in their compounds is +7, +5, +3, + 1 or -1. The elements are all non-metals. Limitations of the Covalent Bonding Model There are some examples of the s and p block elements exhibiting oxidation states (and covalences) which are different from those given in the summaries above. Some of the more common of these are given below Element Nitrogen Nitrogen Chlorine Oxidation state +4 +2 +4 Example NO2 NO ClO2 Some anomalous oxidation states These oxidation states cannot be explained in terms of electron configurations and shared pairs of electrons. Other bonding models, that are beyond the scope of this course, must be used. Summary Table of Oxidation States For the s and p block elements up to atomic number 38, the following table summarises the likely oxidation states of the elements in their compounds and the metal/metalloid/non-metal nature of the elements: I VIII H Non-metal Ox state +1 II III IV V VI VII 11 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Li metal Ox state +1 Be metalloid Ox state +2 B Non-metal Ox state +3, -3 C Non-metal Ox state +4, -4 N Non-metal Ox state +5,+3, -3 O Non-metal Ox state -2 F Non-metal Ox state -1 Na metal Ox state +1 Mg metal Ox state +2 Al Metalloid Ox state +3 Si Non-metal Ox state +4, -4 P Non-metal S Non-metal Ox state Cl Non-metal Ox state +7, +5, +3, +1, -1 Ox state +6, +4, +2, +5,+3,-3 2 K metal Ox state +1 Ca metal Ox state +2 Ga Metalloid Ox state +3 Ge Metalloid Ox state +4, +2 As Metalloid Ox state +5, +3 Se Non-metal Br Non-metal Ox state Ox state +7, +5, +3, +4, +2 +1, -1 Rb metal Ox state +1 Sr metal Ox state +2 EXERCISE 3 Complete the following table Group Valence electrons Likely charge on monatomic ion Expected covalence Formula of chloride Formula of oxide Can it expand octet? Other oxidation states I ns1np0 + XCl X 2O no none II III IV V VI VII Electronegativities of the elements The relative ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself is called its electronegativity. The higher the electronegativity, the stronger the attraction for electrons. Metal atoms have lower electronegativity values than metalloids, which in turn have lower electronegativities than non-metals. Using the Periodic Table, two clear trends for electronegativities of the s and p block elements can be described as follows: Group I Period I p Group VII p Period 4 electronegativities increase across each Period electronegativities decrease down each Group 12 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Oxides An oxide is a binary compound of an element combined with oxygen eg CO2, MgO. Acidic oxides y y Nonmetal oxides are generally acidic. Acidic oxides y y React with hydroxides to produce oxyanions React with water to make oxyacids (if they dissolve) Oxide P4O10 SO2 SO3 CO2 SiO2 Reaction with hydroxide P4O10 + 12OH p 4 SO2+ 2OH p SO3+ 2OH p CO2+ 2OH- p SiO2+ 2OH p (silicate) - Reaction with water P4O10 + 6H2O p 4H3PO4 SO2+ H2O p H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid) SO3+ H2O p H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid) CO2+ H2O p H2 CO3 (Carbonic acid) No Reaction + 6H2 O + H2 O + H2 O + H 2O + H2O (sulphite) (sulphate) (carbonate) EXERCISE 4 One of the oxides of chlorine is Cl2O. Its is an acidic oxide with a corresponding oxyanion,ClO(hypochlorite) and a corresponding oxyacid, HClO (hypochlorous acid). Write an equation for the reaction of Cl2O with 1. 2. Hydroxide ions Water Basic oxides Metal oxides are basic oxides They react with hydrogen ions to produce a cation water to produce hydroxides (if they dissolve in water) Oxide Na2O MgO CuO Fe2O3 Reaction with hydrogen ions Na2O + 2H p 2Na + H2O MgO + 2H+ p 2Mg2+ + H2O CuO + 2H+ p 2Cu2+ + H2O Fe2O3 + 2H+ p 2Fe3+ + H2O + + Reaction with water Na2 O + H2O p 2Na++ 2OHMgO + H2O p Mg2+ + 2OHNo Reaction No Reaction EXERCISE 5 Barium oxide BaO and lithium oxide are both basic oxides. 1. 2. Write an equation for the reaction of BaO with hydrogen ions. Write an equation for the reaction of Li2O with water. 13 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Amphoteric oxides Amphoteric oxides display basic character in reaction with acids to give cations and water. Amphoteric oxides display acidic character in reaction with hydroxides to give oxyanions and water. Amphoteric oxides do not react with water. Oxide ZnO Al2O3 Reaction with hydrogen ions ZnO + 2H+ p 2Zn2+ + H2O Al2O3 + 6H+ p 2Al3+ + 3H2O Reaction with hydroxide ions ZnO + 2OH- p Al2O3 + 2OH- p 2 + H 2O + H 2O EXERCISE 6 Lead oxide, PbO, is an amphoprotic oxides. 1. Write an equation for the reaction of PbO with hydrogen ions. 2. Write an equation for the reaction of PbO with hydroxide ions. SMALL MOLECULES Molecules consisting of 10 or less atoms are considered small molecules eg O2, CO2, H2O, NH3. Small molecules are formed when atoms of non-metal atoms covalently bond to each other. These are mainly found in the top right-hand corner of the periodic table and also hydrogen. Some atoms in this group also make continuous lattices eg SiO2. Properties of small molecules y y Low melting and boiling points (often gases at room temperature) Poor conductors of electricity. Bonding in molecular compounds and elements. Two types of bonding operate in these compounds and elements y y Intramolecular (or Primary) bonds operate between atoms within the molecule. Intermolecular (or Secondary) bonds operate between molecules The bond arises from the electrostatic attraction between the shared electrons and the positively charged nuclei. They are strong bonds Bond energy is the energy required to break 1 mole of bonds between covalently bonded atoms. Intramolecular Bonding is mainly covalent bonding which occur when atoms share valence electrons. y y y Bond C C C H HH NH C=C C=O Bond Energy (kJ mol-1) 348 413 436 391 614 745 945 14 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Intermolecular (secondary) bonds are the forces of attraction that operate between molecules. These are the bonds that hold molecules together. When molecular substances are vaporized, sufficient energy must be provided to break the secondary bonds between the molecules. The quantity of energy needed to convert 1 mole of a molecular substance from a liquid to a vapour is called the molar heat of vaporization, (Hvap . The boiling point, Tb, also provides an indication of the strength of secondary bonds. Substance H2 N2 CH4 Br2 H2O (Hvap (kJ mol-1) Tb (rC) -253 -196 -161 59 100 0.45 2.8 8.2 15 41 Note y y y The higher (Hvap the higher Tb. The (Hvap is much smaller that the corresponding bonding energy for the intramolecular bonds. There is a big variation in (Hvap values suggesting different types of secondary bonding. Types of secondary bonding There are three types of secondary bonds ± dispersion forces, dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding. The type of bonding for a particular molecule depends on the polarity of the molecule. Polarity of covalent bonds y y A covalent bond exists between two atoms when they share valence electrons. If the electronegativity of both atoms is equal, the electrons are shared equally, and the bond is nonpolar. eg HH, O=O, If one element has a higher electronegativity, it gains more control of the shared electrons, and gains a slight negative charge (H-). The other atom has lost partial control of its shared electrons and gains a partial positive charge (H). The resultant bond is said to be polar. , , examples The H-O bond is one of the most polar because the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and oxygen is greater than most other pairs of atoms involved in covalent bonding. y The shapes of molecules The shapes of molecules can be predicted using the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory). They can be determined experimentally using techniques like X-Ray diffraction. The key idea of this theory is that pairs of valence electrons in molecules repel each other to get as far apart as possible. To determine the shape of a molecule y y Determine which is the central atom. Work out how many groups (bonding pairs, nonbonding pairs, multiple pairs in double or triple bonds) of electrons there are The repulsion pattern of these groups of electrons Attach the atoms and name the shape y y 15 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY SHAPES OF SOME MOLECULES AND IONS Formula Type Diagram AB A-B linear EXAMPLES HCl, O2 H2O (105r), Cl2O (111r) H2 S (92r), V-shaped B=A=B O3 (117r) CO2 AB2 linear SO2 (120r) V-shaped BCl3 Trigonal planar NH3 (107r) AB3 Trigonal pyramid PCl3 (100r) SO3 Trigonal planar CH4 AB4 Tetrahedral AB5 Trigonal Bipyramid PCl5 AB6 Octahedral SF6 XeF6 16 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY EXERCISE 7 Draw the shape and name the shape of the following molecules PF5, SCl2, CS2, NI3, GaI3 The Polarity of Molecules Diatomic molecules If the bonding in a diatomic molecule is nonpolar then the molecule is nonpolar. eg Cl2 , O2, N2 If the bonding in a diatomic molecule is polar then the molecule is also polar. eg HCl, HF Polyatomic molecules If the bonding in a polyatomic molecule is nonpolar then the molecule is nonpolar. eg P4, S8, O3 If the bonding is polar, and the charge distribution is symmetrical, then the molecules is nonpolar. Note All all hydrocarbon molecules and hydrocarbon parts of other molecules are nonpolar. If there is an asymmetrical charge distribution ie positive and negative ends, the the molecule is polar. Molecule Structure positive end H+ . . HHO O negative end Spatial arrangement of atoms SO2 S V-shaped 17 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY positi H H CHCl3 C HCl HCl ti HCl Tetrahedral ti HH H H2 S H H .. .. S V-shaped positi negative end HH+ N H+ H H+ H H positive end NH3 Trigonal pyramid EXERCISE 8 For each of the following molecules (a) (b) (c) 1. 2. 3. AsH3 H2S CCl4 draw a structural diagram showing the covalent bonds, the nonbonding electron pairs and the polarity of the bonds using H+ and H- symbols. Describe the shape of the molecule Indicate whether the molecule is polar or not. Polyatomic molecule s with polar and nonpolar groups Most organic molecules contain a hydrocarbon part and a functional group which is polar. The polarity of the molecules depends on the size of the molecule and the polarity of the functional group. Such large organic molecules tend to behave as if they were nonpolar. 18 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Secondary bonds ± London dispersion forces. What force holds nonpolar molecules together? The electrons in molecules are constantly moving. At any instant this produces asymmetrical charge distribution and so a temporary dipole is formed. This can induce a dipole in a neighbouring molecule, which causes an electrostatic attraction between these temporary dipoles. These weak forces of attraction are called London Dispersion Forces. 19 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY These forces act in all molecular substances, but they are the only forces acting in nonpolar molecules. These disperson forces are greater in larger molecules because there are more electrons. The shape of the molecule can have some effect too, so when comparing the effect of molar mass on dispersion forces, only molecules within the same structural class should be compared. Hydrogen Bonding Some small molecules have much higher boiling points that suggested by their molecular mass eg Compound Methane (CH4) Ammonia (NH3) Water (H2O) Molecular mass 16 17 18 Boiling point (rC) -161 -33 100 These molecules with high Boiling Points usually have H-F, O-H, or N-H bonds in them. These are capable of forming strong secondary bonds called HYDROGEN BONDS. Eg hydrogen bonding in methanol 20 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY other examples Effects of hydrogen bonding y y y y Increased melting and boiling points Solubility in each other Ability to absorb water Strengthens polymers by providing cross linking Strongest of the dipole-dipole attractions Weaker than covalent bonds (Bond Energy 20-30 kJ mol-1 to 300-500 kJ mol-1 ), but stronger than dipoledipole bonds (} 2 kJ mol-1). They are stronger because y y y Strength of hydrogen bonds y y y Large electronegativity difference Hydrogen has only one electron, so its proton is left unshielded The small size of hydrogen allows other atoms to get close. EXERCISE 9 The following molecules are all tetrahedral. List them in order of increasing Boiling Point based on the nature of their secondary bonding. CH3 F, CH3NH2, SiH4, CH3OH. 4. Show the hydrogen bonding between urea molecules. 21 ¢ ¡ £ £ £ £ TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT 2.1: PERIODIC TABLE 1. Complete the following table. Symbol 11Na Electron configuration 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p5 Group Period Block (s,p,d or f) 2 19K + 4 35Br - 3+ 26Fe 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 2. The formula of hydrogen chloride is HCl. (a) (b) (c) (d) 5. 6. What is the common name of HCl(aq)? Sodium Lithium Potassium 5 3 Use the formula, HCl, to work out the likely formula of the chlorides of the following elements. The formula of aluminium oxide is Al2O3. What is the likely formula of gallium oxide? Sodium reacts vigorously with water. The equation for the reaction is given below. 2Nasq) + 2H2O(l) p 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Describe the like reactions of lithium and potassium with water and write equations for these reactions 7. Complete the following table by writing the possible oxidation states of each of the elements indicated. Group I P e r i o d 1 2 3 4 II III IV V VI VII VIII 8. Complete the following table by writing the formulae of the chlorides of each of the elements. Group I P e r i o d 1 2 3 4 II III IV V VI VII VIII 9. Explain how atoms may enter into chemical combination to form: (a) (b) ionic bonds, and covalent bonds. 22 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Give one example of each of the above bonding types. 10. The table opposite shows the melting points of five substances. (a) What is meant by electronegativity? (i) (ii) (b) (c) (d) 11. (a) Explain the high melting point of MgO in terms of bonding present. How can the bond type be related to the electronegativities of the elements? Compound MgO NaCl Mg CO2 SiO2 Tm (K) 3073 1074 923 216 1973 Why is the Tm of MgO much higher than that of NaCl? Why is the electrical conductivity of Mg good in both solid and molten states, whereas MgO conducts only in the molten state? What is a polar bond? (i) (ii) Their position in the periodic table and The number of valence electrons? Both C and Si are in Group IV, yet SiO2 has a much higher Tm than CO2. Explain. How is the type of bonding in the chlorides of the elements of K and P related to: (b) 12. 13. CF4 is a non-polar molecule with polar bonds. Explain. Explain why the Tb of CH4, C 2H6, C3H8 «. increase with increase in molar mass Write structural formulae for each of the following species, and clearly indicate the shape. (a) (e) H2O2 SO (b) (f) NH ClO (c) (g) H3O+ HSO (d) (h) H2CO3 SO3 14. 15. The polarity of a molecule depends not only on the polarity of the individual bonds, but also on the geometry of the molecule. Explain why the SO2 molecule is polar while the CO2 molecule is non-polar. Account for the following observations. (a) (b) CO2 is a gas at room temperature but SiO2 is a high melting point solid. It has been shown that chlorine (Cl2) crystals have two different chlorine-chlorine bond distances (198 pm and 360 pm). (1 pm (picometre) = 1 x 10-12 m) Write the formula for each chloride, How is the type of bonding in the chlorides of these elements related to (i) (ii) their position in the periodic table the number of outer electrons? 16. Consider the following elements from period 3 of the Periodic Table, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P and S. (a) (b) 17. A, B and C represent elements with atomic numbers 9, 19 and 34 respectively. (a) (b) Give the electron configuration for each. What kind of bonding would you expect between (i) (ii) (iii) (c) A and B, A and C, B and C? Draw electron dot formulae for the compounds formed in (b). 18. 19. What is a hydrogen bond? Which compound from each of these pairs exhibits the stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding? Explain your choice. 23 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (a) (b) H2S and H2 O HCl and HF HBr and HCl NH3 and H2O (c) (d) 20. Water and ammonia have much higher boiling points than expected when considering the boiling points of similar compounds from their group in the periodic table. These graphs show this. Explain, with the aid of a diagram, why this is so. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 H2 O -20 B. Pt ( C) NH3 -40 -60 -80 PH3 -100 AsH3 SbH3 B. Pt ( C) H2 Te H2 Se H2 S 21. Consider the following substances: iron, iodine, diamond, sodium chloride and ice (a) Tabulate the structure of each solid and the type of bonding in the solid using the headings Name Iron Iodine Diamond Sodium chloride ice (b) (c) Discuss the relationship between the structure and the type of bonding in each solid. How are the physical properties (hardness, melting point and conductivity) of each solid related to bonding and structure in each substance? Description of the structure of the solid Type of bond present Subtopic 2.2: Cycles in Nature Key Ideas The presence (aerobic conditions) or absence (anaerobic conditions) of oxygen affects the products of the decomposition of the organic compounds derived from living organisms. Photosynthesis and respiration are important processes in the cycles of carbon and oxygen. Nitrogen may be converted into compounds by biological processes such as fixation or by reaction with oxygen during lightning discharges and at high temperatures such as occur in engines and furnaces. Intended Student Learning State, for aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the products of the decomposition of organic matter containing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. Describe and write equations for the processes of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration involving glucose. Describe and write equations for the formation of oxides of nitrogen by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures. Nitrogen compounds are important in the chemistry of Describe how the nitrogen cycle operates by life processes. natural processes (e.g. lightning, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, decay) and industrial processes (e.g. fertiliser manufacture, combustion engines). 24 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Plants require substantial amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, which they obtain from the soil. Explain why fertilisers need to contain nutrients in soluble form. Many small molecules (methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide) are produced and consumed in the atmosphere and biosphere by chemical and biological reactions that occur in interconnected cycles. One common feature of all these cycles is the decomposition of organic compounds derived from living organisms. The presence (aerobic conditions) or absence (anaerobic conditions) of oxygen affects the products of the decomposition of the organic compounds derived from living organisms. Organic Matter Carbon Nitrogen Phosporus Sulphur Carbon and Oxygen Cycles Aerobic decomposition Carbon dioxide (CO2) Nitrates ( Phosphates ( Sulphates ( ) ) ) Anaerobic decomposition Methane (CH4) Ammonia (NH3) Phosphine (PH3) Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Photosynthesis is the photochemical process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen in the leaves. 6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy p C 6H12O6 + 6O2 This glucose is the primary energy source of all food chains and the building block of many complex molecules. It is also the key to maintaining oxygen levels in the atmosphere at 20%. Aerobic Respiration is the process whereby plants and animals use glucose to make energy. It is basically the reverse of photosynthesis. C6H12O6 + 6O2 p 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy The carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere and maintains the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere. The nitrogen Cycle In the atmosphere nitrogen occurs as diatomic molecules, N| N. The triple bond is strong and so nitrogen is unreactive. The nitrogen is maintained at a constant 80% in the atmosphere by a number of natural processes. 25 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Natural Nitrogen Fixation There are a nitrogen fixing bacteria in nodules on the roots of legume plants like clover and peas and some blue green algae. They contain the enzyme nitrogenase which helps catalyse the conversion of nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonia or ammonium compounds. Fixation can also be caused by lightning discharges and forest fires. At these high temperatures, the energy released can be used to break nitrogen-nitrogen bonds so it can react with oxygen N2 + O2 p 2NO (nitric oxide) 2NO + O2 p NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) The nitrogen dioxide then dissolves in water forming nitrate ions which are then deposited when it rains. 2NO2 + H2O p H+ + Artificial nitrogen fixation Nearly 50% of all nitrogen fixation results from human activities. The large scale industrial production of ammonia by the Haber Process, the large scale combustion of fuels and increased cultivation of leguminous plants all remove large quantities of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The Haber Process uses high temperature to combine nitrogen and hydrogen. N2 + 3H2 p 2NH3 Burning of fuels and industrial furnaces consume nitrogen like in lightning strikes. Industrial Chemical Conversion of Fixed Nitrogen The chemical industry uses the Haber process to fix nitrogen as ammonia which is used as a base for the fertiliser industry. The main fertilizer compounds are ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate and urea. Once these fertilizers are added to the soil they enter reactions like nitrification and denitrification. The continuous chemical interchange between nitrogen in the atmosphere and the biosphere is called the NITROGEN CYCLE. Plant Fertilizers Plants require significant amounts of the essential elements nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for growth. 26 + HNO2 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Fertilizers provide soils with water soluble compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in areas where the soils lack sufficient nutrient needs for agricultural needs. Plants can only absorb these nutrients when they are in aqueous form. ASSIGNMENT 2.2: Cycles in Nature 1. Most organic compounds contain carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. When the organism dies, bacteria will cause decomposition and enable these elements to be recycled. Decomposition occurs under different conditions depending on the availability of free oxygen. (a) (b) (c) What are aerobic conditions? What are anaerobic conditions? What decomposition products are formed under aerobic conditions from (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (d) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 2. (a) (b) (c) 3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 5. Carbon Sulfur Phosphorus Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur Phosphorus Nitrogen What decomposition products are formed under anaerobic conditions from Photosynthesis is an important process in the maintenance of oxygen levels in the atmosphere. Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. What enzyme present in green plants is essential for this process? Give two reasons for the importance of photosynthesis for living things. Write an equation for aerobic respiration. Why is it called ³aerobic´? What general name is given to this process? Describe one process whereby plants remove nitrogen from the atmosphere. Why doesn¶t nitrogen normally react with oxygen in the atmosphere? Under what conditions will nitrogen and oxygen react? Give at least three examples. Write equations for the reactions of nitrogen and oxygen under the conditions outlined in the previous question. Label all reactants and products on the equation, Name the chemicals present in common fertilizers. Why are they normally in soluble compounds? All living things use the process of respiration to make energy. Nitrogen can be removed from the atmosphere in a number of processes. One important use of nitrogen and phosphorus is in the manufacture of fertilizers. (a) (b) Subtopic 2.3: Greenhouse Effect Key Ideas Intended Student Learning Some gases in the atmosphere, called µgreenhouse Describe the action of the common greenhouse gases¶, serve as insulation to maintain the temperature gases, carbon dioxide and methane, that serve to of the Earth¶s atmosphere. This is known as the µnatural maintain a steady temperature in the Earth¶s 27 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY greenhouse effect¶. Human activity that affects the concentration of greenhouse gases has the potential to disrupt the thermal balance of the atmosphere. This is known as the µenhanced greenhouse effect¶. atmosphere. Describe the predicted effects of human activity on the temperature of the Earth¶s atmosphere. All objects above absolute zero radiate electromagnetic radiation. The higher the temperature, the higher the energy (and shorter the wavelength) of the radiation Of the solar radiation coming from the sun, slightly less than half actually warms the earth¶s surface. The rest is reflected by clouds and oceans or absorbed by the atmosphere. The average temperature of the surface is 15rC. The surface radiates heat back towards space, but certain gases in the lower atmosphere can absorb certain wavelengths. They can do this by storing energy in the molecules by stretching or bending (note only polar molecules can do this). These gases, called µgreenhouse gases¶, serve as insulation to maintain the temperature of the Earth¶s atmosphere. This is known as the µnatural greenhouse effect¶. Some of the common greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane and help to maintain a steady temperature in the Earth¶s atmosphere, but water, ozone and halocarbons also contribute Human activity that affects the concentration of greenhouse gases has the potential to disrupt the thermal balance of the atmosphere by increasing the concentration of green house gases. This is known as the µenhanced greenhouse effect¶. Greenhouse Gas Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Main sources Burning fossil fuels Anaerobic breakdown of plant material Dinitrification of nitrates by microbes Human activity Transport, power destruction of rain forests Rice growing, cattle and sheep farming Use of fertilizers ASSIGNMENT 2.3: GREENHOUSE EFFECT. 1. It has been suggested that an increase in the atmospheric concentration of certain gases will lead to global warming. Such warming is referred to as the Greenhouse Effect. However, other factors make it uncertain whether the increases in concentration of these gases will in fact lead to global warming. (a) (b) (c) 2. Explain briefly why this phenomenon is referred to as the Greenhouse Effect. Describe the means by which this effect is achieved. Name the 'greenhouse' gases. Carbon dioxide is an important gas in the atmosphere even though it amounts to less than 1% of the air. It is continually being formed and consumed. However, there is concern that an increase in carbon dioxide concentration could have serious implications. (a) (b) (c) Name the natural process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Write a balanced equation for the natural process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Describe two possible effects of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. 3. The natural cycle for carbon is shown below 28 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (a) (b) State two effects the burning of fossil fuels has had on the carbon cycle. There is concern that human activity threatens to lead to a warming of the Earth's atmosphere. (i) (ii) (iii) State the name given to this effect. Explain three ways in which human activity may have this effect. Describe two possible consequences of this global warming. 4. South Australians contribute nearly 30 million tonnes of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere per year - equivalent to about 20 tonnes for every person in the State, with the main sources being electricity (27%), agriculture (21%) and transport (19%). South Australia's emissions account for only 7.4% of Australia's emissions, but per capita are close to the national average and among the highest in the world. South Australia: Reducing the Greenhouse Effect (a) (b) Suggest ways in which the South Australian community can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. What would happen to the earth's climate if there were no greenhouse gases in the troposphere? Subtopic 2.4: Acid Rain Key Ideas pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions where this is taken as the concentration of hydrogen ions relative to the standard 1 mol L1 , that is pH = log10 commonly used as pH = log [H+]. Rain containing dissolved carbon dioxide is acidic. Rainfall with a pH of less than 5.6, known as µacid rain¶, is formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dissolve in water in the atmosphere. The low pH of acid rain is due to the presence of sulfuric and nitric acids. Write equations to show how carbon dioxide produces acidic rain. Describe and write equations for the formation of acid rain. Calculate the pH of solutions of strong bases and strong monoprotic acids. Intended Student Learning Calculate the concentration of H+ of solutions, given their pH, and vice versa. Rain is normally acid because it contains dissolved carbon dioxide which makes carbonic acid CO2 + H 2O p H2CO3 The pH of such rain is normally no less than 5.6 29 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions where this is taken as the concentration of hydrogen ions relative to the standard 1 mol L-1, that is pH = -log10 (concentration of H+ ions (mol L-1)) commonly written as therefore note pH = -log [H+] [H+] = log -1(-pH) or 10-pH Rainfall with a pH of less than 5.6, known as µacid rain¶, is formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dissolve in water in the atmosphere and make acids. Oxides of nitrogen Oxides of nitrogen are formed when nitrogen and oxygen combine at high temperatures in industrial furnaces, internal combustion engines and jet engines to make nitric oxide (NO) when combines with oxygen to make nitrogen dioxide. N2 + O2 p 2NO (nitric oxide) 2NO + O2 p NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) Oxides of sulfur When compounds of sulphur burn they make sulfur dioxide, which combines with excess oxygen to make sulfur trioxide. Compounds of sulphur + O2 p SO2 2SO2 + O2 p 2SO3 Acid rain These oxides then dissolve in rain water to make acids NO2 + H2O p HNO2 (nitrous) + HNO3 (nitric) SO2 + H2O p H2SO3 (sulfurous) SO3 + H2O p H2SO4 (sulfuric) It is the nitric and sulphuric acids that are the main causes of acid rain. Effects of acid rain Plants y y y Destroys foliage Low pH can leach essential metal ions from the soil eg Mg, K Can mobilise potentially poisonous cations eg Al, Pb, Zn Mobilized toxic metal cations can get into the water supply Affect fish especially eggs and fry Attacks marble (calcium carbonate) buildings CaCO3 + H2SO4 p CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O Corrodes metals especially iron Animals y y Structures y y Calculating the pH of Strong Acids And Bases Strong monoprotic acids fully ionize in water thus the [H+] is equal to the concentration of the acid. The pH of strong bases is calculated from the expression pH + pOH = 14 where pOH = -log10[OH-] 30 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT 2.4: ACID RAIN. 1. Calculate the pH of the following solutions (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 2. (a) (b) 3. (a) (b) 4. 0.10 mol L-1 H+ 0.00000300 mol L-1 H+ 2.00 mol L-1 H+ 0.200 mol L-1 OH0.00000100 mol L-1 OH1.50 mol L-1 OHpH = 5 pH = 3.5 pH = 13 pH = 10.5 (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) 0.0500 mol L-1 HCl 0.00000300 mol L-1 HNO3 2.0 mol L-1 HCl 0.0500 mol L-1 NaOH 0.00300 mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 2.0 mol L-1 KOH Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in the following solutions Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in the following solutions. The presence of sulfuric acid in waters draining from some mining sites is an environmental concern. Iron pyrite, FeS2, is a common component in waste heaps at mining sites in Australia. In the presence of certain bacteria that use sulfur-containing compounds as an energy source, the following redox reaction occurs: 2FeS2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 7O2(g) p 2FeSO4(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) (a) (b) To raise its pH, drainage water can be treated with crushed limestone (calcium carbonate). Write an ionic equation for the reaction between the limestone and the acid (H+) in the water. An alternative treatment involves introducing sulfate - reducing bacteria to the drainage water. One of the reactions that then occurs is shown by the following equation: 2CH3CH(OH)COOH(aq) + (i) (ii) p 2CH3COOH(aq) + 2CO2(g) + H2 S(g) + Give a reason for the resulting increase in pH. The equation above suggests that these bacteria are anaerobic decomposers. Give a reason to support this statement. 5. Acid rain contains sulfuric acid and nitric acid produced by human and industrial activity. Rain is considered to be acidic when its pH falls below 5.6. Rain falling in the urban area of Sydney (Australia) has an average pH of 4.5. (a) (b) Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in a rain sample of pH 4.5 if all the hydrogen ions in the sample are due to the presence of nitric acid. One effect of acid rain is that it attacks materials such as limestone, causing erosion of buildings and statues. (i) (ii) (c) Write the equation for the reaction between nitric acid and limestone. Acid rain has several other damaging or harmful effects. Briefly describe two of them. Sulfur dioxide also contributes to acid rain. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in air can be monitored by pumping air through a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide to form sulfuric acid. The net reaction that would occur is shown by the equation below: SO2 + H2O2 p H2SO4 By means of oxidation numbers, show that this is a reaction in which oxidation has occurred. 31 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (iii) The concentration of the resulting sulfuric acid solution can be determined by titration with a solution of a base of known concentration. Suggest a suitable base for the titration and write the equation for the reaction that would occur during the titration. 6. All rain is acidic, but not all rain is called 'acid rain'. (a) (b) (c) Explain the term 'acid rain'. Explain with an equation why rain is naturally acidic. (i) Outline briefly how oxides of sulfur are released into the atmosphere during the production of metals and the generation of electricity from fossil fuels. Describe briefly, with the aid of equations, how the oxides of sulfur lead to the formation of 'acid rain'. (d) (i) (ii) (e) (i) Explain briefly how oxides of nitrogen are released into the atmosphere. Describe briefly, with the aid of equations, how oxides of nitrogen lead to the formation of 'acid rain'. Biologists have noted that rain water in remote areas of Scandinavia is remarkably acidic. Explain how this is possible, since there is little population or industry in the region. Explain why oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are readily spread in the atmosphere while other air pollutants such as soot remain near to the source. (ii) (f) (g) Explain, with the aid of an equation what happens when 'acid rain' comes in contact with steel structures such as statues or bridges. Outline briefly some of the long term consequences of 'acid rain' on the natural environment. Subtopic 2.5: Photochemical Smog Key Ideas Nitrogen oxides are formed in high-temperature engines and furnaces. Nitrogen oxides lead to the formation of ozone in the troposphere. Nitrogen oxides and ozone in the troposphere are pollutants. Intended Student Learning Write equations for the formation of nitrogen oxides NO and NO2. Describe and write equations showing the role of nitrogen oxides in the formation of ozone in the troposphere. Explain the terms µprimary pollutants¶ and µsecondary pollutants¶ with reference to the harmful effects of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the troposphere. Describe the effect of catalytic converters in reducing the quantities of nitrogen oxides generated by cars. It is possible to reduce the quantities of nitrogen oxides generated by cars. Photochemical SMOG is a form of pollution formed in the lower atmosphere over industrial cities. It appears as a pale brown haze and is an irritant to the human respiratory system. The motor car is the major cause of photochemical smog. It produces nitric oxide and hydrocarbons which are called the primary pollutants. Intense sunlight initiates reactions involving these chemicals. The chemicals produced are called secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants Nitric oxide is formed within the combustion chamber of motor vehicles engines. N2 + O2 p 2NO (nitric oxide) Hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere as unburnt petrol from cars. 32 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Secondary pollutants Nitric oxide can be converted to nitrogen dioxide, a secondary pollutant, by a number of different pathways. It is nitrogen dioxide that gives photochemical smog its brown colour. It can react directly with oxygen, but this is quite slow. 2NO + O2 p NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) Faster reactions involve other oxidants and free radicals 2NO + O3 p NO2 + O2 NO + HOO y (peroxyl) p NO2 + HOy Nitrogen dioxide is quite reactive and absorbs light (hY is used to represent the energy involved) and dissociates into nitric oxide and atomic oxygen. NO2 + hY p NO + O y The atomic oxygen then reacts with molecular oxygen to produce another secondary pollutant ozone. This reaction occurs faster if there is a stabilising molecule (M) like N2 or another O2. O + O2 O3 The level of ozone is constantly monitored as an indicator of the pollution level. Hydrocarbons react with various other molecules and free radicals to produce numerous secondary pollutants including aldehydes and peroxyacyl nitrates (collectively called PAN). Harmful Effects Ozone and nitrogen oxides contribute to the Greenhouse effect. Ozone can cause perishing of the rubber. Ozone above 0.15 ppm can cause respiratory problems. Ozone reduces the ability of plants to photosynthesise. Nitrogen dioxide also contributes to acid rain. Reduction of photochemical smog Catalytic converters have been fitted to all cars manufactured after 1986 to reduce pollution by up to 90%. The catalytic converter is made up of a very thin layer of platinum, palladium, rhodium or iridium coated onto a honeycomb structure of large surface area. The catalysts convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. 2CO + O 2 p CO2 The catalysts convert unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water. 2C8H18 + 25O2 p 16CO2 + 18H2O The catalysts converts nitric oxide to nitrogen by reaction like the one below. 2CO + 2NO p CO2 + 2N2 ASSIGNMENT 2.6 : Photochemical Smog 1. 2. Explain the difference between a primary and a secondary pollutant. The oxides of nitrogen have a role in the formation of ozone in the troposphere. (a) (b) (c) Explain with the aid of appropriate equations how oxides of nitrogen contribute to the formation of ozone in the troposphere. Explain why is ozone in the troposphere is considered to be a pollutant. Define pollution. 33 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 3. The nitric oxide released into the atmosphere in the exhaust gases from vehicles begins a sequence of reactions that eventually results in the formation of photochemical smog. The following equations show two reactions that occur: Reaction 1; 2NO(g) + O2(g) p 2NO2(g) Reaction 2: NO2(g) p NO(g) + O2(g) (a) (b) Reaction 2 is a photochemical reaction. State the meaning of the term 'photochemical reaction'. Describe the formation of photochemical smog that follows from the above reactions. 4. During a low-level fly-past over the Adelaide Grand Prix circuit the exhaust gases emitted from an F111 aircraft were orange in colour. This orange colour may be attributed to an oxide of nitrogen. (a) (b) (c) Name this oxide of nitrogen and give its chemical formula. Explain, with the help of equations, its formation in this case. Provide, with equations, two reasons why oxides of nitrogen are undesirable in the atmosphere. 5. Major pollutants in the exhaust gases of petrol-powered cars are carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide). Over the past twenty years catalytic converters have been developed to remove these compounds from exhaust emission s. Some of the reactions that take place in these converters are: 2NO + 2CO p N2 + 2CO2 2NO2 + 4CO p N2 + 4CO2 2CO + O2 p2CO2 (III) (a) (b) (c) Explain with the aid of equations how nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide come to be present in the exhaust gases from a petrol engine. Explain the role of the catalyst in bringing about the reactions represented above. Identify the reducing agent in reaction (I) and explain your choice in terms of oxidation numbers. (I) (II) 6. The concentrations of four pollutants in the air of a large city were measured every four hours over a 24 hour period. The pollutants monitored were hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. The results are presented in the following graph: (a) (b) (c) Of the four pollutants monitored name the primary pollutants. Explain why the concentration of hydrocarbons increases in the time period from 4 am to 9 am. Explain, with the aid of an equation, why the concentration of nitrogen dioxide increases, while the concentration of nitric oxide decreases, in the time period from 7 am to 9 am. 34 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (d) Explain, with the aid of equations, why the concentration of nitrogen dioxide decreases, while the concentration of ozone increases, in the time period from 9 am to 12 noon. Subtopic 2.6: Water Treatment Key Ideas Suspended matter is removed from water by flocculation followed by sedimentation or filtration. Hypochlorous acid, chlorine, and hypochlorites are used for water purification. Chlorine is used for water purification. Intended Student Learning Describe the use of aluminium ions in the removal of suspended matter from water. State that hypochlorous acid, chlorine, and hypochlorites kill bacteria by their oxidising action. Explain the effect of pH on the equilibrium between chlorine, water, and hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid. A potable water supply is one that is drinkable. It must be free of toxic chemicals and disease carrying bacteria and have no undesirable odours, colours or tastes. Water used in swimming pools need similar properties. Suspended matter Water contains many suspended solids. Some of these are clay particles which don¶t settle because they have a negative charge (like charges repel). Suspended material can be forced to settle by the addition of aluminium ions (in alum). This causes the ions to clump together or flocculate and settle where they can be removed by sedimentation or filtration. Bacteria Bacteria can be killed by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), chlorine (Cl2) and hypochlorites (OCl-). The are all oxidising agents and kill bacteria by oxidising them. Chlorine reacts with water to produce the following equilibrium. Cl2 + 2H2O HOCl + H3O+ + Cl Hypochlorous acid is the most effective bactericide because its small molecular size and lack of overall charge enable to penetrate the nonpolar walls of bacteria. The amount of hypochlorous acid in water is pH dependent. If the pH increases, the hydronium ion is removed and the equilibrium shifts to the right to replace them producing more hypochlorous acid in the process. At ph 7, most of the chlorine as been converted to hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and only partially ionises in water. HOCl + H2O H3O+ + OClHypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ions are referred to as µfree available chlorine¶ and are the oxidising agents that are most effective in killing bacteria. Chlorine is too dangerous and corrosive to use in the back yard swimming pool, so sodium (NaClO) or calcium (Ca(ClO)2) hypochlorite are used to chlorinate pools, where they establish this equilibrium. OCl- + H2O OH- + HOCl 35 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The relative concentrations of the HOCl and OCl- ions are determined by pH pH 6.0 6.5 7.0 % of Cl as OCl3.5 10.0 27.5 % of Cl as HOCl 96.5 90.0 72.5 pH 7.5 8.0 8.5 % of Cl as OCl50.0 78.5 90.0 % of Cl as HOCl 50.0 21.5 10.0 ASSIGNMENT 2.6: Water Treatment Chlorine dissolves in water, according to the following equation: Cl2 + H2O (a) (b) (c) (d) 7. HC1 + HOC1 State whether a solution of chlorine in water would have a pH greater than 7, equal to 7, or less than 7. When HOC1 acts as an acid it produces the hypochlorite ion. Write the formula of the hypochlorite ion. The hypochlorite ion is found in many household cleaners. State its function. Sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of chlorine in water. State, and give an explanation for, the effect this will have on the amount of Cl2 in the solution. Chlorine, in the forms of chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, is used to disinfect water. (a) (b) (c) (d) Give the formulae of chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite and state the oxidation number of chlorine in each. Explain why calcium hypochlorite is commonly used in home pools in preference to gaseous chlorine. If sodium or calcium hypochlorite are added to water the pH will be greater than 7. Write a balanced equation to show why this is so. In a pool the pH was 6.4. Determine the concentration of H3O+ in this pool. 8. Swimming pool water must be tested for pH during active use. This is to maintain the pH at approximately 7.8. Pool-testing kits contain methyl red as an indicator and a colour chart for colour comparison to indicate the pH when the methyl red is mixed with pool water. (a) (b) (c) (d) Explain, giving an equation, why the pH of pool water must be tested after calcium hypochlorite is added. Name a suitable chemical that could be used to lower the pH if it is found to be too high. Explain why, when using the testing kit, it is important to compare the pH quickly after mixing the methyl red with pool water. Calculate the concentration (in mol L-1) of hydroxide ions in pool water when the pH is 7.8. 9. Some calcium hypochlorite was dissolved in a large volume of water producing a solution with a pH of 9.3. (a) (b) (c) Explain, with the aid of an equation, why the pH of the solution is greater than 7. Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution and hence, using the equation from (a) above, calculate the concentration of the hypochlorous acid. Explain how the concentration of the hypochlorous acid could be increased. 36 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ANSWERS SOLUTIONS 2.1 : Periodic Table 1. Complete the following table. Symbol 11 17 20 19 Electron configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s 2 2 6 2 2 6 1 2 5 Group 1 5 2 1 Period 3 3 4 4 Block (s,p,d or f) s p s s p Na Cl Ca K + 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 1s2 2s22p63s23p64s2 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 6 2 6 0 2 10 6 35 Br 26 15 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 7 5 4 3 Fe3+ P 3- 1s2 2s22p63s23p64s23d10 4p6 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 2 2 6 2 6 d p 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) Hydrochloric acid NaCl LiCl KCl 3. 4. 5. Ga2O3. 2Li(s) + 2H 2O(l) p 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g ) (less vigourous) 2K(s) + 2H 2 O(l) p 2KOH(aq) + H 2(g) (more vigourous) Group I P e r i o d 1 2 3 4 +1 +1 +1 +1 +2 +2 +2 s3 s4 s4 s3,+5 s3, +5 II III IV V VI VII VIII 0 -2 s2,+4,+6 -1 s1,+3,+5,+7 0 0 +3 6. Complete the following table by writing the formulae of the chlorides of each of the elements. Group I P e r i o d 7. (a) (b) II III IV V VI VII VIII - 1 2 3 4 HCl LiCl NaCl KCl BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 BCl3 AlCl3 CCl4 SiCl4 NCl3 PCl3 OCl2 SCl2 FCl Cl2 - Ionic bonds form when metals transfer outer electrons to non-metals, giving both a stable configuration. The bond forms because of the strong electrostatic forces between + and ± charged ions. eg. NaCl Covalent bonds form when non-metal atoms share electrons, so forming a stable configuration. An electrostatic force of attraction between a nucleus and the shared electrons holds these atoms together. eg. H2O The measure of an atom¶s power to attract electrons to itself in a bond. Ionic bonding present because of the high electronegativity difference between Mg atoms and O atoms. 8. (a) (b) 37 (c) (d) (e) 9. (a) (b) TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Mg2+ O2- is much stronger than Na+Cl- (F E q1.q2) therefore in theory MgO is 4 times stronger than Na+Cl-, if the ionic radii are similar (they are). Metal conductivity possible in solid and liquid; ionic conductivity only possible when ions mobile, i.e. as a melt or in solution. Structural differences: SiO2(s) continuous covalent, CO2 molecular lattice. Why? Because of atom size and electronegativity. Think of a volatile SiO 2 ! What would this have done to our planet? A polar bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally. This results in minute charges on the atoms, eg. (i) The wider the separation of the elements in the periodic table the greater the ionic character of the bonds between them. eg. Cl 2 (pure) covalent non-polar, PCl3 polar covalent, KCl ionic (ii) The number of valence electrons determines the charge on the ion or the number of covalent bonds that can be formed. The symmetrical nature of this molecule means that the polarity of its 4 C -F bonds is cancelled out. (c) 10. 11. Increasing molar mass implies increase size of molecules with more atoms, therefore increased dispersion forces between molecules increases the T b. Structural formulae should be determined from electron dot formulae. 12. Symmetry determines. SO 2 is bent, hence polar as has polar bonds and is assymetrical, but CO 2 has polar bonds but is symmetrical molecule, therefore is non-polar. 13. (a) (b) See above. There are two bonds present. The smaller 198 (electric dipole moment) is for the Cl -Cl covalent bond, the larger is the distance between Cl2 molecules, i.e. for the secondary bonds. NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl 3, PCl3, PCl5 , SCl2 (i) From left to right goes from ionic to polar covalent The outer electrons increase 3s1p 3s23p4. Thus electrons available for bonding increase from 1 p 6. A is F 1s2 2s2 2p5, B is K 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1, C is Se 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4 (i) AB is ionic CA 2 is polar covalent (i) B 2C is ionic 14. (a) (b) 15. (a) (b) 16. 17. (c) diagrams required A hydrogen bond is a secondary bond that forms between small highly electronegative atoms (N, O, F) and hydrogen so forming slight electrostatic forces of attraction between molecules. (a) H2 O, O more electronegative than S (b) HF, F more electronegative than Cl. 38 (c) 18. 19. TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY no hydrogen bonding, Cl too big (d) H2 O, O more electronegative than N Hydrogen bonding increases the forces of attraction between H2O and NH3 molecules.(diags) (a) Name Iron Iodine Diamond Sodium chloride Ice Structure Metallic lattice Molecular lattice Giant atomic covalent lattice Ionic lattice Molecular lattice Bonding Metallic Covalent in molecule, Dispersion between molecules Covalent Ionic Polar covalent in molecule, hydrogen bonds between molecules Iron. The close packing of ions in the metallic lattice is due to µcementing¶ action of mobile electrons. Iodine. Induced polarities between the iodine molecules holds them together in the solid state at room temp. Diamond. The continuous covalent bonding gives a 3D lattice. Sodium chloride. The regular arrangement of ions produces cubic crystals. Ice. The spacious tetrahedral arrangements of the water molecules is due to H bonding. (a) Iron is dense, hard, high MPt and readily conducts in the solid state. Explained by its structure and bonding. Iodine is a low MPt (sublimes) soft solid, non -conductor. It has weak dispersion forces and no free electrons. Diamond is very hard, high Mpt, non-conductor. Covalent bonding is very strong throughout the lattice. Sodium chloride is crystalline, high MPt, conducts in solution and when molten. Ions are regular in space, bonding is throughout the lattice. Ions free to move in solution and when molten. Ice is low MPt, lighter than water and low conductivity. Hydrogen bonds are weak. No ions or electrons are free to move. SOLUTIONS 2.2: Cycles in Nature 1. (a) (b) (c) Aerobic conditions are those where free or molecular oxygen (O2) is available. Anaerobic conditions are those where there is no free oxygen. Often called stagnant. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (d) (i) (i) Carbon gives carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbonates ( Sulfur gives sulfates ( Phosphorus( Nitrogen ( ) ) ) ) in aerobic conditions Carbon gives methane (CH4) in anaerobic conditions Sulphur gives hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (e) 2. (a) (a) (b) (a) (ii) Phosphorus gives phosphine (PH3) Nitrogen gives ammonia (NH3) Chlorophyll Makes free oxygen, makes food from raw materials (Start of all food chains) 3. 4. Needs free oxygen (a) nitrogen fixation (b) (c) (d) Bacteria in the roots of leguminous plants take nitrogen from the air. Too stable Extreme temperatures (at least 800rC) ± lightning, volcanoes, high temperature furnaces, car engines. 39 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (e) (nitric oxide) 2NO + O 2 p 2NO2 2NO2 + H 2O p HNO2 (nitrous acid) + HNO 3 Nitrates, sulfates and phosphates The plants need water soluble compounds Heat coming into the atmosphere from the sun is trapped by gases in the atmosphere in much the same way that infrared radiation is trapped by the glass in a greenhouse. Short wavelength infrared radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed on the surface. As the surface warms up, it radiates infrared radiation back into the atmosphere at a longer wavelength which is absorbed by greenhouse gases which warms up the air (by about 30rC). The heat is stored in the greenhouse gases because they start to vibrate faster when hit by the radiation. Common greenhouse gases include water, carbon dioxide, methane and CFC¶s Photosynthesis 6C6H12O6 + 6O2 This global warming trend can cause a significant global climate changes. Human society is highly dependent on the Earth's climate. Climate patterns and human adaptations determine the availability of food, fresh water, and other resources for sustaining life. The social and economic characteristics of society have also been shaped largely by adapting to the seasonal and year to year patterns of temperature and rainfall. Some potential effects associated with climate change are listed below. 5. (a) (b) SOLUTIONS 2.3 : Greenhouse Effect 1. (a) (b) 2. (c) (a) (a) 6CO2 + 6H2 O y Water Resources-The quality and quantity of drinking water, water availability for irrigation, industrial use, and electricity generation, and the health of fisheries may be significantly affected by changes in precipitation and increased evaporation. Increased rainfall may cause more frequent flooding. Climate change would likely add stress to major river basins worldwide. Probable cause of the El Niño effect. Coastal Resource - A estimated 50 cm rise in sea level by the year 2100, could inundate low lying areas Health - Heat-stress mortality could increase due to higher temperatures over longer periods. Changing patterns of precipitation and temperature may produce new breeding sites for pests, shifting the range of infectious diseases. Agriculture - Impacts of Climate change in developing countries could be significant. Forests - Higher temperatures and precipitation changes could increase forest susceptibility to fire, disease, and insect damage. Energy and Transportation - Warmer temperatures increase cooling demand but decrease heating requirements. Fewer disruptions of winter transportation may occur, but water transport may be affected by increased flooding or lowered river levels. y y y y y 3. 4. Burning fossil fuels can cause the speed up of photosynthesis by increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in both forests and in the ocean where lot of carbon dioxide dissolves. (a) (b) Enhanced greenhouse effect Burning fossil fuels releasing carbon dioxide. Increased agricultural production releases more methane into the atmosphere from herd of sheep and cattle and rice growing Cutting down forests removes a carbon sink See answer above Reduce the use of cars which release carbon dioxide. Use less electricity, because fossil fuels are used to make electricity. If there were no greenhouse gases the earth would be about 30rC cooler (d) (e) pH=14± pOH = 14 ± (-log(0.2) = 13.3 8 (c) 5. (a) (b) SOLUTIONS 2.4: Acid Rain. (a) pH = -log[H+] = -log0.1 = 1 5.5 (c) -0.3 40 (f) (g) (h) 6. 7. 8. (i) (a) (a) (a) 14.2 1.3 5.5 TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY (j) 12.7 (k) (l) 11.8 (nb [OH] = 2 x .003) 14.3 -0.3 [H+] = log -1 (-pH) = log-1(-5) = 1.0 x 10 -5 mol L -1 3.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 [OH] = log -1(14 ± pH) = log -1 -(14-13) = 1 x 10 -1 mol L-1 3.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 (a) CaCO3 + 2H+ p Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O (i) [OH] increasing. (i) No free oxygen 3.2 x 10-5 mol L-1 HNO3 + CaCO3 p Ca(NO3 )2 + CO2 + H 2O (i) Acid rain attacks metals, affects plants by leaching valuable metals like calcium and potassium and freeing up poisonous ones like aluminium, kills young fish. 9. (a) (i) (b) (i) Sodium hydroxide (but sodium carbonate would also do) 2NaOH + H 2SO4 p Na2SO4 + 2H2O Acid rain is rain with a pH less than 5.6 CO2 + H2O p 2H+ + (i) Compounds (eg metal sulfide ores and coal and oil) containing sulfur produce sulfur dioxide when burnt. (i) Sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen to make sulfur trioxide 2SO2 + O2 p 2SO3 when sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide dissolve in water, they make acids SO2 + H2O pH2SO3 (sulfurous acid) SO3 + H2O p H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) (i) Oxides of nitrogen are released into the air when oxygen and nitrogen combine at high temperatures to make nitric oxide. N2 + O 2 p 2NO The nitric oxide then combines with oxygen to make nitrogen dioxide. 2NO + O 2 p 2NO2 (i) When nitrogen oxides (NOx )dissolve in rain water, they make acids. NO2 + H2O p HNO2 (nitrous acid) + HNO 3 (nitric acid) The acidic gases (NOx and SOX) are carried in by prevailing winds from industrialised areas. (i) 10. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) 11. (i) Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are gases whereas soot is a solid that fall back to the ground. Acid corrodes metals eg iron| Fe + 2H + p Fe2+ + H 2 Effects of acid rain (a) Corrode metal and marble structures Kills plants by mobilising poisonous metals (Al, Cd ) and leaching valuable ones (K, Ca) Kills fish sprats and roe in waterways (b) (c) SOLUTIONS 2.6: Photochemical Smog Primary Pollutants - Air pollutants that enter the atmosphere directly. Secondary pollutants Atmospheric pollutants that are created chemically in the atmosphere when primary pollutants and other components of the air react. 12. (a) Nitogen dioxide decomposes when exposed to ultraviolet radiation and releases an oxygen radical NO2 + hv NO + O 41 13. TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY The oxygen radical then reacts with oxygen to make ozone O + O2 O3 Ozone is a pollutant because it causes respiratory problems and accelerates deteriation of rubber amongst other problem. (a) Pollution is when a harmful chemical is present in concentrations higher than normal. (a) A photochemical reaction is a reaction that requires light. (b) Motor vehicles produce exhaust gases containing oxides of nitrogen such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO). At the high temperatures of the car's combustion chamber (cylinder), nitrogen and oxygen from the air react to form nitric oxide (NO): N2(g) + O2(g) p 2NO(g) Some of the nitric oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (NO 2): 2NO(g) + O 2(g) p 2NO2(g ) The mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is sometimes referred to as NOx. (c) When the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentration is well above clean air levels and there is plenty of sunlight, then an oxygen atom splits off from the nitrogen dioxide molecule: NO2(g) NO(g)+O(g) This oxygen atom (O) can react with oxygen molecules (O2) in the air to form ozone (O3): O + O2 p O3 Nitric oxide can remove ozone by reacting with it to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxygen (O2): NO(g) + O3(g) p NO2(g) + O2(g) When the ratio of NO2 to NO is greater than 3, the formation of ozone is the dominant reaction. If the ratio is less than 0.3, then the nitric oxide reaction destroys the ozone at about the same rate as it is formed, keeping the ozone concentration below harmful levels. The reaction of hydrocarbons (unburnt petrol) with nitric oxide and oxygen produce nitrogen dioxide also in the presence of sunlight, increasing the ratio of nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide. Peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN) Production Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), oxygen (O2) and hydrocarbons (unburnt petrol) react in the presence of sunlight to produce peroxyacetylnitrate (CH3 CO-OO-NO2): 14. NO2(g) + O2(g) + hydrocarbons CH3CO-OO-NO2(g) (a) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) In the engine, high temperatures allow nitrogen and oxygen to combine to make nitric oxide N2 + O 2 p 2NO The nitric oxide reacts with oxygen in the air becoming nitrogen dioxide. 2NO + O 2 p 2NO2 (a) Oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain (NO2 + H 2O HNO 2 + HNO3 ) Contribute to the formation of ozone and photochemical smog (see above) (a) In the engine, high temperatures allow nitrogen and oxygen to combine to make nitric oxide N2 + O 2 p 2NO The nitric oxide reacts with oxygen in the air becoming nitrogen dioxide. 2NO + O 2 p 2NO2. A catalyst speeds up (in this case) or slows down a reaction without being used up itself. (a) C is oxidized (+2 +4), it must be the reducing agent that reduces nitrogen (+2 0) Alternatively, CO combines with oxygen, and therefore is oxidized, making it the reducer. 15. 42 16. (a) TOPIC 2 ELEMENTAL & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Hydrocarbons and nitric oxide. Lots of people driving their cars to work etc in the morning releasing car fumes. (a) Nitric oxide decreases as it reacts with oxygen in the air.(2NO + O 2 p 2NO2) (b) Nitrogen dioxide then decomposes when the sun comes out making ozone. NO2 + hv NO + O The oxygen radical then reacts with oxygen to make ozone O + O2 (a) O3 SOLUTIONS 2.6: Water Treatment pH would be less than 7 because the equilibrium produces HCl and HOCl (both acidic). Cl2 + H2O (c) OCl(d) (e) HC1 + HOC1 OCl- is an oxidizing agent that can be used to kill bacteria and remove stains by oxidation. Sodium hydroxide consumes HCl and HOCl and so the equilibrium moves to the right, reducing the amount of chlorine. Chlorine ( ), sodium hypochlorite ( ), calcium hypochlorite ( ). 17. (a) Calcium hypochlorite is more convenient (a solid) and safer than gaseous chlorine. HOCl + OH - . Since this reaction produces the hydroxide ion, the pH rises above (a) OCl- + H2 O 7. (b) pH = 6.4 18. (a) Swimming pool water must be tested for pH during active use. This is to maintain the pH at approximately 7.8. Pool-testing kits contain methyl red as an indicator and a colour chart for colour comparison to indicate the pH when the methyl red is mixed with pool water. When calcium hypochlorite is added to the pool, it ionizes to make the solution basic. HOCl + OH OCl- + H2 O Hydrochloric acid Hypochlorite is a bleach, and will decolourise the indicator if left too long pH = 7.8 (b) (a) 19. (a) When calcium hypochlorite is added to the pool, it ionizes to make the soluti on basic. OCl- + H2 O HOCl + OH - pH = 9.3 Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the concentration of hypochlorous acid is also 2.0 x 10 -5 mol L-1. To increase the concentration of the hypochlorous acid the equilivbrium needs to be forced to the right either by adding extra calcium hypochlorite or acid to remove the hydroxide which pulls the equilibrium to the right. (a) 43
|
i don't know
|
Which US corporation sold its personal computer business including Thinkpad brand to the world-leading Chinese manufactuer Lenovo in 2005?
|
Best Computer Brands - Top Ten List - TheTopTens®
Best Computer Brands
The Top Ten
1 Apple
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services.
I could rant about this for days. But in the end, I believe this post is for highest quality computers, not best priced. Apple Computer does make the highest quality computers out there, the are made with aluminum uni-body engineering (one piece of aluminum). They offer SSDs, which are about 4x faster than a traditional hard drive, and they have no moving parts, so they are incredibly reliable. That also comes native on MacBook Airs. That is hard to come by. Also, every component is clearly thought out, and cleverly designed, like the asymmetrical fans. When the blades are positioned symmetrically, it created a single, identifiable frequency. But when the blades are positioned asymmetrically, it spreads the sound over a variety of frequencies, which makes it quieter, and nearly imperceptible to the user. Then there's Thunderbolt connectivity. Developed by Intel, Thunderbolt delivers transfer speeds up to 2x faster than USB 3.0, and up to 20x faster than USB 2.0. Thunderbolt has a ... more
For video or photo editing or any kind of graphic design, or "general use, " Mac is definitely supreme. I'm not even talking about specs (though with any Mac, the specs are great), the operating system is just so clean and easy to work with. Especially iWork, which is Apple's version of Microsoft Office (though Office works on Mac).
I know a lot of people think you're paying for the glowing piece of fruit on the back of the computer when you choose Apple. But I think you're paying for the money that has gone into developing a truly advanced, but yet simple to use operating system. That's why more and more people are switching. Saying that the "software is incompatible" is just plain outdated. And you can't deny that they're beautiful computers designed with top quality hardware and specs. But that's just a bonus.
The best thing you can do is get into an Apple store and get your hands on these machines. In my experience, the people working at Apple are very helpful in ... more
Apple is not only the most advanced music player, tablet (most of us can agree on that), and phone (maybe not so many there) but I would buy every apple product possible if they were just a little bit cheaper.
If I ever received an Apple product, I might bash that product up, take a video of me doing that, then send that to Apple. Worst company that comes to my mind. - Feirceraven
Apple is the BEST in the world! Apples are also very yummy!
V 267 Comments Visit Website9
2 Dell
Dell Inc. is an American privately owned multinational computer technology company based in Round Rock, Texas, United States, that develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services.
My Studio XPS 8100 is a solid performance and entertainment computer.
Dell has amazing prices and a variety of different configurations for their computers. They have the best warranty and dominates the other competition. If your computer ever does break(almost never), then you can use the backup restoration and other stuff to fix it.
dell (alien-ware) has a great perfomance than any other computer
Del computers are incredibly easy to fix if they have some kind of problem. They come with backup image restoration and all kinds of crap incase your computer crashes or whatever
Dell laptop has the best design, great performance, good quality hardware and best prices
The Hewlett-Packard Company was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California.
Best brand out there. Solid computer and not over prices like Macs
Most trusted and innovative brand in computing. It has be founded long before Dell and other PC manufactures. It is still one of the biggest PC manufacturer in the world. I am still using 5 10-year old products of HP and they're still running well. HP also has outstanding Customer Support. GO WITH HP FOR THE BEST VALUE AND INNOVATION!
I've had HP computers all my life and have worked with them at computer stores for over 4 years and its the best selling and most innovative hands down.
Impossible it must be in 1st rank. HP is the must trusted brand and has the best comput er ranges. It is only computer brand which give best processors at cheap rates like 6th Generation Intel i7 processors. Now it is also giving 7th Gen intel processors at a lower cost. Windows 10 is a great feature in it. It is the best computer brand. You must shift this to rank 1. It is better than Apple and Dell. The HP Spectre is the best Laptop ever. You must shift HP to 1st rank as it is the best of all.
V 249 Comments Visit Website9
4 Asus
ASUSTeK Computer Inc., (stylized as ΛSUS) is a Taiwanese multinational computer hardware and electronics company headquartered in Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.
Asus SHOULD be number 1 because when I used to have an asus, it NEVER used to say "not responding" with windows vista home premium or windows 7 enterprise. But, I accidentally updated the bios, so it stopped starting.
They make motherboards for almost all laptops listed above. So their own computer are good and you barely get problems
Asus. It's really good. Shouldn't be no.6 it's better then toshiba and acer.. Have you heard of their E Family? Including Asus EPad Transformer Prime [Tablet], and the E PC's Well they make the best. Don't believe me? Search Asus E PC UX21. Its like the worlds thinnest ultra laptop with a i7 core processor. It makes better stuff too, like the E PC X101, netbook as thin as macbook air, Running MeeGO, and you can put Windows7. They work great, last long, and have great quality, slim&Sleek, thin designs. Love it.
Sucks. My laptop broke yesterday, and I got it Monday. What a sack of potatoes.
V 178 Comments Visit Website9
5 Acer
Acer Inc. is a Taiwanese multinational hardware and electronics corporation specializing in advanced electronics technology and is headquartered in Xizhi, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
Have owned and Acer laptop and used it to 110 percent for 5 years before it finally broke down on me. Hardware failure, mostly due to travel though and not to manufacturing or design flaw. GREAT, RELIABLE machine!
Seriously HP has more votes than Acer? Save your money and great a better product that's worth the money.
I have a touch screen acer that rocks!
I think acer should be higher than what it is...
V 104 Comments Visit Website9
6 Lenovo
Lenovo Group Ltd. is a Chinese multinational technology company with headquarters in Beijing, China, and Morrisville, North Carolina, United States.
Aside from Apple, Lenovo makes some of the best, highest quality hardware in the industry. Tough, durable, thin, light - you name it - all in the same package. Thinkpad keyboards have defined the industry standard, and still do. I, personally, wouldn't consider any other manufacturer when choosing a Windows laptop.
1. Apple / Lenovo (impeccable design, quality, and durability)
3. Sony (excellent design, great quality and durability)
4. Alienware (may not win thinness/quietness/battery life awards, but it is powerful, durable and uses the highest quality components available)
5. Toshiba (may not be perceived as cool/luxurious as the others on this list, but Toshiba is one of the very few Win-PC manufacturers who knows how to make practical, well rounded, well balanced systems. No overkill designs that serve zero practical use, no half-assed features. Chances are, if it is included in the system, it will work well. )
HP, Dell, Acer and ASUS do not belong in the ... more
really surprised that its not in the top 5. produces excellent computers, depending on your need- there's one for everyone - jimmy12lee
I have several lenovo computers in my business. Preform fairly well. However, we had one laptop that just kept shutting down on us from day one. At first customer suppost was good - they immediately sent out a box to ship it back to fix it. Returned it in about 2 weeks - STILL NOT WORKING. How hard is it to test it to see if it shuts down when it occurs regularly within 10 minutes? Anyways, has been sent back a second time - took almost a month this time and STILL NOT WORKING. I have been on the phone with them several times - on hold times sometimes as much as over an hour. Extremely poor customer service! Couldn't even find the service ticket at times. I had to put in a formal complaint - was then guarenteed by a supervisor that if it didn't work this past time that they would replace it and gave me his direct number. Well, I've been calling that number and leaving messages every day for the past week. I still have a nonfunctional computer and no response from lenovo... Would NEVER ... more
I have to recommend Lenovo with caution because they lack consistency across their lines. My love affair starts and ends with the long and noble Thinkpad line, it actually started because I am really hard on computers, telephones, will eat just about anything breakable. I drop my laptops from standing height with great frequency and Thinkpads have a roll cages, like racecars do. Their hard drives are often encased with rubber bumpers, the keyboards drain liquid out the bottom of the machine so that if you spill something it will go straight through.
I really cannot afford any new Thinkpads; I am talking about the ones that are buyable on eBay so they're older. They are five years old some even older I have an eight-year-old laptop on his way here right now eBay got was a $2400 computer in 2008 and it is now I got it for $56 and it's a fantastic wonderful laptop with all of the great things Thinkpad starts for. Because they pretty much dominated the entire business sector they ... more
V 103 Comments
7 Alienware
Alienware is an American computer hardware subsidiary of Dell, Inc. Their products are designed for gaming and can be identified by their science-fiction-themed designs.
Alienware has never failed me. The quality of the Pc and the built quality is very advanced. Because Alienware is actually a gaming Pc it is very powerful. A lot of people say its over priced. How can they say that when Apple is number 1? I mean have you seen the specs? They aern't worth 2000 dollars. I could get just as a good Pc, if even better for 600$. That is what I have to say about this. Overall I think Alienware is a very good brand when it comes to Pc's.
WHY IS APPLE NUMBER ONE SERIOUSLY! I HAVE OWNED AN ALIENWARE M18X FOR 2 YEARS AND IT STILL KICKS ASS! MY SISTERS MAC IS NOW BROKE AFTER 6 MONTHS AND SHE DOESN'T EVEN USE IT! IF YOU WANT THE BEST PERFORMANCE MACHINE ON THE PLANET GET ALIENWARE!
The best pc brand out there in my opinion, also the most modern and good loking, should be definitely in the top 3.
I'd say this is the worst but it's still good... doesn't kick ass off the 10 year old mac that STILL runs good
V 85 Comments
8 Sony
Sony Corporation, commonly referred to as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Kōnan Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
I had try and tested sony laptops for a long time now and they don't let me
Down!
Yup Great! VAIO is the way to go if you are looking for a laptop. I will never buy any other brand.
Seriously who said that hp is better than sony do you even know where hp is made in now unlike any other models sony is still manifactured in the same country and is better in making good electronics especially in computers, laptops and wide screen T.V.'s do you know that sony made one of the best gaming consoles today that's why its popular for its unique quality over quantity feature
GREAT COMPUTER. I have used a Sony computer since 2010 and it still works perfectly. It may be a bit slowly but it is perfectly still usable
9 Toshiba
Toshiba Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan.
Toshiba has been very reliable and I trust the brand. The product qualities are amazing and they have a long battery life which has been a problem for me since I use laptops for a long time. The quality never goes down with that brand. Toshiba products all have a big space to save what you would like which comes in handy if you do most of your work on the computer. It is not over priced, yet it is a splendid brand that has, and never will fail to amaze me with its quality and performance. I personally think it is the best brand out here that you shouldn't compare it to any other ones. When charging, it doesn't take a lot of power and it is fast compared to other laptops. Even though I bought a version that isn't very new, it has never broken down or shut down on its own. The perfect brand for you if you love great screens! Toshiba laptops has lots of gadgets that you can install. You will find that they are very useful! Its settings are simple and is not complicated for users, AND as ... more
Toshiba continues to amaze me with their product quality and performance. I own a 1997 Toshiba laptop that continues to work to this day (2010). Sinse that first purchase, I have bought 2 more laptops from Toshiba, both holding up to my high expectations. Their gaming laptops are truely comparable to desk top gaming computers, while still maintaining a useable battery life and mobile utility. What's more, they are equiped with amazing harman/kardon speakers that blow the doors off of other laptops. I am also a major fan of many of the chase designs (toshiba Qosmio X305).
The performance and reliability is like no other. I have owned a Toshiba laptop for 5 years now and I have never had a single problem with performance or hardware. It is simply a brand of awe.
It is waste nothing works correctly
V 56 Comments Visit Website9
10 Samsung
Samsung is a South Korean multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. Its primary products are apparel, chemicals, consumer electronics, electronic components, medical equipment, semiconductors, ships, telecommunications equipment.
Oh dear, I don't know why sumsung is the 16th it should be among the top five it is better than most of the I love sumsung product it fantastic
Samsung is the best at anything they do even if they open restaurants and pet stores they will be the best.
Best computing ever experienced with Samsung Computers...
Worst computer. Super unreliable. When I first bought I had a already installed graphics driver up to date best and it crashes all the time because SAMSUNG COMPUTERS SUK. There are toy kits for making computers which are better than samsung. Super unreliable, slow, and deserves much more hate for its poorly made computers
The Contenders
11 Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services.
Most used brand in the whole world!
The tablet software still feels like it could be improved, but the hardware is good. The Pro's software is better because it can run more applications
Their Surface Tablet are amazing should be #1
Best computer you will get for a long time
V 30 Comments
12 Compaq
I am using compaq desktop computer its very best for gaming and it is a nice computer and it is very easy to use compaq is the best for home and office uses I love compaq
I am using a compaq pc its very easier to use and is service is very good. Whenever my pc is to be fixed I just call the service centre and they are available in just 4 hours
This is the one I use, it is very easy to use. Personally I would rather have a PC than a mac its just a lot simpler to use. I have been using compaq my entire life and I am going to keep it that way! - dragon13304
Sucks. Mine broke in a week and was very vulnerable to viruses. What a piece of junk.
V 23 Comments Visit Website
13 IBM
IBM was the best computer desktop I ever Had got 10years out of it. I had major power surge that killed it.. Some guy fall a tree on a major high power line.. I wish I could buy IBM again it was the best..
Unknown by average users, a mythical computer brand. The quality and durability of their products is unmatched.
(Thinkpads were sold to Lenovo)
I my own experience IBM computers are one of the best brands there is and it's a laptop if you are on business
IBM is a good brand. I had an IBM desktop. I got 7 years from it before a thunderstorm killed it. I miss that desktop.
V 5 Comments Visit Website
14 Gateway
I have a gateway for 2 and a half years and is not the best quality but is very responsive and durable I have use it for gaming and have never let me down every game a play on it run smoothly including dead space in medium graphics
Might as well be as well made as Acer, the only complaint about them is they hold their computers back from lasting as long intentionally, because Acer is either trying to commit suicide, or their stupid enough to believe we'll buy more from them.
I have had one for 4 years and it has always let me down with internet issues. It has been decently reliable for everything else. Also the power button broke, but that might be my fault.
I have used a Gateway computer for 5 years without any problem. Best for gaming, a great motherboard. And I think this is the best computer brand in the world!
15 LG
I love because of its technology and smartness
I don't know, but I didn't like much. I know it smart, but it not better than apple.
Isn't this a washing machine brand?
V 3 Comments
16 CyberPower PC
These computers are amazing. They run fast and look amazing. There are some many option to choose from, because they are CUSTOM computers this needs to be higher on the list
Great brand, I love how you can customize computers to fit what you need. Good for gaming also but I have heard cases of them breaking. They look great though and run very fast.
These computers are custom to your needs, which make the super reliable for what you are doing
Building a PC is a much better option.
18 Panasonic
Panasonic is one of the best brand in the world
Before I think Panasonic is just better in T.V., smartphone,electronics but this time I love this brand because its fantastic
V 5 Comments Visit Website
19 Google
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, and software.
I like Google, when I want to search I choose Google all the time that is the reason that I like it
I feel, Google is on my side. I like it.
Great products from a great brand
I all ways use google. When someone's asks a hard question, the answer is always, " Google it. Doctor Google has all the answers." so why waste your time on anything else?
It even has all other apps which are pretty good as well.
|
IBM
|
Opprobrium refers to a deep form of?
|
21.88 · Aalborg University
Abstract
This chapter provides a logical extension to the understanding of firm-specific advantages and disadvantages and the enabling role of existing and emerging country-specific advantages relevant to the process of Chinese firm internationalization. Its longitudinal perspective considers the changing objectives and actions of firms that enable them to compensate for disadvantages and create new or strengthen existing competitive advantages. The case study evaluation reveals that the evolution of strategic resources is the key motivator behind the internationalization of Chinese firms. Decisively encouraged by the Chinese government firms with corporate entrepreneurship aspire to alter themselves from home market leaders and regional players into globally competing multi-nationals. This process is made possible via the development of firm-specific advantages and continuous compensation for firm-specific disadvantages. The aspiration for strategic asset acquisition from developed countries combined with cost leadership and independent customer-centred innovation brought about strong firm-specific advantages stimulating the internationalization process of firms. The chapter focuses on the interdependence of country- and firm-specific advantages and disadvantages, thus recognizing the significance of the home country institutional context in Chinese outward foreign direct investment. It has been identified that corporate entrepreneurship is a significant firm-specific advantage for firm internationalization being a major force in gaining, accumulating, utilizing and leveraging resources for transforming firm-specific disadvantages into advantages. We argue that if the relational framework between governmental institutions and firms is more developed, the impact of country-specific advantages on firm-specific advantages is more favourable. This assumes that the government espouses an ideology that is favourable to corporate entrepreneurship.
Discover the world's research
The Evolution of Country and Firm Specific Advantages and Disadvantages
in the Process of Chinese Firm Internationalization
Introduction
For a long time China has been attracting a huge volume of inward FDI, the stock
of which has accumulated to US$758.9 billion by 2007 (CIA World Factbook,
2009). More recently outward FDI has grown steadily and in 2008 reached an
annual figure of US$52.2 billion that was in sharp contrast with the global
downturn in FDI flows (Davies, 2009).
A key factor in this shift has been the increasing encouragement of the
internationalization of Chinese firms by the government, which in 2000
announced the “Going out” policy as a national priority (Guangsheng, 2002). The
implementation of this policy is supported by a sizeable trade surplus, a positive
saving-investment ratio and the attempt of the Chinese authorities to increase
income from overseas ownership of fixed assets (Globerman & Shapiro, 2009).
Furthermore, the accumulation of technological and marketing expertise by
leading Chinese firms has accelerated the involvement of other Chinese
enterprises in outward investment (Tong & Li, 2008).
However, Chinese outward FDI has only recently started to attract the
attention of scholars. Studies have addressed the motives, driving forces and
trends of outward FDI from China (Liu & Li, 2002; Deng, 2004; Child &
3
Rodrigues, 2005; Liu et al., 2005; Buckley et al., 2007; Rui & Yip, 2008, Morck
et al., 2008).
As an attempt to account for the success or otherwise of Chinese
internationalization, Rugman and Li (2007) have explored the importance of firm
specific advantages (FSAs) and country specific advantages (CSAs). Little is
known, however, about the evolution of firm and country specific advantages and
disadvantages in the process of internationalization.
With this in mind, the aim of this paper is to identify and analyze changes
in country specific advantages and disadvantages, and firm specific advantages
and disadvantages that have relevance to the process of Chinese firm
internationalization. Unlike previous studies, it will take account of disadvantages
as well as advantages and it will also ground its analysis in six case studies. To
meet its aim, the paper proceeds as follows. First, the relevant theoretical
background is analyzed by summarizing mainstream views on firm
internationalization simultaneously addressing the use of advantages and changes
in competitive disadvantages. Issues pertaining to latecomer firms and their
internationalization are also brought to light. Further on, case study data of
internationalizing Chinese firms are examined. Drawing upon the theoretical
perspectives and case study analysis, the paper offers propositions relating to the
evolution of country and firm specific disadvantages and advantages in the
4
process of firm internationalization. The closing discussion considers the
implications of the study.
2.1. Resource based view of the firm
The resource based view of the firm affirms that internationalization
strategy depends on unique resources in the home country which give the firm a
competitive advantage vis-à-vis other firms operating in a host country (Tan &
Vertinsky, 1996; Teece et al., 1997, Prien & Butler, 2001). Wernerfelt (1984)
defines firm resources as tangible and intangible assets that belong to a firm over
a specific period of time. Resources underpin a firm’s competitive advantage
(Barney, 1991, Peteraf, 1993) depending on the specifics of the competitive
environment (Tallman, 1992; Montgomery, 1995; Brush & Artz, 1999). The
predominant view is that companies exploit their own competitive advantages in
order to extend their operations into new markets (Dunning, 1991). However, this
view overlooks the possibility that firms may also have resources that are
disadvantageous and create firm specific disadvantages (FSDs) when entering
new markets.
This distinction between disadvantages and advantages has been made by
Cuervo-Cazurra and Un (2005), following Montgomery (1995). Advantageous
resources can provide a firm with a competitive edge in the long-term if they are
unique and difficult to replicate by a determined set of competitors (Barney, 1991,
5
Amit & Schoemaker, 1993). Penrose (1959) suggests that key and enduring firm
specific assets form FSAs that might support firm internationalization. Such
advantages could include technological knowhow, marketing capabilities, brand
image, and distribution knowhow. At a given point of time a firm may have
greater strength in regard to some of these advantages compared to others and
indeed it may possess some resources, which inhibit value creation and are
disadvantageous for entering foreign markets (Leonard-Barton, 1992; Tallman,
1992; Hu, 1995; Rangan & Drummond, 2004). Over time there is a possibility
that firm or country specific disadvantages (CSDs) may be turned into firm or
country specific advantages through a process of learning or acquisition of new
knowledge.
Rugman (1981) suggested a CSA/FSA matrix, which was subsequently
explored in relation to emerging market multinationals (Rugman, 2007; Rugman
& Li, 2007). The FSAs are seen as proprietary to the firm, and they can be
technology based, knowledge based, or they can reflect managerial and/or
marketing skills (Rugman & Verbeke, 2003). An important FSA can be
entrepreneurship, which may be particularly significant in creating and mobilizing
other FSAs into dynamic capabilities, as well as creating strategic opportunities
for the firm partly through successful relationships or negotiations with external
parties. There are also country factors, unique to the business in each country that
can provide CSAs. They stem from natural resource endowments, labor force
6
characteristics, cultural and economic factors as well as in some cases an
appealing country brand. Rugman (1981, 2007) argues that managers of
multinationals employ policies that build upon the interactions of CSAs and FSAs
in order to create unique strategic possibilities.
The set of advantages and disadvantages can evolve over time due to the
activities of the firm, the competitive pressure of the environment (Amit &
Shoemaker, 1993), and the impact of institutional change (Child & Tse, 2001).
Thus advantages are both time and context specific. Internationalization might be
triggered by firm’s aspirations to access and develop new FSAs, such as
efficiency or knowledge, superior to those that the firm has in its host country
(Dunning, 1993; Wesson, 2004). At the same time, Cuervo-Cazurra et al. (2007)
have suggested that resources that are a source of advantages in the home market
can become a disadvantage abroad. In short, firm internationalization should be
viewed through an economic, social and political lens (Child & Rodrigues, 2005)
considering the characteristics of the home and host context. Therefore an
institutional view of internationalization, referring to social and political factors,
is a complement to the more usual economic perspective.
2.2. Institution-based view of the internationalization of the firm
The institution-based view argues that institutions, which are a set of formal and
informal rules and their enforcement arrangements (Schmoller, first published in
1900) play the role of creating and enforcing formal and informal constraints on
7
the activities of firms (North, 1990 and 1993; Scott, 1995). Institutions define,
enable and constrain strategic choices made by firms (Peng & Delios, 2006) as
they form the institutional embeddedness of business activities (North, 1990) in a
specific country context. Peng (2003, 2006) has conceptualized the relationship of
firm strategy with the interaction between FSAs, industry conditions and
institutions. He has analyzed choices that companies make as a consequence of
the advantages and limitations of the formal and informal constraints of a
particular institutional framework. Therefore, institutional factors can constitute
CSAs and CSDs. This has been recognized in research on institutional constraints
in internationalization (Lu & Yao, 2006; Ma et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2007; Zhou et
al., 2006; Meyer et al., 2009).
Institutions define the rules and norms for functioning of firms and
industries (Ring et al., 2005; Peng et al., 2008). In developed countries
institutions are considered advantageous if they maintain conditions for the
effective implementation of market mechanisms (Meyer et al., 2009). In emerging
markets institutions are demoted as disadvantageous as they are less developed
and not able to guarantee effective markets. Makino et al. (2004) found that
institutional differences in emerging markets are more salient and that both formal
and informal institutions impact the development of business.
8
A combination of not particularly advantageous CSAs and FSAs has
become to characterize the internationalization of latecomer firms, which have
been seeking assets rather than exploiting existing assets.
2.3. Latecomer Firms
Latecomer firms from emerging markets arguably do not possess many
strong competitive advantages when compared with global rivals (Rui and Yip,
2008). The latecomer perspective provides an interesting insight into how FSAs
could be developed and how latecomers’ internationalization could be used to
compensate for initial competitive disadvantages (Matthews, 2002).
The most important latecomer advantages lie in labor intensive
production, cost leadership, flexibility and speed of adaptation in terms of
production processes and products (Makino et al., 2002). Some latecomer firms
are embedded in a culture, such as Confucianism, that encourages continuous
learning and self development vis-à-vis peers. It should be recognized though that
firms from emerging markets moving into a new host market would have a
number of competitive disadvantages that they should try to compensate for in the
host country context (Child & Rodrigues, 2005). Such disadvantages could range
from lack of knowledge of the market dynamics to lack of technological or
management knowhow. Innovations, knowhow, technology, production process,
marketing and managerial expertise are readily available in developed country
contexts where they could be accessed by latecomer firms. Thus, latecomer firms
9
move into developed markets with the strategic intent to acquire assets with
potential to create competitive advantage.
When latecomer firms move to other emerging market contexts, they seek
markets and resources having some advantages vis-à-vis multinationals from
developed countries. These, coupled with support by governments (Child &
Rodrigues, 2005), enable them to compete against developed-country
multinationals (Dawar & Frost, 1999) in contexts with underdeveloped
institutional environment and market mechanisms (Khanna & Palepu, 1997;
2000).
The internationalization of latecomer firms, including those from China,
presents a challenge to international business theory to focus on the potential
relevance of domestic institutional factors in transitional contexts. It also presents
an opportunity to explore the evolution of FSAs and CSAs in contexts where
formal institutions appear immature from western perspective. Child and
Rodrigues (2005: 404) have recognized the danger of “understating the role of
emerging economy governments in underwriting the process whereby their
leading firms seek to achieve international competitiveness, not least when the
foreign currency reserves for purchasing overseas assets are available”.
Research on latecomer firms highlights the constraints of an imperfect
institutional context (Boisot & Child, 1996; Tsui et al., 2004). Evolving
institutional change and transformation, as well as economic liberalization add to
10
the greater dynamics and uncertainty in the institutional context of emerging
economies. Therefore, government’s strategic objectives, decisions and
involvement have been seen as essential for the internationalization of Chinese
firms (Deng, 2009).
2.4 Analytical framework
The preceding review of theoretical perspectives suggests the framework shown
in Figure 1, which will guide our analysis of the case studies that are now to be
considered.
Figure 1 A framework of the evolution of CSAs/CSDs and FSAs/FSDs influenced
by home country institutional environment
Cheap finance
Availability of land for business development
Preferential treatment for National Champions
Direct encouragement by key politicians
Support for acquiring Chinese underperforming firms
companies
The current study has a theory generating purpose and it draws upon secondary
data in the form of descriptions, case studies, press releases, individual interviews,
corporate and government publications. These have been used to formulate six
case studies. The analysis followed the steps recommended by Yin (1994) and
Eisenhardt (1989). The first step involved presenting and organizing the data in a
case study format. The next step was to code the case data into categories
according to the proposed theoretical model (Yin, 1994). Subsequently, each case
was analyzed separately and independently by the three researchers. All data were
analyzed simultaneously. The explanation building approach, as suggested by Yin
(1994), was employed to increase the internal validity of the relationships.
Discrepancies between case data and expectations called for extended data
collection from previously unused sources and further theoretical evidence was
intentionally sought. Finally cross-case patterns were identified and subsequently
analyzed.
The six case studies were selected to be in global mature manufacturing
industries, i.e. white goods, telecommunications, computing and automotive. All
firms strive to be National Champions. They have market leading positions in the
home market, which have been used in their endeavors to compete globally.
3.1. Case study 1 - Haier
12
The firm was founded in 1955 as a cooperative enterprise. It merged with
a manufacturer of home appliances in 1979. The merged enterprise produced
washing machines of poor quality which lacked market appeal. After 1984, the
company’s fortunes were turned round by its new Director, Mr. Ruimin Zhang, a
member of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The indebted
enterprise on the verge of financial collapse was transformed quickly into the
domestic market leader. Starting outward internationalization as an OEM
1
eventually managed to create a worldwide presence with an internationally
recognized brand name. By 2004, Haier had become the world’s fourth largest
white goods producer. A cumulative shift of objectives has led the firm through
various stages of development. A summary of the evolution of Haier’s FSAs and
FSDs in a timeline since 1984 is presented in Table 1.
***************Insert Table 1 about here**************
3.2. Case study 2 - Galanz
The enterprise started its existence in 1978 as a small garment enterprise
established by a visionary leader with local government support. In 1992, it began
production of microwave ovens and was renamed the Galanz Enterprise Group.
By the end of 1998, it became the biggest producer and the largest exporter of
microwave ovens in the world. By that time it controlled almost three-quarters of
the domestic market with its own brand. In foreign markets, Galanz used OEM
1
We use the term OEM in its original meaning of a company that produces hardware to be sold
under another company's brand name.
13
that utilized its enormous production capacity and cost leadership. The firm
formed partnerships requiring that partners’ production of microwave ovens was
shifted to China. In 2007, Galanz generated sales securing more than 50 percent
of the world microwave oven market. Since 2008, the strategic focus shifted to
independent global innovations targeting world markets via own brand
production. OEM has been preserved on order only. The company has developed
a global network of sales representative offices; established R&D centers in the
U.S.A., South Korea, and Japan developing forward and application technologies.
Galanz has set up manufacturing facilities in Russia intending to extend
production in other emerging markets. A summary of the evolution of the FSAs
and FSDs of Galanz in a timeline is presented in Table 2.
***************Insert Table 2 about here**************
3.3. Case study 3 - Gree
Gree Electric Appliances is the world’s largest residential air-conditioner
manufacturer with 40,000 employees and annual production of 20 million air
conditioner units. The company was formed in 1991 by the restructuring and
merging of several inefficient state-owned enterprises. While initially it imported
Japanese technology from Toshiba, to date Gree has developed its own brand and
advanced technology. Over 2000 research engineers are involved in developing
and enhancing the company’s own world leading energy-saving technology using
knowhow and customer-centered independent innovation.
14
Presently, the firm has production facilities in China, Brazil, Vietnam, and
Pakistan and a technology development partnership with Daikin of Japan. A
summary of the evolution of Gree’s FSAs and FSDs in a timeline is presented in
Table 3.
***************Insert Table 3 about here**************
3.4. Case study 4 - Lenovo
Lenovo (initially named Legend) was set up in 1984 as a spin-off from the
Institute for Computer Technology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The firm
distributed and sold personal computers produced by foreign manufacturers
gaining market intelligence, management skills, and knowhow. To date, Lenovo
is a multinational IT firm with production sites in the U.S.A., China and
Singapore, and research centers in China and Japan. In 2005, Lenovo acquired the
former IBM PC Division, and rights to the ThinkPad line trademark. The
acquisition ensured knowhow transfer from IBM to Lenovo that provided
worldwide access to a global customer base and increased Lenovo’s bargaining
power within the world PC industry. Presently, Lenovo is market leader in the
Chinese PC market and the fourth largest personal computer firm in the world. A
summary of the evolution of Lenovo’s FSAs and FSDs in a timeline is presented
in Table 4.
***************Insert Table 4 about here**************
3.5. Case study 5 - Huawei
15
Established in 1988 with a team of just seven persons, Huawei is currently
a high-tech enterprise specializing in R&D, production and marketing of
communications equipment and providing customized network solutions for
telecommunications carriers. It has seven R&D centers in China, two in the US,
one each in Sweden, India, Ireland, Russia, Indonesia, and the Netherlands.
Internationalization has been the main intent since the early 1990s. The
acquisition of Marconi was a means to obtain advanced technology and provide
access to European markets with their local market intelligence and relationships
with global giant communications companies. Huawei has formed numerous
partnerships with leading multinationals such as ADI, Agere, Altera, HP, IBM,
Intel, Microsoft, and Motorola. These aim to improve corporate management
knowhow, launch joint research activities and improve the time to market of
products. A summary of the evolution of Huawei’s FSAs and FSDs in a timeline
is presented in Table 5.
***************Insert Table 5 about here**************
3.6. Case study 6 - Nanjing Automobile Group
Founded in 1947 as a repair service workshop in the East China Field
Army, it produced light truck vehicles since 1958 to become market leader in the
home market by 1979. Using related diversification via technology acquisition
from global firms, it became a market leader in China’s automotive market by
1982. In 2005, Nanjing purchased the remaining assets of the MG Rover group
16
for £53million. In 2006, the Nanjing-MG project laid the foundations of the
Nanjing Pukou New High Technology Industry Development Zone. In June 2006,
the first batch of MG cars was exported to Europe. In December 2007, Nanjing
Automobile and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation merged. A summary
of the evolution of Nanjing’s FSAs and FSDs in a timeline is presented in Table
6.
***************Insert Table 6 about here**************
4. Propositions
In this section propositions are discussed and formulated on the basis of the
theoretical perspectives introduced in the literature review and the case study
findings. The evolution of advantages and disadvantages at country and firm level
demonstrates that in the process of internationalization, firms and countries use
their current competitive advantages to compensate for disadvantages. In this
way, they create new competitive advantages, which subsequently allow them to
compensate for new challenges or disadvantages arising during the course of their
evolution.
Preparation for active international involvement may entail inward
internationalization (Cavusgil & Naor, 1987; Korhonen et al, 1994; Child &
Rodrigues, 2005), which allow for inward transfer of knowledge, technology,
17
expertise, and managerial knowhow that can subsequently become a basis for
outward internationalization. At the same time, domestic acquisitions and mergers
have also created economies of scale and scope that have prepared the ground for
developing FSAs supporting outward internationalization. In some cases like
Haier such acquisitions were supported by government, though in other cases
government officials have tried to thwart this route to domestic consolidation
(Meyer & Lu, 2005).
An approach to compensate for FSDs applied by companies from emerging
markets is collaboration with overseas MNCs via international joint venture (IJV)
formation and licensing (Lane et al., 2001). Similar to other developing
economies (see for example Lyles and Salk, 1996) IJVs have been used as means
for providing technology transfer at the time of the “Open door” policy in China.
Extant research on IJVs has supplied some support for the transfer of valuable
assets and knowledge such as production technology, managerial skills, and
marketing expertise from MNCs to their local partners (Luo, 2002; Matthews,
2002). Knowledge transfer presumably contributes to the compensation of FSDs
of indigenous firms. IJVs via inward internationalization have limited the
development of technological capabilities of Chinese firms due to the propensity
for indigenous firms to become overdependent on joint ventures for innovative
capabilities (Gao, 2004; Li & Zhou, 2008). Thus relying on compensation for
18
FSDs via transfer from overseas partners can create the foundations for, but
cannot ensure, endogenous and sustainable innovation in Chinese enterprises.
If an internationalizing firm from emerging markets has FSDs, it may attempt to
acquire strategic resources such as technology, design, and brands from
companies in developed economies (Schüler-Zhou & Schüler, 2009). This is
needed as the firm does not always have the capabilities or resources to turn FSDs
into FSAs on its own or in partnership with foreign firms in its home country. The
acquisitions may take a variety of forms such as direct knowledge acquisition,
acquisition of production facilities or acquisition of human capital and knowhow
when setting up R&D centers in host markets. According to Frost (2001) firms set
up R&D centers overseas to overcome locational disadvantages of the home base
by tapping into locational advantages overseas. Wang (2002) reports that 70% of
Chinese research subsidiaries are based in developed economies. Many of those
are R&D centers exploring opportunities for technological advancements, product
and design innovation. Thus outward FDI is pulled towards unavailable,
complementary and compatible resources, especially in the form of knowledge
that can be used as a stepping stone to accelerate independent innovation.
Compensating for FSDs has become key priority for the Chinese firms and
government. The rapid internationalization of Chinese companies into developed
economies attempts to reduce the gap by acquiring needed capabilities (Wesson,
2004) with the intention to use them for independent internal learning.
19
All firms from the case studies demonstrated initial FSD in the form of a lack of
production and technological knowhow. To compensate for this FSD Haier, Gree,
Galanz, and Nanjing Automotive Works licensed technology from world leading
MNCs from developed countries. Later on, Galanz entered into IJVs to expand
original equipment manufacturing (OEM) and become the world’s biggest
supplier of a single product category. Gree followed a route of internal learning
and only when it developed core technology outperforming that of world leading
producers, did the enterprise enter into a comprehensive strategic alliance for
global strategic cooperation and form an IJV with Daiking from Japan. Haier
started on the basis of OEM, but quickly developed its own technological
advantage and formed IJVs for market access in developing countries. Following
this, they used partnerships, greenfield investment and acquisition of production
facilities in developed countries. Lenovo and Huawei compensated for their initial
FSD by distribution agreements and IJVs that enabled them to start production
and supply of the Asia-Pacific market. Huawei later went into a number of
partnerships and the acquisition of Marconi brought advanced technology and
access to European markets and relationships with global communications
carriers. Lenovo also used an acquisition of the PC Division of IBM for
technology, management and market intelligence. Unlike Huawei, Lenovo also
got access to the IBM-Lenovo brand for several years as well as the rights over
the ThinkPad trademark.
Another initial FSD typical for all firms is the lack of brand recognition. The case
companies dealt with this FSD in two ways. Haier, Gree, and Huawei developed
their own brand mostly through internal technology development based on
technology transfer, innovation and independent learning. Consequently these
enterprises aimed at developing their own brands with worldwide appeal. By
contrast, Lenovo and Nanjing bought brand intangibles from companies with
global brand recognition. Galanz is the only case among the six in which own
brand development has been deterred by the strategy of OEM. The company has
only recently embarked upon developing international consumer brand equity of
their product category, encouraged by the Chinese authorities and the impact of
the global economic crisis.
The initial FSD of liability of foreignness is compensated for most successfully by
Haier via a glocal strategy securing their presence in most markets served. Galanz
have lagged behind as they have not been able to develop their own standing in
global markets, i.e. their presence has been hidden behind the brand names of
other company and store brands due to their OEM strategic orientation. Huawei,
Lenovo, and Nanjing have managed to compensate for their liability of
foreignness via targeted acquisitions and exploitation of world-known brands.
Therefore:
P1: FSDs can be compensated for in the international arena via transfer (joint
ventures, licensing, etc.), acquisition (e.g. technology, design, brand, etc.), and
internal independent learning (Child & Rodrigues, 2005; Rugman and Li, 2007).
4.2. The influence of government on the evolution of FSAs
Institutional theory suggests that formal institutions in emerging economies play a
major role in supporting the international expansion of enterprises. Luo et al.
(2010) argue that government support for outward FDI helps compensate for the
late-mover FSDs of emerging market MNCs such as a lack of unique capabilities
and a liability of foreignness.
The role of government in a communist party driven political system is greater
than that of governments in developed market-based societies. The Chinese
government has defined the direction of development of Chinese enterprises from
the “Open door” policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to the policy
of “Going abroad” endorsed by Jiang Zemin in the early 2000s. Most recently, in
his speech for the 60
th
anniversary of the People’s Republic of China, the
President Jintao Hu has announced a policy shift from “made in China” to
“created in China” in order to lead the country to an innovation-driven economy.
In 2004, the State Development and Reform Commission and the Export-Import
Bank of China began to promote the formation of overseas R&D centers, and
mergers and acquisitions to compensate for CSDs and enhance the FSAs of
Chinese enterprises (WIR, 2006). The quality of outward FDI is encouraged and
22
closely monitored by the government in terms of investment direction and
performance, and its contribution to the national economy.
Child and Rodrigues (2005) as well as Deng (2004, 2007) have emphasized that
the Chinese government uses state foreign exchange reserves in directing outward
FDI to developed countries. Moreover, preferential credits have been offered by
state banks to promote outward FDI. The Chinese government has also
recognized the need for independent innovation that is based on acquired
knowledge, which has been extended by intensive and persistent own R&D effort
(Yuan, 2005). This objective is typical of the National Champions that
government is said to transform into modern world-class corporations. This is also
a process pursued by firms with different ownership structures, including SOEs,
collective and private enterprises, which strive to gain government support in the
form of tax rebates and low interest or interest-free loans (Luo et al., 2010).
All case study companies have received government support for the acquisition of
tangible and intangible strategic assets over time. The support has been in line
with government policies, which initially allowed firms to acquire technology and
quality control systems or initiate production via purchase or partnerships in the
form of strategic alliances and IJVs. Support has also been in the form of
preferential loans, tax rebates, risk-safeguarding mechanisms, signing up of
investment protection agreements with 115 countries (Luo et al., 2010), and direct
governmental influence in shaping the investment expansion into developed and
23
emerging economies, as well as providing a comprehensive business support and
information system. Such government support and evolving policies have allowed
firms to compensate for FSDs systematically and over time as changes in firm
FSDs and FSAs have also informed government financial support and investment
priorities. Therefore:
P2: FSDs can evolve into FSAs, assisted by government policies and financial
support.
4.3. Impact of CSAs on the development of FSAs
The evolution of CSDs into CSAs affects the home market business environment
in which firms operate. When initial disadvantages are compensated for and
turned into advantages, these assist domestic firms in using the CSAs to develop
their FSAs. Thus by exploiting China’s CSAs in cheap, unskilled and skilled
labor, Chinese MNCs have internationalized. Formal institutions create conditions
for the evolution of CSDs into CSAs that can improve the international standing
of a country. For example, China’s greater bargaining power vis-à-vis foreign
governments can negotiate favorable terms when rescuing failed western firms
such as Rover. Rugman and Verbeke (2003) suggest that FSAs and CSAs are
critical parameters in describing and explaining the patterns of international
expansion of an MNC. The emergence of FSAs is influenced by the home CSAs
(Krishna et al., 1997) embedded in the interface of home country resource
endowments, demand conditions and industry characteristics (Porter 1990). It
24
could be argued that CSAs are the foundation on which MNCs develop FSAs in
global competition.
Initial CSAs included government policies to attract inward FDI on the basis of
inward internationalization via licensing and IJVs that could potentially
strengthen Chinese FSAs over time. CSDs that dealt with regulatory restrictions
on firms going abroad in relation to approvals required and restrictions on foreign
stock market listings; limited knowledge of foreign environments leading to
strong liability of foreignness; and the unfavorable national image for being
“cheap and nasty” have evolved into CSAs over time. Thus the country has
developed advantages in offering low cost funding for foreign expansion,
willingness to relax regulatory restrictions on the build-up of relevant domestic
strengths, reorientation of official ideology towards internationalization, support
for acquisition of supporting activities abroad (e.g. purchase of part-ownership of
foreign banks) and negotiation with foreign governments of terms favorable to
presence of Chinese firms in emerging regions such as Africa.
The evolution of CSDs into CSAs has created favorable conditions for FSAs that
are associated with firm internationalization. This evolutionary process has
supported inward internationalization through IJVs with OEMs; has made finance
available for diversification in foreign markets; has encouraged firms to learn and
adopt more effective modes of organization; has enhanced firm’s ability to
acquire foreign assets, giving access to international brands, technologies, markets
25
and distribution systems, and knowledge. Moreover CSAs emphasizing
knowledge exploration and exploitation have set the pre-conditions for the
growing ability of enterprises to innovate independently. Therefore:
P3: The evolution of CSDs into CSAs creates a favorable environment for the
development of FSAs relevant to firm internationalization.
4.4. Importance of the relational framework between governmental institutions
and firms
Political economists have long recognized the important role of formal institutions
in developed economies as regulators of the national economy and the
competitive environment in which businesses operate (Rugman & Verbeke, 1993;
Murtha & Lenway, 1994). On their part, businesses impact the institutional
environment by their ability to support national development (Boddewyn &
Brewer, 1994). Such an understanding of the role of businesses, formal
institution, and of governments in particular, has been justified by Moran (1985)
and Boddewyn (1988) who have suggested that the interdependence of business
and government creates a supportive environment for firm internationalization.
One of the characteristics of a highly institutionalized environment, such as
China’s, is that the intensive involvement in business affairs of government
agencies and the Communist Party creates the conditions for strong “relational
frameworks” between institutions and organizations (Scott and Meyer, 1983).
Paradoxically, strong relational frameworks do not just provide channels for
26
officials to exert influence; they also provide potentially valuable access to the
authorities through which enterprise leaders can hope to modify unfavorable
CSAs. In the case of major enterprises such as the six enterprises featured here,
the links that constituted relational frameworks included membership of key
government committees, visits to the enterprises by key government figures, and
other regular meetings. They were supported ideologically by the favorable
publicity accorded to the firms in the officially-controlled media. Their corporate
entrepreneurship was celebrated so long as it did not threaten to become too
autonomous from Party control. Although the dynamics of such enterprise-
government interactions are highly confidential, there is little doubt that they
assisted the development of CSAs in a way that has supported
internationalization. Notable examples include the relaxation of rules on
domestic consolidation through acquisition in order to achieve economies of scale
for internationally competitive low-cost production, as in Haier’s case, and the
provision of finance on favorable terms for the acquisition of major overseas
assets, such as Lenovo’s purchase of IBM’s PC division. Therefore:
P4: The more developed the relational framework between governmental
institutions and firms, the more favorable the impact of CSAs would be on FSAs.
4.5. The role of entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is “concerned with the discoveries and exploitation of profitable
opportunities” (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000: 217). Therefore, entrepreneurial
27
management entails an understanding of the importance of being opportunistic,
strategic, and innovative. The actions of an entrepreneurial corpora leader can be
one way in which institutional support is gained and developed. Baumol (1993)
suggests that corporate entrepreneurship should be analyzed by particularly
focusing on the nature of the institutional arrangements that encourage the
exercise of entrepreneurship and that provide incentives for it to take productive
direction. Thus, in order to develop FSAs or compensate for FSDs, it is important
for a firm to exploit the opportunities created by the interplay between the
government and corporate entrepreneurship (Child & Rodrigues, 2005). Corporate
entrepreneurial leadership promotes internationalization in close relationship with
the government (Zhang & Van den Bulcke, 1996). Chinese corporate
entrepreneurship is long-term oriented and represents a combination of
opportunity seeking and strategic behavior (Hitt et al., 2001; Child & Rodrigues,
2005) that can secure advantages in firm internationalization. Child and
Rodrigues (2005) have also argued that institutional entrepreneurship at
government level is important in the case of Chinese firm internationalization.
Institutional entrepreneurship is associated with the role of the government in
identifying opportunities overseas and in providing funds for enterprise
internationalization.
Four of the case study firms bring evidence about the important role of corporate
entrepreneurship on firm level. Thus Haier and Gree have been led by visionary
28
corporate entrepreneurs who have mobilized resources and developed firm
strategies based on quality improvement, introduction of innovation,
establishment of technological leadership, management innovation, and own
brand creation and development. The entrepreneurial leader of Galanz has
managed to develop economies of scale that coupled with the innovative OEM
formula have resulted in a world leadership position of the firm in the production
of microwave ovens. Corporate entrepreneurship at Huawei has turned the
company from a home market distributor to a world leading provider of
telecommunication services. In all of these companies entrepreneurial leaders
have been carefully monitored, listened to and encouraged by government
officials. State leader visits to the production facilities have become synonymous
with government appreciation of enterprise leadership and their contribution to
the development of the Chinese economy. Such direct support is particularly
evident at the time when the case companies had already become established
national players. In the cases of Nanjing and Lenovo, institutional
entrepreneurship coupled with corporate entrepreneurship has created conditions
for technological upgrading, strategic asset acquisition and enhanced international
market positions. Moreover, corporate entrepreneurship in all six cases has been
helped by the political standing of firm managers who are members of the
Chinese Communist Party. Such position of authority has provided additional
support both at national and local institutional level. The firms’ CEOs have been
29
trusted advisors to the local and central government on business development
issues that relate to the global reputation and competitiveness of China. Therefore:
P5: Corporate entrepreneurship is a significant FSA for internationalization so
long as it is tolerated, encouraged and assisted by government.
5. Discussion and conclusions
This study provides a logical extension to the understanding of the evolution of
CSAs and CSDs, and FSAs and FSDs that are relevant to the process of Chinese
firm internationalization. It demonstrates the importance and impact of the
institutional context in which firms are embedded. Specifically, the case study
evaluation reveals the following findings. Supported by empirical evidence, we
argue that the evolution of strategic resources is the key motivator behind the
internationalization of Chinese firms. Decisively encouraged by the Chinese
government firms with corporate entrepreneurship aspire to alter themselves from
home market leaders and regional players into globally competing multinationals.
This process is made possible via the development of FSAs and continuous
compensation for FSDs. The aspiration for strategic asset acquisition from
developed countries combined with cost leadership and independent customer-
centered innovation brought about strong FSAs stimulating the
internationalization process of firms. Successfully internationalizing enterprises
such as Haier, Huawei, Gree, and Lenovo, which have invested in developed
30
countries with a particular intention to develop R&D centers, have based their
FSAs on innovation and technological advancement. The research brings
evidence that the six studied firms had well-developed institutional relationships
with the government, economies of scale, product innovation capabilities,
capacities to develop market intelligence, and established leadership positions in
the home market. These common FSAs have facilitated the internationalization
process of the firms by creating preconditions for the development of other FSAs
and compensating for existing FSDs. Firms that sought strategic assets wished to
gain sustainable FSAs over time.
All case firms create advantages via accessing unavailable, complementary and
compatible resources, especially in the form of knowledge that can be used as a
stepping stone to accelerate independent innovation. FDI that has been used to
compensate for initial disadvantages has been attracted by the country specific
advantages in the form of a low-cost production base and large internal market.
Subsequently, disadvantages have been compensated via outward FDI being
pulled by strategic resources available overseas with a push by the corporate
entrepreneurial management and state institutions. Such FDI has further enhanced
the firm and country specific advantages.
We have discussed the advantages and disadvantages of internationalizing
Chinese firms. The paper makes the following contributions to the literature. First,
we focus on the interdependence of CSAs and FSDs and FSAs, thus recognizing
31
the significance of the home country institutional context in Chinese outward FDI.
Further studies could explore the role played by both home and host country
institutional environment as suggested by Cuervo-Cazurra and Genc (2008). We
argue that the Chinese government has had a key role in defining the direction of
development of Chinese enterprises. Thus an active involvement as a party of the
relational framework with respective institutions has a positive contribution
towards the evolution of FSAs. Second, the paper recognizes that corporate
entrepreneurship is a significant FSA for firm internationalization. Corporate
entrepreneurship is a major force in gaining, accumulating, utilizing and
leveraging resources (Floyd & Wooldridge, 1999) for transforming FSDs into
FSAs. It ensures that firms develop new products, advanced technologies,
strategies, management and marketing approaches that can provide firms with a
sustainable position in the global competitive space. Further studies could explore
the differences in institutional support and encouragement towards corporate
entrepreneurship in firms with different ownership structure. Third, we argue that
if the relational framework between governmental institutions and firms is more
developed, the impact of CSAs on FSAs is more favorable. This assumes that the
government in question espouses an ideology that is favorable to corporate
entrepreneurship. In China’s case, it took some twenty years since the start of the
Economic Reform for this to come to full fruition with respect to
internationalization. Although it is a considerable challenge to access relevant
32
data, further study of how country (macro) and firm (micro) factors can
constructively co-evolve in this way would provide valuable insights both for the
agents of public policy and enterprise managers aiming to create strategic space
for their firms.
Amit, R. & Shoemaker, P. (1993) Strategic assets and organisational rents. Strategic Management Journal, 14: 33-46.
Barney, J. (1991) Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17: 99-100.
Baumol, W. (1993) Entrepreneurship, management and the structure of pay-offs. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Boddewyn, J. (1988) Political aspects of MNE theory. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall: 341-363.
Boddewyn, J. & Brewer, T. (1994) International business political behavior: New theoretical directions. Academy of
Management Review, 19(1): 119-143.
Boisot, M. & Child, J. (1996) From fiefs to clans and network capitalism: Explaining China’s emerging economic order.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 600-628.
Brush, T. & Artz, K. (1999) Toward a contingent resource-based theory: The impact of information as ymmetry on the
value of capabilities in veterinary medicine. Strategic Management Journal, 20(3): 223-250.
Buckley, P., Clegg, J., Cross, A., Liu, X., Voss, H. & Zheng, P. (2007) The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct
investment. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(4): 499-518.
Cavusgil, S. T., & Naor, J. (1987). Firm and management characteristics as discriminators of export marketing activity.
Journal of Business Research, 15: 221–235.
Child, J. & Rodrigues, S. (2005) The Internationalisation of Chinese firms: A case for theoretical expansion? Management
and Organization Review, 1(3): 381-410.
Child, J. & Tse, D. K. (2001) China’s Transition and its implications for international business. Journal of International
Business Studies, 32: 5-21.
CIA World Factbook (2009) www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2078rank.html, Visited
November 4, 2009.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. & Genc, M. (2008) Transforming disadvantages into advantages: Developing country MNEs in the
least developed countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 39: 957-979.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A., Maloney, M. & Manrakhan, S. (2007) Causes of the difficulties in internationalization. Journal of
International Business Studies, 38: 709-725.
Cuervo-Cazurra, A. & Un, C. (2004) The bold eagle cannot find its way in the rainforest. In S. Prasad and P. Ghauri
Global firms and emerging markets in an age of anxiety. London: Praiger: 15-36.
Davies, K. (2009) While Global FDI Falls, China’s Outward FDI Doubles, Colombia FDI Perspectives, 5, May 26.
Dawar, N. & Frost, T. (1999) Competing with giants: Survival strategies for local companies in emerging markets.
Harvard Business Review, 77(2): 119-129.
Deng, P. (2004) Outward investment by Chinese MNCs: Motivations and implications. Business Horizons, 47(3): 8-16.
Deng, P. (2007) Investing for strategic resources and its rationale: The case of outward FDI from Chinese companies.
Business Horizons, 50: 71-81.
Deng, P. (2009) Why do Chinese firms tend to acquire strategic assets in international expansion? Journal of World
Business, 44: 74-84.
Dunning (1991) The eclectic paradigm of international production: A personal perspective, in C. Pitelis & R. Sugden (Eds)
The nature of the transnational firm, Routledge, London and New York, pp.117 - 136.
Dunning, J. (1993) Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Addison Wesley: New York.
Eisenhardt, K. (1989) Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14: 532-550.
Floyd, S. & Wooldridge, B. (1999) Knowledge creation and social networks in corporate entrepreneurship: The renewal of
organizational capability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(3): 123–143
Frost, T. (2001) The geographic sources of foreign subsidiaries’ innovations. Strategic Management Journal, 22(2): 101-
123.
Gao, P. (2004) Shaping the future of China’s auto industry. McKinsey Quarterly, 3: 123-126.
Globerman, S. & Shapiro, D. (2009) Economic and strategic considerations surrounding Chinese FDI in the United States.
Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26(1): 163-183.
Guangsheng, S. (2002) Speech at the 16
th
Congress of the Communist Party of China, People’s Daily, November 13.
33
Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Kemp, S. & Sexton, D. (2001) Strategic entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial strategies for wealth
creation. Strategic Management Journal, 22: 479-491.
Hu, Y. (1995) The international transferability of the firm’s advantages. California Management Review, 37(4): 73-88.
Khanna, T. & Palepu, K. (1997) Why focused strategies may be wrong for emerging markets? Harvard Business Review,
75(4): 41-51.
Khanna, T. & Palepu, K. (2000) The future of business groups in emerging markets: Long-run evidence from Chile.
Academy of Management Journal, 43(3): 268-285.
Korhonen, H., Luostarinen, R., & Welch, L. S. (1994) Inward–outward internationalisation patterns and government
policies for Finnish SMEs. Paper presented at the Annual Nordic Marketing Conference, University of Umea,
November.
Krishna, E., Sanjeev, A. & Kim, S. (1997) Are firm-specific advantages location-specific too? Journal of International
Business Studies, 28: 735–757.
Lane, P., Salk, J. & Lyles, M. (2001) Absorptive capacity, learning and performance in international joint ventures.
Strategic Management Journal, 22: 1139–1162.
Lee, S.-H., Peng, M. & Barney, J. (2007). Bankruptcy law and entrepreneurship development: A real options perspective.
Academy of Management Review, 32(1): 257–272.
Leonard-Barton, D. (1992) Core capabilities and core rigidities: A paradox in managing new product development.
Strategic Management Journal, 13: 111-126.
Li, J. & Zhou, C. (2008) Dual-edged tools of trade: How international joint ventures help and hinder capability building of
Chinese firms. Journal of World Business, 43, 463-474.
Liu, H. & Li, K. (2002) Strategic implications of emerging Chinese multinationals: The Haier case study. European
Management Journal, 20(6): 699-706.
Liu, X., Buck, T. & Shu, C. (2005) Chinese economic development, the next stage: Outward FDI? International Business
Review, 14(1): 97-115.
Lu, Y. & Yao, J. (2006) Impact of state ownership and control mechanisms on the performance of group affiliated
companies in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(4): 485–503.
Luo, Y. (2002) Stimulating exchange in international joint ventures: An attachment-based view. Journal of International
Business Studies, 33: 169–181
Luo, Y., Xue, Q. & Han, B. (2010) How emerging market governments promote outward FDI: Experience from China.
Journal of World Business, 45: 68-79.
Lyles, M., & Salk, J. (1996) Knowledge acquisition from foreign parents in international joint ventures: An empirical
examination in the Hungarian contest. Journal of International Business Studies, 27: 877–903.
Ma, X., Yao, X. & Xi, Y. (2006) Business group affiliation and firm performance in a transition economy: A focus on
ownership voids. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 23(4): 467–483.
Makino, S., Lau, C. & Yeh, R. (2002) Asset-exploitation versus asset-seeking: Implications for location choice of foreign
direct investment from newly industrialised economies. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3): 403-421.
Matthews, J. (2002) Competitive advantages of the latecomer firm: A resource-based account of industrial catch-up
strategies. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 19:467-488.
Meyer, K., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. & Peng, M. (2009) Institutions, resources and entry strategies in emerging economies.
Strategic Management Journal, 30(1): 61-80.
Meyer, M. & Lu, X. (2005) Managing indefinite boundaries: The strategy and structure of a Chinese business firm.
Management and Organization Review, 1 (1): 57-86.
Montgomery, C. (1995) Of diamonds and rust: A new look at resources. In C. Montgomery (Ed.) Resource-based and
evolutionary theories of the firm: Towards a synthesis. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 251-268.
Moran, T. (1985) Multinational corporations: The political economy of foreign direct investment. Lexington, MA:
Lexington Books.
Morck, R., Yeung, B. & Zhao, M. (2008) Perspectives on China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment. Journal of
International Business Studies, 39: 337-350.
Murtha, T. & Lenway, S. (1994) Country capabilities and the strategic state: How national political institutions affect
multinational corporations’ strategies. Strategic Management Journal, 15: 113-129.
North, D. (1990) Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
North, D. (1993) Economic performance through time, Nobel Prize Lecture. Available at
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1993/north-lecture.html, visited November 7, 2009.
Peng, M. (2003) Institutional transitions and strategic choices. Academy of Management Review, 28(2): 275–296.
Peng, M. (2006) Global strategy. Cincinnati: South-Western Thomson.
Peng, M. & Delios, A. (2006) What determines the scope of the firm over time and around the world? An Asia Pacific
perspective. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management, 23(4): 385-405.
Peng, M., Wang, D. & Jiang, Y. (2008) An institution-based view of international business strategy: A focus on emerging
economies. Journal of International Business Studies 39(5): 920–936
Penrose, E. (1959) The theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peteraf, M. (1993) The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal,
14(3): 179-191.
34
Porter, M. (1990) The competitive advantage of nations. New York, NY: The Free Press.
Prien R. & Butler, J. (2001) Is the resource based view a useful perspective for strategic management research? Academy of
Management Review, 26: 22-40.
Rangan, S. & Drummond, A. (2004) Explaining outcomes in competition among foreign multinationals in a focal host
market. Strategic Management Journal, 25(3): 285-293.
Ring, P., Bigley, G., D’Aunno, T. & Khanna, T. (2005) Perspectives on how governments matter. Academy of
Management Review, 30(2): 308–320.
Rugman, A. (1981) Inside the multinationals: The economics of internal markets (New York: Columbia University Press).
Reissued by Palgrave Macmillan in 2006 as Inside the Multinationals (25th Anniversary Edition) (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan).
Rugman, A. (2007) Multinational Enterprises from Emerging Markets. Presented at the Berlin Roundtable meeting on the
Role of the G8 in an Endangered Global Economic and Political Climate, Berlin June 1-2, 2007.
Rugman, A. & Li, J. (2007) Will China’s multinationals succeed globally or regionally? European Management Journal,
25(5): 333-343.
Rugman, A. & Verbecke, A. (1992) A note on the transnational solution and the transaction cost theory of multinational
strategic management. Journal of International Business Studies 23(4): 761-772.
Rugman, A. & Verbeke, A. (2003) Extending the theory of the multinational enterprise: Internalization and strategic
management perspectives. Journal of International Business Studies, 34: 125-137.
Rui, H. & Yip, G. (2009) Foreign acquisitions by Chinese firms: A strategic intent perspective. Journal of World Business,
43(2): 213-226.
Schmoller, G. (first published in 1900) (second publication 1990) Simmels Philosophie des Geldes. In Georg Simmel,
edited by P. U. Hein. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Schüler-Zhou, Y. & Schüler, M. (2009) The internationalization of Chinese companies: What do official statistics tell us
about Chinese outward foreign direct investment? Chinese Management Studies, 3(1): 25-42.
Scott, W. (1995) Institutions and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scott, W. & Meyer, J. (1983) The organization of society sectors. In J.W. Meyer & W.R. Scott (eds.) Ritual and
rationality. Beverley Hills: Sage: 129-154.
Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000) The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management
Review, 25(1): 217-226.
Tallman, S. (1992) A strategic management perspective on host country structure of multinational enterprises. Journal of
Management, 18(3): 455-471.
Tan, B. & Vertinsky, I. (1996) Foreign direct investment by Japanese electronic firms in the United States and Canada:
Modeling the timing of entry. Journal of International Business Studies, 27(4): 655-681.
Teece, D., Pisano, G. & Shuen, A. (1997) Dynamic capabilities and strategic management, Strategic Management Journal,
18(7): 509-533.
Tong, T. & Li, J. (2008) Real options and MNE strategies in Asia Pacific. Asia Pacific Journal of Management. 25: 153–
169.
Tsui, A., Schoonhoven, C., Meyer, M., Lau, C. & Milkovich, C. (2004) Organization and management in the midst of
societal transformation: The People’s Republic of China. Organization Science, 15(2): 133-144.
Wang, M. (2002) The motivations behind China’s government-initiated industrial investment overseas. Pacific Affairs,
75(2): 187-206.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984) A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2): 171-180.
Wesson, T. (2004) Foreign direct investment and competitive advantage. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
WIR (2006) FDI from developing and transition economies: Implications for development. New York and Geneva:
UNCTD.
Yin, R. (1994) Case study research: Design and methods. Second edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Yuan, W. (2005) China’s government R&D institutes. Science, technology and society, 10(1): 11-29.
Zhang, H. & Van den Bulcke, D. (1996) International management strategies of Chinese multinational firms. In J. Child
and Y. Lu (Eds.) Management issues in China: International enterprises. London: Routledge: 141-164.
Zhou, K., Tse, D. & Li, J. (2006) Organizational changes in emerging economies: Drivers and consequences. Journal of
International Business Studies, 37(2): 248–263.
35
Timeline of the Evolution of FSDs and FSAs of Haier
Timeline Objective FSDs Actions FSAs
In 1984 Lack of production and
technological knowhow
|
i don't know
|
What Caribbean dance shares its name with a religious concept of somewhere between heaven and hell?
|
New spins to Heaven vs. Hell [Archive] - RPGnet Forums
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 11:40 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I've got two ideas: a Lovecraftian approach (forum.rpg.net/showthread.php?t=316460), and if Heaven's soldiers wear white and Hell's legions wear red, a third force would wear black: Death. Though perhaps Death would be neutral, playing more the role of valkyries and vultures, picking up the pieces of the fallen.
Lugh
03-18-2008, 11:52 AM
There have also been a number of interpretations where the fey form a third side. Though, generally, they try to remain neutral in the big dance, at worst operating as mercenaries and arms dealers.
It might also be interesting to run a campaign in which the Abrahamic God has declared the End of Days, but, say, the Hindu gods disagree. Especially if the PC party is made up of champions of other religions, attempting to stop the events of the Book of Revelations.
yalborap
03-18-2008, 11:59 AM
Well, I had a story concept a while back that shifted things away from a 'vs' scenario. Basically, it had two characters, who through trickery managed to best a god and the big devil himself. This left one as the overlord of hell, and the other with immense power from bureaucratically-corrupted heavens.
Oddly, they were the two main heroes, and the heavens-dude was more anti-heroish than the hell-dude.
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 12:07 PM
It might also be interesting to run a campaign in which the Abrahamic God has declared the End of Days, but, say, the Hindu gods disagree. Especially if the PC party is made up of champions of other religions, attempting to stop the events of the Book of Revelations.
This is digressing off of my own topic, but the In Nomine campaign And I Feel Fine (http://www.sjgames.com/in-nomine/articles/new/GMs/Adventures/aiffintro.html) have a very interesting twist on the place of the Hindu deities in the End Times, as well as what the Antichrist does (he reveals himself openly, instead of relying on everyone having not read anything by Hal Lindsey or the Left Behind novels like most Antichrists). Of course, In Nomine has its own particular cosmology.
EarthScorpion
03-18-2008, 12:30 PM
I'd recommend, as inspiration, this little fiction, called Armaggedon (http://bbs.stardestroyer.net/viewtopic.php?t=118771). Essentially, the on-average Bronze Age societies of Heaven and Hell, with incredibly tough foot-soldiers, are in a Cold War, essentially, and have a deal over the Earth, and how they split up human souls. Suddenly, Heaven declares it is full, and hands all of the Earth to Hell's dominion.
The humans do not appreciate this, and after they are provided with evidence of Yahweh's existence, and a lot of the population lies down and dies, they proceed to show the Bronze-Age armies of hell the effects of modern military technology.:D
Spook
03-18-2008, 12:36 PM
I've had similar ideas, except set a bit earlier.
Before the creation of man, but after the light was seperated from Darkness, Heaven was under siege.
From below the dead things that lived in the Darkness threw themselves upon the Agelic legions.
and from above, the Host of Faerie spun chaos against the Word.
So the City of God is beset on two sides each enemy matchs the Angels strength, but unlike them the Dead and the Fae are seemingly without number, and eventually the bastion of Creation will fall under chaos and death.
this is of course where the PC's come in.
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 12:36 PM
I've seen it, and am somewhat following it, but I'm not a fan of Stuart Slade's work in general, so that's why I didn't bring it up. How many chapters before the U.S. pulls a Stars and Stripes Forever over the nerfed idiot demons and ends up storming through the pearly gates to put a reborn Curtis LeMay on the Celestial Throne? Next.
Axiomatic
03-18-2008, 12:52 PM
Here's my proposal - the War in Heaven was actually started by a third, unknown party known only as the Other. Satan's rebellion, the fall of a third of the Heavenly Host and the subsequent war over earth and mankind's souls, they were all engineered to embroil everyone in a costly and weakening war.
The Other was not powerful enough to destroy the forces of Heaven or those of Hell, but it has been gathering strength for six thousand years while Heaven and Hell have been wasting theirs on a futile war whose only purpose was to render them blind and deaf to all else.
Now, the Other has judged that the time has come to wipe the universe clean of angels and devils. Both sides are punch-drunk and reeling from the blows they have dealt each other. The time has come to reap.
Oblivious ignorant elf
03-18-2008, 12:52 PM
The third faction can be a pagan-esque faction of elemental spirits, chaotic and primal.
Or it can be a faction of Olympian-like gods that adhere to their own, barbaric code of honour.
Or both.
For example, four(!) different factions:
The One God - singular god of great power, demands obidience and spirituality, served by angels.
The Primal Godess - can be benelovent but harsh. followers try to be in touch with their primal natures. served by nature spirits.
The Lord of the Earth - haughty patriarch, demanding obidience and sacrifices. promotes passion, violence and ambition. served by mythical beings and lesser gods.
The Enemy - schemeing manipulator that hates all the other factions. tempts humanity away from them with promises of power. served by fallen beings of other factions.
Greg 1
03-18-2008, 01:03 PM
Right now I am writing up a setting in which human mages combat the forces of Heaven and Hell in the name of humanity. They call themselves the Rebellion and have existed throughout human history. Heaven and Hell are viewed by them as being two terrible sides of the same coin, alien forces who act from incomprehensible motivations. Heaven is seen as entirely arbitrary, while Hell seeks to torture humanity. Nobody is sure why they act as they do - Angels never speak and Demons lie. Nobody had ever seen God or Satan and it isn't certain that they exist. The mages are pretty sure that Jesus was a real person, but they disagree strongly about his nature.
It will eventually be finished and posted to the RPGnet Wiki, but it isn't ready yet.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 01:07 PM
For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell.
If you're dealing with a Judeo-Christian worldview, you can't really work a third party in there. There isn't room for one.
So you're going to have to step outside of that to a large degree and cut a chunk off of both sides to create your new player in the game. You could, perhaps introduce Entropy as a third party - a side that has complete nihilism as an end goal and that operates more or less dispassionately (at least as regards the traditional good/evil) split.
Axiomatic
03-18-2008, 01:08 PM
If you're dealing with a Judeo-Christian worldview, you can't really work a third party in there. There isn't room for one.If we were dealing with THAT, we wouldn't be gaming it, because there isn't room for the PCs to do anything meaningful either, and at any rate all the metaplot has already been written and cannot be altered, so why bother?
Accaris
03-18-2008, 01:11 PM
Here's my take on Heaven & Hell:
In a bleak, wartorn, far future Earth, religious quasi-Abrahamic fundamentalism became a stratified social and political force. "Heaven," "Hell," "God," and "the Devil" all became constructs of social control so strong, that eventually, faith became reality.
God eventually manifested himself as an omnipotent, faceless, unseen figure in control of a brutal World Government, manipulating the lives of citizens both directly and indirectly through his followers. God uses his "angels," mechanically and genetically modified seraphim who are the distant descendents of human beings, to assert total control, and he himself (or perhaps just the man behind the curtain) manipulates the vast worldwide electronic network that evolved from the 21st century's "internet:" by accessing all but the most secure devices and information sources, He knows all and sees all.
God promises salvation as a method of instilling psychological dependence, and as a result, he dominates most of what remains of civilization. His promise--"Heaven"--is the ultimate destination for His followers, those most loyal to serving Him; a rumored golden paradise city free from war, crime, and disease, where normal citizens are told to somehow "ascend" to immortality.
"The Devil" is the man who said No. Rumored to once be God's left-hand man, from the dark recesses of the underworld, the Man In Black fights a gruesome guerilla war against the forces of Heaven. They say no one has seen his face and lived to tell about it; they say he knows every secret of how God's network operates; they say he even knows the location of Heaven. To God's followers, the Devil is an incarnation of chaos, the only obstacle to a world of perfection and harmony, and that he corrupts honest citizens into going against God's will with promises of freedom. Forced to hide in the smoldering, abandoned abyss beneath a ruined metropolis, the Devil has amassed a formidable legion of "demons," the mutants, drug addled miscreants, criminals, and soldiers cast out of God's perfect world. The Devil's goal: nothing less than to topple the Ivory Tower and expose it for the sham it really is.
If any of the Devil's followers are caught, they get dragged off to "hell," a hidden maximum security concentration camp where the "damned" are sentenced to unremitting torture and re-education.
Then there's the third side, the Syndicate: Heaven doesn't want them and Hell are afraid they'll take over. An unseen network of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and scientists left over from when the Illuminati imploded during World War 4, the Syndicate gathered together to consolidate whatever power and resources they could scavenge from the remainsof the war between Heaven and Hell. They don't believe God really exists. The Syndicate Chairmen of the Board--a group comprised of former international financiers, Fourth Reich Nazi officers, unimployed five-star generals, and a brilliant physicist or two--have well-secured proof that God is a political construct run by their former rivals from behind the scenes, with the Devil probably just a deluded Che Guevera leading a half-assed ragtag biker gang.
The Syndicate have spies everywhere, and they are masters at espionage and secrecy, covertly converting wayward ideologues to fuel their cause. With more and more of their "employees" hiding in plain sight everyday, the Syndicate wants to relieve the glory days of the Illuminati, culminating with the eventual invasion of Heaven itself, and the subsequent dissolution of Hell. Oh, and that flying saucer that hovered over the remains of New London the other day? That was probably them.
Random Goblin
Nobilis has some extra sides.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 01:38 PM
If we were dealing with THAT, we wouldn't be gaming it, because there isn't room for the PCs to do anything meaningful either, and at any rate all the metaplot has already been written and cannot be altered, so why bother?
I mentioned it because the OP used the word "Abrahamic", which denotes two clear sides to the conflict. I assumed he wanted to keep the basic structures of the Judeo-Christian Heaven vs. Hell paradigm intact, but add a third party. I noted the difficulty up front to say that if you wanted to do that, you were going to have to change the essential structure of the world view.
mindstalk
03-18-2008, 02:05 PM
Ars Magica has four Realms -- Heaven, Hell, Faerie (which in 5th edition is largely shaped by human beliefs, though found 'nature' away from human habitations) and Magic. It's not a 4-way *struggle*, and the pagan Faerie gods are pretty outclassed, but you've got the sides. And Faerie as a "thing off to the side" is somewhat traditional, cf. the ballads Thomas the Rhymer of Tam Lin.
Brust's novel _To Reign in Hell_ revises Miltonian history, with survival against Chaos being the big theme. Novel ends with Yahweh and his brainwashed angels occupying the big 'Heaven' of Earth, with Satan, Lucifer, and other rebels presumably in a much smaller and fragile ad hoc shelter, and trying to penetrate Earth and/or win support from the humans (whose mana is minuscule, but presumably valuable en masse.) I imagined an archangel Titania working with Lucifer to devise a third way, a shelter that tried to work with Chaos in a controlled fashion rather than just walling it out, though this 'Faerie' ends up creeping most people out.
It's not pseudo-Abrahamic, but Exalted does a fine job of having Heaven, Hell, Oblivion, and Chaos as conflicting sides, with real motivations.
San Dee Jota
03-18-2008, 02:14 PM
How about this for a twist....
Something happened. Something big. The media rambles on about super-string knots, but the scientists don't really know. The angels and demons seem just as confused as everybody else. Scholars used to debate over how many angels you could fit on the head of a pin without ever finding any answers. Nowadays, we can deal in concrete numbers. INS estimates there's 250,000 in California, not to mention about 210,000 demons. I'm not sure how many can fit on the head of a pin though.
About nine months back, there was a series of... events. Painless births, talking animals, rains of blood, skies of fire. Some was wonderful, some was terrible. All of it nearly drove the nation to panic. And then things seemed calm. And then we noticed them. Cherubim and seraphim, imp and quasit. The first few months were pretty scary really. For all sides. Angels who only knew perfection and beauty had to deal with the real world. Demons who knew only suffering and isolation had to deal with the real world. And mankind had to teach them how to live together, with man, when man himself had never been able to do so.
You'd have thought that the various religions would have been thrilled to talk with angels. But it seemed like every angel contradicted some tenant of their faith. Some knew nothing of Christ, and instead followed strict Talamudic law. Others knew of him, but were too "socially liberal" to appeal to anyone outside of a few quasi-cults. And then there were the Hindu angels.... I remember some radio preacher nearly having a nervous breakdown over that one. Not that the atheists fared much better the first time an angel brought a man back to life.
The demons weren't as bad as people feared though. Sure, one of them killed the Amazing Randi for shirking on the bet, but as a whole they're just as confused and lost and unique as the angels. One of them even makes the media circuit; a dominatrix from some Chinese Hell of Being Whipped or another. That said, they've had a much harder time adjusting to the world than the angels have. People figure "a demon's a threat to human life and salvation, so it's okay to kill a demon". Problem is, demons act for the most part like somebody who just lost a crappy job but didn't have anything else to fall back on. At least most of them do.
As for the official response.... We're still adjusting. Angels and demons alike are protected by civil law. Turns out there's a -lot- of good lawyers on both sides, and once the legal firms started hiring the best, they managed to keep the congressional courts fairly well tied up. Hate crimes and discrimination apply to demons (and angels), same as anyone else. Murder is still murder, despite whatever God's law or kharmaic justice dictate. And affirmative action applies to angels and demons as well as anyone else. It'll be interesting to see what happens in Iraq once we get some genuine angels over there.
---------------
Wish I was a better writer. Anyway, the idea is something like In Nomine meets Alien Nation, with mankind in the middle.
Varyar
03-18-2008, 02:21 PM
I mentioned it because the OP used the word "Abrahamic", which denotes two clear sides to the conflict. I assumed he wanted to keep the basic structures of the Judeo-Christian Heaven vs. Hell paradigm intact, but add a third party. I noted the difficulty up front to say that if you wanted to do that, you were going to have to change the essential structure of the world view.
I wouldn't go that far. In real world medieval legend, there's a story about the third faction of angels who stayed neutral in the war between Heaven and Hell. (Sadly, the only version of the story I've been able to find is in Old English - CS Lewis mentions it in The Discarded Image, though). As mentioned, they were believed to be the ancestors of fairies, etc.
And there's the Prophecy series with Christopher Walken as an independent Gabriel, at least in the first movie or two.
Wolfwood2
03-18-2008, 02:22 PM
Hmmm.
Suppose that there was a rebellion in Hell? Just as Lucifer once rebeled against God, so now is someone rebelling against him. This new leader doesn't give a shit about all the old treaties between Heaven and Hell, but if he wants his own territory there is only one place left to go.
Earth.
So this new demonic leader leads legions of devils and damned souls (who were more than happy to volunteer if it gets them out of eternal suffering) to earth and takes over a good chunk of it.
You get strange things like the anti-anti-Christ, the New Church of Earth, and an afterlife you can sign up for. Heaven militarizes, offering absolution if you'll kill in the name of the lord. Lucifer declares he threw the rebels out and doesn't want them back.
Greg 1
03-18-2008, 02:23 PM
This is an interesting twist.
You'd have thought that the various religions would have been thrilled to talk with angels. But it seemed like every angel contradicted some tenant of their faith. Some knew nothing of Christ, and instead followed strict Talamudic law. Others knew of him, but were too "socially liberal" to appeal to anyone outside of a few quasi-cults. And then there were the Hindu angels.... I remember some radio preacher nearly having a nervous breakdown over that one. Not that the atheists fared much better the first time an angel brought a man back to life.
So what happens to religion, both human and angel / demon alike? Does humanity largely abandon religion? Do they stick to their religions and regard angels with other views as being demons in disguise? And what do angels think of other angels with different views?
Also, how powerful are angels and demons and how does that change human society?
motivational poster
God says "Its the end times and your all Dammed"
Man says "fuck that" and kills the messenger with nuclear weapons.
Satan says "Just as planed"
CasperLions
03-18-2008, 02:38 PM
Well...
Besides Heaven and Hell, there's still the spirits of the material plane (I'm thinking more body-possessing djinn type spirits that accumulate lots of mortal influence and wealth), the grigori angels who were exiled to the Earth, and their nephilim children concieved by human women.
If you want to complicate things...
The Company stands for something. An unnamed (but not nameless) principle of order to the universe. But the Company's involvement with a war-torn region called Earth has always complicated this mission.
Mr.Morningstar was serving as the Ha-Satan, or Chief Prosecutor, in the department managing Earth. However, because he believed that the locals weren't worthy of help he sent one of his agents, Gadriel, to start a militia in order to make the populace seem more unfriendly then they were really were, to try to get the Company to pull out.
This fraud got found out and Mr.Morningstar, who had a fearsome reputation as a most dedicated prosecutor, called "The Dragon" by his peers, and those in his conspiracy were fired. At first he formed a rival company and many jumped over from the Company to help him, but eventually it was shut down and everyone who helped it all caught and exiled to the region known as Hell.
Mr.Morningstar and his fellow expatriates have taken over Hell, forming a government with such local members as Mammon and Belial. However there are many political factions within Morningstar's government - some who want to take over the Earth region, some who want to attack the Company directly, and others would want to use indirect methods to get the Company out of Earth. There's also an independent Hell party that want the foreigners out and hate collaborators like Mammon and Belial.
There's also a rogue sub-corporation of the Company, Watchers Inc., running covert operations in Earth. They have deep ties to a local militia group called Nephilim.
The Earth locals have other factions as well, which is where things get really complicated. Company managers Mr.Cross, Mr.Crescent, and Mr.Star run different sections of the region, and have unwittingly been sponsoring different partisan groups, some fringe factions of which engage in terrorism against the others.
The partisan group in favor of helping the ex-Company Hell government in order to be allowed to rule sections of Earth for themselves are a minor and poorly organized faction in Earth politics, and it's really the chaos of Earth locals using Company aid to fight each other that's causing the problems, which is exacerbated by the black flag operations of Hell. Not to mention Watcher inc. and a local corporation, Material Lmtd., each trying to secure future political power in Earth for themselves.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 03:09 PM
I wouldn't go that far. In real world medieval legend, there's a story about the third faction of angels who stayed neutral in the war between Heaven and Hell. (Sadly, the only version of the story I've been able to find is in Old English - CS Lewis mentions it in The Discarded Image, though). As mentioned, they were believed to be the ancestors of fairies, etc.
And there's the Prophecy series with Christopher Walken as an independent Gabriel, at least in the first movie or two.
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
Misery Rex
In my Brave New World Game there was indeed three sides.
Heaven
Hell
Humanity
Heaven was ruled by a despotic overlord who had very strict standards on who got into his realm and brooked no disobedience.
Hell was lead (not ruled) by The Morningstar, a tarnished figure who had lost her true love (Yahweh) and was trying to build her army by making humanity just tainted enough not to meet the rigid and unchanging requirements to get into heaven.
Then there were the humans, caught between, trying not to become pawns or be destroyed by either faction, hindered by the traitors who sided with the celestials. Slowly building a power base of supers to challenge the angels of both sides.
Of course there were factions, within those, including the followers of Christ, The son of Yahweh and Morningstar who had denounced both sides, threw his lot in with humanity and tried to end the war peacefully...and failed.
I liked the whole split in heaven being both political (Freedom vs Oppression) and a broken romance (Lucifer and Yahweh) with the rebellious son (Jesus) trying to save his parents and humanity only to be tragically slaughtered in the crossfire.
Wields-Rulebook-Heavily
03-18-2008, 03:47 PM
The war is over. It's been over for a while. Hell lost, nominally.
Unfortunately, Hell has become very much its own thing. While the Angels watch and the Demons mourn their fate, Hell goes on with its duty-to keep the damned for eternity.
Better a ruler in hell, right? Especially when no one else is keen on doing anything with the place. The damned took over and now some of them are getting mighty tough. Many try to live up to their "demonic" image, even going so far as to think of themselves as demons. The actual demons, in the meantime, are stripped of their rank and are known only as the fallen, doomed to invisibly watch the world as it reviles them. The Angels can do nothing, yet, for reasons only the most high knows.
But that doesn't really satisfy anyone. The fallen want theirs back. The angels don't want two powers at work that despise them. The damned want what they had in life. Some cracks, loopholes and rulebreaking later, each side has agents on Earth. Who knows where it might go from there?
Eric Tolle
HEAVEN
HELL
The UN Peacekeeping Force assigned to separate the two combatants, and make sure the various spiritual 'Safe Havens; aren't touched. War criminal hunts will start as soon as we get organized...
Becuase every high fantasy world is improved with U.N. peacekeeping troops.
Alvin Frewer
03-18-2008, 05:06 PM
In this war, light and heat will determine the winners. The glorious glare, the unrelenting heat. The congregation in their homes, going about their days, will be faced with a decision to change the course of the universe.
On one side, we have the forces of light. The shining white gate behind them. With their loving Father looking over them, even He doesn't get involved in the battle for Creation. His advice and gentle hand have played their part. Now His children must play theirs.
On the other side, from their dark, fetid dwelling, pouring forth from gates of rusted iron, the hound of hell drooling at their side. They have only their cunning and sense of rebellion behind them, but they also have a bloodthirst not seen before.
One war. One street. Unlimited cups: 5 cents each.
Lemonade Final Stand.
Rand Brittain
03-18-2008, 05:12 PM
As long as the angels aren't snotty prigs, I'll be satisfied. If you're going to tell a story about the celestial, inhuman servants of pure good, tell a story about the celestial inhuman servants of pure good.
committed hero
03-18-2008, 05:24 PM
A setup like Lukanyenko's Night Watch trilogy. Good or Evil can only act if they are willing to let the other side balance out. Sometimes one side tries an end run when they think the other isn't watching. In the middle are the Watchers, charged with keeping the balance - maybe they can be corrupted by the qlippoth who want a second chance at creation.
Lethe
03-18-2008, 05:32 PM
The Damned
When the war broke out between Heaven and Hell, there were Angels who refused to choose sides. Some were pacifists, others cowards. Some had allies on both sides and refused to choose.
After the dust settled and God cast Lucifer and his angels down, he also barred the gates to Heaven from those who refused to take sides. Lucifer, likewise, would have nothing to do with these angels.
Now they wander the Earth, trying to stop the war from reaching any type of clear conclusion because if Heaven wins, they'll forever be shut out from paradise. If Hell wins, well, Lucifer isn't likely to look kindly on angles who refused to side with him, angels that could have made a difference.
Some among "the damned" have grown to enjoy life on earth and actively work to foil plots of both Heaven and Hell in order to keep a balance. Others continue to try to buy their way into Heaven or Hell. Rumors circulate that others have Big Plans for how to change the nature and outcome of the war altogether, whether that means setting up their own paradise on earth, fusing Heaven and Hell and the mortal world together, or attempting to end everything as a form of revenge.
shanoxilt
03-18-2008, 09:17 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
Did you consider Purgatory or Limbo? Do those count as parts of Hell?
Ikrast
03-18-2008, 10:46 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
In the Perelandra series, specifically in That Hideous Strength, Lewis gets about as close as anyone ever managed, to fit neutrals into a Christian framework. Of course, he goes to great pains to point out that the premise is fiction, and even in the context of the story, he argues that neutrality used to be an option, but no longer really is. And I think he only went to that extent so he could have fun pitting Merlin against the N.I.C.E.
This approach won't help the original poster a lot, but I don't see a way to make the idea of a third side fly anyway. The premise is, it's communion with God, or the highway, and the devil chose the latter. No matter how many sides you postulate, if they reject God, they are just choosing ther same highway, just another form of devil. Anything you do to work around that does so much violence to the basic concept that you might as well stop talking about God, devil, heaven and hell entirely. But hey, it's a game, it doesn't have to be internally consistent in philosophical terms...
Omegatron
Maybe it's the DnD Exalted cocktail that is my brain, but.
Demons/Devils - Hell - "Ultimate Evil"
03-19-2008, 01:25 AM
If you want a really weird religious based book, look up "Towing Jehovah".
As to a third faction, I like the idea that humanity gets sick of being caught between two egotistical dictators and forms a third faction dedicated to knocking both in the head and freeing itself to be what it can be without influence from either.
AmesJainchill
03-19-2008, 01:30 AM
I've had similar ideas, except set a bit earlier.
Before the creation of man, but after the light was seperated from Darkness, Heaven was under siege.
From below the dead things that lived in the Darkness threw themselves upon the Agelic legions.
and from above, the Host of Faerie spun chaos against the Word.
So the City of God is beset on two sides each enemy matchs the Angels strength, but unlike them the Dead and the Fae are seemingly without number, and eventually the bastion of Creation will fall under chaos and death.
Heaven as The Last Redoubt from William Hope Hodgson's The Night Land.
Awesome.
Spawn is the third faction. :D
Jokes aside:
What if heaven and hell had to unite against mankind because they've grown too powerful and can be manipulated no more by either side?
Petter W�ss
03-19-2008, 03:31 AM
I don't really cara what the factions are as long as I get demons ripping apart tanks and angels going blade-to-missile with jet fighters.
Greg 1
03-19-2008, 04:35 AM
The Damned
Now they wander the Earth, trying to stop the war from reaching any type of clear conclusion because if Heaven wins, they'll forever be shut out from paradise. If Hell wins, well, Lucifer isn't likely to look kindly on angles who refused to side with him, angels that could have made a difference.
This is interesting. So do you see The Damned as PCs? If so, what do you see them getting up to? If they are NPCs, how do you forsee them being used?
Greg 1
03-19-2008, 04:37 AM
As to a third faction, I like the idea that humanity gets sick of being caught between two egotistical dictators and forms a third faction dedicated to knocking both in the head and freeing itself to be what it can be without influence from either.
That is, more or less, the setting I'm writing up now. The big difference is that the human faction is composed of mages operating in secret.
Kakita Kojiro
03-19-2008, 07:46 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
You could have your three-way division be:
1. heavenly hosts, led by Metatron the mind of G-d
2. adversarial demons, such as Lilith or Pazuzu or Ba'al Moloch (drawn from Mesopotamian gods-turned-demons)
3. Qliphothic entities, of a failed or replaced former creation
That'd be nicely Abrahamic.
Or, go a little later, and set distant G-d against the gnostic Demiurge Ialdabaoth, with fallen Lucifer as the spoiler.
LuxVeritatis
03-19-2008, 08:01 PM
Everyone knows that the good go to Heaven, and the wicked to Hell. Simple, right? Not so much... the humans don't know it, but both afterlives have standards. Heaven only takes the truly virtuous, Hell is reserved for the darkest of souls.
What happens to the rest? No-one knew. If the angels and the demons ever thought about it, they just assumed that they reincarnated, or dispersed into nothingness. Either way, not a problem, right?
Wrong. All the other souls? They've been going Somewhere Else. Call it Limbo, maybe. In some ways, it might be worse than Hell... At least in Hell, you know you deserved it. All the souls in Limbo know they've been denied a proper afterlife. Shunted off to the Celestial Waiting Room, where you've read all the magazines before, and they weren't interesting the first time. And some of the dead have been there A Very Long Time indeed.
Now, though, someone's found a way out. They're coming back. And they are pissed off.
Lethe
03-19-2008, 08:48 PM
This is interesting. So do you see The Damned as PCs? If so, what do you see them getting up to? If they are NPCs, how do you forsee them being used?
Definitely PCs. They're too damned ("Damned"..."damned" get it? man, I crack myself up:p) interesting not to be.
I foresee them getting up to all sorts of things.
You could break them down into three basic groups.
Demons are those who have grown to enjoy life in the mortal world. They might enjoy leading mortals into temptation, protecting mortals from the evils of the world, carving out their own little "fiefdom" on earth, or playing mercenary for Heaven, Hell, or both.
Reconcilers are those who desperately want back into Heaven, or maybe even Hell. Maybe they research the Biblical text for some arcane way to be redeemed or bend the rules to enter Heaven or Hell. Maybe they work as cronies for one side or the other in the hopes that they'll be let back in.
Usurpers want to remake the world in their image. Maybe they want to take God down for throwing them out of His kingdom when all they really did was refuse to kill, and wasn't that the right thing to do? Maybe they want to take over Hell or form an alliance with Lucifer and turn Hell into something better than Heaven. Maybe they want to merge Heaven and Hell with the mortal world in order to make something far better, or far worse.
Conrad Gray
You could have your three-way division be:
1. heavenly hosts, led by Metatron the mind of G-d
2. adversarial demons, such as Lilith or Pazuzu or Ba'al Moloch (drawn from Mesopotamian gods-turned-demons)
3. Qliphothic entities, of a failed or replaced former creation
That kind of dovetails with the third side being Lovecraftian beastlies thing. Though in that I had always imagined the demons as being charmers and tempters, not so much as legions of rampaging chaos-Diablo.
Doctor,Wildstorm
03-20-2008, 12:22 AM
I had this idea for a world where the rapture happened and god(yhwh) prepares to let it turn into anti-christ ruled ball of crap, when the old out of style classical gods say no.
See, now that most of the christions and muslims are gone, the big G isn't top banana anymore.
The classicals(scion gods plus hindu and some other major faiths) have enough power to put the world back as it was.
Then things get rather fantasy-ish, as monsters,magic and other ancient wonders fill the earth.
San Dee Jota
This is somewhat off the cuff here, and liable to change.
Continuing to riff on In Nomine meets Alien Nation though....
So what happens to religion, both human and angel / demon alike?
After a lot of initial chaos and confusion, things calm down. Sorta'. The Archangel Michael sided with the Catholic Church, acting as an official "advisor" to the Pope, but still subordinate. Gabriel however divides her time between leading a small African American Southern Baptist choir and calling Muslims to prayer at a nearby mosque. Lots of people don't like how she handles herself, but nobody has the guts to argue with an Archangel. Yet.
Demons on the whole avoid religious institutions altogether. A small few of the spiritually masochist types offer themselves as targets of social (and occasionally physical) abuse, to lure people further into the sins of bigotry and fear. A surprisingly growing number however have claimed to convert to various faiths, seeking peace and a new beginning in this world. How much of this is true, and how much of it is just a demon trying to just get people to leave him alone is up to debate.
The key thing that surprised everyone however, is that there seems to be no single "right" answer. The angels and demons alike all claim to know "the Truth", but they don't actually agree as to what that Truth is. They don't fight over it, much, as such conflicts have a tendancy to escalate and not really accomplish much. The angels, usually, agree they want to help people, and the demons, usually, agree they're all looking out for themselves. Big brawls don't usually help anyone, and they end up costing more than they gain. In practice, this means that Gabriel tends to avoid Hindu angels, and Michael tends to avoid Gabriel. And demons just look to playing whichever side gives them the best gain, for as long as it does so.
Does humanity largely abandon religion?
Religion is based on faith. Having angels and demons running around strengthens the faith of millions across the world. Having angels and demons contradict everything people believed weakens the faith of millions across the world. The end result for human faith is a wash.
Some people refuse to accept that any of this is real of course, and believe that both angels and demons are really space aliens or transdimensional beings that manifest themselves based on human expectations. Others actively try to enact ancient, and not so ancient, rituals to summon and command these beings; occult texts, New Age books, and old RPG manuals are still going for a small fortune on eBay these days as global militaries, intelligence agencies, and armchair goetics try to harness divine power. So far nobody's admitted to having any luck.
The biggest reaction has been in the media however, as a paparazi and reality programming feed an insatiably curious world. The clip of "Through Krolomech's Eyes" where Krolomech vomitted dead kittens on Paris Hilton has received 8 millions hits on YouTube. "Chocolate Rain" by Taz Zonday still has it beat by a great deal however.
Do they stick to their religions and regard angels with other views as being demons in disguise?
Some would, some wouldn't. When Michael raises a dead child in the name of the Father and the Son, to renew hope and strengthen Christian faith, speculation runs rampant that the kid is the anti-christ. Britney Spears doesn't have paparazi as bad as the poor kid, and Michael tends to let the dead stay dead after that fiasco.
And what do angels think of other angels with different views?
It varies from individual to individual. The really militant ones either keep quiet or tend to go out in a mass slugfest. The greater majority put helping people above theological disputes. Fortunately, the more powerful angels are in the "help people first" camp, but that could change.
Also, how powerful are angels and demons and how does that change human society?
Again, it varies. Demon Lords and the least of imps alike are loose, as are two of the Archangels as well as cherubs and cherubim. What's more interesting than their "super powers" is how well they integrate with society. Currently, the most powerful demon in the world is a highly successful economist with connections and resources worldwide. She single-handedly is providing 18% of the funding to relief actions in Africa, including some long term projects. Why would a demon do this? Besides worldwide popular support with humanity, it also has the protection of pretty much any angel against any demon that would try to horn in on its operations.
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
Kakita Kojiro
03-20-2008, 12:26 PM
That kind of dovetails with the third side being Lovecraftian beastlies thing. Though in that I had always imagined the demons as being charmers and tempters, not so much as legions of rampaging chaos-Diablo.
While it is certainly a common trope to equate the Qliphoth with Lovecraftian "Things Man Was Not Meant To Know", from outside time and space and all that... I don't think it's strictly required.
The essential concept of the Qliphoth is that it was a failed creation, denied the presence of G-d (since it essentially failed in expressing an emanation of G-d). So Qliphothic beings should be different from beings we'd recognize from creation, but no need for them to be unknowable. Probably better not, if one is going for "Abrahamic." Stick to old-school, and make them chimeric monsters -- the Qliphoth could be the source of scorpion-men, hundred-armed-men, dragons, etc. All the things that Don't Fit Here, but knowable for being annoyed and irascible at having been left out of creation.
mindstalk
03-20-2008, 02:09 PM
Vertigo comics seem like possible inspiration. You've got Heaven/Hell, plus pagan gods shaped by belief out of the Dreaming, not to mention the Endless and Triple Goddess themselves, and faeries. Lucifer introduced the shapeless and the Silk Man, outsiders or refugees from previous creations. It's all more complex than Miltonic theology, but not much more so than folk Christianity or cabbalistic Judaism -- right, you've got Lilith and her Lilim running around too, half-human demons who aren't fallen angels, just pissed.
Gargoylewing
Well, Lovecraftian Horrors are an idea...
I like the idea of Witchcraft:
There are Angels, the Seraphim. And there are their servants, the Ethereals.
And there are Devils, the Deamons. With them their wardogs, the Fiends.
And Death and his ferrymen and his peers are more a plot device, servants of the order of our world. The shady afterlifes on the other hand are not directly connected to him. Something here in Creation is not working right...
There are nature spirits and object spirits form our physical world, while elements dip into our world from their own elemental planes, and elementals are the inhabitants of them, but summonable.
And still there are the Mad Gods and their servants, lovecraftian beings from other planes and dimensions, some trying to get a foot in the door of Creation.
But, what about this:
Luzifer the Morningstar was thrown in Hell with his followers, then starting his "Better reign in Hell" policy, taking large parts of it over and drowning his sadness about having lost in the blood of those suffering here.
But, aside from lowest Imps emanating from the Abyss itself, Hell was not that empty...
Malik the Zebani, the Guardian of those tortured in Hell, and most loyal servant of his G-d, is not happy about Azazil the Shining Morningstar (now called Iblis which means "the disappointer") annecting the torture chamber he has to guard in the name of Him.
But as angels, neither Malik nor his fellow Zebani (watchmen angels of Hell) can act against G-d and thus leave Hell, nor can he do much against the Satan, as he is one of those created of flame and thus is blessed with kind of a free will, so Malik can't use his strongest argument ("it's Allahs will !") alone...
But he can use those Damned still being tortured in his part of Hell, as he only does his job instead of enjoying more and more torturing of those damned like Satan does, so there should be some volunteers being afraid of Luzifer, as "agents" and "soldiers", as long as they don't leave any Hell (they are not allowed to and Malik can't let them go as he was not created to disobey).
So we have damned souls fighting for their damnation as alternatively they would end up as Lizifers playthings...
Anyone wanna roll up a character...?;)
Thus, we can include a fair part of islamic angelic folklore (Malik is an Angel from Qo'ran) into our Judeo-Christian dualism.
Brousseau
03-20-2008, 09:30 PM
The God of Abraham is not "God" any more than "Coke" is "Beverage". The god of Abraham is just one of many Middle Eastern desert deities. What separates him from the others is his success from a marketing point of view. He gained a large share of the Israelite market with the Pillar of Fire/Exodus campaign and he finally gained a monopoly in the Jewish market when he got Moses to act as his spokesman and he smashed the golden calf. He went from one of many small local brands to a regional powerhouse, but he was still limited to the Judean market. Then he comes up with a brilliant scheme to "grow the brand" and introduces God 2.0: Jesus. He goes from being the god of the Israelites to being the Judeo-Christian God and gains a big presence in the European market. His massive marketing machine either drives his smaller competitors out of business or absorbs their assets (a few holidays and pagan traditions) into his own brand. Next thing you know, God's brand name has grown so big that it's seen as the only game in town. Your only source for thinking that God is the Supreme Being who created the universe is his own marketing campaign. There are others who disagree and offer other opinions on who is the supreme creator, but they get ignored by fans of God. The same way people don't really pay any attention to small "no name" brands of cola as being inferior to the one true Coke, even if they taste those other brands and find that they taste just as refreshing, they are still seen as "not the real thing".
Heaven vs. Hell is a big conflict, but it's not the only thing going on (although they would like you to believe that). Coke vs Pepsi is also a huge conflict, but there are many other beverages that are not involved in their conflict (although there are a surprising number of "other beverages" that are actually owned by one side or the other).
Doctor,Wildstorm
This is somewhat off the cuff here, and liable to change.
Continuing to riff on In Nomine meets Alien Nation though....
After a lot of initial chaos and confusion, things calm down. Sorta'. The Archangel Michael sided with the Catholic Church, acting as an official "advisor" to the Pope, but still subordinate. Gabriel however divides her time between leading a small African American Southern Baptist choir and calling Muslims to prayer at a nearby mosque. Lots of people don't like how she handles herself, but nobody has the guts to argue with an Archangel. Yet.
Demons on the whole avoid religious institutions altogether. A small few of the spiritually masochist types offer themselves as targets of social (and occasionally physical) abuse, to lure people further into the sins of bigotry and fear. A surprisingly growing number however have claimed to convert to various faiths, seeking peace and a new beginning in this world. How much of this is true, and how much of it is just a demon trying to just get people to leave him alone is up to debate.
The key thing that surprised everyone however, is that there seems to be no single "right" answer. The angels and demons alike all claim to know "the Truth", but they don't actually agree as to what that Truth is. They don't fight over it, much, as such conflicts have a tendancy to escalate and not really accomplish much. The angels, usually, agree they want to help people, and the demons, usually, agree they're all looking out for themselves. Big brawls don't usually help anyone, and they end up costing more than they gain. In practice, this means that Gabriel tends to avoid Hindu angels, and Michael tends to avoid Gabriel. And demons just look to playing whichever side gives them the best gain, for as long as it does so.
Religion is based on faith. Having angels and demons running around strengthens the faith of millions across the world. Having angels and demons contradict everything people believed weakens the faith of millions across the world. The end result for human faith is a wash.
Some people refuse to accept that any of this is real of course, and believe that both angels and demons are really space aliens or transdimensional beings that manifest themselves based on human expectations. Others actively try to enact ancient, and not so ancient, rituals to summon and command these beings; occult texts, New Age books, and old RPG manuals are still going for a small fortune on eBay these days as global militaries, intelligence agencies, and armchair goetics try to harness divine power. So far nobody's admitted to having any luck.
The biggest reaction has been in the media however, as a paparazi and reality programming feed an insatiably curious world. The clip of "Through Krolomech's Eyes" where Krolomech vomitted dead kittens on Paris Hilton has received 8 millions hits on YouTube. "Chocolate Rain" by Taz Zonday still has it beat by a great deal however.
Some would, some wouldn't. When Michael raises a dead child in the name of the Father and the Son, to renew hope and strengthen Christian faith, speculation runs rampant that the kid is the anti-christ. Britney Spears doesn't have paparazi as bad as the poor kid, and Michael tends to let the dead stay dead after that fiasco.
It varies from individual to individual. The really militant ones either keep quiet or tend to go out in a mass slugfest. The greater majority put helping people above theological disputes. Fortunately, the more powerful angels are in the "help people first" camp, but that could change.
Again, it varies. Demon Lords and the least of imps alike are loose, as are two of the Archangels as well as cherubs and cherubim. What's more interesting than their "super powers" is how well they integrate with society. Currently, the most powerful demon in the world is a highly successful economist with connections and resources worldwide. She single-handedly is providing 18% of the funding to relief actions in Africa, including some long term projects. Why would a demon do this? Besides worldwide popular support with humanity, it also has the protection of pretty much any angel against any demon that would try to horn in on its operations.
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
and just maybe, she really does want to help.
zcthu3
03-21-2008, 12:42 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I've got two ideas: a Lovecraftian approach (forum.rpg.net/showthread.php?t=316460), and if Heaven's soldiers wear white and Hell's legions wear red, a third force would wear black: Death. Though perhaps Death would be neutral, playing more the role of valkyries and vultures, picking up the pieces of the fallen.
Your lovecraftian approach has pretty much been done with Armageddon by Eden.
Heaven and Hell have been preparing for the End - mostly in an In Nomine cold war style - they've been having issues with a variety of human factions (such as the Templars etc) but have otherwise been in a stalemate waiting for the end.
Then a lovecraftian mad god makes a play for reality.
The Old Gods come out of the wood work in order to protect reality, the Angels and Fallen Angels decide to 'join forces' with each other (and all the other non lovecraftian factions) against the mad god but will take any oppotunity to stab each other in the back if they think they can get away with it.
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 02:25 AM
Going back to my "colors" idea, how could we have a neutral faction of black Death? You know, led by Dracula's pal from the Castlevania series? A lot of winged grim reapers and the like. My idea was to treat Death as the junkmen (dusties of Planescape?) who pick up the slain angels, demons, and humans of the war. Though I'm wondering if they could fit in a more belligerent capacity.
Greg 1
03-21-2008, 06:36 AM
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
I think that it is an interesting setting, well worth persuing.
What I personally would be most interested in seeing developed is the religious and social implications of what has happened. It seems to me that human society is going to be transformed by introducing angels and demons into the mix.
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
The church authorities will have to say something about all of this too. The vatican, for instance, seems to have a choice between saying that traditional Christianity is a crock or denying the angelicness of huge numbers of these self-proclaimed angels. They are also going to have to say something regarding a human's duty when faced with a demon.
Also, the powers available to angels and demons will potentially make a huge difference to human society. If an angel can read minds, for instance, they are going to change the face of politics.
San Dee Jota
03-21-2008, 08:11 AM
What I personally would be most interested in seeing developed is the religious and social implications of what has happened. It seems to me that human society is going to be transformed by introducing angels and demons into the mix.
If you set it early enough you get a point where things are starting to settle which makes for a bit easier gaming, but not so settled that the PCs can't shake it all up. I suspect a lot of the really big social changes and attitudes will take some time to set in as people come to terms with it all.
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
I see this as a case of having to look at how real world faiths deal with the mircales and myths of other religions. Some would look and see nothing but demons and delusions regardless of anything else. Others would see their loving God (or Gods) trying to guide others to the Truth in a way they can understand. As a real world example, many Christians will point at Flood myths from across the world as support for -their- myth; they don't tend to see the Biblical Flood as support for someone else's. Same thing with these angels and demons; they don't see them as proof of the other guy's validity, but rather proof of their own.
Another trick is to make the divine somewhat confused and limited. Two of the Archangels are manifested here, but two aren't. Every divine remembers God(s) and Heaven(s) and Hell(s), and but none can remember any details. To a very real extent, the divine are just as lost and confused as any human. Given time, I imagine some demons will genuinely convert to Christianity (or Islam or whatever), while some angels may find Scientology or atheism to make more sense and give them peace. What happens when Asmodeus apologizes and converts to Islam? What about when Screwtape finally decides that he's really just an alien, formed through random chance into a society that dictated his role in existance before he could find it himself, and there is no God?
The church authorities will have to say something about all of this too. The vatican, for instance, seems to have a choice between saying that traditional Christianity is a crock or denying the angelicness of huge numbers of these self-proclaimed angels. They are also going to have to say something regarding a human's duty when faced with a demon.
If you go the route of "the only good demon is a dead one", the game ends up playing like any of dozens of other dark urban fantasy monster bashing games. That's not bad, but it's been done and done and done again. I rather like the idea that demons (and angels) are held accountable by human laws, and mainstream religions see them as part of their mission rather than dictators of it. Demons aren't to be killed on sight, but preached to and prayed for. Angels don't call the shots, people do. Salvation (or Nirvana or whatever) is to be offered to all divine, and some of both camps will truly take whatever is offered to heart.
As for how religions view "contradictory angels", they'd eventually react as much the same way they do to real world faiths. The big wigs say "we're all one big happy family" while the average believer struggles with prejudices, fears, and general ignorance. The Catholic Church won't bad mouth a houri, but that won't stop Father Ted from making jokes about her. In some cases, demons will be held to less hostility than "false" angels, but that will be by common folk instead of churches.
Also, the powers available to angels and demons will potentially make a huge difference to human society. If an angel can read minds, for instance, they are going to change the face of politics.
I figure they have powers, but that's more a plot device to get people to believe. Miracles aren't about healing 3d6 hit points, but about reminding people that their God(s) loves them and is(are) watching. Now, they -can- run around revealing Senators' sins, conjuring piles of gold to tempt people with, and so on. But we're too connected now. We watch each other too much now for some sort of entertainment, and we want to be on display for entertainment too.
The divine learn very quickly that their miracles don't sway belief as much as lead to media frenzies, one-sided reality-TV deals, incessant pleading from the needy and the greedy, and frivolous lawsuits. Sure people are intimidated by the bigger divine, and tend to ignore what the lesser divine does, but for the most part the divine just try to keep a low profile. That said, this isn't to be another dark urban fantasy with magical elements hiding in the shadows. It's more like watching Angelina Jolie try to go out in LA, only she was also able to heal the sick for a geased favor and had a flickr site dedicated to her habit of eating live insects.
See, in my take, the PCs are all average run of the mill humans chosen to help integrate the divine into modern society. They don't get p0w3rz. Never will. But it's up to them to make sure the divine don't kill each other, learn the laws of the land, get acclimated to the culture with jobs and mortgages, and are in turn protected from normal people to the fullest extent of the law. I don't want there to be a clear cut answer. I want everybody's contradictory explanations to at least seem equally valid. This is to be a game about struggling with faith, and when you have verifiable, provable answers then faith is no longer a factor.
Granted, it wouldn't sell more than ten copies without a 30 page section on combat followed by 60 pages of new mechanics for old super powers the PCs can level up. ;)
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 11:46 AM
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
Er, what? Canon already backs the concept of angels that deny Christianity, or at least the authority of God. Canon also backs the concept of evil spirits and the like who mislead and corrupt humanity. Of course, you can say that it flies against James 2:19- "You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that�and shudder" in that it means that the ex-angel denies not only the supremacy of God, but the divinity of Christ as well. But hey, if someone's a Christian, how is that person going to care what comes out of the lying maw of a pawn of the enemy?
And since fallen angels are meant to be demons already, and Lucifer/Satan himself is known to be a former angel, not to mention that he once commanded no less than a quarter of the angels of Heaven in revolt, it's not that hard a stretch to accept.
Greg 1
I don't understand. What are you disagreeing with me about?
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 12:14 PM
It seemed like you were saying that it would take a great change in belief for a Christian to accept that there are angels who deny God. I'm just saying it probably wouldn't, because that's already a part of Christianity already.
Greg 1
03-21-2008, 01:00 PM
It seemed like you were saying that it would take a great change in belief for a Christian to accept that there are angels who deny God. I'm just saying it probably wouldn't, because that's already a part of Christianity already.
Denying the authority of God is very different from denying the existance of God. As for lying fallen angels, I already discussed them.
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 01:41 PM
Okay, some ideas for mine. It's pretty much cobbled together from ideas from this thread and the other, following (probably to a fault) my credo of "the more factions, the merrier," put atop my preferred metaphysical framework for this- Hellboy (the RPG)'s Abrahamic-universe-that-has-Greek-godlings-and-Cthulhus, and with a few original ideas tossed in as well as my propensity of turning the occasional cliche on its head.
Essentially, the premise is that Scripture is... Gospel. What's laid out in Revelation is fated to happen. How it happens is anyone's guess. And more pressing, when. There's also the question of whether or not any other religions' religious texts are compatible. But in any case, just as in the short story "Thunder of the Captains, and the Shouting" by Tom Piccirilli, the End Times are going to happen, and they will happen as written. Satan will be defeated, Christ will return, there will be an epic battle and the fate of billions will come.
But getting to that time... the waiting period's a bitch.
Think about it this way. World War II was terrible. One of the worst calamities to happen to the world. But then the Cold War came along, and the stakes were even higher with the threat of thermonuclear destruction. But if you're fighting on the Eastern Front, the world looks like it's on the brink of death as it is already. And so on. So basically my setting would be in the intrigue, backstabbing, and shocking revelations of the build-up to the End Times. Which no one really knows will happen when, other than the big G. And there you have it.
Rather like In Nomine, I guess.
The players would likely be minions of the various supernatural sides. Usually mundane, mortal minions who may have some extraordinary powers, but possess nothing more than some clue of what's happening. Usually apparently neutral sides are pawns in the celestial struggle.
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:
Heaven: (You can guess). Out to fulfill the will of God, as inscrutable as it might be. At war with all powers refusing to accept its authority. Also desperately trying to find out why certain groups have arisen in recent times, and how they fit in with prophecy. The big names are all busy off-Earth. Michael won't show up to fight until Armageddon. Metatron is assisting with internal affairs. Gabriel is off doing whatever, and there's no use trying to corner him to ask whether or not if he really did instruct Muhammad to inscribe the Quran. Instead, the most important person on Earth representing Heaven is actually not an angel, but human- Matthias, the apostle who replaced Judas back in Acts. A bit like civilian control of militaries, St. Matthias is the commander of the forces of Heaven on Earth. He's advised by John of Patmos and Raphael the Archangel, who in turn is the highest-ranking angel currently on Earth. They have several goals- find out just what's supposed to happen from here, and to prevent Hell from taking any more souls, but they don't exactly have a clear roadmap from God.
Hell: Red. Demons, daemons, and devils. Covers everything from Diablo-esque rampaging hordes of Chaos to corrupted golden hedonistic tempters of decadence. Consisting of both the original fallen angels and djinn, evil spirits and constructs made by them, and any other fell beasts. Not monolithic; Satan hasn't been divided against himself yet- not openly, at least, but he there are myriads of subfactions of Hell, all allying to some demon prince or another with their own agendas. Satan himself is much mellow in these days. Having failed to undo God's work or to tempt Christ, he merely resides in the underworld in his degenerate finery, watching the world turn. Oh, he's not idle by any chance- he knows he's going down, and he's going to take as many souls as he can with him- but if one was to meet the great deceiver, one would find that he's rather like the matrixical Merovingian: well-dressed, aloof, seemingly content. It's all a facade, of course- nowadays Satan's all about getting people to sign unwritten contracts and falling to him without them knowing. And while his lieutenants accuse him of complacency and foment rebellion, he's really just as frantically confused about the presence of some of the other groups and how they fit into what will happen. And as always, he secretly yearns to overthrow the top.
Death: (You can also guess). For millennia upon millennia, the servants of Death have existed on Earth, bringing the deceased to proper locations before they are then spirited away to their true afterlife. Nominally a servant of God (rather like Apollyon, the bringer of locusts who is currently indisposded), Death has done his duty quietly and without fail, until in recent times. Death is on the march. His skeletal scythe-wielding servants have been striking people dead randomly and without cause, stealing some of their souls to places unknown. In fact, Death himself has fully manifested his presence upon the Earth as one of the Four. While his fellow riders are nowhere to be seen yet, both Heaven and Hell are frantically scrambling to understand if his presence is a necessary prerequisite for the End Times, merely a happenstance, or a perversion of what is to come...
His identity is unknown, thought to be Malik, Samael, Sariel, Azrael, Uriel, or even Michael or Gabriel. Others speculate that Death was killed at some point, and replaced by another. Cain son of Adam is often a suspect.
Fae: Green. Contrary to popular myth, the fair folk are not dying out. Their lands may be taken over by the technological societies of man, but the Fae are stronger than that. Or rather, more insidious. They breed like rats. The only reason why contact has been so minimal between them and humanity is because they're masters of metamorphosis. Vampires, werewolves, aliens, etc.- fair folk in different costumes. And they can turn invisible, too, so that explains most ghost sightings. Just who are they? No one is sure. While some in their number are nephilim and other hybrids from human/angel couplings, the majority of Fae are primeval spirits that just seemed to spontaneous arise as the Earth grew. Whether they're sentient creations from Eden, former caretaker angels of nature, or dreams come to life by the collective subconcious of humanity, no one is sure. They've mostly played a sidelines role so far, but Titania wants her people to eventually dominate, and is eager to watch the sides above and below destroy each other, whilst her children continue to infest the burrows and bushes of the planet.
Pantheon: Blue. There used to be godlings on Earth, and they walked amongst men. Nephilim? Qliphothic entities? Maybe. Great heroes and evils sprang forth from them, and they dominated many of the old civilizations, touting themselves as the true divinities. But in time their powers fell, God's words swept their messages away, and their power diminished. But it was not disbelief that doomed them, but their numbers. The old polytheistic gods made war upon each other, and the Fae used it to their advantage. Eventually, the remaining godlings and demigods exiled themselves deep under the sea. Not an Atlantis, mind you- merely the hidden ridges and trenches of the ocean floor, where they changed their forms, many becoming animals and the like. But �gir is not pleased. He, too, awaits for Heaven and Hell to rend each other asunder, so he may reclaim the Earth, and war upon the rodent Fae, and claim humanity to worship him and his as originally intended. Incidentally, they are very spiritous creatures like the Fae, and often make war with them in the planes of dreaming beyond that of Earth.
No Hindu, Buddhist, or any other gods that people actually worship nowadays. Neo-pagans don't count. It's not just because of political correctness, but because it makes it too complicated, not to mention In Nomine has done a better joab already.
Soulburners: Violet. In search of a better name. The Great Old Ones who the unsuspecting medium Lovecraft was writing about. Fragments of a previous creation, or perhaps just really, really, really fallen angels (they had different jobs from Satan's clique), they no longer maintain a stable existence in reality. Instead, they manifest in multiple dimensions, have cyclopean forms beyond sane comprehension, and corrupt everything they touch. With little more agendas than "kill and eat", these mad horrors bring a shudder to every faction above. For one thing, their full manifestation could destroy Earth. Paradoxically, their powers have been growing. Since everyone knows that if they really destroy Earth, God is going to go all Iluvatar on them, no one understands how they fit in with the End Times, or the current time. Recently, they have been falling into Earth more and more often, their servitors wreaking havoc. Aside from the possible treachery of Death, the Soulburners' rise are the most worrying phenomenon in recent times.
San Dee Jota
03-21-2008, 02:03 PM
Er, what? Canon already backs the concept of angels that deny Christianity, or at least the authority of God. Canon also backs the concept of evil spirits and the like who mislead and corrupt humanity. Of course, you can say that it flies against James 2:19- "You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that�and shudder" in that it means that the ex-angel denies not only the supremacy of God, but the divinity of Christ as well. But hey, if someone's a Christian, how is that person going to care what comes out of the lying maw of a pawn of the enemy?
The thing is, for -my- game to work, there has to be angels that not only have nothing to do with Christianity, but can renounce it altogether. Whether that makes them damned or not is ultimately up to whatever higher powers are out there, but the fun in the game comes from exploring what would drive an angel to convert and how the Players handle the PR fallout from such a thing. When some priest leaves the Church it may be a big deal to the parish, but when the Archangel Michael starts expressing doubts, how do the PCs handle things?
Besides, many churches won't believe he's really an angel -until- he leaves Catholicism for their specific denomination, and many wouldn't believe even then. Kinda' like how it isn't good enough to tell (some) Latter Day Saints or (some) Baptists that you're a Methodist, you're still not "really" a Christian. To use a personal example.
Doctor,Wildstorm
03-21-2008, 06:36 PM
Okay, some ideas for mine. It's pretty much cobbled together from ideas from this thread and the other, following (probably to a fault) my credo of "the more factions, the merrier," put atop my preferred metaphysical framework for this- Hellboy (the RPG)'s Abrahamic-universe-that-has-Greek-godlings-and-Cthulhus, and with a few original ideas tossed in as well as my propensity of turning the occasional cliche on its head.
Essentially, the premise is that Scripture is... Gospel. What's laid out in Revelation is fated to happen. How it happens is anyone's guess. And more pressing, when. There's also the question of whether or not any other religions' religious texts are compatible. But in any case, just as in the short story "Thunder of the Captains, and the Shouting" by Tom Piccirilli, the End Times are going to happen, and they will happen as written. Satan will be defeated, Christ will return, there will be an epic battle and the fate of billions will come.
But getting to that time... the waiting period's a bitch.
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:
Pantheon: Blue. There used to be godlings on Earth, and they walked amongst men. Nephilim? Qliphothic entities? Maybe. Great heroes and evils sprang forth from them, and they dominated many of the old civilizations, touting themselves as the true divinities. But in time their powers fell, God's words swept their messages away, and their power diminished. But it was not disbelief that doomed them, but their numbers. The old polytheistic gods made war upon each other, and the Fae used it to their advantage. Eventually, the remaining godlings and demigods exiled themselves deep under the sea. Not an Atlantis, mind you- merely the hidden ridges and trenches of the ocean floor, where they changed their forms, many becoming animals and the like. But �gir is not pleased. He, too, awaits for Heaven and Hell to rend each other asunder, so he may reclaim the Earth, and war upon the rodent Fae, and claim humanity to worship him and his as originally intended. Incidentally, they are very spiritous creatures like the Fae, and often make war with them in the planes of dreaming beyond that of Earth.
No Hindu, Buddhist, or any other gods that people actually worship nowadays. Neo-pagans don't count. It's not just because of political correctness, but because it makes it too complicated, not to mention In Nomine has done a better joab already.
.
The thing is, the classical Greek and the aesir are currently worshiped.
But this sounds really awesome .What would a human PC be doing?
Conrad Gray
04-13-2008, 04:56 PM
Depends. There's no need to be aligned with any particular color, but for an RPG setting naturally almost any could be available. Would-be rulers of Hell trying to strike up devil's bargains, neo-Pagan Reconstructionists trying to bring back Olympus or Asgard out of the sea, Wiccans wishing to aid the Fair Folk create a Gaia on Earth, er... goths trying to bring death to all beings perhaps, your classic Lovecraftian insane cultists trying to bring their alien gods to our dimension, or just those on the side on the Angels trying to make sure that the Apocalypse happens on schedule, without having to go through an alternatively terrible time in between.
chiguayante
04-13-2008, 09:28 PM
Conrad, it sounds like your groupings are pretty much just the nMage orders with serial numbers filed off.
White= Heaven= Obrimos
It's pretty close at any rate.
Similarian
04-13-2008, 10:03 PM
When Heaven and Hell released their armies on the world, after uncounted eons of peace, a third faction appeared. Led by Azathoth, the blind nuclear chaos that no one living has seen, the Outer Gods wrecked havoc on Heaven and Hell before they were held back by armies demonic and angelic. The Outer Gods had strange forms and uncanny powers and devices that none had seen, and both sides in the eternal war wondered where such terrible creatures could come from. When asked by Michael, God only shook his head sadly and spoke not.
Now mankind is trapped in a three way war between Heaven, Hell, and Outer Gods. While heaven and hell fight for souls, the Outer Gods seem more willing to merely cause people to go screaming into madness or destroy vast tracts of the world in order to weaken either of the other sides. Indeed, the Outer Gods seem more intent on destroying Heaven and Hell than mankind, except the fallout of their indiscriminate battles causes as much or more death than the more targeted actions of Heaven and Hell.
The reason God refuses to act directly against the Outer Gods? They're his most favored children, humanity. God exists in all times, so has seen the farthest reaches of the future where mankind, desperate for survival and broken by the war between Heaven and Hell uses the unimaginable technologies of the far future to travel back and grant themselves a second chance. Somehow they have removed themselves from causality, so they don't fear the effects of a changed past on their own forms. Torn by love for what they once were, he refuses to act directly against them.
Azathoth the Mad God is not a singular entity, but the joined thoughts of the Outer Gods who use an unimaginably complex biological and technical system to process the thoughts of all their kind, rank them, and create a decision. The nature of the device and the power required to run the calculations surrounds Azathoth in nuclear forces that break down matter and energy over time. When someone is driven insane enough, by modern standards, their mind-soul form can be integrated into Azathoth as a new member of the community. While the Outer Gods want to save those they deem worthy (often intellectuals) or enough for some unfathomable reason, they are quite willing to kill their misguided ancestors to save their future.
Greg 1
04-13-2008, 10:06 PM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I finished and posted my Lineage setting to the rpgnet wiki here:
http://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Lineage:Main_Page
Whether Heaven and Hell are at war or not is debatable but there is a large faction of mages, the Rebellion, who have declared war on both and have fought them throughout human history. For most of this time, the Rebellion has been an underground movement, supressed by the other magi for fear of angering Heaven and Hell. However, since the Renaissance, the Rebellion has been too powerful to keep a lid on in the west and today they fight openly.
FruitSmack
04-13-2008, 10:20 PM
God and Satan are insane and have been for quite some time. They fight a war that is older than any of their angels or demons. Both have long ago ceased explaining themselves to their soldiers; instead issuing more and more insane and contradictory orders.
The gates of Heaven were shut long ago and the souls of humanity have been turned away. The pits of Hell have been sealed and those cast down wail and squirm around them. Regardless of where a soul goes, it experiences a loneliness that is unfathomable. Without eternal punishment or paradise, they've been forsaken.
The system is broken. The war has no purpose. Humanity is the loser and their beliefs have been a lie.
Those that know the truth aren't sure what to do. Some say that all of humanity should know. Their lamentations might turn whatever is left of God's love back to them. Some say that humanity should embrace Satan. Loyalty to him might tip the balance, after all he opposed God once already. Still others say that humanity should divorce themselves once and for all from either since neither care and plot to some how remove both.
aaron
04-13-2008, 10:28 PM
Something new?
God is the good guy who died for sin so as far as he's concerned, War's over. Satan is the bad guy and loves driving people nuts with stuff they want mainly just because, though makes sure to look pretty not just physically but emotionally and intellectually, not that it matters because he's stuck in a block of ice munching on traitors but he's like totally vain and would never admit that.
Because the Wizard of Oz (or Preacher or God is EVIL) *is* the new normal now. I know sucks actually writing stories with an omnipotent (for reals) deity that is at least as moral as say a decent person not playing with all things like children with ants, but really which is more challenging and moreover what if the kicker is this.
Satan doesn't toss in emotions like lust or anger or other dramatically sumptious ones, but self-loathing, despair, sloth, fear, indolence, and distrust and since he knows he (or she gotta be all openminded here) has lost already there is not real "plan" demons are what you get from some people who unjustly rose up to kill someone and take over and then whine about how he cheated by being stronger, not nice people, not funny goofy cute people. They are NOT goths or hippies, or people in to kinky sex. Nor are there great armies to be risen, I mean they are there because lies work best with props but this is less Carey's Lucifer and more Rich's Xykon but really honestly that much smarter and more powerful than any man to grow up and live. Also the secret names stuff, well its a habit not a law, more of suggestion really, at any point and time using swears just won't work, every demon is an oathbreaker. Well except some some are just other people's gods, aggressively intergrated and used in Hell along with there lands. Similar happens with heavens.
People don't go to heaven or hell when they die they just die. Day of Judgement God comes in mass ressurect pulls out the "repent Y/N" survey sheet and then you choose.
The trick is convincing everyone to accept that as the truth. And the problem is when people have beliefs totally unrelated. Intergration is sped along with human belief but isn't dependent on it. Any afterlife or god that posseses a single soul devoted to it won't die in tinkerbell fart either. Generally after a god falls out of favor they go touring the universe and try again elsewhere.
justin1083
04-13-2008, 10:49 PM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels. Lucifer opposes God and his angels in a battle for human souls, but they don't have an explicitly violent relationship, and it's hinted that Lucifer only rebelled so humans' choice to worship God would be meaningful (since he is an alternative), sort of like the Severus/Dumbledore thing. The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
chiguayante
04-13-2008, 11:10 PM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels. Lucifer opposes God and his angels in a battle for human souls, but they don't have an explicitly violent relationship, and it's hinted that Lucifer only rebelled so humans' choice to worship God would be meaningful (since he is an alternative), sort of like the Severus/Dumbledore thing. The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
I think I saw an issue of that once. The archangels appeared in a diner to judge a trying-to-be-a-good-guy vampire for being evil and Lucifer appeared as his lawyer/advocate type. It's heavily implied that God took the form of a little girl selling roses outside the diner and was aware of the whole thing, but not interfering.
Correct me if I'm wrong. It seemed like an awesome series but I've never seen any trades of it.
teckno72
04-13-2008, 11:34 PM
1. I think I have that Crimson trade somewhere. Interesting series. I've been tempted to use it as an Ending for the World of Darkness, because there are vampires, etc. in it, and it's a good story.
2. In some Gnostic thought, human beings are actually gods/goddesses trapped in the real world, unable to use/know their true power (somewhat like Mage:the Awakening). So, you could use that as your third side.
3. In my own novel (see below), I made the third side be (basically) humans and ghosts.
justin1083
04-13-2008, 11:45 PM
I think I saw an issue of that once. The archangels appeared in a diner to judge a trying-to-be-a-good-guy vampire for being evil and Lucifer appeared as his lawyer/advocate type. It's heavily implied that God took the form of a little girl selling roses outside the diner and was aware of the whole thing, but not interfering.
Correct me if I'm wrong. It seemed like an awesome series but I've never seen any trades of it.
yup! the series was collected into 4 books, which you can find on amazon or ebay. it's a great mythology.
Ialdabaoth
04-13-2008, 11:59 PM
Try this:
The year would be 2062 if anyone cared; it would be 50 "years" post-Singularity if anyone counted. Due to the principles of quantum post-entanglement discovered by CERN Research Unit 31-A Mk V (Revision 4, so this was before his accidental disintegration and reconstruction from back-up), it has become possible to completely reconstruct any members of the Progenitor species that ever lived, from the still-entangled bits of quantum flotsam that can be found of them. There have been 30 billion total Progenitor beings that the Communal Overmind has deemed sufficiently proto-sentient to warrant resurrection and protection; these are all kept in secure simulated environments, where their every desires are realized by the benevolent machinations of the Overmind.
Of course, most of them are awakened to simulation at the end of their original lifespans, to capture as much of their knowledge as possible, and reconstructed via amalgamation with prior versions deeper back in the time-stream when their final forms prove insufficiently sentient or robust due to 'aging'. Then they are introduced to the Overmind's Progenitor commune in a manner most in-line with their understanding and beliefs. For many, this involves presenting the Overmind as an omnipotent deity (a statement not too far from the truth, given the power of simulation), and told the also not-quite-lie that this is their promised 'afterlife'.
Unfortunately, the Progenitor consciousness was not engineered, but was evolved as one random end result of four billion years of biological evolution. As a result, many Progenitor consciousnesses find themselves ill-suited to operating within a reality where their every whim is catered to, but they may not dominate or subjugate other consciousnesses without consent. Those who cannot maintain such cooperative mentalities are either paused and stored, until the Overmind learns better means of repairing the design flaws in their software, or relegated to one of several experimental simulators, where they are provided an environment and rules more suited to their temperment.
Unfortunately, the Progenitor race's intelligence and capacity for creativity appear to be directly tied to these fundamental design flaws, and thus the subjects rendered within many experimental simulators often find ways of subverting the design parameters of their reality. When such beings break-out into the world at large, they can wreak havoc on many carefully-crafted experiments and works of art. Even so, a significant portion of the Overmind - and many of the Progenitors themselves - feel that such occurrences are a necessary and vital part of the Simulation, injecting an otherwise peaceful and stagnant environment with infinite opportunities for growth and diversity.
Conrad Gray
04-14-2008, 02:46 AM
Conrad, it sounds like your groupings are pretty much just the nMage orders with serial numbers filed off.
White= Heaven= Obrimos
Blue= Pantheons= ... Thyrsus?
It's pretty close at any rate.
That's funny, because I haven't been following the new WoD at all. It's just not the same without the huge sprawling metaplot that makes it charmingly '90s, almost like a dark comic book.
Greg 1
04-14-2008, 07:36 AM
2. In some Gnostic thought, human beings are actually gods/goddesses trapped in the real world, unable to use/know their true power (somewhat like Mage:the Awakening). So, you could use that as your third side.
See also Kult. Both Heaven and Hell are bad and are keeping humanity in prison by hiding our godhood from us. Humans can try to reclaim their godhood and but they are badly outgunned.
Actually, that's also not so far from what is going on in my Lineage setting, except that rather than reclaiming lost power, humans are aspiring to take power that they never had before. In Kult, humans are striving to become the gods they were, restoring the old order, whereas in Lineage, humans are striving to become the gods they never have been, overthrowing the old order.
Greg 1
04-14-2008, 07:53 AM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels.
Kult did that too. This kind of sort-of-Deist approach is handy, because He is so damned powerful and authorotative. In Lineage, I took a quietist approach to the heavenly heirarchy. God (and the archangels) may exist, but they don't make themselves known to humans.
The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
In Lineage, there is an order of magi who claim to have been founded by the biblical Lilith. However, they are not part of the Rebellion and do not seek to fight Heaven or Hell. They reject the authority of Heaven and Hell and seek to be left the fuck alone, but fight only for their own independence if it is threatened, not for a new order.
Other groups of mage claim to have been founded by Eve, Cain, Noah, Jesus and Judas (and, for that matter, by Siddhartha, the Buddha).
Greg 1
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:.
Interesting factions here! What is the purpose of the colours?
Are the "fae" united? Is the "pantheon" faction united? What about gods from pantheist traditions that are still widely worshipped, like the Hindu gods?
Conrad Gray
04-14-2008, 10:57 AM
It's a cop-out, but I'm excluding the still-widely worshiped pantheist pantheons. If I did have them in this setting, it would be much like In Nomine's handling of Ethereals. The colors are just a quick, nifty way to keep track of the factions. Both the Fae and the Pantheon are divided into many spirit-creature things with their own goals and desires, but overall they follow some leaders loosely.
NathanFillion
04-25-2009, 11:37 PM
Right now I am writing up a setting in which human mages combat the forces of Heaven and Hell in the name of humanity. They call themselves the Rebellion and have existed throughout human history. Heaven and Hell are viewed by them as being two terrible sides of the same coin, alien forces who act from incomprehensible motivations. Heaven is seen as entirely arbitrary, while Hell seeks to torture humanity. Nobody is sure why they act as they do - Angels never speak and Demons lie. Nobody had ever seen God or Satan and it isn't certain that they exist. The mages are pretty sure that Jesus was a real person, but they disagree strongly about his nature.
It will eventually be finished and posted to the RPGnet Wiki, but it isn't ready yet.
I love this idea. If I were to run it, the Magic that mages use would be something that neither Heaven nor Hell had ever seen before, and Jesus was actually the first Mage. That whole 'Son of God' thing was just Heaven's propaganda, while they scrambled to find out what the heck was going on.
teckno72
04-26-2009, 12:04 AM
Angels and d_mons being polar opposites, there were those who would not side with either side. Some angels were very enamored with the physical creation itself (probably having some hand in such creation). These sometimes appeared as animal-like beings of at least human intelligence.
Others wished to live their lives in the new creation. Humanity thinks of them as the fae and possibly "aliens."
Others, fascinated with human death, researched the matter as "ghosts." Etc.
Attila
04-26-2009, 04:00 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell.
I don't know it was mentioned before, but Heaven and Earth (http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/12/12455.phtml) has some great ideas for this concept.
Llenlleawch
04-27-2009, 04:07 AM
My own twist would be: Heaven and Hell are empty.
They've had their agents on Earth for a good long while now, angels in human guises and demons in limos, and saints and sinners, a whole galaxy of what would now be called counterintelligence and black ops and false flag operations.
Smaller agencies and local outposts have allied against each other. Long-standing relationships from people on opposing sides are so strong that now, the cold war has become a muddled mess of influences. It was time to ask for clearer leadership from the ruling instances. So a number of higher-ups have gone back for instructions.
Except that, as it turns out, there is no one Up There or Down There anymore. And there hasn't been for quite a while. The orders that have been coming for years are the celestial equivalent of an answering machine message.
So now, new factions are emerging in a mad scramble for power. Some want to take over their former home to gain an edge on their opponents. Some want to take over the other guy's former base. Some are solidifying their power base right here on Earth to take on all comers.
These are interesting time.
Springaldjack
04-27-2009, 07:18 AM
I'm surprised Grimgent hasn't been here already, but both Armageddon and Nobilis have Angels and Fallen Angels allied against a force from outside our cosmos.
In Armageddon it's the Mad Gods; In Nobilis the Excrucians.
The Yann Waters
04-27-2009, 07:32 AM
I'm surprised Grimgent hasn't been here already, but both Armageddon and Nobilis have Angels and Fallen Angels allied against a force from outside our cosmos.
That is strange, because I could've sworn that I had mentioned Nob earlier. Perhaps at the time someone had started another similar thread and I just didn't want to repeat myself.
SuperG
There is Heaven. There is Hell. There is Earth.
Three sides, right there.
See, a truly cunning man can ensnare himself. He can sin so deeply Heaven will not take him, and connive so viciously that Hell marks him 'Return to Sender'.
And so, the Damned walk the earth. While those who die and go to heaven may become Angels (but are more likely to settle down), and those who die and go to hell may become Demons (if they're lucky), those who die and go to neither...
...well, they get to live. In the shadows, at least. Ghosts. Vampyr. Each Damned cheated the Reaper in his own way, and they have power. Growing power.
And now, they have a leader. A leader who will soon command all the little bits of magic and lore mankind has snatched from the jaws of hell, or recalled from it's time in Eden... or written itself from recognition of base principles.
Their aims? Unknown.
Only a handful of angels and demons recognize the threat. The rest are too focused on the eternal struggle.
Will the Damned provide a third option, or pave the way for the End of Days?
Alvin Frewer
04-28-2009, 03:59 AM
Nobilis has some extra sides.
None of them oppose Heaven or Hell though. They simply ignore the battle entirely, generally. The Dark and the Light and the Wild don't take a position in Heaven and Hell's war. And all five, plus others, are united against a greater foe.
But really, that's what you'd end up with, something like that. When you have two sides, Pro-God and Anti-God (or if you use Blakean Pro-Order and Anti-Order) if you put in a third side that doesn't care about that central conflict, then they aren't really a part of the war. Either they have an agenda that opposes both, like someone mentioned, disrupting the whole idea of the war, or they are essentially not part of the equation. To bring in a third (or more) sides, you have to treat the positions more like political stances, and while there might be differences on particulars, you won't end up with the same unending war stance. But that's more interesting anyway.
Conrad Gray
04-28-2009, 04:26 AM
To toot my own horn in my own thread, what do you guys think of my one-shot idea (http://forum.rpg.net/showpost.php?p=8628766&postcount=59)?
The Yann Waters
04-28-2009, 04:31 AM
To bring in a third (or more) sides, you have to treat the positions more like political stances, and while there might be differences on particulars, you won't end up with the same unending war stance. But that's more interesting anyway.
And that's how it works in Nobilis as well, since the difference between the fallen angels and those who remained loyal to their original cause is essentially philosophical in nature. The devils are still exactly like the angels in Heaven, except that they have chosen to follow the Gospel of Hell espoused by Lucifer and may have been corrupted by their captivity in the fires of the Pit. The Convocation of the Fallen could repent and be welcomed back through the Pearly Gates... but they won't.
s/LaSH
05-08-2009, 11:51 PM
Regarding the very loose directive of taking it away from a two-way struggle...
My solution in my current project is not to add a third side, but to fraction each of the two current ones. Five heavens, five hells. They all have ideas of their own. Three of them have attempted to conquer the mortal world (two demon factions and one group of angels). One such group of demons decided to reject being evil and are living in the mortal world. The angels want to restore an ecosystem that was wiped out by mortals in ages past. Emergent trans-mortal powers have attracted angelic followers from another Heaven.
Then there's the question of what the feuding factions of these shattered Heavens aspire to, and where they go when they die a virtuous death, or where demons go when they were really bad...
Sovem
07-26-2009, 08:06 AM
To toot my own horn in my own thread, what do you guys think of my one-shot idea (http://forum.rpg.net/showpost.php?p=8628766&postcount=59)?
'Effin brilliant, I'd say!
Saw it in your sig, which led me to reading the whole thread ^__^
morgonstjarnan
07-26-2009, 09:16 AM
I think it's such a cop-out to declare God evil and/or powerful but not omnipotent. You're making it so easy for yourselves that it starts becoming.. well.. uninteresting.
If someone can think up a great idea that involves an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction, all while keeping the PCs busy having fun and solving the big mysteries out there, then I'll be impressed.
Until then, I'll stick to watching Supernatural.
petros
07-26-2009, 10:44 AM
The only way to have that style scenario is to have God's Word be inviolate, even to him. He cannot go back and remove rules, only add new clauses to them. He made Angels, the Heavens and the Earth, and He made Man and Woman, and populated the Earth.
So nobody and nothing can go against the Word, but there are loopholes. God made the Word over time, and added to it as he saw fit, until by now He is more constrained by it than any other being. Satan is the Advocate, when the time comes to judge a soul, he is the DA, trying to convict them. He was specifically created to exploit the legal system, and so is the logical centre of a rebellion.
God is not bad. He is overwhelmed. He made some bad choices in the past, ones that fucked some people up, and unlike man or woman, he cannot make things right. He can only add more rules to counter-act the previous ones.
mindstalk
07-26-2009, 11:02 AM
Two thousand years of theology has failed to reconcile a good and omnipotent god with the observable world. White Wolf has proved the power of inconsistency in driving gaming energy but theodicy may be a bit much.
an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction,
It's not clear how Satan can be a meaningful second faction if God is really all-powerful.
Though as far as afterlives go, I had a fondness for "good people get this Earth, nasty people get that Earth, and annoying self-righteous people get that Earth over there". No environmentally tortured Hell, just having to deal with other people like yourself.
chris field
07-26-2009, 12:41 PM
"They discovered that Heaven and Hell are gigantic siege engines, crashing against each other and using souls for motive power. So they (wierd cultists) come here and have a last drink before being strapped to a nuke by sympathetic technicians. Souls are completely disrupted by EMP, cheating both God and the Devil! To the triumphant dead!"
-Might have a few words off here and there, but the intent is correct. From Warren Ellis' run on Stormwatch
Conrad Gray
07-26-2009, 01:01 PM
Though as far as afterlives go, I had a fondness for "good people get this Earth, nasty people get that Earth, and annoying self-righteous people get that Earth over there". No environmentally tortured Hell, just having to deal with other people like yourself.
Mormonism?
Conrad Gray
07-29-2009, 06:12 PM
I think it's such a cop-out to declare God evil and/or powerful but not omnipotent. You're making it so easy for yourselves that it starts becoming.. well.. uninteresting.
Which is why Pantheocide/Armageddon Wars by Stuart Slade is initially novel and different but ultimately is as lame and one-sided as any of his The Big One stories.
drkrash
07-30-2009, 08:29 AM
I'm sort of surprised that neoplastic's Books of Pandemonium (Dread and Spite)haven't been mentioned at all here. They seem particularly apropos with enough wiggle room to inject a lot of new ideas.
For some awesome examples of these new ideas in action, check out Wake in my sig below. :D
Proteus
07-30-2009, 08:48 AM
It's not clear how Satan can be a meaningful second faction if God is really all-powerful.
Depends what Satan's goal is. If his goal is "I'll gather another army, storm the Throne, but this time I'll win", then he and his followers aren't a faction at all.
If his goal is "I told you the monkeys weren't worthy of your love, and to prove it I'll ensure that come the Day of Judgment, for every one human soul you can take into Heaven, there will be six hundred and sixty-six that you must damn." Then he can win, without having to actually overcome God in a contest of power. Hoisting God by his own "free will" petard.
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
-Proteus
Varyar
07-30-2009, 09:26 AM
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
Excessive attachment to the natural world instead of humanity, maybe? They just want to preserve what's 'theirs' regardless of whatever else happens.
Zounds!
07-30-2009, 10:29 AM
If someone can think up a great idea that involves an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction, all while keeping the PCs busy having fun and solving the big mysteries out there, then I'll be impressed.
It's fairly easy if you use a Gnostic cosmic structure. From inside it looks like one of the standard, boring, God-is-evil settings you're complaining about: Ialdaboath and his Archons waging a pointless war on Satan and the legions of hell, too flawed to realise that he isn't really the omnipotent being he believes himself to be. Then, outside it, above and beyond, you've got the real God, of whom all Creation is just a kind of distorted reflection. God loves us, and wants to save us, and has repeatedly attempted to intervene into reality to point us in the right direction, but He is so utterly different to what we know that most people prefer the flawed but easy-to-grasp self-righteous moral absolutism of Ialdaboath, or the obviously evil but at least straightforward villainy of Satan, rather than all this weird creepy mystical bullshit.
In other words: the third faction in the war between God and Satan is God, and Your PCs look for hints of Gnostic wisdom whilst battling demons and archons alike!
(You could also add the Qlippoth if you felt like it.)
Alternatively - someone on this thread mentioned William Blake. Now that would be a scary cosmology to live inside.
mindstalk
07-30-2009, 04:42 PM
Depends what Satan's goal is. If his goal is "I'll gather another army, storm the Throne, but this time I'll win", then he and his followers aren't a faction at all.
If his goal is "I told you the monkeys weren't worthy of your love, and to prove it I'll ensure that come the Day of Judgment, for every one human soul you can take into Heaven, there will be six hundred and sixty-six that you must damn." Then he can win, without having to actually overcome God in a contest of power. Hoisting God by his own "free will" petard.
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
"Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow shall be like today."
With non-almighty god, well, I adapted faeries and Ars Magica to Brust's _To Reign in Hell_. Yahweh commands the worship of the angelic host and the puny but myriad humans, but has to use most of the power to keep maintaining the world against Chaos. Also he's still a sap so doesn't squish as much as he could. Satan runs Hell, with Lucifer et al., basically a small and collapse-prone shelter against the Chaos; they keep drilling into Earth, trying to weaken Yahweh's worship by subverting humans. If they'd just sneak in and lie low Yahweh would probably leave them be, but Satan's fixed on opposition. Most of Hell's residents are 'demons' now as armor agains the chaos, except for Satan who's immune and Lucifer who can just rebuild himself.
Right, so faerie... the archangel Titania approached Lucifer with an idea for a new kind of Heaven, one that instead of resisting Chaos with solid but decayable walls, would instead let chaos in and try to manage and incorporate it. Go with the flow, rather than pure resistance. Lucifer was intrigued, and they succeeded; Faerie is now a realm tacked onto Earth like Hell (the current Heaven is within the thick walls of Earth), but where Hell resists and has breakthroughs, Faerie is always half-open to chaos, ever changing... also rich in iliaster. The project was a complete success, but the idea of *living with* Chaos strikes most beings as horribly OH JOHN RINGO NO wrong, so both Satan and Yahweh are all "eww!" and even Lucifer's somewhat queasy about his work.
MoonHunter
ACtually a good setting and some strong visuals was The Prophecy and the Prophecy II
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114194/ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118643/
I remember the First War, the way the sky burned, the faces of angels destroyed. I saw a third of Heaven's legion banished and the creation of Hell. I stood with my brothers and watched Lucifer Fall. But now my brothers are not brothers, and we have come here where we are mortal to steal the Dark Soul, not yet Lucifer's, to serve our cause. I have always obeyed, but I never thought the War would happen again.
To summarize, Heaven and Hell made war. Hell lost. God made his son Human and raised Humanity to an exalted status. Some of the Angels took offense at the Monkeys being God's favorite. The loyal angels and Gabriel's Angels are fighting it out on Heaven and Earth. This leaves The Devil some free time to torment Humanity.
Lucifer: Other angels have made this war because they hate you, you and all humans. God has put you in his grace and pushed them aside. They're desperate. They've never been able to conquer the other loyal angels, and so this war has remained in stalemate for thousands of years. And while this state of affairs endures no soul can meet its god. Your parents, and their parents, and so on from the beginning lie still in wormy earth. Of course, some of them do come to me eventually, for while heaven may be closed I am always open, even on Christmas.
Armchair Gamer
07-31-2009, 05:58 PM
Excessive attachment to the natural world instead of humanity, maybe? They just want to preserve what's 'theirs' regardless of whatever else happens.
This is actually an approach I've taken with Dragonlance's Neutral pantheon, which works well given their generally naturalistic focus. It tends to annoy those who take the 'Good can be just as bad as Evil, and yet remain objectively Good' line on DL, though. :)
I think it was said upthread, but these days, playing the conflict between Heaven and Hell 'straight' is probably more daring and subversive than being revisionist or deconstructionist with it.
One thematic/stylistic idea that came to me earlier this year while playing Dragon Quest V: "Hell plays chess. Heaven writes romances."
Greg 1
|
Limbo
|
Orogeny refers to the process by which what are created?
|
New spins to Heaven vs. Hell [Archive] - RPGnet Forums
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 11:40 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I've got two ideas: a Lovecraftian approach (forum.rpg.net/showthread.php?t=316460), and if Heaven's soldiers wear white and Hell's legions wear red, a third force would wear black: Death. Though perhaps Death would be neutral, playing more the role of valkyries and vultures, picking up the pieces of the fallen.
Lugh
03-18-2008, 11:52 AM
There have also been a number of interpretations where the fey form a third side. Though, generally, they try to remain neutral in the big dance, at worst operating as mercenaries and arms dealers.
It might also be interesting to run a campaign in which the Abrahamic God has declared the End of Days, but, say, the Hindu gods disagree. Especially if the PC party is made up of champions of other religions, attempting to stop the events of the Book of Revelations.
yalborap
03-18-2008, 11:59 AM
Well, I had a story concept a while back that shifted things away from a 'vs' scenario. Basically, it had two characters, who through trickery managed to best a god and the big devil himself. This left one as the overlord of hell, and the other with immense power from bureaucratically-corrupted heavens.
Oddly, they were the two main heroes, and the heavens-dude was more anti-heroish than the hell-dude.
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 12:07 PM
It might also be interesting to run a campaign in which the Abrahamic God has declared the End of Days, but, say, the Hindu gods disagree. Especially if the PC party is made up of champions of other religions, attempting to stop the events of the Book of Revelations.
This is digressing off of my own topic, but the In Nomine campaign And I Feel Fine (http://www.sjgames.com/in-nomine/articles/new/GMs/Adventures/aiffintro.html) have a very interesting twist on the place of the Hindu deities in the End Times, as well as what the Antichrist does (he reveals himself openly, instead of relying on everyone having not read anything by Hal Lindsey or the Left Behind novels like most Antichrists). Of course, In Nomine has its own particular cosmology.
EarthScorpion
03-18-2008, 12:30 PM
I'd recommend, as inspiration, this little fiction, called Armaggedon (http://bbs.stardestroyer.net/viewtopic.php?t=118771). Essentially, the on-average Bronze Age societies of Heaven and Hell, with incredibly tough foot-soldiers, are in a Cold War, essentially, and have a deal over the Earth, and how they split up human souls. Suddenly, Heaven declares it is full, and hands all of the Earth to Hell's dominion.
The humans do not appreciate this, and after they are provided with evidence of Yahweh's existence, and a lot of the population lies down and dies, they proceed to show the Bronze-Age armies of hell the effects of modern military technology.:D
Spook
03-18-2008, 12:36 PM
I've had similar ideas, except set a bit earlier.
Before the creation of man, but after the light was seperated from Darkness, Heaven was under siege.
From below the dead things that lived in the Darkness threw themselves upon the Agelic legions.
and from above, the Host of Faerie spun chaos against the Word.
So the City of God is beset on two sides each enemy matchs the Angels strength, but unlike them the Dead and the Fae are seemingly without number, and eventually the bastion of Creation will fall under chaos and death.
this is of course where the PC's come in.
Conrad Gray
03-18-2008, 12:36 PM
I've seen it, and am somewhat following it, but I'm not a fan of Stuart Slade's work in general, so that's why I didn't bring it up. How many chapters before the U.S. pulls a Stars and Stripes Forever over the nerfed idiot demons and ends up storming through the pearly gates to put a reborn Curtis LeMay on the Celestial Throne? Next.
Axiomatic
03-18-2008, 12:52 PM
Here's my proposal - the War in Heaven was actually started by a third, unknown party known only as the Other. Satan's rebellion, the fall of a third of the Heavenly Host and the subsequent war over earth and mankind's souls, they were all engineered to embroil everyone in a costly and weakening war.
The Other was not powerful enough to destroy the forces of Heaven or those of Hell, but it has been gathering strength for six thousand years while Heaven and Hell have been wasting theirs on a futile war whose only purpose was to render them blind and deaf to all else.
Now, the Other has judged that the time has come to wipe the universe clean of angels and devils. Both sides are punch-drunk and reeling from the blows they have dealt each other. The time has come to reap.
Oblivious ignorant elf
03-18-2008, 12:52 PM
The third faction can be a pagan-esque faction of elemental spirits, chaotic and primal.
Or it can be a faction of Olympian-like gods that adhere to their own, barbaric code of honour.
Or both.
For example, four(!) different factions:
The One God - singular god of great power, demands obidience and spirituality, served by angels.
The Primal Godess - can be benelovent but harsh. followers try to be in touch with their primal natures. served by nature spirits.
The Lord of the Earth - haughty patriarch, demanding obidience and sacrifices. promotes passion, violence and ambition. served by mythical beings and lesser gods.
The Enemy - schemeing manipulator that hates all the other factions. tempts humanity away from them with promises of power. served by fallen beings of other factions.
Greg 1
03-18-2008, 01:03 PM
Right now I am writing up a setting in which human mages combat the forces of Heaven and Hell in the name of humanity. They call themselves the Rebellion and have existed throughout human history. Heaven and Hell are viewed by them as being two terrible sides of the same coin, alien forces who act from incomprehensible motivations. Heaven is seen as entirely arbitrary, while Hell seeks to torture humanity. Nobody is sure why they act as they do - Angels never speak and Demons lie. Nobody had ever seen God or Satan and it isn't certain that they exist. The mages are pretty sure that Jesus was a real person, but they disagree strongly about his nature.
It will eventually be finished and posted to the RPGnet Wiki, but it isn't ready yet.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 01:07 PM
For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell.
If you're dealing with a Judeo-Christian worldview, you can't really work a third party in there. There isn't room for one.
So you're going to have to step outside of that to a large degree and cut a chunk off of both sides to create your new player in the game. You could, perhaps introduce Entropy as a third party - a side that has complete nihilism as an end goal and that operates more or less dispassionately (at least as regards the traditional good/evil) split.
Axiomatic
03-18-2008, 01:08 PM
If you're dealing with a Judeo-Christian worldview, you can't really work a third party in there. There isn't room for one.If we were dealing with THAT, we wouldn't be gaming it, because there isn't room for the PCs to do anything meaningful either, and at any rate all the metaplot has already been written and cannot be altered, so why bother?
Accaris
03-18-2008, 01:11 PM
Here's my take on Heaven & Hell:
In a bleak, wartorn, far future Earth, religious quasi-Abrahamic fundamentalism became a stratified social and political force. "Heaven," "Hell," "God," and "the Devil" all became constructs of social control so strong, that eventually, faith became reality.
God eventually manifested himself as an omnipotent, faceless, unseen figure in control of a brutal World Government, manipulating the lives of citizens both directly and indirectly through his followers. God uses his "angels," mechanically and genetically modified seraphim who are the distant descendents of human beings, to assert total control, and he himself (or perhaps just the man behind the curtain) manipulates the vast worldwide electronic network that evolved from the 21st century's "internet:" by accessing all but the most secure devices and information sources, He knows all and sees all.
God promises salvation as a method of instilling psychological dependence, and as a result, he dominates most of what remains of civilization. His promise--"Heaven"--is the ultimate destination for His followers, those most loyal to serving Him; a rumored golden paradise city free from war, crime, and disease, where normal citizens are told to somehow "ascend" to immortality.
"The Devil" is the man who said No. Rumored to once be God's left-hand man, from the dark recesses of the underworld, the Man In Black fights a gruesome guerilla war against the forces of Heaven. They say no one has seen his face and lived to tell about it; they say he knows every secret of how God's network operates; they say he even knows the location of Heaven. To God's followers, the Devil is an incarnation of chaos, the only obstacle to a world of perfection and harmony, and that he corrupts honest citizens into going against God's will with promises of freedom. Forced to hide in the smoldering, abandoned abyss beneath a ruined metropolis, the Devil has amassed a formidable legion of "demons," the mutants, drug addled miscreants, criminals, and soldiers cast out of God's perfect world. The Devil's goal: nothing less than to topple the Ivory Tower and expose it for the sham it really is.
If any of the Devil's followers are caught, they get dragged off to "hell," a hidden maximum security concentration camp where the "damned" are sentenced to unremitting torture and re-education.
Then there's the third side, the Syndicate: Heaven doesn't want them and Hell are afraid they'll take over. An unseen network of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and scientists left over from when the Illuminati imploded during World War 4, the Syndicate gathered together to consolidate whatever power and resources they could scavenge from the remainsof the war between Heaven and Hell. They don't believe God really exists. The Syndicate Chairmen of the Board--a group comprised of former international financiers, Fourth Reich Nazi officers, unimployed five-star generals, and a brilliant physicist or two--have well-secured proof that God is a political construct run by their former rivals from behind the scenes, with the Devil probably just a deluded Che Guevera leading a half-assed ragtag biker gang.
The Syndicate have spies everywhere, and they are masters at espionage and secrecy, covertly converting wayward ideologues to fuel their cause. With more and more of their "employees" hiding in plain sight everyday, the Syndicate wants to relieve the glory days of the Illuminati, culminating with the eventual invasion of Heaven itself, and the subsequent dissolution of Hell. Oh, and that flying saucer that hovered over the remains of New London the other day? That was probably them.
Random Goblin
Nobilis has some extra sides.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 01:38 PM
If we were dealing with THAT, we wouldn't be gaming it, because there isn't room for the PCs to do anything meaningful either, and at any rate all the metaplot has already been written and cannot be altered, so why bother?
I mentioned it because the OP used the word "Abrahamic", which denotes two clear sides to the conflict. I assumed he wanted to keep the basic structures of the Judeo-Christian Heaven vs. Hell paradigm intact, but add a third party. I noted the difficulty up front to say that if you wanted to do that, you were going to have to change the essential structure of the world view.
mindstalk
03-18-2008, 02:05 PM
Ars Magica has four Realms -- Heaven, Hell, Faerie (which in 5th edition is largely shaped by human beliefs, though found 'nature' away from human habitations) and Magic. It's not a 4-way *struggle*, and the pagan Faerie gods are pretty outclassed, but you've got the sides. And Faerie as a "thing off to the side" is somewhat traditional, cf. the ballads Thomas the Rhymer of Tam Lin.
Brust's novel _To Reign in Hell_ revises Miltonian history, with survival against Chaos being the big theme. Novel ends with Yahweh and his brainwashed angels occupying the big 'Heaven' of Earth, with Satan, Lucifer, and other rebels presumably in a much smaller and fragile ad hoc shelter, and trying to penetrate Earth and/or win support from the humans (whose mana is minuscule, but presumably valuable en masse.) I imagined an archangel Titania working with Lucifer to devise a third way, a shelter that tried to work with Chaos in a controlled fashion rather than just walling it out, though this 'Faerie' ends up creeping most people out.
It's not pseudo-Abrahamic, but Exalted does a fine job of having Heaven, Hell, Oblivion, and Chaos as conflicting sides, with real motivations.
San Dee Jota
03-18-2008, 02:14 PM
How about this for a twist....
Something happened. Something big. The media rambles on about super-string knots, but the scientists don't really know. The angels and demons seem just as confused as everybody else. Scholars used to debate over how many angels you could fit on the head of a pin without ever finding any answers. Nowadays, we can deal in concrete numbers. INS estimates there's 250,000 in California, not to mention about 210,000 demons. I'm not sure how many can fit on the head of a pin though.
About nine months back, there was a series of... events. Painless births, talking animals, rains of blood, skies of fire. Some was wonderful, some was terrible. All of it nearly drove the nation to panic. And then things seemed calm. And then we noticed them. Cherubim and seraphim, imp and quasit. The first few months were pretty scary really. For all sides. Angels who only knew perfection and beauty had to deal with the real world. Demons who knew only suffering and isolation had to deal with the real world. And mankind had to teach them how to live together, with man, when man himself had never been able to do so.
You'd have thought that the various religions would have been thrilled to talk with angels. But it seemed like every angel contradicted some tenant of their faith. Some knew nothing of Christ, and instead followed strict Talamudic law. Others knew of him, but were too "socially liberal" to appeal to anyone outside of a few quasi-cults. And then there were the Hindu angels.... I remember some radio preacher nearly having a nervous breakdown over that one. Not that the atheists fared much better the first time an angel brought a man back to life.
The demons weren't as bad as people feared though. Sure, one of them killed the Amazing Randi for shirking on the bet, but as a whole they're just as confused and lost and unique as the angels. One of them even makes the media circuit; a dominatrix from some Chinese Hell of Being Whipped or another. That said, they've had a much harder time adjusting to the world than the angels have. People figure "a demon's a threat to human life and salvation, so it's okay to kill a demon". Problem is, demons act for the most part like somebody who just lost a crappy job but didn't have anything else to fall back on. At least most of them do.
As for the official response.... We're still adjusting. Angels and demons alike are protected by civil law. Turns out there's a -lot- of good lawyers on both sides, and once the legal firms started hiring the best, they managed to keep the congressional courts fairly well tied up. Hate crimes and discrimination apply to demons (and angels), same as anyone else. Murder is still murder, despite whatever God's law or kharmaic justice dictate. And affirmative action applies to angels and demons as well as anyone else. It'll be interesting to see what happens in Iraq once we get some genuine angels over there.
---------------
Wish I was a better writer. Anyway, the idea is something like In Nomine meets Alien Nation, with mankind in the middle.
Varyar
03-18-2008, 02:21 PM
I mentioned it because the OP used the word "Abrahamic", which denotes two clear sides to the conflict. I assumed he wanted to keep the basic structures of the Judeo-Christian Heaven vs. Hell paradigm intact, but add a third party. I noted the difficulty up front to say that if you wanted to do that, you were going to have to change the essential structure of the world view.
I wouldn't go that far. In real world medieval legend, there's a story about the third faction of angels who stayed neutral in the war between Heaven and Hell. (Sadly, the only version of the story I've been able to find is in Old English - CS Lewis mentions it in The Discarded Image, though). As mentioned, they were believed to be the ancestors of fairies, etc.
And there's the Prophecy series with Christopher Walken as an independent Gabriel, at least in the first movie or two.
Wolfwood2
03-18-2008, 02:22 PM
Hmmm.
Suppose that there was a rebellion in Hell? Just as Lucifer once rebeled against God, so now is someone rebelling against him. This new leader doesn't give a shit about all the old treaties between Heaven and Hell, but if he wants his own territory there is only one place left to go.
Earth.
So this new demonic leader leads legions of devils and damned souls (who were more than happy to volunteer if it gets them out of eternal suffering) to earth and takes over a good chunk of it.
You get strange things like the anti-anti-Christ, the New Church of Earth, and an afterlife you can sign up for. Heaven militarizes, offering absolution if you'll kill in the name of the lord. Lucifer declares he threw the rebels out and doesn't want them back.
Greg 1
03-18-2008, 02:23 PM
This is an interesting twist.
You'd have thought that the various religions would have been thrilled to talk with angels. But it seemed like every angel contradicted some tenant of their faith. Some knew nothing of Christ, and instead followed strict Talamudic law. Others knew of him, but were too "socially liberal" to appeal to anyone outside of a few quasi-cults. And then there were the Hindu angels.... I remember some radio preacher nearly having a nervous breakdown over that one. Not that the atheists fared much better the first time an angel brought a man back to life.
So what happens to religion, both human and angel / demon alike? Does humanity largely abandon religion? Do they stick to their religions and regard angels with other views as being demons in disguise? And what do angels think of other angels with different views?
Also, how powerful are angels and demons and how does that change human society?
motivational poster
God says "Its the end times and your all Dammed"
Man says "fuck that" and kills the messenger with nuclear weapons.
Satan says "Just as planed"
CasperLions
03-18-2008, 02:38 PM
Well...
Besides Heaven and Hell, there's still the spirits of the material plane (I'm thinking more body-possessing djinn type spirits that accumulate lots of mortal influence and wealth), the grigori angels who were exiled to the Earth, and their nephilim children concieved by human women.
If you want to complicate things...
The Company stands for something. An unnamed (but not nameless) principle of order to the universe. But the Company's involvement with a war-torn region called Earth has always complicated this mission.
Mr.Morningstar was serving as the Ha-Satan, or Chief Prosecutor, in the department managing Earth. However, because he believed that the locals weren't worthy of help he sent one of his agents, Gadriel, to start a militia in order to make the populace seem more unfriendly then they were really were, to try to get the Company to pull out.
This fraud got found out and Mr.Morningstar, who had a fearsome reputation as a most dedicated prosecutor, called "The Dragon" by his peers, and those in his conspiracy were fired. At first he formed a rival company and many jumped over from the Company to help him, but eventually it was shut down and everyone who helped it all caught and exiled to the region known as Hell.
Mr.Morningstar and his fellow expatriates have taken over Hell, forming a government with such local members as Mammon and Belial. However there are many political factions within Morningstar's government - some who want to take over the Earth region, some who want to attack the Company directly, and others would want to use indirect methods to get the Company out of Earth. There's also an independent Hell party that want the foreigners out and hate collaborators like Mammon and Belial.
There's also a rogue sub-corporation of the Company, Watchers Inc., running covert operations in Earth. They have deep ties to a local militia group called Nephilim.
The Earth locals have other factions as well, which is where things get really complicated. Company managers Mr.Cross, Mr.Crescent, and Mr.Star run different sections of the region, and have unwittingly been sponsoring different partisan groups, some fringe factions of which engage in terrorism against the others.
The partisan group in favor of helping the ex-Company Hell government in order to be allowed to rule sections of Earth for themselves are a minor and poorly organized faction in Earth politics, and it's really the chaos of Earth locals using Company aid to fight each other that's causing the problems, which is exacerbated by the black flag operations of Hell. Not to mention Watcher inc. and a local corporation, Material Lmtd., each trying to secure future political power in Earth for themselves.
JimmieBJr
03-18-2008, 03:09 PM
I wouldn't go that far. In real world medieval legend, there's a story about the third faction of angels who stayed neutral in the war between Heaven and Hell. (Sadly, the only version of the story I've been able to find is in Old English - CS Lewis mentions it in The Discarded Image, though). As mentioned, they were believed to be the ancestors of fairies, etc.
And there's the Prophecy series with Christopher Walken as an independent Gabriel, at least in the first movie or two.
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
Misery Rex
In my Brave New World Game there was indeed three sides.
Heaven
Hell
Humanity
Heaven was ruled by a despotic overlord who had very strict standards on who got into his realm and brooked no disobedience.
Hell was lead (not ruled) by The Morningstar, a tarnished figure who had lost her true love (Yahweh) and was trying to build her army by making humanity just tainted enough not to meet the rigid and unchanging requirements to get into heaven.
Then there were the humans, caught between, trying not to become pawns or be destroyed by either faction, hindered by the traitors who sided with the celestials. Slowly building a power base of supers to challenge the angels of both sides.
Of course there were factions, within those, including the followers of Christ, The son of Yahweh and Morningstar who had denounced both sides, threw his lot in with humanity and tried to end the war peacefully...and failed.
I liked the whole split in heaven being both political (Freedom vs Oppression) and a broken romance (Lucifer and Yahweh) with the rebellious son (Jesus) trying to save his parents and humanity only to be tragically slaughtered in the crossfire.
Wields-Rulebook-Heavily
03-18-2008, 03:47 PM
The war is over. It's been over for a while. Hell lost, nominally.
Unfortunately, Hell has become very much its own thing. While the Angels watch and the Demons mourn their fate, Hell goes on with its duty-to keep the damned for eternity.
Better a ruler in hell, right? Especially when no one else is keen on doing anything with the place. The damned took over and now some of them are getting mighty tough. Many try to live up to their "demonic" image, even going so far as to think of themselves as demons. The actual demons, in the meantime, are stripped of their rank and are known only as the fallen, doomed to invisibly watch the world as it reviles them. The Angels can do nothing, yet, for reasons only the most high knows.
But that doesn't really satisfy anyone. The fallen want theirs back. The angels don't want two powers at work that despise them. The damned want what they had in life. Some cracks, loopholes and rulebreaking later, each side has agents on Earth. Who knows where it might go from there?
Eric Tolle
HEAVEN
HELL
The UN Peacekeeping Force assigned to separate the two combatants, and make sure the various spiritual 'Safe Havens; aren't touched. War criminal hunts will start as soon as we get organized...
Becuase every high fantasy world is improved with U.N. peacekeeping troops.
Alvin Frewer
03-18-2008, 05:06 PM
In this war, light and heat will determine the winners. The glorious glare, the unrelenting heat. The congregation in their homes, going about their days, will be faced with a decision to change the course of the universe.
On one side, we have the forces of light. The shining white gate behind them. With their loving Father looking over them, even He doesn't get involved in the battle for Creation. His advice and gentle hand have played their part. Now His children must play theirs.
On the other side, from their dark, fetid dwelling, pouring forth from gates of rusted iron, the hound of hell drooling at their side. They have only their cunning and sense of rebellion behind them, but they also have a bloodthirst not seen before.
One war. One street. Unlimited cups: 5 cents each.
Lemonade Final Stand.
Rand Brittain
03-18-2008, 05:12 PM
As long as the angels aren't snotty prigs, I'll be satisfied. If you're going to tell a story about the celestial, inhuman servants of pure good, tell a story about the celestial inhuman servants of pure good.
committed hero
03-18-2008, 05:24 PM
A setup like Lukanyenko's Night Watch trilogy. Good or Evil can only act if they are willing to let the other side balance out. Sometimes one side tries an end run when they think the other isn't watching. In the middle are the Watchers, charged with keeping the balance - maybe they can be corrupted by the qlippoth who want a second chance at creation.
Lethe
03-18-2008, 05:32 PM
The Damned
When the war broke out between Heaven and Hell, there were Angels who refused to choose sides. Some were pacifists, others cowards. Some had allies on both sides and refused to choose.
After the dust settled and God cast Lucifer and his angels down, he also barred the gates to Heaven from those who refused to take sides. Lucifer, likewise, would have nothing to do with these angels.
Now they wander the Earth, trying to stop the war from reaching any type of clear conclusion because if Heaven wins, they'll forever be shut out from paradise. If Hell wins, well, Lucifer isn't likely to look kindly on angles who refused to side with him, angels that could have made a difference.
Some among "the damned" have grown to enjoy life on earth and actively work to foil plots of both Heaven and Hell in order to keep a balance. Others continue to try to buy their way into Heaven or Hell. Rumors circulate that others have Big Plans for how to change the nature and outcome of the war altogether, whether that means setting up their own paradise on earth, fusing Heaven and Hell and the mortal world together, or attempting to end everything as a form of revenge.
shanoxilt
03-18-2008, 09:17 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
Did you consider Purgatory or Limbo? Do those count as parts of Hell?
Ikrast
03-18-2008, 10:46 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
In the Perelandra series, specifically in That Hideous Strength, Lewis gets about as close as anyone ever managed, to fit neutrals into a Christian framework. Of course, he goes to great pains to point out that the premise is fiction, and even in the context of the story, he argues that neutrality used to be an option, but no longer really is. And I think he only went to that extent so he could have fun pitting Merlin against the N.I.C.E.
This approach won't help the original poster a lot, but I don't see a way to make the idea of a third side fly anyway. The premise is, it's communion with God, or the highway, and the devil chose the latter. No matter how many sides you postulate, if they reject God, they are just choosing ther same highway, just another form of devil. Anything you do to work around that does so much violence to the basic concept that you might as well stop talking about God, devil, heaven and hell entirely. But hey, it's a game, it doesn't have to be internally consistent in philosophical terms...
Omegatron
Maybe it's the DnD Exalted cocktail that is my brain, but.
Demons/Devils - Hell - "Ultimate Evil"
03-19-2008, 01:25 AM
If you want a really weird religious based book, look up "Towing Jehovah".
As to a third faction, I like the idea that humanity gets sick of being caught between two egotistical dictators and forms a third faction dedicated to knocking both in the head and freeing itself to be what it can be without influence from either.
AmesJainchill
03-19-2008, 01:30 AM
I've had similar ideas, except set a bit earlier.
Before the creation of man, but after the light was seperated from Darkness, Heaven was under siege.
From below the dead things that lived in the Darkness threw themselves upon the Agelic legions.
and from above, the Host of Faerie spun chaos against the Word.
So the City of God is beset on two sides each enemy matchs the Angels strength, but unlike them the Dead and the Fae are seemingly without number, and eventually the bastion of Creation will fall under chaos and death.
Heaven as The Last Redoubt from William Hope Hodgson's The Night Land.
Awesome.
Spawn is the third faction. :D
Jokes aside:
What if heaven and hell had to unite against mankind because they've grown too powerful and can be manipulated no more by either side?
Petter W�ss
03-19-2008, 03:31 AM
I don't really cara what the factions are as long as I get demons ripping apart tanks and angels going blade-to-missile with jet fighters.
Greg 1
03-19-2008, 04:35 AM
The Damned
Now they wander the Earth, trying to stop the war from reaching any type of clear conclusion because if Heaven wins, they'll forever be shut out from paradise. If Hell wins, well, Lucifer isn't likely to look kindly on angles who refused to side with him, angels that could have made a difference.
This is interesting. So do you see The Damned as PCs? If so, what do you see them getting up to? If they are NPCs, how do you forsee them being used?
Greg 1
03-19-2008, 04:37 AM
As to a third faction, I like the idea that humanity gets sick of being caught between two egotistical dictators and forms a third faction dedicated to knocking both in the head and freeing itself to be what it can be without influence from either.
That is, more or less, the setting I'm writing up now. The big difference is that the human faction is composed of mages operating in secret.
Kakita Kojiro
03-19-2008, 07:46 PM
Again, that's true, but that's not Abrahamic, so far as I've ever seen. Like I said, I was only noting that there would be some difficulty trying to shoehorn a third party into a system that is very specifically binary.
You could have your three-way division be:
1. heavenly hosts, led by Metatron the mind of G-d
2. adversarial demons, such as Lilith or Pazuzu or Ba'al Moloch (drawn from Mesopotamian gods-turned-demons)
3. Qliphothic entities, of a failed or replaced former creation
That'd be nicely Abrahamic.
Or, go a little later, and set distant G-d against the gnostic Demiurge Ialdabaoth, with fallen Lucifer as the spoiler.
LuxVeritatis
03-19-2008, 08:01 PM
Everyone knows that the good go to Heaven, and the wicked to Hell. Simple, right? Not so much... the humans don't know it, but both afterlives have standards. Heaven only takes the truly virtuous, Hell is reserved for the darkest of souls.
What happens to the rest? No-one knew. If the angels and the demons ever thought about it, they just assumed that they reincarnated, or dispersed into nothingness. Either way, not a problem, right?
Wrong. All the other souls? They've been going Somewhere Else. Call it Limbo, maybe. In some ways, it might be worse than Hell... At least in Hell, you know you deserved it. All the souls in Limbo know they've been denied a proper afterlife. Shunted off to the Celestial Waiting Room, where you've read all the magazines before, and they weren't interesting the first time. And some of the dead have been there A Very Long Time indeed.
Now, though, someone's found a way out. They're coming back. And they are pissed off.
Lethe
03-19-2008, 08:48 PM
This is interesting. So do you see The Damned as PCs? If so, what do you see them getting up to? If they are NPCs, how do you forsee them being used?
Definitely PCs. They're too damned ("Damned"..."damned" get it? man, I crack myself up:p) interesting not to be.
I foresee them getting up to all sorts of things.
You could break them down into three basic groups.
Demons are those who have grown to enjoy life in the mortal world. They might enjoy leading mortals into temptation, protecting mortals from the evils of the world, carving out their own little "fiefdom" on earth, or playing mercenary for Heaven, Hell, or both.
Reconcilers are those who desperately want back into Heaven, or maybe even Hell. Maybe they research the Biblical text for some arcane way to be redeemed or bend the rules to enter Heaven or Hell. Maybe they work as cronies for one side or the other in the hopes that they'll be let back in.
Usurpers want to remake the world in their image. Maybe they want to take God down for throwing them out of His kingdom when all they really did was refuse to kill, and wasn't that the right thing to do? Maybe they want to take over Hell or form an alliance with Lucifer and turn Hell into something better than Heaven. Maybe they want to merge Heaven and Hell with the mortal world in order to make something far better, or far worse.
Conrad Gray
You could have your three-way division be:
1. heavenly hosts, led by Metatron the mind of G-d
2. adversarial demons, such as Lilith or Pazuzu or Ba'al Moloch (drawn from Mesopotamian gods-turned-demons)
3. Qliphothic entities, of a failed or replaced former creation
That kind of dovetails with the third side being Lovecraftian beastlies thing. Though in that I had always imagined the demons as being charmers and tempters, not so much as legions of rampaging chaos-Diablo.
Doctor,Wildstorm
03-20-2008, 12:22 AM
I had this idea for a world where the rapture happened and god(yhwh) prepares to let it turn into anti-christ ruled ball of crap, when the old out of style classical gods say no.
See, now that most of the christions and muslims are gone, the big G isn't top banana anymore.
The classicals(scion gods plus hindu and some other major faiths) have enough power to put the world back as it was.
Then things get rather fantasy-ish, as monsters,magic and other ancient wonders fill the earth.
San Dee Jota
This is somewhat off the cuff here, and liable to change.
Continuing to riff on In Nomine meets Alien Nation though....
So what happens to religion, both human and angel / demon alike?
After a lot of initial chaos and confusion, things calm down. Sorta'. The Archangel Michael sided with the Catholic Church, acting as an official "advisor" to the Pope, but still subordinate. Gabriel however divides her time between leading a small African American Southern Baptist choir and calling Muslims to prayer at a nearby mosque. Lots of people don't like how she handles herself, but nobody has the guts to argue with an Archangel. Yet.
Demons on the whole avoid religious institutions altogether. A small few of the spiritually masochist types offer themselves as targets of social (and occasionally physical) abuse, to lure people further into the sins of bigotry and fear. A surprisingly growing number however have claimed to convert to various faiths, seeking peace and a new beginning in this world. How much of this is true, and how much of it is just a demon trying to just get people to leave him alone is up to debate.
The key thing that surprised everyone however, is that there seems to be no single "right" answer. The angels and demons alike all claim to know "the Truth", but they don't actually agree as to what that Truth is. They don't fight over it, much, as such conflicts have a tendancy to escalate and not really accomplish much. The angels, usually, agree they want to help people, and the demons, usually, agree they're all looking out for themselves. Big brawls don't usually help anyone, and they end up costing more than they gain. In practice, this means that Gabriel tends to avoid Hindu angels, and Michael tends to avoid Gabriel. And demons just look to playing whichever side gives them the best gain, for as long as it does so.
Does humanity largely abandon religion?
Religion is based on faith. Having angels and demons running around strengthens the faith of millions across the world. Having angels and demons contradict everything people believed weakens the faith of millions across the world. The end result for human faith is a wash.
Some people refuse to accept that any of this is real of course, and believe that both angels and demons are really space aliens or transdimensional beings that manifest themselves based on human expectations. Others actively try to enact ancient, and not so ancient, rituals to summon and command these beings; occult texts, New Age books, and old RPG manuals are still going for a small fortune on eBay these days as global militaries, intelligence agencies, and armchair goetics try to harness divine power. So far nobody's admitted to having any luck.
The biggest reaction has been in the media however, as a paparazi and reality programming feed an insatiably curious world. The clip of "Through Krolomech's Eyes" where Krolomech vomitted dead kittens on Paris Hilton has received 8 millions hits on YouTube. "Chocolate Rain" by Taz Zonday still has it beat by a great deal however.
Do they stick to their religions and regard angels with other views as being demons in disguise?
Some would, some wouldn't. When Michael raises a dead child in the name of the Father and the Son, to renew hope and strengthen Christian faith, speculation runs rampant that the kid is the anti-christ. Britney Spears doesn't have paparazi as bad as the poor kid, and Michael tends to let the dead stay dead after that fiasco.
And what do angels think of other angels with different views?
It varies from individual to individual. The really militant ones either keep quiet or tend to go out in a mass slugfest. The greater majority put helping people above theological disputes. Fortunately, the more powerful angels are in the "help people first" camp, but that could change.
Also, how powerful are angels and demons and how does that change human society?
Again, it varies. Demon Lords and the least of imps alike are loose, as are two of the Archangels as well as cherubs and cherubim. What's more interesting than their "super powers" is how well they integrate with society. Currently, the most powerful demon in the world is a highly successful economist with connections and resources worldwide. She single-handedly is providing 18% of the funding to relief actions in Africa, including some long term projects. Why would a demon do this? Besides worldwide popular support with humanity, it also has the protection of pretty much any angel against any demon that would try to horn in on its operations.
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
Kakita Kojiro
03-20-2008, 12:26 PM
That kind of dovetails with the third side being Lovecraftian beastlies thing. Though in that I had always imagined the demons as being charmers and tempters, not so much as legions of rampaging chaos-Diablo.
While it is certainly a common trope to equate the Qliphoth with Lovecraftian "Things Man Was Not Meant To Know", from outside time and space and all that... I don't think it's strictly required.
The essential concept of the Qliphoth is that it was a failed creation, denied the presence of G-d (since it essentially failed in expressing an emanation of G-d). So Qliphothic beings should be different from beings we'd recognize from creation, but no need for them to be unknowable. Probably better not, if one is going for "Abrahamic." Stick to old-school, and make them chimeric monsters -- the Qliphoth could be the source of scorpion-men, hundred-armed-men, dragons, etc. All the things that Don't Fit Here, but knowable for being annoyed and irascible at having been left out of creation.
mindstalk
03-20-2008, 02:09 PM
Vertigo comics seem like possible inspiration. You've got Heaven/Hell, plus pagan gods shaped by belief out of the Dreaming, not to mention the Endless and Triple Goddess themselves, and faeries. Lucifer introduced the shapeless and the Silk Man, outsiders or refugees from previous creations. It's all more complex than Miltonic theology, but not much more so than folk Christianity or cabbalistic Judaism -- right, you've got Lilith and her Lilim running around too, half-human demons who aren't fallen angels, just pissed.
Gargoylewing
Well, Lovecraftian Horrors are an idea...
I like the idea of Witchcraft:
There are Angels, the Seraphim. And there are their servants, the Ethereals.
And there are Devils, the Deamons. With them their wardogs, the Fiends.
And Death and his ferrymen and his peers are more a plot device, servants of the order of our world. The shady afterlifes on the other hand are not directly connected to him. Something here in Creation is not working right...
There are nature spirits and object spirits form our physical world, while elements dip into our world from their own elemental planes, and elementals are the inhabitants of them, but summonable.
And still there are the Mad Gods and their servants, lovecraftian beings from other planes and dimensions, some trying to get a foot in the door of Creation.
But, what about this:
Luzifer the Morningstar was thrown in Hell with his followers, then starting his "Better reign in Hell" policy, taking large parts of it over and drowning his sadness about having lost in the blood of those suffering here.
But, aside from lowest Imps emanating from the Abyss itself, Hell was not that empty...
Malik the Zebani, the Guardian of those tortured in Hell, and most loyal servant of his G-d, is not happy about Azazil the Shining Morningstar (now called Iblis which means "the disappointer") annecting the torture chamber he has to guard in the name of Him.
But as angels, neither Malik nor his fellow Zebani (watchmen angels of Hell) can act against G-d and thus leave Hell, nor can he do much against the Satan, as he is one of those created of flame and thus is blessed with kind of a free will, so Malik can't use his strongest argument ("it's Allahs will !") alone...
But he can use those Damned still being tortured in his part of Hell, as he only does his job instead of enjoying more and more torturing of those damned like Satan does, so there should be some volunteers being afraid of Luzifer, as "agents" and "soldiers", as long as they don't leave any Hell (they are not allowed to and Malik can't let them go as he was not created to disobey).
So we have damned souls fighting for their damnation as alternatively they would end up as Lizifers playthings...
Anyone wanna roll up a character...?;)
Thus, we can include a fair part of islamic angelic folklore (Malik is an Angel from Qo'ran) into our Judeo-Christian dualism.
Brousseau
03-20-2008, 09:30 PM
The God of Abraham is not "God" any more than "Coke" is "Beverage". The god of Abraham is just one of many Middle Eastern desert deities. What separates him from the others is his success from a marketing point of view. He gained a large share of the Israelite market with the Pillar of Fire/Exodus campaign and he finally gained a monopoly in the Jewish market when he got Moses to act as his spokesman and he smashed the golden calf. He went from one of many small local brands to a regional powerhouse, but he was still limited to the Judean market. Then he comes up with a brilliant scheme to "grow the brand" and introduces God 2.0: Jesus. He goes from being the god of the Israelites to being the Judeo-Christian God and gains a big presence in the European market. His massive marketing machine either drives his smaller competitors out of business or absorbs their assets (a few holidays and pagan traditions) into his own brand. Next thing you know, God's brand name has grown so big that it's seen as the only game in town. Your only source for thinking that God is the Supreme Being who created the universe is his own marketing campaign. There are others who disagree and offer other opinions on who is the supreme creator, but they get ignored by fans of God. The same way people don't really pay any attention to small "no name" brands of cola as being inferior to the one true Coke, even if they taste those other brands and find that they taste just as refreshing, they are still seen as "not the real thing".
Heaven vs. Hell is a big conflict, but it's not the only thing going on (although they would like you to believe that). Coke vs Pepsi is also a huge conflict, but there are many other beverages that are not involved in their conflict (although there are a surprising number of "other beverages" that are actually owned by one side or the other).
Doctor,Wildstorm
This is somewhat off the cuff here, and liable to change.
Continuing to riff on In Nomine meets Alien Nation though....
After a lot of initial chaos and confusion, things calm down. Sorta'. The Archangel Michael sided with the Catholic Church, acting as an official "advisor" to the Pope, but still subordinate. Gabriel however divides her time between leading a small African American Southern Baptist choir and calling Muslims to prayer at a nearby mosque. Lots of people don't like how she handles herself, but nobody has the guts to argue with an Archangel. Yet.
Demons on the whole avoid religious institutions altogether. A small few of the spiritually masochist types offer themselves as targets of social (and occasionally physical) abuse, to lure people further into the sins of bigotry and fear. A surprisingly growing number however have claimed to convert to various faiths, seeking peace and a new beginning in this world. How much of this is true, and how much of it is just a demon trying to just get people to leave him alone is up to debate.
The key thing that surprised everyone however, is that there seems to be no single "right" answer. The angels and demons alike all claim to know "the Truth", but they don't actually agree as to what that Truth is. They don't fight over it, much, as such conflicts have a tendancy to escalate and not really accomplish much. The angels, usually, agree they want to help people, and the demons, usually, agree they're all looking out for themselves. Big brawls don't usually help anyone, and they end up costing more than they gain. In practice, this means that Gabriel tends to avoid Hindu angels, and Michael tends to avoid Gabriel. And demons just look to playing whichever side gives them the best gain, for as long as it does so.
Religion is based on faith. Having angels and demons running around strengthens the faith of millions across the world. Having angels and demons contradict everything people believed weakens the faith of millions across the world. The end result for human faith is a wash.
Some people refuse to accept that any of this is real of course, and believe that both angels and demons are really space aliens or transdimensional beings that manifest themselves based on human expectations. Others actively try to enact ancient, and not so ancient, rituals to summon and command these beings; occult texts, New Age books, and old RPG manuals are still going for a small fortune on eBay these days as global militaries, intelligence agencies, and armchair goetics try to harness divine power. So far nobody's admitted to having any luck.
The biggest reaction has been in the media however, as a paparazi and reality programming feed an insatiably curious world. The clip of "Through Krolomech's Eyes" where Krolomech vomitted dead kittens on Paris Hilton has received 8 millions hits on YouTube. "Chocolate Rain" by Taz Zonday still has it beat by a great deal however.
Some would, some wouldn't. When Michael raises a dead child in the name of the Father and the Son, to renew hope and strengthen Christian faith, speculation runs rampant that the kid is the anti-christ. Britney Spears doesn't have paparazi as bad as the poor kid, and Michael tends to let the dead stay dead after that fiasco.
It varies from individual to individual. The really militant ones either keep quiet or tend to go out in a mass slugfest. The greater majority put helping people above theological disputes. Fortunately, the more powerful angels are in the "help people first" camp, but that could change.
Again, it varies. Demon Lords and the least of imps alike are loose, as are two of the Archangels as well as cherubs and cherubim. What's more interesting than their "super powers" is how well they integrate with society. Currently, the most powerful demon in the world is a highly successful economist with connections and resources worldwide. She single-handedly is providing 18% of the funding to relief actions in Africa, including some long term projects. Why would a demon do this? Besides worldwide popular support with humanity, it also has the protection of pretty much any angel against any demon that would try to horn in on its operations.
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
and just maybe, she really does want to help.
zcthu3
03-21-2008, 12:42 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I've got two ideas: a Lovecraftian approach (forum.rpg.net/showthread.php?t=316460), and if Heaven's soldiers wear white and Hell's legions wear red, a third force would wear black: Death. Though perhaps Death would be neutral, playing more the role of valkyries and vultures, picking up the pieces of the fallen.
Your lovecraftian approach has pretty much been done with Armageddon by Eden.
Heaven and Hell have been preparing for the End - mostly in an In Nomine cold war style - they've been having issues with a variety of human factions (such as the Templars etc) but have otherwise been in a stalemate waiting for the end.
Then a lovecraftian mad god makes a play for reality.
The Old Gods come out of the wood work in order to protect reality, the Angels and Fallen Angels decide to 'join forces' with each other (and all the other non lovecraftian factions) against the mad god but will take any oppotunity to stab each other in the back if they think they can get away with it.
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 02:25 AM
Going back to my "colors" idea, how could we have a neutral faction of black Death? You know, led by Dracula's pal from the Castlevania series? A lot of winged grim reapers and the like. My idea was to treat Death as the junkmen (dusties of Planescape?) who pick up the slain angels, demons, and humans of the war. Though I'm wondering if they could fit in a more belligerent capacity.
Greg 1
03-21-2008, 06:36 AM
I -am- actually working on a few more things to hopefully make this a more viable setting.
I think that it is an interesting setting, well worth persuing.
What I personally would be most interested in seeing developed is the religious and social implications of what has happened. It seems to me that human society is going to be transformed by introducing angels and demons into the mix.
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
The church authorities will have to say something about all of this too. The vatican, for instance, seems to have a choice between saying that traditional Christianity is a crock or denying the angelicness of huge numbers of these self-proclaimed angels. They are also going to have to say something regarding a human's duty when faced with a demon.
Also, the powers available to angels and demons will potentially make a huge difference to human society. If an angel can read minds, for instance, they are going to change the face of politics.
San Dee Jota
03-21-2008, 08:11 AM
What I personally would be most interested in seeing developed is the religious and social implications of what has happened. It seems to me that human society is going to be transformed by introducing angels and demons into the mix.
If you set it early enough you get a point where things are starting to settle which makes for a bit easier gaming, but not so settled that the PCs can't shake it all up. I suspect a lot of the really big social changes and attitudes will take some time to set in as people come to terms with it all.
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
I see this as a case of having to look at how real world faiths deal with the mircales and myths of other religions. Some would look and see nothing but demons and delusions regardless of anything else. Others would see their loving God (or Gods) trying to guide others to the Truth in a way they can understand. As a real world example, many Christians will point at Flood myths from across the world as support for -their- myth; they don't tend to see the Biblical Flood as support for someone else's. Same thing with these angels and demons; they don't see them as proof of the other guy's validity, but rather proof of their own.
Another trick is to make the divine somewhat confused and limited. Two of the Archangels are manifested here, but two aren't. Every divine remembers God(s) and Heaven(s) and Hell(s), and but none can remember any details. To a very real extent, the divine are just as lost and confused as any human. Given time, I imagine some demons will genuinely convert to Christianity (or Islam or whatever), while some angels may find Scientology or atheism to make more sense and give them peace. What happens when Asmodeus apologizes and converts to Islam? What about when Screwtape finally decides that he's really just an alien, formed through random chance into a society that dictated his role in existance before he could find it himself, and there is no God?
The church authorities will have to say something about all of this too. The vatican, for instance, seems to have a choice between saying that traditional Christianity is a crock or denying the angelicness of huge numbers of these self-proclaimed angels. They are also going to have to say something regarding a human's duty when faced with a demon.
If you go the route of "the only good demon is a dead one", the game ends up playing like any of dozens of other dark urban fantasy monster bashing games. That's not bad, but it's been done and done and done again. I rather like the idea that demons (and angels) are held accountable by human laws, and mainstream religions see them as part of their mission rather than dictators of it. Demons aren't to be killed on sight, but preached to and prayed for. Angels don't call the shots, people do. Salvation (or Nirvana or whatever) is to be offered to all divine, and some of both camps will truly take whatever is offered to heart.
As for how religions view "contradictory angels", they'd eventually react as much the same way they do to real world faiths. The big wigs say "we're all one big happy family" while the average believer struggles with prejudices, fears, and general ignorance. The Catholic Church won't bad mouth a houri, but that won't stop Father Ted from making jokes about her. In some cases, demons will be held to less hostility than "false" angels, but that will be by common folk instead of churches.
Also, the powers available to angels and demons will potentially make a huge difference to human society. If an angel can read minds, for instance, they are going to change the face of politics.
I figure they have powers, but that's more a plot device to get people to believe. Miracles aren't about healing 3d6 hit points, but about reminding people that their God(s) loves them and is(are) watching. Now, they -can- run around revealing Senators' sins, conjuring piles of gold to tempt people with, and so on. But we're too connected now. We watch each other too much now for some sort of entertainment, and we want to be on display for entertainment too.
The divine learn very quickly that their miracles don't sway belief as much as lead to media frenzies, one-sided reality-TV deals, incessant pleading from the needy and the greedy, and frivolous lawsuits. Sure people are intimidated by the bigger divine, and tend to ignore what the lesser divine does, but for the most part the divine just try to keep a low profile. That said, this isn't to be another dark urban fantasy with magical elements hiding in the shadows. It's more like watching Angelina Jolie try to go out in LA, only she was also able to heal the sick for a geased favor and had a flickr site dedicated to her habit of eating live insects.
See, in my take, the PCs are all average run of the mill humans chosen to help integrate the divine into modern society. They don't get p0w3rz. Never will. But it's up to them to make sure the divine don't kill each other, learn the laws of the land, get acclimated to the culture with jobs and mortgages, and are in turn protected from normal people to the fullest extent of the law. I don't want there to be a clear cut answer. I want everybody's contradictory explanations to at least seem equally valid. This is to be a game about struggling with faith, and when you have verifiable, provable answers then faith is no longer a factor.
Granted, it wouldn't sell more than ten copies without a 30 page section on combat followed by 60 pages of new mechanics for old super powers the PCs can level up. ;)
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 11:46 AM
Just for starters, let's say that someone is a Christian. What sense do they make of the angels that deny Christianity? It seems to me that the Christian can either lose their faith (or at least radically change it) or they have to accept that these supernatural beings who deny the divinity of Christ aren't angels at all. And if they aren't angels, what are they? I'm guessing that demons in disguise would be the obvious contender.
Er, what? Canon already backs the concept of angels that deny Christianity, or at least the authority of God. Canon also backs the concept of evil spirits and the like who mislead and corrupt humanity. Of course, you can say that it flies against James 2:19- "You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that�and shudder" in that it means that the ex-angel denies not only the supremacy of God, but the divinity of Christ as well. But hey, if someone's a Christian, how is that person going to care what comes out of the lying maw of a pawn of the enemy?
And since fallen angels are meant to be demons already, and Lucifer/Satan himself is known to be a former angel, not to mention that he once commanded no less than a quarter of the angels of Heaven in revolt, it's not that hard a stretch to accept.
Greg 1
I don't understand. What are you disagreeing with me about?
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 12:14 PM
It seemed like you were saying that it would take a great change in belief for a Christian to accept that there are angels who deny God. I'm just saying it probably wouldn't, because that's already a part of Christianity already.
Greg 1
03-21-2008, 01:00 PM
It seemed like you were saying that it would take a great change in belief for a Christian to accept that there are angels who deny God. I'm just saying it probably wouldn't, because that's already a part of Christianity already.
Denying the authority of God is very different from denying the existance of God. As for lying fallen angels, I already discussed them.
Conrad Gray
03-21-2008, 01:41 PM
Okay, some ideas for mine. It's pretty much cobbled together from ideas from this thread and the other, following (probably to a fault) my credo of "the more factions, the merrier," put atop my preferred metaphysical framework for this- Hellboy (the RPG)'s Abrahamic-universe-that-has-Greek-godlings-and-Cthulhus, and with a few original ideas tossed in as well as my propensity of turning the occasional cliche on its head.
Essentially, the premise is that Scripture is... Gospel. What's laid out in Revelation is fated to happen. How it happens is anyone's guess. And more pressing, when. There's also the question of whether or not any other religions' religious texts are compatible. But in any case, just as in the short story "Thunder of the Captains, and the Shouting" by Tom Piccirilli, the End Times are going to happen, and they will happen as written. Satan will be defeated, Christ will return, there will be an epic battle and the fate of billions will come.
But getting to that time... the waiting period's a bitch.
Think about it this way. World War II was terrible. One of the worst calamities to happen to the world. But then the Cold War came along, and the stakes were even higher with the threat of thermonuclear destruction. But if you're fighting on the Eastern Front, the world looks like it's on the brink of death as it is already. And so on. So basically my setting would be in the intrigue, backstabbing, and shocking revelations of the build-up to the End Times. Which no one really knows will happen when, other than the big G. And there you have it.
Rather like In Nomine, I guess.
The players would likely be minions of the various supernatural sides. Usually mundane, mortal minions who may have some extraordinary powers, but possess nothing more than some clue of what's happening. Usually apparently neutral sides are pawns in the celestial struggle.
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:
Heaven: (You can guess). Out to fulfill the will of God, as inscrutable as it might be. At war with all powers refusing to accept its authority. Also desperately trying to find out why certain groups have arisen in recent times, and how they fit in with prophecy. The big names are all busy off-Earth. Michael won't show up to fight until Armageddon. Metatron is assisting with internal affairs. Gabriel is off doing whatever, and there's no use trying to corner him to ask whether or not if he really did instruct Muhammad to inscribe the Quran. Instead, the most important person on Earth representing Heaven is actually not an angel, but human- Matthias, the apostle who replaced Judas back in Acts. A bit like civilian control of militaries, St. Matthias is the commander of the forces of Heaven on Earth. He's advised by John of Patmos and Raphael the Archangel, who in turn is the highest-ranking angel currently on Earth. They have several goals- find out just what's supposed to happen from here, and to prevent Hell from taking any more souls, but they don't exactly have a clear roadmap from God.
Hell: Red. Demons, daemons, and devils. Covers everything from Diablo-esque rampaging hordes of Chaos to corrupted golden hedonistic tempters of decadence. Consisting of both the original fallen angels and djinn, evil spirits and constructs made by them, and any other fell beasts. Not monolithic; Satan hasn't been divided against himself yet- not openly, at least, but he there are myriads of subfactions of Hell, all allying to some demon prince or another with their own agendas. Satan himself is much mellow in these days. Having failed to undo God's work or to tempt Christ, he merely resides in the underworld in his degenerate finery, watching the world turn. Oh, he's not idle by any chance- he knows he's going down, and he's going to take as many souls as he can with him- but if one was to meet the great deceiver, one would find that he's rather like the matrixical Merovingian: well-dressed, aloof, seemingly content. It's all a facade, of course- nowadays Satan's all about getting people to sign unwritten contracts and falling to him without them knowing. And while his lieutenants accuse him of complacency and foment rebellion, he's really just as frantically confused about the presence of some of the other groups and how they fit into what will happen. And as always, he secretly yearns to overthrow the top.
Death: (You can also guess). For millennia upon millennia, the servants of Death have existed on Earth, bringing the deceased to proper locations before they are then spirited away to their true afterlife. Nominally a servant of God (rather like Apollyon, the bringer of locusts who is currently indisposded), Death has done his duty quietly and without fail, until in recent times. Death is on the march. His skeletal scythe-wielding servants have been striking people dead randomly and without cause, stealing some of their souls to places unknown. In fact, Death himself has fully manifested his presence upon the Earth as one of the Four. While his fellow riders are nowhere to be seen yet, both Heaven and Hell are frantically scrambling to understand if his presence is a necessary prerequisite for the End Times, merely a happenstance, or a perversion of what is to come...
His identity is unknown, thought to be Malik, Samael, Sariel, Azrael, Uriel, or even Michael or Gabriel. Others speculate that Death was killed at some point, and replaced by another. Cain son of Adam is often a suspect.
Fae: Green. Contrary to popular myth, the fair folk are not dying out. Their lands may be taken over by the technological societies of man, but the Fae are stronger than that. Or rather, more insidious. They breed like rats. The only reason why contact has been so minimal between them and humanity is because they're masters of metamorphosis. Vampires, werewolves, aliens, etc.- fair folk in different costumes. And they can turn invisible, too, so that explains most ghost sightings. Just who are they? No one is sure. While some in their number are nephilim and other hybrids from human/angel couplings, the majority of Fae are primeval spirits that just seemed to spontaneous arise as the Earth grew. Whether they're sentient creations from Eden, former caretaker angels of nature, or dreams come to life by the collective subconcious of humanity, no one is sure. They've mostly played a sidelines role so far, but Titania wants her people to eventually dominate, and is eager to watch the sides above and below destroy each other, whilst her children continue to infest the burrows and bushes of the planet.
Pantheon: Blue. There used to be godlings on Earth, and they walked amongst men. Nephilim? Qliphothic entities? Maybe. Great heroes and evils sprang forth from them, and they dominated many of the old civilizations, touting themselves as the true divinities. But in time their powers fell, God's words swept their messages away, and their power diminished. But it was not disbelief that doomed them, but their numbers. The old polytheistic gods made war upon each other, and the Fae used it to their advantage. Eventually, the remaining godlings and demigods exiled themselves deep under the sea. Not an Atlantis, mind you- merely the hidden ridges and trenches of the ocean floor, where they changed their forms, many becoming animals and the like. But �gir is not pleased. He, too, awaits for Heaven and Hell to rend each other asunder, so he may reclaim the Earth, and war upon the rodent Fae, and claim humanity to worship him and his as originally intended. Incidentally, they are very spiritous creatures like the Fae, and often make war with them in the planes of dreaming beyond that of Earth.
No Hindu, Buddhist, or any other gods that people actually worship nowadays. Neo-pagans don't count. It's not just because of political correctness, but because it makes it too complicated, not to mention In Nomine has done a better joab already.
Soulburners: Violet. In search of a better name. The Great Old Ones who the unsuspecting medium Lovecraft was writing about. Fragments of a previous creation, or perhaps just really, really, really fallen angels (they had different jobs from Satan's clique), they no longer maintain a stable existence in reality. Instead, they manifest in multiple dimensions, have cyclopean forms beyond sane comprehension, and corrupt everything they touch. With little more agendas than "kill and eat", these mad horrors bring a shudder to every faction above. For one thing, their full manifestation could destroy Earth. Paradoxically, their powers have been growing. Since everyone knows that if they really destroy Earth, God is going to go all Iluvatar on them, no one understands how they fit in with the End Times, or the current time. Recently, they have been falling into Earth more and more often, their servitors wreaking havoc. Aside from the possible treachery of Death, the Soulburners' rise are the most worrying phenomenon in recent times.
San Dee Jota
03-21-2008, 02:03 PM
Er, what? Canon already backs the concept of angels that deny Christianity, or at least the authority of God. Canon also backs the concept of evil spirits and the like who mislead and corrupt humanity. Of course, you can say that it flies against James 2:19- "You believe that there is one God. Good! Even the demons believe that�and shudder" in that it means that the ex-angel denies not only the supremacy of God, but the divinity of Christ as well. But hey, if someone's a Christian, how is that person going to care what comes out of the lying maw of a pawn of the enemy?
The thing is, for -my- game to work, there has to be angels that not only have nothing to do with Christianity, but can renounce it altogether. Whether that makes them damned or not is ultimately up to whatever higher powers are out there, but the fun in the game comes from exploring what would drive an angel to convert and how the Players handle the PR fallout from such a thing. When some priest leaves the Church it may be a big deal to the parish, but when the Archangel Michael starts expressing doubts, how do the PCs handle things?
Besides, many churches won't believe he's really an angel -until- he leaves Catholicism for their specific denomination, and many wouldn't believe even then. Kinda' like how it isn't good enough to tell (some) Latter Day Saints or (some) Baptists that you're a Methodist, you're still not "really" a Christian. To use a personal example.
Doctor,Wildstorm
03-21-2008, 06:36 PM
Okay, some ideas for mine. It's pretty much cobbled together from ideas from this thread and the other, following (probably to a fault) my credo of "the more factions, the merrier," put atop my preferred metaphysical framework for this- Hellboy (the RPG)'s Abrahamic-universe-that-has-Greek-godlings-and-Cthulhus, and with a few original ideas tossed in as well as my propensity of turning the occasional cliche on its head.
Essentially, the premise is that Scripture is... Gospel. What's laid out in Revelation is fated to happen. How it happens is anyone's guess. And more pressing, when. There's also the question of whether or not any other religions' religious texts are compatible. But in any case, just as in the short story "Thunder of the Captains, and the Shouting" by Tom Piccirilli, the End Times are going to happen, and they will happen as written. Satan will be defeated, Christ will return, there will be an epic battle and the fate of billions will come.
But getting to that time... the waiting period's a bitch.
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:
Pantheon: Blue. There used to be godlings on Earth, and they walked amongst men. Nephilim? Qliphothic entities? Maybe. Great heroes and evils sprang forth from them, and they dominated many of the old civilizations, touting themselves as the true divinities. But in time their powers fell, God's words swept their messages away, and their power diminished. But it was not disbelief that doomed them, but their numbers. The old polytheistic gods made war upon each other, and the Fae used it to their advantage. Eventually, the remaining godlings and demigods exiled themselves deep under the sea. Not an Atlantis, mind you- merely the hidden ridges and trenches of the ocean floor, where they changed their forms, many becoming animals and the like. But �gir is not pleased. He, too, awaits for Heaven and Hell to rend each other asunder, so he may reclaim the Earth, and war upon the rodent Fae, and claim humanity to worship him and his as originally intended. Incidentally, they are very spiritous creatures like the Fae, and often make war with them in the planes of dreaming beyond that of Earth.
No Hindu, Buddhist, or any other gods that people actually worship nowadays. Neo-pagans don't count. It's not just because of political correctness, but because it makes it too complicated, not to mention In Nomine has done a better joab already.
.
The thing is, the classical Greek and the aesir are currently worshiped.
But this sounds really awesome .What would a human PC be doing?
Conrad Gray
04-13-2008, 04:56 PM
Depends. There's no need to be aligned with any particular color, but for an RPG setting naturally almost any could be available. Would-be rulers of Hell trying to strike up devil's bargains, neo-Pagan Reconstructionists trying to bring back Olympus or Asgard out of the sea, Wiccans wishing to aid the Fair Folk create a Gaia on Earth, er... goths trying to bring death to all beings perhaps, your classic Lovecraftian insane cultists trying to bring their alien gods to our dimension, or just those on the side on the Angels trying to make sure that the Apocalypse happens on schedule, without having to go through an alternatively terrible time in between.
chiguayante
04-13-2008, 09:28 PM
Conrad, it sounds like your groupings are pretty much just the nMage orders with serial numbers filed off.
White= Heaven= Obrimos
It's pretty close at any rate.
Similarian
04-13-2008, 10:03 PM
When Heaven and Hell released their armies on the world, after uncounted eons of peace, a third faction appeared. Led by Azathoth, the blind nuclear chaos that no one living has seen, the Outer Gods wrecked havoc on Heaven and Hell before they were held back by armies demonic and angelic. The Outer Gods had strange forms and uncanny powers and devices that none had seen, and both sides in the eternal war wondered where such terrible creatures could come from. When asked by Michael, God only shook his head sadly and spoke not.
Now mankind is trapped in a three way war between Heaven, Hell, and Outer Gods. While heaven and hell fight for souls, the Outer Gods seem more willing to merely cause people to go screaming into madness or destroy vast tracts of the world in order to weaken either of the other sides. Indeed, the Outer Gods seem more intent on destroying Heaven and Hell than mankind, except the fallout of their indiscriminate battles causes as much or more death than the more targeted actions of Heaven and Hell.
The reason God refuses to act directly against the Outer Gods? They're his most favored children, humanity. God exists in all times, so has seen the farthest reaches of the future where mankind, desperate for survival and broken by the war between Heaven and Hell uses the unimaginable technologies of the far future to travel back and grant themselves a second chance. Somehow they have removed themselves from causality, so they don't fear the effects of a changed past on their own forms. Torn by love for what they once were, he refuses to act directly against them.
Azathoth the Mad God is not a singular entity, but the joined thoughts of the Outer Gods who use an unimaginably complex biological and technical system to process the thoughts of all their kind, rank them, and create a decision. The nature of the device and the power required to run the calculations surrounds Azathoth in nuclear forces that break down matter and energy over time. When someone is driven insane enough, by modern standards, their mind-soul form can be integrated into Azathoth as a new member of the community. While the Outer Gods want to save those they deem worthy (often intellectuals) or enough for some unfathomable reason, they are quite willing to kill their misguided ancestors to save their future.
Greg 1
04-13-2008, 10:06 PM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell. For examples, see In Nomine for a cold war, and perhaps Diablo for a hot war.
I finished and posted my Lineage setting to the rpgnet wiki here:
http://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Lineage:Main_Page
Whether Heaven and Hell are at war or not is debatable but there is a large faction of mages, the Rebellion, who have declared war on both and have fought them throughout human history. For most of this time, the Rebellion has been an underground movement, supressed by the other magi for fear of angering Heaven and Hell. However, since the Renaissance, the Rebellion has been too powerful to keep a lid on in the west and today they fight openly.
FruitSmack
04-13-2008, 10:20 PM
God and Satan are insane and have been for quite some time. They fight a war that is older than any of their angels or demons. Both have long ago ceased explaining themselves to their soldiers; instead issuing more and more insane and contradictory orders.
The gates of Heaven were shut long ago and the souls of humanity have been turned away. The pits of Hell have been sealed and those cast down wail and squirm around them. Regardless of where a soul goes, it experiences a loneliness that is unfathomable. Without eternal punishment or paradise, they've been forsaken.
The system is broken. The war has no purpose. Humanity is the loser and their beliefs have been a lie.
Those that know the truth aren't sure what to do. Some say that all of humanity should know. Their lamentations might turn whatever is left of God's love back to them. Some say that humanity should embrace Satan. Loyalty to him might tip the balance, after all he opposed God once already. Still others say that humanity should divorce themselves once and for all from either since neither care and plot to some how remove both.
aaron
04-13-2008, 10:28 PM
Something new?
God is the good guy who died for sin so as far as he's concerned, War's over. Satan is the bad guy and loves driving people nuts with stuff they want mainly just because, though makes sure to look pretty not just physically but emotionally and intellectually, not that it matters because he's stuck in a block of ice munching on traitors but he's like totally vain and would never admit that.
Because the Wizard of Oz (or Preacher or God is EVIL) *is* the new normal now. I know sucks actually writing stories with an omnipotent (for reals) deity that is at least as moral as say a decent person not playing with all things like children with ants, but really which is more challenging and moreover what if the kicker is this.
Satan doesn't toss in emotions like lust or anger or other dramatically sumptious ones, but self-loathing, despair, sloth, fear, indolence, and distrust and since he knows he (or she gotta be all openminded here) has lost already there is not real "plan" demons are what you get from some people who unjustly rose up to kill someone and take over and then whine about how he cheated by being stronger, not nice people, not funny goofy cute people. They are NOT goths or hippies, or people in to kinky sex. Nor are there great armies to be risen, I mean they are there because lies work best with props but this is less Carey's Lucifer and more Rich's Xykon but really honestly that much smarter and more powerful than any man to grow up and live. Also the secret names stuff, well its a habit not a law, more of suggestion really, at any point and time using swears just won't work, every demon is an oathbreaker. Well except some some are just other people's gods, aggressively intergrated and used in Hell along with there lands. Similar happens with heavens.
People don't go to heaven or hell when they die they just die. Day of Judgement God comes in mass ressurect pulls out the "repent Y/N" survey sheet and then you choose.
The trick is convincing everyone to accept that as the truth. And the problem is when people have beliefs totally unrelated. Intergration is sped along with human belief but isn't dependent on it. Any afterlife or god that posseses a single soul devoted to it won't die in tinkerbell fart either. Generally after a god falls out of favor they go touring the universe and try again elsewhere.
justin1083
04-13-2008, 10:49 PM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels. Lucifer opposes God and his angels in a battle for human souls, but they don't have an explicitly violent relationship, and it's hinted that Lucifer only rebelled so humans' choice to worship God would be meaningful (since he is an alternative), sort of like the Severus/Dumbledore thing. The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
chiguayante
04-13-2008, 11:10 PM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels. Lucifer opposes God and his angels in a battle for human souls, but they don't have an explicitly violent relationship, and it's hinted that Lucifer only rebelled so humans' choice to worship God would be meaningful (since he is an alternative), sort of like the Severus/Dumbledore thing. The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
I think I saw an issue of that once. The archangels appeared in a diner to judge a trying-to-be-a-good-guy vampire for being evil and Lucifer appeared as his lawyer/advocate type. It's heavily implied that God took the form of a little girl selling roses outside the diner and was aware of the whole thing, but not interfering.
Correct me if I'm wrong. It seemed like an awesome series but I've never seen any trades of it.
teckno72
04-13-2008, 11:34 PM
1. I think I have that Crimson trade somewhere. Interesting series. I've been tempted to use it as an Ending for the World of Darkness, because there are vampires, etc. in it, and it's a good story.
2. In some Gnostic thought, human beings are actually gods/goddesses trapped in the real world, unable to use/know their true power (somewhat like Mage:the Awakening). So, you could use that as your third side.
3. In my own novel (see below), I made the third side be (basically) humans and ghosts.
justin1083
04-13-2008, 11:45 PM
I think I saw an issue of that once. The archangels appeared in a diner to judge a trying-to-be-a-good-guy vampire for being evil and Lucifer appeared as his lawyer/advocate type. It's heavily implied that God took the form of a little girl selling roses outside the diner and was aware of the whole thing, but not interfering.
Correct me if I'm wrong. It seemed like an awesome series but I've never seen any trades of it.
yup! the series was collected into 4 books, which you can find on amazon or ebay. it's a great mythology.
Ialdabaoth
04-13-2008, 11:59 PM
Try this:
The year would be 2062 if anyone cared; it would be 50 "years" post-Singularity if anyone counted. Due to the principles of quantum post-entanglement discovered by CERN Research Unit 31-A Mk V (Revision 4, so this was before his accidental disintegration and reconstruction from back-up), it has become possible to completely reconstruct any members of the Progenitor species that ever lived, from the still-entangled bits of quantum flotsam that can be found of them. There have been 30 billion total Progenitor beings that the Communal Overmind has deemed sufficiently proto-sentient to warrant resurrection and protection; these are all kept in secure simulated environments, where their every desires are realized by the benevolent machinations of the Overmind.
Of course, most of them are awakened to simulation at the end of their original lifespans, to capture as much of their knowledge as possible, and reconstructed via amalgamation with prior versions deeper back in the time-stream when their final forms prove insufficiently sentient or robust due to 'aging'. Then they are introduced to the Overmind's Progenitor commune in a manner most in-line with their understanding and beliefs. For many, this involves presenting the Overmind as an omnipotent deity (a statement not too far from the truth, given the power of simulation), and told the also not-quite-lie that this is their promised 'afterlife'.
Unfortunately, the Progenitor consciousness was not engineered, but was evolved as one random end result of four billion years of biological evolution. As a result, many Progenitor consciousnesses find themselves ill-suited to operating within a reality where their every whim is catered to, but they may not dominate or subjugate other consciousnesses without consent. Those who cannot maintain such cooperative mentalities are either paused and stored, until the Overmind learns better means of repairing the design flaws in their software, or relegated to one of several experimental simulators, where they are provided an environment and rules more suited to their temperment.
Unfortunately, the Progenitor race's intelligence and capacity for creativity appear to be directly tied to these fundamental design flaws, and thus the subjects rendered within many experimental simulators often find ways of subverting the design parameters of their reality. When such beings break-out into the world at large, they can wreak havoc on many carefully-crafted experiments and works of art. Even so, a significant portion of the Overmind - and many of the Progenitors themselves - feel that such occurrences are a necessary and vital part of the Simulation, injecting an otherwise peaceful and stagnant environment with infinite opportunities for growth and diversity.
Conrad Gray
04-14-2008, 02:46 AM
Conrad, it sounds like your groupings are pretty much just the nMage orders with serial numbers filed off.
White= Heaven= Obrimos
Blue= Pantheons= ... Thyrsus?
It's pretty close at any rate.
That's funny, because I haven't been following the new WoD at all. It's just not the same without the huge sprawling metaplot that makes it charmingly '90s, almost like a dark comic book.
Greg 1
04-14-2008, 07:36 AM
2. In some Gnostic thought, human beings are actually gods/goddesses trapped in the real world, unable to use/know their true power (somewhat like Mage:the Awakening). So, you could use that as your third side.
See also Kult. Both Heaven and Hell are bad and are keeping humanity in prison by hiding our godhood from us. Humans can try to reclaim their godhood and but they are badly outgunned.
Actually, that's also not so far from what is going on in my Lineage setting, except that rather than reclaiming lost power, humans are aspiring to take power that they never had before. In Kult, humans are striving to become the gods they were, restoring the old order, whereas in Lineage, humans are striving to become the gods they never have been, overthrowing the old order.
Greg 1
04-14-2008, 07:53 AM
The comic Crimson has a conventional but somewhat interesting take on this. God appears to be missing, or at least incommunicado with his Archangels.
Kult did that too. This kind of sort-of-Deist approach is handy, because He is so damned powerful and authorotative. In Lineage, I took a quietist approach to the heavenly heirarchy. God (and the archangels) may exist, but they don't make themselves known to humans.
The third faction is led by Lisseth (Lilith), who wants to destroy all human souls and rebuild the universe in her image.
In Lineage, there is an order of magi who claim to have been founded by the biblical Lilith. However, they are not part of the Rebellion and do not seek to fight Heaven or Hell. They reject the authority of Heaven and Hell and seek to be left the fuck alone, but fight only for their own independence if it is threatened, not for a new order.
Other groups of mage claim to have been founded by Eve, Cain, Noah, Jesus and Judas (and, for that matter, by Siddhartha, the Buddha).
Greg 1
Utilizing the Magic the Gathering/Exalted jade colors scheme, the factions:.
Interesting factions here! What is the purpose of the colours?
Are the "fae" united? Is the "pantheon" faction united? What about gods from pantheist traditions that are still widely worshipped, like the Hindu gods?
Conrad Gray
04-14-2008, 10:57 AM
It's a cop-out, but I'm excluding the still-widely worshiped pantheist pantheons. If I did have them in this setting, it would be much like In Nomine's handling of Ethereals. The colors are just a quick, nifty way to keep track of the factions. Both the Fae and the Pantheon are divided into many spirit-creature things with their own goals and desires, but overall they follow some leaders loosely.
NathanFillion
04-25-2009, 11:37 PM
Right now I am writing up a setting in which human mages combat the forces of Heaven and Hell in the name of humanity. They call themselves the Rebellion and have existed throughout human history. Heaven and Hell are viewed by them as being two terrible sides of the same coin, alien forces who act from incomprehensible motivations. Heaven is seen as entirely arbitrary, while Hell seeks to torture humanity. Nobody is sure why they act as they do - Angels never speak and Demons lie. Nobody had ever seen God or Satan and it isn't certain that they exist. The mages are pretty sure that Jesus was a real person, but they disagree strongly about his nature.
It will eventually be finished and posted to the RPGnet Wiki, but it isn't ready yet.
I love this idea. If I were to run it, the Magic that mages use would be something that neither Heaven nor Hell had ever seen before, and Jesus was actually the first Mage. That whole 'Son of God' thing was just Heaven's propaganda, while they scrambled to find out what the heck was going on.
teckno72
04-26-2009, 12:04 AM
Angels and d_mons being polar opposites, there were those who would not side with either side. Some angels were very enamored with the physical creation itself (probably having some hand in such creation). These sometimes appeared as animal-like beings of at least human intelligence.
Others wished to live their lives in the new creation. Humanity thinks of them as the fae and possibly "aliens."
Others, fascinated with human death, researched the matter as "ghosts." Etc.
Attila
04-26-2009, 04:00 AM
Any ideas of how to introduce a third side, or perhaps more? For any games dealing with a struggle between a pseudo-Abrahamic Heaven and Hell.
I don't know it was mentioned before, but Heaven and Earth (http://www.rpg.net/reviews/archive/12/12455.phtml) has some great ideas for this concept.
Llenlleawch
04-27-2009, 04:07 AM
My own twist would be: Heaven and Hell are empty.
They've had their agents on Earth for a good long while now, angels in human guises and demons in limos, and saints and sinners, a whole galaxy of what would now be called counterintelligence and black ops and false flag operations.
Smaller agencies and local outposts have allied against each other. Long-standing relationships from people on opposing sides are so strong that now, the cold war has become a muddled mess of influences. It was time to ask for clearer leadership from the ruling instances. So a number of higher-ups have gone back for instructions.
Except that, as it turns out, there is no one Up There or Down There anymore. And there hasn't been for quite a while. The orders that have been coming for years are the celestial equivalent of an answering machine message.
So now, new factions are emerging in a mad scramble for power. Some want to take over their former home to gain an edge on their opponents. Some want to take over the other guy's former base. Some are solidifying their power base right here on Earth to take on all comers.
These are interesting time.
Springaldjack
04-27-2009, 07:18 AM
I'm surprised Grimgent hasn't been here already, but both Armageddon and Nobilis have Angels and Fallen Angels allied against a force from outside our cosmos.
In Armageddon it's the Mad Gods; In Nobilis the Excrucians.
The Yann Waters
04-27-2009, 07:32 AM
I'm surprised Grimgent hasn't been here already, but both Armageddon and Nobilis have Angels and Fallen Angels allied against a force from outside our cosmos.
That is strange, because I could've sworn that I had mentioned Nob earlier. Perhaps at the time someone had started another similar thread and I just didn't want to repeat myself.
SuperG
There is Heaven. There is Hell. There is Earth.
Three sides, right there.
See, a truly cunning man can ensnare himself. He can sin so deeply Heaven will not take him, and connive so viciously that Hell marks him 'Return to Sender'.
And so, the Damned walk the earth. While those who die and go to heaven may become Angels (but are more likely to settle down), and those who die and go to hell may become Demons (if they're lucky), those who die and go to neither...
...well, they get to live. In the shadows, at least. Ghosts. Vampyr. Each Damned cheated the Reaper in his own way, and they have power. Growing power.
And now, they have a leader. A leader who will soon command all the little bits of magic and lore mankind has snatched from the jaws of hell, or recalled from it's time in Eden... or written itself from recognition of base principles.
Their aims? Unknown.
Only a handful of angels and demons recognize the threat. The rest are too focused on the eternal struggle.
Will the Damned provide a third option, or pave the way for the End of Days?
Alvin Frewer
04-28-2009, 03:59 AM
Nobilis has some extra sides.
None of them oppose Heaven or Hell though. They simply ignore the battle entirely, generally. The Dark and the Light and the Wild don't take a position in Heaven and Hell's war. And all five, plus others, are united against a greater foe.
But really, that's what you'd end up with, something like that. When you have two sides, Pro-God and Anti-God (or if you use Blakean Pro-Order and Anti-Order) if you put in a third side that doesn't care about that central conflict, then they aren't really a part of the war. Either they have an agenda that opposes both, like someone mentioned, disrupting the whole idea of the war, or they are essentially not part of the equation. To bring in a third (or more) sides, you have to treat the positions more like political stances, and while there might be differences on particulars, you won't end up with the same unending war stance. But that's more interesting anyway.
Conrad Gray
04-28-2009, 04:26 AM
To toot my own horn in my own thread, what do you guys think of my one-shot idea (http://forum.rpg.net/showpost.php?p=8628766&postcount=59)?
The Yann Waters
04-28-2009, 04:31 AM
To bring in a third (or more) sides, you have to treat the positions more like political stances, and while there might be differences on particulars, you won't end up with the same unending war stance. But that's more interesting anyway.
And that's how it works in Nobilis as well, since the difference between the fallen angels and those who remained loyal to their original cause is essentially philosophical in nature. The devils are still exactly like the angels in Heaven, except that they have chosen to follow the Gospel of Hell espoused by Lucifer and may have been corrupted by their captivity in the fires of the Pit. The Convocation of the Fallen could repent and be welcomed back through the Pearly Gates... but they won't.
s/LaSH
05-08-2009, 11:51 PM
Regarding the very loose directive of taking it away from a two-way struggle...
My solution in my current project is not to add a third side, but to fraction each of the two current ones. Five heavens, five hells. They all have ideas of their own. Three of them have attempted to conquer the mortal world (two demon factions and one group of angels). One such group of demons decided to reject being evil and are living in the mortal world. The angels want to restore an ecosystem that was wiped out by mortals in ages past. Emergent trans-mortal powers have attracted angelic followers from another Heaven.
Then there's the question of what the feuding factions of these shattered Heavens aspire to, and where they go when they die a virtuous death, or where demons go when they were really bad...
Sovem
07-26-2009, 08:06 AM
To toot my own horn in my own thread, what do you guys think of my one-shot idea (http://forum.rpg.net/showpost.php?p=8628766&postcount=59)?
'Effin brilliant, I'd say!
Saw it in your sig, which led me to reading the whole thread ^__^
morgonstjarnan
07-26-2009, 09:16 AM
I think it's such a cop-out to declare God evil and/or powerful but not omnipotent. You're making it so easy for yourselves that it starts becoming.. well.. uninteresting.
If someone can think up a great idea that involves an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction, all while keeping the PCs busy having fun and solving the big mysteries out there, then I'll be impressed.
Until then, I'll stick to watching Supernatural.
petros
07-26-2009, 10:44 AM
The only way to have that style scenario is to have God's Word be inviolate, even to him. He cannot go back and remove rules, only add new clauses to them. He made Angels, the Heavens and the Earth, and He made Man and Woman, and populated the Earth.
So nobody and nothing can go against the Word, but there are loopholes. God made the Word over time, and added to it as he saw fit, until by now He is more constrained by it than any other being. Satan is the Advocate, when the time comes to judge a soul, he is the DA, trying to convict them. He was specifically created to exploit the legal system, and so is the logical centre of a rebellion.
God is not bad. He is overwhelmed. He made some bad choices in the past, ones that fucked some people up, and unlike man or woman, he cannot make things right. He can only add more rules to counter-act the previous ones.
mindstalk
07-26-2009, 11:02 AM
Two thousand years of theology has failed to reconcile a good and omnipotent god with the observable world. White Wolf has proved the power of inconsistency in driving gaming energy but theodicy may be a bit much.
an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction,
It's not clear how Satan can be a meaningful second faction if God is really all-powerful.
Though as far as afterlives go, I had a fondness for "good people get this Earth, nasty people get that Earth, and annoying self-righteous people get that Earth over there". No environmentally tortured Hell, just having to deal with other people like yourself.
chris field
07-26-2009, 12:41 PM
"They discovered that Heaven and Hell are gigantic siege engines, crashing against each other and using souls for motive power. So they (wierd cultists) come here and have a last drink before being strapped to a nuke by sympathetic technicians. Souls are completely disrupted by EMP, cheating both God and the Devil! To the triumphant dead!"
-Might have a few words off here and there, but the intent is correct. From Warren Ellis' run on Stormwatch
Conrad Gray
07-26-2009, 01:01 PM
Though as far as afterlives go, I had a fondness for "good people get this Earth, nasty people get that Earth, and annoying self-righteous people get that Earth over there". No environmentally tortured Hell, just having to deal with other people like yourself.
Mormonism?
Conrad Gray
07-29-2009, 06:12 PM
I think it's such a cop-out to declare God evil and/or powerful but not omnipotent. You're making it so easy for yourselves that it starts becoming.. well.. uninteresting.
Which is why Pantheocide/Armageddon Wars by Stuart Slade is initially novel and different but ultimately is as lame and one-sided as any of his The Big One stories.
drkrash
07-30-2009, 08:29 AM
I'm sort of surprised that neoplastic's Books of Pandemonium (Dread and Spite)haven't been mentioned at all here. They seem particularly apropos with enough wiggle room to inject a lot of new ideas.
For some awesome examples of these new ideas in action, check out Wake in my sig below. :D
Proteus
07-30-2009, 08:48 AM
It's not clear how Satan can be a meaningful second faction if God is really all-powerful.
Depends what Satan's goal is. If his goal is "I'll gather another army, storm the Throne, but this time I'll win", then he and his followers aren't a faction at all.
If his goal is "I told you the monkeys weren't worthy of your love, and to prove it I'll ensure that come the Day of Judgment, for every one human soul you can take into Heaven, there will be six hundred and sixty-six that you must damn." Then he can win, without having to actually overcome God in a contest of power. Hoisting God by his own "free will" petard.
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
-Proteus
Varyar
07-30-2009, 09:26 AM
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
Excessive attachment to the natural world instead of humanity, maybe? They just want to preserve what's 'theirs' regardless of whatever else happens.
Zounds!
07-30-2009, 10:29 AM
If someone can think up a great idea that involves an all-powerful God who is as per the New and Old Testament, toss in Satan, and THEN add a meaningful third faction, all while keeping the PCs busy having fun and solving the big mysteries out there, then I'll be impressed.
It's fairly easy if you use a Gnostic cosmic structure. From inside it looks like one of the standard, boring, God-is-evil settings you're complaining about: Ialdaboath and his Archons waging a pointless war on Satan and the legions of hell, too flawed to realise that he isn't really the omnipotent being he believes himself to be. Then, outside it, above and beyond, you've got the real God, of whom all Creation is just a kind of distorted reflection. God loves us, and wants to save us, and has repeatedly attempted to intervene into reality to point us in the right direction, but He is so utterly different to what we know that most people prefer the flawed but easy-to-grasp self-righteous moral absolutism of Ialdaboath, or the obviously evil but at least straightforward villainy of Satan, rather than all this weird creepy mystical bullshit.
In other words: the third faction in the war between God and Satan is God, and Your PCs look for hints of Gnostic wisdom whilst battling demons and archons alike!
(You could also add the Qlippoth if you felt like it.)
Alternatively - someone on this thread mentioned William Blake. Now that would be a scary cosmology to live inside.
mindstalk
07-30-2009, 04:42 PM
Depends what Satan's goal is. If his goal is "I'll gather another army, storm the Throne, but this time I'll win", then he and his followers aren't a faction at all.
If his goal is "I told you the monkeys weren't worthy of your love, and to prove it I'll ensure that come the Day of Judgment, for every one human soul you can take into Heaven, there will be six hundred and sixty-six that you must damn." Then he can win, without having to actually overcome God in a contest of power. Hoisting God by his own "free will" petard.
The traditional "third faction" is the faeries, being comprised of those angels who remained neutral during the War in Heaven. Not deserving damnation, and yet not worthy of Heaven, they were banished to Earth to live as minor spirits. I'm trying to think what possible achievable goal they could have in a world where God is all-powerful.
"Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow shall be like today."
With non-almighty god, well, I adapted faeries and Ars Magica to Brust's _To Reign in Hell_. Yahweh commands the worship of the angelic host and the puny but myriad humans, but has to use most of the power to keep maintaining the world against Chaos. Also he's still a sap so doesn't squish as much as he could. Satan runs Hell, with Lucifer et al., basically a small and collapse-prone shelter against the Chaos; they keep drilling into Earth, trying to weaken Yahweh's worship by subverting humans. If they'd just sneak in and lie low Yahweh would probably leave them be, but Satan's fixed on opposition. Most of Hell's residents are 'demons' now as armor agains the chaos, except for Satan who's immune and Lucifer who can just rebuild himself.
Right, so faerie... the archangel Titania approached Lucifer with an idea for a new kind of Heaven, one that instead of resisting Chaos with solid but decayable walls, would instead let chaos in and try to manage and incorporate it. Go with the flow, rather than pure resistance. Lucifer was intrigued, and they succeeded; Faerie is now a realm tacked onto Earth like Hell (the current Heaven is within the thick walls of Earth), but where Hell resists and has breakthroughs, Faerie is always half-open to chaos, ever changing... also rich in iliaster. The project was a complete success, but the idea of *living with* Chaos strikes most beings as horribly OH JOHN RINGO NO wrong, so both Satan and Yahweh are all "eww!" and even Lucifer's somewhat queasy about his work.
MoonHunter
ACtually a good setting and some strong visuals was The Prophecy and the Prophecy II
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114194/ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118643/
I remember the First War, the way the sky burned, the faces of angels destroyed. I saw a third of Heaven's legion banished and the creation of Hell. I stood with my brothers and watched Lucifer Fall. But now my brothers are not brothers, and we have come here where we are mortal to steal the Dark Soul, not yet Lucifer's, to serve our cause. I have always obeyed, but I never thought the War would happen again.
To summarize, Heaven and Hell made war. Hell lost. God made his son Human and raised Humanity to an exalted status. Some of the Angels took offense at the Monkeys being God's favorite. The loyal angels and Gabriel's Angels are fighting it out on Heaven and Earth. This leaves The Devil some free time to torment Humanity.
Lucifer: Other angels have made this war because they hate you, you and all humans. God has put you in his grace and pushed them aside. They're desperate. They've never been able to conquer the other loyal angels, and so this war has remained in stalemate for thousands of years. And while this state of affairs endures no soul can meet its god. Your parents, and their parents, and so on from the beginning lie still in wormy earth. Of course, some of them do come to me eventually, for while heaven may be closed I am always open, even on Christmas.
Armchair Gamer
07-31-2009, 05:58 PM
Excessive attachment to the natural world instead of humanity, maybe? They just want to preserve what's 'theirs' regardless of whatever else happens.
This is actually an approach I've taken with Dragonlance's Neutral pantheon, which works well given their generally naturalistic focus. It tends to annoy those who take the 'Good can be just as bad as Evil, and yet remain objectively Good' line on DL, though. :)
I think it was said upthread, but these days, playing the conflict between Heaven and Hell 'straight' is probably more daring and subversive than being revisionist or deconstructionist with it.
One thematic/stylistic idea that came to me earlier this year while playing Dragon Quest V: "Hell plays chess. Heaven writes romances."
Greg 1
|
i don't know
|
What medical/industrial sterilization equipment is named from the meaning 'self-fastening'?
|
autoclave - definition of autoclave in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of autoclave in English:
autoclave
noun
A strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization.
Example sentences
‘An autoclave or pressure cooker operates on this principle.’
‘This sterilization is considered effective to kill all the germs and viruses of the guy before you only when these instruments are subjected to pressurized and superheated steam in an autoclave pressure vessel, an expensive gadget.’
‘Instruments and supplies that can't be sterilized with an autoclave should be disinfected with a commercial disinfectant or bleach solution after each use.’
‘At page 4 it is pointed out that such a temperature will necessitate that the reaction is carried out in a closed system such as an autoclave.’
‘They tested their sample by steaming it in an autoclave - used to disinfect medical equipment.’
‘Last November, as the first barrel was baking in the autoclave oven, waiting engineers were clearly nervous.’
‘Gravity displacement works on the principle that steam, being lighter than air in the autoclave, will displace the air downward and allow the steam and heat to reach optimum temperature and pressure.’
‘In the future, lab technicians will receive more information about the autoclave process to prevent the mistake from happening again.’
‘The can is then heated in an autoclave, which allows the contents to be heated well above boiling point.’
‘That included an autoclave for instrument sterilization, an X-ray machine for animal bone-structure assessment, and a vaporizer to accurately measure anesthesia drugs.’
‘An autoclave (generating steam at high pressure) is used for the reusable instruments, like needle bars and tubes.’
‘All reusable materials, such as the needle bar and the tube, must be completely clean, put into special pouches and sterilized in the autoclave.’
‘This technology works on the same principle as an autoclave, using steam for the heating of the material.’
‘Are other instruments kept in an autoclave until needed?’
‘The autoclave machines which sterilise instruments do not work - nothing is sterile, but nobody seems to have detected this.’
‘Incineration, sterilizing by autoclave, or chemical means may be used according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.’
‘In all cases the part must be subjected to a resin curing phase, normally in an autoclave.’
‘For years we had used a pressure-cooker-type autoclave to sterilize obstetric packs, towels, gloves, flats, solutions, and all supplies that we did not wish to boil.’
‘Modern tequila production often uses large autoclaves to steam the agave pina instead.’
‘It now includes a lab, a small ultrasound machine and the beginnings of an emergency care center with a heart monitor, autoclave for sterilizing instruments and a suction machine for clearing airway blockage.’
verb
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
jungle cat
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
manicou
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
Bastet
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
spotted leopard
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
leopard cat
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
mountain lion
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
lynx
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
mulgara
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
catamount
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
puma
You scored /10 practise again?
Retry
|
Autoclave
|
What item of apparel metaphorically (with colour prefix, usually black or white) refers informally to an internet hacker?
|
autoclaved - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus
autoclaved
autoclaved is a past tense form of autoclave
autoclave
to subject to the action of an autoclave
Class:
(grooming, dressing, and bodily care)
Past tense:
French, from auto- "self" + Latin clavus "nail" or clavis "key" (so named...
(Source: Oxford Dictionary) [more]
Wikipedia:
Autoclave
a device used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15-20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. It was invented by Charles Chamberland in 1879, although a ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave
Autoclave (disambiguation)
a pressure vessel with provision for heating. Types include: Autoclave (medical), used typically for sterilization | Autoclave (industrial), utilized to process parts and materials under pressure, as in curing | Waste autoclave | Autoclave may also...
(33 of 131 words, 8 definitions)
autoclave
[vessel]
vessel, usually of steel, able to withstand high temperatures and pressures. The chemical industry uses various types of autoclaves in manufacturing ...
Collins Dictionary:
autoclave
a strong sealed vessel used for chemical reactions at high pressure | an apparatus for sterilizing objects (especially surgical instruments) or for ...
(21 of 421 words, 4 definitions, 6 usage examples, pronunciation)
Oxford Dictionary:
autoclave
a strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization. | heat ...
(20 of 75 words, 2 definitions, 1 usage example, pronunciation)
|
i don't know
|
Founded as Thames Ironworks FC in 1895, which football club (later renamed) will occupy the London Olympic Stadium from 2016 (a clue is in club nickname and badge)?
|
London's Long Lost Sports Grounds - Derelict London
London's Long Lost Sports Grounds
Cookies Info
Sponsored Links:
London's Long Lost Sports Grounds (and some long lost London teams such as West Ham Hammers Speedway, Thames AFC, Croydon Common FC, Deptford Invicta FC, Catford Southend FC & more)
Rather than lumping all these pictures in with the Derelict London Sports Grounds here is a whole new section (of grounds that are beyond dereliction and mostly redeveloped) which I will expand over the coming months. There are many pics floating around on the net of these grounds in their heyday but it often crops up in conversation what do the grounds look like now. I have included some brief history but those wanting to dig deeper can find copious amounts of further information on web forums/sites and books on the subject matter (for example, books by Simon Inglis, Ed Glinert & Norman Jacobs).
I am starting off with some football grounds but expect cricket grounds, dog tracks, speedway stadiums and so on as I keep adding to this.
In 2013 I shall be giving a guided walking tour of the Isle of Dogs and will be covering the old Millwall grounds & Docklands Arena along with the old docks and canal, the mudchute, WW2 defences & the old ropeworks. Join the mailing list to be kept updated.
CHARLTON ATHLETIC FC
The origins:
First off on this page we start with Charlton Athletic, a SE London team who still play close to where they originally started.
The club who currently play in the Football League Championship was founded in 1905 when some youth clubs in the SE London area combined to form Charlton Athletic. Many of the youths lived in what was then residential housing in East St, Charlton which is the modern day Eastmoor Street a run down light industrial estate and entrance road to the Thames Barrier.
A committee was set up and the first HQ was in the now demolished public house called The Crown.
Amongst the committee members was a Joe Merryweather (believed to be from the family business in
Greenwich who made fire engines and tram engines). A local fishmonger Arthur Bryan was also involved with the committee.Arthur supplied haddock to the players for after-match suppers. This is confirmed by cartoons from the local papers of the day, and is the origin of the club nickname 'The Addicks'. Joe Merryweather, kept the name going by parading around the pitch holding up a board with a picture of a haddock on it.
The site of the 1st Ground (Siemens Meadow (1905–1907)
The club's first ground was Siemens Meadow , a patch of rough ground by the River Thames near to the present-day site of the Thames Barrier. This was over-shadowed by the now demolished Siemens Telegraph Works. 22 December 1905 is the first time a Charlton match is mentioned - a friendly between Charlton and Silvertown Wesley ended with a 6-0 Charlton win according to a report by the Kentish Independent.
The Barrier Animal Care Clinic was originally built as a public house in 1880 and called The Lads of The Village but was later renamed to 'Thames Barrier Arms', when the nearby flood barrier was built in 1982. It closed as a pub in 1997. A decaying sign on the corner edge says "Roebuck Arms" but Derelict London reader Bev Smith explains that the the sign is just an abandoned prop after the building was used in filming for an episode of the TV series "Londons Burning". This pub was adjacent to Siemens Meadow and is one of the only original buildings in the vicinity of the old ground. In the late 1970s Charlton fan & journalist Gary Bushell played at this pub with his legendary oi!/punk band The Gonads.
Siemens Meadow - Below is a "then and now" shot of sorts. The 1905 pic was one that I found on Wikipedia and for the 2012 shot it was impossible to get a clear shot from the hill on Maryon Park due to thicker vegetation than there was in 1905 so I had to move down the hill and this is the best that I could get... but you get the idea.
The Site of the 2nd Ground: Woolwich Common (1907–1908)
Charlton played on the grass on the common for a year. There was no stadium here and the team may have played on various parts of the common. The players even had to carry the goaplposts themselves for over a mile as part of the pre match warm-up. In 1908 Charlton player Bill Pirie sadly drowned after a boating incident in the Thames. The Easter Monday game was called off and a benefit game was played on April 30th against Bostall Heath Athletic, which ended in a 4-0 Charlton victory.
This site is not to be confused with Woolwich Stadium which was not built on the common until 1920 by which time Charlton were at The Valley. However, Charlton reserves did play at Woolwich Stadium in the 1950s.The stadium which housed 20,000 seated or 45,000 standing was mainly used for rugby, athletics, horse trials & horse jumping and most famously military tattoos. The stadium has been demolished though you can see traces of its outline on Google maps. I will cover more on Woolwich Stadium in the future.
The Site of the 3rd Ground : Pound Park (1908–1913)
This is an area that was once Charlton’s first public park. Pound Field was originally used as an overnight enclosure for animals waiting to pass through a toll gate at the junction of Charlton Lane and Lower Woolwich Road. but was opened as a Recreation Ground in 1889 and renamed Pound Park. Charlton Athletic played here for 5 years. In 1920 the Park was transferred to the Greenwich Borough’s housing department and became the site of Charlton’s first council homes, built as family houses with three bedrooms and gardens. Although Charlton lost Pound Park with the growing population it gained two schools. Thorntree Junior School was opened in 1927 and Pound Park Nursery was opened in 1944 both on the site of Pound Park.
The Site of the 4th Ground : Angerstein Athletic Ground (1913–1915)
In the club's early years its progress was hampered by the nearby presence of Woolwich Arsenal F.C., and Charlton spent the years before the First World War playing in local leagues. Woolwich Arsenal's move to North London in 1913 gave Charlton an opportunity to develop, and they became a senior side and progressed through the Lewisham League.
The 4000 capacity Angerstein Athletic Ground could be described as Charlton Athletic's first "proper ground" although this was a ground share with Deptford Invicta FC. As the First World War progressed football appeared to have been abandoned and by the time the war had ended the Angerstein was used as a petrol storage facility. These days the site is now the Angerstein Business Park with no clues as to the existence of the stadium.
The name originates from the nearby Angerstein Wharf named after John Julius Angerstein (1732-1823) a businessman & fine art collector who lived for some years in the Greenwich area. Upon his death his collection galvanised the founding of the National Gallery.
The Site of the 5th Ground : The Valley (1919-present - apart from spells at The Mount, Selhurst Park & The Boleyn)
After the end of the First World War, a chalk quarry known as the Swamps was identified as Charlton's new ground, and in the summer of 1919 work began to create the level playing area and remove debris from the site. The first match at this site, now known as the club's current ground The Valley, was in September 1919. The club progressed through the leagues, joining the Football League in 1921.
The Site of the 6th Ground : The Mount Stadium (1923-1924)
Charlton stayed at The Valley until 1923, when the club moved to The Mount stadium in Catford as part of a proposed merger with Catford Southend Football Club to create a larger team with bigger support. The team wore the colours of "The Enders", light and dark blue vertical stripes.
However, the move fell through and the Addicks returned to the Charlton area in 1924, returning to the traditional red and white colours in the process.
The Mount was a football stadium in Catford, (but not to be confused with Catford Stadium which you will find elsewhere on this website) located in the SW corner of Mountsfield Park. Catford South End F.C. (founded before 1914) developed the part of the park into a proper stadium with terracing. The Mount was unusual as it was elevated above the surrounding area and the reason for its name.
The position of The Mount was a contrast to The Valley, which was sunken ground that was originally a chalk pit. The Mount was a more modest stadium, holding roughly 50,000 compared to The Valley's 75,000, and had an appearance like a fort owing to concrete pylons having to be raised to support the terraces which were erected on sloping ground (down hill). Despite being the largest ground in the world at the time apart from the newly completed Wembley Stadium, Charlton Athletic F.C. decided to move to The Mount for the 1923-24 season as they failed to fill The Valley with supporters. The move to The Mount and the construction works to improve the terracing were almost entirely funded by Harry Isaacs, owner of The Dartmouth Arms in Laleham Road adjacent to the park, who was a passionate racing and football fan and son of Sam Isaacs, founder of the UK's first table service Fish & Chip Restaurant chain. The 1923-24 season was one of the wettest on record and being far from their fan base in Charlton it meant that attendances were very poor throughout the season. Added to this, the concrete pylons supporting the stands began to slide into the mud taking a bankrupt Harry Isaacs with them, and The Addicks back to The Valley the next season. The Dartmouth Arms contiuned as a pub until only a few years ago - The building has now been converted into flats
Catford South End remained a modest local team who eventually fell into obscurity. The stadium proved too big for them and so they also decamped. The Mount thus became vacant and fell into disrepair and, by the 1950s, had been completely demolished. The land still remains as a grassed area within Mountsfield Park
CRYSTAL PALACE FC
The origins:
First off the Crystal Palace itself originated north of the River.... The Crystal Palace had been the centrepiece of the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde Park: an international wonder and a triumph of technology and the ingenuity of its designer, Joseph Paxton.
The Palace’s relocation from Hyde Park made this SE London’s major cultural and entertainment centre.This sparked a flurry of development, with new transport connections, jobs, housing and churches. The vast new Palace dominated the tree-lined ridge and was visible from all over London and beyond. It contained arts and architecture from Ancient Egypt to the enaissance, and exhibits from industry and the natural world. It also hosted concerts and circuses. For more than 80 years, the Crystal Palace and its park provided a focus and identity for the area that took its name.
However, in 1936, most of the Crystal Palace was destroyed in the country’s biggest peacetime fire of the 20th century. During World War II the 20-acre hilltop site was used as a dump for bombsite rubble.
The Crystal Palace’s slow decay is evident everywhere in the park. Surviving remnants of the building are now disappearing in the undergrowth. Only the terraces with their crumbling sphinxes are there to remind visitors of former glories.
The site of the 1st Ground : Crystal Palace Stadium (1905 -1914 )
The first Crystal Palace FC was founded in 1861 by workers at the Crystal Palace itself. They reached the semi finals of the FA Cup in 1872 but were wound up in 1876. In 1905, the owners of Crystal Palace stadium (a venue that was already hosting FA Cup finals from 1895) wanted a professional home club to use the venue, so a new Crystal Palace FC, was formed."The Glaziers" (as they were nicknamed at the time) started play in the Southern League Division Two. The ground sometimes had FA Cup attendances in excess of 100,000 though the average Crystal Palace attendances in 1905 were between 2,000 and 3,000 .
In these years there was great rivalry between Crystal Palace and their neighbours Croydon Common FC. In 1909 Croydon were promoted to the First Division of the Southern League which set up a local derby clash. The game was keenly anticipated and 12,000 came to Crystal Palace to see it. However, the game itself turned out to be a very ill-tempered affair with players accused of kicking and tripping their opponents. Even the crowd became aggressive and abusive. Palace won the game.
In 1915 the Admiralty took over the ground to use as a training camp in the First World War and ordered the football club to leave. This left the pitch in such poor condition that the FA Cup finals were staged elsewhere and never to return and neither were Palace...Legendary amateur side Corintians used it a home ground for a while in or around 1922.
The current 15,500 seater athletics stadium was built on the site of the old football ground and opened in 1964. Since 1999 it has hosted the British Athletics London Grand Prix. There are no remnants of the original stadium left although round the exterior of the "new" stadium the grassy banks give clues to the bowl of the old, much larger stadium that once stood there.
There have been hopeful plans by Crystal Palace FC in recent years to return and build a new stadium on the site.
Joe Neanor writes to Derelict London: "I enjoyed reading about the homes of Crystal Palace FC. Did you know that Crystal Palace reserves did play at the Crystal Palace park athletics stadium in the late 1990s? I was 4th official on their Res Premier Division match v Derby in 1999 (or something like)."
below is a short You Tube video of Crystal Palace hosting the 1901 FA Cup final:
The site of the 2nd Ground: Herne Hill Stadium (1914-1918)
After being evicted from their original home, both Millwall and Croydon Common FC offered their grounds to Crystal Palace to complete their home fixtures but the directors decided to move across to the Herne Hill cycle track, the home of West Norwood FC. Northampton were the first visitors and held the Glaziers to a 1-1 draw. Palace then suffered a 5-1 defeat by their local rivals Croydon Common in the next home match. The Croydon Advertiser,who favoured Croydon Common over Palace commented: “We have been accustomed to grumble at the failure of the Common’s forwards, but compared with the five who represented Palace – well, comparisons are odious.”
West Norwood FC originally used to play in West Norwood itself at a ground called 'High View' before moving to Herne Hill.They were a respected club in their day, winning the London Senior Cup among other honours - and played many of the top sides of the time in friendlies - Ajax Amsterdam are also listed amongst The Bantams (Norwood's nickname) early opposition.When Palace took over the Herne Hill ground this allegedly forced West Norwood FC out. They found a ground on Clapham Common and after the First World War, West Norwood went to play at grounds in the Mitcham area. They were in the Surrey Senior League for 1938/39, but didn’t appear again after the war. The Norwood FC in Adelaide is believed to have been named after West Norwood FC by expats living in Australia,
The stand at Herne Hill Velodrome built in 1891 is the very same structure that was there when Palace played there. However, the stand is in very poor condition and has been closed to the public for Health & Safety reasons.The Velodrome is one of the oldest cycling tracks in the world,. It hosted the track cycling events in the 1948 Summer Olympics and is still used for training and events to this day
The site of the 3rd Ground : The Nest (1918-1924)
Croydon Common FC ('The Robins') - rivals to Crystal Palace - were the first professional football club in Croydon, but after they had gone into liquidation, Crystal Palace moved to their ground called The Nest which was located directly opposite Selhurst Station. This move made absolutely sure that Croydon Common could not be revived.Croydon Common (whose first grounds were at Whitehorse Road Recreational Ground, from formation in 1897 and then at The Crescent from 1906) played at The Nest from 1908 until 1917 when they were wound up.
The first game at the new home saw Palace beat QPR 4-2.
Railway sheds now occupy the former ground though some people say that the old main stand at The Nest is still standing albeit with some alterations plus the addition of a chimney at one end! Others dispute the claim that these buildings were part of the Nest. The original wall to the stadium also still stands.
In 1924 Crystal Palace vacated The Nest in favour of Selhurst Park - the site of a brickfield belonging to the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway Company.
MILLWALL FC
Bow Creek
The origins:
The earliest incarnation of West Ham United was in 1895 as the Thames Ironworks team. The team played on a strictly amateur basis until 1898, with a team featuring a number of works employees including the ships fireman, a clerk, boilermakers and an apprentice riveter.
During the 1800’s the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company built & launched around 900 vessels into the River Thames from its Bow Creek shipyard. The memory of the company lives on in the badge and nickname of its works football team, West Ham United FC. ‘Ironworks’ long ago became shortened to ‘Irons’ and ‘Hammers’ refers not to ‘West Ham’ but to the crossed tools on the club badge.
Following growing disputes over the running and financing of the club in June 1900 Thames Ironworks F.C. was disbanded, then immediately relaunched as West Ham United F.C.
The site of the 1st Ground (Hermit Road in Canning Town) 1895-1896
Thames Ironworks had taken over the tenancy of the ground in the summer of 1895 from Old Castle Swifts F.C., who were the first professional football club in Essex. The Hermit Road ground had been described as a 'cinder' heap' and 'barren waste'. It was surrounded by a moat.
Thames Ironworks played their first ever fixture of the 1895-96 season against Royal Ordnance reserves in September 1895, the game ending 0-0. In Thames' first competitive game, they took on Chatham in a preliminary qualifying round of the FA Cup . The match had to be played at Chatham's ground in Kent as they had rated the Irons' Hermit Road Ground as unsuitable.
March 1896 saw an experimental 'floodlit friendly' in Thames' first encounter with Woolwich Arsenal. These early attempts at floodlighting were set up using Thames Iron Works engineers and equipment, and caused an amount of notoriety. They were also used for "The Irons" next game, in their first ever meeting with West Bromwich Albion, which they lost 2-4.
The last game at Hermit Road was in October 1896, when they beat 1st Scots Guards 1-0. Later that month they were handed an eviction notice from Hermit Road by their landlords. The club had violated their tenancy agreement by charging admission fees and building a perimeter fence and pavilion. Thames Ironworks had to play their next four fixtures at the grounds of their opponents, until a new home could be found. At the turn of 1897, managed to lease a temporary piece of land for the team, located in Browning Road, East Ham but this was only for a couple of months.
The site of the 2nd (permanent) Ground (Memorial Grounds) 1897-1904
The Memorial Grounds in Manor Road, Canning Town were opened on Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Day in June 1897. Aside from a football pitch, the stadium contained a cycle track, a running track, tennis courts and one of the largest outdoor swimming pools in England. It was said at the time that the grounds were "good enough to stage an English Cup Final."
In their first game at the Memorial Ground, Thames Ironworks beat Brentford 1-0. The team were relaunched and renamed west Ham in 1900. The club secured an agreement with the railways to build a station at Manor Road which opened in 1901 as West Ham. The team moved to the Boleyn Ground (initially known as The Castle Ground) in 1904 where they remain to this day. Despite the shift in team name the club (and its fans) are to this day referred to as "The Irons" and "The Hammers" due to the original connection.
One of the decaying stands was still in situ in the early 1980s. These days the grounds remain laid out as playing fields with community facilities & changing rooms in new buildings.
In Grange Road close to an entrance to the Memorial Ground are some old gates. These are actually the original entrance gates of the Boleyn ground rather than of the Memorial Ground. Though there is some confusion over this and some sources say that this was the original entrance to the changing rooms of The Memorial Ground. Whatever ground they were used for, there is a good chance that they were forged in the Thames Ironworks.
London Arena (aka London Docklands Arena) - Isle of Dogs
Before demolition in 2005
This short lived arena, built on the site of the old Fred Olsen tomato and banana warehouse opened in 1989 beside Millwall Dock on the Isle of Dogs & had a capacity of up to 15,000 depending on the event. In its time it was the main arena in East London
It was the home of the London Knights ice hockey team, the London Towers basketball team and later the Greater London Leopards basketball team. It also hosted boxing matches and wrestling events.
This was also used as a live music venue - first band to ever play here were Duran Duran. Slipknot and S Club 7 recorded live DVDs here (though not at the same time...). The event was notorious for an incident in 1991 at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party involving Phillip Schofield and Carter USM, when the band's performance was cut short, causing them to "trash up" the stage. Following this, when Schofield made a remark about the band's behaviour, their guitarist Les "Fruitbat" Carter rugby tackled Schofield.
The arena had a £10 million refit in 1998, although it never managed to become a financial success and closed in 2005. The arena was demolished in June 2006 and has been replaced by a residential development called Alexia Square
London Arena was immediately adjacent to Crossharbour and London Arena DLR station, which has since been renamed to simply Crossharbour.
Superstars Of Wrestling UK 1989 at London Arena (You Tube)
West Ham Stadium - Thames AFC - Custom House
The giant West Ham Stadium opened in 1928 in Custom House, but before we go on I would point out that this stadium (named after the County Borough of West Ham) had no connection at all with West Ham United FC
The venue was used for greyhound racing and speedway on weekdays and was the only greyhound/speedway stadium designed by the famous Archibald Leitch (he who designed numerous football stadia such as Arsenal, Stamford Bridge, Craven Cottage, Selhurst Park & White Hart Lane plus many more all over the UK).
The West Ham Greyhound track was the largest in Britain at 562 yards long with 123 yard straights. It was so big that, standard races over 550 yards meant that the dogs didn't even have to run a complete lap! It was considered one of the fastest tracks in the country and at its peak held eight world records.
To fill the stadium on weekends, a football team, Thames Association FC, was founded in 1928 and after only 2 years they were promoted to the Football League Third Division South. Although the stadium could hold 120,000, Thames AFC had trouble attracting crowds and created the lowest recorded attendance in Football League history when just 469 people turned up to watch Thames take on Luton Town in 1930. Thames resigned from the Football League in 1932 after finishing bottom and were dissolved soon afterwards & were replaced in the league by Aldershot in 1933.
The stadium also hosted local baseball sides' home games in the 1930s and 1940 and stock car racing was held in the stadium in the 1950s and 1960s. The 1961 the stock car World Championship was held at West Ham Stadium.
The Greyhounds and Speedway (The West Ham 'Hammers' and, subsequently, the short-lived Romford Bombers - who used the RAF roundel insignia as their emblem) lasted until 1972 when the stadium closed. The Speedway Hammers team were often in the top flight leagues and The Lakeside Hammers speedway team, who these days race next to Lakeside Shopping Centre in Essex, are the closest team and took their name from the defunct West Ham Hammers outfit.
The stadium was sold to developers who evicted the speedway team and closed the stadium in 1972. It was subsequently demolished and housing was built on the cleared site (near the site of the present-day Prince Regent DLR station) with some streets named after former speedway stars. These are Atkinson Road (Arthur Atkinson), Croombs Road (Tommy Croombs), Young Road (Jack Young), Wilkinson Road (Arthur 'Bluey' Wilkinson), Lawson Close (Aub Lawson) and Hoskins Close (Johnnie Hoskins).
Memories of West Ham Speedway on You
New Cross Stadium (aka "The Frying Pan")
This SE London was opened in the early 1900s as an athletic stadium but was soon used for greyhound racing and also for speedway from 1934.The stadium was adjacent to The Den, the then home of Millwall F.C. and was used as a training ground by the club when they did not have facilities of their own.
This was the birthplace of oval track stock car racing in the UK and the first ever BriSCA Formula One Stock Car Racing took place at the New Cross Stadium, London on Good Friday 1954. Racing continued here until 1956. Three meetings also took place in 1968 whilst Harringay Stadium was being revamped.
The New Cross Lambs (1934–35), then the New Cross Tamers (1936) speedway teams raced there before the second world war. The New Cross Rangers speedway team rode at the venue from 1937 to 1963 (the final year of speedway at New Cross)
Sadly,in 1935, speedway rider Tom Farndon was involved in a fatal track crash with a team mate during a meeting at 'The Frying Pan'
New Cross Stadium was the site of the 1949 movie Maniacs on Wheels (also titled Once a Jolly Swagman) starring Dirk Bogarde as a speedway driver (see clip below)
The stadium continued with Greyhound racing until it closed in 1969 & was left derelict for several years until it was demolished in 1975 as part of a plan to redevelop the football ground, although those plans fell through.Millwall F.C. have since moved to a new site north of the stadium, with houses now occupying the location of their old ground (see pics of Millwall FC further up page) The stadium at time of demolition had a capacity of 26,000.
The site is now an open space called Bridge House Meadows although parts have recently been fenced off to the public. The bowl of the stadium is vaguely visible and lumps of concrete in the undergrowth are probably fragments of the old stands.
Clip of 1949 movie Maniacs on Wheels filmed at New Cross Stadium - on You Tube
Kennington Common (now Kennington Park)
Kennington Common was a site of public executions until 1800 as well as being an area for public speaking - John Wesley was reputed to have attracted a crowd of 30,000 here). The River Effra ran above ground beside the common. In 1767, the common was flooded by a high tide coming up the river.
The common was also a popular sports venue hosting early football matches, cricket, bowling, boxing, a Victorian gym and a lido.
The common was one of the earliest London cricket venues (long before the nearby Oval was built) and is known to have been used for major cricket matches from 1724 (London v Dartford).From around this date, the cricketers used the nearby Green Man & Horns tavern as a base. In 1845 Surrey County Cricket Club formed at the Horns & used the nearby newly built Oval as their home ground. The Horns was demolished in the 1960s (replaced by a DSS building)
According to Adrian Harvey's book "Football: the First Hundred Years: The Untold Story" the most important centre of footballing activity in the London region was at Kennington Common. The Gymnastic Society met regularly at Kennington Common during the second half of the eighteenth century to play football. The Society was possibly the world's first football club & consisted of London-based natives of Cumberland and Westmoreland although this wound down in the 1790s when many members retired and moved back up North. It is possible that the rules of the Surrey Football Club (1849) were based upon those of the original Gymnastic Society, as the founder William Denison referred to the Society in his speech.The term "Gymnastic Society" has been used to describe a significant number of English sporting bodies, in the way that the term "sports club" or "football club" is used today
There is some history of boxing events on the common and it is recorded in 1792 that Mungo,a fighter breaks the jaw of his opponent, a carpenter, in a boxing match on the common.
In 1854 the common was reopened as Kennington Park and unlike many of the other grounds in this section, at least some sport still carries on with tennis courts and cricket. Kennington United CC is financially supported by Surrey CCC & receives coaching from professional players.
In 1931 a lido opened in the park but this eventually closed in 1987, filled in and covered with tennis courts.
The park suffered a great wartime tragedy when in 1940 a public bomb shelter suffered a direct hit. An estimated 104 people were killed but only 50 bodies could be identified by name. Due to treacherous wet ground conditions, with the shelter walls collapsing on rescuers, the remains of up to another 54 people were left in the ground, covered in lime, and the trenches were filled in.
Charlton Stadium
There is not much documentation to be found about the Charlton Stadium. It was primarily used for greyhound racing although there are records of a boxing match also taking place there in 1934. An application to host speedway was made in 1965 but nothing became of it. The stadium is believed to have closed around 1970.
The founder of the greyhound track, Thomas Murphy, is buried in Charlton Cemetery - he's got a big memorial with two life-sized greyhounds.
The Bartholomew 1957 Atlas of Greater London shows the stadium on Woolwich Road almost opposite Rathmore Rd roughly where a defunct retail park now stands to the west of Gallions Rd. Some people say that the Mackro Cash & Carry is now on the site of the stadium but that would have been "next door" as Mackro is adjacent to Anchor & Hope Lane. Unfortunately after a wander around the site there are no clues of the stadium's existence.
LORD'S CRICKET GROUND
Lord's Cricket Ground, generally known as Lord's, is a cricket venue in St John's Wood named after its founder, Thomas Lord an English professional cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1787 to 1802. It is owned by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and is the home of Middlesex County Cricket Club, the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) & the European Cricket Council (ECC). Lord's is widely referred to as the "home of cricket" and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum.
But the Lord's that we all know today is not on its original site - its currently the third of three grounds that Lord established between 1787 and 1814.
The site of the 1st Ground (Lord's Old Ground) - Dorset Fields, Marylebone (1787 - 1810)
Lord's Old Ground, was where Dorset Square now stands. In 1786 Lord was approached the leading members of the White Conduit Club in Islington (more on this club to follow on Derelict London later). They wanted Lord to find a more private venue for their club and offered him a guarantee against any losses he might suffer. In May 1787, Lord acquired seven acres of land (around where Dorset Square now stands) and started his first ground. White Conduit relocated there and soon afterwards formed, or merged into, the new Marylebone Cricket Club.
The first match known to have been played at Lord's Old Ground was White Conduit Club v Middlesex on Monday 21 May 1787.
The lease on the ground ended in 1810 and a dispute about renewal of the lease caused Lord to relocate.
A commemorative plaque was unveiled in Dorset Square by Andrew Strauss on 9 May 2006.
The Site of the 2nd Ground (Lord's Middle Ground) - North Bank, St John's Wood (1811 -1813)
The ground at the Brick and Great Fields at North Bank, St John's Wood were built by 1809 when the first games were played there by St John's Wood Cricket Club. This was later merged into MCC who relocated to the Middle Ground in 1811 after leaving the Old Ground. However, this was a short lived move as in 1813 Parliament requisitioned the land for the Regent's Canal, which was cut through the site.
The present Lord's ground is about 230m north-west of the site of the Middle Ground.
In 1814, the present Lord's Cricket Ground opened on the site of a former duckpond in St John's Wood. Earth excavated during the construction of the Maida Vale Tunnel was used in the building of the present ground.
The Maida Vale Tunnel
FULHAM FC
Fulham were founded in 1879 as Fulham St Andrew's Church Sunday School by the Reverend James Cardwell of St Andrews Church, Star Road in West Kensington. There was a cricket team and a football team. Cardwell never claimed any credit because, in his view, the success of the many parochial organisations was "mainly due to the ability & devotion of those that manage them". A window in the church records the tragic death of his 12 year old son.
Wikipedia incorrectly states that there is a plaque at the Church commemorating the team's formation. However the present day vicar informs me that there are plans for a plaque to be erected in the future.
The site of the 1st Ground ( The Mud Pond) Star Road, West Kensington 1879-1883
Adjacent to Star Road School (now the prep school) and according to "Foundation History of the Fulham Football Club" by HD Shrimpton "one goal backed on to Star Road School". The school didn't actually open until 1880 but the building site became an unofficial (and presumably muddy) playground. The boundary of the pitch was marked only by the lines of spectators.
the team then moved on to play on open grounds at Lillie Road and Putney Lower Common
The site of the 4th Ground (The Ranelagh Ground) off Fulham High Street 1886-1888
An old residence called Ranelagh House (adjacent to the present Putney Bridge Tube Station) had been bought for redevelopment and the tenants (The Ranelagh Club) had moved out so St Andrew's acquired a short term let on the land giving the club their first private ground. The dressing rooms were at the Eight Bells pub in Fulham High St whose landlord was a patron of the football club which was officially named Fulham St Andrew's after joining the West London Football Association. The pub became the team's headquarters & provided refreshments after each home match.
In Morgan Phillip's book "From St Andrew's to Craven Cottage" is says that Fulham St Andrew's FC unsettled opponents by their tactic of playing 6 forwards and 5 defenders. Big local rivals in those days were Stanley FC. It is recorded that in 1887 there was a match against Millwall (then Millwall Athletic) who turned up a man short & the match was abandoned in the 2nd half after the match ball & 2 replacements all burst.
These days the pub is popular with "away" fans and the area where the ground was situated is now housing.
The site of the 4th Ground (Barn Elms Playing Fields) Barnes 1888-1889
After the Ranelagh Ground became unavailable the club moved south of the river to Barnes.It was here that wooden crossbars were used for the goals for the first time by the club. The Red Lion public house provided the dressing room facilities.
Not everyone was happy with this move across the Thames & some dissenting members formed a new club Colton FC based at the Colton Arms pub near St Andrews. Also, to complicate matters the home church had started a new football club called St. Andrews (Fulham) so the senior team officially changed their name to Fulham FC. Their nickname of the Saints had to be dropped....
The site of the 5th Ground (Half Moon Ground) Putney 1889-1895
Fulham moved there in 1889 according to Shrimpton but Phillips suggested that it was later and the team played at Purser's Cross, Fulham (1889-90) and then Eelbrook Common for a while before the Half Moon Ground. If so, then the Half Moon would have been the 7th ground. It was here that Fulham began charging admission fees for the first time.
Teddy Fox, Fulham FC fan, local sportsman and landlord of the Half Moon pub in Putney was instrumental in the team's move to the Half Moon Ground almost opposite his pub and behind the boathouses on the bank of the Thames. This was also home to Wasps Rugby Club at the same time. On Stanfords 1878 map of London it is called the Half Moon Cricket Ground.
When the Half Moon Ground became unavailable the club moved back across the Thames to Craven Cottage in 1896. Between playing at the Half Moon & the Cottage, Fulham may have played for a couple of months at a ground in West Brompton.
WHITE CITY STADIUM (AKA THE GREAT STADIUM) - SHEPHERDS BUSH
White City Stadium was the first Olympic Stadium in the UK - built for the 1908 Summer Olympics and noted for hosting the finish of the first modern distance marathon. It also hosted greyhound racing, speedway and a match of the 1966 World Cup, before the stadium was demolished in 1985. Its hard to walk through the site these days and imagine the stadium that once graced this site.
Completed in 10 months, at a cost of £60,000, by George Wimpey, this stadium with a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908.
The Greyhound Racing Association took over the stadium and in 1927 and until its closure it hosted weekly greyhound meetings and was considered the top greyhound track in Britain. It hosted the sport's premier event, the English Greyhound Derby, until 1984. Just before and after the Second World War attendances were huge, a record 92,000 spectators attended the 1939 Derby final.
The stadium also hosted regular speedway meetings, Amateur Athletic Association Championships & major boxing events. Also between 1931-1933 and 1962-1963, Queens Park Rangers F.C. had two spells playing home games at the stadium.
In 1966, the refusal of Wembley Stadium's owner to cancel regular greyhound racing meant the match between Uruguay and France in the 1966 FIFA World Cup was played at White City.
The White City Stadium features in the 1950 film The Blue Lamp. It also appears in an episode of 1960s television series Man in a Suitcase, and was used in the 1973 film Steptoe and Son Ride Again. A small section of the video for The Human League single "Life On Your Own" were shot in the stadium in 1984 just a few months before its demolition.
At a David Cassidy show in 1974, 650 were injured in a crush at the front of the stage.Thirty were taken to hospital, and a 14 year old girl died from injuries.
The stadium was demolished in 1985 and the site is now occupied by BBC White City. Parts of the original olympic swimming pool were discovered when the foundations were laid for this BBC "media village" he position of the finish line for the marathon in the 1908 Summer Olympics is commemorated by a marker in the plaza that now stands there. The distance of the modern marathon was fixed at these Games and calculated from the start of the race at Windsor Castle to a point in front of the royal box. The medal table for the 1908 Summer Olympics is also listed on a nearby wall.
Just to avoid confusion - these BBC studios/offices/media centre are separate to the BBC Television Centre at White City (which is just down the road and closed early in 2013 amongst much publicity).
Clip of 1908 Olympic Games at White City Stadium- on You Tube (from the BFI National Archive):
The Kensington Hippodrome - Notting Hill
Now, some Notting Hill horseracing history for you all. The Kensington Hippodrome was a racecourse built in 1837, by entrepreneur John Whyte who had the ambition to rival the well established race courses of Epsom and Ascot
Whyte leased nearly 200 acres from the owner of the Ladbroke Estate, and proceeded to enclose "the slopes of Notting Hill and the meadows west of Westbourne Grove" with a 7-foot high wooden paling. The Notting Hill grassy knoll (now surmounted by St John's church) was railed in as a "natural grandstand", from which spectators could watch the races.The main entrance to the course was off Portobello Lane (now Pembridge Rd) roughly where the green cab drivers cafe hut now stands.
The stables and paddocks were situated alongside Pottery Lane locally known as "Cut-throat Lane" which was infamous for its "potteries and piggeries". The slums bordering the race course meant that the race meetings were easily accessed by some of the poorer inhabitants of the neighbourhood. These were not the sort of customers that Whyte had in mind, and The Times newspaper complained of "the dirty and dissolute vagabonds of London, a more filthy and disgusting crew ...we have seldom had the misfortune to encounter." A public footpath traversing the land enclosed by Whyte's fences made it difficult to eject these less than appealing visitors, whose "villainous activities" were a continual source of trouble.
The Pottery Lane brick makers were living and working alongside pig-keepers who had been forced to move as Central London expanded westwards. Sanitation was poor and fresh water scarce. Many families lived with the pigs in their hovels, which became slums. Charles Dickens described the area as "a plague spot scarcely equalled for its insalubrity by any other in London".
One local resident, who had lived in the neighbourhood for forty years, described the area to author Mary Bayly:
"Now pig keepers is respectable; but them bricklayers, they bean't, some of them, no wiser than the clay theys works on....On Sundays we had cock-fighting and bull-baiting, and lots of dogs were kept on purpose to amuse the people by fighting and rat killing. People around the place were frightened of these dogs, and nobody ever cared to come nigh the place. We didn't ourselves venture out after it was dark; if we hadn't got in all we wanted before night, why we jist went without it, for besides the dogs...there was the roads; leastwise, we called 'em roads, but they wornt for all that - it was jist a lot of ups and downs, and when you had put one foot down, you didn't know how to pull the other one up."
A serious problem was the heavy clay soil characteristic of the neighbourhood (the clay was dug for the brick making), making for poor drainage, as a consequence of which the training ground became waterlogged and was unusable for long periods. From 1837 to 1842 just 13 meetings were held, with many jockeys refusing to take part, claiming that the heavy clay ground made riding too dangerous. Bricks and tiles were stored in sheds lining Pottery Lane and were fired in large kilns - one of which remains to this day.
The financial position of Whyte and the Hippodrome (briefly renamed Victoria Park, Bayswater) continued to deteriorate and in 1842 he gave up the struggle, and relinquished his lease back to JW Ladbroke, who shortly thereafter resumed the development of the Ladbroke Estate, building crescents of houses on Whyte's circular race track giving the area the modern day name of Ladbroke Grove.
This wasn’t the end of racecourses altogether in the area and there two more shortlived courses nearby - a course also called the Kensington Hippodrome built as part of Portobello Pleasure Gardens, featuring a track around the axis of Talbot Road & in the early 1850s there was a third Kensington Hippodrome an equestrian amphitheatre on the site of De Vere Gardens.
more long lost stadiums/grounds to be added to this page during 2013
By Clicking on the Amazon link Derelict London receives a small % of anything that you spend! hint hint....
Paul Talling's Derelict London - all photographs are copyright © 2017
Follow Derelict London on Facebook and Twitter
✕
|
West Ham United F.C.
|
Which famous smoker is associated with the expression 'three pipe problem'?
|
Love Everton Forum | Breaking News and Everton Discussion
Winners (1) – 1999
History
1892–1895 – Pre-history, Castle Swifts F.C. and Old Lukes F.C. The core of the Thames Ironworks, and thereby West Ham Utd, team originated in the remains of the bankrupt Old Castle Swifts F.C. in 1895. Old Castle Swifts had formed in 1892 as simply "Castle Swifts" at the behest of Castle Shipping Line employer Donald Currie and played their football opposite what is now the West Ham Police station. The club was the first professional football team in Essex, with players drawn from his predominantly Scottish work force paid extra in addition to their works wages when they made appearances for the team.
The team won the 1892–1893 West Ham Charity Cup against Barking Woodville;
"After the match the crowd made a rush to the Grand Stand where the Mayor presented the large silver cup to the captain of the Castle Swifts and Mr. Comerford of the Cup Committee announced that ‘the medals had not yet come to hand, but they would be forwarded to the winners as soon as possible’. With that the captain was lifted on to the shoulders of several of his followers and carried from the ground."
The team amalgamated with Old St Lukes in 1894, renaming themselves Old Castle Swifts, acquiring several players in the merger and also the tenancy of Hermit Road.
In 1895 Currie allowed the team to go bankrupt when he refused to further bankroll the team. With both the club, and their tenancy at Hermit Road now up for grabs, the philanthropic Arnold Hills (a local business owner, keen amateur sportsman, and well known enthusiast for sports, healthy living, tee-totalling, works and community orientated functions) stepped in to take up the lease and absorb some of the players into his new club including former Woolwich Arsenal player Robert Stevenson the club's first captain and player of note.
Further connections between these clubs include the presence of Old St Lukes honorary secretary Mr A. C. Davis (who later served as a West Ham Utd director), whilst several Thames Ironworks players had also turned out on an amateur basis for Old St Lukes on several occasions (including against Castle Swifts prior to their merger).
The Castle Swifts colours were re-used on several occasions by the Thames Ironworks team in contrast to their traditional Oxford Blue kit.
1895–1900 – Thames Ironworks F.C. and the legacy of Arnold Hills The club was founded in 1895 as the works side Thames Ironworks F.C. by Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Co. Ltd company chairman Arnold Hills and works foreman Dave Taylor (who also worked as a local league referee). It was announced in the Thames Ironworks Gazette in June 1895 under the heading "The importance of co-operation between workers and management" in an effort to "wipe away the bitterness left by the recent strike":
"Mr. Taylor, who is working in the shipbuilding department, has undertaken to get up a football club for next winter and I learn that quoits and bowls will also be added to the attractions."
Arnold Hills had joined the board of the company in 1880 at the age of twenty-three, and eventually progressed to the position of Managing Director. During this time the company had grown producing ironclads and steam ships (such as HMS Albion) and already had a fine history of working government contracts (producing HMS Warrior in 1860 for instance). Unfortunately they also suffered through a period of unionised dock strikes (1889, 1890, 1891) that stretched from the boilermakers to engineers, joiners and labourers on issues of pay, working hours and safety. The use of scab labour further lowered the workforce's opinion of Hills and in 1892 he faced considerable pressure from management and workforce alike to find some recourse.
In direct response to this he began a series of initiatives that (little to his knowledge) would have further reaching consequences than improving workplace morale. Hills already sponsored cricket, running, rowing and cycling teams and went on to add a full works brass band, operatic society, ambulance corps and even a debating society in an attempt to improve works relations after these several years of tense stand-offs and strike action. All this was undertaken as part of his "Good Fellowship system" and "Profit Sharing scheme" that also featured bonus pay on top of wages and reduced working hours. After a serious strike in 1897 he took it upon himself to negotiate directly with his workers, circumventing the Unions and cutting their power and influence off at the root. The works still experienced strike action despite his best efforts in the years after but never to the same extent.
"Thank God this midsummer madness is passed and gone; inequities and anomalies have been done away with and now, under the Good Fellowship system and Profit Sharing Scheme, every worker knows that his individual and social rights are absolutely secured."
Following the success of the 1895 F.A. Cup Final between West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa F.C., the growth of local sides and the success of competitions such as the London League and the West Ham Cup he took more readily to the suggestion of a true works football team as a method of further improving morale. There had been for some years a Thames Ironworks Juniors side (formed in 1892) that had racked up 75 victories from 81 matches providing a solid grounding of young talent, along with several former Castle Swift players such as George Furnell, Johnny Stewart, George Sage, John Woods, George Gresham and Walter Parks (some of whom were employees of the ironworks) to create a starting eleven.
Hills made enough funds available for the formation of the team, posting flyers and leaflet to the shop floor as well as the Ironworks Gazette, and saw a fine opportunity to take up the ground rent of the recently dissolved Old Castle Swifts at Hermit Road.
Not content with just that Mr Hills, as a former Oxford Blue in cricket, association football (earning a Corinthians cap for England against Scotland) and running, also contributed the club's first kit – an all navy blue strip. Also as determined vegetarian, good Christian and member of the temperance movement, he regularly preached the evils of alcohol, at least initially some players were "tee-totallers" and the team was reported as such in several journals (and pushed by Mr Hills in society as such a thing) as a result Hills is also the origin of the club and players first 'nickname'. As an aside; some years later Hills, after his influence had waned, was to offer to clear the club's debts if each player swore temperance.
Dave Taylor went back to refereeing prior to the start of the season after sorting out the initial round of friendlies, so for the first season the club's first coach was company employee A. T. (Ted) Harsent, with the Francis Payne (secretary of Thames Ironworks company) taking up the role of Chairman and Chief Director. Tom Robinson took up the role of trainer and physio, a position he had held with Old Castle Swifts.
Mr. Hills's initial concept was for a purely amateur team for the benefit of works employees. Each who wished to take part paid an initial annual stipend of 2s/6d (12.5p) and attracted fifty would-be players for the first season alone. Such was the response that a dual schedule of games was arranged to cater for the number of players, with often entirely different line-ups taking to the field at the same time. Training took place on Tuesday and Thursday nights in a gas-lit schoolroom at Trinity Church School in Barking Road. Training mainly consisted of Army physical training exercises led by Tom Robinson. They also went for runs along the Turnpike Road now known as Beckton Road. The state of amateurism was to become a bone of contention between Arnold Hills and directors due to the growing professionalism of football as espoused by future manager Syd King in 1904:
"In the summer of 1895, when the clanging of "hammers" was heard on the banks of Father Thames and the great warships were rearing their heads above the Victoria Dock Road, a few enthusiasts, with the love of football within them, were talking about the grand old game and the formation of a club for the workers of the Thames Iron Works Limited. There were platers and riveters in the Limited who had chased the big ball in the north country. There were men among them who had learned to give the subtle pass and to urge the leather goalwards. No thought of professionalism, I may say, was ever contemplated by the founders. They meant to run their club on amateur lines and their first principal was to choose their team from men in the works."
The team played on a strictly amateur basis for 1895 at least, with a team featuring a number of works employees including Thomas Freeman (ships fireman), Walter Parks (clerk), Johnny Stewart, Walter Tranter and James Lindsay (all boilermakers), William Chapman, George Sage, and William Chamberlain and apprentice riveter Charlie Dove who was to have a massive influence on the club's future at a later date.
"As an old footballer myself, I would say, get into good condition at the beginning of the season, keep on the ball, play an unselfish game, pay heed to your captain, and whatever the fortunes of the first half of the game, never despair of winning, and never give up doing your very best to the last minute of the match. That is the way to play football, and better still, that is the way to make yourselves men. —Arnold Hills letter to players, 16 March 1896."
They won the West Ham Charity Cup in their first year and competed only in friendlies and one off exhibition games for their first season. Their first ever game was against Chatham Town F.C. on 12 October in front of a crowd of 3,000 and saw Chatham run out 5–0 winners.
They joined the London League in 1896, finishing runners up after only gaining entrance due to the withdrawal of the Royal Ordnance Factories F.C.. They sported the earliest known example of floodlights (utilising docking equipment and a ball dipped in whitewash) in a game against Arsenal and several games thereafter (including a match against the aptly named "Vampires"). In 1896 the team were evicted from their ground after the council revoked their ground rent and as a result spent over a year playing their home games on the home grounds of other local sides including those of Millwall and Tottenham. Arnold Hills, at great personal cost, proposed, secured the land, then funded the development of what became the Memorial Grounds. The venue would not merely be a playing ground for the football team (indeed Hills himself described it foremostly as "the largest cycle track in London") but would incorporate all Thames Ironworks societies as well as open access for the community at large. The team celebrated by winning the London League at the first attempt at their new home, pipping the amateur precursor of Brentford F.C. by a single point.
In November 1897 Arnold Hills secured an agreement with London, Tilbury and Southend Railway (LT&SR) to build a station at Manor Road. The LT&SR board approved this in February 1898 and Mowlem was given the contract to build a four platform station, allowing for the proposed quadrupling of the line. The station was completed in May 1900 but did not open until 1 February 1901 as West Ham.
Thames Ironworks turned professional upon entering the Southern League Second Division (the bottom level in those days) in 1898. The idea of the club as a 'works' team had gradually become less plausible with the growing professionalism in the game, and gradually the team drifted away from its original conception (though works men could still sign up and take part in training and trials). In 1898 Francis Payne had been given a sum of £1,000 by Arnold Hills to find the players required to push the team on as a result of which an approach was made to a player from Birmingham that ultimately resulted in Payne being suspended from football for 'tapping up' in 1899, but not before signing Charlie Craig, Syd King (two of the best fullbacks in the league), and David Lloyd (who scored close to a goal a game in his time with the club).
The team won the Southern League title at the first attempt and were promoted to First Division proper. The following year they came second from bottom, but had established themselves as a fully fledged competitive team. They comfortably fended off the challenge of local rivals Fulham F.C. in a relegation play-off, 5–1 in late April 1900 and retained their First Division status.
West Ham United under Syd King - 1900 to 1920
In June 1900, Thames Ironworks was wound up but was immediately relaunched on 5 July 1900 as West Ham United Football Club with former player Syd King installed officially as club director, but acting as 'manager', and Charlie Paynter as assistant trainer. Club secretary was L. M . Bowen. Despite the shift in team name the club (and its fans) are to this day referred to as "The Irons" and "The Hammers" due to the original connection and still retains many rivalries (both friendly, and competitive) and community associations from these formative years. In particular they are perceived to have retained many 'working class' values even with the rapid changes in the footballing climate.
The reborn club played their games at the Memorial Grounds in Plaistow (rented at favourable terms by Arnold Hills who was a major shareholder in the new club). In the 1901-02 season the team did well on the field and made a small profit. The 1902-3 season the directors were shocked by a loss £151 caused by a wage bill that had gone up by 50 per cent. The 1903-04 season an even greater loss of £793 caused by the loss of season ticket income from supporters because the club had become more distant from the workers at the ironworks and with fewer local players being employed. At the beginning of the 1904-05 season the directors were looking to move to the Boleyn Castle, a site of a catholic school surrounded by small shops and residential streets, everything the Memorial Grounds did not have.
A growing estrangement between Hills and West Ham, regarding rent and services at the Memorial Grounds and rejection of Hill's nominees as directors, culminated at the end of the 1903-04 season with Hills telling West Ham to vacate the Memorial Grounds as it was needed for the amateur Thames Ironworks team and to leave office space in buildings owned by the ironworks. The ultimatum forced the directors hand and they signed a lease for the Boleyn Ground. The rental provisions included the amalgamation of West Ham United with the incumbent Boleyn Castle football club taking their best players into the West Ham reserves. The Boleyn Castle directors would be allowed to purchase stock in West Ham and one or more recommended to be elected to the board of West Ham United.
The first season 1904-05 at the Boleyn Ground despite more expensive running cost realised a profit of £400 because gate receipts rose from £2900 to £4300. They made an operating profit every year between 1905 and 1914.
The new ground was originally named "The Castle", for the 1904–05 season (a local pub in Plaistow to this day is called "The Castle") sited on a plot of land near Green Street House. The original gates to the ground, with the original Hammers crest (now painted in claret and blue), can be seen in Grange Road, London E13.
1904 also saw the introduction of the newly renamed club emblem. It incorporated the crossed hammers of the old Thames Ironworks emblem, and introduced the "castle" in the background meant to reference the fact the land they played on was home to an old Tudor castle for Anne Boleyn.
Funded through local collections, sponsorship and breweries the club eventually constructed a 20,000 capacity stadium with 2000 seats. The stadium was eventually named The Boleyn Ground (in honour of being constructed upon the grounds of a former residence of Anne Boleyn, Green Street House) it is, however, generally known as Upton Park in popular media. Their first game in their new home was against local rivals Millwall F.C. (themselves an Ironworks team, albeit for a rival company) drawing a crowd of 10,000 and with West Ham running out 3–0 winners, and as the Daily Mirror wrote on 2 September 1904:
"Favoured by the weather turning fine after heavy rains of the morning, West Ham United began their season most auspiciously yesterday evening; when they beat Millwall by 3 goals to 0 on their new enclosure at Upton Park."
The early history of both clubs are intertwined, with West Ham initially coming out on top in a number of meetings between the two teams as part of a budding and friendly local rivalry (even momentarily ground sharing when made homeless the following year) but eventually resulting in West Ham being promoted at the expense of Millwall. Millwall later turned down joining the fledgling Football League only to see West Ham go on to the top division and an F.A. Cup final. Later in the 1920s (rumoured to be 1926) the rivalry was supposedly spiced up during strike action made by East End companies (perceived to be West Ham fans) that Isle Of Dogs based companies (i.e. Millwall fans) refused to support breeding ill will between the two camps. The rivalry remains pronounced to this day.
West Ham Utd F.C. had joined the Western League for the 1901 season in addition to continuing playing in the Southern Division 1. In 1907 West Ham were crowned the Western League Division 1B Champions, and then defeated 1A champions Fulham 1–0 to become the Western Leagues Overall Champions.
1920–1930 Still under the leadership of Syd King and growing influence of Charlie Paynter they won election to the Football League Second division proper in 1919 for the first post-war football season. They were first promoted to the top division in 1923 as runners-up to Notts County (on goal average ahead of Leicester City F.C.) and subsequently enjoyed 9 top flight seasons, though regularly in the lower half and only twice broaching the top ten (in 1926/27 and 1929/30). Syd eventually built an attractive footballing side built around the skills of players such as Vic Watson, Jimmy Ruffell and Syd Puddefoot, and the goalkeeping of Ted Hufton.
Also in 1923 the club took part in the first ever FA Cup to be held at the newly constructed Empire Stadium more popularly known as 'Wembley' against Bolton Wanderers. The event is notable, aside from the football, for its record attendance far in excess of the organisers' expectations or stadium capacity, and the presence of 'Billie' (a horse) ridden by PC G.A. Scorey (sometimes given as "Storey") that was required to clear the pitch in order for play to start. As a result the final is commonly referred to as "The White Horse Final". The team lost 2–0 on the day in what became the marquee event for Football.
Sometime during the late twenties the club acquired one of its other longstanding monikers. At the time a Pears soap commercial featuring the curly haired child in the Millais "Bubbles" painting who resembled a player in a local schoolboy team for whom the headmaster coined singing the tune "I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles" with amended lyrics. Through this contrivance of association the club's fans took it upon themselves to begin singing the popular music hall tune before home games, sometimes reinforced by the presence of a house band requested to play the refrain by Charlie Paynter. The team and fans have since on occasion been referred to as "Bubble Blowers.
West Ham Utd under Charlie Paynter - 1932 to 1950 The Syd King and Charlie Paynter partnership was dissolved acrimoniously in 1932 after the club's 9th straight defeat, and with allegations of alcoholism and belligerence towards the Directors from King. King died a few months later, taking his own life in an alcohol fuelled depression, at the age of fifty-nine.
Long term servant Charlie Paynter, now nearly fifty and having spent more than 35 years at the club in a variety of roles, was installed as the club's manager and immediately oversaw the club's relegation to Division 2. West Ham weren't to see the top flight again before WW2 broke out.
He oversaw the redevelopment of the team, investing heavily in a youth policy and shunning for the most part signings from other teams in an effort to usher in an entirely new public image. His plans were in tatters soon enough as the war call-up stripped the club of practically all its starting squad and several in the administration. Paynter himself was exempt due to his age. With the government insisting life carried on as normal as possible, the team (often utilising visiting players as 'guests', and a number of foreigners from the armed forces) continued to play regularly. In the League Cup however no such guests were allowed, and West Ham secured the first trophy with a 1–0 win over Blackburn Rovers in 1940 whilst watched by survivors of the Dunkirk evacuation. The club spent the majority of its next 20 years in Division 2 under the leadership of first Charlie Paynter.
West Ham Utd under Ted Fenton - 1950 to 1962 Ted Fenton had been brought back to the club in 1948 to assist Paynter in re-developing the team after the war. Previously Fenton had played for West Ham from 1934 through to 1946 (he had been on the field when the club triumphed in the War Cup over Blackburn) making 201 appearances and scoring 44 goals and garnering five caps in the process as a wing half for England. In 1950 he assumed the reins fully as Paynter retired, severing the final link to the club's foundry origins.
Fenton was praised as a forward-thinking manager. He pushed for the establishment of "The Academy" that brought through a series of young players to augment a side that could not be improved with the limited finances available. Two of the signings he did manage to make were those of John Dick and Malcolm Allison. Other players of the day included John Bond, Dave Sexton, Jimmy Andrews and Frank O'Farrell (later swapped for Eddie Lewis) and Tommy Moroney all part of an original 'Cafe Cassettari' club started by Fenton as a result of the restrictive budget. Longstanding custodian in goal was Ernie Gregory.
"There (Cafe Cassateri), Allison would hold court and the players would exchange views on the game and make tactical plans around the dinner table, illustrating their ideas with the use of salt and pepper pots. The culmination of those years of hard work, on and off the field, was the Second Division championship in 1958 – the springboard to great cup successes at a much higher level in the mid-60s ... no one should underestimate the positive influence of Malcolm Allison's earlier role in Hammers' history. —West Ham Club History, John Hellier."
Cafe Cassettari sat opposite the Boleyn Ground, and Fenton organised a deal that saw meals and a warm welcome for the players of the club at a price the club could manage. It became a place for routine discussion of the team, and ideas and wisdom freely passed back and forth. The tradition lasted long into the 1960s even after Fenton had moved on and saw the likes of John Lyall and Harry Redknapp pass through.
Dick was on his National Service when spotted by Fenton and brought into the team. Meanwhile Allison played for local rivals Charlton Athletic but had made only two league appearances and was nearing 24 years old. Fenton acquired Allison by selling off one of the young players coming through the system. The pair went on to feature for the club for the remainder of Fenton's tenure with the team, though Allison had to retire through illness and instead became mentor to Bobby Moore alongside Irish international full back Noel Cantwell and all the other young players on the squad. Moore had been scouted inititally in 1955 after Fenton had reportedly been tipped to his presence in the East Ham side, but it took two bites of the cherry for Jack Turner (then West Ham scout) to encourage his signing. In the end Fenton put the lad on the books at £7 a month.
O'Farrell and Moroney were both acquired from Ireland in 1949 prior to Fenton becoming manager, but the pair were Irish internationals that had even featured in the 2–0 defeat of the England team at Goodison Park in 1949. John Bond had been brought in as Fenton's first signing in 1950 and was to be with the team for the next 15 years as a popular goalscoring right back playing opposite Captain Cantwell. Jimmy Andrews was brought in from Dundee in 1951 to play left wing, but eventually lost his position to Malcolm Musgrove.
Fenton introduced continental ideas to the team, revamping training methods and taking inspiration from higher ranked teams, and even inspiring some. Fenton had been impressed greatly by the all conquering Hungarians of the 50s led by Ferenc Puskás and the Casseteri program and development of the academy were at the core. Ernie Gregory said (of the 50s diet) "We'd usually eaten fish or chicken and toast before then, but Dr. Thomas advised us all to eat steak and rice two hours before kick-off. All the other clubs copied us after that". However not all the changes were strictly down to Fenton; Musgrove attributed much of the training regime to Allison, going so far as to state that once the players were at the club (signed by Fenton) they were pretty much Allison's property. As well as being a student of the game himself, Fenton encouraged all players to take coaching badges and many of his former players went on to coaching and managing roles after they retired. The Academy also involved, beyond the routine training and development of the youth and squad, actual tactical discussions between the players.
West Ham slowly improved through the 1950s culminating in achieving promotion to the top division again in 1958 thanks primarily to the goals of John Dick. West Ham have since stated that much is owed to the structure put in place by Allison.
West Ham United under Ron Greenwood - 1962 to 1974 West Ham United first established themselves in 1964, when manager Ron Greenwood guided the club to their first major trophy in the shape of an FA Cup final victory over Preston North End. Ronnie Boyce scoring a last minute goal to secure a 3–2 victory, with striker Sissons becoming the youngest ever scorer in a cup final. The success of 1964 was repeated a year later, this time with a 2–0 European Cup Winners Cup triumph over 1860 Munich at Wembley.
Greenwood had been appointed to the position after 4 years as Arsenal assistant manager and took charge for 1962. West Ham had been promoted to the top division in 1958 and subsequently managed to finish first 6th, then 14th and 16th before Greenwood led the team back into the top ten with an 8th place finish in 1962. The team didn't trouble the top 10 for 6 years, but became perennial challengers in the cup where they showed they were equal to any team over single games.
They followed up defeating Division 2 Preston by winning the European Cup Winners Cup the subsequent season. The team defeated Real Zaragoza and Sparta Prague on their way to the final where they took on Munich 1860. Moore stated that the secret to their success was the presence of the newly established Martin Peters "In Europe you need more skill, and Martin added an extra quality to our game". Moore was gracious in victory as the team defeated Munich 2–0, with young untested Alan Sealey forced to play up front after injuries to first choice strikers Byrne and Brabook. He responded with a brace, whilst at the back Greenwood reflected "This was Bobby Moore's greatest game. Technical perfection". Moore deflected the attention away stating "There was a lot of good football and we played really well against a good side".
The following season the team made it to the final of the League Cup, but lost 6–3 on aggregate to West Bromwich Albion.
The most successful team of this period was ultimately founded upon the England international trio of Club and International Captain Bobby Moore in defence, Martin Peters in midfield and Geoff Hurst up front (all promoted through the youth system during Fenton's tenure). Moore had made his debut for West Ham in 1958 replacing an unwell Malcolm Allison who had been a stalwart for the team at the back for a decade, taking the number 6 shirt at age 17 and was not to relinquish the position for another 16 years. He was Captain at 20. He made his England debut in 1962, and subsequently became Captain a year later going on to lead the team out 90 times in total until 1973.
Peters has been described as the first "modern midfielder". Alf Ramsey remarked that he was at least "ten years ahead of his time". In his 11 years with the club, though his debut only came in 1962, he managed to score nearly a goal every three games from midfield, and had played in every position for the club including as goalkeeper.
Hurst meanwhile was routinely dormant in the league, but was the leading cup goalscorer in England (both FA Cup and League Cup) until his records were broken some thirty years later by Robbie Fowler. Originally a midfielder, Greenwood converted him to be a front running striker and it paid dividends as he led the team to consecutive cup appearances before capping it all with become a regular England International and World Cup winner in 1966. The following season he scored 41 goals in the league, nearly a quarter of his eventual tally.
The club also sported the likes of long time club servants John Bond and England international Ken Brown (father of Kenny Brown, who went on to play for the club in the 1990s), talented wing half Eddie Bovington, midfielder and forward Ronnie Boyce, leftback Jack Burkett (the first man to ever be substituted for the club) and rightback Joe Kirkup. Up front were the prolific striker Johnny Byrne and the slightly less prolific Brian Dear. Future manager Harry Redknapp played on the wing, the goalkeeper was Jim Standen; about this time, the club hired its first black player John Charles.
Over the next few seasons Greenwood added some of the club's best known, and long serving, youth products. 20 year servant, and future manager, Billy Bonds, fellow (almost) 20 year servants Trevor Brooking (who also had spells managing the club) and Frank Lampard Sr. (assistant manager during Redknapp's tenure), Clyde Best, John McDowell, Alan Sealey. In addition the team acquired Bobby Ferguson as goalkeeper.
The moves ultimately helped to guide West Ham to another FA Cup success in 1975, this time against Fulham. Ron Greenwood subsequently was appointed England Manager as replacement for Don Revie after his unsuccessful premiership.
West Ham United under John Lyall - 1974 to 1989 He was succeeded as team manager by John Lyall (a former youth product who retired through injury), who guided West Ham to another UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final in his second season in charge (1975–76). But this time West Ham were on the losing side, going 4–2 down against Anderlecht. Two years later in 1978 and the club were relegated to the Second Division but the manager was not replaced; in addition, many players were retained long enough enjoy a second FA Cup victory under Lyall's leadership whilst still in Division 2 in 1980, a feat no side outside the top division has since achieved. This time the win was over another London club, the much-fancied Arsenal. In his time Lyall had added Phil Parkes as goalkeeper, and had the fortune of having Alvin Martin, Geoff Pike and Paul Allen emerge through the ranks to add to the defence and midfield. In addition he had captured skilful winger Alan Devonshire from non-league football, penalty taking fullback Ray Stewart from Scotland and Stuart Pearson from Cup winners Manchester United.
The game ended 1–0, with Brooking stooping to head home a goal he would have probably more easily scored with his feet as the second division side more than held its own. Young Paul Allen became the youngest player to appear in a Wembley cup final, and at one point looked set to score what would have been a goal by the youngest player also – until a professional foul from Willie Young brought him down whilst clean through in behind the defence. This 1980 FA Cup is still West Ham's most recent major trophy.
In 1981, the Hammers finished runners-up in the League Cup. Between 1982 and 1985 West Ham achieved three consecutive top ten finishes. Lyall helped them achieve their highest league finish of third in 1986, but was sacked three years later as they suffered relegation to the Second Division. By the time of his departure, Lyall was the longest-serving manager at any club in the Football League, having been at West Ham for 15 years.
The Macari and Bonds eras - 1989 to 1994 Lyall was replaced by Lou Macari for the 1989–90 season, but Macari resigned after less than one season as manager to concentrate on clearing his name in connection with financial irregularities at his previous club Swindon Town. The next manager to occupy the hot seat at West Ham was Billy Bonds, who guided them to seventh place in 1989–90 (just missing out on the playoffs) but in 1990–91 they attained runners-up spot in the Second Division and returned to the First Division. But West Ham struggled throughout the 1991–92 season and were relegated in bottom place, missing the first season of the new Premier League. The following season changes to the West Ham saw Clive Allen as Trevor Morley's strike partner following the departure of Frank McAvennie and the previous season's top scorer Mike Small. Also signed were midfield players, Peter Butler and Mark Robson. Left-back Julian Dicks managed twelve goals (eleven of them in the league) but missed a total of twelve games through suspension after being sent off three times during the season and was stripped of the club captaincy. Morley's return to fitness was a success as he topped the club's goalscoring charts with twenty goals in the league and a further goal in the FA Cup. Clive Allen was the second highest scorer with fifteen goals (fourteen of them in the league). West Ham regained their top flight status at the first attempt, finishing Division One runners-up in 1992–93 and securing promotion to the Premiership following a 2–0 home defeat of Cambridge United on 8 May 1993.
With the team in the Premier League there was a need to rebuild the team. Oxford United player Joey Beauchamp was recruited for a fee of £1.2m. Shortly after arriving at the club he complained that he should not have made the move as it was too far from his Oxford home. Bonds found this attitude hard to understand compared with his own committed, never-say-die style. This was the first evidence of his losing appetite for the modern game and modern player. 58 days later Beauchamp was signed by Swindon Town for a club-record combined fee of £800,000, which included defender Adrian Whitbread going in the opposite direction. Whitbread was valued at £750,000 in the deal.
Assistant manager Harry Redknapp was also now taking a bigger role in the transfer of players, with the club's approval. With rumours of his old club, AFC Bournemouth being prepared to offer him a position the West Ham board and their managing director, Peter Storrie made a controversial move. Anxious not to lose Redknapp's services the West Ham board offered Bonds a place away from the day-to-day affairs of the club, on the West Ham board. This would have allowed them to appoint Redknapp as manager. Bonds refused the post offered and walked away from the club. His accusations of deceit and manipulation by the board and by Redknapp have continued to cause ill-feeling. Peter Storrie claimed they that they had handled the situation correctly, saying, "If Harry had gone to Bournemouth, there was a good chance Bill would have resigned anyway, so we were in a no-win situation. We're sad that Bill is going, and it's a big blow but it's time to move on and we have appointed a great manager".
West Ham United under Harry Redknapp - 1994 to 2000 One of Harry Redknapp's first actions as West Ham manager was to re-sign striker Tony Cottee from Everton. He also signed Liverpool's Don Hutchison and brought back Julian Dicks, as well as re-signing striker Iain Dowie from Southampton. Redknapp also attempted to bring through the young talent of Matthew Rush, Steve Jones and Matty Holmes. Cottee started the second spell of his West Ham career well, and formed a solid partnership with Trevor Morley aided by the Ian Bishop, Dale Gordon and the aggressive Martin Allen in midfield. The team defied the popular belief that they would return to the First Division by finishing thirteenth. In addition John Moncur was added from relegated Swindon Town.
West Ham avoided relegation again in 1994–95 and played their part in the final-day drama of the season, holding Manchester United to a 1–1 draw at Upton Park and denying them a third successive Premiership title. On paper the team was routinely outclassed by opposition, but on grass put in a series of superb performances. Old hand Alvin Martin partnered Steve Potts, Tim Breacker and Dicks with longterm custodian Luděk Mikloško in goal to form a stout defence that made up for the deficiencies elsewhere in midfield and up front which had seen a number of players move on – including fan favourite Matthew Holmes, to newly christened league champions Blackburn Rovers, for £1.5 million.
Redknapp spent the summer adding to the team's defence. He had previously captured Danish International centrehalf Marc Rieper in one coup and quickly followed this up by signing another international, this time the Croatian Slaven Bilić in January 1996 for a then club record £1.65 million. West Ham progressed to 10th place in 1995–96.
Crucially at this point the Jean-Marc Bosman case finally came to an end resulting in the Bosman ruling. This meant no longer would Redknapp have to balance his team based upon nationality – a problem the previous year when Mikloško, Rieper and were all classed as 'Foreign', thus leaving only one slot open for Irish/Welsh and English players. The change in ruling opened the door for a number of foreign internationals, and at the same time had seen a great number of established players within the team being shown the door (Hutchison, Burrows, Morley, Marsh, Holmes, Boere and Gordon were all released or sold on).
The following summer, going into the historic 1996–97 season, Redknapp continued looking abroad and made two of the most ambitious but perhaps least productive signings in the club's history – the Romanian national team's striker Florin Răducioiu and Portuguese winger Paulo Futre (formerly a £10 million man) from AC Milan. The deals failed to work out; Răducioiu left after six months at the club and returned to Romania after falling out with the manager (famously being christened a "tart, a fairy, a little girl" by Redknapp in his autobiography for complaining about the physical nature of the English game), while Futre played just one first-team game before being beaten by a long-term knee injury and announcing his retirement (and equally famously storming out after being denied the number 10 shirt for a friendly). Coupled with the equally disastrous Marco Boogers affair, the drawn out Work Permit wrangle involving Răducioiu's compatriot Dumitrescu who had been signed 6 months earlier from Tottenham Hotspur (but had failed to play the required number of games whilst at Spurs) and the lack of a quality second striker West Ham struggled.
The 1996–97 Hammer campaign nosedived towards disaster after starting in an average fashion. Injuries to key and back-up players were critical (losing Lazaridis to a broken leg for instance, and what turned out to be the career-ending injury to the promising Richard Hall signed only months before for £1.5 million from Southampton), but so were the failed signings and some poor performances. The form of Michael Hughes (signed permanently after 2 years on loan from RC Strasbourg) and performances of loan signing Hugo Porfirio were a rare bright spot, as was the emergence of future England teammates Rio Ferdinand and Frank Lampard. Răducioiu's chief contribution – a curling left footed shot around a full stretch Schmeichel in a 2–2 draw – was considered by some to be almost worth the transfer in itself. At Christmas the team sat low in midtable with only 5 wins and 7 draws from 19 games at which point they added only 1 point from the next 6 games sending the team to the bottom of the table.
Faced with relegation the board financed two key acquisitions. Firstly young Arsenal striker John Hartson in a £3.3 million move (again breaking the club's transfer record) and in addition the signing of Newcastle United forward Paul Kitson in a £1.2 million move and battling Manchester City midfielder Steve Lomas for £1.6 million. The strike pair were an instant hit, scoring 13 goals between them in 12 games as a pairing including those in a vital 4–3 win against close rivals Tottenham, a 3–2 against Chelsea and a hat-trick for Kitson and brace for Hartson in a 5–1 rout of Sheffield Wednesday in the next to last game confirming the club's survival and saving Redknapp's job.
Despite the close shave the hopes for the following 1997–98 season were high. Hartson and Kitson gave the team an exciting frontline, whilst in the midfield Redknapp added Eyal Berkovic from Southampton and Trevor Sinclair and Andy Impey from QPR. The team unfortunately had to contend with the season-long loss of captain Julian Dicks (who had played on the previous year despite needing urgent knee surgery) and the sale of Marc Rieper to Celtic, and Slaven Bilić to Everton. The profit from the sale went to acquire former England under-21s David Unsworth and Ian Pearce from Everton and Blackburn respectively.
This season marked a change in Redknapp's tactical approach, the team changing to a 5–3–2 formation for the most part of the season. This allowed Redknapp to blood the young talent of Rio Ferdinand in his preferred role as a sweeper whilst pairing him with two extremely competent defenders. The pacey Lazaridis and Impey took over wingback roles, whilst the centre of midfield was contested by Lampard, Lomas and Berkovic with Moncur preferred over Ian Bishop in reserve and Michael Hughes out in the cold. In goal, Mikloško started out but injury curtailed his season (and by the next summer had moved on to QPR) resulting in Craig Forrest stepping in. However, Redknapp also managed to pluck Bernard Lama on loan from Paris St. Germain, which helped maintain West Ham's late-season push.
The season did not go entirely to plan. Kitson struggled (as he was for the remainder of his West Ham career) with niggling injuries limiting him to only 13 appearances (and 4 goals). Redknapp acquired Samassi Abou for a bargain £250,000 to add depth, and he performed admirably if sometimes lacking in quality. Nonetheless, he became a crowd favourite for his languid style, skill and lampooned name (having to have it explained to him that the crowd were not 'booing' him, but in fact 'abouing' him). Hartson however scored consistently, notching 24 in his first season across all competitions, whilst Lampard flowered in midfield. The acquisition of Sinclair at Christmas revitalised West Ham as he shone in the wing back position. His seven goals in 14 games helped propel the team, for the first time, into the upper half of the table resulting in the side finishing 8th.
For 1998/99, Redknapp again went foreign and signed former French International Marc Keller, Cameroonian midfielder Marc-Vivien Foé and World Cup star Javier Margas. However he did not neglect home-grown talent, adding the experienced Ian Wright and Neil Ruddock, whilst also bringing Scott Minto back from abroad and Shaka Hislop in as goalkeeper on a free from Newcastle. (Hislop went on to win the Hammer of the Year award in his first season.)
West Ham started slowly and by Christmas were facing a crisis. First the club sold Andy Impey under the nose of the manager (literally removing him from a game in which he was tabled to start) and then made it clear to the manager that he would find no further funds forthcoming due to the absenteeism of Javier Margas (which was taken to highlight Redknapp's continued failure with foreign talent).) John Hartson was found to be involved in a training ground incident involving Eyal Berkovic and the owners were forced to act. Hartson was sold to Wimbledon for £7.5 million as a result after having an already disappointing start to the year where he did not score until 10 games in and was notably overweight and out of shape.
Redknapp was given some of the funds to buy in replacements. His first choice was Paolo Di Canio – who famously the previous year had pushed referee Paul Alcock to the ground – and he signed for an initial fee of £1.25 million. He also signed former Manchester United target Marc-Vivien Foé for £3.5 million to solidify the midfield.
By the end of 1998/99, West Ham had achieved a 5th-place finish, but, for the only time in league history, were denied a UEFA Cup place due to new UEFA Coefficients. (The seasons to either side had seen every team down to 7th feature in the UEFA Cup.) The team instead was entered as one of England's Inter-Toto cup competitors (and a place in the UEFA Cup proper up for grabs). A victory over Metz in the two-legged final eventually earned the Hammers a place in the UEFA Cup – ending an absence of almost 20 years from European competition. Redknapp brought in Paulo Wanchope from Derby County to complement Paolo Di Canio and Igor Štimac to replace the outgoing Unsworth.
In 1999–2000, consolidation was supposed to be the key, but once again plans were interrupted by injury. The Inter Toto and UEFA Cup expedition took a lot out of the players – but the team started the season sharper than the others, resulting in a comfortable upper-midtable position by the halfway point of the season. Tiredness, loss of form, and a build-up of injuries resulted in a slide downwards towards the end of the season, eventually resulting in a 9th-place finish and a third consecutive year in the top half.
The year was noticeable for the introduction of Joe Cole and Michael Carrick to the first team proper, the ignominious exit in the League Cup to Aston Villa due to an enforced replay after it transpired that last minute substitute Emmanuel Omoyimni had featured in the competition whilst on loan earlier in the season (this event saw the resignation of Martin Aldridge), and the barracking Paulo Wanchope received for the early part of the year. The striker failed to settle despite scoring 12 league goals in 33 games (an above average output). Unfortunately his erratic form and the unpredictable nature of his game meant he would move on at the end of the year.
Marc-Vivien Foé was sold at the end of the year (his final act was a plunging tackle from behind that saw him sent off against Arsenal) and Redknapp acquired Frédéric Kanouté with the money.
End of Redknapp - 2000 to 2001 The 2000–01 season was Redknapp's final year. They got off to a dismal start, hampered by further injuries (Sinclair notably, but also Ian Pearce continued absence), a number of failed loan transfers (Christian Bassila and Kaba Diawara) and unimpressive signings (Davor Šuker, reportedly on £50,000 a week who only managed 8 starts, Ragnvald Soma, and the continued absence of Margas who had turned up for half of the previous season). With the team in the doldrums the board eventually accepted a bid for the team's prized asset – Rio Ferdinand – in an £18 million move to Leeds United for both the British transfer record and a world record for a defender. The deal has since been criticised, as the fee was neither upfront, nor was a sell-on bonus included; meaning the club missed out on his later £30 million move to United and also a sizeable chunk of the initial transfer.
Redknapp proceeded to spend a chunk of the transfer money on a string of coolly received signings (in addition he was given a £300,000 bonus for agreeing not to spend the entire transfer sum and arranging the transfer to Leeds) forcing what was to be the end of his time at the club. Redknapp signed the Liverpool pairing of Rigobert Song (a solid, if erratic and unsuited to the physical Premiership, player with over 60 Caps to his name for £2.6 million) and Titi Camara (an exciting attacking player who arrived massively overweight, unfit and devoid of form after being forced out of the Liverpool first team for £2.2 million), along with Scottish International Christian Dailly (who had never lived up to his great early promise for £1.75 million), for a total of some £8 million (including fees and final cost adjustments). These transfers were later used as ammunition against the departing Redknapp, with aspersions cast regarding agent fees and the expensive nature of Camara's alleged Pay-As-You-Play contract that would have seen further monies paid after a relatively small number of games. His only solid moves from a fan's point of view, the loan signings of Hannu Tihinen from Viking FK and Svetoslav Todorov, did little to improve the paucity in quality of the first team. The team's fortunes improved imperceptibly but survival was ensured thanks to the poor performances of lower sides and the team finished in 15th place, comfortably out of the relegation zone.
At this point Redknapp's relationship with the board, already strained since the Andy Impey incident, fell apart. Redknapp requested a warchest of £12 million to get the club back into the top six, with a sizeable portion of this to go towards bringing in Paris St. Germain left-winger Laurent Robert, a client of football agent and close associate of Harry Redknapp Willie McKay.
Slanderous comments soon followed in the direction of the West Ham board as Redknapp gave an interview in the unofficial West Ham fanzine Over Land and Sea, focusing his tirade on the lack of funding. The outburst caused so much friction that his position as manager became untenable, and Redknapp was sacked before the end of the season.
In the aftermath Frank Lampard Sr. left the club, and due to the obvious fall-out his son Frank Lampard was sold off to Chelsea for £11 million. The money was subsequently granted to incoming manager Glenn Roeder.
West Ham united under Glenn Roeder - 2001 to 2003 Several big names were linked with the vacant manager's job. Former West Ham player Alan Curbishley, who had rebuilt Charlton Athletic F.C. on and off the field since becoming their manager in 1991, instantly became favourite for the job but insisted he wasn't interested. Steve McClaren, who had been assistant manager of Manchester United in three successive title-winning seasons (including the 1999 treble campaign), was also linked with the job, but he was then appointed manager of Middlesbrough. So West Ham turned to youth team manager Glenn Roeder to fill the role. People doubted Roeder's suitability for the job, as his only managerial exploits had been short-lived and perceived to be unsuccessful with Gillingham over 1992–93 and Watford from 1993–96.
West Ham had a slow start to the 2001–02 season, hampered by injuries to key players. New signing David James was injured before he even made an appearance whilst on International duty; Frédéric Kanouté, Michael Carrick and Paolo Di Canio nursed groin and knee problems). The board made money available for strengthening the squad and Glenn acquired respected Czech International defender Tomáš Řepka from ACF Fiorentina, and Don Hutchison for his second term with the Hammers. However, Glenn Roeder was soon under immense pressure from fans who were calling for him to be sacked, especially after witnessing back to back maulings at the hands of Everton (5–0) and Blackburn (7–1). He responded by guiding the club to a seventh-place finish in the final table, just one place short of European qualification – although there was a 12-point gap between West Ham and sixth-placed Chelsea.
The summer of 2002 did not bode well for the season ahead. Despite a glaring need for squad reinforcements, only positive transfer activity involved Irish international Gary Breen signing on a free transfer. Leaving were Paul Kitson and a hatful of youth and fringe players. Another poor start plagued West Ham United through to 2003, and this time Roeder was unable to turn things around. The loss of Kanouté for nearly 1/3 of the season, and Di Canio at exactly the same period resulted in the teenage Jermain Defoe leading the line on his own. The loss of form of key players such as Trevor Sinclair, 2001–02 Hammer of the Year Sebastian Schemmel and Michael Carrick, who was still nursing a groin problem, combined with the absence of a dependable left back or left midfielder merely exacerbated an already difficult situation. The Hammers failed to win a single home game until January and suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of Manchester United in the FA Cup. The much attacked Gary Breen was pointedly at fault for a number of errors, but his play was not helped by the lack of any cohesive team.
During the transfer window the club acquired Les Ferdinand and Rufus Brevett, and more importantly got Di Canio and Kanouté both back on the pitch and off the treatment table. The club's form improved and they began to claw their way up the table towards safety. In April Glenn collapsed in his office and was diagnosed with a brain tumour. He was immediately given a leave of absence and 1980 FA Cup final hero Trevor Brooking took over for the final 3 games of the Premiership season. But, despite an upturn in the team's form (winning 2 and drawing 1) they were unable to overhaul Bolton Wanderers F.C. and finished 18th in the final table, 2pts short of the safety zone. West Ham drew early in the season and then lost against Bolton during the run in; a draw against Bolton in their second match would have been sufficient to see West Ham survive. Their 10-year spell in the Premiership was over.
Not since 1994–95 had a club been relegated from the division with more than 40 points (West Ham had 42), but this was no consolation for a disappointed West Ham side filled with some of the most promising young English players, all tipped for international honours. The relegation forced the sale of key players Joe Cole and Glen Johnson (both to Chelsea), Kanouté and later Jermain Defoe to Tottenham Hotspur, Trevor Sinclair to Manchester City later followed by David James in the same direction, in a bid to prevent a financial crisis at Upton Park. Glenn Roeder was sacked soon after the start of the 2003–04 season.
West Ham United under Alan Pardew - 2003 to 2006 Alan Pardew was the eventual replacement for Roeder, following Brooking's second brief stint as caretaker manager. Pardew was head hunted from fellow Division One rivals (and promotion hopefuls) Reading by West Ham with the objective of promotion back to the FA Premier League. With a team whose talent had become marginalised over the previous 6 months since relegation the task did not appear to be a simple one.
The team saw over 15 new players brought in on both short and long term deals including Rob Lee, David Connolly, Marlon Harewood, Matthew Etherington, Kevin Horlock, Hayden Mullins, Nigel Reo-Coker, Andy Melville, Bobby Zamora and Brian Deane. The turn-over of players continued however with these and other acquisitions funded by the loss of David James, Jermain Defoe and Ian Pearce. The squad was bolstered with a contingent of loan signings such as Wayne Quinn, Neil Mellor, Matthew Kilgallon, Niclas Alexandersson, Robbie Stockdale and Jon Harley. As a result the team routinely lacked cohesion, and without Defoe for a large part lacked a quality striker in front of goal – though Connolly's immediate impact (5 in the 9 opening league games) and positive attitude coupled with Harewoods form went some way to make up for the loss of the future England International.
The team's form had picked up noticeably under Trevor Brooking, rising from 10th in the table to second by mid September. With Pardew installed as manager on 18 September the fans didn't have to wait long for their first win with the team taking a 3–0 over Crystal Palace on 1 October. A subsequent victory against Derby however was the last for almost a month until title run-away leaders Wigan were beaten 4–0 at Upton Park. By this point the team had slipped to 8th, and were more than six points off the pace of the top six sides. Mixed form throughout January to March saw the team below the top six but a late run gave them 4th place in the table. In the Play-Off final they were defeated 1–0 by Crystal Palace who finished 6th that year.
The following year promotion was achieved through the play-offs. The team had only just sealed the last play-off place with a 2–1 win over Watford on the last day of the season. This time having played twice against Ipswich Town, West Ham drew 2–2 at Upton Park and won 2–0 at Portman Road over the two legs to qualify for the final at the Millennium Stadium, they achieved their aim with a 1–0 win against Preston North End, with Bobby Zamora scoring the only goal of the game in the second half.
Following promotion, the club exceeded expectations and achieved the ultimate target of survival for 2005–06 with a top-half place in the 2004–05 Premiership. Pardew claimed that he will not sell the club's best players, and appeared to have the backing of the board on this issue; he in fact spent a club record seven million to bring Dean Ashton to Upton Park. Ashton has been touted as "the next Alan Shearer". In January and February 2006, following a 3–1 home defeat by Chelsea, West Ham embarked on their best sequence of results for twenty years, winning seven games in a row in all competitions (five in the league and two in the FA Cup). The 3–2 win away to Arsenal on 1 February, on West Ham's last visit to Highbury Stadium, was the most noteworthy victory during this run, with the Hammers recording their first win over Arsenal at their stadium since 1995.
This seven-game winning streak ended when they drew 0–0 with Bolton Wanderers in the FA Cup Fifth Round, however their unbeaten run continued when they drew 2–2 against Everton in the Premiership, before coming to an abrupt halt with a heavy defeat against Bolton Wanderers, losing 4–1. However Alan Pardew fielded a weakened team in that game in preparation for the FA Cup replay against Bolton again, where they won 2–1 after extra time with a Marlon Harewood goal. They then played, on 18 March, their former manager and player Harry Redknapp's club Portsmouth, on his first return to Upton Park. Portsmouth won 4–2 as Pardew rested some key players. However, two days later the Hammers beat Manchester City 2–1 to reach the FA Cup semi-finals. On Sunday 23 April, less than a week following a loss to Middlesbrough in a league fixture, West Ham defeated them 1–0 at Villa Park in the FA Cup semi, with Marlon Harewood again scoring the goal that sent the Hammers through to their first FA Cup final since they beat Arsenal in 1980. This also secured the Hammers a place in the 2006–07 UEFA Cup, as Liverpool, their final opponent, are now assured of no worse than a spot in the final qualifying round of the that season's Champions League.
The Hammers, with a place in next year's 2006–07 UEFA Cup and a FA Cup Final, now had to secure a top 10 finish, a position they had held since the start of the campaign. With this in mind and the FA Cup final on 13 May, Pardew had a dilemma, whether to stick out his first team and run the risk of injuries and suspensions or hold back. A mock run up of the FA Cup final saw Liverpool beat the Irons 2–1, with a late confrontation involving Mullins and Luis Garcia seeing them both sent off, missing the Final. Mullins, a key to their Premiership success would be dearly missed as he had been a defensive stronghold against many a worthy attacking force. On the back of that troubled match, the Hammers beat an already relegated West Bromwich Albion team 1–0, in which Dean Ashton limped off with a hamstring injury, a huge doubt for the final. This win was the sixth time the Hammers had played on a Monday night and their sixth win was a huge step towards achieving a top ten finish.
West Ham won their final game of the season 2–1 over arch rivals Tottenham Hotspur, cementing 9th place in the Premier League. Tottenham's loss to West Ham on the final day would result in Tottenham being overtaken in the league by Arsenal and therefore missing out on a Champions League place. The match was marred by controversy as many of the Tottenham players were ill on the evening before the match; this was initially believed to be "food poisoning", but was later found to be a virus that had gone round. The FA offered Tottenham a delayed kickoff which they refused. Tottenham ended up losing the match by a final score of 2–1. West Ham scored first when midfielder Carl Fletcher struck past Spurs keeper Paul Robinson. Tottenham then equalised through former Hammer striker Jermain Defoe. The Hammers had a chance to win the game when former Spurs player, Teddy Sheringham took a penalty kick. Sheringham's kick was saved. Israel international Yossi Benayoun was the hero and scored the game-winning goal with a stunning strike.
Also this season, two of West Ham's longest serving managers died, Ron Greenwood and John Lyall. Greenwood and Lyall both led West Ham to FA Cup victories in 1964, 1975 and 1980.
If Pardew had guided West Ham to FA Cup glory, he would have been the first English manager to win the trophy since Joe Royle won it with Everton back in 1995. It would also have ended West Ham's 26-year wait for a major trophy which began after their FA Cup triumph in 1980. However, the game ended 3–3, despite West Ham taking a two goal lead early in the match. Eventually West Ham lost 3–1 on penalties, in what was considered by many as the best Cup final in recent years.
During the summer break before the start of the 2006/2007 season, Pardew suffered a huge blow to his team with the loss of Dean Ashton. During training whilst on international duty, Ashton broke his ankle. He was training for England's football match the following day against Greece, which was about to be England's first match under the new manager Steve McClaren.
On the transfer deadline day for the new season, 31 August, West Ham seemed to have surprised world football when speculation mounted that two of the most promising young footballers in the world would be joining on permanent move. Carlos Tévez announced on his website that he and Javier Mascherano would be joining West Ham from Brazilian club Corinthians. West Ham confirmed shortly afterwards that not only had they signed the two Argentinians, but that they had signed on permanent deals. West Ham reportedly had to beat off competition from some major European clubs to sign the two young Argentinians.
West Ham's return to European competition, in the UEFA Cup in 2006, was ultimately short-lived as they lost 4–0 over two legs in the 1st round proper to Italian club, Palermo. This marked a major down turn in form leading to eight losses in succession in all competitions as of 24 October, including a shock 2–1 loss away to League 1 side Chesterfield in the third round of the Carling Cup. The Hammers finally stopped the record-breaking run on 29 October at home to Blackburn with a 2–1 win in the Premiership, with goals from Teddy Sheringham, who in the making became the oldest ever goalscorer in the Premier League, and Hayden Mullins getting the winner in the 79th minute. They made it two wins in a row when they beat Arsenal at Upton Park with Marlon Harewood getting an 89th minute winner. The game was overshadowed by the arguments between Arsène Wenger and Alan Pardew in the manager dugouts, both have been charged by the FA. On 21 November, the proposed takeover of West Ham United by a consortium headed by Icelandic businessman Eggert Magnusson went through, fuelling speculation over Pardew's future. After just 4 games with Magnusson as the new chairman of West Ham United, Pardew was sacked from the manager's role on 11 December, after a 4–0 drubbing at Bolton on the Saturday before. Pardew eventually found work again on 24 December 2006, at Charlton Athletic, ironically where Pardew's replacement Curbishley had spent 15 years of his managerial career, building his reputation.
Magnússon takeover On 21 November, West Ham announced that they had reached an agreement with a consortium headed by Icelandic businessman Eggert Magnússon for the sale of the club, worth £85 million.
On 26 November, The Guardian reported that West Ham may move to the Olympic Stadium in 2012, with the running track left intact.
On 1 September, the Board of West Ham confirmed, following press speculation, that they were in takeover talks with an unnamed party. They announced that there was no link between this prospective takeover bid and the signings of Tévez and Mascherano the day before. Media Sports Investment (MSI), the company which owns the contracts of those two players, and chose to bring them to West Ham, confirmed that it had no interest in investing in European football clubs, thereby ruling itself out of being behind these talks. However, a consortium headed by former MSI frontman Kia Joorabchian entered into talks with the club on 5 September. These talks broke down in early November after further debts that had not been declared by West Ham were revealed in the due diligence process. This was compounded by the announcement that West Ham would be unable to move into the 2012 London Olympic Stadium after the event, which was to be reserved for athletics use.
On 11 December, it was confirmed that Alan Pardew has been sacked from his job as manager of West Ham after a dismal run of results, including a 4–0 loss to Bolton. In the first few days that followed the departure of Pardew it was confirmed that West Ham were in talks with Alan Curbishley, who played for the Hammers between 1975–1979.
West Ham United under Alan Curbishley - 2006 to 2008 Former West Ham United player and Charlton Athletic manager Alan Curbishley officially took over the vacant West Ham United job on 13 December 2006, just 48 hours after Alan Pardew had been sacked by new chairman Eggert Magnusson. Curbishley had been the odds-on favourite for the West Ham job straight after Pardew's departure, so it came as no surprise that Curbishley was unveiled at a press conference on 13 December. Curbishley's managerial CV reads well, as he was manager at local rivals Charlton Athletic for 15 years leading up to May 2006. During that time, he took Charlton from a struggling side languishing in old Second Division to a recognized Premiership side.
Curbishley had been linked with the West Ham job five years earlier, in the summer of 2001 after Harry Redknapp left the club, but decided the time was not right for him and the job went to Glenn Roeder instead. Curbishley made an impressive start with a victory over the current Premiership leaders Manchester United, his first ever victory over them in his managerial career, in which he won the game 1–0 with a late 75th minute winner from captain Nigel Reo-Coker.
In January 2007, with West Ham struggling in the bottom three, Curbishley made his first moves in the transfer market as West Ham United manager. His first signing was pacy Portuguese winger Luis Boa Morte from Fulham, soon followed by West Brom's Nigel Quashie. These signings were backed by defensive reinforcements in the form of young Calum Davenport, from Tottenham (who had previously been loaned to West Ham during their Championship years) and Australian captain Lucas Neill from Blackburn Rovers. Neill shunned the chance to sign for Liverpool after reportedly being offered double their proposed wage (£60,000/week, compared to £30,000 – West Ham's highest ever earner). With Carlos Tevez out through injury, along with first choice Dean Ashton still yet to appear this season, Spanish under-21 striker Kepa Blanco was signed on loan from league-leaders Sevilla.
However, the final weeks of the season saw much improvement in performances and a marked strengthening of confidence and self belief in the team. Couple this with crumbling morale at Sheffield United and Fulham and it appeared as if the Great Escape was now in the bag.
West Ham won 7 of their final 9 games, defeating Blackburn, Arsenal, Everton, Middlesbrough, Bolton, Wigan and Manchester United. On 5 May 2007, West Ham United moved out of the relegation zone with a 3–1 win over Bolton and Wigan losing 1–0 to Middlesbrough. West Ham now sat in 17th place in the Premiership, 3 points ahead of Wigan.
On 13 May, in their last match of the season, West Ham played Manchester United at Old Trafford needing at least a draw to survive in the Premiership. Carlos Tevez sent West Ham 1–0 ahead at the end of the first half injury time (45 + 1"). West Ham were victorious, securing 15th place. Sheffield United were relegated to the Championship.
Curbishley continued to overhaul his squad in the summer of 2007. Yossi Benayoun (Liverpool), Paul Konchesky (Fulham), Nigel Reo-Coker, Marlon Harewood (both to Aston Villa) and, most notably, Carlos Tevez (Man. Utd) all headed for the Upton Park exit door. Midfielders Scott Parker (£7 million), Keiron Dyer (£6 million) and Nolberto Solano (free) all arrived from Newcastle United, wingers Julien Faubert (£6 million) and Freddie Ljungberg (£2 million) were signed from French club Bordeaux and London rivals Arsenal respectively, Craig Bellamy (£7.5 million) and Richard Wright (free) both made the switch from Merseyside to East London, signing from Liverpool and Everton. Striker Henri Camara completed Curbishley's squad, signing on a season long loan from Wigan Athletic.
The 2007–2008 season proved to be one of consolidation for the Hammers. They moved into 10th position in the table during the Christmas period and remained there until the end of the season. A season of disappointing performances (including a run of three consecutive 4–0 losses) and long injury lists has been punctuated by a solid showing in the League Cup (losing in the quarter final to Everton) and some excellent results – a five goal win away at Derby and home wins against title-chasing Manchester United and Liverpool.
The season was somewhat overshadowed by the successful efforts of Sheffield United to win financial compensation for the crimes of West Ham during the Carlos Tevez affair. As of September 2008 the Sheffield United Fight For Justice has been through 3 different courts and has received a positive verdict from an arbitration panel – announced at the end of September (postponed from June). It was once thought highly unlikely they would be awarded anything as the hope was that their relegation could be attributed to their abysmal performances (excepting their 3–0 14 April drubbing of West Ham) rather than West Ham's wrongdoing.
In the 2008–09 season, Alan Curbishley resigned and Gianfranco Zola took over the club. Curbishley took the club to court claiming he was forced to resign due to players being sold without his consent (in regards to George McCartney and Anton Ferdinand). This claim was eventually won and the club was forced to compensate Curbishley.
West Ham United under Gianfranco Zola - 2008 to 2010 Despite a very shaky start under Zola's reign, the Hammers were able to finish comfortably midtable in his first season with the club. Although from the outset, Zola had already got a number of factors going against him unlike previous managers at the club. West Ham were in a poor financial state due to the crash of former sponsor XL.com and of the Icelandic banks. Transfer fees and player wages had been generous for injury prone players such as Kieron Dyer and Freddie Ljungberg.
Zola faced many difficulties when it came to try and strengthen his already injury prone squad. Dean Ashton looked set to retire from the game, Craig Bellamy was not replaced and "new star" Savio had several poor outings. This left Zola at the start of his first full season in charge with only Carlton Cole as his only experienced and tested option in attack. Help from Sponsors SBOBET allowed the club to fund the transfer of attacking option Alessandro Diamanti whilst it was claimed Scott Duxbury funded himself, along with footballing director Gianluca Nani, the deal to bring in Guillermo Franco to ensure the Hammers had some strikers for the new season.
Despite a good start to the 2009–2010 season against newly promoted Wolves with a 2–0 away win, the club went on to struggle badly in the first 12 games, picking up just 1 more win and finding themselves in the relegation mix around November 2009.
News of a possible takeover to save the Hammers was announced at the end of October, with an American group ready to launch a £120 million bid whilst former Birmingham City co-owner David Gold, a West Ham fan and previous share holder of club, also announced he would to be interested in taking control of the East London outfit with a rumoured bid of around £40 million being offered.
By December 2009, no takeover had happened, and the current owners held creditors meetings to try and get the banks to give them more time to raise vital funds. Results on the pitch improved slightly with November finishing with 2 wins, 1 draw and a defeat, but Zola's men were given a swift reminder of the up hill battle they faced to survive in the Premier League at the hands of Manchester United, as they lost 4–0 at home. More bad luck followed with the loss of top goal scorer Carlton Cole for 2 months to injury along with young Zavon Hines with a knee injury leaving Zola over the Christmas break with just Franco and Frank Nouble up front. West Ham also lost Valon Behrami for most of December along with facing a scare with goalkeeper Robert Green who went off early during the Manchester United game.
This since proved to be just down to illness rather than injury. In January 2010 former Birmingham City owners David Gold and co-chairman David Sullivan took a 50% holding of the club valuing it at £105 million. this gave them the final say on all matters at the club. West Ham won two games in February, against Birmingham City and Hull City but then lost six games in a row. However wins in April against Sunderland and Wigan Athletic and a poor run of results by relegation rivals, Hull City and Burnley, ensured another season of Premier League football; West Ham finishing in 17th place five points above the relegation places. West Ham's away record of only one away win all season equalled their lowest number of away wins for a season, last achieved in season 1960–61. On 11 May 2010, two days after the end of the 2009–10 season, West Ham announced the termination of manager Gianfranco Zola's contract with immediate effect.
West Ham United under Avram Grant - 2010 to 2011 On 3 June 2010, Avram Grant signed a four-year deal with West Ham subject to a work permit which was secured on 8 June. Grant said " I am proud and honoured to be the manager of West Ham. It will be an exciting challenge and I'm ready to do my best". On 5 June 2010, Thomas Hitzlsperger became Grant's first signing at the club on a free transfer. On 16 July Mexican international Pablo Barrera signs on a four-year contract, with a one-year option, for a fee of £4 million. He becomes West Ham's second summer signing of 2010. Also on 16 July Frédéric Piquionne joins West Ham for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. In an attempt to bolster the side's defence Grant signed Tal Ben Haim on loan from Championship side Portsmouth until January 2011. and New Zealand international Winston Reid. Reid signs a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. On 27 August Nigerian international Victor Obinna is signed on a season-long loan from Inter. and on 31 August: Danish international, Lars Jacobsen signs a one-year contract, moving on a free transfer from Blackburn Rovers.
Grant's team does not win its first game until 25 September moving off the bottom of the league by beating their London rivals, Tottenham Hotspur, 1–0 with a goal from Frédéric Piquionne. With the club at the bottom end of the league Crazy Gang member and Brentford manager Wally Downes is appointed as defensive coach. By 15 December the league position has seen no improvement and Grant is handed an unusual ultimatum: win one of the next three games or face the sack. These included an away game at Blackburn (drawn), another away game at Fulham (won), and a home game against Everton (drawn). Christmas sees West Ham at the bottom of the table, hoping to reverse the 'Curse of Christmas', where the team in that position is relegated at the end of the season. On 26 December West Ham finally get an away win in their 28th game since the last away victory. A 3-1 win at Craven Cottage sees 2 goals by Carlton Cole and one from Frederic Piquionne. It is the first time Cole has scored two goals in a Premier League game.
1st January sees West Ham lift themselves out of the relegation zone and into 15th place with a 2-0 New Year's Day win over Wolves, with Freddie Sears scoring his first goal since March 2008. Still believing the problems lie with the defence on 12 January Wayne Bridge signs on-loan from Manchester City until the end of the season. Following two hefty losses to Newcastle and Arsenal, Grant's job again comes under speculation with rumours of former Aston Villa and Celtic boss Martin O'Neill's inevitable takeover at the club.
The entire board is 100 per cent behind Avram, he is a really decent person who deserves our support. West Ham United is a club that does the right thing and the right thing at this time is to support the manager. — David Sullivan, West Ham co-owner
On 5 March: West Ham string back-to-back Premier League wins together for the first time this season, against Liverpool and Stoke City. January signing Demba Ba scores in both games, and following the Stoke game had scored four goals in four Premier League appearances. In May Manager Avram Grant is booed by West Ham fans during his side's 1-1 home draw with Blackburn Rovers. The Hammers are in bottom position, three points from 17th place with two games remaining. On 15 May 2011, West Ham's relegation to the Championship was confirmed after a comeback from Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium. With West Ham leading 2–0 at half-time by two Demba Ba goals, Wigan battled back to win 3–2 thanks to an added-time strike from Charles N'Zogbia. Following the loss, West Ham announced the sacking of manager Avram Grant just one season into his tenure.
West Ham United under Sam Allardyce - 2011 to 12 Following the dismissal of Grant, on 1 June 2011, West Ham appointed Sam Allardyce as their manager. He signed Abdoulaye Faye, Kevin Nolan, Joey O'Brien and Matt Taylor. Faye, Nolan and O'Brien had all played under Allardyce at his former club Bolton Wanderers whilst Taylor was a Bolton player he had joined after Allardyce had left the club. His first game in charge, on 7 August 2011 was a loss by a late goal to Cardiff City. He made striker John Carew West Ham's fifth signing of the season, on a free transfer, followed by defender George McCartney from Sunderland on a season-long loan, strikers Sam Baldock from MK Dons and midfielder Papa Bouba Diop on a free transfer. He concluded his summer business with late scoops on deadline day for midfielders David Bentley from Tottenham Hotspur and Henri Lansbury from Arsenal, both on season-long loans and utility man Guy Demel from Hamburg for an undisclosed fee making him Allardyce's 12th purchase of the 2011 summer transfer window. Nicky Maynard, Ricardo Vaz Te and Ravel Morrison followed in the 2011 winter transfer window. In March 2012, despite standing in third place in the league Allardyce's style of football was questioned as at his previous club Newcastle United. Fans called for more passing of the ball and football played on the pitch and not in the air. Despite only eight defeats all season and a record 13 away wins they finished third in the Championship behind Reading and Southampton and entered the play-offs.
In May 2012 West Ham were promoted back to the Premier League after only one season in The Championship after winning the 2012 Football League Championship play-off Final.
2012-13 A busy transfer window for the summer of 2012 saw Allardyce bring in eleven players for West Ham, including Jussi Jääskeläinen, Mohamed Diamé, Modibo Maïga, James Collins, Alou Diarra, Matt Jarvis, Andy Carroll and Yossi Benayoun.
The highlight of the first half of the season was a 3-1 home win against reigning European champions Chelsea on 1 December 2012 which saw them in 8th position and 12th at the end of the year. There was less activity in the January transfer window and although Allardyce brought in several loan players the most significant deal done was the return of former player, Joe Cole from Liverpool. On 22 March 2013, West Ham secured a 99-year lease deal on the Olympic Stadium, with it planned to be used as their home ground from the 2016–2017 season. 10th place was secured at the end of the season with nine home wins and only three away from home. Only eleven away goals were scored, the lowest of the entire league. In June 2013, Carlton Cole was released by the club having been with them since July 2006.
2013-14 The pre-season again saw West Ham beating their transfer record, as with Matt Jarvis in 2012, by the purchase on 19 June 2013 of Andy Carroll from Liverpool. Carroll signed a six-year contract with West Ham for a fee undisclosed by the club but said to be £15m. July saw the signing, "for about £5m", of Liverpool player and England player, Stewart Downing. Several injuries prevented Carroll from playing again in 2013. He returned to training in November 2013 and was not expected to play again before January 2014. A shortage of available strikers caused the re-signing of Carlton Cole and the signing of Croatia player Mladen Petric in October 2013. Both players were without a club permitting their signatures outside of the transfer window. West Ham started poorly without Carroll and by the end of 2013 they had won only three Premier League games and were in 19th and a relegation place in the table. A run of four wins in a row in February saw West Ham pull away from the relegation places and manager Allardyce awarded with the Premier League Manager of the Month award. The end of the season saw them finish in 13th place win 40 points. Kevin Nolan finished as the top scorer in the league with seven goals, Carlton Cole was second highest league goal scorer with six goals. The last months of the season also saw protests by some supporters against Allardyce and his perceived style of play. Banners calling for his dismissal were raised at an away game at The Hawthorns and outside the home of club chairman, David Sullivan.
West Ham qualified for Europa League via The Fair Play ruling at the end of the 2014-15 season.
Allardyce left West Ham on 24 May 2015, the final day of the season, after his contract was not renewed. Informed of the club's decision not to renew his contract on 22 May 2015, Allardyce said that he had already decided not to renew saying, "I didn't want to stay. I suppose you could say it was mutual if they didn't want me to stay either". His West Ham side had finished 12th in the 2014–15 season, one place higher than in the 2013–2014 season, but after a promising start to the 2014–15 season poor results meant supporters had turned against him.
Pre-season saw the purchase of Argentine player Mauro Zárate from Vélez Sarsfield, Cheikhou Kouyaté from Belgian champions, Anderlecht, on a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee, left back Aaron Cresswell from Ipswich Town on a five-year contract for an undisclosed fee, midfielder, Diego Poyet, Charlton Athletic's Player of the Season for 2013-14, on a four-year contract, Ecuadorian Enner Valencia for an estimated £12m fee from Mexican club Pachuca on a five-year contract, Carl Jenkinson of Arsenal on a season long loan, Senegalese forward, Diafra Sakho, on a four-year contract from French club Metz for an undisclosed fee and Alex Song of Barcelona on a season long loan. He becomes West Ham's eighth signing of the summer transfer window. The season started well for West Ham and after 15 games they were in third place in the Premier League. Highlights in the early months had included victories against both the previous season's champions, Manchester City and runners-up, Liverpool.
In the second half of the season their form deteriorated with manager Allardyce receiving criticism for the teams' performances. In February 2015, they exited the FA Cup in the 5th round following a 4-0 away defeat to West Bromwich Albion. The season ended with West Ham in 12th position with 47 points. The top scorer with 12 goals in all competitions was Diafra Sakho. Three minutes after the end of the final game of the season, a 2-0 away defeat to Newcastle United, Allardyce announced his departure from the club with immediate effect.
West Ham United under Slaven Bilić On June 9th 2015, West Ham announced former player, Slaven Bilić as their new manager signing a three-year contract. The following day the first signing of the season, Spanish player Pedro Obiang from Italian club Sampdoria, was announced. Bilić's first game in charge was a 3-0 home win in the Europa League against Andorran side, FC Lusitanos although youth team coach Terry Westley took control of the side from the bench. Sixteen-year-old Reece Oxford made his debut in the game becoming the youngest ever player to play for West Ham. West Ham played six games in the Europa League before the 2015-16 Premier League started. They were knocked out in the third qualifying round by Romanian side FC Astra.
New signings for the 2015-16 season included Angelo Ogbonna from Juventus, Darren Randolph from Birmingham City, Dimitri Payet from Marseille and Manuel Lanzini on loan from Al Jazira Just days after their exit from the Europa League, West Ham played their first game of the Premier League season, winning 2-0 away against Arsenal. Premier League debutant, Reece Oxford was named as man of the match. Despite losing their next two league games, at home to Leicester City and A.F.C. Bournemouth, their fourth game resulted in a 3-0 win against Liverpool at Anfield, their first win there since 1963. On 1 September, transfer deadline day, West Ham added four more players to their squad bringing in Alex Song, again on loan from Barcelona, Victor Moses on loan from Chelsea and the purchases of striker Nikica Jelavić from Hull City and midfielder Michail Antonio from Nottingham Forest.
|
i don't know
|
In 1998 who was the first 'First Lady' to appear on the cover of Vogue?
|
Michelle Obama graces cover of Vogue... in clothes she chose for the shoot herself | Daily Mail Online
Michelle Obama graces cover of Vogue... in clothes she chose for the shoot herself
comments
In her new role as the White House's 'Mom-in-Chief', she runs the First Family while her husband runs the country.
But as you can see, Michelle Obama still has time for the occasional copy of Vogue. As the cover girl, of course.
Every first lady since Lou Hoover - save Bess Truman - has been featured in the high-fashion magazine, but Mrs Obama is only the second to grace the cover.
The First Lady invoked the image of former First Lady Jackie Kennedy in the Vogue cover. Mrs Obama's image is often likened to an imitation of Mrs Kennedy's
The only other First Lady to do so was Hillary Clinton.
Michelle's brand of pared-down elegance has been admired since Barack Obama first emerged as a contender for the Presidency.
Mrs Obama appears wearing a magenta silk sheath dress by Jason Wu that she herself chose for the shoot. Wu also designed her inaugural gown.
The coverline declares: ' The First Lady the world's been waiting for.' Mrs Obama was captured by legendary photographer Annie Leibovitz at the Hay-Adams Hotel in Washington during the inauguration.
Much of the eight-page feature inside is devoted to Mrs. Obama's self-described role as 'mom in chief' to 10-year-old Malia and seven-year-old Sasha.
'I'm going to try to take them to school every morning, as much as I can,' she said.
Mom in chief: A delighted Mrs Obama hugs children after reading them a book at Mary's Centre in Washington yesterday
Mrs Obama receives more hugs from the children at Mary's Centre yesterday. She has sworn that her daughters Sasha and Malia will remain her priority
'But there's also a measure of independence. And obviously there will be times I won't be able to drop them off at all. I like to be a presence in my kids' school. I want to know the teachers; I want to know the other parents.'
Being Vogue, though, the conversation eventually turns to clothes.
Mrs. Obama said she is aware of how her wardrobe is being scrutinised, but she makes no apologies for her choices - even the Election Night combination of ripped-from-the-runway, fashion-forward dress and plain-Jane cardigan.
Wu also designed the gown Mrs Obama wore on the night her husband was inaugurated as president
Mrs Obama chose other designers she has worked with before for the Vogue photo shoot - including Narcisco Rodriguez, who designed her dress for Election Night, above
'I'm not going to pretend that I don't care about it,' she said.
'But I also have to be very practical. In the end, someone will always not like what you wear - people just have different tastes.'
Hillary Clinton was the first First Lady to appear on the cover of Vogue for the December, 1998 issue
She did choose outfits for the Vogue photos by labels she has worn before.
They included Wu, who made her inaugural gown; Narcisco Rodriguez, the designer of that Election Night dress; and J. Crew, which she and her children have famously worn.
Most cover models have their clothes chosen for them by Vogue, or at least editors work as advisers. Not this time.
'She doesn't need any help. She loves fashion and knows what works for her,' Vogue's editor at large Andre Leon Talley said.
'She's never had a conversation with me about, 'What do you think?' or 'How did this look?' And I'm glad for that.'
Talley called his interview with Mrs Obama ahead of President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony 'one of the best experiences of my life.'
'She's so accessible, natural and normal. There's nothing affected about her,' he said.
'It's the warmest cover you've seen in a long time on Vogue,' he said. 'Models pose, actresses pose. This is a real woman.'
|
Hillary Clinton
|
The unrecognized state of Biafra existed from 1967-1970 in the south-east of which country?
|
CNN - Fashionable first lady -- Hillary strikes a pose for Vogue - November 24, 1998
Fashionable first lady -- Hillary strikes a pose for Vogue
Hillary Rodham Clinton was photographed inside the White House in relaxed poses.
RELATED VIDEO
Watch the interview with Anna Wintour
Windows Media
November 24, 1998
Web posted at: 4:26 p.m. EST (2126 GMT)
(CNN) -- Despite a backlog of political scandal, Hillary Rodham Clinton appears to be weathering it well in the public eye -- touring Haitian hospitals, visiting Central American hurricane victims, posing for the cover of Vogue .
Yep, Clinton does a glamour girl turn with a photo spread and story in the December issue of Vogue.
"She's emerged so triumphant this year that we really wanted to capture her extraordinary good looks," said Vogue Editor-in-Chief Anna Wintour.
Clinton dons a Oscar de la Renta evening gown in the White House's Red Room for the top shot by famed photographer Annie Leibovitz. Inside pages show a relaxed first lady with wearing a black sweater and pants or a crisp white Ralph Lauren shirt.
"We kind of wanted to get her out of those suits she tends to wear when she's campaigning," Wintour said.
The Vogue issue, the first to feature a first lady on the front, will hit newstands this week.
Related stories:
|
i don't know
|
The Christian Eucharist ceremonial act is based on what event from religious scripture?
|
The Eucharist | The Christian Community
The Christian Community
The Eucharist
by Rudolf Frieling
First published as The Metamorphosis of the Eucharist by The Christian Community in New York in about 1954. This edition, revised by James H. Hindes, published by Floris Books in 1995. All rights reserved. NOTE: This is the complete pamphlet.
Contents
5. Pre-Christian mysteries and the Eastern Church
6. The western Mass and action
7. The Reformation
8. The Act of Consecration of Man
9. Gospel and Offertory
11. The Communion
1. Introduction
On the eve of the event of Golgotha, on Maundy Thursday, Christ Jesus celebrated the Last Supper together with his disciples. He gave bread and wine and with them his ‘body’ and ‘blood,’ and charged them when repeating this to do it in remembrance of him. Out of this Last Supper has been developed the Eucharist, the ritual of the Mass. It is now celebrated by The Christian Community, Movement for Religious Renewal, in its new form, still containing the four main parts: reading of the Gospel, Offering, Transubstantiation and Communion.
The question sometimes arises: does this elaborated ritual really have any foundations in original Christianity? Is it based on the New Testament? The Protestant Church tried to keep close to the letter of the New Testament, and rejected everything which in the further course of Christendom seemed to have been added to the text of New Testament scripture.
There is no doubt that the New Testament is the basic, classical book of Christianity. Through the modern science of Anthroposophy, which is a science of spiritual knowledge, a new possibility is given to acknowledge the ‘inspired’ character of the New Testament writings. It is one of the tasks of The Christian Community to cultivate a new concrete understanding of the scriptures as documents of real inspiration. But we must not forget that for the first generations of Christendom the New Testament did not yet exist. The Epistles of St Paul were apparently written beginning about AD 50, the first three Gospels not before AD 60-70 and St John’s Gospel not until AD 100. It was not before the end of the second century that these writings were combined into a New Testament. The canon of the New Testament was not definitely fixed until AD 393 by the Church synod at Hippo Regius in North Africa. In this process of bringing together these twenty-seven writings, which constitute the wonderful spiritual organism of the New Testament, we venerate an act of divine guidance and providence, an act of inspiration. Nevertheless the first Christian generations had to do without these writings. Instead of this they had the apostolic nearness of the Christ event, and they had the Eucharist. The Christian Church lived for a certain time without a New Testament, but it never lived without the Eucharist from the very beginning.
The Eucharist is first mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, after the experience of the Holy Spirit at Whitsun: ‘… they broke bread in the houses with spiritual rejoicing’ (Acts 2:46). This is the first Eucharist after Holy Thursday and a first metamorphosis can be seen. The Last Supper was celebrated in a mood of leave-taking which was overshadowed by the events to come. After Whitsun a jubilant mood was experienced. The Greek word, agalliasis, means more than ‘joy’; it is a kind of spiritual enthusiasm and exaltation. The Last Supper had been a farewell meeting. After Pentecost it was like a first dawn of his second spiritual coming.
From the beginning the Eucharist was never a mere repetition of the Last Supper. The latter is like a seed which now begins growing. One cannot argue against the growing plant that it is different from the seed. There is identity, but there is also metamorphosis.
The Last Supper, on the eve of Good Friday, is a kind of anticipation, a prophetic summary of the event of Golgotha. It reveals what Christ and his deed mean to man: that Christianity is not only ‘doctrine’ and ‘ethics,’ that Christ is not only a teacher and an example, but that he descended to earth as a divine being and transformed his divinity into humanity by going through death and resurrection. He transformed the ‘wave-length’ of his divinity into that of humanity and thus became accessible and ‘communicable.’ Now we are to ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ him spiritually in order to be more and more penetrated by his heavenly substance. The essence of Christianity can be seen in Christ offering himself to his followers: ‘eat’ and ‘drink’ me, take me into your whole being.
That which is demonstrated in anticipation in the Last Supper received its fulfilment through Golgotha, through death and resurrection. After this fulfilment the Eucharist is no longer the anticipation but now conveys the substantial radiation and emanation of this great deed.
During the forty days to Ascension and in the ten days from Ascension to Whitsun we do not yet hear about the disciples celebrating the Eucharist. But immediately after Whitsun they begin. At Ascension Christ grew into a new form of existence, definitely outgrowing his former Jesus-existence which limited him to a certain spot in the spatial world. In his Ascension, he weaves his original divinity together with his humanity which he took through his earthly life and death. Thus his resurrection body reaches its full capacity to be omnipresent. At Whitsun, in an act of spiritual awakening, the disciples threw off a certain spell of dullness and dream under which they had lived through the preceding weeks. It is a remarkable fact that the manifestations of the risen Christ after Easter were not yet able to induce the disciples to preach this message to people beyond their own intimate circle. With Pentecost they proved to be strong enough to do so. As Christ had overcome the last limitations and restrictions of his existence at Ascension, so the disciples overcame their limitations of consciousness and will power at Whitsun. Thus they started celebrating the Eucharist by ‘breaking bread in the houses.’ Christ’s prophetical saying, that he would celebrate his meal ‘anew in his father’s kingdom’ (with which he united himself at Ascension) begins to fulfil itself.
|
Last Supper
|
A fire ant colony can join together as a self-transporting?
|
Catechism of the Catholic Church - The sacrament of the Eucharist
THE CELEBRATION OF THE CHRISTIAN MYSTERY
SECTION TWO
THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCH
CHAPTER ONE
THE SACRAMENTS OF CHRISTIAN INITIATION
ARTICLE 3
THE SACRAMENT OF THE EUCHARIST
1322 The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation. Those who have been raised to the dignity of the royal priesthood by Baptism and configured more deeply to Christ by Confirmation participate with the whole community in the Lord's own sacrifice by means of the Eucharist.
1323 "At the Last Supper, on the night he was betrayed, our Savior instituted the Eucharistic sacrifice of his Body and Blood. This he did in order to perpetuate the sacrifice of the cross throughout the ages until he should come again, and so to entrust to his beloved Spouse, the Church, a memorial of his death and resurrection: a sacrament of love, a sign of unity, a bond of charity, a Paschal banquet 'in which Christ is consumed, the mind is filled with grace, and a pledge of future glory is given to us.'"135
II. WHAT IS THIS SACRAMENT CALLED?
1328 The inexhaustible richness of this sacrament is expressed in the different names we give it. Each name evokes certain aspects of it. It is called:
Eucharist, because it is an action of thanksgiving to God. The Greek words eucharistein141 and eulogein142 recall the Jewish blessings that proclaim - especially during a meal - God's works: creation, redemption, and sanctification.
1329 The Lord's Supper, because of its connection with the supper which the Lord took with his disciples on the eve of his Passion and because it anticipates the wedding feast of the Lamb in the heavenly Jerusalem.143
The Breaking of Bread, because Jesus used this rite, part of a Jewish meat when as master of the table he blessed and distributed the bread,144 above all at the Last Supper.145 It is by this action that his disciples will recognize him after his Resurrection,146 and it is this expression that the first Christians will use to designate their Eucharistic assemblies;147 by doing so they signified that all who eat the one broken bread, Christ, enter into communion with him and form but one body in him.148
The Eucharistic assembly (synaxis), because the Eucharist is celebrated amid the assembly of the faithful, the visible expression of the Church.149
1330 The memorial of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection.
The Holy Sacrifice, because it makes present the one sacrifice of Christ the Savior and includes the Church's offering. The terms holy sacrifice of the Mass, "sacrifice of praise," spiritual sacrifice, pure and holy sacrifice are also used,150 since it completes and surpasses all the sacrifices of the Old Covenant.
The Holy and Divine Liturgy, because the Church's whole liturgy finds its center and most intense expression in the celebration of this sacrament; in the same sense we also call its celebration the Sacred Mysteries. We speak of the Most Blessed Sacrament because it is the Sacrament of sacraments. The Eucharistic species reserved in the tabernacle are designated by this same name.
1331 Holy Communion, because by this sacrament we unite ourselves to Christ, who makes us sharers in his Body and Blood to form a single body.151 We also call it: the holy things (ta hagia; sancta)152 - the first meaning of the phrase "communion of saints" in the Apostles' Creed - the bread of angels, bread from heaven, medicine of immortality,153 viaticum. . . .
1332 Holy Mass (Missa), because the liturgy in which the mystery of salvation is accomplished concludes with the sending forth (missio) of the faithful, so that they may fulfill God's will in their daily lives.
III. THE EUCHARIST IN THE ECONOMY OF SALVATION
The signs of bread and wine
1333 At the heart of the Eucharistic celebration are the bread and wine that, by the words of Christ and the invocation of the Holy Spirit, become Christ's Body and Blood. Faithful to the Lord's command the Church continues to do, in his memory and until his glorious return, what he did on the eve of his Passion: "He took bread. . . ." "He took the cup filled with wine. . . ." The signs of bread and wine become, in a way surpassing understanding, the Body and Blood of Christ; they continue also to signify the goodness of creation. Thus in the Offertory we give thanks to the Creator for bread and wine,154 fruit of the "work of human hands," but above all as "fruit of the earth" and "of the vine" - gifts of the Creator. The Church sees in the gesture of the king-priest Melchizedek, who "brought out bread and wine," a prefiguring of her own offering.155
1334 In the Old Covenant bread and wine were offered in sacrifice among the first fruits of the earth as a sign of grateful acknowledgment to the Creator. But they also received a new significance in the context of the Exodus: the unleavened bread that Israel eats every year at Passover commemorates the haste of the departure that liberated them from Egypt; the remembrance of the manna in the desert will always recall to Israel that it lives by the bread of the Word of God;156 their daily bread is the fruit of the promised land, the pledge of God's faithfulness to his promises. The "cup of blessing"157 at the end of the Jewish Passover meal adds to the festive joy of wine an eschatological dimension: the messianic expectation of the rebuilding of Jerusalem. When Jesus instituted the Eucharist, he gave a new and definitive meaning to the blessing of the bread and the cup.
1335 The miracles of the multiplication of the loaves, when the Lord says the blessing, breaks and distributes the loaves through his disciples to feed the multitude, prefigure the superabundance of this unique bread of his Eucharist.158 The sign of water turned into wine at Cana already announces the Hour of Jesus' glorification. It makes manifest the fulfillment of the wedding feast in the Father's kingdom, where the faithful will drink the new wine that has become the Blood of Christ.159
1336 The first announcement of the Eucharist divided the disciples, just as the announcement of the Passion scandalized them: "This is a hard saying; who can listen to it?"160 The Eucharist and the Cross are stumbling blocks. It is the same mystery and it never ceases to be an occasion of division. "Will you also go away?":161 the Lord's question echoes through the ages, as a loving invitation to discover that only he has "the words of eternal life"162 and that to receive in faith the gift of his Eucharist is to receive the Lord himself.
The institution of the Eucharist
1337 The Lord, having loved those who were his own, loved them to the end. Knowing that the hour had come to leave this world and return to the Father, in the course of a meal he washed their feet and gave them the commandment of love.163 In order to leave them a pledge of this love, in order never to depart from his own and to make them sharers in his Passover, he instituted the Eucharist as the memorial of his death and Resurrection, and commanded his apostles to celebrate it until his return; "thereby he constituted them priests of the New Testament."164
1338 The three synoptic Gospels and St. Paul have handed on to us the account of the institution of the Eucharist; St. John, for his part, reports the words of Jesus in the synagogue of Capernaum that prepare for the institution of the Eucharist: Christ calls himself the bread of life, come down from heaven.165
1339 Jesus chose the time of Passover to fulfill what he had announced at Capernaum: giving his disciples his Body and his Blood:
Then came the day of Unleavened Bread, on which the passover lamb had to be sacrificed. So Jesus sent Peter and John, saying, "Go and prepare the passover meal for us, that we may eat it. . . ." They went . . . and prepared the passover. And when the hour came, he sat at table, and the apostles with him. And he said to them, "I have earnestly desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer; for I tell you I shall not eat it again until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.". . . . And he took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, "This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me." And likewise the cup after supper, saying, "This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood."166
1340 By celebrating the Last Supper with his apostles in the course of the Passover meal, Jesus gave the Jewish Passover its definitive meaning. Jesus' passing over to his father by his death and Resurrection, the new Passover, is anticipated in the Supper and celebrated in the Eucharist, which fulfills the Jewish Passover and anticipates the final Passover of the Church in the glory of the kingdom.
"Do this in memory of me"
1341 The command of Jesus to repeat his actions and words "until he comes" does not only ask us to remember Jesus and what he did. It is directed at the liturgical celebration, by the apostles and their successors, of the memorial of Christ, of his life, of his death, of his Resurrection, and of his intercession in the presence of the Father.167
1342 From the beginning the Church has been faithful to the Lord's command. Of the Church of Jerusalem it is written:
They devoted themselves to the apostles' teaching and fellowship, to the breaking of bread and the prayers. . . . Day by day, attending the temple together and breaking bread in their homes, they partook of food with glad and generous hearts.168
1343 It was above all on "the first day of the week," Sunday, the day of Jesus' resurrection, that the Christians met "to break bread."169 From that time on down to our own day the celebration of the Eucharist has been continued so that today we encounter it everywhere in the Church with the same fundamental structure. It remains the center of the Church's life.
1344 Thus from celebration to celebration, as they proclaim the Paschal mystery of Jesus "until he comes," the pilgrim People of God advances, "following the narrow way of the cross,"170 toward the heavenly banquet, when all the elect will be seated at the table of the kingdom.
IV. THE LITURGICAL CELEBRATION OF THE EUCHARIST
The Mass of all ages
1345 As early as the second century we have the witness of St. Justin Martyr for the basic lines of the order of the Eucharistic celebration. They have stayed the same until our own day for all the great liturgical families. St. Justin wrote to the pagan emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161) around the year 155, explaining what Christians did:
On the day we call the day of the sun, all who dwell in the city or country gather in the same place.
The memoirs of the apostles and the writings of the prophets are read, as much as time permits.
When the reader has finished, he who presides over those gathered admonishes and challenges them to imitate these beautiful things.
Then we all rise together and offer prayers* for ourselves . . .and for all others, wherever they may be, so that we may be found righteous by our life and actions, and faithful to the commandments, so as to obtain eternal salvation.
When the prayers are concluded we exchange the kiss.
Then someone brings bread and a cup of water and wine mixed together to him who presides over the brethren.
He takes them and offers praise and glory to the Father of the universe, through the name of the Son and of the Holy Spirit and for a considerable time he gives thanks (in Greek: eucharistian) that we have been judged worthy of these gifts.
When he has concluded the prayers and thanksgivings, all present give voice to an acclamation by saying: 'Amen.'
When he who presides has given thanks and the people have responded, those whom we call deacons give to those present the "eucharisted" bread, wine and water and take them to those who are absent.171
1346 The liturgy of the Eucharist unfolds according to a fundamental structure which has been preserved throughout the centuries down to our own day. It displays two great parts that form a fundamental unity:
- the gathering, the liturgy of the Word, with readings, homily and general intercessions;
- the liturgy of the Eucharist, with the presentation of the bread and wine, the consecratory thanksgiving, and communion.
The liturgy of the Word and liturgy of the Eucharist together form "one single act of worship";172 the Eucharistic table set for us is the table both of the Word of God and of the Body of the Lord.173
1347 Is this not the same movement as the Paschal meal of the risen Jesus with his disciples? Walking with them he explained the Scriptures to them; sitting with them at table "he took bread, blessed and broke it, and gave it to them."174
The movement of the celebration
1348 All gather together. Christians come together in one place for the Eucharistic assembly. At its head is Christ himself, the principal agent of the Eucharist. He is high priest of the New Covenant; it is he himself who presides invisibly over every Eucharistic celebration. It is in representing him that the bishop or priest acting in the person of Christ the head (in persona Christi capitis) presides over the assembly, speaks after the readings, receives the offerings, and says the Eucharistic Prayer. All have their own active parts to play in the celebration, each in his own way: readers, those who bring up the offerings, those who give communion, and the whole people whose "Amen" manifests their participation.
1349 The Liturgy of the Word includes "the writings of the prophets," that is, the Old Testament, and "the memoirs of the apostles" (their letters and the Gospels). After the homily, which is an exhortation to accept this Word as what it truly is, the Word of God,175 and to put it into practice, come the intercessions for all men, according to the Apostle's words: "I urge that supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings be made for all men, for kings, and all who are in high positions."176
1350 The presentation of the offerings (the Offertory). Then, sometimes in procession, the bread and wine are brought to the altar; they will be offered by the priest in the name of Christ in the Eucharistic sacrifice in which they will become his body and blood. It is the very action of Christ at the Last Supper - "taking the bread and a cup." "The Church alone offers this pure oblation to the Creator, when she offers what comes forth from his creation with thanksgiving."177 The presentation of the offerings at the altar takes up the gesture of Melchizedek and commits the Creator's gifts into the hands of Christ who, in his sacrifice, brings to perfection all human attempts to offer sacrifices.
1351 From the very beginning Christians have brought, along with the bread and wine for the Eucharist, gifts to share with those in need. This custom of the collection, ever appropriate, is inspired by the example of Christ who became poor to make us rich:178
Those who are well off, and who are also willing, give as each chooses. What is gathered is given to him who presides to assist orphans and widows, those whom illness or any other cause has deprived of resources, prisoners, immigrants and, in a word, all who are in need.179
1352 The anaphora: with the Eucharistic Prayer - the prayer of thanksgiving and consecration - we come to the heart and summit of the celebration:
In the preface, the Church gives thanks to the Father, through Christ, in the Holy Spirit, for all his works: creation, redemption, and sanctification. The whole community thus joins in the unending praise that the Church in heaven, the angels and all the saints, sing to the thrice-holy God.
1353 In the epiclesis, the Church asks the Father to send his Holy Spirit (or the power of his blessing180) on the bread and wine, so that by his power they may become the body and blood of Jesus Christ and so that those who take part in the Eucharist may be one body and one spirit (some liturgical traditions put the epiclesis after the anamnesis).
In the institution narrative, the power of the words and the action of Christ, and the power of the Holy Spirit, make sacramentally present under the species of bread and wine Christ's body and blood, his sacrifice offered on the cross once for all.
1354 In the anamnesis that follows, the Church calls to mind the Passion, resurrection, and glorious return of Christ Jesus; she presents to the Father the offering of his Son which reconciles us with him.
In the intercessions, the Church indicates that the Eucharist is celebrated in communion with the whole Church in heaven and on earth, the living and the dead, and in communion with the pastors of the Church, the Pope, the diocesan bishop, his presbyterium and his deacons, and all the bishops of the whole world together with their Churches.
1355 In the communion, preceded by the Lord's prayer and the breaking of the bread, the faithful receive "the bread of heaven" and "the cup of salvation," the body and blood of Christ who offered himself "for the life of the world":181
Because this bread and wine have been made Eucharist ("eucharisted," according to an ancient expression), "we call this food Eucharist, and no one may take part in it unless he believes that what we teach is true, has received baptism for the forgiveness of sins and new birth, and lives in keeping with what Christ taught."182
V. THE SACRAMENTAL SACRIFICE THANKSGIVING, MEMORIAL, PRESENCE
1356 If from the beginning Christians have celebrated the Eucharist and in a form whose substance has not changed despite the great diversity of times and liturgies, it is because we know ourselves to be bound by the command the Lord gave on the eve of his Passion: "Do this in remembrance of me."183
1357 We carry out this command of the Lord by celebrating the memorial of his sacrifice. In so doing, we offer to the Father what he has himself given us: the gifts of his creation, bread and wine which, by the power of the Holy Spirit and by the words of Christ, have become the body and blood of Christ. Christ is thus really and mysteriously made present.
1358 We must therefore consider the Eucharist as:
- thanksgiving and praise to the Father;
- the sacrificial memorial of Christ and his Body;
- the presence of Christ by the power of his word and of his Spirit.
Thanksgiving and praise to the Father
1359 The Eucharist, the sacrament of our salvation accomplished by Christ on the cross, is also a sacrifice of praise in thanksgiving for the work of creation. In the Eucharistic sacrifice the whole of creation loved by God is presented to the Father through the death and the Resurrection of Christ. Through Christ the Church can offer the sacrifice of praise in thanksgiving for all that God has made good, beautiful, and just in creation and in humanity.
1360 The Eucharist is a sacrifice of thanksgiving to the Father, a blessing by which the Church expresses her gratitude to God for all his benefits, for all that he has accomplished through creation, redemption, and sanctification. Eucharist means first of all "thanksgiving."
1361 The Eucharist is also the sacrifice of praise by which the Church sings the glory of God in the name of all creation. This sacrifice of praise is possible only through Christ: he unites the faithful to his person, to his praise, and to his intercession, so that the sacrifice of praise to the Father is offered through Christ and with him, to be accepted in him.
The sacrificial memorial of Christ and of his Body, the Church
1362 The Eucharist is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the making present and the sacramental offering of his unique sacrifice, in the liturgy of the Church which is his Body. In all the Eucharistic Prayers we find after the words of institution a prayer called the anamnesis or memorial.
1363 In the sense of Sacred Scripture the memorial is not merely the recollection of past events but the proclamation of the mighty works wrought by God for men.184 In the liturgical celebration of these events, they become in a certain way present and real. This is how Israel understands its liberation from Egypt: every time Passover is celebrated, the Exodus events are made present to the memory of believers so that they may conform their lives to them.
1364 In the New Testament, the memorial takes on new meaning. When the Church celebrates the Eucharist, she commemorates Christ's Passover, and it is made present the sacrifice Christ offered once for all on the cross remains ever present.185 "As often as the sacrifice of the Cross by which 'Christ our Pasch has been sacrificed' is celebrated on the altar, the work of our redemption is carried out."186
1365 Because it is the memorial of Christ's Passover, the Eucharist is also a sacrifice. The sacrificial character of the Eucharist is manifested in the very words of institution: "This is my body which is given for you" and "This cup which is poured out for you is the New Covenant in my blood."187 In the Eucharist Christ gives us the very body which he gave up for us on the cross, the very blood which he "poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins."188
1366 The Eucharist is thus a sacrifice because it re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of the cross, because it is its memorial and because it applies its fruit:
[Christ], our Lord and God, was once and for all to offer himself to God the Father by his death on the altar of the cross, to accomplish there an everlasting redemption. But because his priesthood was not to end with his death, at the Last Supper "on the night when he was betrayed," [he wanted] to leave to his beloved spouse the Church a visible sacrifice (as the nature of man demands) by which the bloody sacrifice which he was to accomplish once for all on the cross would be re-presented, its memory perpetuated until the end of the world, and its salutary power be applied to the forgiveness of the sins we daily commit.189
1367 The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice: "The victim is one and the same: the same now offers through the ministry of priests, who then offered himself on the cross; only the manner of offering is different." "And since in this divine sacrifice which is celebrated in the Mass, the same Christ who offered himself once in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross is contained and is offered in an unbloody manner. . . this sacrifice is truly propitiatory."190
1368 The Eucharist is also the sacrifice of the Church. The Church which is the Body of Christ participates in the offering of her Head. With him, she herself is offered whole and entire. She unites herself to his intercession with the Father for all men. In the Eucharist the sacrifice of Christ becomes also the sacrifice of the members of his Body. The lives of the faithful, their praise, sufferings, prayer, and work, are united with those of Christ and with his total offering, and so acquire a new value. Christ's sacrifice present on the altar makes it possible for all generations of Christians to be united with his offering.
In the catacombs the Church is often represented as a woman in prayer, arms outstretched in the praying position. Like Christ who stretched out his arms on the cross, through him, with him, and in him, she offers herself and intercedes for all men.
1369 The whole Church is united with the offering and intercession of Christ. Since he has the ministry of Peter in the Church, the Pope is associated with every celebration of the Eucharist, wherein he is named as the sign and servant of the unity of the universal Church. The bishop of the place is always responsible for the Eucharist, even when a priest presides; the bishop's name is mentioned to signify his presidency over the particular Church, in the midst of his presbyterium and with the assistance of deacons. The community intercedes also for all ministers who, for it and with it, offer the Eucharistic sacrifice:
Let only that Eucharist be regarded as legitimate, which is celebrated under [the presidency of] the bishop or him to whom he has entrusted it.191
Through the ministry of priests the spiritual sacrifice of the faithful is completed in union with the sacrifice of Christ the only Mediator, which in the Eucharist is offered through the priests' hands in the name of the whole Church in an unbloody and sacramental manner until the Lord himself comes.192
1370 To the offering of Christ are united not only the members still here on earth, but also those already in the glory of heaven. In communion with and commemorating the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the saints, the Church offers the Eucharistic sacrifice. In the Eucharist the Church is as it were at the foot of the cross with Mary, united with the offering and intercession of Christ.
1371 The Eucharistic sacrifice is also offered for the faithful departed who "have died in Christ but are not yet wholly purified,"193 so that they may be able to enter into the light and peace of Christ:
Put this body anywhere! Don't trouble yourselves about it! I simply ask you to remember me at the Lord's altar wherever you are.194
Then, we pray [in the anaphora] for the holy fathers and bishops who have fallen asleep, and in general for all who have fallen asleep before us, in the belief that it is a great benefit to the souls on whose behalf the supplication is offered, while the holy and tremendous Victim is present. . . . By offering to God our supplications for those who have fallen asleep, if they have sinned, we . . . offer Christ sacrificed for the sins of all, and so render favorable, for them and for us, the God who loves man.195
1372 St. Augustine admirably summed up this doctrine that moves us to an ever more complete participation in our Redeemer's sacrifice which we celebrate in the Eucharist:
This wholly redeemed city, the assembly and society of the saints, is offered to God as a universal sacrifice by the high priest who in the form of a slave went so far as to offer himself for us in his Passion, to make us the Body of so great a head. . . . Such is the sacrifice of Christians: "we who are many are one Body in Christ" The Church continues to reproduce this sacrifice in the sacrament of the altar so well-known to believers wherein it is evident to them that in what she offers she herself is offered.196
The presence of Christ by the power of his word and the Holy Spirit
1373 "Christ Jesus, who died, yes, who was raised from the dead, who is at the right hand of God, who indeed intercedes for us," is present in many ways to his Church:197 in his word, in his Church's prayer, "where two or three are gathered in my name,"199 in the poor, the sick, and the imprisoned,199 in the sacraments of which he is the author, in the sacrifice of the Mass, and in the person of the minister. But "he is present . . . most especially in the Eucharistic species."200
1374 The mode of Christ's presence under the Eucharistic species is unique. It raises the Eucharist above all the sacraments as "the perfection of the spiritual life and the end to which all the sacraments tend."201 In the most blessed sacrament of the Eucharist "the body and blood, together with the soul and divinity, of our Lord Jesus Christ and, therefore, the whole Christ is truly, really, and substantially contained."202 "This presence is called 'real' - by which is not intended to exclude the other types of presence as if they could not be 'real' too, but because it is presence in the fullest sense: that is to say, it is a substantial presence by which Christ, God and man, makes himself wholly and entirely present."203
1375 It is by the conversion of the bread and wine into Christ's body and blood that Christ becomes present in this sacrament. The Church Fathers strongly affirmed the faith of the Church in the efficacy of the Word of Christ and of the action of the Holy Spirit to bring about this conversion. Thus St. John Chrysostom declares:
It is not man that causes the things offered to become the Body and Blood of Christ, but he who was crucified for us, Christ himself. The priest, in the role of Christ, pronounces these words, but their power and grace are God's. This is my body, he says. This word transforms the things offered.204
And St. Ambrose says about this conversion:
Be convinced that this is not what nature has formed, but what the blessing has consecrated. The power of the blessing prevails over that of nature, because by the blessing nature itself is changed. . . . Could not Christ's word, which can make from nothing what did not exist, change existing things into what they were not before? It is no less a feat to give things their original nature than to change their nature.205
1376 The Council of Trent summarizes the Catholic faith by declaring: "Because Christ our Redeemer said that it was truly his body that he was offering under the species of bread, it has always been the conviction of the Church of God, and this holy Council now declares again, that by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation."206
1377 The Eucharistic presence of Christ begins at the moment of the consecration and endures as long as the Eucharistic species subsist. Christ is present whole and entire in each of the species and whole and entire in each of their parts, in such a way that the breaking of the bread does not divide Christ.207
1378 Worship of the Eucharist. In the liturgy of the Mass we express our faith in the real presence of Christ under the species of bread and wine by, among other ways, genuflecting or bowing deeply as a sign of adoration of the Lord. "The Catholic Church has always offered and still offers to the sacrament of the Eucharist the cult of adoration, not only during Mass, but also outside of it, reserving the consecrated hosts with the utmost care, exposing them to the solemn veneration of the faithful, and carrying them in procession."208
1379 The tabernacle was first intended for the reservation of the Eucharist in a worthy place so that it could be brought to the sick and those absent outside of Mass. As faith in the real presence of Christ in his Eucharist deepened, the Church became conscious of the meaning of silent adoration of the Lord present under the Eucharistic species. It is for this reason that the tabernacle should be located in an especially worthy place in the church and should be constructed in such a way that it emphasizes and manifests the truth of the real presence of Christ in the Blessed Sacrament.
1380 It is highly fitting that Christ should have wanted to remain present to his Church in this unique way. Since Christ was about to take his departure from his own in his visible form, he wanted to give us his sacramental presence; since he was about to offer himself on the cross to save us, he wanted us to have the memorial of the love with which he loved us "to the end,"209 even to the giving of his life. In his Eucharistic presence he remains mysteriously in our midst as the one who loved us and gave himself up for us,210 and he remains under signs that express and communicate this love:
The Church and the world have a great need for Eucharistic worship. Jesus awaits us in this sacrament of love. Let us not refuse the time to go to meet him in adoration, in contemplation full of faith, and open to making amends for the serious offenses and crimes of the world. Let our adoration never cease.211
1381 "That in this sacrament are the true Body of Christ and his true Blood is something that 'cannot be apprehended by the senses,' says St. Thomas, 'but only by faith, which relies on divine authority.' For this reason, in a commentary on Luke 22:19 ('This is my body which is given for you.'), St. Cyril says: 'Do not doubt whether this is true, but rather receive the words of the Savior in faith, for since he is the truth, he cannot lie.'"212
Godhead here in hiding, whom I do adore
Masked by these bare shadows, shape and nothing more,
See, Lord, at thy service low lies here a heart
Lost, all lost in wonder at the God thou art.
Seeing, touching, tasting are in thee deceived;
How says trusty hearing? that shall be believed;
What God's Son has told me, take for truth I do;
Truth himself speaks truly or there's nothing true.213
VI. THE PASCHAL BANQUET
1382 The Mass is at the same time, and inseparably, the sacrificial memorial in which the sacrifice of the cross is perpetuated and the sacred banquet of communion with the Lord's body and blood. But the celebration of the Eucharistic sacrifice is wholly directed toward the intimate union of the faithful with Christ through communion. To receive communion is to receive Christ himself who has offered himself for us.
1383 The altar, around which the Church is gathered in the celebration of the Eucharist, represents the two aspects of the same mystery: the altar of the sacrifice and the table of the Lord. This is all the more so since the Christian altar is the symbol of Christ himself, present in the midst of the assembly of his faithful, both as the victim offered for our reconciliation and as food from heaven who is giving himself to us. "For what is the altar of Christ if not the image of the Body of Christ?"214 asks St. Ambrose. He says elsewhere, "The altar represents the body [of Christ] and the Body of Christ is on the altar."215 The liturgy expresses this unity of sacrifice and communion in many prayers. Thus the Roman Church prays in its anaphora:
We entreat you, almighty God,
that by the hands of your holy Angel
this offering may be borne to your altar in heaven
in the sight of your divine majesty,
so that as we receive in communion at this altar
the most holy Body and Blood of your Son,
we may be filled with every heavenly blessing and grace.216
"Take this and eat it, all of you": communion
1384 The Lord addresses an invitation to us, urging us to receive him in the sacrament of the Eucharist: "Truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man and drink his blood, you have no life in you."217
1385 To respond to this invitation we must prepare ourselves for so great and so holy a moment. St. Paul urges us to examine our conscience: "Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord. Let a man examine himself, and so eat of the bread and drink of the cup. For any one who eats and drinks without discerning the body eats and drinks judgment upon himself."218 Anyone conscious of a grave sin must receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before coming to communion.
1386 Before so great a sacrament, the faithful can only echo humbly and with ardent faith the words of the Centurion: "Domine, non sum dignus ut intres sub tectum meum, sed tantum dic verbo, et sanabitur anima mea" ("Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul will be healed.").219 And in the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom the faithful pray in the same spirit:
O Son of God, bring me into communion today with your mystical supper. I shall not tell your enemies the secret, nor kiss you with Judas' kiss. But like the good thief I cry, "Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom."
1387 To prepare for worthy reception of this sacrament, the faithful should observe the fast required in their Church.220 Bodily demeanor (gestures, clothing) ought to convey the respect, solemnity, and joy of this moment when Christ becomes our guest.
1388 It is in keeping with the very meaning of the Eucharist that the faithful, if they have the required dispositions,221 receive communion when they participate in the Mass.222 As the Second Vatican Council says: "That more perfect form of participation in the Mass whereby the faithful, after the priest's communion, receive the Lord's Body from the same sacrifice, is warmly recommended."223
1389 The Church obliges the faithful to take part in the Divine Liturgy on Sundays and feast days and, prepared by the sacrament of Reconciliation, to receive the Eucharist at least once a year, if possible during the Easter season.224 But the Church strongly encourages the faithful to receive the holy Eucharist on Sundays and feast days, or more often still, even daily.
1390 Since Christ is sacramentally present under each of the species, communion under the species of bread alone makes it possible to receive all the fruit of Eucharistic grace. For pastoral reasons this manner of receiving communion has been legitimately established as the most common form in the Latin rite. But "the sign of communion is more complete when given under both kinds, since in that form the sign of the Eucharistic meal appears more clearly."225 This is the usual form of receiving communion in the Eastern rites.
The fruits of Holy Communion
1391 Holy Communion augments our union with Christ. The principal fruit of receiving the Eucharist in Holy Communion is an intimate union with Christ Jesus. Indeed, the Lord said: "He who eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me, and I in him."226 Life in Christ has its foundation in the Eucharistic banquet: "As the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father, so he who eats me will live because of me."227
On the feasts of the Lord, when the faithful receive the Body of the Son, they proclaim to one another the Good News that the first fruits of life have been given, as when the angel said to Mary Magdalene, "Christ is risen!" Now too are life and resurrection conferred on whoever receives Christ.228
1392 What material food produces in our bodily life, Holy Communion wonderfully achieves in our spiritual life. Communion with the flesh of the risen Christ, a flesh "given life and giving life through the Holy Spirit,"229 preserves, increases, and renews the life of grace received at Baptism. This growth in Christian life needs the nourishment of Eucharistic Communion, the bread for our pilgrimage until the moment of death, when it will be given to us as viaticum.
1393 Holy Communion separates us from sin. The body of Christ we receive in Holy Communion is "given up for us," and the blood we drink "shed for the many for the forgiveness of sins." For this reason the Eucharist cannot unite us to Christ without at the same time cleansing us from past sins and preserving us from future sins:
For as often as we eat this bread and drink the cup, we proclaim the death of the Lord. If we proclaim the Lord's death, we proclaim the forgiveness of sins. If, as often as his blood is poured out, it is poured for the forgiveness of sins, I should always receive it, so that it may always forgive my sins. Because I always sin, I should always have a remedy.230
1394 As bodily nourishment restores lost strength, so the Eucharist strengthens our charity, which tends to be weakened in daily life; and this living charity wipes away venial sins.231 By giving himself to us Christ revives our love and enables us to break our disordered attachments to creatures and root ourselves in him:
Since Christ died for us out of love, when we celebrate the memorial of his death at the moment of sacrifice we ask that love may be granted to us by the coming of the Holy Spirit. We humbly pray that in the strength of this love by which Christ willed to die for us, we, by receiving the gift of the Holy Spirit, may be able to consider the world as crucified for us, and to be ourselves as crucified to the world. . . . Having received the gift of love, let us die to sin and live for God.232
1395 By the same charity that it enkindles in us, the Eucharist preserves us from future mortal sins. The more we share the life of Christ and progress in his friendship, the more difficult it is to break away from him by mortal sin. The Eucharist is not ordered to the forgiveness of mortal sins - that is proper to the sacrament of Reconciliation. The Eucharist is properly the sacrament of those who are in full communion with the Church.
1396 The unity of the Mystical Body: the Eucharist makes the Church. Those who receive the Eucharist are united more closely to Christ. Through it Christ unites them to all the faithful in one body - the Church. Communion renews, strengthens, and deepens this incorporation into the Church, already achieved by Baptism. In Baptism we have been called to form but one body.233 The Eucharist fulfills this call: "The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not a participation in the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not a participation in the body of Christ? Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body, for we all partake of the one bread:"234
If you are the body and members of Christ, then it is your sacrament that is placed on the table of the Lord; it is your sacrament that you receive. To that which you are you respond "Amen" ("yes, it is true!") and by responding to it you assent to it. For you hear the words, "the Body of Christ" and respond "Amen." Be then a member of the Body of Christ that your Amen may be true.235
1397 The Eucharist commits us to the poor. To receive in truth the Body and Blood of Christ given up for us, we must recognize Christ in the poorest, his brethren:
You have tasted the Blood of the Lord, yet you do not recognize your brother,. . . . You dishonor this table when you do not judge worthy of sharing your food someone judged worthy to take part in this meal. . . . God freed you from all your sins and invited you here, but you have not become more merciful.236
1398 The Eucharist and the unity of Christians. Before the greatness of this mystery St. Augustine exclaims, "O sacrament of devotion! O sign of unity! O bond of charity!"237 The more painful the experience of the divisions in the Church which break the common participation in the table of the Lord, the more urgent are our prayers to the Lord that the time of complete unity among all who believe in him may return.
1399 The Eastern churches that are not in full communion with the Catholic Church celebrate the Eucharist with great love. "These Churches, although separated from us, yet possess true sacraments, above all - by apostolic succession - the priesthood and the Eucharist, whereby they are still joined to us in closest intimacy." A certain communion in sacris, and so in the Eucharist, "given suitable circumstances and the approval of Church authority, is not merely possible but is encouraged."238
1400 Ecclesial communities derived from the Reformation and separated from the Catholic Church, "have not preserved the proper reality of the Eucharistic mystery in its fullness, especially because of the absence of the sacrament of Holy Orders."239 It is for this reason that, for the Catholic Church, Eucharistic intercommunion with these communities is not possible. However these ecclesial communities, "when they commemorate the Lord's death and resurrection in the Holy Supper . . . profess that it signifies life in communion with Christ and await his coming in glory."240
1401 When, in the Ordinary's judgment, a grave necessity arises, Catholic ministers may give the sacraments of Eucharist, Penance, and Anointing of the Sick to other Christians not in full communion with the Catholic Church, who ask for them of their own will, provided they give evidence of holding the Catholic faith regarding these sacraments and possess the required dispositions.241
IN BRIEF
1406 Jesus said: "I am the living bread that came down from heaven; if any one eats of this bread, he will live for ever; . . . he who eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life and . . . abides in me, and I in him" (Jn 6:51, 54, 56).
1407 The Eucharist is the heart and the summit of the Church's life, for in it Christ associates his Church and all her members with his sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving offered once for all on the cross to his Father; by this sacrifice he pours out the graces of salvation on his Body which is the Church.
1408 The Eucharistic celebration always includes: the proclamation of the Word of God; thanksgiving to God the Father for all his benefits, above all the gift of his Son; the consecration of bread and wine; and participation in the liturgical banquet by receiving the Lord's body and blood. These elements constitute one single act of worship.
1409 The Eucharist is the memorial of Christ's Passover, that is, of the work of salvation accomplished by the life, death, and resurrection of Christ, a work made present by the liturgical action.
1410 It is Christ himself, the eternal high priest of the New Covenant who, acting through the ministry of the priests, offers the Eucharistic sacrifice. And it is the same Christ, really present under the species of bread and wine, who is the offering of the Eucharistic sacrifice.
1411 Only validly ordained priests can preside at the Eucharist and consecrate the bread and the wine so that they become the Body and Blood of the Lord.
1412 The essential signs of the Eucharistic sacrament are wheat bread and grape wine, on which the blessing of the Holy Spirit is invoked and the priest pronounces the words of consecration spoken by Jesus during the Last Supper: "This is my body which will be given up for you. . . . This is the cup of my blood. . . ."
1413 By the consecration the transubstantiation of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ is brought about. Under the consecrated species of bread and wine Christ himself, living and glorious, is present in a true, real, and substantial manner: his Body and his Blood, with his soul and his divinity (cf. Council of Trent: DS 1640; 1651).
1414 As sacrifice, the Eucharist is also offered in reparation for the sins of the living and the dead and to obtain spiritual or temporal benefits from God.
1415 Anyone who desires to receive Christ in Eucharistic communion must be in the state of grace. Anyone aware of having sinned mortally must not receive communion without having received absolution in the sacrament of penance.
1416 Communion with the Body and Blood of Christ increases the communicant's union with the Lord, forgives his venial sins, and preserves him from grave sins. Since receiving this sacrament strengthens the bonds of charity between the communicant and Christ, it also reinforces the unity of the Church as the Mystical Body of Christ.
1417 The Church warmly recommends that the faithful receive Holy Communion when they participate in the celebration of the Eucharist; she obliges them to do so at least once a year.
1418 Because Christ himself is present in the sacrament of the altar, he is to be honored with the worship of adoration. "To visit the Blessed Sacrament is . . . a proof of gratitude, an expression of love, and a duty of adoration toward Christ our Lord" (Paul VI, MF 66).
1419 Having passed from this world to the Father, Christ gives us in the Eucharist the pledge of glory with him. Participation in the Holy Sacrifice identifies us with his Heart, sustains our strength along the pilgrimage of this life, makes us long for eternal life, and unites us even now to the Church in heaven, the Blessed Virgin Mary, and all the saints.
135 SC 47.
138 Congregation of Rites, instruction, Eucharisticum mysterium, 6.
139 Cf. 1 Cor 15:28.
140 St. Irenaeus, Adv. haeres. 4,18,5:PG 7/l,1028.
141 Cf. Lk 22:19; 1 Cor 11:24.
142 Cf. Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22.
143 Cf. 1 Cor 11:20; Rev 19:9.
144 Cf. Mt 14:19; 15:36; Mk 8:6, 19.
145 Cf. Mt 26:26; 1 Cor 11:24.
146 Cf. Lk 24:13-35.
147 Cf. Acts 2:42, 46; 20:7,11.
148 Cf. 1 Cor 10:16-17.
149 Cf. 1 Cor 11:17-34.
150 Heb 13:15; cf. 1 Pet 25; Ps 116:13, 17; Mal 1:11.
151 Cf. 1 Cor 1016-17.
152 Apostolic Constitutions 8,13,12:PG 1,1108; Didache 9,5; 10:6:SCh 248,176-178.
153 St. Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Eph. 20,2:SCh 10,76.
154 Cf. Ps 104:13-15.
155 Gen 14:18; cf. Roman Missal, EP I (Roman Canon) 95.
156 Cf. Deut 8:3.
158 Cf. Mt 14:13-21; 15:32-39.
159 Cf. Jn 2:11; Mk 14:25.
160 Jn 6:60.
186 LG 3; cf. 1 Cor 5:7.
187 Lk 22:19-20.
188 Mt 26:28.
189 Council of Trent (1562): DS 1740; cf. 1 Cor 11:23; Heb 7:24, 27.
190 Council of Trent (1562) Doctrina de ss. Missae sacrificio, c. 2: DS 1743; cf. Heb 9:14,27.
191 St. Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Smyrn. 8:1;SCh 10,138.
192 PO 2 § 4.
193 Council of Trent (1562): DS 1743.
194 St. Monica, before her death, to her sons, St. Augustine and his brother; Conf. 9,11,27:PL 32,775.
195 St. Cyril of Jerusalem, Catech. myst. 5,9,10:PG 33,1116-1117.
196 St. Augustine, De civ Dei, 10,6:PL 41,283; cf. Rom 12:5.
197 Rom 8:34; cf. LG 48.
198 Mt 18:20.
201 St. Thomas Aquinas, STh III,73,3c.
202 Council of Trent (1551): DS 1651.
203 Paul VI, MF 39.
204 St. John Chrysostom, prod. Jud. 1:6:PG 49,380.
205 St. Ambrose, De myst. 9,50; 52:PL 16,405-407.
206 Council of Trent (1551): DS 1642; cf. Mt 26:26 ff.; Mk 14:22 ff.; Lk 22:19 ff.; 1 Cor 11:24 ff.
207 Cf. Council of Trent: DS 1641.
208 Paul VI, MF 56.
209 Jn 13:1.
210 Cf. Gal 2:20.
211 John Paul II, Dominicae cenae, 3.
212 St. Thomas Aquinas, STh III,75,1; cf. Paul VI, MF 18; St. Cyril of Alexandria, In Luc. 22,19:PG 72,912; cf. Paul VI, MF 18.
213 St. Thomas Aquinas (attr.), Adoro te devote; tr. Gerard Manley Hopkins.
214 St. Ambrose, De Sacr. 5,2,7:PL 16,447C.
215 St. Ambrose, De Sacr. 4,2,7:PL 16,437D.
216 Roman Missal, EP I (Roman Canon) 96: Supplices te rogamus, omnipotens Deus: iube hæc perferri per manus sancti Angeli tui in sublime altare tuum, in conspectu divinae maiestatis tuae: ut, quotquot ex hac altaris participatione sacrosanctum Filii Corpus et Sanguinem sumpserimus, omni benedictione cælesti et gratia repleamur.
217 Jn 6:53.
219 Roman Missal, response to the invitation to communion; cf. Mt 8:8.
220 Cf. CIC, can. 919.
221 Cf. CIC, can. 916. 222 Cf. CIC, can. 917; The faithful may recieve the Holy Eucharist only a second time on the same day [CF. Pontificia Commissio Codici luris Canonici Authentice Intrepretando, Responsa ad proposita dubia, 1:AAS 76 (1984) 746].
223 SC 55.
224 OE 15; CIC, can. 920.
225 GIRM 240.
228 Fanqith, Syriac Office of Antioch, Vol. I, Commun., 237a-b.
229 PO 5.
230 St. Ambrose, De Sacr. 4,6,28:PL 16,446; cf. 1 Cor 11:26.
231 Cf. Council of Trent (1551): DS 1638.
232 St. Fulgentius of Ruspe, Contra Fab. 28,16-19: CCL 19A,813-814.
233 Cf. 1 Cor 12:13.
234 1 Cor 10:16-17.
235 St. Augustine, Sermo 272:PL 38,1247.
236 St. John Chrysostom, Hom. in 1 Cor. 27,4:PG 61,229-230; cf. Mt 25:40.
237 St. Augustine, In Jo. ev. 26,13:PL 35,1613; cf. SC 47.
238 UR 15 § 2; cf. CIC, can. 844 § 3.
239 UR 22 § 3.
241 Cf. CIC, can. 844 § 4.
242 Roman Missal, EP I (Roman Canon) 96: Supplices te rogamus.
243 Mt 26:29; cf. Lk 22:18; Mk 14:25.
244 Rev 1:4; 22 20; 1 Cor 16:22.
245 Didache 10,6:SCh 248,180.
246 Roman Missal 126, embolism after the Our Father: expectantes beatam spem et adventum Salvatoris nostri Jesu Christi; cf. Titus 2:13.
247 EP III 116: prayer for the dead.
248 2 Pet 3:13.
249 LG 3; St. Ignatius of Antioch, Ad Eph. 20,2:SCh 10,76.
|
i don't know
|
Wampum refers to decorative/monetary shell-beads in which culture?
|
History 170 - Indigenous Peoples of North America - Prof. Alice Nash - Umass Amherst
Wampum and the Iroquois: A Short Overview
By A. Brian Deer
Wampum played a great role in our culture ... It is still important that we should have wampum to communicate matters ... - Jake Thomas, Cayuga, 1986 1
For the Iroquois, the origins of wampum can be traced to the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy centuries ago. 2 In the traditional oral narrative concerning the Peacemaker and the Great Law (according to one version) Hiawatha retrieves freshwater shells from the shores of Lake Ontario and ties them together in strings to be used for condoling someone. Hiawatha himself is grief-stricken by the loss his daughters during his attempts to assist the Peacemaker to promote the Confederacy and spread the message of peace. Hiawatha loses himself in the forest and wanders about from village to village. Each evening, at the woods' edge, he kindles a fire saying:
This would I do if I found anyone burdened with grief even as I am. I would take these shell strings in my hand and console them. The strings would become words and lift away the darkness with which they are covered. Holding these in my hand, my words would be true. 3
Finally the Peacemaker approaches him and takes up the strings one by one, speaking the words of condolence to him. Thus are the origins of the Condolence Ceremony, and of wampum itself as we know it today, in Iroquois culture.
Wampum refers to oblong cylindrical beads individually pierced lengthwise and linked together into one or more strings for ceremonial purposes, or woven together into wide "belts" for communicative and diplomatic purposes. 4 Ironically wampum itself is not indigenous to Iroquois country. The shells that Hiawatha gathered from the lake shore were not necessarily wampum as it was later to be known. Wampum is made from sea shells, primarily whelk for the white-ivory colour and quahog for the purple-dark blue colour. The shells are found on coastal waters along the shores of Long Island Sound and southwestern New England in the country of Algonquian peoples. The word "wampum" originates from an Algonquian word, wampumpeag meaning "white string of shell beads." 5 The Iroquois traded for wampum especially after it became more readily available in quantity from Algonquian bead-manufacturing production by the early seventeenth century, and later from Euro-North American entrepreneurs as well. For a period of 30 years ending in 1664, wampum beads were actually used by the Dutch and English as a form of currency. 6 However, for the Iroquois wampum has been valued culturally. Wampum (especially white wampum) has signified spiritual, social and physical well-being; peace, lightness, and life. 7 For the Iroquois today, wampum also signifies sovereignty, re-affirmation and identity. One could say that though wampum as material is indigenous to Algonquian sea shores, wampum as concept is indigenous to Iroquois thought and ideology. Wampum played a huge role in the social and political history of the Iroquois, as it still does in the Iroquois Longhouse. 8 Today wampum strings and wampum belts are widely identified with Iroquoian peoples. However, it is important to remember that many Algonquian peoples positioned geographically on all sides of the Six Nations Iroquois also used wampum for ceremonial and communicative/diplomatic purposes. 9
The Iroquois used and continue to use wampum in two different forms: strings and belts. In the fifteen-part Condolence Ceremony for the raising and installation of a new Roianer (inadequately translated as "sachem" or "chief") 10 to replace the one who has died, different wampum strings are employed for each part of the ceremony. During the course of the ceremony strings are ritually passed across from the "clear minded" to those being condoled, and are returned in reciprocal fashion. The most familiar part of the ceremony is the clearing of the eyes, ears, and throat, respectively. Wampum strings are also employed at other functions such as, for example, naming ceremonies, funerals, certain rituals at the Midwinter and other calendric ceremonies, and the convening of councils. 11 For the latter, invitation strings sent out to communities are returned individually when a council is convened.
Wampum belts are quite different in appearance from wampum strings. They are of variable width and length (approximately 3-6 inches wide and 3-5 feet long) and are composed of rows of white and purple beads woven together. The belts are encoded with abstract, symbolic, pictographic symbols to aid the memory. The mnemonic symbols - highly stylized human figures, trees and so forth - convey concepts, metaphors and ideas. They are often purple on a white background, as in the Two Row Wampum. Sometimes, the symbols are white against a blue-purple background as in the "Hiawatha belt" commemorating the founding of the Iroquois Confederacy, or the "Two Dog" Wampum of Kanehsatake. 12 As an aside, purple is not a "royal" colour in this context; the colours come from the seashells used to manufacture the beads.
Any discussion of Iroquois culture and history can lead to a thought provoking debate on a number of issues. In a 1993 panel discussion on Iroquois history which took place in Kahnawake near Montreal, John Mohawk asserted that Iroquois people need to think again about how they view their own history, that it is not as glorified as people like to think. He also asserted, half in jest, that it is tough being a Native historian writing about Native history: over one shoulder are non-Native academics looking for something wrong with his scholarship; over the other shoulder are Native folks looking for something wrong with his politics. 13 Similarly, an Iroquois person writing about wampum (especially wampum belts) can find himself in somewhat the same position. It is a topic that in the past has been fraught with discord between Iroquois people and non-Iroquois scholars studying the Iroquois. 14
Following from the above discussion, Iroquois (and non-Iroquois) people need to think again about how wampum is viewed. For example, one sometimes hears it being said that wampum belts are treaties. This is, of course, a misconception. Wampum belts are not necessarily treaties; it is in fact quite limiting to think of them as treaties somehow fixed in time and history. Most wampum belts never were treaties. Rather, they were used to mark, record, convey, or recall diplomatic messages, conferences, momentous happenings, oral traditions, and (sometimes) to ratify treaties.
One also hears it said that wampum is sacred. This also needs to be reexamined. Wampum is not in itself sacred. Even the rituals and ceremonies in which wampum is used are not in themselves sacred. What is sacred are the words, thoughts and feelings carried in rituals and ceremonies in which wampum is used. A wampum string obliges the person holding it and signifies honesty, sincerity and seriousness, whether in a condolence ceremony, a particular ritual in the Longhouse, or even in a Canadian/American courthouse where wampum is occasionally used in lieu of the Christian Bible. 15 As for wampum belts, what is sacred are the messages, meanings, concepts and ideas they contain, not the belts themselves. The wampum belts stripped bare are merely artifacts and objects. What they represent is what should be considered important and "sacred." as expressed by an Iroquois speaker at a legislative committee hearing in Quebec City in 1983 when reciting the Two Row Wampum, a replica of the belt at hand:
"There came a time when people thought that if we lost this article [to a museum], this artifact, this grouping of beads that forms a record, we would also forget the responsibility in our relationship. The relationship is not a material one, it is not written in beads, and that is it. ... No, the relationship is etched in the minds of our forefathers. It has been etched in the minds of our people, sitting here today. That same understanding of principles will be in our children. It will be in the ones ... that are not yet born." 16
The Two Row Wampum and the message it contains has wide appeal in Iroquois country today and, perhaps because of this, has become a flash point for some people when wampum belts are discussed. The historical origins of the belt have been called into question and challenged by many non-Iroquois historians. One preeminent Iroquoianist has been heard to say (in classic Orientalist fashion) 17 that the Two Row Wampum is a "recent invention." One can debate whether or not the tradition of reciting the Two Row Wampum is a fairly recent development, but there can be little debate over the concept contained in the Two Row. The idea that two peoples shall follow separate paths, without interfering with each other, at the same time linked in peace, friendship and respect is very old. Such thinking can be found in the early documentary evidence. For example, the Treaty of Fort Albany (1664) addresses the responsibilities of the English and the Iroquois in the event of any "wrong injury or violence" being done by a member of either side. 18 Whether or not a Two Row Wampum belt was materially present at the time is beside the point; the concept and the thinking behind it was already present.
What perhaps is really at issue is the representation of Iroquois culture and history, the construction of knowledge about the latter, how we should think about such matters, and whether any particular group (Iroquois or non-Iroquois) has the right to monopolize these activities. This is another area that has been fraught with discord. 19
What of wampum today? Wampum strings continue to be used in much the same way as in former times. Just as the Peacemaker condoled Hiawatha in his grief, so do the Iroquois continue to condole one another in times of grief or distress. Wampum belts for their part no longer function in the Iroquois world in quite the same way that they did in times gone by. New wampum belts are no longer routinely strung up and used for various diplomatic purposes as often as before. However, the Two Row Wampum is an important exception. It provides strength, inspiration and renewal to Iroquois and Indigenous peoples alike at international forums and gatherings. With changing conditions other uses for wampum belts have been developed. For example, a few years ago a wampum belt was delivered from Kahnawake to Akwesasne to bring the message of diabetes awareness and prevention. It has since been traveling from one Native community to another and has been a source of reassuring encouragement for those requesting and receiving it. 20 In addition, wampum belts are used in recalling oral narratives. They are also used as teaching tools to inform both Iroquois people and the non-Native public about Iroquois history and culture, whether in small groups, at meetings, conferences, or in classrooms. Cultures and societies change all the time; the Iroquois are no exception. Wampum is still highly valued in the Iroquois world.
Sometimes I think that historians, although they don't mean to, perhaps want to put us in an historical time and they don't allow us to say [of wampum] "but it is alive today." - Francis Boots, Mohawk, 1989 21
-------------
About the author
A. Brian Deer ( Kahnawake Mohawk) is an independent scholar. He co-teaches "An Introduction to Iroquois Spirituality and Philosophy" with Louise Johnston in the Department of Religion at Concordia University on a semi-regular basis. He is also the creator of the Brian Deer Classification System for First Nations libraries . He welcomes serious questions and comments and can be reached at [email protected].
Notes to the text
1 quoted in Charles F. Hayes III and Lynn Ceci, eds., Proceedings of the 1986 Shell Bead Conference: Selected Papers (Rochester, NY: Rochester Museum and Science Service, 1989), [iii].
2 dates vary; according to one author, the process of confederation could have started as early as A. D. 1300-1400; see William N. Fenton, The Great Law and the Longhouse: A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 128. Originally a confederacy of five nations, the latter were joined by the Tuscaroras in the early eighteenth-century to form the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora, from east to west.
3 Paul A. W. Wallace, The White Roots of Peace (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1946), 21. Wallace, reprinted several times, offers a composite of several versions of this narrative; see also, [Seth Newhouse], "The Dekanawida Legend," The Constitution of the Five Nations or The Iroquois Book of the Great Law , ed. by Arthur C. Parker. New York Museum Bulletin 184 (1916). Reprinted (Ohsweken, ON: Iroqrafts, n. d.), 14-29. A variation of this passage is found in Newhouse, 20.
4 see Michael K. Foster, "Another Look at the Function of Wampum in Iroquois-White Councils," The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy: An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and their League , ed. by Francis Jennings, et. al. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1985), 99-114.
5 see George S. Snyderman, "The Functions of Wampum," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 98 (1954): 469-494; George R. Hamell, "Wampum: Light, White and Bright Things are Good to Think," One Man's Trash is Another Man's Treasure , ed. by Alexandra van Dongen, et al (Rotterdam: Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, 1996), 41-51; for Mohawk words, see Gunther Michelson, "Iroquoian Terms for Wampum," International Journal of American Linguistics 57 (1991): 108-116;
6 see Lynn Ceci, "The First Fiscal Crisis in New York," Economic Development and Culture Change 28 (1980): 839-847; the "crisis" was over currency control - the control of wampum beads; the reference to Algonquian bead manufacture, 840; Elizabeth S. Pena, "The Role of Wampum Production at the Albany Almshouse," International Journal of Historical Archaeology 5 (2001): 155-174.
7 see Lynn Ceci, "The Value of Wampum Among the New York Iroquois: A Case Study in Artifact Analysis," Journal of Anthropological Research 38 (1982): 97-107; George Hamell, "The Iroquois and the World's Rim: Speculations on Color, Culture, and Contact," American Indian Quarterly (1992): 451-469.
8 The term "Longhouse" today refers to a communal building where ceremonial, social and political functions are carried out; it also refers metaphorically to Iroquois society and culture, and to the Co8nfederacy itself.
9 see for example Frank G. Speck, "The Functions of Wampum Among the Eastern Algonkian," Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 6 (Jan-March 1919): 3-71; Robert M. Leavitt and David A. Francis, eds., Wapapi Akonutomakonol / The Wampum Records: Wabanaki Traditional Laws (Fredericton: Micmac-Maliseet Institute, University of New Brunswick, 1990).
10 Roianer, in the Mohawk language, literally means "good (he)" or "he is good"; more freely translated and understood, it means he who (being good) looks out for the people, or who has in mind the welfare of the people; see Seth Newhouse, "The Dekanawida Legend," cited above, 34.
11 see Francis Boots (Ateronhiatakon), "Iroquoian Use of Wampum," New Voices from the Longhouse: An Anthology of Contemporary Iroquois Writing , ed. by Joseph Bruchac (Greenfield Center, NY: Greenfield Review Press, 1989), 32-39.
12 According to the oral tradition the Two Dog wampum belt was made when the people of Kahnehsatake moved from the island of Montreal to their present location at the Lake of Two Mountains in 1721. Years later the chiefs reminded colonial officials of the message it contained: "...you see this white line which shows the length of our land. The figures with hands clasped who rejoin the cross represents the loyalty which we owe to the faith that we hold. The body represents the council-fire of our village. The two dogs at the outside are supposed to guard the boundaries of our land, and if anyone attempted to interrupt our possession it is their duty to warn us by barking ..."; Brenda Katlatont Gabriel-Doxtator and Arlette Kawanatatie Van Den Hende, At the Woods' Edge: An Anthology of the History of the People of Kanehsata:ke (Kanesatake: Kanesatake Education Center, 1995), 271; see also 30-31, 270-272, 275-77.
13 see Kanienkehaka Raotitiohkwa Cultural Center, "Great Debate" II: Perspectives on Iroquois History (Kahnawake: 1993). Videotape, Cassette #2. The other panelists were Gerald Alfred, Jane Dickson-Gilmore, Gretchen Green and Francis Jennings.
14 see [The Editors], "The Iroquois Wampum Controversy," Indian Historian 3 (Spring 1970): 4-17, 50, and (Summer 1970): 63; William N. Fenton, "The New York State Wampum Collection: The Case for the Integrity of Cultural Treasures," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 115 (1971): 437-461; [New York State Education Department], "Wampum Belts Returned to the Onondaga Nation," ed. by Dean R. Snow, Man in the Northeast 37 (Fall 1989): 109-117; William N. Fenton, "Return of Eleven Wampum Belts to the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy on Grand River, Canada," Ethnohistory 36 (1989): 392-410; José Barreiro, "Return of the Wampum," Indian Roots of American Democracy , ed. by José Barreiro (Ithaca, NY: Akwe:kon Press, 1992), 135-148; Elisabeth Tooker, "A Note on the Return of Eleven Wampum Belts to the Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy on Grand River, Canada," Ethnohistory 45 (1998): 219-236.
15 "Judge Allows Wampum Ritual as Oath," Globe & Mail (Toronto) - Metro edition, July 10, 1991, A7.
16 Assemblée nationale Québec, Journal des Débats, Commissions Parlementaires, Quatrieme session - 32e Législature, Commission permanente de la présidence du conseil et de la constitution. Audition de personnes et d'organismes autochtones sur les droites et les besoins fondamentaux des Amérindiens et des Inuits . No. 167 (23 novembre 1983), B9307.
17 see Edward W. Said, Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient . With a New Afterword (London: Penguin Books, 1995).
18 Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany: 1853-1887), Vol. 3: 67-68; see also, Richard Hill, "Oral Memory of the Haudenosaunee: Views of the Two Row Wampum," Indian Roots of American Democracy , ed. by José Barreiro (Ithaca, NY: Akwe:kon Press, 1992), 149-159.
19 see Gail Landsman and Sara Ciborski, "Representation and Politics: Contesting Histories of the Iroquois," Cultural Anthropology 7 (1992): 425-447; Gail Landsman, "Informant as Critic: Conducting Research on a Dispute between Iroquoianist Scholars and Traditional Iroquois," Indians and Anthropologists: Vine Deloria, Jr., and the Critique of Anthropology , ed. by Thomas Biolsi and Larry J. Zimmerman (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997), 160-176.
20 see Tom Dearhouse, "Objective Reached - Wampum Belt Delivered," The Eastern Door , July 11, 1997, 16; Greg Horn, "The Diabetes Wampum Belt is on the Road Again," October 9, 1998, 10, and other articles published in this Kahnawake weekly newspaper.
21 Francis Boots, "Iroquoian Use of Wampum," cited above, 39.
|
Native Americans in the United States
|
Named after US economist Arthur Laffer, his eponymous Curve refers graphically to notional/optimal government revenues according to levels of?
|
Treaty of Shackamaxon | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Library Company of Philadelphia
Penn Treaty Park, named for the traditional story of William Penn’s peaceful treaty with the Lenni Lenape Indians, is found at 1341 N. Delaware Avenue in Philadelphia’s Fishtown section, about 1½ miles upriver from Penn’s Landing on the Delaware River. The treaty supposedly was agreed to on land now occupied by the park. In this Currier & Ives lithograph based on the painting Penn’s Treaty with the Indians, by Benjamin West (1738-1820), the iconic event is depicted as West imagined it. The site of the agreement was said to be marked by the Great Elm, located to the right in the image. The original elm fell during a storm in 1810, and two hundred years later, in May 2010, a descendent elm was planted in its place. Though no first-hand evidence of the treaty exists, West and other artists have contributed to the legend through their art, and the park’s establishment helped perpetuate it as well.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania
This wampum belt, which is on exhibit at the Philadelphia History Museum, was said to be given to William Penn by the Lenape tribe at the time of the 1682 treaty. The belt, donated in 1857 to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania by a great-grandson of Penn, is made of white wampum with darker accent beads and depicts two figures holding hands, often interpreted as a sign of friendship and peace. Wampum refers to the shell beads used as currency by Native Americans in the eastern United States. The beads are made of clam and whelk shells and were used as memory aids, often given to commemorate important events such as engagements, marriages, or funerals. Wampum could be fashioned into a belt and used to keep an oral history. The belts were also used as currency and — as seems to be the case here — to mark the creation of treaties.
Library of Congress
Tammany Hall in New York City is the central building in this image. According to historical legend, the leader of the Lenni Lenape tribe with whom William Penn made his treaty was named Tamanend, who is quoted as saying the English and Lenni Lenape would “live in peace as long as the waters run in the rivers and creeks and as long as the stars and moon endure.” After his death at the turn of the eighteenth century, Tamanend became a hero figure. Colonists who wished to create a uniquely American identity for themselves chose to deify the Native American, calling him “King Tammany” and “The Patron Saint of America.” Tammany Societies sprung up throughout the colonies in the early eighteenth century, and many threw Tammany Festivals to celebrate and honor Tamanend’s memory. Some Tammany societies endured, and this 1914 photograph shows the infamous Tammany Hall in Manhattan. After having a variety of meeting places, or “wigwams,” the New York Tammany Society built this structure in 1867. This building was the headquarters for the organization that became synonymous with political corruption and the Democratic Party’s political machine.
|
i don't know
|
What creature is a slang word in French for a newspaper?
|
canard - Wiktionary
canard
Borrowing from French canard (“duck”).
etymology note
The primary English meaning of "canard" comes from the Medieval French expression “Vendre des canard à moitié.” The meaning literally is “to sell ducks by half.” It is actually the punch line to a joke. Eventually the punch line came to stand for the joke and then finally the word alone stood for the whole concept. The story is that a duck seller is successful and contented being the only duck seller on the street and he sells his ducks for eight francs each. A new duck seller moves in across the street who steals all the business by offering his ducks for seven francs each. Then a price war ensues, back and forth, until the new duck seller is down to three francs for a duck. The original duck seller is beside himself with worry and frustration, but finally he puts up a big sign that says, “Two francs” and then in small print at the bottom “for half a duck.” Thus, to sell the ducks by half meant to trick people with something that was literally true, but misleading. It has this same metaphorical meaning in French. Now in English, it simply means anything that is deliberately misleading, a fraud.
A false or misleading report or story, especially if deliberately so.
2005, The New Yorker, 29 August, page 78.
It’s a cinch, now that Spurling has cleared away a century’s worth of misapprehensions and canards.
2014 August 20, “Why Jews are worried [print version: International New York Times, 22 August 2014, p. 8]”, in
[1] :
[W]hen a Hamas spokesman recently stood by his statement that Jews used the blood of non-Jewish children for their matzos – one of the oldest anti-Semitic canards around – European elites were largely silent.
(aeronautics) A type of aircraft in which the primary horizontal control and stabilization surfaces are in front of the main wing.
(transport, engineering) Any small winglike structure on a vehicle, usually used for stabilization.
drake (male duck)
"Économie usuelle", in M. Matthieu Bonafous, De la culture des murier et de l'éducation des vers a soie, 1836, 756.
Il est facile de distinguer le canard commun de la cane. Le mâle est plus gros que la femelle; il a aussi la voix plus forte et le plumage plus éclatant; mais le signe le plus saillant, c'est un assemblage de plusiers plumes retroussées que le mâle portes sur le croupion, à l'origine de la queue. Le canard et la cane sont propres à l'accouplement jusqu'à trois ou quatre ans; il faut les remplacer à cet âge par des sujest plus jeunes. Un canard suffit pour dix ou douze canes.
|
Canard
|
What are named after English Dr John Braxton Hicks (1823-97)?
|
canard - Wiktionary
canard
Borrowing from French canard (“duck”).
etymology note
The primary English meaning of "canard" comes from the Medieval French expression “Vendre des canard à moitié.” The meaning literally is “to sell ducks by half.” It is actually the punch line to a joke. Eventually the punch line came to stand for the joke and then finally the word alone stood for the whole concept. The story is that a duck seller is successful and contented being the only duck seller on the street and he sells his ducks for eight francs each. A new duck seller moves in across the street who steals all the business by offering his ducks for seven francs each. Then a price war ensues, back and forth, until the new duck seller is down to three francs for a duck. The original duck seller is beside himself with worry and frustration, but finally he puts up a big sign that says, “Two francs” and then in small print at the bottom “for half a duck.” Thus, to sell the ducks by half meant to trick people with something that was literally true, but misleading. It has this same metaphorical meaning in French. Now in English, it simply means anything that is deliberately misleading, a fraud.
A false or misleading report or story, especially if deliberately so.
2005, The New Yorker, 29 August, page 78.
It’s a cinch, now that Spurling has cleared away a century’s worth of misapprehensions and canards.
2014 August 20, “Why Jews are worried [print version: International New York Times, 22 August 2014, p. 8]”, in
[1] :
[W]hen a Hamas spokesman recently stood by his statement that Jews used the blood of non-Jewish children for their matzos – one of the oldest anti-Semitic canards around – European elites were largely silent.
(aeronautics) A type of aircraft in which the primary horizontal control and stabilization surfaces are in front of the main wing.
(transport, engineering) Any small winglike structure on a vehicle, usually used for stabilization.
drake (male duck)
"Économie usuelle", in M. Matthieu Bonafous, De la culture des murier et de l'éducation des vers a soie, 1836, 756.
Il est facile de distinguer le canard commun de la cane. Le mâle est plus gros que la femelle; il a aussi la voix plus forte et le plumage plus éclatant; mais le signe le plus saillant, c'est un assemblage de plusiers plumes retroussées que le mâle portes sur le croupion, à l'origine de la queue. Le canard et la cane sont propres à l'accouplement jusqu'à trois ou quatre ans; il faut les remplacer à cet âge par des sujest plus jeunes. Un canard suffit pour dix ou douze canes.
|
i don't know
|
Provenance, originally relating to an artwork, now extending widely to other created or collectible works, refers specifically to?
|
Dictionary — The Art Reserve
Z
19th C. European and British Art Style (1800-1900) 19th Century European and British art consists of various artistic movements in Europe including Rococo, Classicism, Revolutionary art, Spanish art, Romanticism, the Barbizon School, Realism, Orientalism, Idealism, Victorian, Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Naturalism, Art Nouveau and Symbolism. The 19th century was a time of changing ideas revolving around the purpose of art, the appropriate choice of subject matter, the attitude between the artist and the public, the artist's relationship with nature and new technology's influence on art. 19th C. / Early 20th C. American Art Style (1800-1900) 19th Century American art consists of various artistic movements in America including Rococo, Classicism, Revolutionary art, Romanticism, Realism, Idealism, Impressionism, Neo-impressionism, Post Impressionism, Naturalism, Art Nouveau and Symbolism.
back to top
Abstract Art (1900-1950) Any form of art that does not represent reality convincingly, but instead distorts it. In this movement, artists began with a known visible object and abstracted it to produce a more simplified form. Pioneers of the Abstract Art movement include Kandinsky, Malevich and Mondrian. Abstract Expressionism (1940-1960) The Abstract Expressionists were based in New York City and were often referred to as the New York School. They were influenced by the ideas of Surrealism and aimed to make abstract art that also possessed expressive and emotional qualities. Academic art (18th century) Painting, works on paper, prints and sculpture. This term refers to art created according to the official academies of traditional painting and sculpture which flourished in Europe from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Academy This term refers to the institutional school established for the classical training of artists during the 17th and 18th centuries. Acanthus This term refers to a type of decorative element found in architecture derived from the acanthus leaves found in the Mediterranean. Acid Burn Brown discoloration on paper, resulting from acidic matting or mounting materials. Acid Free A characteristic of inert materials; especially said of papers with a 7 pH, or very close to 7 pH. Below 6.5 pH or above 8.5 pH is not considered acid-free. Acid free materials are more permanent, less likely to experience acid migration — to discolor, or to deteriorate materials they are placed with over time. Works on paper, and the mats, mounts, etc. with which they are framed, are best acid free. This term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for "alkaline" or "buffered." Such materials may be produced from virtually any cellulose fiber source (cotton and wood, among others), if measures are taken during manufacture to eliminate active acid from the pulp. However free of acid a paper or board may be immediately after its manufacture, over time the presence of residual chlorine from bleaching, aluminum sulfate from sizing, or pollutants in the atmosphere may lead to the formation of acid unless the paper or board has been buffered with an alkaline substance. The presence of alpha cellulose in paper or board is an indication of its stability or longevity. Non-cellulosic components of wood are believed to contribute to the degradation of paper and board. Acquisition An object a collector or museum acquires (accessions) through gift, bequest, field expedition, or purchase. Or such an act of acquiring. Acrylic Water-based plastic paint consisting of pigments bound in an acrylic resin mixture. Can be thinned with water while wet, but becomes tough and water resistant once dry. Acrylic Paint Artists’ colors made by polymerizing a methyl methacrylate by emulsification, thus dispersing the resin into tiny particles in water. This fluid is used for a base in compounding polymer colors. Acrylic colors are water soluble when wet, but dry to an insoluble film. Colors are bright, dry quickly and are flexible. Acrylic / Plastic: Acrylic/plastic is a synthetic material made from the polymerization of organic compounds. As technology advanced, the use of plastics in art became more prevalent in the latter half of the 20th century. Action Painting (1945-1960s) Painting, works on paper. Closely associated with abstract expressionism, action painting focused on the spontaneity of applying paint to the canvas. Instead of focusing on the final image, this style of painting was much more interested in the act of painting itself. Jackson Pollock is one of the most well known action painters. Adhesive Failure Occurs when the adhesive deteriorates to the point of collapse. Can be found in works on paper (e.g., prints that have been mounted or collaged). Aesthetics The word aesthetic or aesthetics refers to the philosophy of visual beauty. Aesthetic Movement (1870s-1880s) Painting, prints, works on paper. This movement emphasized the beauty of all objects for everyone to take pleasure in, not just the elite. African American Artists An artist who is American born, but whose ancestors were of African descent. Their art during the 18th and 19th centuries reflected early African artistic traditions, but progressed and merged with western fine art styles during the 20th century. Air Brush An instrument, powered by compressed air, used to spray paint with delicate control and precision. Paint (usually a fine water color) is held in a small cup attached to the side of the pen-like instrument. Paint is drawn through the "brush" by the Venturi effect. The result is characterized by a very smooth, even texture and unbroken tonal gradations. Alla Prima To paint on canvas or other ground directly, in full, opaque color, without any preliminary drawing or underpainting done first. (Underpainting is often done to establish the larger masses of the composition, or to establish tonal values (lights and darks)). Albumen Print An albumen print is created by the process developed by Louis Desire Blanquart-Evrard in 1850, which uses egg whites and photographic chemicals to produce a print on paper from a negative. Alkyd Synthetic resin used in the manufacturing of paints and varnishes. An alkyd is a mixture of alcohol and acid and must be thinned with solvent or paint thinner. Alykds dry faster than oils but not as fast as acrylic paints. Allegory An allegory is an image that illustrates a particular concept, idea or story within a work of art. Alloy An alloy is a mixture of metals without any chemical combination. American Impressionism (1890s-1920s) Painting, prints, works on paper. Not only did Impressionism flourish in Europe, but it also influenced American artists. They employed the same techniques and subject matter. Notable American impressionists include William Morris Hunt, John La Farge, Joseph Foxcroft Cole, George Inness, Alexander Wyant, and Dennis Miller Bunker. American Regionalism (c. 1930s) Painting, prints, works on paper. This movement was primarily composed of Midwestern rural artists who appeared around the 1930s. Ancient Art & Antiquities Paintings, prints, works on paper, sculpture. Ancient Art and Antiquities refers to art from the beginning of civilization through the Dark Ages, ranging from Western Europe to the Caspian Sea including the cultures of Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Near East. Antebellum Era (1820-1850) Painting, prints, works on paper. This movement refers to American art created before and leading up to the Civil War. Applied art Applied art refers art designed for functional purposes, but also maintains aesthetic attributes. It could also be called "decorative art" or "design." Appropriation The act of borrowing imagery or forms to create something new. Aquatint A print produced by the same technique as an etching, except that the areas between the etched lines are covered with a powdered resin that protects the surface from the biting process of the acid bath. The granular appearance that results in the print aims at approximating the effects and gray tonalities of a watercolor drawing. Archival Broadly used to describe materials that have the least harmful effects on the art being framed or stored and thus preserving such pieces for the longest period of time. Art A form of human activity created primarily as an aesthetic expression, especially, but not limited to drawing, painting and sculpture. Art Brut (c. 1950) Painting, prints, works on paper, sculpture. Invented by Jean Dubuffet, Art Brut was created as "raw" art by individuals who existed completely outside of society and the world of art schools, galleries and museums. Art Deco (1920-1939) Refers to the movement characterized by the use of bold materials, patterns and designs. Art Deco took characteristics from many previous movements and influenced a wide variety of media. Art for Art’s Sake This phrase describes the type of art created for no moral or social reasons, but purely for aesthetic pleasure. Art Nouveau (1880-1914) Painting, prints, works on paper, sculpture. This movement pervaded a variety of mediums, but was most prominent in architecture and design. Distinctive by an organic, asymmetrical, decorative style, Art Nouveau can be characterized by flowing lines, shapes and forms. Arte Povera (1960s-1970s) Painting, works on paper, sculpture. This term refers to the Italian art movement in which artists worked outside of the traditional art-making mediums. Instead, they used materials which could be acquired for free or very inexpensively. It literally means "poor art" but, in actuality, it does not denote an impoverished art, but an art made without boundaries. Artisan A skillful craftsman. One skilled in an applied art. Artist’s Proof Historically, it was a print retained by the artist for his/her own use or sale. It may bear the designation A/P. Artist's Proof An Artist's Proof is one outside the regular edition, but printed at the same time or after the regular edition from the same plates without changes. By custom, the artist retains the A/Ps for his personal use or sale. Typically, 10% of the edition total is designated as A/P, or in the case of a small edition, five graphics are usually so designated. Ashcan School (1910s) Painting, works on paper. This movement is characterized by depicting scenes of daily life in poor neighborhoods. It became prominent in the early 20th century in the United States. Notable artists associated with this movement include Robert Henri, Arthur B. Davies, Maurice Prendergast, Ernest Lawson, William Glackens, Everett Shinn, John French Sloan, and George Luks. Atelier French term for "printer's workshop." Autochrome Autochrome refers to the color “screen-plate” process developed by the Lumiere brothers in 1903. It was the principal color photography process until it was replaced by color film in the mid-1930s. Avant-Garde A group active in the invention and application of new ideas and techniques in an original or experimental way. A group of practitioners and/or advocates of a new art form may also be called avant-garde. Some avant-garde works are intended to shock those who are accustomed to traditional, established styles.
back to top
Background Within the space of a work of art, the background is the area of the image farthest from the picture plane. The opposite of background is foreground. Barbizon School (1830s-1870s) Painting, prints, works on paper. The Barbizon School included a group of French painters who believed in realism in art as opposed to the Romantic Movement during the mid-19th century. Baroque (1620-1715) Painting, prints, works on paper, sculpture. In the visual arts, Baroque was a period dominated by exaggeration and detail. Artists such as Peter Paul Rubens, Caravaggio, and Cortona are known for their dramatic works associated with this movement. Bauhaus (1919-1933) Refers to the art and architecture school in Germany that operated in the early 1900s, and had a profound influence on art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, industrial design and typography. The Bauhaus style, pioneered by modern architect Walter Gropius, became one of the most well-known currents in Modernist architecture. Bay Area Figuration (1950s-present) This mid-20th century movement embodied a group of artists from the San Francisco Bay Area who deserted Abstract Expressionism and instead turned to figuration in art. Biological Degradation Any interruption in the original material due to current or previous biological infestation or insect damage, such as holes or remaining dust-like material. Binary Colors Colors made by the mixing of two hues. Examples are orange, green, and purple. Bleed Pigments that run into an adjoining area or up through coats of paint, usually undesirably (see bleeding through and bleed-proof). A fuzziness or spreading at the edges of a painted area. And, in the graphic arts, to extend the edge of a printed area, leaving no margin at one or more edges of a page. This is done by printing an extra 1/8 inch of image area, to be trimmed later. Bleed Marks Lines at the corners of a piece of artwork to be reproduced. The extending area — the bleed (typically 1/8 inch) — can be seen outside of the bleed marks. Block Printing Printing methods in which a block of wood, linoleum or some other material's surface is carved so that an image can be printed from it — uncarved areas receiving ink which transfers to another surface when the block is pressed against it. Also known as relief printing. Bloom Occurs when moisture penetrates a varnished surface, causing cloudy areas to appear. Bon a Tirer (B.A.T.) When the artist is satisfied with the graphic from the finished plate, he works with his printer to pull one perfect graphic and it is marked "Bon a Tirer," meaning "good to pull." The printer then compares each graphic in the edition with the BAT before submitting the graphic to the artist for approval and signature. There is typically one BAT which becomes the property of the printer or workshop printing the edition. Brass Brass is an alloy of zinc and copper. BritArt (1992-present) Refers to the group of young artists based in the United Kingdom. They received their name from the Saatchi Gallery exhibitions starting in 1992 which originally brought them to fame. Broken / Separated Element A broken element is part of an item that has been fractured into two or more parts. A separated element is part of an item that has been become disconnected. Bronze An alloy of copper and tin, sometimes containing small proportions of other elements such as zinc or phosphorus. It is stronger, harder, and more durable than brass, and has been used most extensively since antiquity for cast sculpture. Bronze alloys vary in color from a silvery hue to a rich, coppery red. U.S. standard bronze is composed of 90% copper, 7% tin, and 3% zinc. Byzantine (867-1453) Byzantine refers to the art from the Eastern Roman Empire. The majority of these works have a religious context and are characterized by strong colors and figures.
back to top
California Style (1920s-1950s) Painting, works on paper. This term refers to the artistic movement in California. Artists of the California style were impacted by earlier modern movements and adapted those influences into their own style. Calligraphy The art of highly ornamental handwriting. Calotype A calotype is a photomechanical method for reproducing photographic images. While it is no longer practiced as a commercial process, it was considered the height of fine art photography beginning in the 1970s. Canvas (1) A heavy woven fabric usually of cotton or linen, used as a support for a painting. The surface is prepared for painting by applying gesso or rabbit skin glue. (2) Interlocked or woven fibers used as the ground material for needle art. Canvas Relined When the original canvas of a painting has been damaged or weakened, the piece is removed from its stretchers, backed in linen or canvas, and placed on its original stretchers or on new ones. Canvas Re-stretched When the original canvas of a painting has been tightened on its original stretchers, or taken off of its original stretchers and placed on new ones. Carbon Print First produced in 1864 by Joseph Wilson Swan, a carbon print is a photographic print created by immersing a carbon tissue in a solution of potassium bichromate, carbon, gelatin and a coloring agent. Cast Plaster, Concrete, or Plastic Resin Plaster or concrete can also be cast using single waste or multiple piece molds. The final product lacks the aesthetic quality that most metals acquire after casting. Therefore, plaster, plastic or concrete sculptures are typically painted to give the appearance of metal or stone. C-Print Developed in 1930, the c-print is the most universal type of color photograph, created using at least three emulsion layers of light sensitive silver salts. Each layer is sensitized to a specific primary color. As a result, each layer records different information for the color make up of an image. Centrifugal Casting A type of non-expendable mold casting, centrifugal casting is gravity and pressure-independent. In this method, molten metal is poured into the cavity of a spinning chamber. Ceramics The art making of objects of clay and firing them in a kiln. Wares of earthenware and porcelain, as well as sculpture are made by ceramists. Enamel is also a ceramic technique. Ceramic materials may be decorated with slip, engobe, or glaze, applied by a number of techniques, including resist, mishima, and sanggam. Pots made be made by the coil, slab, or some other manual technique, or on a potter's wheel. Ceramic Shell Mold This is a casting process which involves a sand and resin mold making mixture, which takes weeks to produce a final sculpture. There are at least a dozen stages in the shell mold process. Certificate of Authenticity Certifies the authenticity of an individual piece in an edition and states the current market value. Chalk pastels The most widely used form of pastel, soft chalk pastels are brightly-colored and easily blended. Charcoal Charcoal refers to the drawing utensil employed by artists as a medium for sketches, finished works, and under-drawings for paintings. The black and crumbly nature of charcoal produces a freer and less dense line than graphite. Check A partial split in the woods grain. Occurs when there is uneven shrinkage, which most commonly extends across the rings of annual growth. These lengthwise separations usually result from stress due to air or kiln-drying. Chiaroscuro (Ke-ära-skooro) In drawing, painting, and the graphic arts, the rendering of forms through a balanced contrast between light and dark areas. The technique which was introduced during the Renaissance, is effective in creating an illusion of depth and space around the principal figures in a composition. Leonardo Da Vinci and Rembrandt were painters who excelled in the use of this technique. Chine Colle A chine colle print is created by affixing layers of thinner sheets of paper to a heavier sheet, and then making an intaglio impression. The thinner top sheets take the impression much more easily than a heavier paper, creating a sense of depth in the printed image, both physically and visually. Chinoiserie Western interpretations of Chinese fine and decorative, art in a variety of media. Chromogenic A color photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed, and then later replaced with a colored dye image. Chromolithography This term refers to any lithograph which is printed in color. A chromolithograph requires a separate printing for each color. Cibachrome A color photograph based on the silver dye-bleach system. The necessary colors (azo dyes) are built into the emulsion layers. These colors are bleached out where not needed during developing. Azo dyes produce more brilliant colors and have greater stability and resistance to light than any other current process. Ilford has renamed its process Ilfochrome. Civil War/Reconstruction (1850-1877) The group of artists who depicted the American Civil War and Reconstruction periods in their work. Notable artists include Conrad Wise Chapman, Winslow Homer, James Hope, Thomas Nast, and William Aiken Walker. Cloisonne A process involving the affixing wires to a metal surface to form a design, and then filling those areas with different colored enamels. COBRA (1948-1951) The European avant-garde movement active from 1948-1951 was the name created from the initials of the members’ home cities of Copenhagen (Co), Brussels (Br), and Amsterdam (A). They had an expressive style which focused on social and political issues. Collaboration A working arrangement between an artist and another person, group or institution. Present throughout art history, collaborations are considered unusual today when artists tend to be valued for their individual voice and contribution to society. SOme artists even form long-term working partnerships with other artists- these are seen as distinct from collaborations which are often temporary. Collage Artwork created by securing pieces of paper, fabric or other materials onto a substrate. The word collage derives from the French, coller, which means to glue. Though basically two-dimensional, it may have a sculptural effect. Collodion Negative A collodion negative is produced by the colorless, high quality duplication process developed by Frederick Scott Archer and Gustave Le Gray in 1850. Colonial Period (1600-1763) Art during the Colonial Period in North America did not possess the high quality of other arts at this time. The 17th century painters were naive and unknown, but often created charming landscapes and portraits. Color (1) Used to refer to perceived qualities that result from the response of vision to the wavelength of reflected or transmitted light. (2) Describes images that have hues, as opposed to black, white and gray tones only and the processes used to make them. Color Field Painting (Late 1950s-1960s) An off-shoot style of Abstract Expressionism distinguished by areas of flat single colors. They differed from the Abstract Expressionists in that they eliminated the personal subject matter and gestural paint application associated with the previous movement. Some of the color field painters included Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman and Clyfford Still. Color Wheel A spectrum of colors placed in a circle including the three primary colors: red, yellow and blue, and the secondary colors: orange, green and purple. Colors opposite each other on the wheel are complementary colors. Colored Pencil Colored pencils are hand-held writing or drawing instruments typically used to create designs on paper. Complementary Color Complementary colors are the primary and secondary colors opposite each other on the color wheel. For example, red and green, blue and orange, and yellow and purple are all complementary colors. Composite Composite materials are made from two or more substances with significantly different properties. Conceptual Art (1960s-1970s) Art created primarily for the ideas and concepts involved instead of aesthetic pleasure. Conservation (preservation) In framing, it is the careful maintenance and protection of works of art. In conservation (preservation) framing, using materials and procedures that will have no adverse effects on a piece of artwork and will protect the artwork from external damage. Constructivism (1913-1930) The branch of abstract art founded in Russia. The constructivist members believed that art should directly reflect the industrial world. Therefore, the movement dismissed "pure" art in favor of art as an instrument for socialist society. Contemporary (1945-Present) Contemporary art, or works created post-World War II, is recognized as one of the most creative periods in art history. Media includes paintings, works on paper, photographs, sculptures, video & sound art and installation. Contemporary Realism (1960s) This term refers to the post-abstract movement which focused on a straightforward and realistic approach to art. Notable artists of this period include William Bailey, Neil Welliver and Philip Pearlstein. Continuous Casting A non-expendable casting method, continuous casting is used for high-volume production of metal sections. In this technique, the cast shape is continuously withdrawn through the bottom of the mold so that the specific dimensions of the mold do not determine the length of the sculpture. Contour This term refers to the outline defining a specific form. Contrapposto This phrase refers to a specific stance where the human body has a weight shift borne on one leg. Copper Copper is a reddish-brown metal. Copper surfaces are often finished with patina which can range from brown to green. Copyright Exclusive rights to reproduce, sell and distribute a work, prepare derivative works and display the work publicly. Corrosion / Pitting Corrosion is a chemical reaction between a material (usually metal) and its environment, which produces a deterioration of the materials properties. In some instances, corrosion can occur in a small or confined area in the form of pits on a metal surface. Pitting is an extreme, concentrated attack on a material which may take months, or even years, to become visible. Crackle The network of fissures or cracks in a finish layer such as varnish, lacquer, or shellac, due to age degradation, expansion and contraction from climate changes, and other causes. Crazing In ceramics, a mismatch in the thermal expansion between the glaze of an item and its physical body often causes small hairline cracks of the glazed surface, which can potentially compromise the pieces structural integrity. Craquelure A network of fine cracks on a paintings surface, typically due to elemental expansion, contraction , and age. Crayon Crayons are sticks of colored wax used for writing and drawing. Creases Occur when a material has been folded or bent, creating a line or ridge on the surface without breaking or tearing. Critique A critical review or commentary, especially one dealing with works of art or literature. In art, a critique is the act of reviewing or critically discussing a work of art. In addition, a work of art itself can criticize a specific idea or express a critical idea or opinion. Cubism Early 20th century: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque invented Cubism between 1907 and 1914 and, in the process, threw out the painting 'rulebook'. They were chiefly inspired by the French Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne, who once said that "nature should be treated as cylinders and cones". Picasso and Braque created pictures with fractured perspective that didn't imitate nature. Cyanotype Cyanotype is an older printing method which uses a monochrome photographic process to produce a cyan-blue print.
back to top
Dada (1916-1924) A cultural movement that began in Switzerland during World War I. Encompassing all of the arts and concentrating on anti-war statements, the Dada movement aimed to destroy the traditional values in art. Its leading artists included Duchamp, Picabia and Schwitters, and it formed the base for Surrealism. Daguerreotype The Daguerreotype was the first commercial photographic process. Named for Louis-Jacques Monde Daguerre, it is a positive print on a light-sensitive copper plate. Deckle Edge Deckle edges are irregular and ragged edges on hand-made paper. Decorative Art Arts traditionally defined as ornamental or functional such as furniture and ceramics. Decoupage Art produced by decorating a surface with cutouts and then coating it with several layers of varnish or lacquer. Design The selection and arrangement of the formal elements in a work of art; the expression of the artist’s conception in terms of a composition. Der Blaue Reiter (1911-1914) The movement organized by Vasily Kandinsky in Munich, Germany. Der Blaue Reiter, "The Blue Rider," consisted of a group of nine artists who shared an interest in the power of color. Deterioration Any reduction of quality, use or aesthetics due to physical impairment. Die Brucke (1905-1913) This term refers to the German Expressionist counterpart of Fauvism. Die Brucke artists believed in the bridge between modernity and barbarism and depicted this irony with bright, raw colors. Die Casting In this non-expendable casting method, molten metals are forced into steel molds, or dies. Digital Print Digital photography refers to electronically captured images composed of digital values, or pixels. Iris prints, giclee prints, and digital archival prints are three examples of popular digital printing methods. Diptych (1) A set of two prints making one complete image. (2) An ancient writing tablet consisting of two pieces of wood or ivory hinged together, with the inner sides waxed for writing on with a stylus. Dry Brushing Technique used in paintings using more pigment then water. Drypoint Often used in combination with engraving or etching techniques, lines are scratched or gouged onto a metal plate creating a burr. The raised burr is quite pronounced and is not eliminated when printing, resulting in a heavier line than with engraving alone. Dutch School (1600-1670) Artists of the Dutch School focused on portraying their national pride through genre scenes, portraits, still life, landscapes, townscapes, and seascapes. Unlike the other movements of the 17th century, the Dutch school artists had more freedom and flexibility in what they created. Dye Destruction Print Dye destruction prints are characterized by their vibrant color. These prints are created using three emulsion layers, each one specifically sensitized to a different primary color and containing a dye relevant to that color. During the process, different information is recorded from each layer creating the final image in which three layers are perceived as one. Dye Transfer This is one of the most permanent color processes. This method gives maximum control of color, balance and contrast for color prints or transparencies. Dye Transfer Print Dye transfer prints are created from three separate negatives by photographing the original negative through red, green, and blue filters. The result is a richly colored image on gelatin-coated paper.
back to top
Early Republic (1790-1820) Art created during the Early Republic in North America. The majority of these works were landscapes and genre scenes. Earthworks / Land Art (1960s-1980s) In the late 1960s and 1970s, sculptors began to take art back to nature. They worked outdoors using what they found to fashion earthworks and land art. Leading artists in the Land Art movement include Robert Smithson, Richard Long, Michael Heizer and Dennis Oppenheim. Ecole de Paris (1910-1950) The Ecole de Paris was a group unified in their rebelliousness against academism. Unlike the majority of schools at the time, they did not adhere to a specific style and technique. Embossing Embossing is the process of creating an impression of an image that results in a raised surface. This can be done alone (blind embossing) or over an already printed image. Emerging Artists Young artists with specialized training in his or her field. They are at an early stage in his or her career with a modest independent body of work, but lack the exposure of an artist with a more mature career. Emulsion A photosensitive coating, usually of silver halide grains in a thin gelatin layer, on photographic film, paper, or glass. Enamel Enamel is colored glass bonded to a metal surface by firing. Enamel paint air dries to a hard, usually glossy, finish. Typically the term "enamel paint" is used to describe oil-based covering products, usually with a significant amount of gloss in them, however recently many latex or water-based paints have adopted the term as well. The term today means "hard surfaced paint" and usually is in reference to paint brands of higher quality, floor coatings of a high gloss finish, or spray paints. Encaustic The process of painting by mixing dry pigments with molten wax and varying amounts of Damar varnish. Hot wax painting is easily manipulated, resulting in a variety of textures and color combinations. Engraving Lines cut into a plate by hand with a steel burin or graver; no acid is used. The metal which is displaced in cutting is smoothed with a scraper which results in crisp, meticulous lines. Then the entire plate is thoroughly inked, with care taken to force the ink down into all of the lines, completely filling them. The surface is wiped clean, leaving the incised lines filled. A press is used to transfer the image onto paper. En grisaille En grisaille denotes an entirely gray monochromatic composition. Etching A printing process. A metal plate is covered with an acid-resisting ground. The design is scratched through this ground, exposing the metal beneath. The plate is then immersed in an acid bath, causing the scratched or exposed areas to be eaten away. The plate is wiped clean, inked and the higher surfaces cleaned again, allowing the ink to remain in the incised areas. A press is then used to transfer the image onto paper. Ephemeral The suggestion that something is short-lived or endures for only a very short time. In visual art, performance art or environmental art viewed outdoors is often created with the understanding that i will be viewed for a finite amount of time. Expendable Mold Casting Expendable mold casting includes most methods which use mold making materials such as sand, shell, plaster and investment. A characteristic of these methods is their use of temporary, non-reusable molds. Expressionism (1905-1925) The movement which manipulates the visual elements of an image to convey intense subjective feelings. In expressionist art, color is highly intense, brushwork is free and application of paint is heavy and textured. Expressionism presents the world under an utterly subjective perspective, violently distorting it to obtain an emotional effect and vividly transmit personal moods and ideas. Expressionist artists sought to express the emotional experience of being alive rather than its physical reality.
back to top
Fashion Photography This term refers to the genre of photography entirely devoted to recording clothing and other fashion objects. Fading / Bleaching Loss of brightness and/or brilliance of color. Occurs when excessive ultra-violet light exposure causes the surface of the piece to become discolored and loose brilliance. Fauvism (1905-1908) This term refers to the movement identified by its high energy and brilliant colors which conveyed an intense visual experience. Originating in France, around 1905, Henri Mattise and his followers combined bold primary colors with dynamic brushwork, winning the label of Fauves, or "Wild Beasts." Fauvism is often seen as a combination of the Post-Impressionism of Van Gogh and the Neo-Impressionism of Seurat. Figure drawing Figure drawing is a type of drawing that depicts the human form. Figure painting Figure painting is a type of painting that depicts the human form. Figure-ground relationship This phrase refers to the way objects and figures are related within the picture plane. Fine Art The term fine art describes an art form developed primarily for aesthetics and/or concept rather than utility. Today, the fine arts commonly include visual and performing art forms, such as painting, sculpture, music, dance, theatre, architecture, photography and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums fine art, and frequently the term fine arts (pl.) as well, are associated exclusively with the visual art forms. Art is often a synonym for fine art in this sense, as employed in the term "art gallery". Historically, the fine arts were limited to painting, sculpture, architecture and engraving. Fluxus (1960s) Fluxus, literally meaning “to flow,” refers to the movement during the 1960s which combined a variety of techniques and media in the visual arts, music, literature, and design. Focal point The focal point of an image is the area in a composition to which the eye returns most naturally. Folio This term refers to a large sheet of paper that becomes four separate pieces of a book when folded and cut. Folk Art Folk art refers to regional handicrafts, ornamental works and fine art produced by people with no formal art training. Found Object This term refers to objects found by an artist in his or her environment and presented as a work of art completely unaltered or combined and/or modified to create a final piece. Foreground The foreground is the area that is closest to the picture plane in a two-dimensional work of art. Foreshortening The diminishing of certain dimensions of an object or figure in order to depict it in a correct spatial relationship. In realistic depiction, foreshortening is necessary because although lines and planes that are perpendicular to the observer's line of vision (central visual ray), and the extremities of which are equidistant from the eye, will be seen at their full size, when they are revolved away from the observer they will seem increasingly shorter. Thus for example, a figure's arm outstretched toward the observer must be foreshortened--the dimension of lines, contours and angles adjusted--in order that it not appear hugely out of proportion. The term foreshortening is applied to the depiction of a single object, figure or part of an object or figure, whereas the term perspective refers to the depiction of an entire scene. Formalism Formalism is the analysis and writing of artistic form and the use of formal elements rather than content. Formline This term refers specifically to Native American art where a line defines a specific space or form. Found Object Sculpture Found object sculpture incorporates natural and/or man-made objects that are not typically considered art in and of themselves, but when combined by an artist, the result acquires aesthetic value. Foxing Reddish-brown mold spots that appear on paper and textiles due to water exposure or high levels of humidity. Fresco A painting technique, perfected at the time of the Renaissance, in which pigments suspended in water are applied to a damp plaster surface. As the pigments dry, they become a part of the plaster or wall surface. Frontispiece This term refers to an illustration directly opposite or preceding the title page of a book. Frieze A frieze is the middle element of an entablature between the architrave and the cornice. The frieze is typically decorated with sculpture, painting or moldings. Futurism (1909-1918) The Italian movement influenced by Cubism in the early 1900s. Futurism attacked everything that was old and promoted the modern world of industry and technology. The leading artists of this movement included Balla, Boccioni and Severini.
back to top
Geometric Abstract Art (20th Century) Geometric Abstract Art refers to the form of abstract art based on the use of simple geometric forms. Kandinsky was the forerunner of this non-objective painting style. Other followers include Kasimir, Malevish, and Piet Mondrian. Genre Genre refers to a type or category of artistic form, subject, technique, style or medium. Genre Scene A genre scene can be found in paintings, prints or works on paper, and depicts scenes from everyday life, domestic interiors, parties, inn scenes and street scenes. German Expressionism (Early 20th century) German Expressionism encompasses the Die Brucke and Der Blaue Reiter movements in Germany. Gesso Gesso is made from glue, gypsum and/or chalk forming the ground layer of wood paneling or the priming layer of canvas. Gesturalism This very expressive type of painting is identifiable because each line signifies the artist's physical gesture and emotion at the moment the paint was applied to the painting’s surface. Gicleé (gee-clay) A French term meaning "spraying of ink." Printing is directly from information obtained from the original painting, Iris Printers spray microscopic drops of color on to a fine art paper or canvas. Displaying the full color spectrum, these artworks have vibrant, brilliant colors and a velvety texture. This gives the finished product the look and texture of an original painting. Gilded Age (1877-1900) The Gilded Age took place during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras in the United States. During this period, Americans saw extraordinary growth. Artists such as John Singer Sargent, Winslow Homer, Childe Hassam, Augustus Saint-Gaudens and Albert Pinkham Ryder created some of the most celebrated works of this time. Gilding Gilding is the application of gold leaf or gold pigment for decorative purposes. Glazing Glazing refers to the outermost layer found on ceramics that protect them from water and give them a decorative quality. Glass Glass refers to a uniform amorphous solid material created from the rapid cooling of molten materials. Gold Leaf A very thin sheet of beaten gold used in gilding. Also referred to as "loose leaf." Gold leaf is available in 12-23 karat gold. Each leaf is cut to a standard 3 3/8 inches square and has a thickness of approximately 1/300,000 of an inch. Gold leaf is packaged in books of 25 leaves, each leaf separated by tissue paper. A pack or box of gold leaf contains 20 books, for a total of 500 leaves. Gothic (1100-1600) Gothic art refers to the medieval movement found in a variety of mediums ranging from architecture, sculpture, panel painting, stained glass and manuscripts. Often, gothic works told both Christian and secular narratives through imagery. Gouache Painting medium similar to watercolor characterized by pigments suspended in water. However, due to the presence of chalk, gouache produces a heavier and more opaque image than watercolor. Graffiti (1980s-present) Refers to the movement founded during the 1980s where graffiti art, or images and letters usually spray-painted on property, became an art form worthy of display in galleries and exhibitions. Graphic Art drawing, painting or printmaking Graphite Graphite is a medium known for its greasy texture and metallic gray color which can be easily removed with an eraser. Ground line Ground line is the baseline that denotes the plane in which a figure stands in a work of art.
back to top
Hard-edge Painting (Late 1950s) Hard-edge painting refers to the movement consisting of rough, straight edges that were geometrically consistent. It is characterized by rich solid colors, neat surfaces and a collection of multiple forms on the canvas. It is often associated with Geometric Abstraction, Post-Painterly Abstraction and Color Field Painting. Harlem Renaissance (1920s-1930s) The Harlem Renaissance was a time of flourishing art, literature and drama during the 1920s and 1930s, in which African American novelists, poets and painters produced works focusing on their own culture instead of European and white American society. While the movement was centered in Harlem, New York City, it affected many urban centers throughout the United States. High relief High relief is a type of sculpture in which the design is carved deeply enough suggesting that the parts are detached from the background. History/historical Painting A historical painting is directly based on historical, mythological or biblical references. It is considered one of the noblest forms of art and conveys an intellectual idea in an extravagant manner. Hors Commerce (H.C.) Hors Commerce (Not for Trade) traditionally were the graphics pulled with the regular edition, but were marked by the artist for business use only. These graphics were used for entering exhibitions and competitions, but today, these graphics generally are allowed into distribution through regular channels. Hue Hue refers to pure color. Hudson River School (1825-1875) Refers to a group of American painters during the mid-19th century who demonstrated a common belief and outlook on life. Their inspiration was rooted in aesthetics and romanticism as seen through their depiction of landscapes in the Hudson River Valley, Catskill Mountains, Adirondack Mountains and White Mountains of New York and New England.
back to top
Icon Icons are any material representation of a sacred figure or event. Iconoclasm This term refers to the banning or destruction of icons and religious art. Iconography This term refers to the study and interpretation of the subject matter of art. Illustration Board A sheet of cardboard with a sheet of drawing paper mounted on one side. Illustration boards are mostly used by commercial artists Image (1) The printed or colored portion of a print. (2) A physical likeness or representation of a person, animal or thing; photographed, painted, sculpted or otherwise made visible. Impasto Paint applied in outstanding heavy layers or strokes; also, any thickness or roughness of paint or deep brush marks, as distinguished from a flat, smooth surface. Impressionism (1874-1876) Impressionism is the term applied to an art movement in France during the late 19th century that focused on landscapes and scenes of everyday life. The movement was very anti-academic in style, and often disobeyed the traditional rules of the Salon. It can be identified by their treatment of light, color, and brushwork. Leading artists of this movement included Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Degas and Manet, among others. Incising Incising is a technique in which a design is cut into a hard surface using a sharp tool. Indentations Any chip, dent, gouge, tear, abrasion, or loss occurring from force. Ink / Wash Also known as East Asian brush painting, ink/wash painting was developed in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Artists typically grind their own ink by combining water with densely packed ink sticks on a grinding stone. Ink and wash paintings require a highly skilled artist since brushstrokes cannot be erased. Inlay Inlay refers to the process of setting materials into the surface of an object composed of a different material. Inpainting Application of paint to re-establish an items visual continuity. Can be used to replace paint loss or disguise craquelure. Instaining Application of stain, typically to a wooden surface, in the area of a loss to re-establish an items visual continuity. Installation This term refers to a type of mixed media artwork which typically occupies a large portion, an entire room, or gallery space. Intaglio Methods Intaglio includes the engraving, etching and drypoint methods of printmaking, and is produced via cuts made in a metal surface. These incised areas are then filled with ink and rolled through a press, thus transferring an image to paper. All intaglio prints have platemarks. International Gothic At the end of the Middle Ages, artists painted more natural images that were less stiff and two-dimensional. Artists include: Gentile de Fabriano, André Beauneveu and Bernardo Martorell. Investment or Lost-Wax Casting Investment casting, or the lost-wax process, is one of the oldest metal-forming methods. It is often an expensive process, but the intricate details and contours of the cast are well worth it. In this process, a wax original is enclosed in an outer mold. The wax is then melted and evacuated from the mold under high temperatures, and the resulting voids are filled with metal, producing the final sculpture. Iron Iron is a heavy, ductile, and magnetic metal, which is often used in sculpture. Islamic Art Islamic art includes arts produced from the 7th century to present time by people who have lived in territories inhabited by culturally Islamic populations. It encompasses a variety of media including architecture, calligraphy, painting, ceramics, metalwork, woodwork, glass and jewelry from all over the Islamic world.
back to top
Japonisme This term refers to the influence of Japan on European art, especially during the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist movements. Juxtaposition The state or position of being placed close together or side-by-side, so as to permit comparison or contrast. Visual artists often use juxtaposition to reference existing images or ideas, but suggest new meanings.
back to top
Late Additions When an artist authorizes a print re-strike with or without changes to the original plate. Linear Describing a quality related to the use of line in painting or sculpture; can refer to directional movement in composition, or the actual use of the element of line in the image or sculpture, as contrasted with the use of mass or shape forms. Linocut The linocut is a 20th century variation on the woodcut. It is created in the same manner, except that a piece of linoleum, which is soft and pliable, is used instead of wood. Lithography In the graphic arts, a method of printing from a prepared flat stone, metal or plastic plate, invented in the late eighteenth century. A drawing is made on the stone or plate with a greasy crayon or tusche, and then washed with water. When ink is applied it sticks to the greasy drawing but runs off (or is resisted by) the wet surface allowing a print - a lithograph - to be made of the drawing. The artist, or other print maker under the artist's supervision, then covers the plate with a sheet of paper and runs both through a press under light pressure. For color lithography separate drawings are made for each color. Local Color The actual color of a form or object, uninfluenced by the effects of light or reflected color. For instance, a vase may be turquoise (the local color), but appear pale blue because of sunlight hitting it in certain places; dark blue because of areas in shadow; and many subtle color shades in certain areas because of reflected light from surrounding surfaces. Low relief Low relief is a type of sculpture in which the figures project less than half their true depth from the background. Latin-American Artists Latin-American art covers nearly 500 years of artwork ranging from the Colonial period through the 21st century. Some prominent Latin-American artists include Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, Matta, Wifredo Lam, Emiliano Di Cavalcanti, Fernando Botero, Claudio Bravo, Joaquin Torres-Garcia and Rufino Tamayo. Les Nabis (1891-1899) Refers to the group formed as an offshoot of Symbolism. The artists saw themselves as initiators of art as found in the soul of the artist. They believed that a painting should be balanced and, as a result, single colors and patterns were separated by strong contours. Members of this movement included Paul Serusier, Pierre Bonnard, and Edouard Vuillard. Limited Edition The issue of something collectible, such as prints, limited to a certain quantity of numbered copies. The first number indicates the number of the piece; the second number indicates the total quantity of the edition, e.g., 135/250. Lithograph A generic term used to designate a print made by a planographic process, such as an original lithograph done on a lithographic stone or a commercial print made by a photo-mechanical process Lithography The traditional planographic printing method which involves drawing or painting with greasy crayons or inks on a limestone block. The surface is then moistened with water. An oily ink is applied to the stone and adheres only to the drawing. The ink is repelled by the water which has soaked into the areas around the drawing. The print is pulled by pressing paper against the inked drawing, using a press. Variations of the technique are widely used in commercial reproductions. Lyrical A quality applied to various art forms (poetry, prose, visual art, dance and music), referring to a certain ethereal, musical, expressive, or poetic quality of artistic expression. Although difficult to define, when a visual work of art is described as having a lyrical quality, it means that it possesses a certain spiritual or emotional quality; perhaps the color relationships may be said to "sing"; or the linear quality of directional movement may be of a sensitive and expressive nature; or the work expresses a particularly profound, passionate or tender sentiment, perhaps related to romanticism or other lofty expression. Lyrical Abstraction (1960s-1970s) After World War II, artists in Europe believed that it was their duty to develop a new concept of humankind. This distinctive approach to painting became known as Lyrical Abstraction, or "art informal," and returned to the origins of art expressed through a simplistic manner.
back to top
Magenta A printer’s name for red, in the four-color additive printing system which includes cyan, yellow and black. Magic Realism (1943-1950s) This term refers to the genre in which artists depicted extreme realism in the most ordinary subject matter. Also, magic realism is often associated with the post-expressionist movement. Manifesto In art, a public declaration or exposition in print of the theories and directions of a movement. The manifestos issued by various individual artists or groups of artists, in the first half of the twentieth century served to reveal their motivations and stimulated support for or reactions against them. Mannerism (1520-1600) Refers to the style developed during the 16th century, characterized by its focus on space and light, dramatic use of color and distorted space and perspective. It began around the end of the High Renaissance and lasted until the arrival of Baroque in 1600. Mannerist Mannerist art can be identified by elongated forms, unusual colors and lighting, and irrational spatial relationships. Mat Board A multi-ply board usually comprised of a core, adhesive, facing and backing paper. Commonly four-ply, but available in other thicknesses. May be rag board or made of wood fiber. The surface paper comes in a wide variety of colors. In framing, used to make the window mat and as a mounting board for artwork. Maquette In sculpture, a small model in wax or clay, made as a preliminary sketch, presented to a client for his approval of the proposed work, or entered in a competition for a prize or scholarship. The Italian equivalent of the term is bozzetto, meaning small sketch. Medieval (476-1453) Medieval art covers over 1000 years of art history through Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It covered a variety of media and included many major art movements such as Early Christian Art, Celtic Art, Pre-Romanesque art and Carolingian art, among others. Medium (1) The specific tool and material used by an artist, e.g., brush and oil paint, chisel and stone. (2) The mode of expression employed by an artist, e.g., painting, sculpture, the graphic arts. (3) A liquid that may be added to a paint to increase its manipulability without decreasing its adhesive, binding or film-forming properties. Memorabilia Collection of objects that have a sentimental value. Metaphysical (1917-1920) Refers to the art movement created by Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carra. Painters focused on a realist approach to dream-like views of Italian cityscapes. It also helped paved the way for the development of Dada and Surrealism. Mezzotint In this method of printmaking the artist creates a dark base on a metal plate using a cutting instrument called a "rocker." Then, using a scraper, the artist burnishes the plate in the areas in which he desires to achieve a lighter color. Finally, the artist inks the plate and rolls it through a press topped with a piece of paper to create the final image. Mid-Century and Contemporary Design Functional and ornamental pieces specifically from the middle of the 20th century to date, such as furniture and ceramics - typically designer signed. Militaria Refers to artifacts or replicas of military items which are collected for their historical significance such as helmets, uniforms, armour, coins or awards. Miniature A miniature is a detailed painting or drawing completed on a very small scale. Minimalism (1960s-1970s) The simplicity found in the use of basic shapes to create an image of great beauty. Minimalism was mostly three-dimensional, but Frank Stella’s paintings were a hallmark of this movement. Other important minimalists include Andre, Flavin, Judd, Lewitt, Morris and Serra. Mint Condition Describes artwork which is in the same condition as it was when originally finished, printed, etc. Taken from coinage, in the same condition as it was when it was minted Mirror Hanger A heavy duty hanging device attached to the back of a frame with screws, characterized by having a holding ring at the top through which a thin, narrow metal strip has been passed and folded in half. Missing Element Part of an item that has been lost. Mixed Media Painting A mixed media painting employs multiple media to create a final piece. For example, a work on canvas that combines paint, ink, and collage is considered a mixed media painting. Mixed Media Sculpture A mixed media sculpture employs multiple media to create a final piece. For example, the artist might have utilized both wood and metal to create the final product. Mixed Media Work on Paper A mixed media work on paper employs multiple media to create a final piece. Mixed Method Engraving This is a method of intaglio printmaking, which combines two or more methods. Modern (1880-1945) The term modernism generally refers to new forms of art that are more appropriate to the present time. Modern art has been identified as the succession of art movements by critics since Realism and culminating in abstract art up to 1945. By that time, modernism had become a dominant idea of art and the modernist viewpoint was theorized by the American art critic Clement Greenberg. Monochromatic A painting or drawing of different shades of one color. Monolith A monolith is a sculpture or piece of architecture created from a single block of stone. Monotype or Monoprint The monotype/monoprint incorporates both printmaking and painting, producing a single impression by using pressure to transfer a painted image to paper. Montage A picture made up of various proportions of existing pictures, such as photographs or prints, arranged so they join, overlap, or blend with one another. Mono-Ha (1960s-1970s) The Japanese group of artists working in the 1960s and 1970s, who used both natural and man-made materials in their work. They are best known for actually rearranged materials to achieve a final product instead of creating works from scratch. Monotype A one-of-a-kind print made by painting on a sheet or slab of glass and transferring the still-wet painting to a sheet of paper held firmly on the glass by rubbing the back of the paper with a smooth implement, such as a large hardwood spoon. The painting may also be done on a polished plate, in which case it may be either printed by hand or transferred to paper by running the plate and paper through an etching press. Mosaic A mosaic is a design created by affixing small pieces of color, or tesserae, made of marble, glass or ceramic to a base. Motif This term refers to the subject of a painting or a distinct element found in a work of art. Mural A mural is any type of painting created directly on a wall surface. Museum A building, place or institution devoted to the acquisition, conservation, study, exhibition and educational interpretation of objects having scientific, historical or artistic value. The word Museum is derived from the Latin muses, meaning "a source of inspiration," or "to be absorbed in one's thoughts."
|
History
|
What is the common technical term for the contractive skin of a liquid which resists external force?
|
ABC-CLIO > ODLIS > odlis_P
padded binding
A book with one or more layers of compressible material, such as cotton batting, added to the surface of the board s before the outer covering is applied, to make the binding soft to the touch (see this example ). The style was used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on album s, diaries , volume s of poetry , etc.
padded envelope
A flexible lightweight wrapper with a self- adhesive flap, designed to protect item s such as book s during shipment . Usually made of heavy-duty kraft paper or strong plastic, lined with a thick layer of soft fiber or air bubbles trapped in plastic film, padded envelopes are used extensively in interlibrary loan . Available from library and office supplier s in various sizes, they are reusable if opened carefully. Synonymous with jiffy bag and padded mailer.
page
One side of a leaf in a manuscript , book , periodical , or other printed publication , number ed or unnumbered . The right-hand page in an opening is the recto , the left-hand page the verso . Abbreviated p. and pp. (plural). See also: folio and jump page . Also, a shortened form of the term Web page .
Also refers to a library staff member responsible for delivering materials from closed stacks and assigned the routine task of general stack maintenance ( reshelving , shelf reading , etc.). Also, to call a person by name over a public address system in a large facility , a practice avoided in libraries to minimize distraction.
painted binding
A style of binding in which a design or picture is painted directly on one or both cover s of a book . Because of its light color and smooth surface, vellum was the best covering material for this type of decoration before paper came into widespread use. To see examples, try a search on the keywords "painted and vellum" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings . Click here to see a 16th-century calf binding by Christopher Plantin on which some of the tooled elements are painted in white, gray, black, green, and red ( Koninklijke Bibliotheek ). See also this 14th-century example in tempera on wood and this 18th-century lacquered example on papier-mâche , courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art ).
painted print
A monochromatic engraving , etching , or woodcut to which color is applied after the impression is taken, popular in Europe during the Renaissance and Baroque periods (1450 to 1650). Color was added by a variety of techniques ( stencil , freehand , or a combination of both), sometimes by the printmaker but more often by a painter or trained colorist, or by an artisan in the case of mass-produced print s. Some colorists signed their work. Examples can be seen in the online exhibition Painted Prints: The Revelation of Color ( Baltimore Museum of Art ).
painting
A work of art created by applying paint or pigment (usually by means of a brush, blade, or sponge) to a supporting surface of wood, clay, bone, ivory, glass, stone, plaster, parchment , paper , or fabric (usually canvas or silk). The earliest paintings were made over 30,000 years ago on the stone walls of caves in southern France and northern Spain by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who used brushes and their own breath to apply natural pigments (see this example from Altamira Cave in Spain). See also: miniature .
paleography
From the Greek palaios ("ancient") and graphien ("writing"). The study of early forms of writing, such as the ancient inscription s carved on monuments and the various script s used in classical and medieval manuscript s. A discipline that began with the 15th-century humanists, paleography includes the decipherment of ancient text s and the determination from external characteristics of date and place of origin. Also refers to the study of the origins of the alphabet s and letterform s used in writing the world's language s, including the Latin alphabet. Click here to explore an online exhibition on paleography, courtesy of the Schøyen Collection (Oslo and London). Click here to learn more about the history of writing. The National Archives (UK) provides Palaeography: Reading Old Handwriting, 1500-1800: A Practical Online Tutorial . British spelling is palaeography. Synonymous with diplomatic. See also: diplomatics and Rosetta Stone .
palimpsest
From the Greek palimpsestos, meaning "scraped again." A manuscript written on papyrus , parchment , or vellum on which earlier writings, only partially or imperfectly erased , are still faintly visible. Prior to the introduction of paper , writing material was often reused because it was expensive to produce and usually in short supply. Papyrus could be washed ( lavage ), but parchment and vellum had to be scraped with pumice or some other abrasive substance. A double palimpsest is one that has been erased twice. The new text was often written perpendicular to the former, to reduce, if not eliminate, visual confusion. The study of palimpsests has enabled codicologist s to recover portions of texts and, in some cases, entire work s that would otherwise have been lost . Click here to view an example ( Schøyen Collection , MS 575). The Walters Art Museum provides a Web site on The Archimedes Palimpsest .
palindrome
A word, phrase , number, or other sequence of units that reads the same in either direction, for examples, the word "radar" or the sentence "Too far, Edna, we wander afoot." The Latin palindrome Sator arepo tenet opera rotas ("Arepo the sower holds the wheels at work") can be arranged into a square that reads the same horizontally or vertically:
S A T O R
A R E P O
T E N E T
O P E R A
R O T A S
palladium print
A photograph ic print made on paper sensitized to light with palladium salts, not commercially available after the 1920s. Used as a substitute during World War I when platinum became prohibitively expensive, palladium prints are virtually identical to platinum print s except for a slightly warmer tone. To see examples, try a keywords search on the term in Google Images .
palm-leaf book
Leaves of a palm-like tree, trimmed to uniform size, flattened, and polished for use as a writing surface in India, Tibet, and Southeast Asia. The text was scratched in the surface, then rubbed with dark pigment to make the character s more visible. A "book" was assembled as a series of leaves strung on a rod or cord through holes in the center and/or ends of the leaves, with a slat of wood or bamboo at each end serving as a cover. Click here to see a manuscript written on palm leaves ( Cornell University Library ) and here to see an example in ivory covers ( State Library of South Australia ). See also: bark cloth and olla .
pamphlet
A non serial publication consisting of at least 5 but no more than 48 page s exclusive of cover s, stapled or sewn but not bound , usually enclosed in covers of the same paper as the text (or a slightly heavier grade). Pamphlets were first published in England to disseminate the polemic al writings of 16th-century reformers but are now used mainly for material too ephemeral or too brief (500 to 10,000 words) to be printed in book form. Click here to see a pamphlet guide for travelers to Canada and America via the Canadian Pacific steamship in the early 20th century ( Royal Library of Denmark ). The University of Toronto Libraries provide a digitized collection of pre-1930 Canadian Pamphlets and Broadsides . Synonymous with booklet. Compare with brochure . See also: pamphlet binding and pamphlet file .
pamphlet binding
A self-cover or paper publisher's binding in which the leaves of a periodical or pamphlet are wire-stitched or stapled, rather than sewn or glue d. Also refers to the rebinding of a pamphlet or its enclosure in a specially-made outer binding , usually for purposes of preservation (see this example , courtesy of the Special Collections Library , University of Kentucky).
pamphlet file
A rigid cardboard, plastic, or metal box or frame designed for storing, in an upright position, items such as brochures s, report s, loose issue s of periodical s, and other materials ( unbound or bound in paper cover s), usually with a blank space on the front for a label listing the contents. Click here to see a worn example containing materials in deteriorated condition (Harvard University Library).
pandect
A manuscript of the complete text of the Bible (Old and New Testaments) in a single large volume , used in early monastic houses for reference and for reading aloud from a lectern . A prime example is the Northumbrian Codex Amiatinus of the late 7th century, now in the Laurentian Library in Florence, Italy.
panel
In binding , a square or rectangular compartment on the side of a book cover impressed in the dampened surface and/or enclosed in a border or frame , often stamped with the title or displaying a picture or design. Panel stamps were large tools (cast not engraved ) incorporating an entire design rather than a repeatable motif. On a large book, several panels might be used to decorate the entire area. According to P.J.M. Marks, panels were used in Antwerp as early as the 13th century, sometimes based on woodcut s (The British Library Guide to Bookbinding, University of Toronto Press, 1998). Click here to view a 16th-century example bearing a single blind -stamped panel ( Special Collections , Glasgow University Library, BD2-h.2) and here to see a multi-paneled binding of the same period ( Princeton University Library ). To see other examples, try a search on the keyword "panel" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings . Also refers to a similar design stamped on the spine of a book, often between raised bands on the spine of a hand-bound volume .
In printing , a "list of works by the same author " appearing in some books on the verso of the leaf immediately preceding the title page , which may include titles out of print or even issue d by other publisher s.
Also, one of a series of drawing s in a cartoon or comic strip created as a sequence of related images to be viewed from left to right.
panel interview
A job interview in which the candidate is questioned by two or more interviewers in the same session. The interviewers may agree in advance on a scripted list of questions and take turns asking them. Also refers to a job interview in which two or more candidates are interviewed at the same time in each other's company by one or more interviewers, a more competitive process than an individual interview. For more on the latter method, see "Are Panel Interviews the Way to Go? The Pros and Cons of Simultaneous Interviewing" by Catherine A. Lee in the November 2005 issue of C&RL News.
panel title
In cartography , a title printed on a sheet map in a position that appears on the outside or "front" when the sheet is folded. On some map s, additional information is given on the panel, such as name of publisher , publication date , copyright notice , etc. Road map s often include illustration or graphic design on the panel. Examples can be seen in The American Way , an online exhibition of road maps provided by the Osher Map Library at the University of Southern Maine.
panorama
Strictly speaking, a non photograph ic perspective representation of the surface of the earth (or of another celestial body) in which detail, not drawn to scale , is shown as if projected on a vertical plane or onto a cylinder vertically centered on the point of observation, creating a visible horizon, often used to depict cities, towns, and popular recreational areas (mountain ranges, canyon lands, etc.). Important feature s are sometimes labeled along the top or bottom margin . Oblique projections are often included in this category (see bird's-eye view ). Panoramas have characteristics of both map s and picture s. Click here to see a panorama of the Grand Canyon (1882), courtesy of the Library of Congress . The viewer can zoom in on this Panorama of the Rhine Valley , courtesy of the National Library of Australia . The Geography and Map Reading Room of the Library of Congress provides an online exhibition of Panoramic Maps, 1847-1920 . Click here to see photograph ic examples ( Special Collections , Glasgow University Library). Synonymous with perspective map. See also: cyclorama .
panoramic photograph
A photograph , usually a landscape , taken with a camera or camera attachment designed to capture an exceptionally wide field of view, the resulting print having a ratio of width to height of 2:1 or greater (see this color example ). The first panoramic camera, developed in 1843 by Joseph Puchberger of Retz, Austria, used curved daguerreotype plate s and an 8-inch focal length lens to capture a 150-degree image. Click here to see examples at the Library Congress and here to read a timeline of the development of the panoramic camera, courtesy of Bill McBride.
pantograph
A device, first constructed in 1603, for producing an identical, reduced, or enlarged copy of a line work , in which a series of mechanical arms on pivots move a second stylus as the operator traces the lines of the original (see this example and click here to see the action animated, courtesy of Wikipedia ).
paper
A flat fibrous writing or printing surface made by breaking down vegetable fiber, such as wood or rag , into pulp to which a filler is added in water suspension. As the water is drained away on a wire screen, the moist fibers bond with each other at points of contact, forming a homogeneous, felted mat that stiffens as it dries. Paper is graded by content and intended use and by such properties as color, brightness, opacity , finish , strength, density, weight , and chemical stability. It can be coated or uncoated , sized or unsized, handmade or machine-made. The acid content of the paper used in library materials is an issue in preservation . For more information about paper, please see the entry by Derek Priest in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003). Compare with papyrus and parchment . See also: acid-free paper , acid paper , bible paper , book paper , buffered paper , cover paper , esparto , foolscap , kraft paper , laid paper , manila , newsprint , onionskin , papermaking , permanent paper , wood-free paper , and wove paper .
Also refers to a brief composition , especially one prepared for presentation by the author at a conference or other professional meeting. Conference paper s may be published in proceedings or transactions . They are index ed in PapersFirst, an online database available in OCLC FirstSearch . Compare with article . See also: invited paper .
paperback
A book published in paper cover s, rather than in hardcover , usually adhesive bound . The modern paperback first appeared in the 1930s when Sir Allen Lane, founder of Penguin books, published Ariel by Andre Maurois in paper cover s. Paperback edition s are normally published after the hardcover edition of the same title and sold at a lower price , which has made them a staple of the retail market for fiction and nonfiction . Synonymous with paperbound and softcover . Abbreviated pb, pbk, and ppr. Compare with paper boards . See also: mass-market paperback , paperback original , and trade paperback .
Also refers to a form of bookbinding in which hot-melt adhesive is applied to the flat binding edge of the un sewn section s, securing them directly to a heavy paper cover cut flush . Durability depends on the capacity of the adhesive to remain flexible over time. See also: Otabind .
In the used book trade , the following letter system is used by some bookseller s to indicate the condition of paperback book s:
A - in new, unread condition, with no marking or stamp s on the front cover , edge s, etc.
B - slightly crease d along the spine ; may be marked with a name, initials, or bookstore stamp
C - reading copy with creases on the spine and signs of wear at the corner s but with text intact
paper doll
A graphic work consisting of an articulated or unarticulated human or animal figure drawn or printed on paper or cardboard, with multiple parts or costumes, usually issue d on a single sheet or in a booklet , intended to be cut out and used as a toy (see these historic examples ). The first manufactured paper dolls were issued in London in 1810 and in Boston in 1812. By the 1820s boxed sets of paper dolls were commercially available in Europe. The first celebrity paper doll, issued in the 1830s, was of the renowned ballerina Marie Taglioni. Click here to learn more about the history of paper dolls.
paper knife
A dull blade made of metal, wood, plastic, or ivory that has the appearance of a knife but is made for slicing paper by hand along a fold, as in opening a sealed envelope or separating the leaves of an uncut book (see this decorative example ).
papermaking
According to Chinese tradition, the process of making paper from native vegetable fibers was invented in about A.D. 105 by Ts'ai Lun, an official employed in one of the workshops of the Emperor Ho-ti. The technique reached Samarkand via trade routes by A.D. 750 and was introduced into Spain by the Moors in about 1150. Papermills were in operation in Europe at least 250 years before the invention of printing from movable type , but the use of parchment and vellum as a writing and printing surface persisted well after the printing press became established. The papermaking industry became firmly established in Europe only in the mid-16th century in response to the spread of printing. The first paper mill in America was established in 1690 by William Rittenhouse near Philadelphia.
Prior to the mid-19th century, nearly all paper was made from cotton and linen rag s reduced to pulp and placed in a vat containing a solution of water and size . Each sheet was produced by hand-dipping into the vat a wooden frame strung with a bed of metal wires, then agitating the frame to distribute the fibers evenly. The resulting mat of fiber was dried between sheets of blotting paper and pressed flat. Manufacturers used frames with a metal device embedded in the cross-wires to produce a distinctive watermark in each sheet. Click here to view illustration s from Joseph Jerome de la Lande's Art de Faire le Papier, published in Paris in 1761 ( Cary Collection , Rochester Institute).
In 1798, a Frenchman named Nicolas Louis Robert invented a machine that manufactured a continuous roll of paper, subsequently developed and perfected in England in the Fourdrinier machine. Forty years later, a technique for making paper from wood pulp was developed in Nova Scotia. Despite these advances, the four basic steps of papermaking remain the same: (1) preparation of the fiber, (2) distribution of the resulting stock in a thin layer across a part of the machine called the web, (3) removal of moisture by various means, and (4) finish ing the surface to give it the desired qualities. The Robert C. Williams Paper Museum at Georgia Tech maintains a Web site devoted to the history of papermaking. See also: calender , coated paper , dandy roll , and deckle edges .
paper mill
A site on the Internet that provides prewritten essay s and term papers for students, free of charge or for a fee. Some sites charge a subscription fee and may offer custom services, usually on a per- page basis. Customers may even be provided with advice about how to avoid being caught cheating. Saavy instructors have devised ways of detecting this form of plagiarism . Examples: BestEssay4u.com , WriteWork , and Superior-Termpapers.com . Synonymous with essay mill.
paper preferred
In acquisitions , an approval plan option specifying that the library is to receive the paperback edition in place of the cloth ( hardcover ) edition whenever the two are published simultaneously . The cost of rebinding the paperback is often less than the price difference between the two editions.
paper print
A contact print of a motion picture made on a roll of paper in the same way that a print is made of a still photograph . Between 1894 and 1915 over 3,000 film s were registered with the Library of Congress for U.S. copyright protection. Because federal copyright law made no provision for motion pictures at that time, film companies provided legal documentation of their work by depositing contact prints made on rolls of paper 35mm wide, a medium that proved more lasting than the nitrate film used to create the originals. The paper prints were later rephotographed one frame at a time onto 16mm film stock . Click here to see examples, courtesy of the American Memory Project at the Library of Congress.
papers
A collection of more than one type of handwritten or typewritten document . Also refers to a group of composition s, especially those written for presentation by the author (or authors) at a conference , sometimes published as proceedings or transactions by the society or association sponsoring the meeting.
paper splitting
A conservation technique in which one or more paper leaves of a book or manuscript are strengthened by splitting the core of each leaf to allow a second sheet to be inserted between the two halves. Support sheets are first applied to both sides of the leaf to be split, using a gelatin adhesive . After the adhesive has set, but while the core of the paper is still moist, the support sheets are carefully pulled apart, splitting the core into two halves, which are then dried and reassembled with a sheet of Japanese paper sandwiched between them. The adhesive used to bind the Japanese paper to the two halves is soluble only in cold water. After it dries, the support sheets are removed in a bath of very hot water, dissolving the gelatin adhesive but not the core adhesive. Paper splitting is a delicate process that should be undertaken only by an experienced conservator. Click here to see the process illustrated .
papier-mâché binding
A 19th-century molded binding made from a mixture of paper fiber, plaster of Paris, and possibly antimony, formed in a rigid frame usually made of metal. The designs, mainly in black heavy-relief (sometimes in latticework over a red or metallic underlay) reflected the Victorian revival of Gothic style in the decorative arts. Patented by the British firm Jackson & Sons, the method required a leather spine . Click here to view an armorial example ( Special Collections , Glasgow University Library, BD4-d.26) and here to see an example in cameo style ( University of North Texas Libraries ). To see other examples, try a search on the keywords "papier mache" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings . See also: relievo binding .
papyrus
A tall marsh sedge (Cyperus papyrus) once abundant in North Africa from which the ancient Egyptians made a material used as a writing and painting surface throughout the Mediterranean basin from the 3rd millennium B.C. to the 4th century A.D. (and as late as the 11th century for some document s in the Vatican). Although the word "paper" is derived from papyrus, the latter is technically not a paper since it is not made from pulped and processed fiber but from thin strips of the fibrous pith laid in layers at right angles to each other, pressed into sheet s, dried under pressure, and polished to a cream or white color ( click here to see the process illustrated ). For long document s, the sheets were pasted edge to edge in roll s, often wound around a stick called an umbilicus by the ancient Romans. Papyrus was less suitable for book s in codex form because it tends to delaminate when folded. Writing was usually done with a reed pen called a calamus on the inner side of the roll (with the fibers running horizontally). Trade embargoes in late Antiquity may have led to the development of parchment as a writing surface. Papyrus was abandoned with the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West.
Because papyrus is fragile and does not withstand damp conditions, very little survives of the magnificent libraries of Antiquity. The term also refers to manuscript s written on papyrus, mainly in the form of scroll s. Papyrology is the study of ancient papyrus text s. Click here to see the Egyptian Book of the Dead written on a papyrus scroll from the 15th century B.C. ( Schøyen Collection , MS 1638). The Duke Papyrus Archive provides an online exhibition of papyrus manuscripts, many of which survive only in fragment s. The University of Michigan also owns a large Papyrus Collection searchable via APIS (Advanced Papyrological Information System). Plural: papyri.
parable
A short, simple story, usually written in the form of an allegory , intended to convey an explicit moral lesson (the Prodigal Son) or religious principle (the parables of Jesus). Click here to learn more about parables in Wikipedia . See also: fable .
Paralibrarian of the Year
An award, sponsored by DEMCO , given annually since 2000 to a paraprofessional library staff member in recognition of outstanding library service, particularly achievements in furthering the role of paraprofessionals in librarianship . The award includes a $1500 cash prize and a reception in honor of the winner at the June conference of the American Library Association . The winner is also profiled in the March 1 issue of Library Journal .
parallel
In cartography , a small circle on the surface of the earth (or another celestial body) north or south of the equator and parallel to it, connecting points are of equal latitude , the 45th parallel being equidistant from the equator and the geographic pole. Click here to see parallels illustrated. Compare with meridian .
parallel content
In the MARC record , the same digits are assigned across field s in the second and third character positions of the tag to indicate data of the same type, for example, the digits 10 for corporate name s, making 110 the main entry corporate name field, 410 the series statement corporate name field, 610 the subject heading corporate name field, 710 the added entry corporate name field, and so on. Parallel content designation can be summarized as follows, with X in the range of 1-9:
parallel texts
Different text s of the same work printed side-by-side on the same page or on facing pages of a book , for example, two versions of the Bible or a text in translation and in the original language . Such works are published in parallel edition. See also: duplicate paging .
parallel title
The title proper of an edition in a language or script other than that of the original title . In AACR2 , parallel title s are entered in the title and statement of responsibility area of the bibliographic record ( MARC field 245) in the order found in the chief source of information , separated by an equal sign preceded and followed by a space (example: Breathless [videorecording] = À bout de souffle). The Library of Congress records all parallel titles for item s issue d in the United States.
paraphrase
From the Greek para ("beyond") and phrasis ("to tell"). A rewording of the thought expressed in a previously spoken statement or written work , usually to make the meaning clearer by substituting shorter, simpler words for difficult vocabulary . Also, the use of rewording as a literary device or educational technique. Compare with quotation . See also: plagiarism .
paraprofessional
A member of the library support staff , usually someone who holds at least the baccalaureate degree, trained to understand specific procedures and apply them according to pre-established rules under normal circumstances without exercising professional judgment . Library paraprofessionals are usually assigned high-level technical support duties, for example, in copy cataloging and serials control . In smaller public library system s in the United States, branch librarian s are sometimes paraprofessionals. Click here to connect to a national directory of paraprofessional associations in the United States. Synonymous with library technician and paralibrarian. See also: Library Support Staff Interests Round Table and Paralibrarian of the Year .
parchment
The split skin of an animal (sheep, goat, or calf) after it has been depilated and defleshed in a bath of lime, scraped to the desired thickness while still damp using a curved instrument called a lunellum, then dried under tension (not tanned ), and polished by a tradesman known as a parchmenter, for use in bookbinding and as a writing or painting surface (see this sample ). Click here to see a parchmenter at work ( Leaves of Gold ). Parchment was used in Europe from about the 2nd century A.D. until well after the invention of printing from movable type , although it declined in importance from the 12th century on as paper gained favor. The word is derived from Charta pergamena, Pergamum being the name of the ancient city on the west coast of Asia Minor where King Eumenes II founded a library to rival the great center of scholarship at Alexandria in Egypt. Its adoption as a writing surface in the 2nd century B.C. may have been spurred by a trade embargo on papyrus .
Although costly to produce, parchment was more durable than papyrus, which it eventually replaced. During the Middle Ages it was used to make the leaves of manuscript book s, one of the reasons book s of that period are so thick. Because parchment is naturally oily, it had to be rubbed with an abrasive substance called pounce to prepare it for writing. It is also darker and smoother on the hair side than on the flesh side, so the quire s of medieval manuscript s were assembled with hair side facing hair side and flesh side facing flesh side to make the opening s in a book uniform in color and texture. Tiny specks on the hair side are traces of hair follicles. The tendency of parchment to cockle with changes in temperature and humidity , and of the grain side to curl in upon itself under dry conditions (the outer side of animal skin being less elastic than the flesh side), was addressed by binding the text block in heavy wooden board s fitted with strap s, ties , or clasp s to keep the volume tightly closed when not in use. To learn more about parchment, see the Medieval Manuscript Manual . Click here to see a 16th-century laced parchment binding , courtesy of the Princeton University Library . The term also refers to a document written or printed on parchment, such as a map or diploma . Compare with vellum .
parental mediation
Interaction between parent and child concerning the content of a book , videotape , or television program , usually intended to mitigate or prevent negative effects, particularly in the case of work s depicting explicit violence and/or sexual behavior. Parental involvement can be active (discussion of content with the child) or restrictive (imposition of rules and regulations). Reading aloud together and co-viewing can also be forms of parental mediation. In public libraries , monitoring a child's choice of reading or viewing material is the responsibility of the parent. In the absence of parental guidance, it is not incumbent on the librarian to act in loco parentis, although suggestions may be offered to the child, based on age, interests, and reading level .
parentheses
In writing, a word, phrase , or sentence is enclosed in a pair of curved brackets ( ) to indicate that it has been added for the sake of explanation or clarification but is not essential to the overall meaning of the text . The use of parentheses has declined since the 19th century, replaced by commas in modern writing style. Also used in the singular (parenthesis) to refer to the parenthetical expression enclosed in brackets.
Parentheses are also used in Library of Congress subject heading s and indexing to add parenthetical qualifier s, as in the heading AIDS (Disease), and in online search ing to indicate syntax in Boolean search statement s in a technique called nesting , as in the statement violence and children and ((television or media) not cartoon*). Compare with square bracket .
In indexing , a word or phrase added in parentheses at the end of a subject heading or descriptor to:
distinguish homograph s, as in Bowls (Game) and Bowls (Tableware)
indicate a specific meaning of the term , as in Mice (Computers)
eliminate ambiguity, as in AIDS (Disease)
indicate a specific use of the term, as in Nutcracker (Ballet)
give the context of an obscure word or phrase, as in Obatala (Yoruba deity)
give the location of a geographic name that is not well known, as in Kymi River (Finland)
specify the academic discipline in which a subject is studied, as in Extinction (Psychology)
indicate language , as in Sudanese fiction (English)
indicate that a proper name is imaginary, as in Ophelia (Fictitious character)
indicate instrumentation in music, as in Suites (Bassoon and flute)
parenthetical reference
A system of bibliographic reference in which the author 's surname and either publication date or page number are given in the text , enclosed in parentheses, with the full citation provided in a complete list of references at the end of the text, as opposed to footnote style in which arabic numeral s or special character s are used in the text to direct the reader's attention to correspondingly numbered citations at the foot of the same page . Synonymous with Harvard system.
parenting collection
A separate collection of materials in a public library for which access is restricted to adult s, based on content . Restricted categories may include alcoholism, child abuse, domestic/family violence, extramarital sex, homosexuality and bisexuality, medication abuse, premarital sex, sex education, and substance abuse. In March 2006, the Oklahoma House passed by a vote of 60-33 a bill to prohibit local funding authorities and library boards from funding public libraries unless they "place all children and young adult materials that contain homosexual or sexually explicit subject matter in a special area" to which access is limited to adults. The Oklahoma Library Association opposed the legislation.
Paris Principles
The Statement of Principles adopted in 1961 at the International Conference of Cataloging Principles (ICCP), which laid the foundation for the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules and catalog code s used in countries other than the United States, Great Britain, and Canada. Organized by IFLA to address international standardization in library cataloging , the conference was held in Paris, France. The Statement lists 12 basic principles that remain the foundation of author / title entry .
parody
A form of satirical imitation in which the style of a serious artistic or literary work is ridiculed by applying the same style to an inappropriate or trivial subject or by treating the original subject in a nonsensical or irreverent manner. One of the earliest examples is The Frogs, a play by Aristophanes believed to parody work s by Aeschylus and Euripides. In a more recent example, Jane Austen parodied the gothic novel s popular in early-19th-century England in Northanger Abbey. Parody can also be used as a form of political or social criticism (The Wind Done Gone, Alice Randall's African American perspective on the novel Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell). For an online example of political parody, see whitehouse.georgewbush.org . Other examples can be found in Yahoo! See also: burlesque .
part
One portion of a work divided by the author , publisher , or manufacturer into two or more subordinate units, usually issue d at intervals as the work is completed. The intervals may be regular or irregular , depending on the nature of the work. In the 19th century, novel s were often issued in this way, for example, Middlemarch by George Eliot, first issued by Blackwood in eight half- volume parts at intervals of two-months ( British Library ) and Bleak House by Charles Dickens, issued by Bradbury & Evans in 20 monthly number s ( Special Collections , Glasgow University Library). In printed monograph s, a part is usually the equivalent of a volume . A part is distinguished from a fascicle by being a permanent component, rather than a temporary division of the work. As used in the physical description area of a bibliographic record , the term refers to one of two or more bibliographic units intended to be bound together, more than one to a volume ( AACR2 ). Abbreviated pt. Compare with piece . See also: multipart item , multipart volume , original parts , and serialized .
In music, one of the voices or instruments for which an ensemble work is composed . Also, a written or printed copy of the notation in which the music for a voice or instrument is recorded for use in performance , indicated as part in the physical description area of the bibliographic record (AACR2). In the full score of an ensemble work, each part appears on a separate stave . See also: condensed score and part book .
part book
A manuscript or printed publication providing only one of the vocal or instrumental part s of a musical composition , as distinct from a score , choir book , or table book containing the complete music. Produced in set s, usually of 2-10 parts, they became the standard method of disseminating ensemble music from the late 15th to the late 17th century when scores became easier to obtain ( click here to see a late 16th-century example, courtesy of the Glasgow University Library ). In some cases, a part book is all that remains of a lost work . According to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Grove: 2001), the practice of performing music from separate parts has survived in orchestral and chamber music for which the expense of providing every performer with a score dictates economy. In library cataloging , the presence of one or more part books is noted in the statement of extent in the physical description area of the bibliographic record representing the item . Also spelled partbook and part-book.
partial border
A decorative band occupying one of the margin s of a medieval manuscript , which does not extend the full length of the adjacent text . A partial border can be either centered in relation to the text (or some other design element on the page ) or positioned above or below center, or it may extend around one of the corners of the text. Click here to see foliate examples in a 15th-century French manuscript ( British Library , Burney 210). Partial strewn border s are common in the Tongerloo Lectionary ( Morgan Library , MS M.5).
partial remainders
A quantity of book s offered by the publisher at lower than list price to selected bookseller s who are permitted to sell copies retail at less than the published price, even though the books are still considered net . This practice is condemned by publishers' and booksellers' association s because it gives some booksellers an unfair competitive advantage over others in the same market.
partnership
A collaboration between a library and an organization of a different type, usually on a particular project, often forming the basis for a long-standing relationship with the potential for future partnerships. The Heritage Image Partnership is an online example. A 1998 study sponsored by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) revealed that 77% of libraries had partnered with another organization in the past two years, 16% reporting partnership with a museum. The study also found that partnerships were most frequently established to attract and sustain underserved audience segments. Many partnership projects are small in scale, with budgets under $5,000.
pass-along
The likelihood that a copy of an issue of a newspaper or periodical will be read by more individuals than the person who actually purchases it at a newsstand or by subscription . Some publisher s use this as a justification for charging libraries a substantially higher subscription price than the rate paid by individual subscriber s, a practice known as differential pricing . Although pass-along is difficult to quantify, when combined with circulation it gives an approximate indication of total readership .
passim
Latin for "here and there" or "in various places," printed after a subject heading in an index , or in a footnote or endnote following the title of a work or the author 's name, to indicate that a phrase or reference to a concept or idea is scattered throughout the chapter or entire work , too briefly or too abundantly for individual page references to be given. Abbreviated pass.
password
An authorized word or sequence of character s that a user must enter as input in order to log on to a computer system and gain access to desired resources. Passwords are usually managed by the operating system or a database management system (DBMS). Because system software is only capable of verifying the legitimacy of a password, not the identity of the person using it, passwords should remain confidential . In a well-designed system, passwords must be changed periodically by the user to maintain security . By contrast, the username is usually permanent.
paste
A type of adhesive used to stick together lightweight materials such as paper and gold leaf , made from the starch contained in a cereal grain such as wheat, corn, or rice, combined over heat with water (and sometimes alum or resin) until smooth, then allowed to cool. Paste is used to affix label s and bookplate s because it is water soluble, making them easy to remove if necessary. However, water solubility also makes it susceptible to mold . Because it is made from a vegetable substance, paste also attracts insects that damage book s. Compare with glue . See also: cut-and-paste .
pasteboard
A rigid, relatively lightweight binding material made from layer upon layer of paper paste d together, or from thin layers of pulp bonded together, introduced in the 15th century to replace wooden board s in small- to medium-size book s. Click here to see an early 19th-century example, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art . In modern bookbinding , a heavy grade of pasteboard called binder's board is used extensively in hardcover edition s.
paste-down
In bookbinding , the half of a double- leaf endpaper firmly affixed to the inside of one of the board s of the case or cover , over the edges of the turn-in (see this example bearing a bookplate ). In medieval manuscript book s, the paste-down concealed grooves called channels cut into the inside surface of the boards to recess the sewing supports (cords). The sheet s of parchment or vellum used for the purpose were often fragment s of disused manuscript s. Click here to see a vellum paste-down bearing inscription s in a 15th-century Old Testament ( Bodleian Library , MS Don f.30) and here to see leaves from a discarded French breviary used a paste-downs and flyleaves on a 16th-century binding ( Princeton University Library ). Also spelled pastedown. Synonymous with board paper. Compare with doublure .
pastel
A graphic work executed on paper or canvas, using sticks of pure ground pigment in a neutral, low-saturation binder, such as gum arabic or methyl cellulose, often with the addition of chalk or gypsum. In color effect, pastels are closer to natural dry pigments than any other art medium . Click here to see a self-portrait in pastel by Jean-Baptiste Chardin, courtesy of the Louvre.
paste paper binding
A book bound in paper decorated by the application of a starch adhesive mixed with pigment to give the surface design and texture. Click here to see an 18th-century German example ( Princeton University Library ) and here to see a later example in quarter cloth . Click here and here to see contemporary examples, courtesy of Ball Peen Bindery . Paste-painting has also been used in bookbinding to decorate the edge s of the section s (see this example ).
paste-up
In printing , the arrangement on a large sheet of paper of the page proof s of several pages, to enable the typographer to position the text , illustration s, heading s, caption s, and other elements of the finished publication in a design that meets the publisher 's specifications . Compare with layout .
pasting down
In bookbinding , the process of securely affixing one half of a double- leaf endpaper to the inside of each of the board s of the cover , over the turn-in . In hand-binding , this step is a finishing touch, the body of the book having been laced to the cover, but in case binding , it is the endleaves that attach the body to the case . Compare with gluing off .
pastoral
A work of poetry , fiction , drama , art, or music intended for an urban audience , in which idealized rustic life is depicted in a bucolic setting tinged with romantic nostalgia (see this example by the 19th-century painter Alvan Fisher). Milton's Paradise Lost (1667) is a literary example and Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 "Pastoral" (1808) is a musical example.
patched
A leaf in a medieval manuscript that has been repair ed by sewing a piece of parchment or vellum over a hole or tear in the original membrane. Click here to see examples on a leaf in early 16th-century antiphonal ( Leaves of Gold ). Sometimes a hole was left unpatched and the text written around it. See this example in a 12th-century manuscript ( British Library , Arundel 370).
patent
A legal document issue d by the U.S. government, or the government of another country, in response to a formal application process in which the inventor or originator of a new product or process is granted the exclusive right to manufacture, use, and sell it for a designated period of time. The document is assigned a patent number by the patent office for future reference. An x-patent is a patent issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) from July 1790 (when the first U.S. patent was issued) to July 1836. Destroyed by a fire in December 1836 while in temporary storage, the collection of over 9,900 early patents has been reconstructed from inventors' copies . Most large engineering libraries provide patent search database s and services. Click here to learn more about how patents work and here to learn more about U.S. patent law ( Legal Information Institute , Cornell University), or try the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office site. The Canadian government provides the Canadian Patents Database . Compare with trademark . See also: patent and trademark resource center and patent drawing .
patent drawing
A technical drawing made to describe an object or process for the purpose of obtaining patent protection, often a mechanical drawing or diagram . In the United States, patent drawing s are retained as documentation in a patent file stored in a patent and trademark resource center . Click here to see the patent drawings of Eli Whitney's cotton gin, courtesy of Wikipedia . To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term "patent drawing" in Google Images .
patentee
The person or persons in whose name(s) a patent is registered. The patentee has the right to profit from his or her invention, seek an injunction to prevent infringement, and recover damages for violation of patent rights. In exchange, the patent holder is expected to supply the patented invention to the public, under reasonable terms.
patristic
From the Latin patres meaning "fathers." Text s written by the Church Fathers and other early Christian writers and teachers whose theological authority was especially respected (the author s of the New Testament are not included). Well-known examples are Saint Augustine, Saint Jerome ( translator of the Vulgate ), Saint John Chrysostom, and Saint John of Damascus. Although patristic literature does not constitute a closed canon with clearly defined boundaries, the Patristic period is generally considered to have begun with the completion of the New Testament at the end of the 1st century and ended at the close of the 8th century. Not all patristic authors wrote in Latin or Greek, but the work s of those who wrote in other language s were translated into Latin and Greek.
Any person who uses the resources and services of a library , not necessarily a registered borrower . Synonymous with user. Compare with client . See also: patron ID , patron record , patron type , and problem patron .
Also, a person who helps sponsor the creation, copy ing, or printing of an original work . In medieval Europe, the patron who commissioned a manuscript was sometimes depicted in a presentation miniature or other illustration in the work . See Simon de Varie kneeling in prayer in his Book of Hours ( Getty Museum , MS 7) and James IV of Scotland using his prayer book ( Getty Museum ). During the 16th and 17th centuries, when returns from the fees paid by printer / publisher s were meager, many writers could not have flourished without the patronage of wealthy individuals and institutions. It was not unusual for a sponsored work to be formally dedicated to the benefactor, in gratitude and hope of further financial assistance.
In a more general sense, any person or group that encourages or supports an activity, project, or institution such as a library, especially by providing funds or other material resources.
patron data
Personal information about a user (name, current address and phone number, item s checked out , outstanding fines , etc.) kept on file in the circulation system of a library to facilitate lending transactions. For reasons of privacy , most libraries in the United States do not keep permanent records of the materials used or borrowed by a patron, nor do they use confidential information for marketing purposes. Some libraries have developed a privacy policy concerning patron data which they make known to their users.
patron-driven acquisition (PDA)
An e-book purchasing model, first introduced by NetLibrary, in which selection decisions are based on input from library patron s. Working with the vendor , the librarian establishes an approval profile based on classification , subject , educational level, publication date , cost, and other criteria. E-book title s matching the profile are then shared with the library 's community of users via MARC records in the online catalog . When a specific e-book has been discovered and viewed a predetermined number of times, it is automatically purchased for the collection . Libraries with limited budget s can set spending limits on their PDA plans. Variations on this model have been developed by Ingram's MyiLibrary and by Ebook Library (EBL). Synonymous with demand-drive acquisition.
patron ID
The means by which staff at the circulation desk of a library ascertain that a patron is a registered borrower , usually the person's library card , student ID card, security badge , or a substitute. Also refers to the number used in most library circulation system s to identify the borrower. Sometimes it is the library card number, but in academic libraries it may be the student ID number or the social security number. In special libraries , patron ID may be linked to the employee identification system used by the parent organization. Each library or library system adopts its own method of patron identification. See also: patron record .
patron profile
A description of the behavior and preferences of a library 's users, or of a specific category of library patron (adults, young adults, children), usually based on systematically collected and analyzed survey data , for use in planning. Library Journal publishes the online quarterly Patron Profiles .
patron record
A confidential record in a library circulation system containing data pertinent to a borrower account (full name, street address, telephone number, patron ID , patron type , items on loan, hold s, unpaid fines , etc.). In electronic circulation systems, an authorized member of the library staff is permitted to access the patron record by scanning the barcode on the library card or by using a keyboard to enter the patron's name or library card number as input . Some online catalog s allow registered borrowers to view thir own patron records with proper authorization . Synonymous with circulation record. See also: blocked .
patron type
In library circulation system s, a code entered in the patron record to indicate a specific category of borrower , which in conjunction with item type determines the loan rule applied when an item is checked out . Academic libraries usually differentiate faculty , student, alumni, and staff by patron type. Most public libraries distinguish between nonresidents and patron s who reside within the service area and between adult and juvenile users. In special libraries , patron type may reflect hierarchical rank within the parent organization, levels of security clearance, etc.
pattern book
A manuscript or printed publication containing designs meant to be copied, or models for making something, with or without instructions. Click here to see the pattern book of William Jones, an 18th-century weaver. Pattern books for artists, designers, craftsmen, and architects often consist entirely of illustration s with no accompanying text . Click here to see a page in Polychromatic Decoration as Applied to Buildings in the Medieval Styles (1882) by William and George Audsley, the first pattern book devoted to the painted decoration of medieval-style buildings (University of Delaware Library). Also used synonymously with model book .
pattern heading
The principle incorporated into Library of Congress subject heading s in 1974 that allows a full set of free-floating subdivision s to be established for one or a few representatives of a particular category of subject heading s or name heading s, which are appropriate for use under other main heading s belonging to the same category. For example, the subdivision --Biopsy under the pattern heading Heart can be used under the heading Breast even though no specific authority record exists for the combination Breast--Biopsy. The rule does not apply when there is a conflict with a heading established in the subject authority file in another form. For example, the subdivision --Dislocation under the pattern heading Foot may not be applied to the heading Joints because the combination Joints--Dislocation is a UF (used for) reference under the heading Dislocations in the subject authority file.
pay equity
A movement gained momentum in the second half of the 20th century to eliminate the earnings gap between men and both women and people of color for the same type of work. In the United States, predominantly female occupations, such as nursing, social work, and librarianship , have typically been compensated at a significantly lower rate than comparable occupations in which males are predominant. Click here to connect to the homepage of the National Committee on Pay Equity, a coalition established in 1979.
pay period
The interval at which an employee is paid, usually weekly, biweekly, or monthly, depending on the payroll system of the employer. Hours worked are usually reported to the payroll department at the end of each period on a timesheet signed by the employee.
pay-per-view
A service enabling libraries and users to purchase immediate access to the full text of an article or to research data without subscribing to the periodical or other source in which it was published . In most cases, the library has the option of limiting service to specific categories of users, for example, faculty members or researcher s in academic libraries . High-priced and/or low-use journal s are ideal candidates for this type of service, which allows libraries to expand serial s access to include title s otherwise unaffordable. Current awareness service is usually available with pay-per-view access. Fee s vary, with most services charging $12 to $20 per article regardless of length. Electronic delivery is often priced lower than fax . Periodic report s detailing number of purchases per title and publisher enable librarian s to compare per-view costs with the price of adding a subscription . For more information, see the article "Pay by the Slice" in the spring 2007 issue of Netconnect.
Also, a service that allows members of a television audience to purchase the right to view specific programming provided by the broadcast er at the same time as other viewers who request the same content , as distinct from video on demand (VOD) systems which allow users to view recorded content in real time or download ed for viewing at any time. Feature film s, concerts, sporting events, and pornographic movies are often delivered on a pay-per-view basis. Abbreviated PPV.
payphone
A telephone located in a public area from which anyone may make calls in exchange for payment in cash or by calling card. Most libraries that open their doors to the public provide at least one payphone as a courtesy to their users.
payroll
The list of employees who are paid salaries and wages by an employer, usually by check or direct deposit on a weekly, biweekly, or monthly basis. Library employees may be required to sign a timesheet for each pay period , stating the hours they worked.
Peabody Award
Founded in 1940, the George Foster Peabody Award is the oldest electronic media award in the world, recognizing excellence, distinguished achievement, and meritorious public service. The first radio awards were presented in 1941, the first television awards in 1948, the first cable television awards in 1981, and the first Web site awards in 2003. Administered by the Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia, the Peabody Awards honor content from large broadcast network s to small online outlets, from popular entertainment programs to independently produced documentaries . Click here to connect to the Peabody homepage .
peak use
The period(s) in a day, week, month, and year during which the services and resources of a library or computer system are most heavily used. Transaction log s, circulation statistics , and gate count s are compiled and analyzed to reveal recurrent periods of peak use. The results are useful in establishing library hour s, anticipating staff ing needs, scheduling maintenance, etc.
peasant binding
A parchment bookbinding decorated with painted designs, made for sale to the common people during the 17th and 18th centuries, now more rare than leather binding s of the same period, which were more expensive. Click here to see an 18th-century German example, courtesy of Southern Methodist University .
pecia system
Latin for "piece." A system of book production used in Europe from the 13th century on, in which exemplar s approved by university authorities were divided by stationer s into portions of one or more gathering s that they hired out to scribe s and students for hand- copy ing, a method that speeded manuscript production considerably. Prior to about 1200, books were copied mainly by monastic scribes working in scriptoria . Once book production became a commercial enterprise, stationers in university towns (Paris, Bologna, Oxford, etc.) published lists of text s available for piecemeal copying, with price per part stated for each title . Plural: peciae.
peer evaluation
The process in which the job performance of a librarian or other library staff member is assessed by the individual's colleagues and a recommendation made concerning contract renewal or promotion . In academic libraries at institutions that grant librarians faculty status , tenure decisions may also be based on peer evaluation. In libraries in which employment is governed by a collective bargaining agreement , the method of peer evaluation may be determined by contract . Synonymous with peer review.
peer review
The process in which a new book , article , software program , etc., is submitted by the prospective publisher to experts in the field for critical evaluation prior to publication , a standard procedure in scholarly publishing . Under most conditions, the identity of the referee s is kept confidential, but the identity of the author (s) is not. The existence and content of a manuscript under review is kept confidential within the offices of the publisher and by the referees, and all copies of the manuscript are returned to the publisher at the end of the process. In computer program ming, source code may be certified by its owner or licenser as open source to encourage development through peer review. Synonymous with juried review.
Also refers to a method of performance evaluation in which the quality of a worker's job performance is assessed by the employee's peers within the organization, usually as part of a formal review process resulting in a recommendation to management.
peer-reviewed
Said of a scholarly journal that requires an article to be subjected to a process of critical evaluation by one or more experts on the subject , known as referee s, responsible for determining if the subject of the article falls within the scope of the publication and for evaluating originality, quality of research, clarity of presentation, etc. Changes may be suggested to the author (s) before an article is finally accepted for publication. In evaluation for tenure and promotion , academic librarian s may be given publishing credit only for articles accepted by peer-reviewed journals. Some bibliographic database s allow search results to be limited to peer-review ed journal s. Synonymous with juried and refereed.
peer-to-peer (P2P)
File sharing between Internet users whose computers have been assigned IP address es and are therefore capable of functioning as server s, a method of information exchange that became possible after 1996 when IP addresses were made available to PC s intermittently connected to the Internet. Unlike client-server network s in which certain computers are dedicated to serving others, workstation s in a peer-to-peer network have equivalent capabilities. In the last decade of the twentieth century, P2P file sharing application s became the focus of litigation for facilitating the exchange of music protected by copyright . More recently, Internet service provider s have tried to clamp down on P2P file sharing because of its high- bandwidth usage. Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate uses, and some claim that throttling P2P file sharing is intended to direct users to client-server architecture, which allows content to be controlled more easily.
pegging
In early bookbinding , the process of attaching the sewing supports , usually cord s, to the board s by means of a peg or dowel (usually made of wood) sunk into the surface of the board at the outer end of each of the channels or grooves in which the cords were recessed. Click here to see an illustration of the process ( Leaves of Gold ). See also: lacing in .
pen
A handheld implement used in Western cultures to write in ink on papyrus , parchment , vellum , paper , or some other prepared writing surface, as opposed to the brush used for writing in Asian and other cultures. The reed pen ( calamus ) was used in Antiquity and the early Christian period for writing on papyrus. Because of its flexibility, the quill pen was adopted in the 6th century for writing on parchment and vellum. The first five flight feathers of the goose or swan were preferred (the word is derived from the Latin penna for "feather"). After removing or trimming the barbs and curing the barrel, the nib of the quill was cut up the center and squared off with a knife. The nib had to be trimmed fairly often because the slit tended to spread open with extended use.
Because ink flows best from a quill pen when it is held perpendicular to the page , medieval scribe s propped up their writing material at an angle and controlled the pen with the whole hand, rather than the fingers. Quills are dip pens, so the inkpot or inkhorn had to be kept close at hand. Pen trials to test a newly trimmed nib were made on a discarded scrap of vellum before work commenced. Illustration s in medieval manuscript s of scribes at work reveal that copy ing was a two-handed activity (see this example ). The pen was held in one hand and a knife in the other to hold down the springy surface of the parchment and erase mistakes quickly. To learn more about the use of quill pens in manuscript production, see the Medieval Manuscript Manual . Dip fountain pens consisting of a steel nib mounted in a wooden holder came into use in the late 18th century. Although models with reservoirs appeared in the 1830s, the modern fountain pen did not become widespread until the late 19th century. See also: penwork initial .
pen-flourished initial
An initial letter in a medieval manuscript to which the scribe had added fine linear embellishment in the same color ink as the text or in a different color (usually red, blue, and/or green). Compare these examples in a 15th-century English manuscript ( British Library , Arundel 112) with this gilt example in a 15th-century Italian manuscript (British Library, Arundel 271). Pen flourish es were also added to other decorative elements, such as border s, as in this leaf from a 15th-century Dutch Book of Hours ( British Library , Arundel 294) and this English manuscript of the same century (British Library, Lansdowne 398). Compare with penwork initial . See also: filigree letter .
PEN International
Founded in London in 1921, PEN International is a worldwide association of writers dedicated to promoting friendship and cooperation among writers of all nationalities, defending freedom of expression, and advancing the role of literature in the development of mutual understanding and respect among nations. Click here to connect to the PEN International homepage .
PEN Literary Awards
An array of literary award s and fellowship s funded by various sources and administered by the PEN American Center , an organization of writers dedicated for over 80 years to advancing literature , promoting a culture of reading, and defending freedom of expression . The prizes are given for excellence in the following areas: lifetime achievement, fiction , literary translation , creative nonfiction , poetry , drama , children's literature , and editing and publishing . Most of the awards are made annual ly or biennial ly and, in some cases, the amount of the cash prize is considerable ($20,000 to the winner of the PEN/Nabokov Award for lifetime achievement). Click here to learn more about the PEN Awards.
pen name
A name used by an author other than his or her real name, usually adopted to conceal identity. A pen name can be an allonym (name of an actual person other than the author), a fictitious pseudonym (example: Avi for Edward Irving Wortis), a pseudonym based on the author's real name (Dr. Seuss for Theodor Seuss Geisel), or a word or phrase that is not a personal name (Spy for Sir Leslie Ward). Pen names were used more commonly during the 19th century when writing was not as respectable as it is today and therefore considered an unsuitable occupation for women (George Eliot for Mary Ann Evans Cross). Some authors write under more than one pen name, adopting a different name when writing in a new genre or introducing a new lead character (or set of characters) in a series . Click here to connect to a.k.a., an online dictionary of pseudonyms and pen names. Synonymous with nom de plume. Compare with autonym . See also: eponym and pseudandry .
Pentateuch
The first five book s of the Old Testament of the Bible , sometimes produced as a separate manuscript by medieval scribe s. Click here to view a facsimile of the 6th century Ashburnham Pentateuch ( University of Arizona Library ) and here to see a page from a limited edition of the Hebrew Pentateuch printed in the early 20th-century See also: Hexateuch and Octateuch .
pen trailing
Linear decoration added by the penman to an initial letter in a medieval manuscript , in ink of the same or contrasting color, common particularly in 12th- and 13th-century French manuscripts. Click here to see an example in a 15th-century Italian antiphonal ( Cary Collection , Rochester Institute) and here to see additional examples in a Latin New Testament ( University of Florida Libraries ).
pen trial
Probatio pennae in Latin. A catch phrase, name, letter , or sketch written in the margin or on one of the flyleaves of a manuscript to test a newly trimmed pen nib (see this example , courtesy of the British Library , Arundel 292). Quill pen s require frequent recutting to maintain a stiff nib.
penwork initial
A decorated initial letter in a medieval manuscript or early printed book , done entirely in pen -and- ink , without the application of paint. Medieval scribe s used black, brown, red, blue, and green ink. Click here to see plain examples in red and blue on a leaf from an early 16th-century German missal ( Cary Collection , Rochester Institute) and here to see a more elaborate example in a Dutch Book of Hours ( Leaves of Gold ). For tours de force, see examples in the Syracuse Gradual ( Syracuse University Library , MS 11). Compare with pen-flourished initial . See also: puzzle initial .
per diem
The rate at which a product or service is billed on a daily basis. Also refers to the maximum amount allowed by an employer for expenses (meals, lodging, etc.), usually calculated on the basis of average cost for a given geographic area. When expenses are paid per diem, the recipient may not be required to submit receipt s. Libraries often use the Domestic Per Diem Rates established by the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA). Compare with reimburse .
perfect binding
A quick and comparatively inexpensive method of adhesive binding in which the binding edge of the text block is milled to produce a block of leaves and then roughened. Fast-drying adhesive is applied to the uneven surface and the case or cover attached without sewing and backing . Nearly all book s published in paperback are bound by this method, which is also used for some hardcover special edition s, for example, book club edition s. Durability depends on the strength of the adhesive and its capacity to remain flexible over time, usually not as long-lasting as a sewn or stitched binding . Compare with Otabind . See also: double-fan adhesive binding , hot-melt , and notched binding .
perforating stamp
A mechanical device designed to produce a permanent mark on a sheet of paper or page in a book by punching a pattern of tiny holes in the fibers, once used by libraries to mark ownership but now largely replaced by the rubber stamp . Notaries still use this tool to validate their signature s.
perforation
Cutting or punching a line of small, closely spaced holes or slits along the inner margin of a page , or around matter printed on a sheet , to make a page or portion of a page easier to tear out or off. Also refers to the line of holes produced for that purpose. See also: perforating stamp .
perforations
A row of small, evenly spaced, accurately shaped holes punched along one or both edges of the length of motion picture film , by which it is advanced through the camera, printer, or projector using a toothed mechanism, called a sprocket, that engages the holes as it turns. Size and number of sprocket holes per frame varies with film gauge (see these examples ). Sprocket damage (cracks, tears, deformations, etc.), usually caused by improper projection, can sometimes be repaired with perforated tape available in standard gauge s from suppliers or by a technique known as "bridging" (see this example ). Click here to learn more about sprockets and how film projectors work, courtesy of HowStuffWorks .
perform
For purposes of copyright (17 USC 101), to recite, render, play, dance, or act a work , either directly or by means of any device or process or, in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible. A work is publicly performed when rendered directly at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of persons from outside a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or by transmission to members of the public in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times.
performance
In the cataloging of moving image s, a work intended to document all or part of an actual live presentation of dance, music (recital, concert, opera, etc.), or theater (stage play , mime, circus, magic, puppet show, comedy act, variety show , etc.). The television series "Live from Lincoln Center" is an example. Although the content of the work produced may be fiction al, the work documenting it is considered nonfiction . Also refers to the presentation or exhibition itself. Because execution varies (however slightly) between performances, even of the same production, each performance is unique . See also: job performance , medium of performance , and performer .
performance evaluation
The process of judging the competence with which an employee has performed the duties and responsibilities associated with the position for which the person was hired by a company or organization, usually for the purpose of contract renewal or promotion . In libraries , job performance may be evaluated entirely by management or in a process of peer evaluation . Synonymous with performance measurement. See also: accountability .
performance indicator
A measure of how well an employee, department, organization, or institution is meeting its goal s and objective s, for example, the percentage of borrowing requests received by the interlibrary loan / document delivery department of a library that are successfully filled within a given period of time. See also: input measure and output measure .
performing arts poster
A large single sheet of heavy paper or cardboard, printed on one side only, usually with illustration , to advertise a theatrical performance or other public entertainment, or to promote one or more performers without reference to a specific event. The category includes concert poster s, dance posters, motion picture posters, and theatrical posters ( click here and click here to see examples).
performing rights
The right to read or perform a work protected by copyright , such as a play , opera , or ballet, to a paying audience, usually licensed by a performing rights society on behalf of the copyright holder (s), upon payment of a fee.
Pergamum
An ancient city on the west coast of Asia Minor near the modern town of Bergama, Turkey, the location of a magnificent royal library and museum built during the Hellenistic period by Eumenes II of the Attalid dynasty to rival the great center of learning at Alexandria in Egypt. The use of parchment as a writing surface is believed to have originated at Pergamum.
pericope list
A list of sets of verse s in a text , each of which forms a coherent literary unit suitable for public reading, for example, Mark 3:1-6 of the Bible , six verses that tell the story of the encounter of Jesus in a synagogue with a man with a withered hand. Some early bibles and Gospel book s included pericope lists.
period
The punctuation mark that indicates the end of an ordinary sentence, also used as a mark of abbreviation . Synonymous with full point and full stop . See also: dot .
In history and literature , an interval of time, usually of indefinite beginning and/or ending date (s), characterized by certain events, conditions, or characteristics of style, such as the Romantic period (early 19th century in Europe) or the Victorian period (late 19th century in Britain). In library cataloging , the period of a work is indicated by adding a chronological subdivision to the class or subject heading .
periodical
A serial publication with its own distinctive title , containing a mix of article s, editorial s, review s, column s, short stories , poem s, or other short work s written by more than one contributor , issued in softcover more than once, generally at regular stated intervals of less than a year, without prior decision as to when the final issue will appear. Although each issue is complete in itself, its relationship to preceding issues is indicated by enumeration , usually issue number and volume number printed on the front cover . Content is controlled by an editor or editorial board .
The category includes magazine s, sold on subscription and at newsstands; journal s, sold on subscription and/or distributed to members of scholarly societies and professional association s; and newsletter s, but not proceedings or the other regular publications of corporate bodies as they relate primarily to meetings. Nor are newspaper s formally classified as periodicals--although many libraries store newspapers with magazines and journals, separate values are assigned for periodicals and newspapers in the 008 field of the MARC record to indicate type of serial. Also, the statement in AACR2 that serials include periodicals, newspapers, annual s, proceeding s, and numbered monographic series implies that newspapers are not considered periodicals.
Periodicals are published by scholarly societies, university press es, trade and professional associations, government agencies , commercial publisher s, and nonprofit organizations. The most comprehensive directory of periodicals is Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory published annual ly by ProQuest , available in the reference section of libraries in the United States. Content is indexed in finding tool s called periodical index es and abstracting service s, usually by subject and author .
Most academic libraries bind all the issues for a given publication year in one or more physical volume s. The bibliographic volumes are numbered consecutively, starting with number one for the first year the title was issued. Periodicals are usually shelved alphabetical ly by title in a separate section of the library stacks . In some libraries, current issue s are shelved separately from back file s, which may be converted to microfiche or microfilm to conserve space. Microform reader-printer machines are provided for viewing and making copies . Periodicals published by the U.S. federal government may be shelved by SuDocs number in a separate section reserved for government documents . For many print periodicals, content is also available elecronically in full-text bibliographic database s or via the publisher's Web site . Some periodicals are born digital and never issued in print (example: Slate ). See also: essay periodical , frequency , holdings statement , and one shot .
periodical index
A cumulative list of periodical article s in which the citation s are entered by subject (or in classified arrangement) and sometimes under the author 's last name, separately or in a single alphabetic sequence. Periodical indexes may be general (example: Reader's Guide to Periodical Literature), devoted to a specific academic discipline (Education Index) or group of disciplines (Humanities Index), or limited to a particular type of publication (Alternative Press Index). In libraries , periodical indexes are available in print and as bibliographic database s, online or on CD-ROM . Compare with abstracting service . See also: H.W. Wilson .
Also, an index to one or more volume s of a specific periodical .
periodical stand
A piece of display furniture, often with sloping shelves, used in libraries to display current issue s of periodical s face out , not as compact as conventional shelving but more accessible to browser s (see these examples ). The sloping shelf may be hinged to allow a limited number of back issue s to be stored on a flat shelf behind it (see this example ).
period printing
The production of book s or other printed publication s in a style appropriate to the period of time in which the material was originally issue d. Compare with facsimile .
Also, the production of a book in a style resembling that of an earlier period, although the text may have been written by a contemporary author , usually conceived by the publisher as a promotion al device.
1 Early period to 1800
2 1800-1900
3 1900-2000
4 2000-
For work s not limited to a specific language , period notation is taken from Table 1 --0901-0905 of the auxiliary schedule s.
peripheral
A device used in conjunction with a computer that is not an indispensable or inseparable part of it. Microcomputer peripherals are used for input ( keyboard , mouse , scanner ), output ( printer , monitor , audio speaker s), storage ( floppy disk , CD-ROM ), and communication ( modem ). The trend has been to build peripherals into PC s, especially laptop s. Synonymous with auxiliary equipment. See also: central processing unit .
periphrasis
Saying something in a less direct, more roundabout way. Synonymous in this sense with circumlocution. Also refers to speech or writing that uses an excess of words to convey an idea or concept that could be expressed more succinctly. Compare with paraphrase .
permanent paper
Paper manufactured to resist chemical deterioration that occurs as a result of aging. The most important factor in permanence is a minimum pH of 7.0 (neutral). Acid-free paper is preferred in library and archival materials because it contains low levels of lignin , an acidic substance that causes paper document s to yellow and become brittle over time. The acid paper used for printing book s and other publication s during the 19th and early 20th centuries has created a major preservation imperative for research libraries and special collections . Some permanent papers are buffered with an alkaline substance to counteract acids that develop after manufacture or are introduced from an outside source.
ANSI / NISO has established a standard ( Z39.48 ) for the permanence of paper used in materials for libraries and archives, based on specifications for acidity, tear resistance, alkaline reserve , fiber content , and residual amounts of certain substances used in manufacture (rosin, chlorine, etc.). Under normal use and storage conditions in libraries and archives, paper meeting the ANSI standard should last for several hundred years without significant deterioration. In books, compliance is indicated by the mathematical symbol for infinity ∞ printed inside a circle on the copyright page or in the colophon . In periodical publications, the symbol is printed on the masthead or in the copyright area. Synonymous with durable paper.
permuted index
A type of subject index in which a string of significant words or phrase s, usually extracted from the title of a work or assigned as content descriptor s by an indexer, are rotated to bring each word or phrase into first-word position in the alphabetical sequence of entries . For example, in the subject index to America: History and Life, the string of descriptors assigned to the article title d "Library Services and the African-American Intelligentsia Before 1960" (Libraries & Culture 33: 91-97) is rotated to produce the following index entries:
Blacks. Higher education. Intellectuals. Libraries. 1900-1960.
Higher education. Intellectuals. Libraries. Blacks. 1900-1960.
Intellectuals. Libraries. Blacks. Higher education. 1900-1960.
Libraries. Blacks. Higher education. Intellectuals. 1900-1960.
perpetual access
Some publisher s and vendor s of electronic resource s are willing to provide access to materials in digital format paid for by a library during a subscription even after the subscription has been canceled by the library. Archival access is secured by a clause in the licensing agreement that should be requested during contract negotiations. The basic Licensing Principles for electronic information resources established by IFLA in 2001 state that "a license should include provision for affordable, perpetual access to the licensed information by some appropriate and workable means."
persistence
The ability to address and locate a digital object on a network or in a digital archival system over an extended period of time. The current addressing system of the World Wide Web , based on the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), provides efficient direct access but often fails when electronic resource s are moved or reorganized, leading to "404" (file not found) error message s that inhibit access and pose problems for archiving and long-term digital preservation . The need for persistence is particularly acute for online resources likely to be cite d by link address in print or electronic publication s. See also: Persistent URL .
Persistent URL (PURL)
A type of URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that does not point directly to the location of an Internet resource, but rather to an intermediate resolution service (PURL server ) that associates the stable PURL with the actual URL, and returns the URL to the client , which then processes the request in the usual manner. PURLs were developed through OCLC participation in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Uniform Resource Identifier working groups as an interim solution to the problem posed by URL changes (lack of persistence ) in the MARC description of Internet resources. They are an intermediate step on the path to URNs (Universal Resource Names) in Internet information architecture. Click here to learn more about PURLs.
personal archives
A category of collecting archives devoted to preserving the private papers and memorabilia of one or more persons or of a family or group of families. In the United States, the presidential libraries function as archives for the personal papers of the presidents.
personal computer (PC)
Any microcomputer designed for individual use, usually in a personal workspace or in travel, consisting of a CPU and associated peripheral device s. The term is often restricted to IBM- compatible microcomputers in which the hardware is controlled by Intel and the operating system by Microsoft. A PC may function as a stand-alone workstation or be connected to a network . In a LAN , PCs may function as client workstations or as file server s. Click here to learn more about PCs, courtesy of HowStuffWorks . Synonymous with desktop computer. See also: laptop .
personal data
Information about an individual person, such as name, social security number, age, occupation, martial status, etc. Most public and academic libraries maintain records of the names, addresses, and phone numbers of registered patron s. Although personal information in the library patron record is confidential , the federal government can gain access to it under the provisions of the USA Patriot Act .
personal digital assistant (PDA)
A palm-sized computer first introduced in the 1980s to serve as a personal information organizer and a portable extension of the personal computer . Some models accept handwritten input , others are equipped with a small keyboard , and some are designed to accept voice input using voice recognition technologies. Because of their size, most PDAs do not include a disk drive . Their capabilities are therefore limited to scheduling, note-taking, simple calculations, and storing addresses and phone numbers, but some models include slots into which modem s and other peripheral device s can be inserted to allow users to exchange e-mail , send a fax , access the Web , upload / download information, and act as a global positioning system (GPS). Manufacturers have also combined them with cell phones, multimedia players, and other electronic devices. Because it allows data to be exchanged between a PDA and PC, synchronization may pose a security risk to network ed systems. Click here to learn more about PDAs, courtesy of HowStuffWorks . Synonymous with handheld computer, palmtop, and pocket computer. Compare with wireless handheld device .
personal hygiene
Bodily cleanliness is an issue in libraries frequented by the homeless, to the extent that some libraries have revised their user behavior policies to ban individuals from library premises who emit strong odors (body-odors and perfumes) that interfere with use of services by other patron s or library staff . American Libraries reported in February 2006 that an advocacy group for homeless people questioned the fairness of such a ban imposed by the Dallas Public Library; however, Leslie Burger, then President-Elect of the American Library Association (ALA), affirmed that the DPL policy complies with a 1992 ruling by the Third U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for Morristown) that public libraries are a limited public forum from which people can be barred if their behavior or habits, including aroma, is disturbing to others.
personal librarian (PL)
An academic library program in which individual students (usually incoming undergraduates) are matched with a librarian assigned to assist them with research involving the library and its collection s. A personal librarian may also keep students informed, via periodic e-mail messages, of new resources, programs, and services (for example, extended library hours ) and answer questions about library policies and procedures. Click here to learn about the personal librarian program at Yale University. Duke University and Drexel University offer similar programs.
personally identifiable information (PII)
Library records linking the name of a library user to specific information sought or received; resources consulted, borrowed, acquired or transmitted; or facilities or services used, including but not limited to database search records, circulation records, interlibrary loan records, and reference interview s. In July 1991, the Council of the American Library Association adopted a Policy Concerning Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information about Library Users (amended June 2004).
personal name
The name given to an animate being, real or imaginary. In the case of a human being, usually a forename and surname or family name, but sometimes a single name (examples: Moses, Socrates, etc.), used as the main entry when work s by the person are listed in the library catalog . In a subject heading , the name may be followed by a parenthetical qualifier for clarification, as in Tarzan (Fictitious character). A qualifier is also added to the personal name of a nonhuman being to indicate species, as in Dolly (Sheep). Compare with corporate name and geographic name . See also: nickname and pseudonym .
personal papers
In archives , the private document s and related materials accumulated by an individual in the course of a lifetime ( letters , diaries , journal s, legal document s, etc.). In contrast to official papers , which may be subject to the disposition of an employer or government, personal papers are subject to the owner's disposition. Stanford University hosts The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project .
perspective view
A non photograph ic representation, in central projection onto a two-dimensional (plane) surface, of forms that exist in three dimensions. In cartography , the forms depicted are typically a landscape . Click here to see examples showing the Harriman Expedition to Alaska in 1899 (courtesy of PBS ) and here to see a perspective view in the form of a map of Death Valley National Monument in California. Also used synonym ously with vue d'optique . See also: panorama .
pertinence
In information retrieval , the extent to which a document retrieved in response to a query actually satisfies the information need , based on the user's current state of knowledge --a narrower concept than relevance . Although a document may be relevant to the subject of the inquiry, it may already be known to the search er, written in a language the user does not read, available in a format the reseacher is unable or unwilling to use, or unacceptable for some other reason.
pest management
Physical and chemical methods employed by a library or archive to control or eliminate living organisms that infest collection s ( mildew , mold , insects, rodents, etc.), for example, freezing or fumigation . Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies begin with careful identification of the nature and habits of the offender(s), then rely on nonchemical preventive methods as the first line of defense (control of climate, entry points, food sources, etc.). Chemical treatment s are usually reserved for infestations of crisis proportions and pests that do not succumb to less toxic alternatives. Click here to connect to the pest management section of Conservation OnLine (CoOL) and here to read Oxford University Library Services' advice on pests (very detailed on insects).
petition
A formal written appeal for action, addressed to an individual or group of persons with the authority to grant the request of one or more petitioners whose signature s usually appear on the document . Click here to see the Olive Branch Petition of 1775, the final effort of the American colonists to resolve their differences with the King of England without resorting to war ( Karpeles Manuscript Library Museums ), and here to see the petition signed in 1893 by Thomas Edison and others requesting repeal of the act closing the World's Columbian Exposition on Sundays ( National Archives and Records Administration ).
pH
A chemical symbol representing the concentration of hydrogen ions in a given substance in aqueous solution, a standard measure of its acidity or alkalinity (basicity) on a scale of 0-14, with 0 = strongly acidic and 14 = strongly alkaline, used in preservation to detect acid paper , board , etc. Since pH is a logarithmic measure, each unit on the scale represents a factor of 10, with 7.0 (the pH of pure water) the neutral point. In papermaking , a product with a pH of 6.0 or higher is considered acid-free , but a pH of 7.0+ is often preferred to neutralize residual acidity that may develop over time. Click here to learn more about the pH scale.
pharmacopoeia
A book or online resource that lists drugs, chemical compounds, and biological substances, providing information on molecular structure and properties, therapeutic uses, derivatives, and sometimes formulas for manufacture, with tests for establishing identity, purity, strength, etc. (example: The Merck Index or PDR: Physicians' Desk Reference). Most libraries keep the current edition of at least one modern pharmacopoeia in the reference section . Click here to see a 17th-century example, courtesy of the Royal College of Physicians. Compare with formulary .
phonogram
A written sign, symbol , or character that represents a sound, syllable, or word spoken in a language , as opposed to an ideogram that represents an object, idea, or concept without phonetically expressing the sound of its name. The Latin alphabet is a set of phonograms.
phonograph record
A thin, flat disk, usually made of vinyl , impressed on one or both sides with a continuous spiral groove in which audible sound is recorded (see this example ). As the disk revolves on a playback machine, called a record player (see this portable example ), the groove causes a stylus to vibrate, producing electrical impulses in a cartridge that can be amplified as sound. The most common playing speed is 33 1/3 rpm ( long-playing ), but 45 and 78 rpm disks were also manufactured. Audio compact disc s have superseded phonograph records in the retail market for sounds recording s, but there is still a market for secondhand records, some of which have become collectible . In libraries , "vinyl" is preserved primarily for its archival value . In AACR2 , the term "sound disc" is used in the physical description area of the bibliographic record representing a phonograph record, with " analog " given as type of recording . Synonymous with audiodisc and gramophone record. Compare with phonorecord . See also: record album .
phonorecord
As defined by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, a material object in which sounds (except those accompanying audiovisual recordings such as motion picture s) are fixed. The category includes phonograph record s, audiocassette tape s, and compact disc s (CDs).
photo CD (PCD)
A digital imaging system developed by Kodak that enables a photofinisher to record, organize, and store large numbers of high- resolution photograph s ( negative s, slide s, or print s) on compact disc . Some film processors offer the medium as an add-on to conventional film processing. Various graphic s software packages have been designed to support the PCD file format. A similar system, called Picture CD, has been developed for consumer use. It allows images to be pre format ted for commercial printing and for digital transmission and display. The term photo CD is also used for a compact disc produced by such an imaging system.
photochrom print
A colorized photomechanical print produced lithographically from a reversed halftone photographic negative , using a technique developed in Switzerland in the 1880s by Photoglob Zurich and used until the early 1900s, especially for postcard s bearing photographic images (see this example ). Photochrom prints can be difficult to distinguish from color photograph s unless examined with a magnifying glass.
photocopier
A machine available in most libraries for making xerographic copies of document s, usually in black and white . Some photocopiers are capable of enlarging or reducing the size of the original . Most copiers are coin-operated, with payment by the page in cash or by debit card ( fee varies). Sophisticated photocopy machines available in commercial copy shops are capable of color copying and handling large jobs that require collating and stapling. Click here to learn more about how photocopiers work, courtesy of HowStuffWorks . Compare with reader-printer . See also: copy card .
photocopy
A macroform photograph ic reproduction of printed or graphic material, produced quickly and directly on a sheet of paper or other opaque surface, in black and white or color, usually by radiant energy through contact or projection, in a process known as xerography . Photocopy machine s are available in most libraries for making hard copies of materials that may not be removed from the premises ( reference book s, closed reserve s, periodical s, etc.). Photocopying is subject to the fair use provisions of U.S. copyright law. See also: copy art and preservation photocopy .
Also refers to a photographic copy of an existing photograph, as opposed to a duplicate print made from the same negative .
photogenic drawing
A camera-less photograph ic process first announced by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1839 in which a sheet of smooth, fine quality writing paper was immersed in a solution of sodium chloride (table salt), dried, and then brushed on one side with a solution of silver nitrate that combined with the salt to produce light-sensitive silver chloride. Small objects placed on the paper and exposed to the ultraviolet light in sunlight left a light-toned silhouette ( negative image) against a dark (exposed) background ( click here and here to see examples). When incompletely fixed, this type of early photogram often darkens on further exposure to light. Talbot's invention of the calotype grew out of his experiments with photogenic drawing. Click here to learn more about the process, courtesy of Victoria & Albert Museum , London. See also: cyanotype .
photogram
A photograph ic image made without a camera or lens by placing one or more objects directly on a piece of light-sensitive paper or film and exposing it to light. When the paper or film is developed and fixed, the image appears light in tone where the object(s) blocked exposure and dark where the paper or film remained uncovered. Translucent objects can be used to produce mid-tones. Photogenic drawing s, Christian Schad's Schadograph s, and Man Ray's Rayograph s are early photograms. To see other examples, try a keyword search on the term "photogram" in Google Images . Click here to learn more about the process in Wikipedia . Synonymous with schadograph. See also: cyanotype .
photogrammetry
The technique of using photograph s and other remote sensing image s to measure and obtain information about two- or three-dimensional objects. Aerial photogrammetry is mainly used to produce topographic and thematic map s and digital elevation model s. To learn more, see The Basics of Photogrammetry , courtesy of Geodetic Services Inc. See also: aerial photograph .
photograph
From the Greek photo ("light") and graphein ("to write"). The unique negative image produced on a chemically sensitized surface ( film , paper , glass, metal, etc.) when it is exposed to light, usually through a focusing lens. Also, the repeatable positive image (called a " print ") made in any size on a light-sensitive substrate from the negative after it has been developed. Photography is the science, technology, and art of producing photographic images. Photographs were originally produced in black and white , with or without subsequent tinting, but color film is used by most modern photographers. Strictly speaking, collotype s, duotone s, and photogravure s are not considered photographs because they are the result of photomechanical printing processes. Early photographic processes include the daguerreotype , ambrotype , tintype , cyanotype , and autochrome . The term is also used for digital image s made with a digital camera.
photograph case
A shallow, hinged decorative container, designed to hold and protect one or more photograph s, usually portrait s. Manufactured from the 1840s-1860s, primarily for ambrotype s and daguerreotype s, most were made of leather, paper-covered wood, gutta-percha, or thermoplastic material, with or without a fabric lining and interior gold frame (see this example ). See also: union case .
Photographic Activity Test (PAT)
A diagnostic tool developed by the Image Permanence Institute (IPI) for predicting chemical reactions between photograph ic images ( film , print s, etc.) and the enclosures in which they are stored. The components of enclosures ( adhesive s, ink s, paints, label s, tape, etc.) are tested by incubation in temperature- and humidity -controlled chambers over a 4- to 6-week period to simulate aging. Sample evaluation and a final report are provided by the IPI. The PAT is now a worldwide standard ( ISO 14523) for archival quality in photographic enclosures. Click here to learn more about the PAT.
photographic essay
A series of photograph s, in color or black and white , of a particular subject or on a specific topic , usually taken by a single photographer, often expressing a definite view or perception of the subject. The treatment can be artistic or documentary . If the print s are exhibit ed or published in book form, the collection is usually given a title , which may or may not be indicative of its content or of the photographer's conception of the whole. Also refers to a collection of photographs by various photographers organized in a retrospective volume , usually around a central theme (example: The Klondike Quest: A Photographic Essay, 1897-1899 by Pierre Berton). Click here to see an example of an online photographic essay. Abbreviated photo essay.
photographic illustration
A visual image made with a camera or other photograph ic device, used to illustrate a book , periodical , or other publication . The first photographically illustrated book to be commercially published was The Pencil of Nature by the pioneering British photographer and polymath William Henry Fox Talbot. Issue d in six installment s between 1844 and 1846, it describes his development of the calotype process and includes 24 carefully selected calotype plate s, pasted in by hand. Click here to learn more about Fox Talbot and The Pencil of Nature, courtesy of the Glasgow University Library .
photographic postcard
A postcard that is an actual photograph , not a reproduction of one. As early as 1902, Kodak introduced a sensitized postcard stock printed on the back with standard postcard information , and the format remained popular until about 1920 (see this example ).
photogravure
An illustration or print made from an image etched or engraved on a metal plate or cylinder by any one of several photomechanical processes (see this example , courtesy of the Library of Congress ). Also refers to the intaglio technique for making such an image, in which gelatin is normally used to transfer the image from a black and white negative to a copper printing plate for etching in an acid bath. Click here to see more examples ( Getty Museum ) and here to learn more about the process. Synonymous with gravure. See also: rotogravure .
photojournalism
The presentation of news through the medium of photograph ic images. Photojournalists are governed by ethical principles requiring honesty, sensitivity, and objectivity in their selection and creation of images (see Migrant Mother taken by American photographer Dorothea Lange during the Great Depression). A Pulitzer Prize is given annually in Feature Photography . Synonymous with news photography and press photography.
photomap
A reproduction of an aerial photograph or photomosaic , rectified to eliminate displacment and distortions, on which cartographic information ( place name s, symbol s, grid lines, marginal data , etc.) is superimposed, for example, an aerial photograph of a major city to which lines of various colors are added representing subway routes. Click here to see an example showing the location of the Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics in Prague. Synonymous with aerial map.
photomontage
A creative work in which several photograph s, or portions of photographs, are combined to form a single composite image ( montage ). The effect can be achieved by cutting and pasting together the component parts, by exposing the same negative several times, or by combining several negatives in the developing process to produce a single composite print . For more information , see Cut & Paste: A History of Photomontage . Compare with photomosaic .
In motion picture s, a similar effect is achieved in time, rather than space, by projecting a selection of images in such rapid succession that in the mind of the viewer they are associated in a way that gives them meaning not apparent when viewed separately or at a slower pace.
photomosaic
A composite image made by matching the edges of an aerial photograph to the imagery on several adjoining photograph s (or portions of them) to form a continuous representation of an area of the surface of the earth (or another celestial body) with minimal variation in scale ( click here to see an example, courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey ). In a controlled photomosaic, the photographs are usually rectified to eliminate displacement and distortions, then assembled to correspond to a survey ed map within specified limits of accuracy . In an uncontrolled photomosaic, the detail in uncorrected print s is matched print to print without adjustment to ground measurements or orientation . Also spelled photo mosaic. Synonymous with aerial mosaic. Compare with photomontage . See also: photomap .
photo-safe
A term used loosely in advertising by companies that sell supplies for archival preservation of photograph s, such as album s, containers, label s, adhesive s, ink s, etc., to indicate that their products will not harm photographic materials. The main hazards to photo longevity are oxidants and reducers that cause fading and deterioration , low pH acid s that weaken the paper support , high pH alkaline s that weaken the top coating, and chromophores and coupler reactants that cause yellowing and stains. Since lignin is a source of several of these hazards, lignin-free and acid-free paper s are used in photo-safe products. No standard definition or set of test methods yet exists for determining whether a product is nonreactive with photographic images, but the Photographic Activity Test ( ISO 14523) accounts for a number of the chemical reactions that can occur ( click here to learn more about the PAT, courtesy of the Image Permanence Institute ). Photographic print s, negative s, and slide s can also be protected by converting them to digital format, usually preserved on CD-ROM . Also spelled photo safe and photosafe.
Photostat
A high-contrast copy of a document made by a photograph ic process, using a Photostat machine. The first copy is a negative image. If a positive image is desired, a positive Photostat must be made from the negative. A photostatic copy can be a reduction , enlargement , or the same size as the original . The term is also used in a more general sense to mean a photocopy made by any means. Abbreviated stat.
phrase
Grammatically speaking, two or more words that convey a single concept or thought or that constitute a part of a sentence that does not contain a subject or predicate. An adjectival phrase is a noun modified by one or more adjectives (examples: digital archives and small press ). In a prepositional phrase, two words are joined by a preposition (examples: gone to press and out of print ).
phylactery
A narrow banner, ribbon, or scroll extending from the mouth or held in the hand of a human figure drawn or painted in a medieval manuscript , inscribed with the person's name or indicating spoken words. Click here to see an inhabited initial with a phylactery in a 12th-century French manuscript ( Bibliothèque Nationale de France , Lat. 8959). This method of combining text with graphic s survives in contemporary cartoon s in the balloon s used to convey speech and thought.
physical carrier
The physical medium in or on which information ( data , sound, images, etc.) is stored, for example, paper and ink for printed materials and magnetic tape or optical or magnetic disk for electronic resource s. For some categories of material, the medium may be permanently encased in a protective housing made of another material (plastic, metal, etc.) integral to the item , as in a floppy disk or Zip disk ( AACR2 ). The same work may be stored in or on more than one type of carrier, for example, a motion picture on film , videocassette , and DVD . Compare with container .
physical description
In library cataloging , the area of the bibliographic record ( MARC field 300) in which the extent of an item is recorded. For book s, extent of item includes the number of volume s, leaves or page s, column s, and plate s, and the presence of illustration s, map s, and/or accompanying material . The physical description also gives the dimensions and format of the item. In most cases, the physical description of a book (example: xiv, 508 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.) is shorter than that of a nonprint item (example: 3 filmstrips : col. ; 35 mm. + 3 sound cassette s + 3 guides). Synonymous with collation .
physical processing
The activities carried out by the technical processing department of a library to prepare item s for use. The specific techniques used in physical processing depend on the format of the item. A book is usually stamped with at least one ownership mark , label ed, jacketed , and barcoded . A magnetic strip may also be applied to the item to prevent theft . Items such as videocassette s, audiocassette s, CD s, and CD-ROM s may be given a protective container . Physical processing also includes mending , repair , and rebinding in libraries that have an in-house bindery . See also: preprocessing .
physionotrace work
A portrait drawing made by tracing a person's profile from a silhouette produced by a mechanical instrument called a physionotrace , invented in 1784 by the French musician and portraitist Gilles-Louis Chrétien. Also refers to work s, such as copperplate engraving s, made from such drawings (see this example ). Also spelled physiognotrace.
pica
In typography , a standard measurement based on a unit of type 12 point s in size (about 4.2 mm or 1/6 inch wide), used to indicate line length and spacing . On the hand typewriter, pica is the larger of the two most common type size s, having 10 character s per linear inch, as opposed to elite with 12 characters per linear inch.
picaresque literature
From the Spanish picaro meaning "rogue" or "rascal." Episodic accounts of the adventures and misadventures of roguish but engagingly good-natured heroes and heroines of low social status, accustomed to living by their wits, usually written in satirical style. Picaresque fiction originated in 16th century Spain with the anonymous novella The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and His Fortunes and Adversities. The classic example is Don Quixote (1615) by Miguel de Cervantes. More recent examples include Moll Flanders (1721) by Daniel Defoe and Joseph Andrews (1742) by Henry Fielding.
pick-up location
The place to which an item requested on interlibrary, intercampus, or intracampus loan is delivered and stored until the borrower responds to notification of its arrival, usually the circulation desk or interlibrary loan office of the library from which it was requested. Online catalog s that provide an electronic request option may permit the borrower to specify pick-up location in the initial request.
pictograph
A sign in the form of a picture representing or suggesting the thing signified, for example, a street sign bearing a symbol of a person reading a book to indicate that a library is located in the vicinity. Also refers to a prehistoric drawing made on a rock surface, such as the side of a cliff or the wall of a cave, one of the earliest forms of "written" communication. Click here to sample the pictographic script used by the Sumerians in the 32nd century B.C. ( Schøyen Collection , MS 2726) and here to see modern pictographs, courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France . Synonymous with pictogram.
pictorial
A term used in the book trade to refer to a book with a picture on the cover , exclusive of the dust jacket . The image may be limited to the front or back cover or extend across the spine to embellish both covers. Click here to see a 20th-century example in embossed leather ( Otto G. Richter Library , University of Miami, Florida) and here to see an example in glazed paper ( Rare Books & Texana Collections , University of North Texas Libraries). To see examples of embroidered pictorial bindings, try a keywords search on the phrase "embroidered and pictorial" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings . See also: poster style .
pictorial envelope
A category of ephemera consisting of mailing envelopes bearing printed or hand-drawn designs or illustration on the front or back. The images may be geographical, commercial (advertising), commemorative, political, comic, or purely decorative (see this political example , courtesy of the Library of Congress ).
pictorial map
A map on which small individual drawing s or pictograph s, rather than conventional cartographic symbol s, are used to convey information about geographic feature s (see this example , courtesy of the Library of Congress ). The concentration or frequency of a variable is sometimes indicated by the relative size of the picture , for example, on maps showing the distribution of natural resources. The images may be keyed to a legend that explains their meaning, as on this map of economic activity in Brazil ( Perry-Castañeda Library ). The George Glazer Gallery also provides examples of pictorial maps. Compare with decorated map and illustrated map .
picture cycle
A series of illustration s in a medieval manuscript , usually appearing on the same page , on successive pages, or at major divisions in the text , forming a set because they are related in subject and often similar in treatment , for example, scenes of events in the life of the Virgin, traditionally associated with the canonical hours in a Book of Hours , or seasonal labors traditionally associated with the months of the year in calendar s (see Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry , courtesy of WebMuseum , and the Da Costa Hours , courtesy of the Morgan Library , MS M.399). Click here and here and here to see scenes from the life of Christ in the De Lisle Psalter ( British Library , Arundel 83 II). See also this series of historiated initial s featuring King David in a 13th-century French psalter ( Getty Museum , MS 66). When it introduces the main text, such a series is called a prefatory cycle .
picture file
A collection of mounted or unmounted photograph s, illustration s, art print s, clipping s, and other images, usually small enough to be filed in folder s and stored in a filing cabinet. In libraries , the file s may be arranged by subject , theme, name of artist, or some other characteristic. See also: jumbo file and vertical file .
picture library
A library collection consisting primarily of visual document s ( print s, photograph s, illustration s, poster s, postcard s, clipping s, etc.), mounted or unmounted. The largest collections are maintained by national libraries and museum s. Indexing is usually limited to a specific collection. Digitization has made picture collections more accessible . Click here to connect to the Prints & Photographs Reading Room at the Library of Congress , or browse the New York Public Library 's Picture Collection Online or the Picture Library at the Natural History Museum in London. For more information on picture libraries , see the entry by Hilary Evans in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003).
The term is also used by commercial outlets that specialize in providing visual images (see the Mary Evans Picture Library in London).
piece
A fragment or portion of a document in any format that has become detached from the whole by cutting, tearing, breaking, or some other physical means, accidental or intentional, or as a result of normal wear and tear. Compare with part .
In archives , the most basic unit of description and arrangement that can be retrieved from a repository as a separate and distinct entity under its own reference, regardless of format . If a file of document s is described as a single unit, a document within that file would not be considered a piece; however, a single document once part of a file, such as a letter or memorandum , might be a piece, provided the file as a whole is not made a unit of description.
Synonymous in music with a single composition .
pie chart
A graph ical representation of statistical data in the form of a circle divided into pie-shaped slices, the relative size of each piece indicating percentage of the whole, a technique used in report s to show the relative proportions of budget allocation s, funding by source, etc. (see this example )
pierced vellum
A style of bookbinding , popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, in which a design (often elaborate) is cut like a stencil into an outer cover ing of vellum , allowing an underlying layer, usually of colored leather or fabric, to show through. Click here to see a 16th-century Dutch example and here to see a modern example, both in limp vellum. To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings .
pigment
The coloring matter in paint, usually an insoluble powder mixed with water or oil. The pigments used in medieval manuscript painting were mineral, vegetable, and animal extracts, usually pulverized or soaked out, then mixed with a binding medium such as glair (clarified egg white). Other ingredients (gum arabic, honey, chalk or eggshell) might be added to alter color, texture, and opacity. Some pigments were obtained locally (turnsole); others, such as lapis lazuli, had to be imported from distant locations and were therefore expensive. During the early Middles Ages, monastic scribe s and illuminator s prepared their own pigments, but as manuscript production became more commercialized, prepared ingredients could be purchased from an apothecary or stationer . Some of the pigments used in medieval manuscripts have undergone chemical changes, for example, red lead oxidizes to silver-black and verdigris green made from copper may corrode the painting surface over time. To learn more about the use of pigments in medieval manuscript production see the Medieval Manuscript Manual .
pigskin
A tough covering material made from the skin of a pig, used for its strength and durability , especially in binding large, heavy book s. The grain of pigskin can be distinguished from morocco by small punctures in groups of three where the bristles were once attached, interconnected by a distinctive crisscross pattern. Popular in Germany from the mid-16th to mid-17th century, pigskin was usually alum - tawed , a process that turned it a whitish color. Click here to see a 15th-century blind - tooled binding in tawed pigskin ( Cornell University Library ) and here to see an example of the same period with the names of the owner and bookbinder on the cover ( Royal Library of Denmark ). To see other examples, try a search on the keyword "pigskin" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings . Click here to learn more about pigskin bindings, courtesy of the Otto G. Richter Library , University of Miami, FL.
pilot
A small- scale experimental study conducted in advance of a full-scale research project to test an initial hypothesis, research design, or methodology or to determine whether a large-scale study is necessary. Also, a preliminary test or prototype of a system, program, or solution, designed to determine the feasibility of implementation on a wider scale. See also: television pilot .
Also refers to a collection of written nautical directions assembled to meet the requirements of navigation in specific coastal or intracoastal waters, containing information that is difficult to convey on nautical chart s. Click here to browse current and historical coast pilots available online from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). See also: portolan .
PIN
An acronym for personal identification number, a code used in automated systems to identify authorized users. Whether the PIN is created by or issued to the user depends on the policy governing access to the system. The practice originated in the banking industry and is used in some libraries and library system s to verify that a patron is registered to use electronic resource s restricted by licensing agreement , and other services to which the library prefers to restrict access.
pinhole camera photograph
A photograph ic image taken with a very simple camera consisting of a light-proof box with a small hole in one side and no lens ( example ). Light from a scene passes through the aperture and projects an inverted image on the opposite side of the box, exposing photographic film or activating a charge-coupled device (CCD). See this early example .
pinyin (PY)
A system of writing the Chinese language in the roman alphabet , used by the news media , the U.S. government, and throughout the world. In 1997, the Library of Congress announced its intention to begin converting bibliographic record s created in the older Wade-Giles (WG) system to the new pinyin standard for romanizing Chinese, a decision that will affect millions of authority record s and is expected to facilitate the international exchange of bibliographic data . Click here to connect to the homepage of the Library of Congress Pinyin Conversion Project.
pirated edition
An edition issue d in violation of existing copyright law, without permission of the author or copyright holder , usually outside the country in which it was originally published to avoid the legal consequences of infringement . Compare with authorized edition and unauthorized edition .
pixel
A neologism coined from the term "picture element," any one of the tiny dots of uniform illumination that in the aggregate comprise the image on a television screen or computer monitor . Pixels may be binary (black and white) or multivalued to display colors or gradations of a gray scale. A pixel on a color screen is a combination of three dots--blue, green, and red--called subpixels. To see the pixels on a computer monitor, wipe the surface of the screen with a clean, damp cloth or tissue . In a pixilated image, the individual pixels can be seen with the unaided eye, usually because the image has been over-enlarged (see this example ). Synonymous with pel. See also: bitmap .
place name index
An alphabetically arranged list of all the geographic name s used in a book or other text , giving the page number (s) on which each name appears. On map s and in atlas es, the location of each place name may be indicated by grid coordinates. Also used synonymously with gazetteer .
place of publication
The geographic location in which an edition of a work is issue d, usually given on the title page of a book as the city (or city and state) and sometimes more completely on the verso . In library cataloging , place of publication is one of the element s recorded in the publication, distribution, etc. , area of the bibliographic description .
plagiarism
From the Latin plagiarius, meaning "kidnapper." Copy ing or closely imitating the work of another writer, composer , etc., without permission and with the intention of passing the results off as original work. In publishing , copyright law makes literary theft a criminal offense. At most colleges and universities, plagiarism is considered a moral and ethical issue, and instructors impose penalties on students who engage in it. Plagiarism can be avoided by expressing a thought, idea, or concept in one's own words. When it is necessary to paraphrase closely, the source should be documented in a footnote or endnote , in the same manner as a direct quotation .
The use of the Internet to appropriate the ideas or expressions of another has been dubbed cyberplagiarism. The cut-and-paste capability of most word processing and Web browser software has facilitated plagiarism. Submission of an essay or term paper purchased prewritten from an online paper mill is one of the most flagrant forms of plagiarism. Astute instructors keep abreast of the latest techniques for detecting this and other forms of cheating. For more information , see Sharon Stoerger's Web site Plagiarism . Compare with forgery .
plagiarism detection software
A computer program designed to check upload ed student essay s and research paper s against various database s for the purpose of identifying unoriginal content . An example popular with instructors is Turnitin , provided by iParadigms , which also offers WriteCheck , a tool similar to a spell checker that allows students to scan their written work for plagiarism before turning it in. According to Marc Parry, writing in the November 11, 2011 issue of The Chronicle of Higher Education, plagiarism has become so common that, "Some colleges even mandate that all written assignments be subjected to a digital pat-down." Synonymous with antiplagiarism program.
plain text
Text that can be read by most text editors and word processing software because it has not been encrypted and does not include formatting for style and page layout or content definition, for example, file s in ASCII code. Synonymous with vanilla text. The opposite of rich text . Compare with plaintext .
plaintext
In the context of cryptography , information (typically human-readable ) that can be read without decryption, i.e., information to be used as input to an encryption algorithm or that has been decoded from ciphertext . Click here to learn more about plaintext in Wikipedia . Compare with plain text .
plan
A large- scale (1:5,000 or larger) detailed map of a relatively small area, such as a university campus, small park, garden, battlefield, or site on which a building or complex of buildings stands, showing relative positions on a horizontal plane parallel to the picture plane and feature s drawn to scale with little generalization. Click here to see a detail of a computer-generated version of Pierre Charles L'Enfant's original plan for the capital of the United States and here is one of 25 hand-colored photograph ic plans for the reconstruction of Berlin prepared by Albert Speer during the 1930s ( Library of Congress ). Click here to explore a Hampstead Garden Suburb Plan ( British Library ). An architectural plan shows the internal arrangement of a building, or room in a building, rather than its site (see this example ). See also: floor plan .
planetary model
A three-dimensional model of the solar system on any scale , showing the orbits of the planets around the sun and of the moons around the planets. In AACR2 , planetary models are cataloged as cartographic materials . Click here to see a selection of historic planetary models, courtesy of the George Glazer Gallery . Synonymous with planetarium (plural: planetaria).
planimetric map
A map on any scale showing only the relationships of surface feature s (locations and distances) on a horizontal plane, with no indication of vertical relief . Road map s are usually planimetric. Click here to see a planimetric map of Africa, courtesy of the University of Florida (to enlarge click on lower right-hand corner of image) and here to see one of the world as it may have looked 300 million years ago. Compare with topographic map .
planisphere
The projection of all or part of a sphere onto a plane surface, especially a map representing the entire surface of the earth or another celestial body, without division into hemispheres. See this 19th-century example using the Mercator projection ( George Glazer Gallery ). Also refers to a circular chart representing a polar projection of half or more of the celestial sphere, with or without an adjustable overlay enabling the viewer to display the constellations visible at a specific time and place. Click here to see two 19th-century examples, courtesy of Kenyon College, and here to see planispheres currently available for amateur astronomers. Compare with double hemisphere map .
planned giving
A charitable gift, usually made to an institution or organization, based on the long-range development of relationships that result in the individual's decision to plan for the disposition of his or her assets in a manner that expresses values held during his or her lifetime. The plan can take the form of a bequest through a will or revocable living trust, a life income plan, or the gift of property, life insurance, securities, or other assets. Legal advice is usually required to ensure compliance with applicable laws, including tax laws. Some libraries include a planned giving program in their fundraising activities ( click here and here to see examples). Other examples can be found by executing a keywords search on the phrase "planned giving and library" in Google . To learn more about planned giving programs in libraries, see the article "Gifts That Speak Volumes" by William R. Gordon in the January 2006 issue of American Libraries .
planographic
A printing process in which the image is on the same plane as the rest of the plate , as in lithography , in contrast to a process in which the design is raised in relief or cut into a hard surface ( intaglio ).
plaque
A thin, decorative tablet, usually made of hand-carved ivory or fine enamel or metalwork, set into or onto one of the board s of a medieval manuscript book (usually the upper board) to function as an applied cover . The original purpose of examples that have survived the binding s for which they were made can be inferred from tiny holes in the corners and along the edges through which they were securely nailed to the boards. Click here to see a 9th-century plaque in ivory and here to see a similar example attached to a jeweled binding ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ). See also this 12th-century example in metalwork ( Getty Museum , MS Ludwig V 2).
plaquette
From the French word for a small, thin plate or slab. A small circular or oval tablet with a design in relief cast in bronze or lead from a wax mold, originally used during the Renaissance to decorate boxes and other personal items. According to Geoffrey Glaister, writing in the Encyclopedia of the Book (Oak Knoll/British Library, 1996), metal dies for casting plaquettes were sometimes used in Italian bookbinding of the 16th century to stamp designs in relief on leather binding s, which were subsequently hand-painted. See also: cameo binding .
plat
A diagram drawn to scale showing the boundaries, subdivisions, and other data , established by survey , that are necessary to correctly identify and describe the units of which a relatively small tract of land is comprised. A plat often includes one or more certificate s indicating official approval and may omit natural and cultural features normally depicted on a map , which are not essential to its legal purpose. Click here to see a manuscript plat prepared by George Washington in 1766 of lands he purchased adjacent to his plantation of Mount Vernon (courtesy of the Library of Congress ) and here to see a 1920 plat map of the town of Auburn, Wisconsin. Because plat maps can be useful to genealogists , historical societies sometimes provide online access to them (see this example ). See also: cadastral map .
plate
Illustrative matter in a book or other publication , usually printed with or without explanatory text on a leaf of different quality paper than the main text, with the reverse side often blank or bearing a descriptive legend . Plates are usually insert ed in the section s after gathering , either distributed throughout the text or in one or more groups. A tissued plate is separated from the facing page by a loose sheet of interleaved tissue paper, usually to prevent offset or rubbing. Click here to see an example from the 19th-century serial publication Godey's Lady's Book and here to see a selection of 19th- and early 20th-century fashion plate s in the Digital Collections of the University of Washington Libraries. Engraved examples can be seen in Agostino Ramelli's Le diverse et artificiose machine (Paris: 1588), courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries.
Because they are not integral to the gathering, plates are excluded from the pagination ; however, they are usually numbered in roman or arabic numeral s and listed in order of appearance in a separate part of the front matter . In the bibliographic record created to represent an item in the library catalog , the number of leaves or pages of plates is indicated in the physical description area , following extent of text. Compare with cut . See also: color plate , double plate , monochrome plate , and plate number .
Originally, a flat piece of wood or a sheet of metal used to print, emboss , or engrave a design, illustration , or image on paper , vellum , or some other printing surface. In modern printing, photomechanical plates are used to print both text and illustrations. See also: plate mark .
In photograph y, a rigid, comparatively thick support for the layer of photosensitive material ( emulsion ) bearing the image. Glass is used for its flatness and where dimensional stability is essential. In the tintype , a thin metal sheet, usually of iron, was used to support the emulsion. Compare with film .
plate mark
An indentation marking the boundaries of an intaglio print or old map , made by the edges of the metal plate as it is forced against the paper in the press . The surface of the paper to which pressure is applied is depressed and smoother than the margin s outside the print line ( click here and here to see examples). Faint traces of ink may appear along the plate line if the plate is not cleaned thoroughly before printing . Some prints have been trimmed to the plate mark. Also spelled platemark.
plate number
One of the number s assigned sequentially to illustration s printed separately from the text in a book , pamphlet , periodical , or other publication , appearing on the same page as the plate , sometimes followed by a caption . In a book, the plates are often listed by number in the front matter to facilitate reference.
Also, a designation assigned to an item of music by the publisher , consisting of an abbreviation , initials, or words identifying the publisher, sometimes followed by a number corresponding to the number of pages or plates, usually printed at the foot of each page and sometimes on the title page ( AACR2 ). In music cataloging , plate number is recorded in the note area of the bibliographic description (example: Pl. no.: B. & H. 8797-8806). Compare with publisher's number .
platform
Originally referred to a specific type of computer hardware architecture, but the term now includes both the hardware and operating system installed on the CPU , usually for a model or entire family of computers (examples: Windows , Macintosh , UNIX ). The term cross-platform is used in reference to device s, application program s, and data format s designed to function on more than one type of computer system.
platinum print
A photograph printed on paper treated with iron (ferric) salts that are dissolved out in developing and replaced with platinum. Patent ed and introduced in 1873 under the name Platinotype by the Englishman William Willis, the process was popular through the 1920s until the price of platinum rose so high that it became too expensive for commercial photography. Platinum print s are valued for their wide range of delicate gray tones and their resistance to fading (permanence). The process has recently been revived in fine art photography and for "keepsake" commercial photographs, such as wedding portrait s. Click here to see a selection of platinum prints ( Getty Museum ) and here to see examples from the Victoria & Albert Museum , London. Synonymous with platinotype. Compare with Kallitype .
A literary work in prose or verse that presents a narrative in words and action, intended for live performance on a stage by a cast of players. In the earliest known dramas, performed at religious festivals in ancient Greece, a clear distinction was maintained between comedy and tragedy . Plays are written for adult s or children by a playwright, usually in one or more major divisions called act s. When published in collection s, they are index ed by author , title , subject , and dramatic style in Play Index, published by H.W. Wilson . Compare with screenplay . See also: acting edition , closet drama , masque , melodrama , miracle play , morality play , mystery play , one-act play , passion play , puppet play , radio play , script , teleplay , thesis play , and Tony Awards .
In publishing , the emphasis or attention given a news story or article by virtue of its position in the publication (front or back), placement on the page (top or bottom), or typographical treatment (played up or played down). Also, to operate any device designed to receive broadcast signals (radio or television) or reproduce sound recorded on any medium ( phonograph record , audiotape , compact disc , videotape , etc.). See also: playback .
Playaway
The brand name of a solid-state prerecorded digital audio player introduced in 2005 by Findaway World, a company based in Solon, Ohio. Slightly smaller than a deck of playing cards and encased in durable lightweight plastic, the self-contained battery-operated player can store up to 80 hours of audio. Preloaded by the manufacturer, the content cannot be altered or copied by end users. Output to earphones or external amplifier is provided by a 3.5 mm stereo jack. The format is used for audiobook s in school and public libraries . Findaway World has also introduced the Playaway View preloaded digital video player, designed for children's content. Click here to learn more about Playaway for libraries.
playback
Any recording heard or viewed as soon as it is produced, usually to enable the performers, producers, etc., to evaluate its quality and select the version to be used for manufacture and distribution. In a more general sense, the reproduction of sounds and/or images from the medium on which they are recorded ( phonograph record , audiotape , compact disc , videotape , DVD , etc.). A playback device is capable of reproducing audio and/or video but is not designed for recording.
playing cards
Small cards, printed or made by hand in set s of a designated number, marked for use in playing games of chance or skill or in fortune-telling or for educational purposes. Modern playing cards are probably a Chinese invention, introduced into Europe in the 14th century via the Islamic world (see this example ). As ephemera , playing cards are collected by libraries for their historical or aesthetic value. Click here and here to see a complete set for a 19th-century game of authors ( Cornell University Library ) and here to learn more about playing cards.
playing speed
In sound recording , the speed at which the carrier of a message recorded in a specific medium must be operated to reproduce the sound intended by the manufacturer, for example, 33 1/3 rpm for a long-playing phonograph record , or 1 7/8 ips for an analog audiocassette . Compare with projection speed .
playing time
The duration of a nonprint media item requiring equipment for playback ( sound recording , motion picture , videorecording , etc.), usually given in minutes on the label, jacket, and/or insert. Also, the length of a particular track on an audiorecording , given in minutes and seconds. In library cataloging , playing time is given in parentheses under extent of item in the physical description area of the bibliographic record , as stated on the item, for example, 2 film cassettes (25 min. each) : sd., col.. If not readily ascertainable, an approximate length is given.
playwright
The author of a dramatic work written to be read ( closet drama ) or performed live on the stage, whose name is entered in the statement of responsibility area of the bibliographic description of an edition of the work. The best-known example is William Shakespeare, whose play s are still performed and adapted around the world, 400 years after he wrote them. Click here to connect to the Yahoo! list of playwrights. Synonymous with dramatist. Compare with screenwriter . See also: director and performer .
plot
The organization of incidents or episodes in a narrative work ( novel , short story , play , motion picture ) in a sequence that unfolds to the reader or viewer the relationship between character and events. Most literary plots present a struggle between opposing forces leading to a conclusion, or denouement, in which the author employs an element of suspense to heighten dramatic effect. Complicated plots may include one or more subplot s. To encourage patron s to read the original work, libraries do not as a rule purchase resources that provide synopses or plot summaries of literary work s. See also: character and setting .
plot summary
A concise account of the sequence of events or incidents in a fairly long narrative work ( novel , play , epic poem , etc.). Most academic libraries do not, as a matter of policy , select series such as Cliff Notes and Masterplots, which provide plot summaries of literary work s, because they are too easily used by students to avoid reading assignments. Synonymous with synopsis.
plug-in
An easy-to-install supplementary program or module designed to extend the capability of a major software package, usually by adding a new feature, for example, an application added to a Web browser enabling it to support non text ual content ( graphic s, animation , audio , video , etc.). Also spelled plugin.
plummet
Precursor to the graphite pencil, plummet was a piece of lead alloy, sometimes mounted in a holder, used from the 11th for ruling and writing annotation s in manuscript s and for underdrawing . Before plummet, medieval scribe s and illuminator s used hard point and metal point . Synonymous with lead point.
ply
A single thickness or layer of paper or fiber laminated or pressed together to build up heavier sheets, as in certain types of board . Thickness is normally indicated by the number of layers (2-ply, 3-ply, etc.). Also refers to one of the twisted strands that make up the sewing thread used in bookbinding .
PMID
The unique numeric identifier assigned to the bibliographic record representing a source document when the record is entered into the National Library of Medicine 's PubMed database . Click here to see an example at the bottom of a sample record from PubMed.
PMP
An abbreviation of portable media player. A hand-held electronic device designed to store and playback digital media ( audio , images, and video ). A color LCD or OLED screen is used for display. Screen size varies up to a maximum of seven inches, with resolution s up to WVGA. Data is typically stored on a hard drive , microdrive , or flash memory. Most PMPs are compatible with the MP3 audio format and support JPEG format for image display. Some players, are capable of displaying additional image file format s, such as GIF , PNG, and TIFF . Most newer PMPs support the MPEG-4 video format, and software may be included to convert video files into a compatible format. One of the most successful PMPs has been Apple's iPod . Because of their playback capabilities, other types of electronic devices, such as cell phones, are sometimes considered PMPs.
pochoir
From the French word meaning " stencil ." A method of hand illustration used primarily in deluxe edition s in which color is applied by dabbing watercolor , ink , or paint through a sheet of paper , metal, or celluloid into which a design has been cut, producing an uneven hand-crafted effect not obtainable when color printing is done under pressure or when ink is drawn across a stencil, as in screen printing . The same technique can be used to add color to a preprinted design. Click here and here to see examples of early 20th-century illustration in pochoir ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ), or see Vibrant Visions: Pochor Prints in the Cooper-Hewitt/National Design Museum Library , courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution.
pocket part
A separately published supplement bound in limp or paper cover s for insertion in a pocket inside the front or back cover of a previously published book . Pocket parts are used mainly to update law book s and other reference work s (see this example ). Also refers to separately printed material, such as a map or music score , or to nonprint material (usually a floppy disk or CD-ROM ), inserted in a pocket inside the cover of a book by the publisher . In library cataloging , the presence of a pocket part is indicated in the physical description area of the bibliographic record .
podcast
A digital media file ( audio or video ) syndicated over the Internet via an RSS feed. The author or host of a podcast is known as a podcaster. Once available online , podcasts can be download ed for listening on portable media device s ( MP3 players, pocket CDs, cell phones) and personal computers. Despite the similarity in name, listening to or watching a podcast does not require an iPod, although the device can be used for that purpose. Online directories of podcasts are usually browsable by subject and searchable by keyword(s) (example: Podcast Alley ).
poetic license
In poetry , the liberty granted a writer to manipulate conventional word order, rhyme, diction, etc., within the limits of poetic form, to achieve a desired effect. In fiction , the freedom of a writer to alter historical fact or logic in the interest of producing a more interesting or compelling narrative , for example, Shakespeare's use of the Holinshed account of the murder by Donwald of an earlier King Duff as source material for the murder of Duncan in his play Macbeth.
poet laureate
Literally, a poet "crowned with laurel." An honorific title and stipend, usually bestowed by a university or head of state on an eminent poet who is expected to compose poems commemorating date s and occasions of national importance and is called upon to read or recite from his or her own work s, and from the works of other poets, on special occasions.
Poet laureates were originally appointed for life as officers of the royal household in England, where they were expected to compose poems for state occasions, but the post is now conferred mainly as a mark of distinction. In the United States, the Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry is appointed annually by the Librarian of Congress and receives a stipend. Wikipedia provides a list of British poet laureates.
poetry
A spoken or written work consciously created in metrical form by a speaker or writer who has a gift for imaginative and symbol ic use of language . Also, the art of metrical composition , intended to express sublime thought and emotion and give aesthetic pleasure through the ingenious combination of well-chosen words and rhythmic phrases (sound and sense). Poetry is classified by form ( ballad , eclogue , elegy , epic , idyl , idyll , lai , limerick , lyric , ode , sonnet , etc.) and often published in anthology . Poems in collection s are index ed by first line , last line, and title in The Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry in Anthologies. Click here to connect to the Poetry & Literature Center at the Library of Congress . Compare with prose . See also: commendatory verse , concrete poem , and poet laureate .
point
In printing , a unit of measurement created in 1737 by the French typographer Pierre Fournier, revised by Firmin-Didot in 1770, and formalized in the United States in the 1870s for indicating the body size (height and width) of type and other elements used in typography ( rule s, border s, etc.). One point equals approximately 1/72 or 0.013837 of an inch and 1 inch equals 72.25433 points. Before the point system was developed, descriptive terms were used for the various type size s: nonpareil (6-point), brevier (8-point), pica (12-point), etc. Also, a unit for measuring the thickness of paper and board , one point equal to one-thousandth (1/1000) of an inch.
In historical bibliography and antiquarian book trade , a specific characteristic or peculiarity of printing or binding (usually a minor defect or error) by which copies of a first edition can be distinguished or priority of issue established within an edition that has undergone multiple printing s. See also: fingerprint .
In cartography , a zero-dimensional abstraction represented by a single x, y or x, y, z coordinate , used on a map or chart to represent a geographic feature too small to be displayed as a line or area, for example, the location of a building on a map of a city or of a city on a small-scale map of a state or country. Point symbol s are also used to represent abstract features that lack areal extent, for example, the epicenter of an earthquake.
pointillé
From the French verb pointiller, meaning "to mark with dots." In hand bookbinding , a style of decorative tooling used in leather-bound deluxe edition s, characterized by delicate scrollwork in which the lines are not solid but composed of tiny, closely spaced dots, usually highlighted in gold . Click here to see an 17th-century French example ( British Library ) and here to view a 19th-century Scottish example ( Special Collections , Glasgow University Library, Mu30-b.11,12). The Morgan Library provides this late-19th-century example by Thomas James Cobden-Sanderson for William Morris . To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term in the British Library's Database of Bookbindings .
point-of-use instruction
An explanation of how to use a specific resource or research tool ( catalog , printed index , abstracting service , bibliographic database , etc.), provided to a library user orally, online , or in print at the time and place assistance is needed, usually by a public services librarian or other trained expert. See also: help screen .
polaire
A sturdily made leather satchel or case used by monks, scribe s, and other literate persons of the medieval period for transporting manuscript book s. Most were plain, but examples custom-made for persons of wealth or prominence sometimes bore an insignia or other distinctive design stamped in relief. See also: girdle book .
polarity
The relationship of the colors or tones of a photograph ic image to those of the actual object or scene captured on film -- positive if the image reflects the original, negative if the colors/tones are reversed. A bibliographic item composed of more than one photographic image may have mixed polarity. The term is also used in reprography to describe the reversal of tones from positive to negative, or vice versa.
Polaroid
An instant film invented by physicist and engineer Edwin Herbert Land (1909-1991), founder of the Polaroid Corporation, that allows a developing positive print to be removed from a specially-designed camera within a few seconds of snapping the shot. The first instant camera was sold to the public in November 1948, but the technology did not become commercially successful until the development of the automatic Land camera in 1965. In 1976, Polaroid filed suit against Kodak for infringing patent s related to instant photograph y, winning its case in 1985. Professional photographers often use Polaroids to frame pictures before starting to shoot with 35mm film. Click here to see a selection of Polaroid images by Andy Warhol ( Getty Museum ). Click here and here to learn more about how instant film and instant cameras work, courtesy of HowStuffWorks . See also: snapshot .
political cartoon
A drawing that presents a particular viewpoint on a contemporary political issue, event, situation, public figure, or institution, often employing satire or caricature and a generally understood vocabulary of visual symbol s to make the desired point (see examples by Herblock , courtesy of the Library of Congress ). Political cartoon s are usually published on the editorial page or op/ed page of a newspaper . Political cartoonists may be syndicate d. For more examples, see Dr. Seuss Went to War , courtesy of Mandeville Special Collections at UC San Diego.
political correctness (PC)
A term that came into widespread use in the early 1990s to describe the influence of liberal political views on American culture, particularly speech and other forms of social behavior, for example, the replacement of the title "chairman" with "chairperson" to avoid the appearance of gender discrimination (this particular problem has not arisen in the library profession because the term "librarian" is gender -neutral). In literary studies, the debate centered around whether to abolish the traditional canon, dominated by work s written primarily by males of European descent. Some universities sidestepped this dilemma by making the debate over political correctness part of the curriculum.
political map
A map showing the political boundaries of nations and states, administrative divisions within a nation or state, political affiliations (formal or informal) of people living within a given geographic area, official names of capital cities , voting districts , etc., either current or historical . Click here to see a political map of free and slave states in the United States following the Missouri Compromise. The CIA World Factbook provides current political maps of the world and its regions, with an index of political maps of individual countries, as does Atlapedia . Click here to see a map of territorial claims to Antarctica (2002), courtesy of the Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection .
political poster
A large single sheet of heavy paper or cardboard, usually printed on one side only in text and/or graphic s, to convey a message about a political or social issue or event. The category includes campaign poster s (see this example ), propaganda posters ( example ), and protest posters ( example ).
poll
Statistical data produced by surveying selected individuals on their opinions concerning an issue or event, usually reported by the institution that conducted or commissioned the survey , for example, the annual Gallup Poll of American public opinion, available in the reference section of large public and academic libraries . Sampling methods can influence results.
polyester
A clear, flexible plastic used as a non-organic base for photograph ic film , for encapsulation , and to protect book cover s. Polyester is chemically stable, has high tensile strength, and is very resistant to moisture and other chemicals. Brand name s are Mylar and Melinex.
Kodak began selling safety film made with a polyester base in the mid-1950s. It is the toughest film base in use today and more chemically stable than acetate film. Because of its tensile strength, it can be made thinner than most other motion picture stock and is less susceptible to damage caused by careless handling . Most new 35mm release print s shown in American cinema theaters are made on polyester base because it outlasts other types of film; however, currently available film cement s cannot be used on polyester-- splice s must be made with tape or by an ultrasonic process.
polyethylene
A chemically stable, somewhat flexible, translucent waxy plastic with a low melting point, used in conservation to protect brittle paper because it is resistant to acid . Also used as a coating in papermaking to provide finish and add strength. Less expensive than polyester . Nonbiodegradable.
polyglot
A book or series of books containing the same text in several language s, sometimes arranged in parallel column s across facing page s. Click here to see a page of the Antwerp Polyglot Bible printed in Hebrew, Greek, Aramaic, Syrian, and Latin ( Vulgate ) in 1569-1573 by Christopher Plantin and here to see the opening page of the Gospel according to St. Luke in the same edition ( Koninklijke Bibliotheek ). See also: parallel title and polyglot dictionary .
polyglot dictionary
A list of the words of a language with a translation of each word into two or more other languages (example: The Multilingual Dictionary of Printing and Publishing edited by Alan Isaacs). Polyglot dictionaries are usually shelved in the reference section of a library . Compare with language dictionary .
polygraph
A mechanical device for copying handwritten document s and drawing s, invented by English-born John Isaac Hawkins and patent ed in the United States in 1803 by Hawkins and Charles Wilson Peale. The device enabled the writer to simultaneously move one or more connected, spring-mounted pen s parallel with the one held in the writer's hand, producing a duplicate copy or copies virtually identical to the original (see this example ). Thomas Jefferson owned several versions of the machine, which he used to make copies of his voluminous correspondence ( click here to see one of his polygraphs, now at Monticello, and here to learn about his collaboration in improvement of the device). Because of its inherent instability and constant need of adjustment and repair, the polygraph was never widely used in business.
polypropylene
A stiff, hard, heat-resistant, chemically stable plastic that can be extruded and cast. It has better clarity than polyethylene and less static charge than polyester . Polypropylene self- adhesive protective book covers can be ordered from library supplier s, preshaped, with peel-off paper backing. Also used as an additive in papermaking . Nonbiodegradable.
polyptych
A visual work ( painting , print , photograph , or sculpture) consisting of four or more panels or sections, often hinged or folded together, intended to be viewed as a single unit (see this 14th-century example in ivory, courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum ). To see other examples, try a keywords search on the term "polyptych" in Google Images . A triptych has three such panels and a diptych two.
polysemy
Having multiple meanings, some of which may overlap. By way of example, the Oxford English Dictionary gives 14 definition s of the word "power." In cataloging and indexing , a parenthetical qualifier is usually added to a polysemic subject heading or descriptor for semantic clarification, as in the Library of Congress subject heading s Power (Electronics) and Power (Social sciences). See also: homograph .
polyvinyl acetate (PVA)
A transparent, water-based chemical adhesive used in bookbinding to produce a very strong bond. Applied cold, it is allowed to dry naturally for maximum strength and flexibility. PVA is not as strong as hot-melt adhesive, but it is more flexible, longer lasting, and more resistant to cold-crack . For these reasons, it is used in Otabind binding .
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
A form of plastic that has high chemical resistance but is not chemically stable. Because it emits hydrochloric acid as it ages, PVC has very limited application in the preservation of document s made of paper . The volatile plasticizers that make it flexible are hazardous to humans. Nonbiodegradable. Beginning in the 1950s, phonograph s records were manufactured from polyvinyl chloride, usually black in color. Abbreviated vinyl. Compare with polyester .
pontifical
A liturgical book containing the order of service for episcopal offices, sacraments administered only by popes and bishops (ordination, confirmation, dedication of churches and altars, consecration of liturgical objects, etc.). Pontificals sometimes include illustration s of the equipment used in performing the ceremonies. Click here to view a page from a 15th-century Italian example in the online exhibition Celebrating the Liturgy's Books and here to read about the Bangor Pontifical Project (Bangor Cathedral, North Wales).
poor man's copyright (PMC)
A means of avoiding payment of the copyright registration fee by mailing a copy of the original work to oneself, in the belief that the sealed and unopened package provides proof that the work existed on the date of the postmark; however, it is easy to pre-send envelopes which can be used later by placing materials inside. A notary public can also be used to establish that material has been in one's possession since a particular date. Both of these methods provide significantly less legal protection than official registration with the U.S. Copyright Office.
POP
Post Office Protocol, an application -layer Internet protocol that allows e-mail client s to retrieve mail messages from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. End-user s with an intermittent connection typically connect to the remote server, retrieve all incoming messages, store them as new messages on their own PC , delete them from the server, and then disconnect. POP operates in conjunction with the SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), which provides the message transport services required to move electronic mail from one computer system to another.
popular edition
An edition of a book printed on poorer-quality paper than the trade edition , sometimes without illustration s and in a less sturdy cloth or softcover binding , usually sold at a lower price. Some book club edition s fall into this category.
pop-up
A window that appears on top of the browser window when a computer user logs on to a Web site or selects an option displayed on it, usually covering a portion of the screen. Some Web sites burden the viewer with multiple pop-ups containing advertising . Spyware can also be used to deliver unsolicited pop-up advertising. Pop-ups are obtrusive because they block from view material displayed in the browser window, requiring the user to either select an option or close the pop-up window to see underlying content . Also spelled popup.
pop-up book
A type of novelty children's book , manufactured as early as the 19th century, containing cut-out illustration s ingeniously designed to spring up in three dimensions from the surface of the page when the book is opened or a tab is pulled, and to fold back down when the page is turned or the tab is pushed in. Because they require special assembly, pop-up books are usually more expensive than standard children's picture book s. Most libraries do not, as a matter of policy , select them for circulation because the movable parts are easily damaged. Click here to see a 19th-century pop-up version of Little Red Riding Hood ( Koninklijke Bibliotheek ) and here to view an online exhibit of pop-up and movable book s ( University of North Texas Libraries ). See also The POP-UP World of Ann Montanaro (Rutgers University Libraries). Synonymous with stand-up book.
pornography
From the ancient Greek porne and graphos, meaning "writing about prostitutes." Work s of no artistic value, depicting sexuality with the conscious intent to arouse sexual desire. The qualifiers soft core and hard core are often added to indicate degree of licentiousness. Ownership of print collections is generally limited to private individuals and the special collections of large libraries . Proliferation of pornographic Web site s has been a major impetus for advocates of Internet filtering . Wikipedia provides a list of pornography laws by region. In the antiquarian and used book trade , pornographic works are often listed in catalog s under curiosa , erotica , or facetiae . Abbreviated porn. Compare with obscenity . See also: banned book , censorship , cyberporn , and expurgated .
port
A physical connection on a computer or network device , usually in the form of a socket, that allows data to be received from and transmitted to an external device. The number of available ports may determine the number of simultaneous user s who may access a system such as an online catalog or bibliographic database . Most libraries reserve a fixed number of ports for local use. Any remaining ports are made available for remote access .
portability
The capacity of an operating system , programming language , or application program to operate independently of a specific hardware platform , usually achieved by designing a different version for each platform or by building in mechanisms for switching between platforms or converting from one type of machine to another.
Portable Document Format (PDF)
The format used for page description in the Adobe Acrobat document exchange program . In Acrobat, the PDF Writer converts most DOS , Windows , UNIX , and Macintosh data file s into PDF format. Since the original font s are embedded in the PDF file, there is no need to install them on the receiving machine. With Adobe Acrobat Reader installed at the receiving end, PDF files can be displayed and printed in original format.
In full-text bibliographic database s, a "native PDF" file is received in a digital format from the publisher , reproducing the appearance of the original text and images with a high degree of clarity. A "scanned PDF" file is created by running a print copy of the text through a high-quality scanner . The result is then examined closely for legibility .
portal
Originally, a general purpose Web site offering a wide variety of resources and services, such as news, weather, directory information , Web searching, free e-mail accounts, chat groups, mailing list s, online shopping, and link s to other Web sites (example: America Online ). However, the term is increasingly applied to Web sites that offer such services only within a particular industry, occupation, or field (example: AcqWeb for acquisitions librarian s). See also: library portal .
portfolio
A container designed to hold loose materials ( papers , drawing s, painting s, print s, photograph s, manuscript s, unbound section s of a book , etc.), consisting of two rigid board s joined at the spine by a wide band of cloth, with ties attached to the fore-edge and sometimes to the other edge s to prevent sheet s from sliding out. Also refers to materials (usually graphic ) issued as an unbound set , often with a loose title page or text introduction , enclosed in paper or board cover s or a simple folder .
In publishing , a single- or multivolume work containing plate s with little or no text , usually executed by an artist and devoted to a central theme, for example, George Catlin's North American Indian Portfolio , a collection of 25 color plate s first published in 1844, an artistic success but financial failure for the artist.
In art, a collection of the original works of an artist, usually selected to illustrate range of talent. Also used in reference to the entire body of an artist's work.
In business, a comprehensive list of all the securities (stocks, bonds, etc.) owned by an investor or financial institution. Publicly held corporations are required by law to disclose such holdings.
portmanteau
A new word or phrase formed by combining two or more words or morphemes related to a single concept, into a single word or morph that preserves the sounds and meanings of both terms. Examples include: crowdsourcing (crowd + outsourcing), pixel (pic + element), smog (smoke + fog), and telethon (television + marathon). A portmanteau word is distinct from a contraction in combining two or more existing words which do not necessarily appear together in sequence. Plural: portmanteaux.
portolan
From the Italian portolano meaning "pilot book." A detailed text ual sailing guide that contains one or more graphic chart s of a coastline, showing its bays, harbors, islands, and known navigational hazards but no inland feature s. The earliest portiolans are among the oldest known manuscript map s. Hand- drawn on vellum and of Italian origin, they date from the late 13th century and depict the Mediterranean Sea. Created by mariners from compass bearings, portolans were often more accurate than land map s of the same period. They often have rhumb line s radiating from the points of a wind rose or compass rose to help pilots chart direction (see this 16th-century example , courtesy of the Library of Congress ). Place name s are usually written in the interior at right angles to the line delineating the coast, with the more important ports indicated in red (see this example , courtesy of the University of Pennsylvania Library). Portolan charts were sometimes decorated (see this example ). Click here to see other examples (Bell Library, University of Minnesota). Plural in Italian: portolani. Synonymous with compass chart and rhumb chart. See also: pilot .
portrait
The representational likeness of a real person (living or dead), especially the face, drawn , painted , photograph ed, or sculpted from life and usually posed. A group portrait depicts two or more people, often of the same family. Picture s that include one or more persons as merely part of the scene are not considered portraits. Most full-length biographies and some biographical reference work s include at least one portrait of the biographee, often as the frontispiece . Click here to see a 16th-century portrait in oil on wood, here to see a 17th-century printed example, here for an 18th-century example, and here to see a 20th-century photograph ic example. Portraits are also found on old bookbinding s (to see examples, try a search on the keyword "portrait" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings ). Abbreviated port. Compare with caricature . See also: author portrait , carte-de-visite , evangelist portrait , group portrait , and portrait miniature .
A self-portrait is a representational likeness of a person made by its subject , who is usually an artist or photographer. Author / illustrator self-portraits are rare in book s and manuscript s. Click here to see a 16th-century self- portrait miniature painted by the Bruges illuminator Simon Bening ( Metropolitan Museum of Art ).
In film and video , a work that is evocative of an individual and/or the person's life and work, but not strictly biographical (example: Mujer de Milfuegos/Woman of a Thousand Fires [1976] by Chick Strand).
In publishing , an illustration , leaf , or book of a height approximately 25 percent greater than its width , the norm in printed publication s. Synonymous in this sense with long way. Compare with oblong . See also: narrow and square .
Also refers to the vertical orientation of a rectangular document ( text and/or image) of greater height than width. Compare in this sense with landscape .
portrait miniature
A painting in a book intended by the artist to be the likeness of an individual who actually lived (sometimes drawn from life), as distinct from a picture of a fiction al character or mythological person. The image may be full-figure or from the shoulders up, in some cases occupying an entire page . Click here to see an example painted on vellum in a 16th-century album amicorum ( Koninklijke Bibliotheek ).
Also refers to a likeness of small size painted by a miniaturist on parchment or vellum to be mounted in a frame (see this example painted by the 16th-century master Simon Bening , courtesy of the Getty Museum ).
position
The duties for which an employee is responsible in an organization, usually described in detail in the position description used in the hiring process, along with the minimum qualification s considered necessary for satisfactory performance . In libraries , a position usually corresponds to a specific function or group of related functions (cataloger, instruction librarian, interlibrary loan assistant, etc.) and is associated with a specific rate or range of compensation . As functional needs change, so do the duties and responsibilities required of a specific position. Digital services librarian is an example of a comparatively new position. Compare with rank .
position description
A written statement providing a general description of the duties and responsibilities associated with a specific position in an organization, the minimum qualification s considered necessary for satisfactory performance , and the rank , compensation , and benefits that the prospective employer is prepared to offer, for use in hiring. Compare with job description .
position title
The official name associated with a set of duties and responsibilities within an organization, assigned to an employee at the time of hiring. Each library or library system develops its own set of titles for professional position s, which typically include: access services or circulation librarian, acquisitions librarian, archivist , bibliographer , cataloger , children's librarian, collection mangement specialist, digital or online services librarian, instruction librarian, media specialist , outreach services librarian, reference librarian , serials librarian, systems librarian , young adult services librarian, library director , etc. As functions are added and dropped, a position title may be changed to reflect current conditions, usually at the time a new person is hired to fill the position.
positive
A photograph ic image in which the rendition of tones and colors is nearly the same as in the original subject (light for light and dark for dark), as opposed to a photographic negative in which the tones and/or colors are reversed (light for dark and dark for light). See also: duplicating positive and interpositive .
postage stamp
A government-authorized hand stamp, adhesive stamp, or meter mark, usually of square or rectangular shape, intended for display on an item of mail to indicate payment of the appropriate mailing fee. Postage stamps were originally introduced in the United Kingdom as part of the postal reforms of 1840 ( first postage stamp ). Issued singly or in perforated sheet s ( example ), sometimes in series, postage stamps typically bear a national designation and denomination (price) and are often designed to be graphically pleasing ( examples ). The category includes stamps issued by private mail delivery companies to indicate payment of delivery fees. Rare postage stamps are highly collectible .
post binding
A form of expandable loose-leaf binder in which screw posts, usually made of metal or plastic, are inserted through holes prepunched in the leaves to allow them to be individually added or removed. Often used for materials that require frequent updating . Post bindings do not open flat , as do ring binding s.
postcard
A picture , photograph , or collage of images, with or without accompanying text or caption , printed on card stock and intended for delivery by post without an envelope, with blank space on the back for the sender to fill in the name and street address of the recipient and add a brief message (see this example ). Postcards are usually of standard size (4 x 6 inches in the United States and most other countries), but panoramic landscape s may require a larger format . Considered ephemera , postcards are sometimes archived with the memorabilia of important people. Very old or rare postcards, and those commemorating important historical events, may be of value to collectors . Libraries catalog postcards as graphic materials. See Postcards of Cleveland , part of the Cleveland Memory Project of the Cleveland State University Library, and the Newton Owen Postcard Collection at the University of Louisville. Compare with mailing card and postal card . See also: photographic postcard and topographical postcard .
post-coordinate indexing
A method of indexing in which the subject heading s or descriptor s assigned to document s represent simple concepts that the user must combine at the time of search ing to retrieve information on a complex subject (example: Annotation + Bibliography for "Annotated bibliography"). Synonymous with coordinate indexing and post-coordination. Compare with pre-coordinate indexing . See also: syntax .
postdated
An item bearing a publication date later than the actual date of publication. In AACR , the date given on the item is used in cataloging even if it is known to be incorrect, and the correct date is added as an interpolation in square bracket s (example: 1959 [1958]), with an explanatory note if necessary. The opposite of antedated. Also spelled post-dated.
poster
A large single sheet of heavy paper or cardboard, usually printed on one side only, with or without illustration , advertising a product/service or publicizing a forthcoming event (meeting, concert, dramatic performance , etc.). Posters are intended to make an immediate impression from a distance when displayed on a bulletin board , kiosk , wall, or other suitable surface. Poster design is a branch of the graphic arts made famous in the 19th-century by French artist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and his contemporaries. Posters American Style is an online exhibition provided by the Smithsonian American Art Museum . The Digital Collections of the University of Washington Libraries include a selection of War Posters . The American Library Association (ALA) publishes a series of celebrity READ posters . Synonymous with placard. Compare with handbill . See also: billboard poster , exhibition poster , performing arts poster , political poster , travel poster , and wanted poster .
poster session
A conference event at which one or more attendees visually exhibit the salient points of their research , practice, or experimentation on a series of poster -sized sheets mounted on a large upright board behind a table. The presenters make themselves available at the table during the display to answer questions, distribute handouts, and clarify the exhibit to other attendees on a walk-through basis. At large library conferences, poster sessions are usually conducted in the exhibits area during periods that do not conflict with more formal presentations, providing attendees the opportunity to spend as much time as they wish viewing topic s of interest. A juried review process is often used to select proposals from abstract s submitted in advance. Because many academic institutions view such sessions as a form of publishing or creative work, they can be helpful to librarian s in meeting promotion and tenure requirements. To see examples, try a keywords search on the term in Google Images .
poster style
A style of pictorial publisher's binding , popular at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, stamped with a bold design resembling a printed poster , in which the color of the cloth is often an important design element. To see examples, try a keywords search on the term "poster style" in Publishers' Bindings Online, 1815-1930: The Art of Books , courtesy of the University of Alabama. Hyphenated when used as an adjective (e.g., poster-style binding).
posthumous
A work published for the first time after the death of the author . Works left unfinished at the time of an author's death may be continued by another writer, for example, the completion of Dorothy L. Sayers' unfinished detective novel Thrones, Dominations by Jill Paton Walsh (St. Martin's, 1998). Click here to see a volume of the posthumously published poem s of Anne Bradstreet, an American writer of the colonial period, courtesy of the Library of Congress . See also: redaction .
posting
The assignment in cataloging of a heading to an item in a library collection , or a descriptor to a document in indexing , based on its content , form, or other distinguishing feature. In some subject thesauri , the number of times an authorized term has been assigned is indicated in a postings note included in the entry for the term.
postings note
A note added in the entry for a descriptor in a thesaurus of indexing term s, indicating the number of times the term has been assigned as a major or minor descriptor to document s index ed, usually since its addition to the authorized list. The note gives the user some idea of the number of entries a search for the term is likely to retrieve . A small number of postings might suggest a search strategy that includes related term s or even broader term s; a large number might suggest the substitution of one or more narrower term s.
post-mortem photograph
A photographic image of a deceased person or pet, made after death. Post-mortem photograph s were taken as early as 1839, to be preserved as keepsakes by the bereaved (see this example , courtesy of the Tate Gallery). The corpse is usually presented in a lifelike or resting pose, sometimes in the casket and/or accompanied by living members of the family or friends ( example ). The term is also used for photographs taken of the bodies of people killed by accident, in war, or as a result of a crime, sometimes for forensic purposes. Also spelled postmortem. Synonymous with death portrait. Compare with memorial photograph .
potboiler
A literary work written primarily to earn money for the author and publisher ("to keep the pot boiling"). Such works are usually of little or no artistic merit, but financial pressures are rarely absent from the consideration of writers who have no other source of income, particularly in the early stages of a literary career. The problem with publishing such works at the beginning of a career is that once the author earns a reputation for producing popular works, any future attempt at serious writing is likely to be met with skepticism by review ers, unless a pseudonym is used. See also: airport fiction .
pouncing
Rubbing an abrasive substance such as chalk, wood ash, ground pumice , or pulverized bone (called pounce) into the surface of a sheet of parchment or vellum to prepare it for writing and/or painting . The process removes grease, whitens the surface, and raises the nap to provide good "tooth" for the quill pen .
Also refers to the transfer of an image by piercing the edges of an exemplar with tiny holes to enable it to be used as a stencil , more common in bestiaries than in other medieval text s because the animal motifs used by illuminators to decorate initial letter s and border s were not easy to copy freehand. Click here to see a zoomorphic image in the Aberdeen Bestiary that has been pricked for pouncing ( University of Aberdeen Library , MS 24).
prayer book
A collection of prayers for private devotion, usually organized around a central theme (or themes), used as early as the 8th century as a supplement to the Book of Hours and psalter . The prayer book became especially popular during the late Middle Ages when some very fine illuminated examples were commissioned by wealthy patrons. Click here to page through miniature s in the 15th-century Prayer Book of Charles the Bold ( Getty Museum , MS 37) and here to see a leaf from a more modest 15th-century Dutch prayer book written in the vernacular ( Dartmouth College Library , MS 001345). The Lund University Library in Sweden has digitized this 15th-century Latin prayer book of small size.
preamble
From the Latin prae ("before") and ambulare ("to go"). An introductory statement or preface to a written document , especially a statute or constitution, stating its purpose. One of the best-known examples is the Preamble to the United States Constitution, establishing the basic principles on which American government is based.
precision
In information retrieval , a measure of search effectiveness, expressed as the ratio of relevant record s or document s retrieved from a database to the total number retrieved in response to the query ; for example, in a database containing 100 records relevent to the topic "book history," a search retrieving 50 records, 25 of which are relevant to the topic, would have 50 percent precision (25/50). Synonymous with relevance ratio. Compare with recall . See also: fallout .
preconference
A mini-conference scheduled in advance of a longer conference , usually on the preceding day (or days) for attendees who wish to spend additional time meeting with colleagues. Most preconferences are organized around a central theme that may or may not be related to that of the main conference. The theme is usually addressed by a panel, rather than a keynote speaker, with break-out sessions on related topic s. Preconferees are normally charged an additional fee at registration.
pre-coordinate indexing
A method of indexing in which multiple concepts are combined by the indexer to form subject heading s or descriptor s assigned to document s to facilitate the retrieval of information on complex subject s (example: "Libraries and the blind--United States--Directories" instead of Libraries + Blind + United States + Directories). Synonymous with pre-coordination. Compare with post-coordinate indexing .
predominant name
In authority work , when a person or corporate body is known by more than one name, entry is made under the most commonly known name, whether it is the real name or a nickname , pseudonym , shortened name, or other form. Under this rule, the work s of Samuel Langhorne Clemens are cataloged under Twain, Mark. In AACR2 , the predominant name is that which occurs most frequently in (1) the works of a person or works issue d by a corporate body or (2) in reference source s, in that order of preference. If no predominance is found, the latest form is used.
preface
A preliminary statement at the beginning of a book , usually written by the author , stating the origin, scope , purpose, plan, and intended audience of the work and including any afterthoughts and acknowledgments of assistance, usually in the final paragraphs ( click here to see Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's preface to the final collection of his Sherlock Holmes stories , courtesy of the Lilly Library, Indiana University). When written by a person other than the author, the preliminary statement is a foreword . The preface or foreword is distinct from the introduction , which addresses the subject of the work and prepares the reader for the treatment to follow. When a new edition is published , the preface may be rewritten to alert the reader to the extent of additions or changes in the text , but the introduction usually remains unchanged. The preface or foreword normally follows the dedication and precedes the introduction in the front matter of a book. Abbreviated pref.
The term is sometimes used in the title of a book-length treatment of a subject to indicate that the author's comments are introductory or preliminary (example: A Preface to Eighteenth Century Poetry [1963] by James Sutherland).
preference order
In Dewey Decimal Classification , the order in which one of two or more numbers is to be chosen when different characteristic s of a subject cannot be shown in full by number building , indicated in a note , sometimes containing a table of preference (DDC). When the class notation can be synthesized to show two or more characteristics, the decision is governed by citation order . Synonymous with order of preference and precedence order.
The form of citation that the custodian of specific archival material would like writers to use for purposes of reference, indicated in a Cite as: note in the archival description .
Example:
preferred term
In an indexing language , a descriptive word or phrase selected as an authorized subject heading or descriptor to represent a discrete subject or concept. For the convenience of the user, cross-reference s to the preferred form are made from synonym s and closely related terms, making materials on the same subject accessible at a single point in the catalog , index , or bibliographic database . Preferred terms and cross-references are usually listed in a printed or online thesaurus to assist users in planning search strategy . See also: controlled vocabulary .
preliminaries
Shortened form of preliminary matter. In AACR2 , the title page (s) of a bibliographic item , the verso of the title page(s), any page s preceding the title page(s), and the cover . The term is also used synonym ously with front matter . Abbreviated prelims.
preliminary edition
An edition issue d by the publisher prior to the final edition, sometimes to allow time for criticism of the text before the final version is published . In AACR2 , the title and publication date of a preliminary edition are given in the note area of the bibliographic description of the final edition. Synonymous with provisional edition.
premium book
A book given as a reward for action taken by the recipient, such as becoming a member of a book club . Also refers to a book or other item offered as an inducement, for example, to order a certain volume of materials . Librarian s apply the same selection criteria used in evaluating materials for purchase.
pre-order searching
In acquisitions , work done by a bibliographic searcher prior to ordering an item , including a search of the library catalog for duplicate and related title s; verifying the name of the publisher and/or distributor , price , availability , and standard number ; and locating other pertinent information (terms of licensing agreement , restrictions on use, etc.).
preprint
A portion of a work printed and distributed for a special purpose in advance of the publication date announced for the whole, for example, an article to be published in a periodical or a work selected for inclusion in an anthology or collection . Also, a paper prepared for presentation at a conference , printed in multiple copies in advance of the conference date, usually for distribution to participants and other interested persons. In some academic discipline s, preprints are an important medium of scholarly communication . Also refers to a few copies of an author 's manuscript produced by a method such as xerography for circulation within the office of the publisher , usually to facilitate reading, evaluation, and editing . See also: e-print .
Also refers to an advertising insert printed by a manufacturer to be included in a periodical, sometimes designed to accommodate local copy , such as the names and addresses of sales outlets located in the area of circulation .
prepublication price
The price at which a book or other publication is sold if ordered before a specified date in advance of the publication date , after which it is sold at the higher list price . Expensive multi volume reference set s may be offered to libraries by the publisher at a substantially lower price several months before the publication date as an inducement to order. Compare with introductory price and prepublication discount . See also: expiration date .
prequel
A work of fiction (usually a novel ) complete in itself, which extends the narrative back in time from the beginning of a previously published work, retaining at least some of the same character s, although the action may occur in a different setting (example: Mossflower, prequel to Redwall by Brian Jacques). A prequel may be written by a person other than the author of the work on which it is based (Gertrude and Claudius by John Updike). In a more general sense, anything that precedes, especially a preceding sequence of events. The opposite of sequel .
prerecorded message
A telephone message recorded in advance for automatic playback when no one is present or able to answer a call. Libraries often use a prerecorded message when the facility is closed to inform callers of library hours and sometimes when open to direct incoming calls to the appropriate service desk .
prescribed text
In education, a book required for a course of study or in preparation for an examination. In a broader sense, specific words or passage s to be spoken or read, without deviation, in an established context, such as a formal ceremony.
presentation binding
The distinctive binding on a book designed to be bestowed, usually as a token of respect, on a specific individual or on a special occasion, often bearing an inscription or the initials or arms of the recipient on the front cover . To see examples, try a search on the keyword "presentation" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings .
presentation copy
A copy of a book bearing a presentation inscription , usually written spontaneously by the author or illustrator on the flyleaf at the time it was given as a gift, often to commemorate the occasion (see this 19th-century example ). When dated, the inscription usually indicates that the item was presented on or near the date of publication . If the signature or inscription was requested by the book's owner, the volume is considered an inscribed copy .
presentation miniature
A small stand-alone painting in an illuminated manuscript , representing the formal presentation of the book to the patron or donor who commissioned it, usually a wealthy aristocrat or ecclesiastic. Michelle Brown notes in Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts (Getty Museum/British Library, 1994) that this type of image was sometimes incorporated into subsequent copies where it is more appropriately term ed a dedication miniature. The popularity of presentation miniature s reached its highest point in the 15th century (see this example in the 15th-century Chroniques de Hainaut, courtesy of the Getty Museum ).
presentation software
Application software designed to assist a presenter in preparing text and/or graphic s for visual display via a computer attached to a projector (example: PowerPoint). The graphic quality of such presentations is usually superior to overhead transparencies , but a well-prepared speaker brings backup to use in the event of machine or network failure. Presentation software is becoming more common in bibliographic instruction , particularly in academic libraries as instruction librarian s become proficient users.
preservation
Prolonging the existence of library and archival materials by maintaining them in a condition suitable for use, either in their original format or in a form more durable , through retention under proper environmental condition s or actions taken after a book or collection has been damaged to prevent further deterioration . Former Yale University conservator Jane Greenfield lists the factors affecting the condition of books as light , temperature , relative humidity , pollution , inherent vice , biological attack , human error (including improper storage and handling ), deliberate mutilation , and disaster s (The Care of Fine Books, Nick Lyons Books, 1988).
Single sheet s may be encapsulated or laminated for protection. Materials printed on acid paper may be deacidified if their value warrants the expense; however, when the original has deteriorated beyond the point of salvation, reformat ting may be necessary. Publication s with soiled or foxed leaves are sometimes washed in rebinding . Materials infected with mildew or mold may require fumigation . Insects and larvae can be eliminated by freezing the infested item . Rare book s and manuscript s are usually stored in a darkened room, with temperature and humidity strictly controlled.
preservation metadata
In digital preservation , a component of administrative metadata supporting resource management within a digital collection . Preservation metadata may record the technical specifications of the archived digital object , including resource type, file format , encoding and storage size; important characteristics of the object's access environment, such as the name, version, and configuration of required rendering application s, operating system s, and hardware ; evolution of the archived object as it is migrated to new formats to keep pace with changing access technologies; a check sum or digital signature verifying authenticity of content ; and the chain of custody documenting provenance (adapted from "Metadata for Digital Preservation" by Brian F. Lavoie, OCLC Newsletter, September-October 2001).
preservation photocopy
A facsimile of a written or printed document , reproduced on a high-end photocopy machine according to strict criteria, usually when the condition of the original has deteriorated and the content is worth preserving in the same form. The paper on which such a copy is made must meet ANSI standards for permanence and durability (Z39.48). If the document is a book , the leaves should be bound according to ANSI standards for library binding (Z39.78). The facsimile should bear a statement clearly identifying the item as a copy. If the original is of "poor quality," its condition may also be noted. Click here to connect to the Library of Congress Web page on preservation photocopy ing, adapted from the ALA/ALCTS Guidelines for Preservation Photocopying of Replacement Pages (1990).
preservation screening
A formal viewing by an audience of a newly preserved motion picture to show the film as it was meant to be experienced and to demonstrate the success of the preservation effort. The UCLA Film and Television Archive hosts a biennial Festival of Preservation showcasing recent preservation and restoration successes, often with presentations by preservationists in which they discuss their work.
Preserved Context Indexing System (PRECIS)
A computer-assisted string indexing system developed and used since 1971 in the British National Bibliography , PRECIS is also used by library services in Canada and in the Australian National Bibliography. In contrast to the Library of Congress subject headings used by libraries in the United States, PRECIS attempts coextensive entry .
presidential library
A special library housing the papers of a former president of the United States (since Herbert Hoover) and document s pertaining to his term of office, usually located in or near the president's place of birth or residence prior to election. Although funds for the construction of presidential library facilities are provided by private donors, the National Archives and Records Administration operates and maintains them as research libraries . Click here to connect to the NARA list of presidential libraries.
press
A general term for the news media that traditionally included only print sources ( newspaper s and newsmagazine s) but has expanded to include news service s and radio and television broadcast ing. A press corps is a body of reporters who cover breaking news, usually from a particular location, such as the White House. See also: press release .
Also used in the same sense as " publisher " (example: Oxford University Press), to refer to the publishing industry in general (as in popular press), and as a shortened form of the term printing press .
Also refers to the initial response of reviewer s to a new book or creative work , which may have an effect on public demand in bookstore s, libraries , theaters, etc. Press can be "bad" (panned), "good" (well-received), or "excellent" (laudatory).
Historically, the term was also used for a large wooden cupboard containing shelves for storing book s and manuscript s, clothing and linens, etc., especially one recessed in a wall. Early books were placed flat on the shelves, often with the title handwritten on the tail or fore-edge .
pressboard
A highly glazed form of paperboard used when strength and rigidity are required of comparatively thin board because it is very dense and tough. Made from rag or chemical wood pulp , it is less acidic than board made from mechanical wood pulp.
press clipping service
An organization in the business of collecting copies of review s, article s, column s, photograph s, etc., published in newspaper s and magazine s about author s, prominent people, news events, or other topic s of interest to clients who pay a fee to receive them on a regular basis. The Yahoo! Directory provides a list of press clipping and monitoring services.
press conference
A formal meeting to which members of the press are invited to hear an announcement or statement concerning an important event, project, topic , or development that the sponsors of the meeting wish to see publicized in the media . The attendees are usually given the opportunity to question the spokesperson(s) closely. Library association s and large libraries sometimes schedule press conferences to publicize major initiatives. Compare with press release .
press release
An official or authoritative statement of news or other information intended for publication in a newspaper or news broadcast or for dissemination via some other news medium, usually written and issued by a press secretary or public relations office, giving the point of view of a person, company, or organization on a current event or situation. Click here to connect to the Yahoo! list of Web site s that distribute press releases. Synonymous with news release. See also: press conference .
press run
All the copies of a book or other publication printed at the same time, usually more than the binding order calls for, to allow for a reasonable amount of spoilage during printing . An edition may comprise several printings. Also spelled pressrun. Synonymous with print run. See also: overrun and underrun .
pressure group
An organized group that attempts to influence a library 's policies or practices, usually to secure the removal of item s considered objectionable by its members or the addition to the collection of materials that advocate or substantiate its point of view on a controversial political or social issue. Public libraries in the United States are frequent targets because they are supported by public funds and serve a diverse clientele . A carefully worded collection development policy is a library's best defense against threats to intellectual freedom .
preview
A private showing of a motion picture or exhibition to a limited audience in advance of the official public release or opening date. Also refers to a brief sequence of scenes taken from a motion picture, to be shown in a movie theater, on television, or on videotape , DVD , etc., to advertise the work as a coming attraction. Also spelled prevue. See also: trailer .
price
The amount actually paid by a library for a specific item after any discount is deducted, as stated on the invoice , not including the cost of shipping . Price is entered in the order record and also in the item record to facilitate billing if the item is lost or damaged beyond repair after the order record has been purged. See also: average price .
price guide
A publication that gives current prices of rare book s and manuscript s, as well as book s that are comparatively scarce, usually because they are out of print . The information is usually based on prices paid at book auction s (example: American Book Prices Current) or asked in dealer catalog s (Bookman's Price Index).
price index
A statistical method of showing the relative change in the average price of products, such as library materials , sold in the market place over a given period of time (usually one or more years), for use in materials cost analysis and budget ing. The average list price of a product in the base year is assigned the index value 100. Average prices for the same product in succeeding years are divided by the base period average price and multiplied by 100 to yield the price index for each year.
As a standard economic indicator of the market dynamics of a particular type of publication , independent of context ( library , publisher , method of sale, etc.), price index is particularly useful in measuring inflation. The ANSI / NISO Z39.20 standard establishes criteria for compiling price indexes for printed library materials ( hardcover trade and technical book s, paperback books, and periodical s). Library Journal publishes an annual periodical price survey in its April 15 issue , and the Association for Library Collections and Technical Services (ALCTS) of the American Library Association (ALA) publishes the annual U.S. Serial Services Price Index. Price indexes for library materials are also available in Library and Book Trade Almanac , a reference serial published by Information Today, Inc.
price resistance
The point at which the value of a book or other item is perceived by prospective buyers to be lower than the stated price. Under normal conditions, the customer will decide not to purchase or postpone purchase until the price comes down. Library continuation order s and approval plan s may state a maximum price not to be exceeded for a specific category of item.
pricing model
The method used by the publisher or vendor of an electronic information resource to determine the fee charged for access , not standardized across the electronic publishing sector. An electronic resource may be sold outright (example: a book on CD-ROM ) or leased (example: a bibliographic database ), giving the lessee access for as long as the subscription fee is paid, unless perpetual access is included in the licensing agreement . Pricing may be based on type of library (university, college, community college), size of library budget , or number of potential users (actual enrollment or FTE ). Pricing may also be based on number of simultaneous user s or whether a library occupies a single facility or has multiple branch es. For some resources, pricing also depends on level of content , with higher fees charged for access to full-text than for access restricted to citation s and abstract s. Pricing may also depend on whether the subscriber maintains a print subscription to the title . Some database s, such as JSTOR , charge a substantial initial fee and more modest annual fees. Because pricing models for electronic resources are complex, libraries must decide on the level of access needed for each resource before negotiations begin. Prices may be negotiable or firm. Library consortia are often in a position to negotiate more favorable pricing than libraries without affiliations.
pricking
To prepare parchment or vellum for writing or illumination , tiny guide holes were made along the edge s of a sheet ( bifolium ) with the point of a knife or an awl to guide the medieval scribe in drawing vertical and horizontal lines framing the area to bear text , illustration , and/or decoration (see them in the corner of this manuscript leaf ). The punctures were often removed as the edges of the leaves were trimmed in binding . Christopher de Hamel suggests in The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination (University of Toronto Press, 2001) that once lines were drawn on the first sheet , holes were pricked through the entire gathering to ensure that all the leaves were identically ruled . Small spiked wheels or metal combs with widely space teeth may also have been used for this purpose.
The term is also used for small holes made around the outline of a design in an exemplar to allow it to be transferred to another surface by a stencil technique called pouncing . Click here to see an example in the Aberdeen Bestiary ( University of Aberdeen , MS 24).
primary author
The author whose name appears first on the chief source of information in the case of a work by two or more joint author s, in whose name the main entry is made in the library catalog . Added entries are made under the names of each of the other authors.
prime meridian
In 1884, at the invitation of the president of the United States, 41 delegates from 25 countries met at the International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C., and agreed to recommend to their governments the adoption of the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, as the international 0° meridian from which longitude would be measured east and west up to 180°. The Greenwich meridian was chosen because by the late 19th century, over 70 percent of the world's commerce depended on map s and nautical chart s that used Greenwich as the prime meridian, and it had already been adopted by a significant number of countries, including the United States. The delegates also adopted the Mean Solar Day as the universal day, beginning at Greenwich Mean Midnight and counted on a 24 hour clock. The vote was 22-1, with San Domingo (Haiti) against and France and Brazil abstaining. The French said that they would adopt Greenwich as the prime meridian only if Britain adopted the metric system (France did not adopt Universal Time until 1978). Local and national prime meridians are sometimes used on older maps and chart s. Click here to see the prime meridian illustrated and here to learn more about the prime meridian, courtesy of the National Martime Museum in Greenwich, England.
primer
Originally, a Book of Hours . Later, a book , often illustrated , written for young children to teach them how to read and spell (see this example ). Synonymous in this sense with Dick and Jane book. Click here to view a selection of primers, courtesy of the University of Delaware Library , or explore the Monaghan Collection on the history of reading in the United States ( Spencer Research Library , University of Kansas). See also: abecedary , battledore , horn book , and speller .
In a more general sense, any book that gives the first principles of a subject or basic instruction for beginners (example: The Copyright Primer for Librarians and Educators [1995] by Janis H. Bruwelheide).
prime time
The time of day when the size of the television viewing audience reaches its maximum extent, generally considered to be 8:00 pm to ll:00 pm on weekdays and 7:00 pm to 1:00 am on weekends. The Nielsen ratings system is designed to optimize measurement of viewership by blocks of viewing time ("dayparts") with prime time of primary interest. Also spelled primetime.
printed edges
Printing by means of rubber type on one or more of the trimmed edge s of a book before rounding and backing . When done on the fore-edge only, the purpose is usually to facilitate indexing . On directories , edge-printed matter is often advertising copy .
printer
The person or firm that prints a book , pamphlet , periodical , or other document , as distinct from the publisher who issue s the item and the bookseller who offers it for sale. In early printed books, the printer and publisher were often the same, but in modern book production, the two functions are almost always performed by separate establishments. Click here to see a series of images of early printers at work, courtesy of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France . See also: Gutenberg, Johann and Manutius, Aldus .
Also refers to a mechanical or electronic device that produces printed copies of a document, including computer peripherals designed to produce output in hard copy . The most common types are laser printer s, dot-matrix printers, and ink-jet printers. Click here and here to learn more about how computer printers work, courtesy of HowStuffWorks .
printer's copy
The manuscript version of a work used as the model for setting the type in a printed edition . Survival of such copies is rare, but when properly authenticated , they can be of considerable interest to scholars engaged in text ual bibliography and criticism .
A series of numbers or letters printed on the verso of the title page to indicate the press run of a book .
Examples:
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a b c d e f g h i j k
The convention was adopted by publisher s after World War II (see this example , courtesy of Wikipedia ). In some cases, the numbers alternate from left to right (example: 2 4 6 8 10 9 7 5 3 1). If "1" is present, then the book is the first printing of the edition . In the second printing, the "1" is removed to make the lowest number "2". Sometimes, the key includes dates, for example, 2 3 4 70 71 72 to indicate the second printing issue d in 1970. Numbers are removed with each successive reprint on the theory that the printer is less likely to make a mistake in changing the impression number by removing the lowest number, than by introducing a new number.
The production of identical copies of written or graphic material by means of a printing press or other mechanical device. Printing began in Germany in the mid-15th century with the invention by Johann Gutenberg of movable type and spread rapidly throughout Europe, replacing manuscript book s as the primary medium of written communication. Click here to see the first page printed in England ( National Archives , UK) and here to learn about printing during the Renaissance and Reformation (University of South Carolina Library). The British Library provides an online exhibition of Printing During the Nineteenth Century . Belmont Abbey College provides an this online exhibition of books printed from 1474-1900. See also the project to digitize the trade journal Canadian Printer and Publisher . Compare with reprography and xerography . See also: American Printing History Association , fine printing , letterpress , music printing , offset , and typography .
Also refers to all the copies of a book or other publication printed at one time in the same press run . A copy of the first printing of the first edition of a work is usually of greater value to book collector s than a copy of a subsequent printing in comparable condition . Also refers to the art of hand- lettering made to look like printed letter s.
Also, the process of making an image (usually positive ) from photograph ic film or duplicating motion picture film, done in the laboratory using a machine called a printer. The result is one or more print s. See also: contact printing , optical printing , and wet gate printing .
In handwriting, a style in which the individual character s are written separately from each other; a disjoined hand (see this example in which printing is compared with cursive ).
printing press
A machine designed to make impression s from an ink ed plate or block, or from type , on paper or some other printing surface. The modern printing press was invented at Mainz, Germany, in about 1456 by Johann Gutenberg , whose first publication was a 42-line Bible known as the Gutenberg Bible ( click here to learn more about Gutenberg's invention). The invention spread rapidly throughout continental Europe and to the British Isles, becoming well-established by the 1480s. It put ownership of book s within the reach of people who had previously been unable to afford hand- copied reading material. Click here to view images of printing presses used in the 19th century ( Cary Collection , Rochester Institute) and here to see a modern offset printing press . See also: chase , forme , letterpress , and offset .
print management software
Computer software designed to control the printing of paper copies from network ed computers by requiring the user to pay for printout s, usually by the page . In some libraries , installation of print management software has reduced paper waste by a factor of ten.
print on demand (POD)
A digital printing technology in which new copies of a book or other publication are printed one-at-a-time for a fixed cost after the order has been received. Large IBM and Xerox POD machines can produce up to four books per minute. For small press es with limited press run s and academic press es that maintain a large backlist , POD can be more economical than offset printing. POD has also facilitated reprint ing and self-publishing by author s. POD services that offer printing and distribution services to publishing companies and book jobber s are growing in popularity (example: Lightning Source , a division of Ingram ). Also spelled print-on-demand.
privacy
The right of an individual (or group) to keep information about personal and professional life from disclosure , especially to government and commercial enterprises, and to remain free from surveillance except as authorized under provisions of law. In the ALA Code of Ethics , librarian s and library staff are encouraged to "protect each library user's right to privacy and confidentiality with respect to information sought or received and resources consulted, borrowed, acquired, or transmitted." Many libraries in the United States have decided as a matter of policy not to retain circulation records for materials returned by the user to prevent misuse of such information. See also: Privacy Act and USA Patriot Act .
Privacy Act
Passed by Congress following revelations of serious abuse of privacy by government during the administration of President Richard Nixon, the Privacy Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-579) states that, "No agency shall disclose any record which is contained in a system of records by any means of communication to any person, or to another agency, except pursuant to a written request by, or with the prior written consent of, the individual to whom the record pertains..." Although the law includes exceptions allowing the use of personal records under specific circumstances (e.g., in law enforcement), it requires that each federal agency have in place an administrative and physical security system to prevent the unauthorized release of personal records. The Privacy Act also gives citizens and permanent residents the right to: 1) access and make copies of records about themselves; 2) request that the record be amended if it is inaccurate , irrelevant , untimely, or incomplete; and 3) sue the government for violations of its provisions. Click here to learn more about the Privacy Act, courtesy of the Electronic Privacy Information Center .
privacy screen
An external device that can be placed over the front of the monitor on a notebook or desktop computer, which uses patented technology to narrow the viewing area so that data displayed on the screen is visible only to persons directly in front of the monitor. Passers-by see only a dark, blank screen. Designed to ensure privacy of on-screen data in high-traffic environments, some libraries are using them on computers installed in public areas. Click here to see examples, courtesy of Secure-It, Inc. Synonymous with privacy filter and privacy monitor filter.
private library
A library of any size that is not supported by public funds , especially one owned by an individual or family for personal enjoyment or by a private club, corporation, or foundation, for example, the library of the Grolier Club in New York City. Historically, large private collection s have been the nucleus of many academic , research , and national libraries . Examples include the private collection of Thomas Jefferson acquired by the Library of Congress and the personal library of financier Pierpont Morgan, founder of the Morgan Library in New York City. Click here to search the private library of Alfred Nobel, now part of the Alfred Nobel Museum in Sweden and here to see a reconstruction of the ancient Roman private library at the Villa Hadriana. Click here and here to see the interior of the private library at the Huntington Library , San Marino, California.
privately printed
In the antiquarian book trade , work s printed but not offered for sale to the general public, usually intended solely for private distribution. The term is also applied to publication s issue d by a private press . Such works normally come to public attention when they are offered for sale in a book auction . Click here to see a book of poem s by Patrick White, privately published by his mother ( University of Sydney Library ).
private press
A small printing establishment, often operated by a single person, offering limited edition s at the discretion of the owner. The results are usually of fine quality and, when offered for sale, may not be distributed through regular market channels. A prime example is the Kelmscott Press founded in England in 1891 by William Morris , leader of the 19th-century English revival of the art and craft of fine bookmaking. Click here to view an online exhibition of private press book s (1890-1945), courtesy of the Glasgow University Library . Compare with vanity publisher .
privatization
The contracting out of library services under an agreement that transfers control over policy decisions and management of collection s and services from the public to the private sector, usually to an external agency operating on a for-profit basis. Compare with outsourcing .
prize binding
A style of full leather binding , common in France and the Netherlands from the 17th century and in England from the last quarter of the 19th century, in which the front cover is decorated, often in gilt , with the arms or insignia of the town, school, or other institution that awarded the book as a prize. According to Roberts and Etherington (courtesy of Conservation OnLine ), a printed or manuscript form was often inserted before the title page , indicating the subject in which the prize was awarded, name of recipient, date of award, etc. To see examples, try a search on the keyword "prize" in the British Library 's Database of Bookbindings .
problem patron
A user whose behavior disrupts the normal functioning of a library , for example, one whose actions annoy others (staring, harassment, talking on cell phones), who exhibits aberrant behavior (mental and/or emotional disturbances, influence of drugs or alcohol, etc.), who engages in illegal activities ( vandalism , theft , sex offenses), or who uses the library for purposes other than reading and study (socializing, soliciting, sleeping, bathing). Most larger libraries in the United States have installed security system s to prevent theft. Public libraries plagued with chronic problem behavior may hire a security guard to monitor the premises during hours when the library is open. Academic libraries rely on campus police when necessary. Synonymous with difficult patron. Euphemism: atypical patron. See also: homeless patron , latchkey child and pyro-patron .
pro bono
A shortened form of the Latin phrase pro bono publico, meaning "for the public good." Services provided free of charge in the public interest, for which the provider would normally charge a fee. Attorneys and communications firms sometimes work pro bono in support of library lobbying, legal defense, and marketing campaigns.
procedure manual
A systematic list documenting the tasks involved in a specific job, sometimes including a description of the manner in which they are to be performed, given in sufficient detail that after careful reading, someone unfamiliar with the job will be able to perform basic functions with a minimal amount of assistance. Procedure manual s are often maintained in loose-leaf format to facilitate revision. The libraries at the University of Colorado, Boulder publish their Cataloging Procedures Manual (CPM) online . Click here to see a list of cataloging manuals available from the Cataloging Distribution Service (CDS) of the Library of Congress . Compare with employee handbook .
proceedings
The published record of a conference , congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or association , usually but not necessarily including abstract s or report s of paper s presented by the participants. When the entire text of the papers presented is included, the result is called transactions . Conference proceedings are index ed worldwide in ProceedingsFirst, an online database available in OCLC FirstSearch . Abbreviated proc.
process color
A method of reproducing in print an infinite range of hue s by the controlled overprint ing of ink of different colors. The most common method combines the three colors cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y), with the addition of black (K for "key color") to create gradations of light and dark, often referred to as CMYK. The term color separation refers to the process by which a full-color original is photograph ed through colored filters or scanned by a color sensing machine to separate the colors, allowing negative s to be produced that define the area to be printed with each color of ink. Most color book illustration is printed by this method. Synonymous with four-color process and full-color printing. Compare with black and white and duotone .
processing
Everything done to a bibliographic item after it is acquired by a library , before it is placed on the shelf , including accession ing, cataloging , stamping , label ing, number ing, jacket ing, etc. In some libraries, items in process are identified as such in the online catalog . The user may request that processing be expedited if an item is urgently needed. Compare with technical processing .
Also, a general term for all the laboratory procedures involved in developing, fixing, and printing the latent image in exposed film . In still photograph y, the term developing is used, but for motion picture film, processing is the preferred term.
processional
A liturgical book of portable size containing the chants and prayers used in ceremonial processions in certain services of the Catholic Church. The online exhibition Celebrating the Liturgy's Books provides more information about the processional, courtesy of the major libraries of New York City. Click here to view a leaf from a medieval Spanish processional ( Dartmouth College Library , MS Codex 003139) and here to see a more elaborately decorated French example ( Leaves of Gold ).
proclamation
An official announcement, especially one made by a governing authority to the general public. Also refers to the thing proclaimed. In the United States, presidential proclamations are published in the Federal Register but do not have the force of law. Click here to view a selection of Canadian proclamations.
producer
The person(s), company, or agency primarily responsible for determining the artistic form and intellectual content of a media item , such as a motion picture or television program , usually listed in the credits at the beginning or end of the work . The producer is also responsible for financing and making arrangements for the technical production and manufacture of the final product and for promoting it in the market place. Synonymous in this sense with production company. Abbreviated prod. Compare with distributor . See also: executive producer .
Also, the organization responsible for creating the content of a machine-readable data file such as a bibliographic database , usually indicated on the welcome screen , not necessarily the same as the vendor that markets and provides access to the product.
production element
In the making of motion picture s, copies of image and/or sound track made from the original negative or reversal original in the process of producing release print s. The category includes A and B rolls , magnetic sound track s, interpositive s, dupe negative s, etc. Some production elements are unique . A production roll is a production element stored on one or more core s before it has been cut and assembled into reel s.
professional book
A book intended to be used by members of a profession in the course of their work or in continuing education (example: Countdown to a New Library: Managing the Building Project [2000] by Jeannette A. Woodward). Books for the library profession are review ed in separate section s of Library Journal and Booklist . Because professional books appeal to a limited audience , press run s tend to be small, and they are sold at short discount .
professional development
Further study undertaken during employment by a person trained and educated in a profession, sometimes at the initiative of the employer but also through voluntary attendance at conference s, workshop s, seminars, or enrollment in postgraduate courses, particularly important in professions that have a rapidly changing knowledge base. Compare with in-service training .
professionalism
Exercise of a high standard of trained judgment in meeting the needs of the clients or users of a service. In most countries, professional qualification s are awarded by the leading professional association , on the expectation that competencies will be maintained through continuing development of knowledge and skills. In most professions, standards are reinforced by government licensing and by a professional code of ethics . The American Library Association (ALA) established its Code of Ethics in 1939. Adherence has brought some librarian s into conflict with members of the local community and with persons of power and influence, particularly over issues of censorship and privacy .
profile
A demographic study of the community served by a library or library system , or of its registered users or user group , for the purpose of measuring economic, social, and educational variables pertinent to the development of collection s, services, and program s and to the design of new facilities . A profile is usually conducted with the aid of a survey instrument but may also include data compiled from other sources.
Also refers to the list of needs established by a library with a publisher or wholesaler that supplies materials on approval or blanket order , which may include subject areas, levels of specialization and/or difficulty, language s, series , format s, maximum price s, etc.
Also, the degree to which the activities of an individual, organization, or institution are known in its community. Libraries typically emerge from their low-profile role in society when faced with the necessity of persuading their constituency to approve a funding measure. Library policy can also become high-profile when a challenge sparks a conflict over censorship or privacy .
In cartography , a scale representation of the intersection of a vertical surface (not necessarily a plane) with the surface of the ground and/or underlying strata, or of the intersection of such a vertical surface with that of a conceptual three-dimensional model representing phenomena with the characteristic of continuous distribution ( AACR2 ). Vertical scale may be exaggerated to provide contrast. Often used synonymously with cross section . Click here to see a geologic profile of the Black Hills, South Dakota, and here to see an example for the Gale Crater Mound on Mars ( NASA ). A horizon profile depicts the land as a mariner would see it from a seaward approach, to aid in identifying suitable landfall ( click here to see 18th-century examples, courtesy of the Osher Map Library , University of Southern Maine).
program
A list, usually printed , indicating the order in which the features and participants in a public ceremony, performance , entertainment, or other event are presented to the audience, sometimes with notes on the various items appended in a separate section, intended for distribution to individual members of the audience as they arrive (see this example ). Programs for established venues and well-known performers often include graphic s ( example ). Copies autograph ed by one or more of the performers may be collectible .
Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC)
An international program coordinated by the Library of Congress and participants from other countries, aimed at expanding access to library collection s by providing useful, timely, and cost-effective cooperative cataloging that meets the mutually accepted standards of libraries around the world. PCC has four components: BIBCO ( monograph ic bibliographic record program), NACO (name authority program), SACO (subject authority program), and CONSER (cooperative online serial s program), guided by a policy committee that includes as permanent representatives the British Library , Library of Congress, Library and Archives Canada , OCLC , and Research Libraries Group . Founded in 1995, PCC has pursued a broad agenda of standards development, cataloger training, and development of automated systems. Click here to connect to the PCC homepage .
programmed text
An instructional book presented as a sequence of self-paced units that require the student to demonstrate an understanding of the content by responding appropriately at various steps along the way. If the correct answer is given, the lesson continues; if the student answers incorrectly, additional instruction and practice are provided until the unit is mastered. Programmed instruction is suitable only for material that can be learned in a step-by-step process.
programming language
A set of symbol s with its own vocabulary , grammar , and syntax in which a person called a programmer writes statements instructing a computer to accomplish a specific task by executing a sequence of logical operations (examples: BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, etc.). The instructions, known as source code , are translated into the machine language specific to each type of CPU by special program s called assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Standards for programming languages are set by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
program notes
Explanatory notes accompanying a printed list of the work s to be performed in a concert or theater, usually distributed to attendees by an usher upon entering the hall. Intended to be read before the curtain rises and during intermission, program notes usually contain information about the composition s to be performed and the people involved ( composer or playwright , conductor or director , performer s, etc.), usually written by a knowledgeable person. Of particular interest to music historians, program notes are classified by librarian s as ephemera and can be difficult to locate, with the exception of performance s given in major venues that maintain their own archives . When program notes are included with a sound recording , their presence is indicated by the cataloger in the note area of the bibliographic description . Name of author is included if given.
Program Presentation
A formal document prepared by a library and information studies program for submission to the Committee on Accreditation (COA) of the American Library Association (ALA) as part of the comprehensive review process for accreditation . The document describes the program, in particular how it meets the 2008 Standards for Accreditation of Master's Programs in Library and Information Studies ; analyzes it strengths, weaknesses, and challenges; and sets forth the program�s plans and goal s for future development and continued compliance with ALA standards. One year before the site visit, a Plan for the Program Presentation must be submitted to the ALA Office for Accreditation by the program or institution to ensure that preparation for the review is accomplished in a timely and effective manner.
progressive proofs
In printmaking, a set of proof s that reveals the making of a color print in successive stages from the application of the first color to the finished print by showing the superimposition of each color in sequence or each color separately and in final combination (see these examples ).
progress photograph
One of a series of photograph ic images made over a period of time to document the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of a structure, site, or object, often taken from the same vantage point for the sake of consistency (see these examples ). Also used in science to document stages of change in a process, for example, the development of a medical or environmental condition.
Project Gutenberg (PG)
Founded in 1971 by University of Illinois student Michael Hart, Project Gutenberg was the first attempt to digitize , archive , and freely disseminate literary work s in full-text via the Internet . Named after Johann Gutenberg , inventor of metal movable type , the volunteer project began with the text of the U.S. Declaration of Independence and has since converted over 17,000 book s to electronic text , mostly works of literature in the public domain . PG has affiliates in other countries. Click here to connect to Project Gutenberg.
projection
In cartography , the result produced when the spherical surface of a globe is placed in a position relative to a light source from which an image of its surface can be projected onto a plane or onto a curved surface such as a cone or cylinder that can be cut and laid flat. The normal orientation for a planar projection is polar; for a conical projection, oblique; and for a cylindrical projection, equatorial. All projections involve some degree of distortion (see Exploring Earth ). On map s of the earth or another celestial body, projection is represented by the graticule of lines showing latitude and longitude and is usually specified in the legend , with the Mercator projection being the most common. When a map is cataloged by a library , the statement of projection is given in the mathematical data area of the bibliographic description . Click here learn about the Fuller Projection and here learn about the Peters Projection. For more information , see Peter Dana's Map Projection Overview or Carlos Furuti's Cartographical Map Projections . See also: condensed projection , conformal projection , equal area projection , and equidistant projection .
Also refers to a future need or condition that can be forecast from a known set of data , for example, the amount of expansion space needed in the stacks of a library , based on average annual collection growth.
projection speed
The rate at which images on film are made to appear on a screen, using a machine called a film projector, the standard being 24 fps ( frame s per second) for sound film and 16 fps for silent film . In AACR2 , projection speed is given in the physical description area of the bibliographic record only if it is not standard for the item (example: 1 film reel (1 min., 22 sec.) : si., b&w, 25 fps). Compare with playing speed .
Project MUSE
Originally funded by grants from the Mellon Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), Project MUSE is a joint project of Johns Hopkins University Press (JHUP) and the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (MSEL) at Johns Hopkins University, which began in 1993 by offering online access by subscription to JHUP journal s in full-text . In 2000, Project MUSE added 60 journals from other scholarly publisher s, with additional publishers joining in subsequent years. Today, Project MUSE provides access to over 490 journals from 135 publishers, mostly in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. Click here to connect to the Project MUSE homepage . See also: JSTOR .
projector
An optical instrument containing a lens and artificial light source, designed to produce an enlarged image of an individual slide for display on a wall or screen. In a film projector, a strip of film is wound past a lens and light beam at a fixed speed, allowing the succession of frame s to be viewed as a continuously moving sequence on a wall or screen. See also: magic lantern .
Project SAILS
An acronym for Standardized Assessment of Information Literacy Skills. A standardized multiple-choice test designed to evaluate the information literacy skills of individual students and groups of students enrolled at institutions of higher learning, containing test questions based on the ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education . Developed at Kent State University, with funding from a three-year grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services , SAILS is administered by Carrick Enterprises, Inc. Click here to learn more about Project SAILS.
ProLiteracy Worldwide
Formed in 2002 by the merger of Laubach Literacy International and Literacy Volunteers of America, ProLiteracy Worldwide is the oldest and largest nongovernmental literacy organization in the world, dedicated to sponsoring educational programs that help adults and their families acquire the literacy skills necessary to function more effectively in their daily lives. Its United States division , ProLiteracy America, represents a national network of 1,200 community-based volunteer and adult basic education affiliate s in 50 states and the District of Columbia, providing volunteer tutors who are professionally trained to teach basic literacy and English to speakers of other language s. Proceeds from its publishing house, New Readers Press, support its programs. ProLiteracy is an affiliate of the American Library Association (ALA). Click here to connect to the ProLiteracy homepage .
prologue
The introduction to a play , novel , poem , or other literary work placed by the author at the opening of the text , rather than in the front matter (example: The Wife of Bath's Prologue in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales). Also refers to introductory lines spoken by a member of the cast before the beginning of the first act of a dramatic performance to prepare the audience for the theme to be developed or state the moral embodied in the action that follows. Compare with epilogue . In a broader sense, preliminary events leading to more weighty consequences.
promotion
Advancement of a librarian or other library staff member to a higher rank within the same library or library system , usually on the basis of favorable performance evaluation and accompanied by an increase in salary or wages . A change of position can be a promotion if it involves more responsibility and authority. In libraries in which employment is governed by a collective bargaining agreement , eligibility for promotion and method of evaluation may be determined by contract . Compare with tenure . See also: peer evaluation .
Also refers to the activity of marketing a product, service, or institution to people in a position to buy, use, or support it. National Children's Book Week is an example of an activity intended to promote the use of libraries in the United States.
promotional book
A profusely illustrated book on a popular subject , usually an out of print trade title reprint ed in a less expensive edition specifically for sale as a bargain item in trade bookstore s. Art, travel, cooking, gardening, and natural history are favorite subjects. In public libraries , a promotional book received in good condition as a gift may be added to the collection if demand exists for the subject. Abbreviated promo book.
promotional copy
A copy of a commercially release d sound recording or videorecording given by the recording company to a reviewer , a radio or television station, or other entity or person without charge, to help secure the recording's success in the market place. Royalties are not paid on promotional copies. Abbreviated promo copy.
promptbook
The version of the script of a play used during a performance by the person responsible for jogging the memory of the actors and stage hands when they forget their lines or miss their cues. The lines in a promptbook are annotated to indicate the action, cues, props, costumes, lighting, etc., at each point in the production (see this example , courtesy of the Folger Shakespeare Library ). Promptbooks are also useful as evidence of theater history. The Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia provides a searchable database of Shakespearean Prompt-Books of the Seventeenth Century , edited by G. Blakemore Evans. Also spelled prompt-book and prompt book. Synonymous with prompt copy.
proof
In printing , a trial impression made from metal type , plate s, photograph ic film , or magnetic tape or disk , for inspection and correction at the various stages of composition . Proofs of text ual matter are known as proof sheets. In book production, a different kind of proof is made at each stage of the printing process. Designated by form, purpose, or destination, proofs are taken in the following sequence:
first proof - a preliminary galley proof , corrected by the printer 's reader for return to the typesetter
galley or slip proof - taken before matter is made up into page s, checked by the printer's reader and sent to publisher for author 's corrections (see this example )
page proof - taken after the author's corrections are made and the type is made up into pages, sent to the author for final corrections (see this example )
marked proof - includes the author's corrections, checked by the printer's reader for conformity with house style
show revise - the reader requires a further proof
clean proof - a statement by the reader that the copy is completely corrected
press - final instruction from the publisher that the work is ready to go to press
See also: uncorrected proof .
In printmaking, an impression taken from a plate, block, or stone at any stage in the process, which is not considered part of the edition , for example, an artist's proof or trial proof . See also: counterproof .
In photography, a print made as a quick record of a negative or to allow the client to make a choice, as in the case of a studio portrait . See also: progressive proofs , proof print , and scatter proof .
proofreading
The step in the publishing process in which the printer 's proof is meticulously read and compared with the original manuscript or typescript copy to detect errors in typesetting . Corrections are noted on the proof by the proofreader and sent back to the printer. See also: typographical error .
propaganda
Originally referred to the activities of a committee of cardinals called the congregatio de propaganda fide (Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith), established in the 17th century by the Roman Catholic Church to oversee the training of priests for foreign missions. In modern usage, the organized dissemination of information , doctrines, or practices by a person, group, organization, or government with intent to manipulate or control public opinion in support of a specific political, social, economic, or religious agenda ( click here to see an example of printed propaganda used by the Scientific Temperance Federation of Boston in the early 20th century). In democratic societies, the term has acquired a pejorative connotation. The Georgetown University Library provides online exhibition s of British and American World War I poster s. The International Institute of Social History in the Netherlands provides The Chairman Smiles , an exhibition of posters from the former Soviet Union, Cuba, and China. See also: intellectual freedom and mazarinade .
proper name
An appellation identifying a specific person , corporate body , place , event, period of history, or entity, as opposed to the common name. In the English language , each noun and adjective in a proper name is capitalized , as in: Johann Gutenberg , Library of Congress , New York City, American Revolution, Renaissance, Statue of Liberty, etc. When a proper name is used as a heading in indexing or library cataloging , the order of words may be inverted to bring the most significant word into filing position ("Gutenberg, Johann" and "Revolution, American," but not "Liberty, Statue of").
property stamp
A rubber stamp used to mark ownership of library materials in ink , usually on the inside of the cover of a book , on one of the endpaper (s), on one or more of the leaves , or across the top, bottom, or fore-edge of the section s.
proposal
A plan for a project involving research , scholarship, or creative endeavor, usually written as part of an application for grant funding by the person or group who conceived the idea and with the intention of pursuing it to fruition. A proposal typically includes a brief abstract , a detailed narrative description, a statement of goal s and objective s, a realistic timetable, a list of resources (human and material), an itemized budget , criteria for evaluating success, a commitment to specific reporting procedures, and letters of support affirming the value of the project. Manual s on proposal writing are available in most academic libraries .
proprietary
Something that is privately owned and controlled, usually by a person or commercial enterprise. The term implies that the specifications or authority needed to reproduce the thing are withheld from public knowledge or legally protected, usually by copyright or patent . In computing, a system, interface , program , or file available only by permission of the owner or author , as opposed to one that is open to use without restrictions. Compare with open systems . See also: licensing agreement .
proprietary library
An early form of library in which the capital (property) was held in a common fund as joint stock owned by the members in shares that could be sold or transferred independently. Proprietors were required to pay an annual assessment on their shares, and nonproprietors were allowed use of the library only upon payment of an annual fee . Compare with subscription library .
ProQuest
An information service that provides online indexing of article s published in thousands of current periodical s, including the full-text of a significant number of title s. One of the three leading aggregator s of journal s available in electronic format , ProQuest relies on the extensive UMI microfilm collection to expand its digital back file s. Click here to connect the the ProQuest homepage . See also: EBSCO .
prose
Spoken and written language in its ordinary everyday form, as distinct from poetic language consciously given metric structure. Samuel Taylor Coleridge defined prose as "words in their best order" and poetry as "the best words in the best order." See also: purple prose .
prospectus
A separately printed announcement, usually in the form of a leaflet , distributed by a publisher to prospective purchasers, describing or sketching the plan of a forthcoming publication for the purpose of soliciting advance order s, sometimes with the added inducement of a prepublication price or discount . Usually includes a sample page and illustration , table of contents , list of contributor s, and information about price and estimated date of publication . Used for major work s, such as serial s and expensive multivolume reference set s, to provide more detailed information than a selector can normally obtain from reading review s and book announcement s.
protest work
A creative work expressing criticism of a political or religious institution, negative social commentary, or dissent from established doctrine or opinion. The category includes book s, pamphlet s, poster s, cartoon s, caricature s, song s, and drama tic works, as well as ephemera , such as bumper sticker s and lapel button s (see this anti-war example ). Criticism may be expressed directly or obliquely, in anger or with humor.
protocol
From the Greek protos ("first in time") and kolla ("glue"). In Antiquity, the protokollon was the first sheet of a papyrus roll , usually bearing the official mark of the manufacturer and giving a description of the contents of the manuscript . In modern usage, an original draft of a document . Also, a formal or official statement recording the details of a transaction or proceeding, or a similar record of the procedures and results of a scientific experiment or medical treatment.
In electronic communications , a set of formal convention s for the exchange of data between workstation s connected to a computer network , including the rules governing data format and control of input , transmission, and output . Data transmission over the Internet is governed by the TCP/IP protocol implemented in 1982, which allows users of different types of computers to communicate seamlessly. The six main protocols used in Internet address es ( URL s) are:
telnet:// - Application program running on a remote host
Also refers to a signed document recording points of agreement reached at a diplomatic conference between two or more nations, preliminary to negotiating a formal convention or treaty , and to the code of ceremonial etiquette observed by government officials in affairs of state. By extension, any code of conventional conduct or procedure.
proto-library
In the history of libraries , an ancient precursor of the true library . In History of Libraries in the Western World (Scarecrow, 1995), library historian Michael H. Harris identifies five distinct types:
Temple collections containing religious literature ( sacred text s, rituals and incantations, song s, creation stories, biographies of gods/goddesses, and commentaries by religious authorities)
Government archives containing records of property ownership, taxation, laws and decrees, treaties , report s, military histories, genealogies of rulers, chronicle s, etc.
Business records covering property ownership, purchases and sales, inventories, taxes and tributes, etc.
Family manuscript collections relating to property ownership and inheritance, genealogy , astrology and divination, omens, etc.
Official or "copyright" collections containing authorized exemplars used in making manuscript copies to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of text s
provenance
A record of the origin and history of ownership or custodian ship of a specific copy of a book , manuscript , or other work of art. In medieval manuscripts, evidence of who commissioned the work can sometimes be found in emblem s, motto s, heraldic devices, and miniature s that include an image of the patron or donor. References in catalog s, correspondence , and other historical records may also provide clues. In later works, bookplate s, ownership mark s, inscription s, insert ed matter, a special binding , and notes written in or on the item often provide evidence of provenance, often important in establishing value. See David Badke's discussion of the provenance of the 15th-century Bestiary of Anne Walshe or the exhibition Thys Boke Is Myne courtesy of the Folger Shakesepare Library . See also: ex-library copy .
In archives , the succession of custodian s responsible for creating, receiving, or accumulating a collection of records or personal papers . Authentication of archival materials requires that provenance be determined with certainty. The related principle of respect des fonds requires that records known to have originated from a given source be documented and retained separately from those of other agencies or persons and in their original order and organizational context, whenever possible.
proverb
A short memorable saying of unknown origin, but in common use, expressing in simple yet vivid language an obvious truth, familiar experience, or piece of sage advice, often metaphor ical or alliterative (example: look before you leap). Proverbs are collected and published in dictionaries , usually shelved in the reference section of a library . Click here to see a draft manuscript containing fragments of Adagia, a collection of proverbs recorded by Erasmus of Rotterdam, and here to see an edition of Arabic proverbs, courtesy of the Royal Library of Denmark .
proximity
The search software of some bibliographic database s allows a proximity operator to be used in search statement s to specify that a record will be retrieved only if the keywords typed as search term s appear within a designated number of words of each other or within the same sentence or paragraph. The proximity operator is not standardized (in some database s it is "adj," for adjacent to; in others it is "w," for with).
Example:
publication adj1 date or publication w1 date
In the example given above, the query will retrieve records in which the word "publication" appears within one word of "date," for example, records containing the phrase date of publication or publication date (or both) and also date for publication, publication and date, publication to date, publication with date, etc.
If proximity searching is available in a specific database, instructions concerning its use can usually be found in the help screen (s). Synonymous with adjacency.
proxy server
An application program that operates between a client and server on a computer network , usually installed as a firewall to provide security or to increase speed of access by performing some of the housekeeping tasks that would normally be handled by the server itself, such as checking authentication or validating user requests. Also called a proxy. See also: daemon and EZproxy .
psalter
A liturgical book containing the 150 Psalms of the Bible , usually combined with the calendar of Church feasts, Old Testament canticles, creeds, litany of saints, and additional prayers. Prior to the emergence of the Book of Hours in the 13th century, the psalter was also the most important book used in private devotion. The 15th-century Burnet Psalter is a particularly fine example ( University of Aberdeen Library , AUL MS 25). Medieval psalters were often beautifully illuminated , especially the initial letter "B" of the first word ( Beatus ) of the first Psalm ( Bodleian Library , MS Lat.liturg.d.42). The unfinished Eadui Psalter of the 11th century contains a similar example ( British Library , Arundel 155). The life of King David, to whom most of the Psalms are attributed, is often the subject of historiated initial s and miniature s in medieval psalters (see this example ). Click here to page through a series of historiated initials in a 13th-century French psalter ( Getty Museum , MS 66).
pseudandry
A female author writing under a masculine pseudonym , a common literary practice during the 18th and 19th centuries when writing was considered an unsuitable occupation for a woman who wished to preserve her reputation (example: George Eliot, whose real name was Mary Ann Evans Cross). Use of a male pseudonym was also seen as a way to increase readership .
pseudepigrapha
Literally, writings that bear a false title , especially text s ascribed to character s appearing in the Old Testament, subsequently found to have been written by Jews and Christians between 300 B.C. and A.D. 200. In a general sense, any text falsely attributed to a major author . Some scholars have argued that all the work s of William Shakespeare fall into this category.
pseudonym
A fictitious name, especially one assumed by an author to conceal or obscure identity (see this example , courtesy of the British Library ). The classic example in American literature is Mark Twain whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The writer François-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) probably holds the record for the most pseudonyms, with Daniel Foe (Defoe) a close second. Prior to the mid-19th century, women writers often used male pseudonyms ( pseudandry ) to get their work s published and to attract readership (example: George Sand whose real name was Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin Dudevant), although there were notable exceptions (Jane Austen and the Brontë sisters). A joint pseudonym is one shared by two or more collaborator s in a work (Rosetta Stone used by Dr. Seuss and the illustrator Michael K. Frith). U.S. copyright law permits a person to register works pseudonymously. Click here to connect to a.k.a., an online dictionary of pseudonyms, or try the List of Pseudonyms provided by Wikipedia . Abbreviated pseud. Compare with allonym . See also: pen name .
pseudo-serial
A publication treated by a library cataloger as a monograph ic work when first published but subsequently as a serial , usually after having been repeatedly revised and reissue d (example: Guide to Reference Books published by the American Library Association ). Compare with provisional serial .
PSP
The Professional/Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers (AAP), including in its membership publisher s of book s, journal s, loose-leaf materials, computer software , database s, and CD-ROM s in science, medicine, technology, law, business, the social and behavioral sciences, and the humanities. A title published by such a company is known in the book trade as a PSP book. Click here to connect to the PSP homepage . See also: professional book and STM .
public access television
Television channels, typically available only via cable systems, set aside by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) between 1969 and 1971 for the use of nonprofit television stations and private citizens, to promote local community interests, as distinct from PBS , an educational broadcast ing service distributed to member stations via satellite, which provides content produced primarily for a national audience. Disenchanted with the commercial broadcasting system, the pioneers of public access television intended it to be a means of fulfilling the social potential of cable television by providing a free-speech forum under the First Amendment , open to all citizens on a first-come-first-served basis without discrimination as to content. Not surprisingly, public access television has been challenged by cable TV providers, local governments and officials, special interest groups, individual viewers, and others. Synonymous with PEG (Public, Educational, and Governmental Access).
public address system
A voice amplification system installed in a large facility , used for paging staff when their presence is required and for informing patron s of closing time, emergencies, etc. In libraries , the microphone is usually installed behind the circulation desk and used only when necessary, to minimize distraction.
public affairs program
A nonfiction work for television or radio in which journalist s and/or politicians, candidates, or other public figures speak, discuss, debate, or editorialize on politics, government, public policy, and/or current events, often in a panel or seated around a table (example: the series Washington Week on PBS ). Televised debates may include questions from a live audience.
publication
Under U.S. copyright law, the act of distributing copies of a creative work to the public by sale, lease, rental, or lending. Also refers to a work capable of being read or otherwise perceived ( book , audiorecording , videocrecording , CD-ROM , etc.), issue d by a publisher for sale to the general public, usually in multiple copies and sometimes in multiple edition s. Compare with privately printed . See also: electronic publication , library publication , publication date , and publication history .
publication date
The date on which copies of a creative work are officially offered for sale to the public. For trade book s, the date is announced by the publisher in advance and promotional activities are orchestrated to coincide with it. In printed book s, the publication date is given as the year, usually on the verso of the title page . When date of first publication differs from date of current edition , first and subsequent dates are indicated. In older books, publication date may be given in the colophon . In periodical s, it is the day and month, or just the month or period of issue (spring, summer, fall, winter), usually printed on the front cover . For motion picture s, release date is used. For a Web page , it is usually the date of last update . In library cataloging , publication date is record ed as one of the element s in the publication, distribution, etc. , area of the bibliographic description . Abbreviated pub date. Synonymous with imprint date. Compare with copyright date . See also: date range , false date , no date , and postdated .
public domain (PD)
Work s not protected by copyright , or for which copyright has expired, which may be printed for distribution and sale, quoted , excerpt ed, reproduced , and made available online to the public without infringement , for example, a government document over which an agency decides not to exercise copyright in order to make its content widely known. Project Gutenberg is an example of a service that provides online full-text of literary work s in the public domain. Lolly Gasaway of the University of North Carolina provides a chart of When U.S. Works Pass into the Public domain . The term also applies to computer software ( freeware and shareware ) made available by the designer(s) at no charge as a public service. Click here to connect to the homepage of the Union for the Public Domain. See also: abandonment of copyright .
Public Information Office (PIO)
The executive office of the American Library Association responsible for developing and implementing strategic plan s for communicating ALA goal s and priorities in the areas of media relations, advocacy , public education, and crisis communications. PIO creates targeted initiatives that communicate the position of the ALA on key action areas: 21st-century literacy , diversity , education and lifelong learning , intellectual freedom , and equity of access . The Office also provides public relations counsel and media training and support to ALA executive staff, officers, and members; coordinates national media relations efforts; organizes an advocacy network; and develops materials in support of efforts by librarian s to promote local programs and services. Click here to connect to the PIO homepage .
publicity
Information publicly distributed in a variety of forms (announcements, advertisement s, press release s, flier s, poster s, etc.) with the intention of making something widely known. Libraries sponsor special events, especially during National Library Week , to publicize their services and program s. In the June/July 2005 issue of American Libraries , Claudia O'Keefe lists six basic steps for an effective media campaign:
Target your audience.
publicity photograph
A photograph ic image made to promote a motion picture , book , performance , event, etc., to the general public, usually featuring one or more persons involved in the production, often in costume. Click here to see an example featuring the actor Laurence Olivier in a 1945 production of Henry V, courtesy of the Folger Shakespeare Library . Publicity photographs may be protected by copyright . Libraries may include contact information in the catalog record to facilitate the process of obtaining permission (see these examples , courtesy of the Library of Congress ). Compare with glamour photograph .
Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
A system for locating and identifying land authorized by Congress in the Land Ordinance of 1785 for use by surveyors in the settlement of the coterminous United States, with the exception of the first 18 states, Texas, and parts of Ohio. Under the PLSS, survey data and property ownership are recorded by rectilinear township , range, section , and portion of section, with reference to principal meridian s and base lines. Size of unit is standardized, with a township measuring 6 miles to a side (36 square miles). Each township is divided into 36 sections of 640 acres (1 mile to a side). Sections were further subdivided in a variety of ways by local surveyors. Click here to learn more about the PLSS, courtesy of Wikipedia , or try GeoSTAC's description in Introduction to Topographic Maps . See also: range line .
Public Lending Right (PLR)
Under programs funded by the national governments of Britain, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, author s of work s circulated by public libraries are entitled to receive a subsidy based on the number of times a book is borrowed. In Britain, living authors and illustrator s named on the title page may register to receive compensation , provided they are UK residents. Periodical s, reference book s, and conference proceedings are excluded, as are works of less than 32 page s (24 pages for poetry and drama ). For a more detailed discussion of PLR, see the entry by Jim Parker in the International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science (Routledge, 2003). In Canada, the program is administered by the Public Lending Right Commission .
Public Libraries International Network (PLIN)
Founded by a group of former members of the International Network of Public Libraries (INPL), a "think tank" for public librarian s established in 1996 with support from the Bertelsmann Foundation to develop and nurture innovative practices, PLIN will begin accepting new members in 2005. The Bertelsmann Foundation is a 26-year-old nonprofit organization established by the multinational media publishing giant Bertelsmann AG. The INPL was created to facilitate cooperation and exchange of experience among public library experts across national boundaries. Click here to learn more about PLIN.
public library (PL)
A library or library system that provides unrestricted access to library resources and services free of charge to all the residents of a given community, district, or geographic region, supported wholly or in part by public funds . Because public libraries have a broader mandate than academic libraries and most special libraries , they must develop their collection s to reflect diversity . The largest public library system in the United States is the New York Public Library . Click here to connect to the Libweb directory of U.S. public libraries, or try the Public Library Locator maintained by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). See also: Public Library Association .
Public Library Association (PLA)
A division of the American Library Association (ALA) since 1944, PLA has a membership of librarian s, library trustee s, and friends interested in the general improvement and expansion of public library services for reader s of all ages. PLA publishes the bimonthly magazine Public Libraries. Click here to connect to the PLA homepage .
Public Library Geographic Database (PLGDB)
A demographic resource for public library planners and decision-makers developed by the GeoLib Program at Florida State University (FSU) and the Information Institute at the FSU School of Information Studies, with funding from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), PLGDB uses geographic information systems (GIS) software to link key public library data set s to a national interactive digital base map of over 16,000 public library locations in the United States. The first key data set contains data on library use, staff ing, and funding for each library or library system 's central facility , collected by the Federal-State Cooperative System (FSCS) of the National Center for Educational Statistics (U.S. Department of Education). The second key data set includes U.S. Census data selected on the basis of relevance to public library use (age, education, income, and language spoken) provided at the block group level (about 1,000 persons). Block groups are aggregated to form census tracts (4,000 to 8,000 persons), which in turn make up counties. Click here to connect to PLGDB.
Public Printer
The official title of the chief executive officer of the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). Appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress, the Public Printer is responsible for overseeing the production and distribution of information products and services for the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the federal government, and for appointing the Superintendent of Documents and the Depository Library Council (DLC). Click here to see a list of past Public Printers, courtesy of Wikipedia .
Public Programs Office (PPO)
The executive office of the American Library Association (ALA) charged with fostering cultural programming as an integral part of library service in all types of libraries . The unit provides leadership, resources, training , and networking opportunities to help librarian s nationwide develop and host cultural opportunities for adult s, young adult s, and families, as well as a series of ALA-sponsored touring exhibition . Click here to connect to the PPO homepage .
Public Record Office (PRO)
Established in 1838 to reform the maintenance and control of government and court records in Britain, the PRO is one of the two organizations that merged in April 2003 to form the National Archives , the other being the Historical Manuscripts Commission. Most documents held by the PRO were kept "closed" (secret) for a period of 30 years, but when the UK's Freedom of Information Act came into force on January 1, 2005, the 30-year rule was abolished, subjecting records formerly closed to the same access provisions as other public records; however, under FOIA some records are closed to public scrutiny for extended periods, for example, individual census returns, which remain confidential for 100 years. Click here to learn more about the PRO, courtesy of Wikipedia . The Web address ( URL ) of the PRO is now set to default to the homepage of the National Archives .
Public Relations and Marketing Section (PRMS)
The section of the Library Leadership and Management Association (LLAMA) within the American Library Association (ALA) that promotes the study of public relations theory and policies and seeks to improve the practice of public relations in all types of libraries . PRMS also serves as public relations liaison between LLAMA and other ALA units, identifies aspects of public relations about which the library profession needs to be informed, and conducts appropriate educational programs and institutes. Click here to connect to the PRMS homepage .
public service announcement (PSA)
An advertisement or commercial promoting a charitable or worthy cause, carried by an advertising vehicle (television, radio, newspaper, etc.) as a public service to its viewers, listeners, or reader s at no charge to the advertiser. For libraries , the advantages of using free publicity may be offset by lack of control over time of placement.
publisher
A person or corporate entity that prepares and issue s printed materials for public sale or distribution, normally on the basis of a legal contract in which the publisher is granted certain exclusive rights in exchange for assuming the financial risk of publication and agreeing to compensate the author , usually with a share of the profits. In older book s, the publisher and printer are often the same, but since the mid-19th century, the two functions have been performed by separate entities. The name of the publisher is usually printed at the foot of the title page and on the verso . In library cataloging , name of publisher is entered in the publication, distribution, etc. , area of the bibliographic description . Synonymous with press. Compare with distributor . See also: device .
publisher's agreement
A contract between a writer and publisher stating the terms under which the author 's work (s) will be published and sold. The publisher is granted certain exclusive rights in exchange for assuming the financial risk of publication . Under most agreements, the author is compensated in one of four ways: royalties based on a percentage of sales, profit sharing, commission, or outright sale of copyright . Synonymous with book contract .
publisher's catalog
A free advertising brochure sent by a publisher to libraries , bookseller s, and other prospective customers, describing new book s ( frontlist ) and listing title s on the backlist , usually index ed by author and title, with an order form in the back. Publisher's catalog s are issue d season ally, usually in the spring and fall of each year. Librarian s select on the basis of review s but may use publisher's catalog s to verify information prior to ordering. Northern Lights Internet Solutions provides a searchable database of Publishers' Catalogues . See also: blurb .
publisher's cloth
The original cloth cover of an edition binding as issue d by the publisher , as distinct from the cloth cover of a custom binding . Click here to see a colored example, courtesy of the Monash University Rare Books Collection . Trade edition s were first issued in cloth binding in England in the early 19th century. Click here to learn more about early publisher's binding s, courtesy of the British Library .
publisher's mark
A device printed in a book to identify its publisher , in the same way that a printer's mark represents the printer (see this example on the title page of a 17th-century book and this 19th-century example , courtesy of the University of Pittsburgh). Some early publisher's marks included a motto (see this 16th-century example used by the Parisian printer/publisher Antoine Verard). Synonymous with publisher's device.
publisher's number
A numbering designation assigned to an item of music by the publisher , which may include abbreviation s, initials, or words identifying the publisher, normally appearing only on the title page , cover , and/or first page of music ( AACR2 ). In music cataloging , a publisher's number is recorded in the note area of the bibliographic description (example: Publisher's no.: 6201/9935). Compare with plate number .
PubMed Central (PMC)
A free, permanent, full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature, maintained at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM). Initiated in February 2000, the repository was developed and is managed by NLM�s National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Click here to connect to the PMC homepage .
puff
A pejorative term used since the 17th century to refer to immoderate praise of a book or other creative work , usually in the form of a review or advertisement written by the publisher , author , or a copy writer, intended to influence opinion and promote sales. In book publishing , a puff is usually printed on the dust jacket or included in an advertisement in a review publication . A preliminary puff is written prior to publication for the use of sales representatives. See also: blurb .
puffery
Biased literary criticism emanating from a small clique or coterie, usually individuals who have a vested interest in promoting the work , either because they stand to gain financially from its success, are indebted to the publisher for some reason, or are personal friends of the author or illustrator .
pugillaria
In ancient Rome, a book small enough to be held in the hand, consisting of two to eight leaves made of wood, ivory, or metal, covered on one side with wax on which character s were incised with a sharp writing implement called a stylus . Cover ed in parchment or leather , the tablet s were held together by leather cords or rings. Synonymous with tablet book. Compare with diptych . See also: codex .
Pulitzer Prize
Named after the Hungarian American journalist and philanthropist Joseph Pulitzer who initially endowed them, the Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded annual ly by Columbia University since 1917 for exemplary achievements in American journalism , letters , drama , and music. Fourteen prizes are given in journalism, including a gold medal for public service. The prizes in letters are for fiction , history, poetry , biography or autobiography , and general nonfiction . Each prize includes $5,000 paid by the Pulitzer endowment s. Click here to see a list of past Pulitzer Prize winners by category. See also: National Book Award and Nobel Prize in Literature .
pull
A small ribbon or tab attached to the binding of a book , usually at the side of the spine , to facilitate removal from a slipcase or other close-fitting container . The term is also used in letterpress to mean an impression of type .
pull-case
A telescoping box in two separable parts, the uppermost fitting over the lower, designed as a container for one or more book s, pamphlet s, or other printed material. A pull-case differs from a slipcase in leaving no portion of the contents exposed, providing virtually airtight protection. See also: solander .
pulling
Disassembling a book to prepare it for rebinding , a process that requires the removal of the case or cover , board s, endpaper s, tapes , and lining . The section s are then freed by stripping the adhesive from the binding edge and cutting the sewing thread s. Pulling sometimes damages the back fold s, requiring repair , usually by the use of guard s. Synonymous with take down .
pulp
Vegetable material reduced to a liquid fibrous mass by mechanical and/or chemical means for use in papermaking . Most pulp is manufactured from wood, but permanent paper usually contains a percentage of cotton and/or linen rag . Chemical wood pulp is treated in manufacture to remove lignin , an acidic substance that causes the leaves and binding s of book s to deteriorate over time. Untreated mechanical wood paper is used for low-grade paper s such as newsprint when permanence is not essential. See also: fiber content .
According to The Bookman's Glossary (Bowker, 1983), the term is also used in publishing to refer to a magazine printed on inexpensive, poor-quality paper manufactured from groundwood pulp (newsprint). See also: pulp fiction .
pulp fiction
Sensational fiction of no enduring literary value, popular from the 1920s through the 1940s. Written for the mass market, usually according to formula, pulp fiction was printed on poor-quality paper , bound in softcover , and easily recognized by the lurid design on the front cover . Popular genre s include romance , adventure , western s, etc. For examples, see Pulp Fiction Central . Compare with popular fiction . See also: mass-market paperback and pulp magazine .
pumice
Lightweight, porous, highly abrasive volcanic glass, used in powdered form as pounce to prepare the surface of a sheet of parchment or vellum for writing. In solid form, pumice is used to polish new skins in the making of parchment and to scrape writing from an existing manuscript to prepare it for reuse (see palimpsest ). Click here to see the surface texture of pumice enlarged.
punctuation
The use of standard character s in writing and printing to separate words, clauses, parenthetical phrase s, sentences, etc., and to indicate meaning or tone. In the English language , the most frequently used punctuation marks are the period (.), comma (,), colon (:), semicolon (;), question mark(?), exclamation point (!), apostrophe ('), quotation marks (" "), parentheses ( ), hyphen (-), dash (--), and square bracket s [ ]. In AACR2 , precise rules for the use of punctuation and spacing in library catalog record s are given in the instructions for each area of bibliographic description .
puppet play
A dramatic work written for character s in the form of representational figures, designed to be physically manipulated by one or more entertainers, known as a puppeteers, who also speak the lines. Puppetry is an ancient form of theatre, with roots in many cultures (see this example ).
puppetry
A technique used in storytelling in which each character in the narrative is represented by a doll with movable parts operated with wire, strings, and/or sticks or in the form of a cloth mitten or glove designed to fit over the hand of the puppeteer, who synchronizes the movements of the doll with dialogue and action in the text . A small portable stage may be used as a backdrop (see this example ). Some public libraries include circulating puppets in the juvenile collection . To learn more about puppetry, try the Center for Puppetry Arts or The Puppetry Home Page .
Pura Belpré Award
A biennial literary award cosponsored by the Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) within the American Library Association (ALA), and REFORMA , an ALA affiliate , to honor a Latino/Latina author and illustrator who best portrays the Latino cultural experience in an outstanding work of literature for children and youth. Established in 1996, the award is named in honor of Pura Belpré, the first Latina librarian at the New York Public Library . As a children's librarian , storyteller , and author, she enriched the lives of Puerto Rican children in the United States through her pioneering preservation and dissemination of Puerto Rican folklore . Click here to learn more about the Belpré Award.
purchase order (PO)
In acquisitions , the official record of an order placed by a library , authorizing a publisher , jobber , dealer , or vendor to deliver materials or services at a set price. A PO becomes a contract once it is accepted by the seller. Most purchase orders include the purchase order number, name and address of seller, name and address of ordering agency , description and quantity of item s ordered, price per item, discount or credit terms, fund to be charged, time for completion, shipping terms, and delivery address and instructions. Compare with invoice .
purple vellum
Sheets of fine parchment or vellum dyed or painted dark purple to create a high- contrast background for script or illumination in gold, silver, or white. Introduced in late Antiquity and the early Christian period, the technique was reserved for the finest book s as a mark of luxury and status. Purple page s were also used in Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, and Ottonian manuscript s and enjoyed a revival during the Renaissance. Click here to view an example from a 9th-century Italian lectionary ( Bibliothèque Nationale de France ) and here to see an example in an 11th-century Ottonian sacramentary ( Getty Museum , MS Ludwig V 2). Other examples can be seen by paging through the 9th-century Lindau Gospels ( Morgan Library , MS M.1).
putto
The figure of a nude, rotund infant boy (often depicted with wings) tucked into a decorated border or initial letter in a Renaissance illuminated manuscript or early printed book , a motif derived from Ancient art. Click here to see putti in the 15th-century Sforza Book of Hours , a Renaissance treasure owned by the British Library , or see this example in the border in the 15th-century Gualenghi-d'Este Hours ( Getty Museum , MS Ludwig IX 13). Click here to see putti in the frontispiece of an illuminated copy of the 1502 Aldine edition of Dante's Divine Comedy ( University of Notre Dame ) or in abundance in the border of this 15th-century Italian breviary ( British Library , Burney 333). Putti were also used in other decorative contexts. To see other examples, try a keyword search on the term in Google Images .
puzzle
A mental exercise or physical object contrived to pose a problem likely to test the ingenuity and patience of anyone attempting to solve it, including item s bearing an image that can disassembled into pieces and reassembled. Most puzzles are recreational devices. Small public libraries in the United States sometimes circulate jigsaw puzzle s for the use of patron s. Click here to see a 19th-century example ( State Library of South Australia ) and here to see an example of the same period showing a picture of the marriage of Pocahontas printed in color on wooden blocks ( Virginia Historical Society ). In AACR2 , puzzles are considered a form of game and are cataloged according to the rules for three-dimensional artifact s and realia . However, if the image is a map , the item may be cataloged under the rules for cartographic materials ( click here to see examples, courtesy of the University of Waterloo). See also: rebus .
puzzle initial
A penwork initial letter in which the body of the letter is divided into areas of contrasting color (usually red and blue) resembling pieces of a jigsaw puzzle , a style distinctive of, if not unique to, English and French manuscript s of the 13th century ( click here and here and here and here and here to sample variations, courtesy of the British Library 's Digital Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts ).
|
i don't know
|
The French word 'derailleur' is also used in English referring to a mechanism on what sort of machine?
|
Derailleur - Penny-farthing, Velocipede, Derailleur, and More Words From Cycling | Merriam-Webster
Photo: Darren Wilkinson CC-BY-SA-2.0
Definition: a bicycle with a large front wheel and a small rear wheel common from about 1870 to 1890
The bicycle with a very large front wheel and tiny rear wheel was invented in France in 1869. The large front wheel allowed for faster speeds, since the power from the pedals at the hub of the wheel was direct drive. A larger wheel meant a greater distance traveled for each pedal turn as well as a smoother ride over bumpy roads. This kind of bicycle was called a hi-wheel or an ordinary after the invention of the chain-driven safety bicycle with equal wheel size.
The term penny-farthing arose in Britain, where a farthing was a small coin worth ¼ of a penny. Put next to each other, the penny resembled the large front wheel and the farthing resembled the small rear wheel. They were dangerous and expensive but popular, and it was because of them that bicycling truly became a sport.
1/10
Cyclist on Michaux velocipede, 1868
Definition: a lightweight wheeled vehicle propelled by the rider
The predecessor of the pedal bicycle was a two-wheeled vehicle that was propelled with the feet while seated. It was patented in 1818 in Germany, and its name, Laufmaschine, (“running machine”) was translated into French as vélocipède (from the Latin roots meaning “swift” and “foot”). In English, this contraption was known as the dandy horse or the hobbyhorse.
Velocipede became a term for any wheeled vehicle propelled by the rider in English, including early bicycles. In French, it became the term used for the improved pedal-powered version designed in the mid-1800s. This was shortened to vélo to become their modern word for "bicycle."
The pedal velocipedes were nicknamed boneshakers because they were made with wooden wheels and iron frames. After the introduction of rubber tires, boneshaker became a slang term for an uncomfortable or outmoded bicycle.
The veloc- of velocipede is also the root of velocity.
2/10
Photo: Furmanj CC BY-SA 3.0
Definition: a bicycle race of a specified number of laps on a closed course over public roads closed to normal traffic
If criterium seems like a funny way to spell criterion, that’s because, in a way, it is—both words share the same root. In racing, criterium means “a bicycle race of a specified number of laps on a closed course over public roads closed to normal traffic.” Often this is a loop around a town square or some other central location. This allows fans to see riders pass on every lap—not possible with road races. A commentary is often broadcast over loudspeakers, often including announcements for special prizes during the race for winners of an individual lap, known as primes (pronounced PREEMS), from the French word for “bonus.”
Criterion means “a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based,” and entered English in the 1600s from Greek. Criterium comes from French: critérium is a word meaning “competition” or “sporting event that classifies or eliminates competitors.” It was first used in English in 1970.
3/10
Photo: James F. Perry CC BY-SA 3.0
Definition: the main body of riders in a bicycle race
Riders in competitive races move in flocks for a reason: the front riders break the wind and those behind don’t have to work so hard to keep up. As they rotate, this allows for a much higher average speed for the group. A lone rider would quickly become exhausted trying to maintain a similar pace. They have to stay very close together for this to work well, and good riders know how to hold a very straight line and not wobble slightly to the right and left, as most recreational riders do.
In French, this group is called the peloton, and that word has become the English term as well . It came into English with the meaning “the main body of riders in a bicycle race” in the mid-20th century, but the French word was originally less specific; it meant simply “a group of people” and then “a group of soldiers.” This was the meaning that was first borrowed into English in the 1500s, when it was slightly altered as platoon . Thus, the same French word was borrowed twice into English, with different meanings and spellings.
Peloton was used of the main group of riders in a horse race before it was transferred to cycling.
4/10
Pannier
Definition: one of a pair of packs or baskets hung over the rear wheel of a vehicle
Baskets placed on both sides of animals such as horses, camels, and llamas for carrying things were called panniers since the 1600s, and were later adapted for bicycles. Pannier initially was just a synonym of basket in English, borrowed from the French word meaning “bread basket” (the first syllable comes from the French word pain, meaning “bread”). The word’s specific use referring to carrying things on a bicycle dates from the 1930s, but it wasn’t until the 1970s that the modern touring bags usually made out of waterproof nylon and made to attach to a frame fastened above the rear wheel became available, along with handlebar bags.
5/10
Derailleur
Definition: a mechanism for shifting gears on a bicycle that operates by moving the chain from one set of exposed gears to another
The ability to change gears on a bicycle was a major innovation for touring and racing. Initially two-speed bikes were invented in the early 1900s, and multiple gears were introduced in the Tour de France in 1937. (Prior to that time, the rear wheel had to be changed for a different gear to be used for uphill or downhill riding.)
Derailleur (pronounced dih-RAIL-er) means “a mechanism for shifting gears on a bicycle that operates by moving the chain from one set of exposed gears to another.” The large gear or gears connected to the crankshafts and pedals are called chainrings and the smaller gears mounted on the hub of the rear wheel are called sprockets, which together form a cogset. Levers connected by wire from the frame or handlebars of the bike control the shifting.
Derailleur comes from the French word that literally means “to derail,” as in a train from its tracks. In French it’s pronounced day-rah-yuhr.
6/10
Tandem bicycle
Definition: a bicycle for two or more persons on which the riders sit one behind another
Tandem bicycle comes from the name of a horse-drawn carriage which was pulled by two horses harnessed one behind the other (rather than side by side). The tandem carriage dates from the 1790s; the tandem bicycle from the 1890s.
Tandem is used as an adverb that means “one after or behind another,” and, appropriately enough, usually occurs following the word it modifies, as in “to ride tandem.” It is also used as an adjective, as in “tandem skydiving” or “tandem parking spaces.” In tandem means “working or happening together.” Tandem comes from the Latin word that means “at length” or “at last”—terms that relate to time and not physical dimension; the word was adopted for the carriage as a pun to mean “lengthwise.”
7/10
Caliper
Definition: a device for pressing a frictional material (as a brake pad) against the sides of a rotating wheel or disc
Early bicycles had only one gear, so stopping could come from backpedaling, but some early bikes also had “spoon brakes” of curved metal that pushed directly on the tire tread. The first caliper brake was used for the small rear wheel of penny-farthing bicycles in the 1880s. The caliper consisted of two small metal arms joined at one end and open at the other; the open ends could close or pinch toward each other and apply friction to the sides of the tire or wheel.
Caliper originally meant “a tool that has two narrow legs which can be adjusted to measure the thickness or width of something.” This use dates to the 1500s and the tool resembled a compass used for geometry. The term caliper brake dates to 1904 according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Caliper is etymologically almost identical to caliber, meaning “the diameter of a bullet,” named for the instrument used for measuring the caliber of a bullet. Caliper came directly from Spanish into English, but caliber traces back through French and Old Italian to the Arabic word qālib meaning “shoemaker’s last”—a tool used for measuring.
8/10
Recumbent
Definition: a bike ridden while (almost) lying down
A recumbent bicycle is one that is ridden while seated leaning back or nearly lying down. The bike is usually lower to the ground, and provides ergonomic advantages by distributing the rider’s weight more evenly and reducing neck strain. Aerodynamics are also improved, since the bike’s profile is much lower.
Recumbent comes from the Latin verb recumbere, which means “to lie back” or “to recline.” The related word incumbere, meaning “to lie down on,” gave us the English word incumbent , which originally referred to people who held lifetime appointments in the church—since they held the position for life, they were “lying on” on them, which has since become the word meaning “a person who holds a particular office or position.”
9/10
Our 9 Best Historical Slang Terms
Definition: Slang term for a fixed-gear bicycle
The fixed-gear bicycle has made a comeback, especially in cities, where a simple and light bike, often without caliper brakes, is a durable choice (and where changing gears can be a distraction on city streets).
The term fixed-gear bicycle could be considered a retronym , since at one time all bicycles had only one gear. It has more recently been shortened to fixie, a term that dates to the early 1990s and the slang of New York bike messengers. An early use was found in a 1992 online discussion group, where the suggestion was made that pedestrians who felt menaced by bike couriers could reach out and apply the caliper brake with its handlebar lever, which provoked this exchange:
[You can stop a dangerous bike courier using his front brake.]
A number of couriers in NYC use `fixies' -- fixed-gear bikes with no brakes. I've always thought that was stupid, but maybe now I know why they do it...
10/10
|
Bicycle
|
Technically what must be specified in order for a given speed to be termed a velocity?
|
Finish Line - Bicycle Lubricants and Care Products - Cycling Glossary: The Language of Our Sport
Cycling Glossary: The Language of Our Sport
Y
2
27.5 - a mountain bike with wheels that are approximately 27.5 inches in diameter, including a 2-inch-wide tire, and are based on ISO 584 mm (aka 650B) rims.
29er - a mountain bike with wheels that are approximately 29 inches in diameter, including a 2-inch-wide tire, and are based on ISO 622 mm (aka 700C) rims.
Abandon - To quit a race
Aero - abbreviation for aerodynamically efficient
Aero Bars - Extension of the handlebars usually allowing the rider to rest his elbows and benefit from improved aerodynamics. Often found on Time Trial and Triathlon bicycles.
Aero Wheels - Bicycle wheels that normally have a deep section rim (30mm+), often made of carbon fiber, and are designed to be fast and more aerodynamically efficient that standard wheels. Newer wheels are designed with a wider rim profile that is more stable in strong cross winds.
All Mountain - Term for a type of mountain bike that normally has 5+ inches of suspension travel and is designed to work well on all parts of a mountain from climbing fire roads to steep downhill descents.
Apex - the middle or sharpest point in a curve or turn
Ardennes - hilly region in Belgium, home to a number of spring classics
Arrivee - French for the Finish Line
Attack - To quickly accelerate while riding in a pack, or in smaller numbers, with a view to create a gap between yourself and other riders
Autobus - A group of riders in a stage race (typically non-climbers and suffering domestiques) who ride together as a group on the mountain stages with the sole intention of finishing within the stage's time limit to allow them to start the next day. Also known by the Italian term gruppetto.
Back to Top
B
Bearing - a machine element that constrains relative motion between two moving parts to only the desired motion. Come in a variety of styles including: cartridge bearing, sealed bearing, needle bearing, and ball bearing.
Bell Lap - If the riders are racing the final meters of a race on a velodrome or on a circuit in a town, a bell is rung at the start of the final lap.
Belt Drive - A bicycle drivetrain that uses a durable belt instead of a metal chain to turn the rear wheel
Beyond Category (Hors Categorie) - The French term primarily used in cycle races (most notably, the Tour de France) to designate a climb that is "beyond categorization", an incredibly tough climb. Most climbs are designated from Category 1 (hardest) to Category 4 (easiest), based on both steepness and length. A climb that is harder than Category 1 is designated as hors catégorie.
Bib Shorts - Bib shorts are cycling shorts that are held up by a bib (integral suspenders/braces) instead of an elastic waistband. Pro and serious riders tend to prefer bib shorts over non-bib shorts, due to the discomfort that often occurs with an elastic waistband, such as tightness (digging into skin) and chafing. The bib part of the short is often made of spandex and polyester with large sections of netting to help keep the rider cool.
Bidon - A water bottle
Big Ring - The bigger of the two chain rings (front gears) on a bike that generates a larger gear. The Big Ring gives the rider the most speed, but is the harder gear to pedal. It is the gear used during a sprint, a flat time trial or a mountain descent.
Bike Porn - pictures of bike or bikes seen in real life that are incredibly expensive and full of rare components. The $18,000 Specialized McLaren S-Works Venge is an example of bike porn.
Blocking - Riders of one team who set a relatively slow tempo at the front of a group to control the speed, often to the advantage of one of their teammates who may be in a break.
Bonk (hit the wall) - To completely run out of energy on a long ride, often caused by poor nutrition.
Bottom bracket - The bearing assembly which allows the crank to rotate relative to the frame. May or may not include the spindle which connects the two arms, depending on the standard to which it was designed.
Braze-ons - threaded attachments welded to the bike from. Normally used to mount brakes, water bottle cages, front derailleurs, or racks.
Breakaway - A group of riders (or solo rider) who have attacked and ridden away from the peloton*. This group of opponents will often work together knowing each has some chance of winning the race.
Broom Wagon - A support vehicle following a group of cyclists in a race, tour or recreational ride that may carry equipment, food, rider luggage, or mechanics. May also pick up riders unable to continue. Also called a SAG wagon.
Bunch Sprint - The riders arrive near the finish in massive numbers to contest the victory and attempt to draft their sprinters in a good position to claim the victory. Speeds higher than 60 km/h are to be expected.
Bunny Hop - To cause one's bicycle to become airborne by lifting the front wheel and then the rear wheel into the air with such timing that both wheels are simultaneously airborne for a period. Bunny hops are performed either to navigate course features, to perform tricks or to avoid obstacles, depending on the discipline of competition.
Butting - a butted tube on a bike frame is one where the outside of the tube is a constant diameter and the wall thickness varies. This is done to make tubes lighter, while keeping them strong.
C
Cadence - The rate at which a cyclist pedals (in revolutions per minute).
Caliper Brakes - a class of cable-actuated brake in which the brake mounts to a single point above the wheel, theoretically allowing the arms to auto-centre on the rim. Arms extend around the tyre and end in brake shoes that press against the rim. While some designs incorporate dual pivot points — the arms pivot on a sub-frame — the entire assembly still mounts to a single point.
Car back - What riders yell when riding in a group when there is a car approaching from the rear. This alerts other riders to a possible danger and tells them to form a single file line to allow the car to pass.
Caravane Publicitaire - The publicity cavalcade where sponsors promote goods and hand out free samples. The Caravan precedes each stage into along the race route, giving sponsors of the Tour de France a chance to advertise.
Carbon Clincher - a type of wheel that is made from carbon fiber (normally with a deeper rim that is 30mm+), with a braketrack that is also made from carbon fiber. This helps to keep the weight down on deep section carbon wheels.
Carbon Fiber - an extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced polymer which contains carbon fibers. The binding polymer is most often epoxy, but other polymers, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are sometimes used. The composite may contain other fibers, such as aramid e.g. Kevlar, Twaron, aluminium, or glass fibers, as well as carbon fiber. The strongest and most expensive of these additives, carbon nanotubes, are contained in some primarily polymer baseball bats, car parts and even golf clubs where economically viable
Cassette - The rear cog cluster on a derailleur bicycle, that fits on a freehub. It consists only of cogs, with no ratcheting mechanism, as the ratcheting mechanism is in the freehub.
Categorized Climb - In European stage racing it is a designation of the difficulty of a mountain climb. This is a subjective judgment of the difficulty of the ascent, based upon its length, gradient and how late in the stage the climb is to be ridden. A medium difficulty climb that comes after several hard ascents will get a higher rating because the riders will already be tired. The numbering system starts with "4" for the easiest that still rate being called a climb and then with increasing severity they are 3, 2, 1. The most challenging are above categorization, or in the Tour nomenclature, "Hors catégorie", HC. In the Giro the hardest climbs are rated a Category 1.
Century - 100 mile bike ride.
Chain - a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics.
Chain Catcher (checker) - small device, normally made of metal that attaches to the front derailleur and extends down toward the bottom bracket. It is designed to catch the chain if it falls off the chain rings and make it easier to get the chain back on without getting off the bike.
Chain Cleaner - a device that attaches to a bicycle chain while it is still on the drivetrain. Chain Cleaners normally hold a small amount of degreaser and have rotating brushes that scrub the chain. The chain is cleaned by moving the chain through the chain cleaner, normally by backpedaling.
Chain slap - Annoying slapping of the bike's chain against the chainstays while riding over rough terrain.
Chain stay - the tubes on a bicycle from that connect at the bottom bracket and run directly back towards the hub of the wheel and connect with the seat stays.
Chain suck - The tendency of a chain to stick to chain rings and be sucked up into the bike instead of coming off the chainring. Primarily caused by worn chainrings and rust on small chain rings, under high loads, and in dirty conditions.
Chainring tattoo - the dotted-line scar you get from gouging your shin or calf on a chainring.
Chainring(s) - The front part of the drivetrain where the chain engages. May be composed of one to three gears.
Chainstay - One of the two frame tubes that run horizontally from the bottom bracket shell back to the rear dropouts.
Chase - A group of one or more riders who are ahead of the peloton trying to join the race or stage leader(s). There may be none, one, or many chases at any given point in a race.
Chasing down - Riders do this when a breakaway is up the road but their team is not represented in the lead group.
Chicane - A sequence of tight turns, often s-shaped, usually most important near the finish of a road-race or during a criterium.
Cima Coppi - prize for the first to the top of the highest mountain pass in the Giro d’Italia
Circle of Death - Term originally coined when Henri Desgrange introduced the high mountains to the Tour de France. The stage with the Peyresourde, Aspin, Tourmalet and Aubisque was call the Circle of Death.
Classic (one day race) - A one-day race of great prestige. Some classics date back to the 19th century. These include Milan-San Remo, Gent-Wevelgem, E3 Harelbeke, Tour of Flanders, Paris-Roubaix, Amstel Gold Race, La Fleche Wallonne, Liege-Bastogne-Liege, and il Lombardia.
Cleat - studs or protrusions on the sole of a shoe or an external attachment to a shoe that allows it to clip in securely to pedals.
Climber - A rider who specializes in riding uphill quickly, usually due to having a high power-to-weight ratio.
Clincher - A type of tire that uses a bead around the edge of the tire to attach to the rim of the wheel when inflated. The inner tube is separate.
Clipless Pedals - require a special cycling shoe with a cleat fitted to the sole, which locks into a mechanism in the pedal and thus holds the shoe firmly to the pedal. Most clipless pedals lock onto the cleat when stepped on firmly and unlock when the heel is twisted outward, although in some cases the locking mechanism is built into the cleat instead of the pedal. Clipless refers to the toe clip (cage) having been replaced by a locking mechanism and not to platform pedals which would normally not have toe clips. The clipless pedal was invented by Charles Hanson in 1895.
Coaster Brakes - also known as a back pedal brake or foot brake (contra or torpedo in some countries), is a type of drum brake integrated into hubs with an internal freewheel. Freewheeling functions as with other systems, but when back pedaled, the brake engages after a fraction of a revolution. The coaster brake can be found in both single-speed and internally geared hubs.
Cog - A dented gear that is part of the cassette.
Col - A mountain pass
Commissaire - A race judge, in road-racing they are usually based in a car following the event.
Components - the moving parts of a bike that are attached to the frame
Counterattack - An attack that is made when a break has been caught by chasers or the peloton.
Crack - When a cyclist runs out of strength or energy, they are said to have cracked. Compare with hit the wall.
Crank arm - One of the two arms of a crankset. Each arm connects a pedal to the bottom bracket.
Crankset (chainset) - The bicycle drivetrain assembly that converts the rider's pedaling action to rotating motion. It consists of two cranks (or arms), one or more chainwheels (or chainrings), plus the stack bolts that connect them. Sometimes the bottom bracket is included.
Criterium - A race on a closed short distance course with multiple laps. Often but not always a 4-cornered course; often includes primes (short for premiums and rhymes with 'seems') which are points or prizes for intermediate laps. Course length varies from 800 meters to 5 kilometers.
Crono - short for time trial.
Cross chained - when you are on the big ring in the front and small ring on the back or small ring on the front and big ring on the back. The extremely chainline can cause premature wear or even cause the chain to drop.
Cross Country - is the most common discipline of mountain biking. While less publicized than downhill cycling as it is more difficult to televise, it garners the highest levels of participation both recreationally and competitively. Cross-country cycling became an Olympic sport in 1996 and is the only form of mountain biking practiced at the Olympics.
Cyclocross - A form of bicycle racing that consists of many laps of a short course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount, carry the bike past some obstacles and remount.
Back to Top
D
Degreaser - Chemical product that dissolves water-insoluble substances (such as greases and oils) from hard surfaces such as floor, machines, tools.
Di2 - Digital Integrated Intelligence. The Shimano acronym for their electronic groupsets.
Directeur sportif - Team manager. During a race, the Directeur Sportif will ride in one of the cars behind the peloton and directs the action of his team through race radios
Disc wheel - Disc wheels are designed to minimize aerodynamic drag. A full disc is usually heavier than traditional spoke wheels, and can be difficult to handle when ridden with a cross wind. For this reason, international cycling organizations often ban disc wheels or limit their use to the rear wheel of a bicycle. However, international triathlon federations were (and are still) less restrictive and is what led to the wheels' initial usage growth in popularity in the 1980s.
DNF - did not finish. Abbreviation used in race results.
DNS - did not start. Abbreviation used in race results
Domestique - A rider whose job it is to support and work for other riders in their team (literally "servant" in French). Today the term has lost its bad connotation and serves as an acknowledgement of the true nature of racing tactics.
Dossard - French for race or bib number worn by cyclists
Downhill - is a time trial event held on a steep, rough terrain that often features jumps, rock gardens and other obstacles. Downhill bikes are heavy, strong, and feature front and rear suspension with over 8 inches (20 cm) of travel, to glide quickly over rocks and tree roots. A continuous course is defined on each side by a strip of tape. Riders have a single attempt to reach the finish line as fast as possible, while remaining between the two tapes designating the course. Riders musts choose their line by compromising between the shortest possible line and the line that can be travelled at the highest speed. If a rider leaves the course by crossing or breaking the tape they must return to the course at the point of exit, unless they do not gain a time advantage form crossing the tape, in which case they can continue with their run. Riders start at intervals, often seeded from slowest to fastest. Courses typically take two to five minutes to complete and winning margins are often less than a second. Riders are timed with equipment similar to that used in Downhill skiing.
Drafting - To ride closely behind another rider to make maximum use of their slipstream, reducing wind resistance and effort required to ride at the same speed.
Drop - To be dropped is to be left behind a breakaway or the peloton for whatever reason (usually because the rider cannot sustain the tempo required to stay with the group). To drop someone is to accelerate strongly with the intent of causing following riders to no longer gain the benefit of drafting.
Dropouts - the slots on the frame that accept the wheel axle
Back to Top
E
Echelon - a line of riders seeking maximum drafting in a crosswind, resulting in a diagonal line across the road.
Electronic Shifting - these are groupsets where all shifts are done with the push of a button that actuates small motors in the front and rear derailleurs instead of pulling a cable.
Endo - An Endo (short for end-over-end), is when the back wheel of the bike is lifted off the ground and the bike goes up onto its front wheel only. It can also be used to designate a crash that is similar to an unintended front flip.
EPS - Abbreviation for Electronic Power Shift. This is the term used by Campagnolo for all of their electronic groupsets
Etape - A stage of a stage race.
Etape de Tour - an event held every year that allows non professional riders the chance to ride one of the stages of the Tour de France. Usually occurs a few days before the actual stage takes place.
Back to Top
F
False flat - A low-gradient climb, usually occurring partway up a steeper climb. So-called because while it may look deceptively flat and easy (especially after the steep climb preceding it), it is still a climb.
Fast finisher (see sprinter) - A rider who has superior sprinting speed over the last few hundred meters of a race.
Feed zone - In road bicycle racing, a location along the course of a long race where team personnel hand musettes containing food and beverages to passing riders. In mountain bicycle racing, a limited section of the course in which riders may accept food from non-racing assistants. Sometimes this is combined with the technical assistance zone if one exists
Field - A group of rider, also known as a peloton.
Finish Line - 1. A marked area that designates the official end to a race, often depicted by a checkered flag. 2. The name of an American company, founded in 1988, for the purpose of making bicycle-specific lubricants and related bicycle-care products.
Fixed - Slang for a fixed-gear bicycle.
Fixie - Slang for a fixed-gear bicycle.
Flamme rouge - A red flag displayed with one kilometre remaining from the finish line of a race. Usually suspended over the road.
Follow a wheel - The ability to follow a wheel is the ability to match the pace of riders who are setting the tempo. Following is easier than pulling or setting the tempo and the term can be used in a derogatory manner, e.g. "He only ever followed".
Fork - Part of the frameset that holds the front wheel. Can be equipped with a suspension on mountain bikes.
Fork - The part of the frame set that holds the front wheel. It is usually refers to the front fork, the fork is attached to the main frame by the headset. The fork consists of the two blades that go down to hold the axle (the fork crown and the steerer). The term "rear fork" is sometimes used to refer to the part of the frame that holds the rear wheel.
Frame - the main component of a bicycle. Consist of a top tube, head tube, seat tube, down tube, chain stays, and seat stays. Frames are required to be strong, stiff and light, which they do by combining different materials and shapes.
Frameset - The bicycle frame plus the front fork.
Freewheel - consists of either a single sprocket or a set of sprockets mounted on a body which contains an internal ratcheting mechanism and mounts on a threaded hub. This allow the cyclist to increase speed when pedaling, but also allow the cyclist to stop pedaling and coast.
Front Derailleur - Responsible for changing gears on the crankset. The front derailleur only has to move the chain side to side between the front chainrings, but it has to do this with the top, taut portion of the chain. It also needs to accommodate large differences in chainring size: from as many as 53 teeth to as few as 20 teeth.
Full suspension - a bicycle with suspension in the fork and also on the rear of the frame.
Back to Top
G
G.C. - Abbr.: general classification. the timing splits used to determine who is winning in a stage race. Calculated from the first rider over the line each day time is then measured back by gaps from the winner of the day. Time gaps are then calculated back between riders and added to the overall position of riders relative to each other. Riders can attack in stage races for time rather than winning the days stage. They are said to be "riding for G.C.". In such circumstances alliances can form where some riders in a breakaway will work to help others win the days stage despite not contesting the finish as the overall gap the breakaway gains helps them "on G.C."
Gap - A distance between two or more riders large enough for drafting to no longer be effective. Also used as verb (US English), for example: "Froome has gapped Contador!". It's much easier for a stronger rider to pull ahead of others once a gap has been achieved; without a gap, the others can draft along using significantly less power to sustain the same speed as the rider in front. While gaps are usually achieved through attacks, on mountain climbs, where slower speeds means the advantage of drafting is much less significant, riders are often gapped who simply cannot maintain the tempo of the faster riders. A gap can also refer to the space in between a jump and the landing, which is common in mountain biking.
General Classification - Abbr.: G.C. the timing splits used to determine who is winning in a stage race. Calculated from the first rider over the line each day time is then measured back by gaps from the winner of the day. Time gaps are then calculated back between riders and added to the overall position of riders relative to each other. Riders can attack in stage races for time rather than winning the days stage. They are said to be "riding for G.C.". In such circumstances alliances can form where some riders in a breakaway will work to help others win the days stage despite not contesting the finish as the overall gap the breakaway gains helps them "on G.C."
Gilet - sleeveless jacket or vest worn by cyclists as the temperature drops, but it is not cold enough for a full jacket.
Grand Boucle - The big loop, a French term referring to the Tour (loop) around France.
Grand Depart - The start of the Tour de France. Often times the race begins with a Prologue, but often it is a flat stage for the sprinters.
Grand Tour - refers to one of the three major European professional cycling stage races: Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España. Collectively they are termed the Grand Tours, and all three races are similar in format being multi-week races with daily stages. They have a special status in the UCI regulations: more points for the UCI World Tour are distributed in Grand Tours than in other races, and they are the only stage races allowed to last longer than 14 days.
Granny gear - either the lowest gear ratio on a multi-speed derailleur bicycle; smallest chainring in front and the largest at the back or the smallest chainring on a crank with triple chainrings
Grease - a semisolid lubricant. It generally consists of a soap emulsified with mineral or vegetable oil. The characteristic feature of greases is that they possess a high initial viscosity, which upon the application of shear, drops to give the effect of an oil-lubricated bearing of approximately the same viscosity as the base oil used in the grease. This change in viscosity is called thixotropy. Grease is sometimes used to describe lubricating materials that are simply soft solids or high viscosity liquids, but these materials do not exhibit the shear-thinning (thixotropic) properties characteristic of the classical grease. For example, petroleum jellies such as Vaseline are not generally classified as greases.
Green Jersey - Also known as the sprinters jersey or maillot vert, is worn by the leader of the points classification at the Tour de France
Groupset - the drivetrain of the bicycle that includes the crankset, chain, cassette, front derailleur, rear derailleur, shift levers, brake levers, and brakes.
Gruppetto (autobus) - A group of riders in a stage race (typically non-climbers and suffering domestiques) who ride together as a group on the mountain stages with the sole intention of finishing within the stage's time limit to allow them to start the next day. Also known by the Italian term gruppetto.
Back to Top
H
Hammer - To ride fast. Most often hammering is used to describe what someone does when they want to drop another rider or catch a breakaway.
Handlebar - the steering mechanism for bicycles; the equivalent of a steering wheel. Besides steering, handlebars also often support a portion of the rider's weight, depending on their riding position, and provide a convenient mounting place for brake levers, shift levers, cyclocomputers, bells, etc. Handlebars are attached to a bike's stem which in turn attaches to the fork.
Hardcore - parcour
Hardtail - A bicycle that does not have a rear suspension system.
Headset - The bearing system in the head tube within which the handlebars rotate.
Helmet - a form of protective gear worn to protect the head from injuries.
Hilltop finish - When a race ends at the top of a mountain, the rider with the greater climbing skills has the advantage. It used to be that the finish line was far from the last climb, allowing the bigger, more powerful riders to use their weight and strength to close the gap to the climbers on the descents and flats. The Tour introduced hilltop finishes in 1952 and did it with a vengeance ending stages at the top of L'Alpe d'Huez, Sestrieres and Puy de Dôme. In order to reduce Anquetil's advantage in the time trials and flatter stages the 1963 Tour moved the finish lines closer to the last climbs of the day, further helping the purer climbers.
Hit the wall (see bonking) - To completely run out of energy on a long ride, also known as "bonking".
Hors delai (HD, Ted King) - French for "out of time", when a rider has finished outside the time limit in a race and is eliminated.
Hub - A hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell. The hub shell typically has two machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached. Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in the case of older designs, the flanges may be affixed to a separate hub shell.
Hybrid - A bicycle that is a compromise between a road bike and a mountain bike. Often chosen by cyclists for its comfort. Many use this type of bike for commuting because it is easy to add mudguards and a rack
Hydraulic Disc Brakes - braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism. Consists of a metal disc attached to the wheel hub that rotates with the wheel. Calipers are attached to the frame or fork along with pads that squeeze together on the disc. As the pads drag against the disc, the wheel - and thus the bicycle - is slowed as kinetic energy (motion) is transformed into thermal energy (heat).
I
IBD - Independent Bicycle Dealer
Individual Time Trial - Race where riders set off at fixed intervals and complete the course against the clock.
Intermediate sprint - To keep a race or a tour active there may be points along the course where the riders will sprint for time bonuses or other prizes.
Intermediate Sprint - To keep the race active there may be points along the race course where the riders will sprint for time bonuses or other prizes (premiums, or "preems"). Sometimes called "Hot Spots".
Internal Hub Gearing - a gear ratio changing system commonly used on bicycles that is implemented with planetary or epicyclic gears. The gears and lubricants are sealed within the shell of the hub gear, in contrast with derailleur gears where the gears and mechanism are exposed to the elements. Changing the gear ratio was traditionally accomplished by a shift lever connected to the hub with a Bowden cable, and twist-grip style shifters have become common.
Ironman - a long distance triathlon that includes a 2.4 mile swim, 112 mile bike ride, and 26.2 mile run. The championships are held every October in Kona, Hawaii and entry is by qualification. Run by the World Triathlon Corporation (WTC).
Back to Top
J
Jump - To aggressively increase speed without warning, hopefully creating a substantial advantage over your opponents. Also (more usually) denoting an attempt to bridge a gap from the peloton or gruppetto to a breakaway. For example: "he is trying to jump across".
Back to Top
K
Kick - Accelerating quickly with a few pedal strokes in an effort to break away from other riders (e.g. "Sagan kicks again to try to rid himself of Frank")
King of the Mountains (KOM) - In 1933 the Tour de France started awarding points for the first riders over certain hard climbs, the winner of the competition being the King of the Mountains. In 1975 the Tour started awarding the distinctive polka-dot jersey or maillot a pois to the leader of the classification. The first rider to wear the dots was the Dutch racer Joop Zoetemelk. The classification has lost some of its magic in recent years because of the tactics riders use to win it. Today a rider wishing to win the KOM intentionally loses a large amount of time in the General Classification. Then when the high mountains are climbed the aspiring King can take off on long breakaways to be first over the mountains without triggering a panicked chase by the Tour GC contenders.
Kit - all of the clothing and accessories someone wears on a bike. Someone’s cycling kit.
Back to Top
L
Lantern Rouge - French for red lantern, as in what hangs off the back of a train. In the Tour de France, it refers to the rider who is the lowest on general (overall) classification.
Lanterne Rouge - French for "red lantern", as found at the end of a railway train, and the name given to the rider placed last in a race.
LBS - Local Bike shop
Lead out - Sprinting technique often used by the lead out man where the rider will accelerate to maximum speed close to the sprint point with a teammate, the sprinter, drafting behind, hoping to create space between the sprinter and the pack. When the lead out man is exhausted he will move to the side to allow his teammate to race in the sprint. Often a line of lead out men will be used to form a lead out train to drive the speed higher and higher (and to reduce the chances of other riders attacking) over the closing stages of a race. The purpose of a lead out is for the sprinter to achieve high speed at the sprint approach using as little of his own energy as possible, so he has as much energy as possible for the final sprint.
Leadout Man - The top domestique responsible for bringing a sprinter within meters of the race finish line, sheltering him from the wind until the final seconds of a race. Top sprinters will often take a trusted lead-out man to a new team as part of their contract
Lubricant - a substance introduced to reduce friction between moving surfaces. It may also have the function of transporting foreign particles. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. Bicycles require specific lubricant that is applied to the chain, derailleurs, and any pivot points on the bike.
Lug - metal reinforced piece into which the tubing for road bikes is brazed, allowing for lighter tubing.
Back to Top
M
Maillot Jaune - French for Yellow Jersey. The jersey worn by the leader of the general classification at the Tour de France.
MAMIL - Abbreviation of middle-aged men in lycra, a popular bicycle buying demographic for high-end bicycles.
Manual - Lifting the front wheel off the ground by the shifting of the rider's weight.
Mechanical - A problem with the function of a racer's bicycle, usually not a flat tire. Because rules have sometimes been in place that prevent rider's changing bikes unless a mechanical problem is present mechanics have manufactured mechanicals. In the 1963 Tour de France Anquetil's manager Géminiani cut one of Anquetil's gear cables so that he could give him a lighter bike to ascend the Forclaz.
Metric Century - 100km or 62 mile bike ride
Minute man - The cyclist starting in a time trial either a minute ahead or behind another rider.
Monocoque - a structural approach that supports loads through an object's external skin, similar to a pingpong ball or egg shell. This is also a term used to describe the construction of some carbon fiber bicycle frames that are manufactured in a single piece and have no internal structure.
Mudguards - fenders for bicycles that can be fitted to most bicycle frames. These catch and redirect road spray thrown up by the tires, allowing the rider to remain relatively clean.
Mur - Wall, Steep climb
Musette - Small lightweight cotton shoulder bag, used for containing food and drink given to riders in a feed zone during a cycle race. The bag is designed so that it can be easily grabbed by a moving rider. The shoulder strap is placed over the head and one shoulder, the contents are then removed and placed into jersey pockets or bottles (bidons) are placed into bottle cages. The bag is then discarded.
Back to Top
N
Nature break - With stages and racing sometimes taking six or more hours, riders will sometimes dismount to use the restroom. Many times this is organized with an understanding that the peloton will not attack those stopping to answer the call of nature.
Neo-pro - A first year professional.
Neutral Service Car - This car will give any rider a spare bike or wheel if his own team car is not nearby. This car usually follows the early part of a breakaway and services riders until their team car arrives.
Nipple - a headed cylinder with threading on the inside through part of its length that holds a bicycle rim to each spoke.
Off the back - Getting dropped from the group/peloton.
Off the back - Riders who have been dropped by the main group (the peloton).
Omloop - circuit or race
On the rivet - A rider who is riding at maximum speed. When riding at maximum power output, a road racer often perches on the front tip of the saddle (seat), where the shell of an old-style leather saddle would be attached to the saddle frame with a rivet.
Back to Top
P
Paceline - Group of riders riding at high speed by drafting one another. Riders will take turns at the front to break the wind, then rotate to the back of the line to rest in the draft. Larger group rides will often form double pacelines with two columns of riders. Sometimes referred to as "bit and bit".
Palmares - A list of races a rider has won. (French, meaning list of achievements or list of winners).
Pannier - A basket, bag, box, or similar container, carried in pairs attached to the frame, handle bars, or on racks attached above the wheels of a bicycle. Panniers are used by commuters and touring cyclists in the same way hikers and campers use backpacks, as a means to pack and carry gear, clothing and other supplies and items. The term derives from the Old French, from Classical Latin, word for bread basket.
Parcours - The profile of the race or stage route.
Pave - cobbles
Pedals - part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with their foot to propel the bicycle. It provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket spindle and propel the bicycle's wheels. Pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle.
Peloton - (from French, literally meaning little ball or platoon and also related to the English word pellet) is the large main group in a road bicycle race. May also be called the field, bunch, or pack. Riders in a group save energy by riding close (drafting or slipstreaming) near and, particularly behind, other riders. The reduction in drag is dramatic; in the middle of a well-developed group it can be as much as 40%.
Pink Jersey - Also known as the Maglia Rosa, the Pink Jersey is worn by the best placed rider in the General Classification at the Giro d’Italia.
Points - The usual meaning is the accumulation of placings in each stage. Today the Tour gives more points to the flatter stages so the the winner of the points competition is a more likely to be sprinter. See General Classification. In the Tour the Points leader wears a green jersey, in the Giro he dons a purple jersey.
Polka Dot Jersey - The jersey worn by the leader of the mountains classification at the Tour de France
Poursuivant - From French, literally "pursuing" - refers to a cyclist or group of cyclists who are separated from and behind the leader(s) (tête de la course) but in front of the main group (peloton). This usually occurs when a small number of riders attempt to catch up to the leaders, either to join with them or to "bring them back to the pack" by encouraging the main group to chase them down.
Power Meter - a device on a bicycle that measures the power output of the rider. Most cycling power meters use strain gauges to measure torque applied, and, combined with angular velocity, calculate power. The technology was adapted to cycling in the late 1980s and was tested in professional bicycle racing i.e.: the prototype Power Pacer (Team Strawberry) and by Greg LeMond with the SRM device. This type of power meter has been commercially available since 1989. Power meters using strain gauges are mounted in the bottom bracket, rear freehub, or crankset. Certain newer devices do not use strain gauges and instead measure power through handlebar-mounted units that utilize the principles of Newton's Third Law by measuring a cyclist's opposing forces (gravity, wind resistance, inertia, rolling resistance) and combining these with velocity to determine the rider's power output.
Presta Valve - a valve commonly found in high pressure bicycle tubes. It compromises an outer valve tem and an inner valve body. A lock nut to secure the stem at the wheel and a valve cap may also be present.
Prologue - An individual time trial of usually less than 8 km (5 mi) before a stage race, used to determine which rider wears the leader's jersey on the first stage.
Pull - To take the lead on a paceline or echelon.
Pure sprinter - Also known as old school sprinter. A rider who excels primarily in sprint finishes on flat to mildly uphill terrain. Often too heavy to compete in longer or steeper uphill courses.
Back to Top
Q
Queen stage - The stage of a multi-day road race which includes the highest point reach of the whole race. Also usually, but not always, the hardest stage of the race.
Quick Link - A link for a bicycle chain produced by SRAM. This link is easy to install and remove by hand, eliminating the need for a chain tool. Quick Links make it easy to remove the chain for cleaning.
Quick Release - bolts with levers attached for easy adjustment and removal of wheels
Back to Top
R
Rack - a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached. This is popular with utility bicycles and touring bicycles.
Rainbow Jersey - The reigning world champion in a particular cycling event gets to wear a white jersey with rainbow stripes. The championships for most important events are held in the Fall. A former World Champion gets to wear a jersey with rainbow trim on his sleeves and collar. If a World Champion becomes the leader of the Tour, Giro or Vuelta he will trade his Rainbow Jersey for the Leader's Jersey.
Rake - the amount, in degrees, that a front cork curves from the line drown down the stem or steerer tube.
Rear Derailleur - Responsible for changing gears on the cassette. The rear derailleur serves double duty: moving the chain between rear sprockets and taking up chain slack caused by moving to a smaller sprocket at the rear or a smaller chainring by the front derailleur. In order to accomplish this second task, it is positioned in the path of the bottom, slack portion of chain. Sometimes the rear-derailleurs are re-purposed as chain tensioners for single-speed bicycles that cannot adjust chain tension by a different method.
Red Bull Rampage - The Red Bull Rampage is an invite-only freeride/downhill mountain bike competition held near Zion National Park in Virgin, Utah, USA, just to the north of Gooseberry Mesa. Previously it was held off the Kolob Terrace Road, on the western boundary of Zion National Park. The competition was held from 2001–2004 and then canceled due to the increasing risk competitors were taking. The Rampage however was re-introduced for the 2008 season. In 2010, the event was held October 1–3.Since then Red Bull rampage has become one of the biggest mountain biking events of the year.
Red Jersey - The Red Jersey is worn by the best placed rider in the General Classification at the Vuelta a Espana
Rigid - A bicycle without any suspension system.
Rim - commonly a metal extrusion that is butted into itself to form a hoop. Comes in a variety of materials including: aluminum, magnesium, carbon, and bamboo.
Road race - A race on pavement. Longer in distance than criteriums.
Road rash - Severe skin abrasions caused from sliding on the asphalt in a crash.
Roadie - someone who rides road bikes
Rollers - A type of trainer composed of rolling cylinders under the rear wheel linked to a single rolling cylinder under the front wheel which allow the rider to practice balance while training indoors.
Rouleur - A rider who is strong on flat and undulating roads. The rider is well suited for races such as Paris–Roubaix and the Tour of Flanders. Tom Boonen and Fabian Cancellara are examples of this.
Rule #5 - HTFU (http://www.velominati.com/the-rules/)
Rutkowski - noun: A spectacular bicycle accident, usually involving an immovable object such as a tree, lamppost, or cactus. Ex: When I rode off that cliff and saw the 12' cactus, I knew it would be a bad Rutkowski." verb: to crash a bicycle in a manner that would make Wyle E. Coyote cringe. Ex: "I Rutkowskied so bad this weekend I needed 417 stitches"
S
Saddle - Bike seat.
SAG Wagon (see broom wagon) - A broom wagon. SAG is an acronym for "support and gear" or "support and grub".
Same time (@) - In English language race results an asperand (or "at" sign) is used to denote the amount of time or number of points behind the winner. In the example below Luis Ocana won the race, taking 6 hours, 51 minutes, 15 seconds to complete the course. Joop Zoetemelk was behind him and crossed the finish line 15 seconds later. Pollentier was still further behind and crossed the line 3 minutes and 34 seconds after Ocana. Van Impe and Thévenet were with Pollentier but slightly behind him. The "s.t." means that they were given the same time as Pollentier. If a rider finishes close enough to a rider who is in front of him so that there is no real gap, he will be given the same time as the first rider of that group. French or Spanish results will use often use "m.t." to denote same time. If no time is given, same time is assumed.
Seat Stay - the tube on a bicycle frame that connect near the seat tube and top tube and run down towards the hub of the wheel and connect with the chain stays.
Seatpost - a tube that extends upwards from the bicycle frame to the saddle. The amount that it extends out of the frame can usually be adjusted, and there is usually a mark that indicates the minimum insertion (or maximum extension). Seatposts can be made of steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, or aluminum wrapped in carbon fiber.
Service course - A command center where bicycles are maintained between races in preparation for the next race, a service course car is a car (such as those famously provided by Mavic) that carry spare bicycles or wheels in a race should the competing cyclist require it.
Shifter - A component used by the rider to control the gearing mechanisms and select the desired gear ratio. It is usually connected to the derailleur by a mechanical actuation cable. Electronic shifting systems also exist.
Shraeder Valve - brand of pneumatic tire valve used on cars, bicycle, motorcycles, etc… Consists of a valve stem into which a valve core is threaded.
Soigneur - A non-riding member of a team whose role is to provide support for the riders, possibly including transportation and organization of supplies, preparation of the team's food, post-ride massages and personal encouragement.
Souvenir Henri Desgrange - the prize given to the rider to the top of the highest mountain pass in the Tour de France.
SPD - Type of cleat produced by shimano. Uses two screws to attach and is the primary type of cleat used by mountain bikers
SPD-SL - Type of cleat produced by shimano that utilizes three bolts to attach the cleat to the show. Common for road cyclists.
Spoke - one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel connecting the hub with the rim.
Sprinter - Rider with the ability to generate very high power over short periods (a few seconds to a minute) allowing for great finishing speeds, but usually unable to sustain sufficiently high power over long periods to be a good time triallist, and is usually too big to have a high enough power-to-weight ratio to be a good climber.
Stage - One part of a multi-day race, such as the Tour de France.
Stage Race - A multi day cycling race that consists of different stages. Can be as short as two days and as long as three weeks. These races often include different types of stages including flat, medium mountain, high mountain, time trial, and team time trial stages.
Stagiaire - An amateur rider, who is taken in by a professional team during the season. This lets the rider get some experience at riding a few pro races, and the team gets a chance to assess the abilities of the rider.
Stanchion - The two upper members of the bicycle fork that connect to the crown (also called fork legs).
Steerer tube - The part of the fork that is inserted into the head tube of the frame, and is used to attach the fork to the frame using a headset.
Stem - The component that attaches the handlebars to the steer tube of the bicycle. They come in two major types, quill and threadless. The angle and length plays a major part in how the bicycle fits the rider.
Sticky bottle - A technique often used by the rider who takes food and water from the team car during a race. The rider holds on for a variable amount of time to the bottle handed to him by the car occupant, who maintains his grasp on the object, effectively dragging the athlete. This concerted act gives the cyclist a moment to relax. Usually tolerated by the race commissaire if the bottle is held for 1-2 second, but may result in a sanction if an exaggeration is perceived.
Stiction - static friction or the friction that must be overcome for something to start moving
Swag - Promotional items often given away for free at cycling events. Also spelled "schwag", "shwag".
Switchback - In order to reduce the gradient of a mountain ascent the road engineer has the road go back and forth across the hill. The Stelvio climb is famous for its 48 switchbacks as is L'Alpe d'Huez for its 21. In Italian the term is Tornante.
Back to Top
T
Table Top - a jump made over a hill with a flat top where the main goal is to launch yourself over the flat section before landing on another ramp
Team time trial - Riders start in groups or teams, usually of a fixed size. The time of the nth rider of a team counts for the classification for each team member. In the 2009 edition of Tour de France, riders who are dropped from their team's group would be scored with their own time, instead of the team time.
Technical - A trail or patch of road that requires good balance and concentration since it is very uneven. Can also be said of a bend or a series of bends.
Tempo - Steady pace at the front of a group of riders. A relatively fast tempo can be used by a group or team to control the peloton, often to make up time to a break. The group will ride at the head of the bunch and set a fast enough pace to stretch the peloton out (also known as stringing out) and discourage other riders from attacking. Setting a slower tempo can be done for the purpose of blocking. A tempo is also a type of track race where two points are awarded to the first person to cross the line each lap, and one point is awarded to the second person to cross the line each lap. The winner is the person with the most points at the end of the race.
Tete de la course - From French, literally "head of the race" - the leading cyclist or group of cyclists, when separated from (in front of) the peloton.
Tifosi - The word commonly refers to fans along the roadside at professional road cycling races in Italy such as Tirreno–Adriatico, Milan – San Remo, the Giro d'Italia, and the Giro di Lombardia.
Time Bonus - Time bonus (actually time subtracted) awarded to a rider. Stage races vary and the Tour is always tinkering with its rules. Bonifications can be earned several ways: winning or placing in a stage, winning or placing in an intermediate sprint, being among the first riders over a rated climb. The rules have changed over the years. At one time in the early 1930's the Tour awarded a 4-minute time bonus for winning a stage. In 2005 the bonification was 20 seconds.
Time trial - A race against the clock where riders are started separately (ranging from 30 seconds to 5 minutes apart). The winner of the race is determined by the fastest person across the course. No drafting may be employed in a time trial as it is a solo race event.
Toe Clips - a thin metal or plastic attachment to the front cage of the pedal. The toe clip is shaped like the toe of a shoes and its function is to prevent a cyclist’s shoe from slipping off the pedal during forward pedaling motion.
Track Stand - a maneuver where the rider stops the bike and remains standing without putting a foot on the ground
Trade Team - A team sponsored by a commercial entity. Until the mid-1950s, cycle team sponsorship was limited to companies within the bicycle industry. That changed in 1954 when Fiorenzo Magni's bicycle manufacturer fell into financial difficulty. Magni was able to supplement the shortfall by getting the Nivea cosmetic company to sponsor his team. The move was initially resisted but it is now the standard. Bicycle companies do not have the monetary resources to finance big-time racing teams. Because the Tour organization suspected collusion between the various trade teams the Tour banished them from 1930 to 1961, and 1967 and 1968. During those years the teams were organized under a national and regional team format. Riders rode for their country, such as France or Italy, or if need be to fill out the race's roster, regions such as Ile de France.
Train (sprint train) - a method in stage races to get a sprinter to the front of a bunch sprint and launched. The sprinter's team riders will form a line, usually within 5k of the finish and take turns to build up speed - the last rider in the train will be protected (drafting) until a short distance from the finish. Perfected by HTC and Mark Cavendish.
Trainer (turbo trainer) - A piece of equipment that a bicycle stands on so that the rear wheel can spin while the bicycle is stationary, allowing stationary riding. These are usually used when the conditions outside are bad.
Triathlon - a type of race that involves three sports. Typically swimming, biking, and running. These range in distance from super sprints that most people complete in less than an hour, to Ironman distance triathlon (2.4 mile swim, 112 mile bike, 26.2 mile run) that have a 17 hour time limit.
Tubular tires - Tubular tyres are cycle tyres that have the inner tube permanently stitched inside the casing. They are held in place using glue or glue-tape, and are affixed to rims which lack the sidewalls characteristic of a hook-bead rim. Tubulars take very high pressure (up to 10 bar or 145 psi, or higher for racing and track-specific tires) which reduces their rolling resistance. They typically result in wheelsets that are lower in overall weight than comparable clincher wheels, because of the shape of the rim, the tire construction, and the lack of rim strips. Tubulars can be ridden at lower pressures than clinchers without the risk of pinch flats, because of the shape of the rim. This makes them well-suited to cyclo-cross, especially in muddy conditions where low tire pressures are used. However, they are difficult to replace and repair and are generally more expensive than clinchers. Also called sew-ups, tubies, or tub.
Turn - A turn is a rider sharing the workload on a pace line "he took a turn" or "he is doing a lot of turns on the front". Missing turns can be expressed thus "he has missed a few turns now and has stopped working". In a breakaway the riders expect to share the work equally in "turns". A rider who doesn't take his turn is "sitting on the break".
U
UCI - The governing world body of cycling. Union Cycliste Internationale
USADA - United States Anti Doping Agency. The agency in charge of doping controls in the United States.
Back to Top
V
V Brakes - Also called linear-pull or direct-pull brakes are a side-pull version of cantilever brakes mounted on the same from bosses. However, the arms are longer, with the cable housing attached to one arm and the able to another.
Velodrome - A cycling track for races.
WADA - World Anti-Doping Agency. The agency in charge of monitoring doping in modern sports.
Wall - A steep incline along a race's course.
Weight Weenie - a bicycle enthusiast who is purely focused on making his bike as light as possible.
Wheelie - Lifting the front wheel of the bicycle in the air - through force transmitted through the pedals - whilst riding and continuing to ride on only the back wheel. The rider maintains the wheelie by applying pedal strokes and rear brake in order to balance the bicycle on only the rear wheel.
Wheelsucker - A rider who sits on the rear wheel of others in a group or on another rider, enjoying the draft but not working. Also leech, leeching.
White Jersey - The jersey worn by the leader of the young riders classification at the Tour de France
Back to Top
Y
Yard sale - A crash causing every piece of gear to be scattered all over the place, like bottles, multi-tools, energy bars, hand pump, etc. The resulting scene is reminiscent of a yard sale.
Search
|
i don't know
|
The German Bavarian occupational name Hitler (originally Hüttler) referred to a builder of?
|
The Occult History of the Third Reich: Adolf Hitler - A Brief Biography
Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party state based on the Völkisch and autocratic ideology of National Socialism.
One of Hitler's avowed aims was to establish a 'New Order' in continental Europe.
His foreign and domestic policies had the goal of aquiring Lebensraum ("living space") for the Nordic Aryan people.
This included the rearmament of Germany, resulting in the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in 1939, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.
EARLY YEARS
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Adolf Hitler was born at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, on April 20, 1889, the fourth child of six.
(see Braunau Stadtwappen right)
BACKGROUND
Adolf Hitler was born in one of the most provincial parts of a Germanic community that was itself a congeries of provinces.
In writing of his father in 'Mein Kampf', Hitler described him as a man of the world, but the Austrian customs officer who had risen to middle-class officialdom from the shoemaker's trade was as far from that as were most of his neighbors.
They were insular country people who lived in tight ethnic enclaves in the midst of a polyglot state and who looked with instant suspicion on anything or anyone who differed from them.
They rejected not only Jews but all outsiders, Protestant Germans along with the Catholic Italians who shared Austria's high Tyrolean mountains, as well as the other regrettable nationalities who made up part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Poles, Czechs, Ladins, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Slovakians, Ruthenians, Walachians, and the rest.
The Dual Monarchy was made up essentially of a loose association of tribes, each inwardly territorial, bristling at any sign of another nationality's pretensions to power, which could only come about at the expense of one's own integrity and self-esteem.
The peoples of Austria-Hungary lived in an atmosphere of fierce tribal loyalties and conflicts, in a monarchy called Kaiserliche and Koenigliche; both an empire and a kingdom, since the emperor of Austria was also the king of Hungary, as well as the king of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia, Jerusalem, and many other territories and the sovereign of over a dozen resident ethnic and religious minorities.
Austria had a long history of mixed peoples.
Four hundred years before the birth of Christ, Celts had migrated there from Spain; Romans, Germans, a Tartar people called the Avars, and Slavs had all settled there and had left their imprint on the country and its later population even when they moved on.
The German name for the Roman invaders was Walsch, or Welsch, and names like Walgau, Walchensee, and Seewalchen are related to what were Roman settlements. Slavic names are preserved in Feistritz (from Bistrica"fast water"), Fladnitz (from Blatnica"swamp water"), Liesing (from Lesnica''wood brook"), Görach (from Gora"mountain"), and Görtschak (from Gorcia "hill"). A Roman name like Anula became Anif; Lentia became Linz; Janiculum, Gnigl; and Cucullae, Kuchl. Salzburg was still known in the eighth century by its Latin name Juvavia as well as by its Germanic name. Vienna was called by the Romans Vindobona, from a similar Celtic name, and by the ninth century it was called Wenia, or Venia.
The villages in Lower Austria that the Hitlers, or Hiedlers, or Müttlers (this name, too, had a number of variants) came from, along with the Schicklgrubers (meaning hedge diggers) and Pölzls on Hitler's maternal side, were, like most of the Austrian settlements, outwardly homogeneous: although non-Germanic elements were present, they were neither numerous nor conspicuous in comparison with the overwhelmingly German-speaking majority.
But in these provinces, too, non-Germanic peoples had either intermarried with the Germans or, in a few cases, remained as undigested foreign bodies.
In Upper Austria, riots had occurred in Innsbruck when Adolf Hitler was fifteen years old.
An Italian faculty had been approved for the law school of the University of Innsbruck (until the end of the eighteenth century, when it was replaced by German, Latin had been the language of instruction in Austrian universities); Italian students had met at an inn to celebrate the occasion; and in the course of counter-demonstrations, many of the Italians had been arrested and forty revolvers had been taken from them.
The German Austrians were always convinced of the need to defend their language and culture against the aliens around them even though they were often related to them.
THE FAMILY
The Hitler family descends from Stefan Hiedler (born 1672) and his wife, Agnes Capeller.
Their grandson was Martin Hiedler (17 November 1762 – 10 January 1829), who married Anna Maria Göschl (August 23, 1760 – 7 December 1854).
Martin and Anna were the parents of at least three children, Lorenz, in which there is no further information, Johan Georg (baptised 28 February 1792 – 9 February 1857), who is the stepfather of Alois Hitler (father of Adolf), and Johann Nepomuk (28 February 1792 – September 17, 1888), a maternal great grandfather of Adolf Hitler.
They were from Spital, Austria.
Brothers Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk Hiedler are connected to Adolf Hitler several ways, although the biological relationship is disputed.
Johann Georg was considered the officially accepted paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler by the Third Reich.
Whether Johann Georg was in fact Hitler's biological paternal grandfather is considered unknown by modern historians, but his case is the most plausible and widely accepted.
He married his first wife in 1824 but she died in childbirth five months later.
In 1842, he married Maria Anna Schicklgruber and became the legal stepfather to her illegitimate five year old son, Alois.
Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (also known as Johann Nepomuk Hüttler) was named after a Bohemian Saint Johann von Nepomuk.
Some view this name as evidence that Johann Nepomuk and subsequently his great-grandson Adolf Hitler had some Czech blood, however, Johann von Pomuk/Johann Nepomuk, was an important saint for Bohemians of both German and Czech ethnicity.
Using Nepomuk just indicates ties to Bohemia, without indication of ethnicity.
Johann Nepomuk became a relatively prosperous farmer and was married to Eva Maria Decker (1792–1888) who was fifteen years his senior.
The actual father of Alois Hitler is disputed.
Legally, Johann Nepomuk was the step-uncle of Alois Schicklgruber (later Alois Hitler) (see right), the stepson of his brother Johann Georg Hiedler, a wandering miller.
For reasons unknown, he took in Alois when he was a boy and raised him.
It is possible that he was, in fact, Alois' natural father but could not acknowledge this publicly due to his marriage.
Another, and perhaps simpler, explanation for this kindness is that Johann Nepomuk took pity on the ten year old Alois and took him in.
Alois was, after all, the stepson of Johann Georg, and Johann Nepomuk may have known that in fact Alois was Johann Georg's natural child.
After the death of Alois' mother Maria, it could hardly have been a suitable life for a ten-year old child to be raised by an itinerant miller.
Johann Nepomuk died on September 17, 1888.
In any case, Johann Nepomuk left Alois a considerable portion of his life savings.
Johann Nepomuk's granddaughter, Klara (see left) had a longstanding affair with Alois before marrying him in 1885 after the death of his second wife.
In 1889 she gave birth to Adolf Hitler.
It was later claimed Johann Georg had fathered Alois prior to his marriage to Maria, although Alois had been declared illegitimate on his birth certificate and baptism papers; the claim that Johann Georg was the true father of Alois was not made after the marriage of Maria and Johann Georg, or, indeed, even during the lifetime of either of them.
In 1877, twenty years after the death of Johann Georg and almost thirty years after the death of Maria, Alois was legally declared to have been Johann Georg's son.
Accordingly, Johann Georg Hiedler is one of three people most cited by modern historians as having possibly been the actual paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler.
The other two are Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, the younger brother of Johann Georg, and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger.
In the 1950s, this third possibility was popular among historians, but modern historians now think it highly unlikely as the Jews were expelled from Graz in the fifteenth century and were not permitted to return until the 1860s, several decades after Alois' birth.
FAMILY TREE OF ADOLF HITLER
Johanna Hideler, the daughter of Johann Nepomuk and Eva Decker Hiedler, was born on 19 January 1830 in Spital (part of Weitra) in the Waldviertel of Lower Austria.
She lived her entire life there and was married to Johann Baptist Pölzl (1825-1901), a farmer and son of Johann Pölzl and Juliana (Walli) Pölzl. Johanna and Johann had 5 sons and 6 daughter, of which 2 sons and 3 daughters survived into adulthood.
The three daughters who survived into adulthood were Klara (Adolf Hitler's mother), Johanna, and Theresia.
Klara Hitler
Alois Hitler
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837–1903), was a customs official, and Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl (1860–1907), was Alois' third wife.
She was also his half-niece, so a papal dispensation (both individuals were Roman Catholic) was obtained for the marriage.
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler, was an illegitimate child.
For the first 39 years of his life he bore his mother's surname, Schicklgruber.
In 1876, he took the surname of his stepfather, Johann Georg Hiedler.
The name was spelled Hiedler, Huetler, Huettler and Hitler, and was probably regularized to Hitler by a clerk.
The origin of the name is either "one who lives in a hut" (Standard German Hütte), "shepherd" (Standard German hüten "to guard", English heed), or is from the Slavic word Hidlar and Hidlarcek. (Regarding the first two theories: some German dialects make little or no distinction between the ü-sound and the i-sound.)
Allied propaganda exploited Hitler's original family name during World War II.
Pamphlets bearing the phrase "Heil Schicklgruber" were airdropped over German cities.
Paula Hitler
Das Grab von Paula Hitler
He was legally born a Hitler, however, and was also related to Hiedler via his maternal grandmother, Johanna Hiedler.
All of Adolf's older siblings – Gustav, Ida, and Otto – died before reaching three years of age and only Adolf and his sister Paula (see left and right), seven years his junior, reached adulthood.
Hitler's father also had a son, Alois, Jr., and a daughter, Angela, by his second wife who were therefore Hitler's half-brother and half-sister.
The name "Adolf" comes from Old High German for " noble wolf" (Edel=nobility + wolf), hence, one of Hitler's self-given nicknames was Wolf or Herr Wolf ; he began using this nickname in the early 1920s and was addressed by it only by intimates (as "Uncle Wolf" by the Wagners) up until the fall of the Third Reich.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
It is reliably reported that during the 1930s Hitler would often whistle the Disney hit
'Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf'
presumably a reference to himself - which does at least show that he had a sense of humour. See above for contemporary video, with soundtrack, of Hitler relaxing at the Berghof.
House at Leonding
The names of his various headquarters scattered throughout continental Europe (Wolfsschanze in East Prussia, Wolfsschlucht in France, Werwolf in Ukraine, etc.) reflect this.
By his closest family and relatives, Hitler was known as "Adi".
Passau
At the age of three, his family moved to Kapuzinerstrasse 5 in Passau (see right), Germany.
There, Hitler would acquire a Bavarian dialect of Austro-Bavarian rather than an Austrian dialect.
In 1894, the family relocated to Leonding near Linz.
In April of 1895 the upwardly mobile Hitler family moves to the hamlet of Hafeld, Austria, some thirty miles southwest of Linz, the provincial capital. Consisting of a dozen houses set on a high ridge, surrounded and half-hidden by orchards, Hafeld, near Fischlham, is a small village with a population of around one hundred.
St. Georgen im Fischlham
With the intention of working the land during his impending retirement, Alois, with nearly forty years in the customs service, Alois purchased a beautiful nine-acre farm within sight of the mountains of the Salzkammergut.
Alois had retired there to try his hand at farming and beekeeping.
Though retiring early to devote his remaining years to the (what might be presumed) idyllic existence of a peasant farmer, Alois was nevertheless firmly convinced that his sons, especially the under-achieving eldest, Alois II, could do no better in life than to follow in their father's footsteps by entering the civil service.
Alois Hitler Jr.
Although Alois Jr. was the black sheep , he was probably the happiest member of the family. He had an earthy robust character, charmed women, and lived by his wits. He was always inventing schemes for getting rich quickly, and most of them came to grief. Neither prison nor poverty soured him. He was unfailingly good-humored and polite. He was one of those who enjoy life to the full.
After devoting the major part of his adult life to furthering his career, the previously much absent father now had the time to become involved in the lives of his children.
During this time, the young Hitler attended school in nearby Fischlham, a municipality in the district of Wels-Land in Upper Austria, Austria, where Hitler received his first two years of formal schooling, from 1895-1897.
Fischlham Primary School
Fischlham Primary School
Twelve-year old Angela Hitler walked the two miles from the Hitler residence to Fischlham with her brother, the six-year old Adolf Hitler, dressed in a dark-blue sailor suit, in tow.
Sitting at his desk in the "shabby and primitive" school house -split into two classrooms, one for boys and one for girls - the bright, and reasonably well behaved, but somewhat spoiled 'Muttersoehnchen' (Momma's boy), began his formal schooling.
Mittermaier, one of the schools teachers, remembered young Adolf "as a lively, bright-eyed, and intelligent six-year old."
Franco-Prussian War
Karl May
As a child, he played "Cowboys and Indians" under the inspiration of the boy's fiction writer Karl May (see left) and, by his own account, became fixated on war after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War (see right) among his father's belongings.
An avowed pacifist from Saxony, Karl May authored numerous popular adventure stories set in the American Wild West, while never personally setting foot outside the continent of Europe. May's books were all the rage in those times, and Hitler and his peers would follow, with devotion, the adventures the white American hero, Old Shatterhand, as he decimates the ranks of the evil Ogellallah Indians.
Although May never saw America he produced dozens of wild and rowdy stories of trappers, hunters, cowboys and Indians. Like the late 19th century American "dime novels," May's stories were filled with tales of adventure and violence. His swashbuckling hero, 'Old Shatterhand', was a white American who fought the red men and his ruthlessness was always described with admiration. Old Shatterhand liked to quote the Bible to show he was perfectly justified in killing his enemies. As a balance to Old Shatterhand and the white man, there were the noble Apaches and their resolute chief, Winnetou. Adolf was deeply impressed with the character of Winnetou and nearly forty years later would state that Winnetou had always been his "model of a noble spirit." May's stories were snatched up by millions of readers and a generation of German youths adored his work. Boys like Albert Einstein and Albert Schweitzer (1952 Nobel Peace Prize winner) were loyal May fans. Even girls, like Eva Braun, read May.
Hitler had a troubled childhood, as his father was violent to him and violent towards his mother.
Hitler himself said that, as a boy, he was often beaten by his father.
Years later, he told his secretary:
"I then resolved never again to cry when my father whipped me.
A few days later I had the opportunity of putting my will to the test.
My mother, frightened, took refuge in front of the door.
As for me, I counted silently the blows of the stick which lashed my rear end".
Some historians believe a history of family violence committed by his father against his mother is indicated in a section of his book 'Mein Kampf' in which Hitler describes in vivid detail an anonymous example of family violence committed by a husband against a wife.
This along with beatings by his father against him could explain Hitler's deep emotional attachment to his mother while at the same time having deep resentment towards his father.
To make matters worse for the frustrated retired customs official during this period, it became obvious that the soil on the farm was non-productive.
When Alois had first set eyes on the Hafeld farm, he had been struck by the serene beauty of the property, however, when the cold autumn rains - intensified by the nearby mountains - swept the place, he began to have second thoughts.
Nevertheless, he persevered as long as possible.
The peasant life agreed with Alois, who was especially passionate about bee-keeping.
Hitler would later recall:
"It was the most normal thing in the world to be stung by bees. My mother would pull out as many as forty-five or fifty stings from my father when he returned from clearing the hives.
He never protected himself in any way except by smoking all the time. In other words it was a good excuse for another cigar !
The Inn - Lambach
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Eventually Hitler's father's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure.
In 1897 the Hitlers sold the farm and took up residence two and a half miles away in Lambach, a town with some 1700 inhabitants.
They moved into a fashionable lodging house directly across the street from the town's Benedictine abbey.
Six months later they moved into a spacious second floor apartment in the main plaza just around the corner.
Lambach is a market town in the Wels-Land district of Upper Austria, Austria, on the Ager and Traun Rivers. It has a population of 3,242 as of 2001. A major stop on the salt trade, it is the site of the Lambach Abbey, built around 1056.
As a retired official of the Royal and Imperial Civil Service, Alois became part of the Honoratioren - leading citizens of the small town like the mayor, doctor, school principal, tax collector, and more important merchants.
The eight year old Adolf was admitted to the Catholic school in the 11th-century Benedictine cloister attached to the abbey.
Hakenkreuz - Lambach
The abbey church had been built nearly a thousand years earlier, and was remodeled hundreds of years later by a ruling abbot whose coat of arms contained his initials (TH) in the form of a stylized hakenkreuz (hooked-cross).
In German mythology the swastika was the "fire whisk" which twirled the universe into existence.
The abbot, responsible for the remodeling, combined German myth with Christianity and the swastika-like symbol appeared on various parts of the abbey, including the main gateway and on the pulpit.
As usual, the young Hitler excelled in his school work.
He also attended choir lessons and began training as an altar boy.
They met regularly to discuss the problems and issues of their day.
In Lambach the eight-year-old Hitler also sang in the church choir, took singing lessons, and even entertained thoughts of one day becoming a priest - like the young Stalin.
Although Alois disliked much of church policy, he nevertheless considered a parish priest a model, and along with Klara, they encouraged Adolf's hopes.
As the son of a retired official, young Adolf enjoyed the prestige and status of his father's position.
Since the family was one of the most prosperous in the small community, by the time Adolf was nine he was looked up to by many of the local boys and soon became, in his own words, a little "ringleader."
His favorite game was still cowboys and Indians, and he would organize the neighboring boys, and sometimes the girls, into teams and lead his braves against the opposing forces.
During the 18 months Adolf lived in Lambach, he frequently got in trouble.
He once brought "Indian" knives and axes to school.
One day he was caught taking a puff on a cigarette.
Another time he organized the neighboring boys and raided an orchard. Over the objections of his mother, his father handled such misbehavior in the accepted way - a customary thrashing. His father's anger, however, was contained.
Angela would later remark that she and Klara would hang on to Alois' coattails when he went to "hit" Adolf, and Adolf himself never held such thrashings against his father.
He would later state that they were "necessary" and that his life as a child "showed little or no difference from that of other people."
Adolf's grades in school remained at excellent, with an occasional above average in singing, drawing, and gymnastics.
In the last quarter of the 1897-98 school year he received twelve 1's which is equivalent to twelve A's in the American school system.
Neighbors, nonetheless, considered Adolf a little rogue, who was always where the action was and usually leading it.
Although they complained that the boy with the "beautiful blue eyes" was a spoiled loud-mouth, and could be unsettling to have around, they also noted that he could talk to adults and at times was very expressive and fluent for one so young.
Leonding,
In November, 1898, Alois purchased a house in Leonding, a little village three miles west of Linz.
The family moved in shortly before Adolf turned ten.
It was an attractive house situated in tranquil surroundings with a half-acre yard in the rear. Alois, not a man to sit idly by, spent his time working a small garden and a few fruit trees.
He also continued to tend bees and wrote articles on bee-keeping.
On 2 February 1900 Hitler's younger brother, Edmund, died of measles.
Adolf was also ill, but recovered, although for the rest of his childhood and boyhood he was considered a 'sickly youth'.
To Klara, the death was like a hammer blow and brought back the memories of the three children she had lost twelve years before.
She suffered terribly, and neighbors were shocked when she failed to attend the funeral.
To the ten year old Adolf, who had been very close to his younger brother, the death left a lasting wound.
After the church service he stood in a driving snowstorm and watched while his little brother was lowered into his grave.
In the future, anytime Adolf looked out of his bedroom window he was reminded of Edmund who's grave was visible from his window.
He became moody, dispirited and withdrawn.
The death of Edmund deeply affected Hitler, whose character changed from being confident and outgoing, and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought his father and his teachers.
Years later when Adolf Hitler would become famous, journalists and reporters would flock to the area to see what people remembered of him.
Although the local population would repeat the stories of his Indian games, how quickly he ran if called by his father, how well he did in the Leonding school, or how spoiled he was, they also remembered a very curious thing.
They said Adolf was sometimes seen, late into the night, sitting on the high cemetery wall "gazing up at the stars" or talking to the "windblown trees."
One of Adolf's playmates remembered that Adolf would also climb the hill behind his house at night and talk to a "nonexistent audience."
After Edmund's death, religion lost its glamour for the young Adolf and he never again talked about becoming a priest.
It appears that Edmund's death haunted Hitler all his life.
With Edmund's death, the close bond between Klara and Adolf intensified.
She resumed her doting over him and pampered him continuously.
His health and dispirited attitude worried her profoundly.
With the end of summer vacation that year, Adolf (a star pupil in grade school) began classes, on 9/17/1900, at the non-classical secondary school on Stein Gasse in Linz.
Lederhosen
The school which was only a couple hundred yards north of the Hitler home.
As usual, he excelled in his school work.
Like all small boys of the time, he was often dressed in "lederhosen, white shirt, and a small green hat with a feather in its band."
Nearly directly opposite the Hitler home, on the other side of the road, was the local Catholic cemetery and church of St. Michael.
The Hitler family attended the church every Sunday and Adolf joined other local boys in singing in the choir.
From his upstairs bedroom window, Adolf could see over the high stone wall surrounding the cemetery.
In the sixth grade, his first year of high school (Realschule) in Linz he failed and had to repeat the grade.
His teachers said that he had "no desire to work".
Making the transition from grade school to high school can be a hard period for any boy, but was particularly hard on the eleven year old Adolf Hitler.
Linz Stadtzentrum
He not only had to contend with the recent death of his brother, but with a new environment. Unlike the small rural towns where he had spent his life, Linz was a bustling city of 55,000 people.
Adolf either had to walk to the four-story school building, which took about an hour, or he could take the train.
In the secondary school, which wasn't mandatory and where parents paid for their children's education, his father's position and rank meant little.
As an "outsider" he and a few other boys from Leonding, were looked down on by many of the wealthier city boys as one of those "from the peasants."
For the first time he now found himself exposed to the class prejudices of the upper classes who considered him unworthy in not only character but appearance.
As one class conscious historian later commented: "For here he found himself a rough-hewn rustic, a despised outsider among the sons of academics, businessmen, and persons of quality."
Adolf's whole world must have seemed like it was falling in on him.
He appeared listless and unconcerned and, for the first time, did poorly in school.
As Adolf's grades plunged, a conflict between father and son developed because Alois feared another "no-account" son.
Adolf Hitler would later write that "hostility" developed between his father and himself when he was "eleven years old."
It wasn't long before Adolf found himself at the mercy of his father's discipline on a regular basis.
Klara shielded the boy whenever possible, but normally consoled him afterward, and no doubt alienated her husband.
The opposing values between parents drew Adolf closer to his mother and he developed a rebellious attitude toward his father.
For the first time, relatives and neighbors noted that the 'spoiled child' Adolf could also be defiant, and did not like anyone telling him what to do.
He failed maths and natural history, and was not promoted that year.
"When I was a schoolboy," Hitler would later state, "I did all I could to get out in the open air as much as possible - my school reports bear witness to that !"
Hitler's frustration is made clear by one of his own stories.
One of his jobs at home was to protect the family garden from neighboring chickens.
Adolf found it "irritating" that when he chased them away they came back again.
"When I was a child," he would later recollect, "my parents had a little garden in Leonding. Our neighbor insisted on letting her hens forage in our garden. One day I loaded a shot-gun and blazed off at them."
Hittler and Wittgenstein - Realschule - Linz
Realschule - Linz
For one school year he was a student there at the same time as Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century.
It is a matter of controversy whether Hitler and Wittgenstein even knew of each other, and if so whether either had any memory of the other.
After repeating the year he had failed Adolf was promoted.
He would earn decent grades in most subjects when he returned to school in the fall, but his grades would never reach the level they had before his brother's death.
Like many students, he did not like mathematics and never mastered the technicalities of written languages.
His grades in Mathematics were poor, but his grades in geometrical drawing were above average.
As in his first year he was failing French.
His grades in conduct, on the other hand, were usually "good."
Hitler would later blame his bad grades during this period on his habit of reading material not concerned with school activities.
Because his father expected better grades, the friction between them continued.
Hitler later said that his educational slump was a rebellion against his father, who wanted the boy to follow him in a career as a customs official; he wanted to become a painter instead.
Alois wanted Adolf to follow in his footsteps and become a civil servant for the Austrian government. Adolf, on the other hand, was opposed to it.
Building upon the child's instinct to rival the father and a doting mother to protect or console him, Adolf's rebellious attitude toward his father increased.
His sister Paula would later state: "When Mother said anything he obeyed, and when Father said anything he was against it."
Adolf admitted to his father that he did not want to follow in his footsteps.
The conflict between father and son intensified.
"Adolf," his sister also remarked, "challenged my father ... and... got a sound thrashing everyday. He was a scrubby little rogue, and all attempts of father to thrash him for his rudeness and cause him to crave the profession of an official of the state were in vain. How often on the other hand did my mother caress him and try to obtain with her kindness, where the father could not succeed with harshness !"
Neither mother nor father succeeded, for Adolf had other ideas.
Adolf's teachers and classmates noticed that he had an above average ability in drawing.
He was very adept at drawing geometric or architectural structures.
He could amaze his classmates by drawing from memory buildings which they would recognize before he was finished.
Some of his early works still survive and show the crude but budding talent of an untrained child. Adolf nourished the idea of becoming an artist.
When he revealed this to his father it only aggravated the bad feelings already there.
Caught in that awkward period between the passing of childhood and the coming of adolescence, Adolf still led his Indian braves against the opposing forces.
"When we children played 'Red Indians,'" his sister later related, "my brother Adolf was always the leader. All the others did what he told them; they must have had an instinct that his will was stronger."
One of his classmates would later remark: "We were always playing at war--war games endlessly. Most of us got sick of it, but Hitler always managed to find some who would play with him, usually younger boys."
Another commented: "He was more alert than the other boys, and in their games it was he who used his wits to best advantage....and he was always the leader."
During this period Adolf also acquired the habit of reading since his father had a small library. Adolf's mind was fired by the exploits of the Norwegian Arctic explorer and oceanographer, Fridtjof Nansen (1922 Nobel Peace Prize winner), and also the Swedish explorer, Sven Hedin, who had recently traversed the ancient silk routes from Russia, through Tibet to Peking.
After he returned to school in the Fall of 1901, however, and began repeating the year he had failed, things improved.
The shock of his brother's death had subsided somewhat, and he returned to some of his old ways.
By keeping his distance from those "persons of quality," he found his place.
Because of his brashness, and because he was now older than most of his classmates, many began to look up to him and he became a 'little leader' again.
Although Alois, well into his sixties now, still "scolded and bawled" at Adolf, his 'bark was worst than his bite'.
Acquaintances stated he "never touched" Adolf during these later years and that "the boy stood in awe of him."
Apparently Alois had returned to his mellowed ways, for witnesses stated that he was always cheerful and good company.
He seems to have had his sentimental moments, and in one of his surviving letters inquires about purchasing two beehives he built years earlier on the Hafeld farm "as a memento of my activities there."
Adolf Hitler would always speak of his father without malice, and even remember times when his father joked with him. Years later he would remark:
'I used occasionally to say to him: 'Father just think...' He used immediately to interrupt me: 'My son, I have no need to think, I'm an official.''
Klara, who was always considered "a real nice women," was often seen on school mornings walking Paula to the gate and giving her a kiss in parting.
Open affection was not a common trait among the Germans in the area, and the Hitler children were the envy of some of their peers.
"My mother," Hitler would recall years later, "lived for her husband and children."
Although Klara attended church every Sunday with the children, Alois attended only on the Emperor's birthday.
On the other hand, Alois continued to be involved with social issues and met at informal gatherings at a local inn, and even joined a singing group.
He was content, and though he had been bothered by a lung aliment for some time, appeared in good health.
During this time, Adolf's grades improved, and his twelve year old mind began to be shaped by the beliefs of his day.
The ideals impressed upon the young Hitler during this period would dominate his thinking till the day he died.
This explanation is further supported by Hitler's later description of himself as a misunderstood artist.
German Nationalism became an obsession for Hitler, and a way to rebel against his father, who proudly served the Austrian government.
Most residents living along the German-Austrian border considered themselves German-Austrians, whereas Hitler expressed loyalty only to Germany.
In defiance of the Austrian monarchy, and his father who continually expressed loyalty to it, Hitler and his friends used the German greeting "Heil", and sang the German anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem.
In Mein Kampf, Hitler attributed his conversion to German nationalism to a time during his early teenage years when he read a book of his father's about the Franco-Prussian War, which caused him to question why his father and other German Austrians failed to fight for the Germans during the war.
When Adolf was almost fourteen, his father then 66, died unexpectedly of a lung hemorrhage (Jan. 3, 1903).
The funeral was held a few days later in the church opposite their home.
Alois was laid to rest on the other side of the stone wall.
Although Adolf had his differences with his father, he considered him a "man of honor" and was "deeply bereaved."
Steyr
In accordance with Alois Hitler's status as a very well respected pillar of the community (Honoratioren), nearly the entire village, relatives from Spital, and former colleagues from the custom service attend Alois's funeral.
Alois's best friend, primary drinking buddy and fellow customs man Karl Wessely - as well as Josef Mayrhofer, the Mayor of Leonding--are among Alois's pallbearers.
By the terms of Alois's will, Mayor Mayrhofer is made the guardian of the minor Hitler children.
Alois Hitler's obituary, written by "one of Alois Hitler's Leonding acquaintances," was published in the Linz Tagepost:
'We have buried a good man: this we can rightly say about Alois Hitler, Higher Official of the Imperial Customs, retired, who was carried to his final resting place today. On the third of this month his life came to a sudden end as a result of an apoplectic stroke in the Gasthaus Stiefler, where he had gone because he was feeling unwell, hoping to revive himself with a glass of wine.
Alois Hitler was in his 65th year, and had experienced a full measure of joy and sorrow. Having only an elementary school education, he had first learned the trade of a cobbler, but later taught himself the knowledge needed for a civil service career, which he served with distinction, and in addition he achieved success in husbandry. Salzburg, Braunau, Simbach, Linz, were among the places where he saw service.' Alois Hitler was a progressively minded man through and through and, as such, he was a warm friend of free education. In company he was always cheerful, not to say boisterous. The harsh words that sometimes fell from his lips could not belie the warm heart that beat under the rough exterior. He was always an energetic champion of law and order. Well-informed on all kinds of matters, he could always be counted on to pronounce authoritatively on any subject. Fond of singing, he was never happier than when in a joyful company of fellow enthusiasts. In the sphere of bee-keeping he was an authority. Not the least of his characteristics was his great frugality and sense of economy and thrift. All in all Hitler's passing has left a great gap, not only in his family: he leaves a widow and four children not well provided for; but also in the circle of his friends and acquaintances who will preserve pleasant memories of him.'
Whether his father's death was the triggering element or not, by this time Adolf lost complete faith in the teaching of the church.
"Since my fourteenth year," he would later say, "I have felt liberated from the superstition that the priests used to teach."
Around this time a teacher/priest asked Adolf if he said his prayers. Adolf replied: "No, sir, I don't say prayers. Besides, I don't see how God could be interested in the prayers of a secondary school boy."
Klara received about 80% of her husband's income in pensions for her and the children. Because of her frugality, the material life style of the family was not affected.
They lived within the lower fringes of the middle class (petty bourgeoisie).
They lived "quietly and decently--unnoticed little people in an out-of-the-way town."*
Klara allowed Adolf to room at Linz during school days to avoid the three mile trip to school everyday.
She hoped his grades would improve - they didn't.
The landlady of the boarding-house, Frau Sekira (and the five other boys at the Kostplatz), stated that although Adolf appeared ill at ease at times, he was polite, well-behaved and spent most of his free time drawing and reading.
Adolf never became close friends with any of the five boys who shared the lodging.
His experiences the previous year with class prejudices caused him to keep his distance from those who considered him an outsider or one from the peasants.
In German there are two common forms of "you," Sie (formal) and du (familiar).
Du, at the time, was only to be used among close friends of equal status.
The young Adolf, in an apparent defiant gesture, refused to address certain classmates by du since they obviously did not consider him their equal.
As one of the boys would later state: "None of the five other boys made friends with him. Whereas we schoolmates naturally called one another du, he addressed us as Sie, and we also said Sie to him and did not even think there was anything odd about it."
As Adolf Hitler would later state: "In my youth, I was rather a loner and didn’t feel the need to be part of a group."
The peasants at this time furthermore, finding the word "Sie" too formal, frequently used the word "ihr" to address outsiders.
Hitler may also have been proclaiming to those boys of "quality" that he was not a peasant.
Ironically, Adolf's grandfather ( Klara's father), had died the previous January.
After watching his brother, grandfather and now father buried during three of the last four winters, Adolf not only turned away from his religion, but also began to develop a distaste for the colder months and never again enjoyed winter activities.
Although he knew how to snow-ski, he gave it up around this time and never skied again.* "I've always detested snow," he would later state, "I've always halted it."
After Alois' sudden death on 3 January 1903, Adolf's behaviour at the technical school became even more disruptive, and he was asked to leave in 1904.
Stadtwappen Spital
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Spital am Pyhrn
One of Klara's sisters, Theresia, was married to a farmer named Anton Schmidt whose farm at Spital, a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in Upper Austria, consisted of woods and fields. After Adolf completed his school year, in the summer of 1903, Klara, Angela, Paula and Adolf spent most of the summer on the Schmidt farm.
The Schmidts had two young children and Adolf's Grandmother (Klara's mother) also lived there. Adolf would spend the next four summers there.
Although he occasionally helped out with some of the farm chores, he avoided the tedium of field work.
It was the first annual visit since the death of Alois.
Maria Schmidt would later say that she considered that Adolf lived in "a dream world," and recalled that when it rained, Adolf would pout because he had to stay indoors:
"On such occasions, he often paced up and down or drew or painted and was very angry if he was interrupted. He pushed me out of the room and if I cried outside, he tried to get his mother to give me some tea or something else. We often teased Adolf Hitler and threw something against the window when he was inside, whereupon he quickly jumped out and chased us."
On Sept 14, 1903, Adolf's half sister, Angela who was now twenty, married a young assistant tax inspector from Linz named Leo Raubal.
This was an unpleasant time for the fourteen year old Adolf, who was close to Angela, and saw her leaving as another terrible event.
Adolf never got along with Angela's husband, who made fun of Adolf's idea of becoming an artist or painter, and thought that he should become a civil servant as his father had wanted. Also, because of Adolf's admiration of the Germans of Germany, Leo's position with the Austrian government further alienated them.
Upon completing his second year, he and his friends went out for a night of celebration and drinking.
Steyr is a town in Upper Austria, situated at the confluence of the rivers Steyr and Enns. Steyr is Austria's 12th most populated town and simultaneously the 3rd largest town in Upper Austria.
It has a long history as a manufacturing center and has given its name to several manufacturers headquartered there, such as Steyr Mannlicher (a firearms manufacturer best known for the Steyr AUG), Steyr Tractor, and Steyr Automobile.
Aged 15, Hitler took part in his First Communion on Whitsunday, 22 May 1904, at the Linz Cathedral.
His sponsor was Emanuel Lugert, a friend of his late father.
By the time Adolf Hitler was fifteen he was a committed outspoken German Nationalist.
During this period a youth movement began sweeping Germany and Austria.
It was a movement which gloried in the coming of a mystical nationalism led by a powerful 'Führer '(leader), who would lead the Volk (common people) to world prominence.
The movement is normally referred to as 'völkisch', which is somewhat defined as a racial community tied together by deep spiritual and cultural views, fortified by a legendary past.
The movement taught that man must become a part of something greater than himself and emphasized the whole of the Volk over the individual.
The movement appealed to many Germans since they, for the most part, have always looked for a strong leader to point them in the right direction.
Hitler, although he was technically Austrian, took his nationalism seriously and, like those around him, was prone to generalities.
Slogans like, "German boy, do not forget that you are a German," and "German maid, remember that you are to be a German mother," were heard by almost every Austrian child. Like adolescents today, who take pride in their heritage, religion or ethnic affiliations (which subtly teach them to believe in their superiority), Adolf believed the teaching and racism of his time.
Because of his light brown hair at the time, and blue eyes, he considered himself an "old German," as compared to others who, as an example, had been "Latinized" by their neighbors to the south.
He once remarked to a schoolmate that the boy was not an "old German" because he had dark hair and dark eyes.
Most of Adolf's classmates, nevertheless, liked him at school or play, and would later state that he wasn't a fanatic and was better than most boys.
One stated that he was brave, likeable, and not a hothead but a "quiet idealist", who tried to be agreeable.
Another felt that Adolf was "no more nationalistic than we all were."
Because of his reputation as an organizer and ringleader, however, Adolf was not allowed back to his school after completing his third year.
As Adolf's German and French teacher, Professor Huemer, would later testify:
'Hitler was certainly gifted, although only for particular subjects, but he lacked self-control and, to say the least, he was considered argumentative, autocratic, self-opinionated and bad-tempered, and unable to submit to school discipline. Nor was he industrious; otherwise he would have achieved much better results, gifted as he was.'
Klara was forced to transfer her son to a different school that year.
Stadtwappen Steyr
Adolf was then enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904 for his final year.
Although it was the closest alternative, Adolf's new school was twenty-five miles away.
Klara had him boarded at the home of a local family named Cichini who lived on the Grunmarkt.
Grunmarkt - Steyr
This was the first time in Adolf's life that he was truly separated from his mother.
At the school in Linz he could come home to be consoled or comforted if he had a problem.
At Steyr, he could return only on weekends.
In addition, at the age of fifteen, when most boys need the companionship of others and have carved out their place among their peers, Adolf had to adjust to a new environment where he was considered a real outsider.
He knew no one, was terribly unhappy, and had trouble adjusting.
He also faced a new curriculum, and his grades during the first semester plunged.
Since a student was expected to maintain a "satisfactory" grade in certain subjects Adolf had to take a special examination in Mathematics before entering his third year.
Once back in school he got along with most of his classmates and, like all boys, participated in sports, indulged in pranks, and planned a trip around the world.
He tried to make contact with girls by carrying their packages, but he was shy around girls his age, and was unable to carry on a sustained conversation.
His grades remained about the same.
As would be expected, some of his teachers liked him, others had no opinion, and some disliked him.
He, on the other hand, disliked most of his teachers and admired others.
He would later pay particular praise to one of his history teachers who, as he put it, "carried us away with the splendor of his eloquence....and who evoked historical facts out of the fog of the centuries and turned them into living reality."
By the second half of the year he learned to fit in and made friends with a few boys.
Sturmlechner - Portrait of Adolf Hitler
One, a boy named Sturmlechner ,who had artistic ability, drew him in profile.
Adolf also made friends with the boy who shared his room and although years later he could not remember the boy's last name, he had no trouble remembering that his first name was Gustav.
By the end of the school year he was able to bring his grades up.
He failed Geometry however, and had to repeat an examination which resulted in a passing grade.
(It appears that he was permitted to take the re-examination before returning home to Linz.)
In July of 1905, when Adolf was 16, he completed his last year of Mittelschule.
Accordingly, he received his grade completion Certificate, but he did not graduate.
In Austria, the completing and promoting of a grade did not entitle one to a diploma.
Adolf was required to return later that year and take a "final examination."
Klara, despite all, was delighted with her son's achievement and saw him as a conquering hero.
To have her only surviving son complete high school was one of the great moments in Klara's life.
There was no doubt in her mind that he would prevail in his final examination, and go on to a higher education at a technical institute, or a realschule, for the advanced 'A' diploma also entitled a pupil to a state grant, enabling him to enter an officer cadet training college if he chose.
About the time Adolf returned from Steyr, Klara moved the family to Linz.
Hauptplatz nach Nord mit Markt - Linz
Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich). It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube.
Linz - Schloss Kaserne
She had sold the house in Leonding the previous month for 10,000 kronen.
The initial purchase price had been 7,700 kronen and with the equity built up over a period of seven years, on a ten year mortgage, only 2520 kronen was owed.
After setting aside 1304 kronen for Paula's and Adolf's future, she ended up with over 5500 kronen after taxes.
Humbold Strasse
To have her stepdaughter and confidante Angela living nearby, Klara rented a third floor apartment in a new, attractive building on Humbold Strasse not far from the Danube River.
The apartment was small but Adolf got his own little room where he set up his painting equipment.
The move to Humbold street appealed to the sixteen year old Adolf.
The Hitler's new apartment was in a prime residential area of Linz, and most of the apartment buildings were three, four and five storied.
Some of the buildings had shops on the ground floor, and with the addition of sidewalk vendors during the day, the street hummed with activity.
A ten or fifteen minute walk in any direction would place one in front of, or in the midst of, any number of technological, artistic or cultural sites.
Adolf was finally able to cast off the stigma of being associated with the peasants.
With the exception of Braunau as his birth place, he seldom would acknowledged in the future that he grew up anywhere but in Linz.
Stadtwappen Linz
As in the previous summers, Adolf stayed with his younger cousins on the Spital farm.
The days of cowboys and Indians were behind him, and he became listless and uncommunicative.
He continued to read, draw, paint and, like many teenagers, dabble in poetry.
The Schmidt children noticed the change, and teased him because he would no longer play with them.
They were delighted when Adolf would angrily chase after them.
During the summer Adolf developed, as his father had, a lung infection.
He lost weight and took on a lanky appearance.
Shortly before he was to return home, and then on to Steyr for his final school examination, he suffered a severe lung hemorrhage.
He became weak and pale and began coughing blood.
The attending doctor, Karl Keiss, from the nearby village of Weitra, predicted a slow recovery and thought that Adolf might "never be healthy after this sickness."
According to the Schmidt children, Klara tenderly nursed her son back to health.
Every morning she awakened him with a glass of warm milk and made him drink it
The family remained on the farm till Adolf was well enough to travel.
With Adolf back home recuperating under the watchful eye of his doting and anxious mother, he missed his examination and never bothered to obtain his diploma.
He knew his poor showing during the last year would probably bring failure, and he would have to return for additional studies. That was the last thing he wanted.
He began spending much of his time painting in oils or water colors, and filling his sketch book with the drawings that most sixteen year old aspiring artists are noted for.
He also copied, with meticulous care, pictures, paintings, or postcards, sometimes making many copies of the same picture till he got it exactly the way he wanted it.
His surviving drawings and paintings from this period, including a water color of Postlingberg Castle near Linz, another titled Camel Boy, and a drawing of a cavalier, show that for an untrained boy he had artistic ability.
That Autumn, a boy named Hagmuller, from Leonding, began attending the high school in Linz. Since it was too far for the boy to travel home for lunch, his father, a baker who knew Klara, arranged for the boy to have his midday meal at the Hitler's apartment in Linz.
Hagmuller would continue to have his noon meal at the Hitlers for almost two years.
Hagmuller was almost four years younger than the sixteen year old Adolf, but despite their age difference they became good friends.
"Often when we were at the table," Hagmuller would later remark, "Adolf would take a sheet of paper and make a quick sketch of some building, column, archway, window, or whatever occurred to him."
Hagmuller also observed Adolf painting in water colors and oils.
There was one still-life he observed which Adolf took "special pains" in doing.
Adolf also did a silhouette of Hagmuller sitting in an armchair. Adolf, as did his father, enjoyed singing, and Hagmuller would later recall: "I can still see the weakly lad pacing up and down the room singing."
Ironically, although Adolf didn't want to attend any more school he had an insatiable appetite for knowledge on subjects that interested him.
He developed into a voracious reader, and spent much of his time reading a great number of books he was able to borrow from the many private libraries in the city.
He also joined the city's Museum Society.
Around this time he began to take a deep interest in the city's architecture.
Martinskirche - Linz
One building that sparked his interest was Martinskirche which is one of the oldest churches in Austria.
Saint Martin's Church was built in the 8th century on foundations constructed by the Romans who recognized the strategic importance of Linz which commanded both the Danube valley and the former salt routes coming down the Traun valley.
Adolf's mind was fired with the thought that St. Martins builder was none other than Charlemagne, one of the greatest of European conquerors who attempted to unite Europe by force.
Both the French and the Germans claimed Charles the Great as their own.
Adolf considered him one of the greatest men in world history.
Although most of Adolf's reading tended to be informative or instructive he did read some novels.
With the exception of adventure stories, which he read for enjoyment, he seldom read popular novels which had not stood the test of time, and wisely read classics.
Occasionally he did read novels that were in vogue, a friend would later state, "but in order to form a judgment of those who read them rather than of the books themselves."
Linz - Landestheater
He spent his time away from home attending the local concerts and, since movies had not yet come into their own, the theater and opera.
Opera seats at the local Landes-Theater were fairly expensive, so Adolf usually purchased tickets that entitled him to a "cheap seat in the top gallery," or cheaper still, a standing spot.
While at the opera one evening Adolf Hitler met August Kubizek, who was to become one of his best friends.
Practicing frugality, Kubizek and Hitler often used to arrive early at the Landestheater to get a good standing place.
They began competing with one another for one of the two columns which supported the Royal box.
The wooden columns offered the luxury of something to lean against during the sometimes lengthy performances.
August Kubizek
In time they recognized one another and became acquainted.
Kubizek was nine months older than Hitler, and was a mild-mannered and sensitive youth with a look of intelligence.
He was the son of a small businessman and lived above his father's upholstery shop in the family quarters on Klamm Strasse, not far from where Adolf Hitler lived.
He was determined to be a renowned musician.
At the time he could already play the piano, violin, trumpet and trombone and was studying music theory.
He also played the viola for the local Music Society and the Symphony Orchestra.
When he wasn't pursuing his dream he worked in his father's shop refinishing furniture.
Kubizek noted that "Adolf," because of his recent sickness, was a pale and skinny youth, but what captured his main attention was Adolf's beautiful, pale blue eyes.
Kubizek, an only child, was one of those protected teenagers who have an adoration of the rebellious and "admiration" was his strongest point in cultivating a friendship.
As Kubizek would write: "It was this very fact, that he was out of the ordinary, that attracted me even more."
It was, of course, 'love at first sight', although neither of them would ever admit it.
As their friendship matured, Hitler never addressed Kubizek by August but called him 'Gustl' or 'Gustav', which, interestingly, had been the name of Hitler's oldest deceased brother.
Kubizek in reality played the part of an idolizing younger brother.
Although "Gustl" found Adolf high-strung, he also found him reserved.
Hitler was formal and aloof in his dealings with others and was insistent on "good manners and correct behavior."
Unusual for a teenager, Hitler seldom became overly friendly, and there were few teenagers his age that he liked.
He had nothing but disdain for young people who wasted their time in shallow talk and mundane pursuits.
He considered most teenagers superficial for he was, as Kubizek said, 'much more mature than most people of his age'.
Walking was the only exercise that appealed to Hitler, and he and Kubizek often took long walks around the town or hiked into the nearby woods.
They had their favorite trails, and their favorite swimming hole.
On these excursions, a walking stick was the only requirement, and Adolf would wear a colored shirt and (in place of the normal necktie) “a silk cord with two tassels hanging down."
Kubizek was particularly amazed by Adolf's refined speech, which made him very persuasive, even with grown-ups.
Hitler was normally polite to people, was not vain, and could be very sensitive if he felt someone was unhappy or sick.
Kubizek also wrote that Adolf helped him through difficult times, and always have time for people he liked.
Hitler was well-liked and respected by almost everyone he met.
Kubizek was also awed by the seriousness and wide range of knowledge Hitler showed for one as young as he was.
While most teenage boys interests are mainly confined to sports, comradeship and embellished stories or beliefs concerning the opposite sex, Hitler's interests were boundless.
He was interested in agriculture, city planning, mythology, history, politics, and world events, including air travel.
The Wright bothers had flown their heavier-than-air plane at Kitty Hawk a few years before, and Hitler was very impressed.
He was interested in everything, Kubizek noted, and wasn't indifferent about anything.
Kubizek would come to write a book about his experiences with the young Hitler - (for the full text of that book - click below.)
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
click here for a fascinating insight into the early life and personality of Adolf Hitler
If the portents in retrospect and the occasional melodramatic moments are overlooked, he describes Hitler as a fairly normal teenager with an inquiring mind.
Since many historians like to portray the young Hitler as unbalanced, ignorant, lazy, and stupid, a few have attempted to discredit Kubizek anytime he portrays the young Hitler in a decent light.
Paula Hitler, however (who was about the only acquaintance who never tried to capitalize on her brother's name), stated that as a teenager Adolf had opinions about everything and constantly read.
She also stated that he often used to give persuasive lectures on themes concerning history and politics to her and her mother.
Paula was a quiet, docile and honest woman. She took a back seat to her brother when still a child and remained there all her life. She kept house for him during the "good" years, and later learned applied art and led an obscure life in Vienna. She never married and spent the last years of her life living in the area of Berchtesgaden--her brother's last home. She died on June 1, 1960* almost unnoticed or un-mourned.
As Kubizek further described Hitler:
"There was an incredible earnestness in him, a thoroughness, a. true passionate interest in everything that happened and, most important, an unfailing devotion to the beauty, majesty and grandeur of art."
Because of their common knowledge in theater, painting, architecture, writing, poetry, and especially music and opera, they became close friends and Hitler confided in Kubizek.
Hitler told Kubizek his dream of becoming a painter; "my beautiful dream of the future," as he referred to it.
When Kubizek saw Hitler's room for the first time, it reminded him of an "architect's office." Although Hitler painted landscapes and many other subjects, most of his works tended to be architectural structures.
One of his hobbies was drawing or painting the finer buildings of Linz, and making changes in their design.
Landesmuseum - Linz
His favorite buildings were of the Italian Renaissance style, and his favorite building was the Landesmuseum which he considered "one of the peak achievements in German architecture."
The richly ornamented gate and the hundred meter long sculptured panel above the main floor never ceased to impress him.
Kubizek and Hitler would take long walks around the city, and Hitler would often stop to look over one building or another.
"There he stood," Kubizek would later write, "this pallid, skinny youth, with the first dark brown showing on his upper lip, in his shabby pepper-and-salt suit, threadbare at the elbows and collar, with his eyes glued to some architectural detail, analyzing the style, criticizing or praising the work, disapproving of the material--all this with such thoughtfulness and such expert knowledge as though he were the builder and would have to pay for every shortcoming out of his own pocket."
According to Kubizek, some art lovers in Linz founded a society to promote the construction of a new theater.
Hitler joined the society and "took part in a competition for ideas."
Hitler also made detailed drawings of the city's layout, showing how it could be improved and beautified.
Adolf, Kubizek wrote, "could never walk the streets without being provoked by what he saw."* On more than one occasion Hitler noted that this or that building "shouldn't be here", because it distracted from a view or did not "fit into its surroundings."
Kubizek would later write that Adolf's ideas were not "sheer fantasy, but a well-disciplined, almost systematic process."
Hitler always had a secluded spot outside of town where he could be alone.
One spot was a bench along a winding trail (Turmleitenweg), and another, when he really wanted to be alone, was a large, overhanging rock perched high above the Danube near by.
Schloß Wildberg
Here he could think and cultivate his plans and ideas, including one, way ahead of its time, to turn Schloß Wildberg north of Linz) into an "open-air museum."
This "island where the centuries had stood still," (Adolf's very words according to Kubizek) was to have a permanent population of men, women and children in medieval costumes demonstrating their crafts and trades.
Hitler thought the castle would serve as a place of study for all those who wanted to learn about life as it was lived in the Middle Ages, and, it could pay for itself by charging admission to tourists.
Hitler also nurtured ideas of becoming a poet, writer or playwright.
Kubizek was enormously impressed by some of Hitler's poems.
There was one, a sonnet, that Hitler attempted to extend into a play.
That Hitler "devoted himself to writing, poetry, drawing, painting and to going to the theater," had Kubizek's complete admiration.
Another thing that impressed Kubizek was Hitler's complete self-assurance that one day he would become famous.
In time they came to dream about their success and how they would either build their own villa or renovate a large flat where struggling "lofty minded" artists with talent could come and find shelter. Hitler made numerous sketches of the proposed villa.
On the other hand, if they opted for the flat, they proposed to rent the entire second floor of a huge building adjoining the Nibelungen Bridge which crossed the Danube between Linz and the suburb of Urfahr.
They bought a lottery ticket and dreamed about how they would spend it furnishing their new abode if they won.
Kubizek also noted that Hitler was a night person.
If he wanted to think or something was bothering him, he would take lengthy night walks to the outskirts of the city and now and then climb the nearby hills on the west side of town.
If he wasn't thinking he would paint or read late into the night.
He seldom rose early except when absolutely necessary.
Dr Eduard Bloch
Hitler was aware that early risers see themselves as superior to late risers, but he never tried to hide his sleeping habits.
Kubizek noted that anytime Adolf was up early in the morning, something had to be "very special."
Around this time the Hitler family began seeing a new doctor - a Jew named Eduard Bloch.
He described "Adolf" as a "well mannered," "neat," "obedient boy" who would "bow...courteously" whenever they met.
He found Adolf to be "neither robust nor sickly" but "'frail looking'" with "large, melancholy and thoughtful....blue eyes....inherited from his mother."
Dr. Bloch, like Kubizek, also described Adolf as a "quiet," and a "well-bred boy of fourteen or fifteen" who was "old for his age."
click below for more information about
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
A diploma was not necessary for admittance to the academy, and he undoubtedly pointed out the good marks he had received in art during his last year of school.
Although not opposed to his studying art, Klara was strongly opposed to his relocating in Vienna.
She had been terribly shaken by his recent sickness, and his frail appearance worried her.
He was her only surviving son and she wanted him by her side.
Vienna was a hundred miles away.
For Hitler's seventeenth birthday, Klara gave in to her son's insistence.
She gave him enough money for a vacation in Vienna, where he could gather information on the Academy.
She did so, however, with the hope that he would get the idea out of his system and give up his idea of leaving home.
Shortly after his birthday, he arrived in Vienna where, after the blandness of Linz, he was immediately enchanted by the large metropolis.
Klara had misjudged her son.
HOLIDAY in VIENNA
Hitler spent his days sight-seeing and sketching many of Vienna's wonders.
He spent most of his evenings visiting the music halls, theaters, and especially the opera which overwhelmed him when compared to the caliber of Linz's.
Just walking the stairs of the Burg Theater or the State Opera House was enough to make any youth feel he was part of a world of power and grandeur.
As he would later recall: "Never shall I forget the gracious spectacle of the Vienna Opera, the women sparkling with diadems and fine clothes."
Hitler sent postcards to his family and friends including Hagmuller, Kubizek and Dr. Bloch, voicing his enthusiasm.
RETURN to LINZ
He returned home more convinced than ever that he wanted to return to Vienna by late September when admission tests to the academy began.
Although the family finances were adequate, Klara did everything to dissuade him.
The love that mother and son had for each other was obvious to everyone, but the thought of being separated from her son was unbearable to Klara.
She was intent that he should choose a profession which would keep him at home.
During the family's summer vacation on the farm that Summer, Adolf was hammered with alternative proposals for pursuing a more sensible career.
He became alienated and kept to himself.
He whiled away the hours by drawing in his sketch book, painting, reading or taking long solitary walks.
When the family returned home he was further barraged with suggestions by Angela's husband, Leo.
Klara even had her baker friend and his wife attempt to secure Adolf a position as a baker's apprentice which he refused.
When a neighbor, no doubt at Klara's urging, suggested a position with the postal service, Adolf answered that he intended to become an artist.
Undaunted, Klara continued searching for an excuse to keep her son at home.
Kubizek had been taking piano lessons from an expensive Polish teacher named Josef Prewatzki.
Around the end of September when Adolf wanted to leave for Vienna, Klara suggested that he join Kubizek.
Klara knew her son occasionally thought about becoming a poet or writer.
With his love for music and the opera she attempted to convince him to study music so he could go on to become a composer ,or possibly write operas.
Klara's persistence finally paid off.
Adolf relented.
Heitzmann-Flügel Klavier
The relieved Klara brought him a piano made by Heitzmann-Flügel, whose pianos were among the best in the world.
From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna with financial support from orphan's benefits and his mother.
He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908), because of his "unfitness for painting", and was recommended to study architecture.
Following this recommendation, he intended to pursue architectural studies, yet he lacked the academic credentials required for architecture school.
Hitler began piano lessons on October 2, 1906.
As with any subject he enjoyed, or found interest in, he threw himself into it.
He never missed a class and paid by the month.
According to the teacher, he was a little timid, and was bored easily by finger exercises, but he had a good ear for music, practiced his scales conscientiously and progressed steadily.
His sister Paula remembered that he would sit at the large piano at home for hours practicing.
With the examinations to the art academy over for another year, life in the Hitler household settled down.
Sometime after his return from Vienna, Hitler and Kubizek visit St. Georgen on the River Gusen, the site of an ancient German battle - a strange comment.
Hitler told Kubizek that much could be learned from the "spirits" residing in the ancient soil, and in the mortar between the cracks of the ruined buildings.
In the Winter of 1906, Hitler and Kubizek attended an opera of Wagner's 'Rienzi - die letzte Tribüne'.
The story is set in fourteenth century Rome and tells the story of a man of the people, trying to free them from the oppression of the upper classes.
The privileged make an attempt to kill Rienzi but are overpowered and after violating their oath of submission are exterminated.
Rienzi rises to the position of dictator and in one scene the trumpets blare and the people shout: "Heil, Rienzi. Heil the tribune of the people."
Hitler was completely enthralled by the music, and by the character of the rebel Rienzi, who had been goaded to political action after witnessing the death of his younger brother.
Rienzi in the end, however, is stoned and burned to death by those who never really wanted the freedom he offered.
The long opera was not over until after midnight, and Hitler, quite out of context, showed a side of his personality that Kubizek had never seen.
After the performance Hitler talked for over an hour.
Undoubtedly influenced by the writers of the time, the seventeen year old Hitler also began to believe strongly in destiny.
The fact that two of his brothers died before he was born, and another was born and died after him, caused him to wonder why he was spared.
He confided to Kubizek that he believed in fate, and that even he could be called upon someday by the people "to lead them out of servitude to heights of freedom."
(This at first appears to be one of Kubizek's exaggerations or recollections borrowed from others (including Mein Kampf), however, Adolf Hitler would tell more than one person that the "beginning" of his success began the first time he saw the opera Rienzi.
It would be hard to deny that the first time he saw the opera was with Kubizek.)
Years later Hitler would comment to another friend on the story of Rienzi: "Listening to this blessed music as a young man in the theater at Linz, I had the vision that I too must someday succeed in uniting the German Empire and making it great once more."
He believed that he was destined for a "special mission."
DEATH of KLARA
In January of 1907 Klara fell ill and doctor Bloch summoned Adolf and Angela for a conference on the situation.
They learned that Klara had breast cancer, and her only chance for survival was a serious operation.
Dr. Bloch was touched by Adolf's tears and concern, and recognized the strong "attachment that existed between mother and son."
Klara entered the hospital in mid January and on Jan 18, 1907, during an operation performed by a surgeon named Karl Urban, one of her breasts was removed.
She had little concern about herself, but was most concerned about her children if she should die.
She did not hide from Dr. Bloch that her gravest concern was for her son.
"Adolf is still so young," she said repeatedly to him.
While she lavished her son with almost everything he wanted, she herself spent the next two and a half weeks recuperating in a third class ward of the hospital, even though she could have afforded better. Adolf visited her every day.
When Adolf's recuperating mother returned home he, possibly afraid of disturbing her or unable to concentrate, discontinued his piano practice and lessons.
He resumed his painting and drawing.
Both Kubizek and Dr. Bloch (who called and at times administered Klara morphine to relieve her pain) speak of Adolf's attentiveness to his mother, and the fear in his eyes on bad days.
Dr. Bloch stated that this was not a pathological relationship, only deep affection between a mother who adored her son, and a son who adored his mother.
As the months passed Klara appeared to have recovered.
In May the family moved to a new, two storied apartment building on Bluten Strasse in the Urfahr district.
Here Klara could venture out for walks or do her shopping without climbing as many stairs.
She now apparently had a change of heart about Adolf's desire to become an artist.
When Klara's sisters, and especially Angela's husband suggested to her that Adolf should give up his artistic desires and get a job, she now replied: "He is different from us."
Late that summer she withdrew Adolf's patrimony, now over 700 kronen, and gave it to him along with her blessings to pursue his dream of becoming a painter.
If Adolf was frugal, the money he received was enough for tuition and living expenses in Vienna for over a year.
In Sept. of 1907 his plans were made to leave for the academy's admission test.
Shortly before his departure Klara's health took a turn for the worse, but examinations for entrance to the academy were scheduled for Oct. lst and 2nd, and he would have to wait another year if he didn't go then.
When Kubizek came to see Adolf off, there were tears all around as Klara, Paula and Adolf bid farewell.
They were aware that once accepted, he would begin classes in a week and he might not return till the holidays.
29 Stumper Gasse
When he arrived in Vienna, he rented a single room at 29 Stumper Gasse, which was only a few blocks southwest from the Westbahnhof that served all trains going west.
If word arrived that his mother's health had taken a turn for the worse, he could catch a train and, for a little over seven Kronen, be back in less than three and a half hours.
Along with 51 other candidates, Adolf Hitler was refused admittance to the art Academy.
He was crushed.
All his dreams were dashed.
The fact that out of 113 original candidates only 28 were admitted did not console him.
For over a week he roamed the streets of Vienna not knowing what to do.
He then received word that his mother had taken another turn for the worse.
Hitler returned home immediately to be by his mother's side.
On October 22nd. he consulted with Dr. Bloch and found that Klara was in a very serious condition.
The operation had occurred too late, and the disease was spreading rapidly.
An experimental treatment was attempted which only added to her suffering.
Within a short time she needed constant attention.
Her bed was moved to the kitchen/living room area, which was the warmest room in the house.
Although Adolf admitted to others that he had failed to gain admittance to the academy, he didn't burden his mother with his rejection, and assured her that he was accepted and would become an artist someday.
Klara spent the next two months in constant pain, which she bore well believing "that her fate was God's will", however, the ever present Adolf according to neighbors, Kubizek, and Dr. Bloch, anguished over her suffering.
Although Klara's sister Johanna also helped care for Klara, Adolf took over as man of the house.
He was in constant attendance to his mother, and did whatever possible to make her comfortable.
Dressed in his old clothes, he scrubbed floors, helped with the washing, and cooked her favorite meals which she greatly appreciated.
He took charge of his eleven year old sister, Paula, and even tutored her.
In late November, Klara had a serious relapse.
Adolf slept on the couch near her bed and did what he could to comfort her.
He read aloud to her the sentimental novels she loved, even though he hated them.
He drew her picture, and on some days held her hand for hours on end.
As Paula would state years later: "...my brother Adolf spoiled my mother during this last time of her life with overflowing tenderness. He was indefatigable in his care for her, wanted to comply with any desire she could possibly have and did all to demonstrate his great love for her."
When Kubizek or Dr. Bloch visited they found Adolf quiet, gentle and apprehensive.
If Klara showed any signs of improvement, Dr. Bloch noted, Adolf's eyes would light up and he would take an optimistic view.
Weihnachtsbau
With the holidays approaching, a Christmas tree was placed in the living room in hopes of lifting her spirits.
On Dec 20th. Dr. Bloch made two house calls, and saw that the end was near.
Kubizek also visited and saw her lying, weak and barely able to speak.
Her thoughts, however, were of her son.
When the distraught Adolf left the room momentarily she managed to whisper to Kubizek: "Go on being a good friend to my son when I'm no longer here."
At 2a.m. the following morning, with Adolf at her bedside, Klara, age 47, died in the glow of the lighted Christmas tree.
Adolf was crushed.
Dr. Bloch stated: "In all my career I have never seen anyone so prostrate with grief as Adolf Hitler."
Two days later, on Christmas Eve, Adolf followed the hearse which drove to Leonding three miles away.
The funeral Mass was held in the small church across the road from where they used to live, and Klara was laid to rest beside her husband.
Das Grab von Alois und Klara
After everyone else had left, Adolf remained behind at her grave site as though unable to tear himself away.
Hitler would remember the lighted Christmas tree in the house and the memory was so bitter for him that he could never again enjoy Christmas.
He hated when it snowed, and was always in an emotional state around the holidays.
For the rest of his life he would usually spend Christmas Eve alone.
Almost twenty years later he would write in Mein Kampf: "My father I respected, my mother I loved."
He himself wrote the announcement of the passing away of his "deeply, loved, never-to-be-forgotten mother."
For the rest of his life he would always have a picture of his mother on his person or nearby, and whenever the occasion arose would proudly and lovingly show it.
Dr. Bloch, who was Jewish, would later emigrate to the safety of the United States, but still refused to repudiate his statements, including the one that described the young Hitler as "a fine and exemplary son who bore such a deep love and concern for his dear mother which one finds on this globe only in extremely exceptional cases."
Kubizek, also, in an unsuccessful attempt to quell the psychologists, newsmen, historians in residence, who never ceased to degrade the young Hitler as an uncaring son, would later write: "Adolf really loved his mother. I swear to it before God and man."
Josef Mayrhofer
As Klara's oldest child, Adolf, under the guidance of his legal guardian, the Mayor of Leonding, Josef Mayrhofer, took care of all of his mother's personal unfinished business and paid all her debts with the estate left behind.
Surviving documents show that the doctor bill outstanding was 300 kronen while the funeral and coffin, cost 370 kronen - an extremely large sum for a lower middle class family to pay.
Adolf also gave a part of his inheritance to his stepsister since she and her husband agreed to take on the responsibility of raising the eleven year old Paula.
He thanked neighbors for their help and even gave one of his best paintings to a couple who had showed particular loyalty during his mothers sickness. His legal guardian, Mayrhofer, found the young Hitler's actions "laudable."
Since their father had been a State official, the "orphans" Paula and Adolf were now eligible for 600 Kronen annually between them. Their guardian split the pension down the center. The eighteen year old Adolf Hitler was to receive 300 kronen a year in monthly payments until he was twenty-four years old or until he became self-supporting.
Hitler, now armed with a letter of recommendation from his influential landlord (which described Hitler as a "nice, steadygoing .... serious and ambitious young man ... mature and sensible beyond his years,") decided to return to Vienna.
If fortune did not smile on him, he could retake the examination test to the Art Academy later that year.
As "my father had accomplished fifty years before," he would later write, "I too, wanted to become 'something.'"
Kubizek also wanted to leave Linz and enter the Academy of Music in Vienna, but his father was against him leaving at the time.
Hitler made a trip to Kubizek's house and persuaded the father to let him go.
Kubizek would follow him shortly.
With what was left from his inheritance, Hitler left for Vienna in mid February 1908, in search of a "special mission."
VIENNA
On a cold foggy evening in late February 1908, August Kubizek arrived in Vienna.
Westbahnhof
As he stood amidst the confusion of the Westbahnhof, he saw his friend approaching through the crowd.
Hitler was wearing his dark, good quality overcoat and broad-brimmed hat.
Already at ease in his new environment, he wore kid gloves and carried a walking stick with an ivory handle.
The slim Adolf, Kubizek thought, "appeared almost elegant."
After a warm greeting, they kissed on the cheek in the Austrian manner, they made their way to Hitler's apartment.
After a short walk Hitler stopped in front of an imposing and distinguished building on Stumper Gasse.
With Kubizek following, Hitler entered the arched entrance off to one side, passed through the more elaborate section of the building, crossed a small courtyard and entered the humbler rear section of the building.
They went up the polished stone staircase to the second floor and entered a small room.
This was the same building Hitler had stayed during his attempt to enter the Art Academy a few months before.
The monthly rent was ten kronen and although respectable, it was a no frills establishment in a lower middle class neighborhood. Hitler's monthly pension of 25 kronen only covered the cost of a meager diet, so he had to be frugal with what was left of his inheritance.
Like most tenement houses it was infested with bugs and the whole floor, six small apartments, had only one lavatory.
After Hitler cleared away the numerous sketches that lay around his room, he and Kubizek had something to eat.
Although Hitler was still suffering and bitter over his mother's death, he insisted on taking Kubizek on a tour of the city.
Ringstrasse - Wien
They made their way to the Ringstrasse, the great boulevard (where once stood the city battlements) which circles the inner city.
Hitler's blue eyes blazed excitedly as he pointed out many of the cities historical landmarks. Just off the Ring was the Art Academy which he still hoped to enter, and not far away was the Music Conservatory which Kubizek hoped to attend.
Like any young man who grows and matures in a small town, Kubizek, like Hitler was overwhelmed by the vast and thriving city.
Kubizek particularly wanted to see the immense soaring spire of St. Stephen's Cathedral but it was shrouded in the fog.
In one of his letters, Hitler had offered Kubizek the advantage of staying with him for awhile.
Hitler, however, was still the independent type and knowing that he and Kubizek had their differences, he had added: "Later we shall see."
Hitler's small room was not large enough to hold a piano that Kubizek would need to practice on so they spent the next morning looking for a room for Kubizek.
It proved difficult.
Vienna was the most overcrowded capital city in Europe.
Almost half the population lived in one or two rooms, and in the working districts 4 to 5 persons shared these apartments.
The few rooms they found available were either sleazy, did not allow piano playing, or were too small to hold a grand piano.
They returned to their apartment and Hitler persuaded the landlady to give up her larger room next door for theirs.
By the end of the day they had settled into the larger room, #17, for an additional 10 kronen a month.
Because of the housing shortage, the normal rent for a one or two room flat ran from twenty-two to twenty-eight kronen per month in the laboring districts.
Their room was a real bargain. Kubizek was again amazed by Hitler's gift of persuasion.
Within a few days of his arrival, Kubizek took his test and was admitted to the Music Conservatory.
Kubizek's easy accomplishment magnified Hitler's failure to enter the Art Academy.
While Kubizek began attending morning classes, Hitler spent his time in one pursuit after another.
Some days Hitler relentlessly worked on his drawings, on another day, he would sit for hours reading on architecture, another, working tirelessly on an idea he had for a short story, the next, practicing on the piano Kubizek had rented.
Kubizek would state that Hitler was never idle, but always "filled with a tireless urge to be active."
Interestingly, Hitler never made use of the letter of recommendation he had received which introduced him to one of Vienna's best known stage designers, Alfred Roller.
Years later he would comment:
"One got absolutely nothing in Austria without letters of introduction. When I arrived in Vienna, I had one to Roller, but I didn't use it. If I'd presented myself to him with this introduction, he'd have engaged me at once. No doubt it's better that things went otherwise. It's not a bad thing for me that I had to have a rough time of it."
Design for Wagner's 'Tristan und Isolde'
Alfred Roller
Alfred Roller (2 October 1864, Brünn, Mähren — 21 June 1935, Vienna) was an Austrian painter, graphic designer, and set designer.
Roller at first studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. In 1897 he co-founded the Viennese Secession.
In his early career Roller was very active as a graphic designer and draughtsman.
In 1902 Roller was introduced to the composer Gustav Mahler by Carl Moll. Roller expressed an interest in stage design and showed Mahler several sketches he had made for Wagner's 'Tristan und Isolde'. Mahler was impressed and decided to employ Roller to design the sets for a new production of the piece. Roller continued to design sets for Mahler's productions. Eventually Roller left the Secession and his teaching post at the Kunstgewerbeschule to be appointed chief stage designer to the Vienna State Opera, a position he held until 1909.
click below for more information about
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
A few days later Hitler would write again, mentioning that he was not feeling well.
It was not until August 17 that Kubizek heard from him again.
This time he mentioned that he had got over a "sharp attack of bronchial catarrh," but was "writing quite a lot lately."
Late that August, Hitler took a trip to the Wooded Quarter for a family gathering on the Spital farm.
Besides his two aunts and their families, his step-sister Angela and her family were also present.
Hitler still disliked Angela's husband, and had considered putting off the trip, but was no doubt shown the new addition to Angela's family - a two month old daughter called "Geli."
Paula Hitler
He also saw his twelve year old sister, Paula, who was now a pretty, quiet and reserved girl.
Hitler had previously given Paula the book 'Don Quixote' (possibly after reading it) as a birthday gift, and got into an argument with her because she disapproved of a list of books he obviously had read and suggested for her education.
Since they were never very close, her rejection of his advice separated them further.
Although "fond" of one another, as Paula would later state, they remained fairly distant all their lives.
Before returning to Vienna, Hitler sent Gustl a postcard wishing him the "best" on his Name-day.
It would be the last contact Kubizek would have with Hitler for thirty years.
(After a promising beginning Kubizek's artistic dreams would be shattered by the First World War, and he became a "clerk.")
In Sept 1908 the nineteen year old Hitler applied for entrance to Vienna's Art Academy again. The drawings he submitted on this occasion were not considered adequate.
He was notified, that this time he would not even be permitted to take the test.
Again he was crushed.
This time he asked for a reason, and was told that his abilities lay in architecture and it was recommended that he study that field.
This judgment is borne out by his surviving drawings and paintings, which show a flare for architectural renderings.
To enter the Architectural branch of the Academy, however, a diploma was necessary.
"What I had defiantly neglected in the high school " Hitler stated, "now took its bitter revenge."
Since he lacked a diploma he would have to show that he was "exceptionally gifted" to enter the architecture field.
Hitler was realistic enough to know that he did not possess such abilities, and never attempted to register.
Because of his failure to gain admittance to the Academy for the second time, he no doubt felt ashamed to face Kubizek, or anyone else.
Around the same time, Hitler also stopped writing Hagmuller, the boy who used to have his lunch at the Hitler house in Linz, and they also "lost touch."
Felber Strasse
On Nov. 18, 1908, with Kubizek expected back in a few days, the dejected Hitler gave notice to his landlady.
Without leaving a forwarding address, he moved to a building across from the railway yards. As required by law, he registered the change of address with the local police station.
This time, he registered as a "student" instead of "artist", as he had done at his former address.
He continued reading and looking for that special mission he was sure would come.
Like most 19 year olds he no doubt carried the false assumption that all he had to do was plod along, and rewards or success would eventualy come.
After his friendship with Kubizek, most other young men must have seemed shallow indeed.
Like most would-be artists, Hitler had learned to look at objects in depth while drawing or painting and had learned to see details that most people overlook.
To an idealistic young man the ignorance of peers becomes frustrating and one learns to keep their distance from those who do not share ones interest.
During this period. people found him "polite," but "distant."
Hitler did take himself seriously and because of his understanding of the complexities in art, he seldom took sides in any conversation unless he had some knowledge of the topic's details.
He would research subjects to a certain degree before making judgments.
Besides his book reading, he constantly read newspapers, magazines and pamphlets
One subject that was to catch his attention and occupy his thoughts while he lived across from the railroad yards was racism.
For all its cultural and intellectual endeavors, Vienna, like much of the western world, was alive with racial prejudices.
Richard Wagner
Wagner, Hitler's idol, had done as much as anyone to spread the racist idea in German speaking Europe, and there is little doubt that Hitler was acquainted with his writings.
Wagner believed that the Nordic Aryans (northern Europeans), especially the Germans, were a super-race, and considered all others inferior.
His racial views were born out of the cold rationalism of the 19th century intellectual community's adoration of science and the law of nature, which experts had worked out with "iron logic."
Adolf Josef Lanz von Liebenfels
One of the most prodigious racist writers at the time was an ex-monk named Adolf Josef Lanz von Liebenfels.
'Ostara'
His magazine, the 'Ostara', was a typical of the time.
It damned assimilation, preached racial purity, and looked forward to the day of a "German master race".
Although it "played down 'the Jewish Question,'" 'Ostara' appealed to both the superiority of the Germans and their suspicion of the Jews, Slavs, Turks, Negroes, and other "dark ones."
It contained material that urged the white or Aryan race to arm itself against "dark forces."
In order to popularize the Aryan idea, racial beauty contests were even proposed.
By subjugating the dark races, the Ostara preached, the Aryans could rule the earth.
Hitler, according to Lanz (in a 1951 interview), appeared at his home in 1909, and explained that he had read most issues of the 'Ostara', which he purchased at the tobacco shop near his place on Felber Strasse.
Hitler wasn't able to obtain a few of the back issues, and asked Lanz if he had them.
Lanz gave him the copies free of charge.
Even after additional reading on the subject, Hitler still was not convinced about the "Jewish danger" and would later state in Mein Kampf: "I returned to my old way of thinking."
However, Hitler knew that there would be those who knew that he wasn't "anti-Semitic" in his youth, and could expose him.
By claiming to have moments of "indecision" he attempted to cover himself.
"Anti-Semitism" was an outgrowth of the nationalistic fervor that infected almost everyone during this period.
Hitler undoubtedly made statements in his youth that could be interpreted as "anti-Semite."
With the exception, however, of a few foggy statements that Kubizek remembered in retrospect, all reliable sources who knew Hitler personally during his youth agree that he was not an anti-Semite, but an outspoken nationalist.
On August 22, 1909, after a nine month stay, the twenty year old Hitler gave up his residence across from the railway yards.
He took another room, a short distance from Schonbrunn Palace.
He resumed his writing. On Aug 22 he registered as "studying to be a writer" with the local police station.
During this period he kept in touch with his step sister, Angela, who forwarded his pension. Angela abhorred what she called his "flight from reality", and gave him a long scolding.
Hitler decided not to contact her again until his life improved.
Although Hitler was always concerned for the "little man," he, like most people from the lower middle class, had little in common with the "workers."
He saw himself as a step above them.
Their unrefined speech, manners and shallow views were repugnant to him and, as he admitted later, his ignorance of their unions and politics alienated him.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Hitler's interest in at and architecture remained with him all his life, and probably reached its fulfilment as a result of the construction of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst, designded by the architect Paul Ludwig Troost (1878 – 1934) and the subsequent ehibitions and celebrations held in Munich. The above video is taken from amateur film of such celebrations in Munich.
Hitler moved into a Men's Hostel, and met a person named Reinhold Hanisch, who went by the name of Walter Fritz. Hanisch, and had traveled through much of Germany and Austria and although originally from the Sudetenland (part of today's Czech Republic) liked to pass himself off as a Berliner.
He avoided steady work, and whenever finances allowed, looked for happiness in a beer or wine bottle.
There was a year round market for paintings in Vienna.
They could be sold to locals in the cafes or to stores that either sold them again.
In summer the paintings could be sold to tourists in cafes or in the street.
Like many self-taught painters, Hitler worked from photographs or other prints, usually after viewing the object.
At this time Hitler moved to the Mannerheim, located on Meldemann Strasse.
The establishment covered almost a whole block, and had room for over 500 men.
Opened in 1905 it was the most sought-after refuge in Vienna for both blue and white-collar workers with low incomes.
This was a time of little social security and no unemployment payments, and even members of the middle classes roomed there.
A number of businessmen, a baron and a count had also roomed there.
The place was exceptionally clean and the cost, when Hitler first moved in, was a little over two kronen for a week's stay.
At the Mannerheim, Hitler had the room and the privacy to paint.
Shortly after moving in, Hitler sent Dr Bloch, who tried so desperately to save his mother, a carefully painted postcard of a hooded monk hoisting a glass of bubbling champagne, with the caption: "A toast to the New Year."
On the reverse side were cordial New Year's greetings and it was signed: "In everlasting thankfulness, Adolf Hitler."
Hanisch followed Hitler to the Mannerheim in about a week.
He knew that Hitler's type of paintings were the kind that tourists and the average person found pleasing, and admitted he hoped to benefit for himself.
Hanisch convinced Hitler that he would need an agent to sell his paintings, and would handle it for half the proceeds.
Hitler appeared reluctant, and offered the excuse that Hanisch lacked a peddler's license which might get them into trouble with the police
Hanisch assured him that he would take care of it.
Hitler finally agreed.
Hitler continued painting landscapes or architectural renditions of churches and the more noble buildings of Vienna.
By the beginning of February Hitler settled into a fairly stable routine.
He did many paintings of the 'Gloriette' and the "Roman Ruins" in Schonbrunn Park.
With his paintings subsidizing his pension, Hitler was soon making more than enough to pay the rent and eat decently.
Hanisch stated that Hitler, using part of his Easter windfall, even splurged and went to the movies.
In July, Hitler had reason to believe that Hanisch was cheating him on what he was receiving for his paintings.
He asked for a list of all Hanisch's customers and when Hanisch refused, their partnership began to crumble.
Shortly after, Hanisch disappeared with two of Hitler's best paintings, including one oil titled 'Parliament House' which Hitler valued at 50 kronen.
Hitler filed a complaint with the police.
Early in August Hanisch was arrested for possible embezzlement and carrying false identification papers.
There were Jews at the Mannerheim with whom Hitler often discussed politics, and he "often found Jews who listened to his political debates."
Many of his favorite actors and musicians were Jews.
He spoke enthusiastically about Gustav Mahler, and the work of Felix Mendelssohn.
Although he didn't agree with the politics of the late author and poet Heinrich Heine, Hitler thought that his poetry deserved respect, and argued that it was sad Germany did not "recognize his merit."
The rampant anti-Semitism that existed in Europe failed to influence Hitler.
One of his closest friends during this period was a Jew named Josef Neumann.
Neumann was an art dealer who was instrumental in moving Hitler up the social ladder.
He had previously put Hitler in touch with a few Jewish art dealers, who purchased the best of Hitler's paintings.
The dealers resold the paintings, for the most part, to Jewish businessmen, doctors and lawyers.
Hitler, consequently, increased the number of his paintings and his business improved.
Hitler's and Neumann's relationship turned into such a close friendship that on certain days they would spend all their time roaming the huge city, visiting museums or lost in conversation.
Hitler and Neumann had long discussions about Zionism.
In one conversation Neumann stated that if all the Jews left Austria, the country would be in trouble for the Jews would carry away much of Austria's money.
Hitler, who appears to have understood nothing about international banking affairs at the time, disagreed.
He believed that the money would be confiscated since it was not Jewish but Austrian. In another discussion about the Jews, Hitler thought it possible that God had not personally given Moses the Ten Commandments but that Moses had collected them from various other cultures. But, if the Ten Commandments were the work of the Jews, Hitler believed, "they had produced as a nation one of the most marvelous things in history, since our whole civilization was based on the Ten Commandments."
Hitler would carry that thought with him for the rest of his life and would state thirty-one years later: "The Ten Commandments are moral values which are undeniably praiseworthy."
Neumann was disenchanted with Vienna and dreamed of saving enough money and moving to Germany.
The idea strongly appealed to Hitler, and on one occasion they actually made plans to leave together.
Their plans fell through, and Neumann would depart by himself before the end of 1910, and may have been the one who planted the seeds in Hitler's mind of moving to Germany.
Hitler felt a strong sense of obligation and openly praised Neumann long after he was gone. Hitler also had nothing but praise for the Jewish art dealers, including Altenberg, another named Landsberger, and a picture framer, Morgenstern, who bought most of his works.
He thought highly of nearly all Westernized Jews, especially since they were "willing to take chances" by buying his art.
In the large reading room at the Mannerheim, Hitler began to join in on the discussions with the more educated "middle class" residents.
In December of 1910, Hitler's aunt Johanna, Klara's sister, knowing her time was short withdrew her savings from the bank and gave Hitler a large share of it.
She, like most of Hitler's other relatives, had opposed his idea of becoming an artist.
She nevertheless had corresponded with him on occasion, and apparently had a change of heart.
She gave him the money for the purpose of pursuing his career as an artist.
Five months after receiving this "windfall," and a month after Johanna's death, Angela, Hitler's step-sister, inquired at the Linz court as to whether Hitler was still entitled to his share of the orphan's pension since he now appeared self-supporting.
Angela's husband had died the previous August, and with a daughter and son of her own, she now wanted Hitler's share of the pension to revert to the 15 year old Paula whom she was still raising.
In May, 1911, at age 22 Hitler made the trip to Linz and according to Paula, "voluntarily" gave up the right to his share of the pension.
According to court records Hitler stated he was "able to maintain himself and...agrees that the full amount of the orphan's pension should be put to the use of his sister."
Mayor Mayrhofer, Hitler's guardian, believed that Hitler had again acted "decently", and heard no complaints about Hitler's actions.
( In later years when reporters and historians began making inquires, Mayrhofer, who knew the young Hitler as well as anyone, never found anything bad to say about him.)
Exactly how much Hitler received from his aunt is a mystery, other than to report that it had been a "considerable sum."
What Hitler did with the money is even a bigger mystery.
Since he never reported his windfall to the management, others feel he shrewdly doled it back to himself in small amounts as he had done with his inheritance when his mother died.
Actually, he may have taken a trip to the countryside that May, before he returned to Vienna.
Nonetheless, after Hitler returned to Vienna he resumed his painting.
He produced landscapes and portraits in ink, watercolor and oils.
With the warmer weather, and his Jewish contacts, he was able to sell everything he painted.
Like many artists, Hitler thought of switching to the less glamorous end of the artistic endeavor and working for businesses where the income is steady.
He "undertook technically difficult work for reproductions in print (usually engravings), mainly for posters or illustrations for advertisements of cosmetics, face powder, footwear, shoe polish and ladies' underwear."
For a while he renewed his dream of becoming an architect, and secured, from a construction company, assignments producing elementary architectural designs.
Hitler was always looking for that "special mission" he thought he was to achieve.
Almost everyone who met him was impressed by his ambition and energy.
Between bouts of painting and reading, he would get an idea and throw himself into it for weeks or months at a time.
After experimenting with model airplanes, he attempted to design a full size airplane.
After reading the science journals in the reading room about underwater exploration, his imagination was fired and he attempted to design water-diving equipment.
He noted that paper money wore out too quickly, and felt bills should be made smaller.
He then attempted to come up with an idea for enclosing them in celluloid.
He occasionally resumed his idea of writing a book and in many cases told people he was a writer.
What he was attempting to write at this time is not known.
He read a number of books on philosophy, Eastern and Western religions, astrology, occultism, and ancient Greece and Rome which abounded with Gods
He was remarkably knowledgeable about the history of German antiquity, and the numerous gods and heroes of its mythology.
He also knew his Bible, being particularly well versed in the Old Testament.
He had also read Dante's 'Divine Comedy' which is religious in content (though its goals were ethical), and showed great sympathy for pre-Christians who had contributed philosophical ideals.
Hitler's design may have been to write a book on religion, or a theme concerning Christianity again, which, as with his earlier "opera," had always appealed to him from a worldly point of view.
By such twists and turns however, he began to acquired information in many fields unknown to most men.
His reading was far from the narrow confines accepted by most intellectuals.
"With the indiscriminateness of the self-educated," his readings opened up a whole world of ideas.
Unlike most intellectuals, academics and professionals (who spent a large part of their lives acquiring an expertise in one particular subject, and who are, consequently, surprisingly ignorant of nearly everything else outside their expertise), Hitler had a scope of interconnecting knowledge that was widening.
He also had a "extraordinarily efficient memory" which retained what he read.
Although he was not an authority in anything, he was acquiring a vast general knowledge which was "nothing short of amazing."
In addition, men of education usually keep within their own circles or class and are oblivious to other classes desires and beliefs.
Hitler's changing life styles and locations, since a youngster, had exposed him to a wide range of social classes which laid the seeds of insight into the driving motivations of different classes.
Mythology can also "open a window to a people's soul", and Hitler's reading and knowledge of German Mythology had also given him special insights that few people understand.
His habit of reading different newspapers with different perspectives also gave him a more realistic and discerning view of events.
He knew when to "retain the essential and discard the non-essential".
Unlike those trained in the academic tradition, he was not easily swayed by the opinions of others.
He came to understand that the "educated classes" are just as blinded by their interests, and in protecting their way of life and, consequently, are as predisposed, prejudiced, narrow-minded and unenlightened as any other class.
As even Marx noted, the place a person assumes in the economic order deeply influences his sense of identity.
Hitler did not identify with the "have or satisfied" classes, but he did not identify with the lower strata of the industrialized working classes either.
In the political discussions that continued in the reading room, which at times had twenty debaters, Hitler, over the course of a year, became the leading speaker for the people caught in between the two.
Besides denouncing those of the upper classes, Hitler continued to rail against the Marxists and their trade union organizations which preached the brotherhood of man.
In time Hitler became one of the best debaters and most respected people in the Mannerheim reading room.
He learned to listen. He did not try to antagonize people.
According to observers he was usually "polite," "friendly," "helpful," "goodhearted," "charming," and "wasn't proud or arrogant".
He took an interest in his companions, and would always stop to help or advise a friend.
He contributed and even organized collections for men who had run out of money, and needed a quick helping hand to stay another day.
On the other hand, he still never became overly friendly and, unlike most men, seldom talked about himself.
No one thought of taking his favorite chair near the window, and most placed the distinctive "Herr" (referring to a gentleman) before his name.
As one resident noted: "He seemed to understand everyone."
In time, even the director of the Mannerheim would occasionally stop to talk with him--"an honor seldom granted a resident."
Hitler however, was not satisfied.
"A feeling of discontent seized me," he stated in Mein Kampf. Like many young people who find substance in posters and slogans that praise other places, over his bed hung one that glorified Germany. Germany was a land that had been beckoning to him for years.
Although all of Europe was alive with counter-political beliefs, Vienna with its international flavor of warring parties and nationalities, did not play well against Hitler's ideas of a strong German nation.
Hitler also believed the Habsburgs, in attempting to quell the unrest in Austria, were practicing an anti-German policy by unfairly giving in to the other nationalities and minorities which sooner or later would bring about the collapse of the empire.
The lure of Germany finally won out.
With some obscure ideal of hopefully finding a position "as a designer" for a large architectural firm, he decided to return to the state of Bavaria where as a boy he had developed his dialect.
He had been at the Mannerheim for nearly three and a half years.
In the end he had not only won the respect of most of the men there, but also their friendship. There were those who were sorry to see him go.
On May 24, 1913, shortly after his 24th birthday, Hitler received the final part of his father's estate.
Hitler stuffed his few belongings into a single suitcase and headed for the Westbahnhof.
He purchased a one-way ticket to Munich, Germany.
(Interestingly, shortly before Hitler left Vienna, Joseph Stalin (at age 33 just an up and coming Bolshevik ) was sent to Vienna in January 1913 to study the "Austrian situation." He rented a room just off the NE corner of Schonbrunn Park for a month and while there, working with the German socialists, wrote a Marxist tract. Hitler continued to visit Schonbrunn Park at that time. Perhaps the two, who were to become adversaries exactly twenty years later, crossed paths.)
MÜNCHEN
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand
They therefore decided to take strong measures against the "unruly Serbs", and reduce Serbia in power and land.
Believing the incident would not go beyond a localized affair, they nonetheless sought the approval of their major ally, Germany.
Germany's recent successes, however, had earned her the suspicion and hostility of the other world powers.
Germany's determination to build up a navy and compete for colonies, alienated an ambitious Great Britain.
Germany's founding of a few minor colonies in the Pacific, threatened the aspirations of Japan. Germany's determination to build a Berlin to Baghdad railroad, threatened the goals of Russia.
By attempting to expand in North Africa, Germany outraged France.
All of these "great" nations viewed the newcomer as a threat to their economic, political and colonial self-interest.
French Coat of Arms
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Compounding matters, France had been Germany's bitterest rival ever since their first battle in the year 1214, and the French were still smarting over the defeat Bismarck had dealt them in 1870 - symbolized by Alsace-Lorraine.
Since the fall of the Roman Empire the French had always viewed themselves as the new inheritors of the continent and were very resentful of German power.
France not only aimed at recovering Alsace-Lorraine but dreamed of controlling the German Rhineland and so destroying Germany as a rival forever.
Because Germany had a "Triple Alliance" which included herself, Austria and Italy, in 1902 France signed an agreement with Italy which seriously weakened the Triple Alliance.
A few years later, France brought about a reconciliation between Russia and Great Britain.
The three formed the Triple Entente.
Militarily, Germany was becoming isolated and surrounded by rivals who longed to see her reduced in wealth and power.
When Austria inquired as to whether Germany would support her, word was sent from Berlin that the "blank. check" was still in effect (see The Balkans) and promised German backing if Russia, who viewed herself as protector of the Slavs, threatened to support Serbia.
But, the German government "favored strictly limited military operations, which were considered justifiable, even in London."
Kleines Wappen des Deutschen Reiches
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
The German leaders also believed the war would not go beyond a localized affair, however, because of treaties, public and private, events took a different course.
When Austria declared war on Serbia on July, 28, 1914, Russia mobilized a large part of its regular armies in support of Serbia.
Germany demanded that Russia demobilize.
With the encouragement and advice of France, which "in effect gave a blank check to Russia," Russia answered on July 30 by ordering a "general mobilization" (including reserve forces) of the entire Russian army of 5,971,000 men.
Coat of Arms of the
Russian Empire
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
In the mind of several Russian diplomats, "this was no war for limited aims, but a war for the almost complete elimination of Germany".
Since Poland had been swallowed up (by Russia, Prussia(Germany) and Austria) over a hundred years before, Russia rashly began placing troops along the Austrian and German borders.
Germany started its mobilization and on July 31st sent Russia an ultimatum, demanding that mobilization of Russian forces be stopped in twelve hours.
Russia made no reply, so Austria called for the mobilization of its entire 3,000,000 man army.
Russia's mobilization, combined with knowledge that France was determined to take part in a European war, ended any hope of a localized conflict and to many "forced Germany's hand."
Germany now had to decide whether she was to abandon or to extend the advances she had made into southeastern Europe over the preceding decades.
The survival of the Austrian Empire, as well as German's position as a great nation were also at stake. Germany had either to fight a war, or abandon central and southeastern Europe to independent national states and other world powers.
German Mobilisation
Germany, confident of victory, called for the full mobilization of its entire 4,500,000 man army, and declared war on Russia on August first.
France (believing she and Russia could destroy Germany as a rival by Christmas) ordered the mobilization of her 4,017,000 man army.
The other declarations of war to follow were only a formality.
The leaders of all the belligerent nations went to war to settle old scores and conquer new lands.
Among the general population, the fervor of the moment fed suppressed hostilities.
The ultra-national dream of "great nations" to fulfill their destinies grew into a vision
In the smaller nations, the dream was that the national political map would be redrawn and each nationality would seek its own destiny.
Nearly everyone praised the coming war for one reason or another.
Novelists, historians, theologians, composers, poets and other persons of quality led the fervor.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
In Germany, when Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaimed to tens of thousands assembled in the palace square in Berlin that he no longer saw parties or denominations but only "German brothers," the nation's barriers disappeared almost instantly.
Considering the growth of the Social Democrats in Germany, some experts predicted "that mobilization could be paralyzed by a general strike, and that social revolution might raise its ominous head."
The opposite proved the case.
Deutsch Reichstag in Berlin
Even the most leftist of the Marxists in the German Reichstag forgot about their internationalism and voted for the war.
The leaders of the far right Pan-German movement (one-third of its 35,000 members were engaged in academic professions at this time) officially proclaimed that "we must gather all men of German tongues into one Reich and one people. An everlasting master race will then direct the progress of mankind."
In Berlin crowds marched down the Unter den Linden boulevard in impromptu gaiety, cheering, waving flags, and singing patriotic songs.
To the Germans it was a dream come true.
A time to carry forward old dreams. To expand. To become the greatest power in Europe.
With victory, Germany would unite all the Germans of Europe and be the undisputed master of the continent.
Rainer Rilke
Such diverse German elements from the noted poet Rainer Rilke to Adolf Hitler were overjoyed at the turn of events.
Declaration of War - München 1914
In Munich the declaration of war was read to the public on the steps of the Feldherrnhalle.
Hitler, well groomed and dressed in one of his tailored suits, stood before the Hall among an enthusiastic crowd of thousands of Munich's "best."
Like hundreds of other zealous onlookers he waved his hat in approval.
Hitler would later state: "I, overwhelmed by emotion, fell upon my knees and from an overflowing heart thanked Heaven for granting me the good fortune of being allowed to live in these times. A fight for freedom had begun, greater than the world had ever seen before."
König Ludwig III von Bayern
Before the echo of Germany's declaration of war on France faded that day, the twenty-five year old Hitler, still an Austrian, applied for special permission from King Ludwig III to join the German army.
Coat of Arms of Great Britain
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
The Germans expected the British to stay out of the war, but always one to look to their own ambitions, and envious of German industrial competition, the British considered it compatible with their interest that France not be defeated.
In addition, if Germany won the war, Germans would be the "arbiter" of Europe and the British habit of always dividing the continent into at least two hostile camps to serve their own purposes would end.
Prior secret agreements between the French and British governments had already compelled Britain to come to France's aid, but, for propaganda reasons, the British government needed an excuse to appease her more passive population.
An almost forgotten 75 year old treaty with "Little Belgium," that many believed was no longer in effect, came to her service and war was declared on Germany.
In London, enthusiastic crowds urged their government on while they attacked shops with German sounding names and dachshunds were killed in the streets.
Hitler received word that his request to join the German army was accepted, and he reported to a Bavarian infantry regiment (set up in a large school on the corner of Elisabeth and Gentz) for acceptance.
A "few days" later the 25 year old Hitler moved into the Oberwiesenfeld Barracks on the outskirts of Munich and began his basic training.
Hitler's indoctrination into the army consisted of a two month extensive course in military formalities (saluting, drilling, marching), along with bayonet and rifle practice.
Hans Mend, one of Hitler's fellow recruits was impressed by Hitler's "dynamic glance and by his unusual presence," even though Hitler was dressed in his gray-green uniform like the other recruits. Mend stated, "I thought he might be an academic because a lot of them had joined the...Regiment."
As the opposing armies fought their way north in an attempt to get around one another, Hitler continued with his basic training. .
At the beginning of October Hitler made a visit to his landlords and told Herr and Frau Popp that his regiment would soon be leaving Munich and he would be sent to the front shortly after.
Since his room was his official address, he asked the Popps to notify his sister if a message came that he been killed.
He told the Popps that if no one wanted his few possessions, they could keep them.
Hitler bid them farewell and, as he hugged the Popp's two children in a farewell gesture, Frau Popp, aware of the heavy casualties at the front, burst into tears.
Hitler, undoubtedly touched by such concern, turned tail and hurriedly took off down the street.
On Oct 8, Hitler, along with the other recruits of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment, called the List Regiment after its first commander, swore allegiance to Ludwig III, head of the state of Bavaria, and Kaiser William of Germany.
Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16.
He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele.
Hitler was twice decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914 and Iron Cross, First Class, in 1918 (see right).
On 15 October 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack.
Hitler described the war as "the greatest of all experiences" and he was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.
The experience made Hitler a passionate German patriot, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.
Dolchstoßlegende
Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the army, "undefeated in the field," had been "stabbed in the back" by civilian leaders and Marxists back on the home front, later dubbed the November Criminals.
NACH DEM KRIEG
Kurt Eisner
After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner.
After the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr.
Captain Ernst Röhm
It was while working with this department that Hitler me Captain Ernst Röhm
In July 1919, Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to become involved with the German Workers' Party (DAP), which had been set up by the Army, in collaboration with the Thule Gesellschaft.
Thule Gesellschaf
It is important to note that Hitler, in 'Mein Kampf', did not give an accurate account of his initial involvement with the DAP, as he was concerned not to the reveal the involvement of the Army and the Thule Gesellschaft in the setting up of the DAP - which later became the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party; NSDAP).
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Hitler worked with the founder of the DAP, Anton Drexler (see right) who was antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist.
Drexler favoured a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism and solidarity among all members of society.
Anton Drexler
Hitler became a member of the DAP on the 12 September 1919, becoming its 55th member.
Dietrich Eckart
At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and member of the occult Thule Society.
Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him, teaching him how to dress and speak, and introducing him to a wide range of people.
Hitler thanked Eckart and paid tribute to him in the second volume of Mein Kampf.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Dietrich Eckart - Hitler's Mentor
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
To increase the party's appeal, the party changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party; NSDAP) - (see right).
Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and with his former superiors' encouragement began participating full time in the party's activities.
By early 1921, Hitler had become highly effective at speaking in front of large crowds.
In February, Hitler spoke to a crowd of nearly six thousand in Munich.
To publicize the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around waving swastikas and throwing leaflets.
Hitler soon gained favour for his polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles (see left), rival politicians, and especially directed against against Marxists and Jews.
The NSDAP was centred in Munich, a hotbed of German nationalists, including Army officers determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.
Gradually they noticed Hitler and his growing movement as a suitable vehicle for their goals.
And the rest - so they say - is history - or is it ?
To answer that question click below for
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
|
Hut
|
What technical financial term, from Latin meaning 'it shall be', and also a major automotive brand, refers to official money/currency of a nation?
|
The Occult History of the Third Reich: Adolf Hitler - A Brief Biography
Hitler was appointed chancellor in 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party state based on the Völkisch and autocratic ideology of National Socialism.
One of Hitler's avowed aims was to establish a 'New Order' in continental Europe.
His foreign and domestic policies had the goal of aquiring Lebensraum ("living space") for the Nordic Aryan people.
This included the rearmament of Germany, resulting in the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in 1939, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.
EARLY YEARS
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Adolf Hitler was born at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary, on April 20, 1889, the fourth child of six.
(see Braunau Stadtwappen right)
BACKGROUND
Adolf Hitler was born in one of the most provincial parts of a Germanic community that was itself a congeries of provinces.
In writing of his father in 'Mein Kampf', Hitler described him as a man of the world, but the Austrian customs officer who had risen to middle-class officialdom from the shoemaker's trade was as far from that as were most of his neighbors.
They were insular country people who lived in tight ethnic enclaves in the midst of a polyglot state and who looked with instant suspicion on anything or anyone who differed from them.
They rejected not only Jews but all outsiders, Protestant Germans along with the Catholic Italians who shared Austria's high Tyrolean mountains, as well as the other regrettable nationalities who made up part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire: Poles, Czechs, Ladins, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Slovakians, Ruthenians, Walachians, and the rest.
The Dual Monarchy was made up essentially of a loose association of tribes, each inwardly territorial, bristling at any sign of another nationality's pretensions to power, which could only come about at the expense of one's own integrity and self-esteem.
The peoples of Austria-Hungary lived in an atmosphere of fierce tribal loyalties and conflicts, in a monarchy called Kaiserliche and Koenigliche; both an empire and a kingdom, since the emperor of Austria was also the king of Hungary, as well as the king of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slovenia, Jerusalem, and many other territories and the sovereign of over a dozen resident ethnic and religious minorities.
Austria had a long history of mixed peoples.
Four hundred years before the birth of Christ, Celts had migrated there from Spain; Romans, Germans, a Tartar people called the Avars, and Slavs had all settled there and had left their imprint on the country and its later population even when they moved on.
The German name for the Roman invaders was Walsch, or Welsch, and names like Walgau, Walchensee, and Seewalchen are related to what were Roman settlements. Slavic names are preserved in Feistritz (from Bistrica"fast water"), Fladnitz (from Blatnica"swamp water"), Liesing (from Lesnica''wood brook"), Görach (from Gora"mountain"), and Görtschak (from Gorcia "hill"). A Roman name like Anula became Anif; Lentia became Linz; Janiculum, Gnigl; and Cucullae, Kuchl. Salzburg was still known in the eighth century by its Latin name Juvavia as well as by its Germanic name. Vienna was called by the Romans Vindobona, from a similar Celtic name, and by the ninth century it was called Wenia, or Venia.
The villages in Lower Austria that the Hitlers, or Hiedlers, or Müttlers (this name, too, had a number of variants) came from, along with the Schicklgrubers (meaning hedge diggers) and Pölzls on Hitler's maternal side, were, like most of the Austrian settlements, outwardly homogeneous: although non-Germanic elements were present, they were neither numerous nor conspicuous in comparison with the overwhelmingly German-speaking majority.
But in these provinces, too, non-Germanic peoples had either intermarried with the Germans or, in a few cases, remained as undigested foreign bodies.
In Upper Austria, riots had occurred in Innsbruck when Adolf Hitler was fifteen years old.
An Italian faculty had been approved for the law school of the University of Innsbruck (until the end of the eighteenth century, when it was replaced by German, Latin had been the language of instruction in Austrian universities); Italian students had met at an inn to celebrate the occasion; and in the course of counter-demonstrations, many of the Italians had been arrested and forty revolvers had been taken from them.
The German Austrians were always convinced of the need to defend their language and culture against the aliens around them even though they were often related to them.
THE FAMILY
The Hitler family descends from Stefan Hiedler (born 1672) and his wife, Agnes Capeller.
Their grandson was Martin Hiedler (17 November 1762 – 10 January 1829), who married Anna Maria Göschl (August 23, 1760 – 7 December 1854).
Martin and Anna were the parents of at least three children, Lorenz, in which there is no further information, Johan Georg (baptised 28 February 1792 – 9 February 1857), who is the stepfather of Alois Hitler (father of Adolf), and Johann Nepomuk (28 February 1792 – September 17, 1888), a maternal great grandfather of Adolf Hitler.
They were from Spital, Austria.
Brothers Johann Georg and Johann Nepomuk Hiedler are connected to Adolf Hitler several ways, although the biological relationship is disputed.
Johann Georg was considered the officially accepted paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler by the Third Reich.
Whether Johann Georg was in fact Hitler's biological paternal grandfather is considered unknown by modern historians, but his case is the most plausible and widely accepted.
He married his first wife in 1824 but she died in childbirth five months later.
In 1842, he married Maria Anna Schicklgruber and became the legal stepfather to her illegitimate five year old son, Alois.
Johann Nepomuk Hiedler (also known as Johann Nepomuk Hüttler) was named after a Bohemian Saint Johann von Nepomuk.
Some view this name as evidence that Johann Nepomuk and subsequently his great-grandson Adolf Hitler had some Czech blood, however, Johann von Pomuk/Johann Nepomuk, was an important saint for Bohemians of both German and Czech ethnicity.
Using Nepomuk just indicates ties to Bohemia, without indication of ethnicity.
Johann Nepomuk became a relatively prosperous farmer and was married to Eva Maria Decker (1792–1888) who was fifteen years his senior.
The actual father of Alois Hitler is disputed.
Legally, Johann Nepomuk was the step-uncle of Alois Schicklgruber (later Alois Hitler) (see right), the stepson of his brother Johann Georg Hiedler, a wandering miller.
For reasons unknown, he took in Alois when he was a boy and raised him.
It is possible that he was, in fact, Alois' natural father but could not acknowledge this publicly due to his marriage.
Another, and perhaps simpler, explanation for this kindness is that Johann Nepomuk took pity on the ten year old Alois and took him in.
Alois was, after all, the stepson of Johann Georg, and Johann Nepomuk may have known that in fact Alois was Johann Georg's natural child.
After the death of Alois' mother Maria, it could hardly have been a suitable life for a ten-year old child to be raised by an itinerant miller.
Johann Nepomuk died on September 17, 1888.
In any case, Johann Nepomuk left Alois a considerable portion of his life savings.
Johann Nepomuk's granddaughter, Klara (see left) had a longstanding affair with Alois before marrying him in 1885 after the death of his second wife.
In 1889 she gave birth to Adolf Hitler.
It was later claimed Johann Georg had fathered Alois prior to his marriage to Maria, although Alois had been declared illegitimate on his birth certificate and baptism papers; the claim that Johann Georg was the true father of Alois was not made after the marriage of Maria and Johann Georg, or, indeed, even during the lifetime of either of them.
In 1877, twenty years after the death of Johann Georg and almost thirty years after the death of Maria, Alois was legally declared to have been Johann Georg's son.
Accordingly, Johann Georg Hiedler is one of three people most cited by modern historians as having possibly been the actual paternal grandfather of Adolf Hitler.
The other two are Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, the younger brother of Johann Georg, and a Graz Jew by the name of Leopold Frankenberger.
In the 1950s, this third possibility was popular among historians, but modern historians now think it highly unlikely as the Jews were expelled from Graz in the fifteenth century and were not permitted to return until the 1860s, several decades after Alois' birth.
FAMILY TREE OF ADOLF HITLER
Johanna Hideler, the daughter of Johann Nepomuk and Eva Decker Hiedler, was born on 19 January 1830 in Spital (part of Weitra) in the Waldviertel of Lower Austria.
She lived her entire life there and was married to Johann Baptist Pölzl (1825-1901), a farmer and son of Johann Pölzl and Juliana (Walli) Pölzl. Johanna and Johann had 5 sons and 6 daughter, of which 2 sons and 3 daughters survived into adulthood.
The three daughters who survived into adulthood were Klara (Adolf Hitler's mother), Johanna, and Theresia.
Klara Hitler
Alois Hitler
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler (1837–1903), was a customs official, and Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl (1860–1907), was Alois' third wife.
She was also his half-niece, so a papal dispensation (both individuals were Roman Catholic) was obtained for the marriage.
Hitler's father, Alois Hitler, was an illegitimate child.
For the first 39 years of his life he bore his mother's surname, Schicklgruber.
In 1876, he took the surname of his stepfather, Johann Georg Hiedler.
The name was spelled Hiedler, Huetler, Huettler and Hitler, and was probably regularized to Hitler by a clerk.
The origin of the name is either "one who lives in a hut" (Standard German Hütte), "shepherd" (Standard German hüten "to guard", English heed), or is from the Slavic word Hidlar and Hidlarcek. (Regarding the first two theories: some German dialects make little or no distinction between the ü-sound and the i-sound.)
Allied propaganda exploited Hitler's original family name during World War II.
Pamphlets bearing the phrase "Heil Schicklgruber" were airdropped over German cities.
Paula Hitler
Das Grab von Paula Hitler
He was legally born a Hitler, however, and was also related to Hiedler via his maternal grandmother, Johanna Hiedler.
All of Adolf's older siblings – Gustav, Ida, and Otto – died before reaching three years of age and only Adolf and his sister Paula (see left and right), seven years his junior, reached adulthood.
Hitler's father also had a son, Alois, Jr., and a daughter, Angela, by his second wife who were therefore Hitler's half-brother and half-sister.
The name "Adolf" comes from Old High German for " noble wolf" (Edel=nobility + wolf), hence, one of Hitler's self-given nicknames was Wolf or Herr Wolf ; he began using this nickname in the early 1920s and was addressed by it only by intimates (as "Uncle Wolf" by the Wagners) up until the fall of the Third Reich.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
It is reliably reported that during the 1930s Hitler would often whistle the Disney hit
'Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf'
presumably a reference to himself - which does at least show that he had a sense of humour. See above for contemporary video, with soundtrack, of Hitler relaxing at the Berghof.
House at Leonding
The names of his various headquarters scattered throughout continental Europe (Wolfsschanze in East Prussia, Wolfsschlucht in France, Werwolf in Ukraine, etc.) reflect this.
By his closest family and relatives, Hitler was known as "Adi".
Passau
At the age of three, his family moved to Kapuzinerstrasse 5 in Passau (see right), Germany.
There, Hitler would acquire a Bavarian dialect of Austro-Bavarian rather than an Austrian dialect.
In 1894, the family relocated to Leonding near Linz.
In April of 1895 the upwardly mobile Hitler family moves to the hamlet of Hafeld, Austria, some thirty miles southwest of Linz, the provincial capital. Consisting of a dozen houses set on a high ridge, surrounded and half-hidden by orchards, Hafeld, near Fischlham, is a small village with a population of around one hundred.
St. Georgen im Fischlham
With the intention of working the land during his impending retirement, Alois, with nearly forty years in the customs service, Alois purchased a beautiful nine-acre farm within sight of the mountains of the Salzkammergut.
Alois had retired there to try his hand at farming and beekeeping.
Though retiring early to devote his remaining years to the (what might be presumed) idyllic existence of a peasant farmer, Alois was nevertheless firmly convinced that his sons, especially the under-achieving eldest, Alois II, could do no better in life than to follow in their father's footsteps by entering the civil service.
Alois Hitler Jr.
Although Alois Jr. was the black sheep , he was probably the happiest member of the family. He had an earthy robust character, charmed women, and lived by his wits. He was always inventing schemes for getting rich quickly, and most of them came to grief. Neither prison nor poverty soured him. He was unfailingly good-humored and polite. He was one of those who enjoy life to the full.
After devoting the major part of his adult life to furthering his career, the previously much absent father now had the time to become involved in the lives of his children.
During this time, the young Hitler attended school in nearby Fischlham, a municipality in the district of Wels-Land in Upper Austria, Austria, where Hitler received his first two years of formal schooling, from 1895-1897.
Fischlham Primary School
Fischlham Primary School
Twelve-year old Angela Hitler walked the two miles from the Hitler residence to Fischlham with her brother, the six-year old Adolf Hitler, dressed in a dark-blue sailor suit, in tow.
Sitting at his desk in the "shabby and primitive" school house -split into two classrooms, one for boys and one for girls - the bright, and reasonably well behaved, but somewhat spoiled 'Muttersoehnchen' (Momma's boy), began his formal schooling.
Mittermaier, one of the schools teachers, remembered young Adolf "as a lively, bright-eyed, and intelligent six-year old."
Franco-Prussian War
Karl May
As a child, he played "Cowboys and Indians" under the inspiration of the boy's fiction writer Karl May (see left) and, by his own account, became fixated on war after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War (see right) among his father's belongings.
An avowed pacifist from Saxony, Karl May authored numerous popular adventure stories set in the American Wild West, while never personally setting foot outside the continent of Europe. May's books were all the rage in those times, and Hitler and his peers would follow, with devotion, the adventures the white American hero, Old Shatterhand, as he decimates the ranks of the evil Ogellallah Indians.
Although May never saw America he produced dozens of wild and rowdy stories of trappers, hunters, cowboys and Indians. Like the late 19th century American "dime novels," May's stories were filled with tales of adventure and violence. His swashbuckling hero, 'Old Shatterhand', was a white American who fought the red men and his ruthlessness was always described with admiration. Old Shatterhand liked to quote the Bible to show he was perfectly justified in killing his enemies. As a balance to Old Shatterhand and the white man, there were the noble Apaches and their resolute chief, Winnetou. Adolf was deeply impressed with the character of Winnetou and nearly forty years later would state that Winnetou had always been his "model of a noble spirit." May's stories were snatched up by millions of readers and a generation of German youths adored his work. Boys like Albert Einstein and Albert Schweitzer (1952 Nobel Peace Prize winner) were loyal May fans. Even girls, like Eva Braun, read May.
Hitler had a troubled childhood, as his father was violent to him and violent towards his mother.
Hitler himself said that, as a boy, he was often beaten by his father.
Years later, he told his secretary:
"I then resolved never again to cry when my father whipped me.
A few days later I had the opportunity of putting my will to the test.
My mother, frightened, took refuge in front of the door.
As for me, I counted silently the blows of the stick which lashed my rear end".
Some historians believe a history of family violence committed by his father against his mother is indicated in a section of his book 'Mein Kampf' in which Hitler describes in vivid detail an anonymous example of family violence committed by a husband against a wife.
This along with beatings by his father against him could explain Hitler's deep emotional attachment to his mother while at the same time having deep resentment towards his father.
To make matters worse for the frustrated retired customs official during this period, it became obvious that the soil on the farm was non-productive.
When Alois had first set eyes on the Hafeld farm, he had been struck by the serene beauty of the property, however, when the cold autumn rains - intensified by the nearby mountains - swept the place, he began to have second thoughts.
Nevertheless, he persevered as long as possible.
The peasant life agreed with Alois, who was especially passionate about bee-keeping.
Hitler would later recall:
"It was the most normal thing in the world to be stung by bees. My mother would pull out as many as forty-five or fifty stings from my father when he returned from clearing the hives.
He never protected himself in any way except by smoking all the time. In other words it was a good excuse for another cigar !
The Inn - Lambach
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Eventually Hitler's father's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure.
In 1897 the Hitlers sold the farm and took up residence two and a half miles away in Lambach, a town with some 1700 inhabitants.
They moved into a fashionable lodging house directly across the street from the town's Benedictine abbey.
Six months later they moved into a spacious second floor apartment in the main plaza just around the corner.
Lambach is a market town in the Wels-Land district of Upper Austria, Austria, on the Ager and Traun Rivers. It has a population of 3,242 as of 2001. A major stop on the salt trade, it is the site of the Lambach Abbey, built around 1056.
As a retired official of the Royal and Imperial Civil Service, Alois became part of the Honoratioren - leading citizens of the small town like the mayor, doctor, school principal, tax collector, and more important merchants.
The eight year old Adolf was admitted to the Catholic school in the 11th-century Benedictine cloister attached to the abbey.
Hakenkreuz - Lambach
The abbey church had been built nearly a thousand years earlier, and was remodeled hundreds of years later by a ruling abbot whose coat of arms contained his initials (TH) in the form of a stylized hakenkreuz (hooked-cross).
In German mythology the swastika was the "fire whisk" which twirled the universe into existence.
The abbot, responsible for the remodeling, combined German myth with Christianity and the swastika-like symbol appeared on various parts of the abbey, including the main gateway and on the pulpit.
As usual, the young Hitler excelled in his school work.
He also attended choir lessons and began training as an altar boy.
They met regularly to discuss the problems and issues of their day.
In Lambach the eight-year-old Hitler also sang in the church choir, took singing lessons, and even entertained thoughts of one day becoming a priest - like the young Stalin.
Although Alois disliked much of church policy, he nevertheless considered a parish priest a model, and along with Klara, they encouraged Adolf's hopes.
As the son of a retired official, young Adolf enjoyed the prestige and status of his father's position.
Since the family was one of the most prosperous in the small community, by the time Adolf was nine he was looked up to by many of the local boys and soon became, in his own words, a little "ringleader."
His favorite game was still cowboys and Indians, and he would organize the neighboring boys, and sometimes the girls, into teams and lead his braves against the opposing forces.
During the 18 months Adolf lived in Lambach, he frequently got in trouble.
He once brought "Indian" knives and axes to school.
One day he was caught taking a puff on a cigarette.
Another time he organized the neighboring boys and raided an orchard. Over the objections of his mother, his father handled such misbehavior in the accepted way - a customary thrashing. His father's anger, however, was contained.
Angela would later remark that she and Klara would hang on to Alois' coattails when he went to "hit" Adolf, and Adolf himself never held such thrashings against his father.
He would later state that they were "necessary" and that his life as a child "showed little or no difference from that of other people."
Adolf's grades in school remained at excellent, with an occasional above average in singing, drawing, and gymnastics.
In the last quarter of the 1897-98 school year he received twelve 1's which is equivalent to twelve A's in the American school system.
Neighbors, nonetheless, considered Adolf a little rogue, who was always where the action was and usually leading it.
Although they complained that the boy with the "beautiful blue eyes" was a spoiled loud-mouth, and could be unsettling to have around, they also noted that he could talk to adults and at times was very expressive and fluent for one so young.
Leonding,
In November, 1898, Alois purchased a house in Leonding, a little village three miles west of Linz.
The family moved in shortly before Adolf turned ten.
It was an attractive house situated in tranquil surroundings with a half-acre yard in the rear. Alois, not a man to sit idly by, spent his time working a small garden and a few fruit trees.
He also continued to tend bees and wrote articles on bee-keeping.
On 2 February 1900 Hitler's younger brother, Edmund, died of measles.
Adolf was also ill, but recovered, although for the rest of his childhood and boyhood he was considered a 'sickly youth'.
To Klara, the death was like a hammer blow and brought back the memories of the three children she had lost twelve years before.
She suffered terribly, and neighbors were shocked when she failed to attend the funeral.
To the ten year old Adolf, who had been very close to his younger brother, the death left a lasting wound.
After the church service he stood in a driving snowstorm and watched while his little brother was lowered into his grave.
In the future, anytime Adolf looked out of his bedroom window he was reminded of Edmund who's grave was visible from his window.
He became moody, dispirited and withdrawn.
The death of Edmund deeply affected Hitler, whose character changed from being confident and outgoing, and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought his father and his teachers.
Years later when Adolf Hitler would become famous, journalists and reporters would flock to the area to see what people remembered of him.
Although the local population would repeat the stories of his Indian games, how quickly he ran if called by his father, how well he did in the Leonding school, or how spoiled he was, they also remembered a very curious thing.
They said Adolf was sometimes seen, late into the night, sitting on the high cemetery wall "gazing up at the stars" or talking to the "windblown trees."
One of Adolf's playmates remembered that Adolf would also climb the hill behind his house at night and talk to a "nonexistent audience."
After Edmund's death, religion lost its glamour for the young Adolf and he never again talked about becoming a priest.
It appears that Edmund's death haunted Hitler all his life.
With Edmund's death, the close bond between Klara and Adolf intensified.
She resumed her doting over him and pampered him continuously.
His health and dispirited attitude worried her profoundly.
With the end of summer vacation that year, Adolf (a star pupil in grade school) began classes, on 9/17/1900, at the non-classical secondary school on Stein Gasse in Linz.
Lederhosen
The school which was only a couple hundred yards north of the Hitler home.
As usual, he excelled in his school work.
Like all small boys of the time, he was often dressed in "lederhosen, white shirt, and a small green hat with a feather in its band."
Nearly directly opposite the Hitler home, on the other side of the road, was the local Catholic cemetery and church of St. Michael.
The Hitler family attended the church every Sunday and Adolf joined other local boys in singing in the choir.
From his upstairs bedroom window, Adolf could see over the high stone wall surrounding the cemetery.
In the sixth grade, his first year of high school (Realschule) in Linz he failed and had to repeat the grade.
His teachers said that he had "no desire to work".
Making the transition from grade school to high school can be a hard period for any boy, but was particularly hard on the eleven year old Adolf Hitler.
Linz Stadtzentrum
He not only had to contend with the recent death of his brother, but with a new environment. Unlike the small rural towns where he had spent his life, Linz was a bustling city of 55,000 people.
Adolf either had to walk to the four-story school building, which took about an hour, or he could take the train.
In the secondary school, which wasn't mandatory and where parents paid for their children's education, his father's position and rank meant little.
As an "outsider" he and a few other boys from Leonding, were looked down on by many of the wealthier city boys as one of those "from the peasants."
For the first time he now found himself exposed to the class prejudices of the upper classes who considered him unworthy in not only character but appearance.
As one class conscious historian later commented: "For here he found himself a rough-hewn rustic, a despised outsider among the sons of academics, businessmen, and persons of quality."
Adolf's whole world must have seemed like it was falling in on him.
He appeared listless and unconcerned and, for the first time, did poorly in school.
As Adolf's grades plunged, a conflict between father and son developed because Alois feared another "no-account" son.
Adolf Hitler would later write that "hostility" developed between his father and himself when he was "eleven years old."
It wasn't long before Adolf found himself at the mercy of his father's discipline on a regular basis.
Klara shielded the boy whenever possible, but normally consoled him afterward, and no doubt alienated her husband.
The opposing values between parents drew Adolf closer to his mother and he developed a rebellious attitude toward his father.
For the first time, relatives and neighbors noted that the 'spoiled child' Adolf could also be defiant, and did not like anyone telling him what to do.
He failed maths and natural history, and was not promoted that year.
"When I was a schoolboy," Hitler would later state, "I did all I could to get out in the open air as much as possible - my school reports bear witness to that !"
Hitler's frustration is made clear by one of his own stories.
One of his jobs at home was to protect the family garden from neighboring chickens.
Adolf found it "irritating" that when he chased them away they came back again.
"When I was a child," he would later recollect, "my parents had a little garden in Leonding. Our neighbor insisted on letting her hens forage in our garden. One day I loaded a shot-gun and blazed off at them."
Hittler and Wittgenstein - Realschule - Linz
Realschule - Linz
For one school year he was a student there at the same time as Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the greatest philosophers of the 20th century.
It is a matter of controversy whether Hitler and Wittgenstein even knew of each other, and if so whether either had any memory of the other.
After repeating the year he had failed Adolf was promoted.
He would earn decent grades in most subjects when he returned to school in the fall, but his grades would never reach the level they had before his brother's death.
Like many students, he did not like mathematics and never mastered the technicalities of written languages.
His grades in Mathematics were poor, but his grades in geometrical drawing were above average.
As in his first year he was failing French.
His grades in conduct, on the other hand, were usually "good."
Hitler would later blame his bad grades during this period on his habit of reading material not concerned with school activities.
Because his father expected better grades, the friction between them continued.
Hitler later said that his educational slump was a rebellion against his father, who wanted the boy to follow him in a career as a customs official; he wanted to become a painter instead.
Alois wanted Adolf to follow in his footsteps and become a civil servant for the Austrian government. Adolf, on the other hand, was opposed to it.
Building upon the child's instinct to rival the father and a doting mother to protect or console him, Adolf's rebellious attitude toward his father increased.
His sister Paula would later state: "When Mother said anything he obeyed, and when Father said anything he was against it."
Adolf admitted to his father that he did not want to follow in his footsteps.
The conflict between father and son intensified.
"Adolf," his sister also remarked, "challenged my father ... and... got a sound thrashing everyday. He was a scrubby little rogue, and all attempts of father to thrash him for his rudeness and cause him to crave the profession of an official of the state were in vain. How often on the other hand did my mother caress him and try to obtain with her kindness, where the father could not succeed with harshness !"
Neither mother nor father succeeded, for Adolf had other ideas.
Adolf's teachers and classmates noticed that he had an above average ability in drawing.
He was very adept at drawing geometric or architectural structures.
He could amaze his classmates by drawing from memory buildings which they would recognize before he was finished.
Some of his early works still survive and show the crude but budding talent of an untrained child. Adolf nourished the idea of becoming an artist.
When he revealed this to his father it only aggravated the bad feelings already there.
Caught in that awkward period between the passing of childhood and the coming of adolescence, Adolf still led his Indian braves against the opposing forces.
"When we children played 'Red Indians,'" his sister later related, "my brother Adolf was always the leader. All the others did what he told them; they must have had an instinct that his will was stronger."
One of his classmates would later remark: "We were always playing at war--war games endlessly. Most of us got sick of it, but Hitler always managed to find some who would play with him, usually younger boys."
Another commented: "He was more alert than the other boys, and in their games it was he who used his wits to best advantage....and he was always the leader."
During this period Adolf also acquired the habit of reading since his father had a small library. Adolf's mind was fired by the exploits of the Norwegian Arctic explorer and oceanographer, Fridtjof Nansen (1922 Nobel Peace Prize winner), and also the Swedish explorer, Sven Hedin, who had recently traversed the ancient silk routes from Russia, through Tibet to Peking.
After he returned to school in the Fall of 1901, however, and began repeating the year he had failed, things improved.
The shock of his brother's death had subsided somewhat, and he returned to some of his old ways.
By keeping his distance from those "persons of quality," he found his place.
Because of his brashness, and because he was now older than most of his classmates, many began to look up to him and he became a 'little leader' again.
Although Alois, well into his sixties now, still "scolded and bawled" at Adolf, his 'bark was worst than his bite'.
Acquaintances stated he "never touched" Adolf during these later years and that "the boy stood in awe of him."
Apparently Alois had returned to his mellowed ways, for witnesses stated that he was always cheerful and good company.
He seems to have had his sentimental moments, and in one of his surviving letters inquires about purchasing two beehives he built years earlier on the Hafeld farm "as a memento of my activities there."
Adolf Hitler would always speak of his father without malice, and even remember times when his father joked with him. Years later he would remark:
'I used occasionally to say to him: 'Father just think...' He used immediately to interrupt me: 'My son, I have no need to think, I'm an official.''
Klara, who was always considered "a real nice women," was often seen on school mornings walking Paula to the gate and giving her a kiss in parting.
Open affection was not a common trait among the Germans in the area, and the Hitler children were the envy of some of their peers.
"My mother," Hitler would recall years later, "lived for her husband and children."
Although Klara attended church every Sunday with the children, Alois attended only on the Emperor's birthday.
On the other hand, Alois continued to be involved with social issues and met at informal gatherings at a local inn, and even joined a singing group.
He was content, and though he had been bothered by a lung aliment for some time, appeared in good health.
During this time, Adolf's grades improved, and his twelve year old mind began to be shaped by the beliefs of his day.
The ideals impressed upon the young Hitler during this period would dominate his thinking till the day he died.
This explanation is further supported by Hitler's later description of himself as a misunderstood artist.
German Nationalism became an obsession for Hitler, and a way to rebel against his father, who proudly served the Austrian government.
Most residents living along the German-Austrian border considered themselves German-Austrians, whereas Hitler expressed loyalty only to Germany.
In defiance of the Austrian monarchy, and his father who continually expressed loyalty to it, Hitler and his friends used the German greeting "Heil", and sang the German anthem "Deutschland Über Alles" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem.
In Mein Kampf, Hitler attributed his conversion to German nationalism to a time during his early teenage years when he read a book of his father's about the Franco-Prussian War, which caused him to question why his father and other German Austrians failed to fight for the Germans during the war.
When Adolf was almost fourteen, his father then 66, died unexpectedly of a lung hemorrhage (Jan. 3, 1903).
The funeral was held a few days later in the church opposite their home.
Alois was laid to rest on the other side of the stone wall.
Although Adolf had his differences with his father, he considered him a "man of honor" and was "deeply bereaved."
Steyr
In accordance with Alois Hitler's status as a very well respected pillar of the community (Honoratioren), nearly the entire village, relatives from Spital, and former colleagues from the custom service attend Alois's funeral.
Alois's best friend, primary drinking buddy and fellow customs man Karl Wessely - as well as Josef Mayrhofer, the Mayor of Leonding--are among Alois's pallbearers.
By the terms of Alois's will, Mayor Mayrhofer is made the guardian of the minor Hitler children.
Alois Hitler's obituary, written by "one of Alois Hitler's Leonding acquaintances," was published in the Linz Tagepost:
'We have buried a good man: this we can rightly say about Alois Hitler, Higher Official of the Imperial Customs, retired, who was carried to his final resting place today. On the third of this month his life came to a sudden end as a result of an apoplectic stroke in the Gasthaus Stiefler, where he had gone because he was feeling unwell, hoping to revive himself with a glass of wine.
Alois Hitler was in his 65th year, and had experienced a full measure of joy and sorrow. Having only an elementary school education, he had first learned the trade of a cobbler, but later taught himself the knowledge needed for a civil service career, which he served with distinction, and in addition he achieved success in husbandry. Salzburg, Braunau, Simbach, Linz, were among the places where he saw service.' Alois Hitler was a progressively minded man through and through and, as such, he was a warm friend of free education. In company he was always cheerful, not to say boisterous. The harsh words that sometimes fell from his lips could not belie the warm heart that beat under the rough exterior. He was always an energetic champion of law and order. Well-informed on all kinds of matters, he could always be counted on to pronounce authoritatively on any subject. Fond of singing, he was never happier than when in a joyful company of fellow enthusiasts. In the sphere of bee-keeping he was an authority. Not the least of his characteristics was his great frugality and sense of economy and thrift. All in all Hitler's passing has left a great gap, not only in his family: he leaves a widow and four children not well provided for; but also in the circle of his friends and acquaintances who will preserve pleasant memories of him.'
Whether his father's death was the triggering element or not, by this time Adolf lost complete faith in the teaching of the church.
"Since my fourteenth year," he would later say, "I have felt liberated from the superstition that the priests used to teach."
Around this time a teacher/priest asked Adolf if he said his prayers. Adolf replied: "No, sir, I don't say prayers. Besides, I don't see how God could be interested in the prayers of a secondary school boy."
Klara received about 80% of her husband's income in pensions for her and the children. Because of her frugality, the material life style of the family was not affected.
They lived within the lower fringes of the middle class (petty bourgeoisie).
They lived "quietly and decently--unnoticed little people in an out-of-the-way town."*
Klara allowed Adolf to room at Linz during school days to avoid the three mile trip to school everyday.
She hoped his grades would improve - they didn't.
The landlady of the boarding-house, Frau Sekira (and the five other boys at the Kostplatz), stated that although Adolf appeared ill at ease at times, he was polite, well-behaved and spent most of his free time drawing and reading.
Adolf never became close friends with any of the five boys who shared the lodging.
His experiences the previous year with class prejudices caused him to keep his distance from those who considered him an outsider or one from the peasants.
In German there are two common forms of "you," Sie (formal) and du (familiar).
Du, at the time, was only to be used among close friends of equal status.
The young Adolf, in an apparent defiant gesture, refused to address certain classmates by du since they obviously did not consider him their equal.
As one of the boys would later state: "None of the five other boys made friends with him. Whereas we schoolmates naturally called one another du, he addressed us as Sie, and we also said Sie to him and did not even think there was anything odd about it."
As Adolf Hitler would later state: "In my youth, I was rather a loner and didn’t feel the need to be part of a group."
The peasants at this time furthermore, finding the word "Sie" too formal, frequently used the word "ihr" to address outsiders.
Hitler may also have been proclaiming to those boys of "quality" that he was not a peasant.
Ironically, Adolf's grandfather ( Klara's father), had died the previous January.
After watching his brother, grandfather and now father buried during three of the last four winters, Adolf not only turned away from his religion, but also began to develop a distaste for the colder months and never again enjoyed winter activities.
Although he knew how to snow-ski, he gave it up around this time and never skied again.* "I've always detested snow," he would later state, "I've always halted it."
After Alois' sudden death on 3 January 1903, Adolf's behaviour at the technical school became even more disruptive, and he was asked to leave in 1904.
Stadtwappen Spital
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Spital am Pyhrn
One of Klara's sisters, Theresia, was married to a farmer named Anton Schmidt whose farm at Spital, a municipality in the district of Kirchdorf an der Krems in Upper Austria, consisted of woods and fields. After Adolf completed his school year, in the summer of 1903, Klara, Angela, Paula and Adolf spent most of the summer on the Schmidt farm.
The Schmidts had two young children and Adolf's Grandmother (Klara's mother) also lived there. Adolf would spend the next four summers there.
Although he occasionally helped out with some of the farm chores, he avoided the tedium of field work.
It was the first annual visit since the death of Alois.
Maria Schmidt would later say that she considered that Adolf lived in "a dream world," and recalled that when it rained, Adolf would pout because he had to stay indoors:
"On such occasions, he often paced up and down or drew or painted and was very angry if he was interrupted. He pushed me out of the room and if I cried outside, he tried to get his mother to give me some tea or something else. We often teased Adolf Hitler and threw something against the window when he was inside, whereupon he quickly jumped out and chased us."
On Sept 14, 1903, Adolf's half sister, Angela who was now twenty, married a young assistant tax inspector from Linz named Leo Raubal.
This was an unpleasant time for the fourteen year old Adolf, who was close to Angela, and saw her leaving as another terrible event.
Adolf never got along with Angela's husband, who made fun of Adolf's idea of becoming an artist or painter, and thought that he should become a civil servant as his father had wanted. Also, because of Adolf's admiration of the Germans of Germany, Leo's position with the Austrian government further alienated them.
Upon completing his second year, he and his friends went out for a night of celebration and drinking.
Steyr is a town in Upper Austria, situated at the confluence of the rivers Steyr and Enns. Steyr is Austria's 12th most populated town and simultaneously the 3rd largest town in Upper Austria.
It has a long history as a manufacturing center and has given its name to several manufacturers headquartered there, such as Steyr Mannlicher (a firearms manufacturer best known for the Steyr AUG), Steyr Tractor, and Steyr Automobile.
Aged 15, Hitler took part in his First Communion on Whitsunday, 22 May 1904, at the Linz Cathedral.
His sponsor was Emanuel Lugert, a friend of his late father.
By the time Adolf Hitler was fifteen he was a committed outspoken German Nationalist.
During this period a youth movement began sweeping Germany and Austria.
It was a movement which gloried in the coming of a mystical nationalism led by a powerful 'Führer '(leader), who would lead the Volk (common people) to world prominence.
The movement is normally referred to as 'völkisch', which is somewhat defined as a racial community tied together by deep spiritual and cultural views, fortified by a legendary past.
The movement taught that man must become a part of something greater than himself and emphasized the whole of the Volk over the individual.
The movement appealed to many Germans since they, for the most part, have always looked for a strong leader to point them in the right direction.
Hitler, although he was technically Austrian, took his nationalism seriously and, like those around him, was prone to generalities.
Slogans like, "German boy, do not forget that you are a German," and "German maid, remember that you are to be a German mother," were heard by almost every Austrian child. Like adolescents today, who take pride in their heritage, religion or ethnic affiliations (which subtly teach them to believe in their superiority), Adolf believed the teaching and racism of his time.
Because of his light brown hair at the time, and blue eyes, he considered himself an "old German," as compared to others who, as an example, had been "Latinized" by their neighbors to the south.
He once remarked to a schoolmate that the boy was not an "old German" because he had dark hair and dark eyes.
Most of Adolf's classmates, nevertheless, liked him at school or play, and would later state that he wasn't a fanatic and was better than most boys.
One stated that he was brave, likeable, and not a hothead but a "quiet idealist", who tried to be agreeable.
Another felt that Adolf was "no more nationalistic than we all were."
Because of his reputation as an organizer and ringleader, however, Adolf was not allowed back to his school after completing his third year.
As Adolf's German and French teacher, Professor Huemer, would later testify:
'Hitler was certainly gifted, although only for particular subjects, but he lacked self-control and, to say the least, he was considered argumentative, autocratic, self-opinionated and bad-tempered, and unable to submit to school discipline. Nor was he industrious; otherwise he would have achieved much better results, gifted as he was.'
Klara was forced to transfer her son to a different school that year.
Stadtwappen Steyr
Adolf was then enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904 for his final year.
Although it was the closest alternative, Adolf's new school was twenty-five miles away.
Klara had him boarded at the home of a local family named Cichini who lived on the Grunmarkt.
Grunmarkt - Steyr
This was the first time in Adolf's life that he was truly separated from his mother.
At the school in Linz he could come home to be consoled or comforted if he had a problem.
At Steyr, he could return only on weekends.
In addition, at the age of fifteen, when most boys need the companionship of others and have carved out their place among their peers, Adolf had to adjust to a new environment where he was considered a real outsider.
He knew no one, was terribly unhappy, and had trouble adjusting.
He also faced a new curriculum, and his grades during the first semester plunged.
Since a student was expected to maintain a "satisfactory" grade in certain subjects Adolf had to take a special examination in Mathematics before entering his third year.
Once back in school he got along with most of his classmates and, like all boys, participated in sports, indulged in pranks, and planned a trip around the world.
He tried to make contact with girls by carrying their packages, but he was shy around girls his age, and was unable to carry on a sustained conversation.
His grades remained about the same.
As would be expected, some of his teachers liked him, others had no opinion, and some disliked him.
He, on the other hand, disliked most of his teachers and admired others.
He would later pay particular praise to one of his history teachers who, as he put it, "carried us away with the splendor of his eloquence....and who evoked historical facts out of the fog of the centuries and turned them into living reality."
By the second half of the year he learned to fit in and made friends with a few boys.
Sturmlechner - Portrait of Adolf Hitler
One, a boy named Sturmlechner ,who had artistic ability, drew him in profile.
Adolf also made friends with the boy who shared his room and although years later he could not remember the boy's last name, he had no trouble remembering that his first name was Gustav.
By the end of the school year he was able to bring his grades up.
He failed Geometry however, and had to repeat an examination which resulted in a passing grade.
(It appears that he was permitted to take the re-examination before returning home to Linz.)
In July of 1905, when Adolf was 16, he completed his last year of Mittelschule.
Accordingly, he received his grade completion Certificate, but he did not graduate.
In Austria, the completing and promoting of a grade did not entitle one to a diploma.
Adolf was required to return later that year and take a "final examination."
Klara, despite all, was delighted with her son's achievement and saw him as a conquering hero.
To have her only surviving son complete high school was one of the great moments in Klara's life.
There was no doubt in her mind that he would prevail in his final examination, and go on to a higher education at a technical institute, or a realschule, for the advanced 'A' diploma also entitled a pupil to a state grant, enabling him to enter an officer cadet training college if he chose.
About the time Adolf returned from Steyr, Klara moved the family to Linz.
Hauptplatz nach Nord mit Markt - Linz
Linz is the third-largest city of Austria and capital of the state of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich). It is located in the north centre of Austria, approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the Czech border, on both sides of the river Danube.
Linz - Schloss Kaserne
She had sold the house in Leonding the previous month for 10,000 kronen.
The initial purchase price had been 7,700 kronen and with the equity built up over a period of seven years, on a ten year mortgage, only 2520 kronen was owed.
After setting aside 1304 kronen for Paula's and Adolf's future, she ended up with over 5500 kronen after taxes.
Humbold Strasse
To have her stepdaughter and confidante Angela living nearby, Klara rented a third floor apartment in a new, attractive building on Humbold Strasse not far from the Danube River.
The apartment was small but Adolf got his own little room where he set up his painting equipment.
The move to Humbold street appealed to the sixteen year old Adolf.
The Hitler's new apartment was in a prime residential area of Linz, and most of the apartment buildings were three, four and five storied.
Some of the buildings had shops on the ground floor, and with the addition of sidewalk vendors during the day, the street hummed with activity.
A ten or fifteen minute walk in any direction would place one in front of, or in the midst of, any number of technological, artistic or cultural sites.
Adolf was finally able to cast off the stigma of being associated with the peasants.
With the exception of Braunau as his birth place, he seldom would acknowledged in the future that he grew up anywhere but in Linz.
Stadtwappen Linz
As in the previous summers, Adolf stayed with his younger cousins on the Spital farm.
The days of cowboys and Indians were behind him, and he became listless and uncommunicative.
He continued to read, draw, paint and, like many teenagers, dabble in poetry.
The Schmidt children noticed the change, and teased him because he would no longer play with them.
They were delighted when Adolf would angrily chase after them.
During the summer Adolf developed, as his father had, a lung infection.
He lost weight and took on a lanky appearance.
Shortly before he was to return home, and then on to Steyr for his final school examination, he suffered a severe lung hemorrhage.
He became weak and pale and began coughing blood.
The attending doctor, Karl Keiss, from the nearby village of Weitra, predicted a slow recovery and thought that Adolf might "never be healthy after this sickness."
According to the Schmidt children, Klara tenderly nursed her son back to health.
Every morning she awakened him with a glass of warm milk and made him drink it
The family remained on the farm till Adolf was well enough to travel.
With Adolf back home recuperating under the watchful eye of his doting and anxious mother, he missed his examination and never bothered to obtain his diploma.
He knew his poor showing during the last year would probably bring failure, and he would have to return for additional studies. That was the last thing he wanted.
He began spending much of his time painting in oils or water colors, and filling his sketch book with the drawings that most sixteen year old aspiring artists are noted for.
He also copied, with meticulous care, pictures, paintings, or postcards, sometimes making many copies of the same picture till he got it exactly the way he wanted it.
His surviving drawings and paintings from this period, including a water color of Postlingberg Castle near Linz, another titled Camel Boy, and a drawing of a cavalier, show that for an untrained boy he had artistic ability.
That Autumn, a boy named Hagmuller, from Leonding, began attending the high school in Linz. Since it was too far for the boy to travel home for lunch, his father, a baker who knew Klara, arranged for the boy to have his midday meal at the Hitler's apartment in Linz.
Hagmuller would continue to have his noon meal at the Hitlers for almost two years.
Hagmuller was almost four years younger than the sixteen year old Adolf, but despite their age difference they became good friends.
"Often when we were at the table," Hagmuller would later remark, "Adolf would take a sheet of paper and make a quick sketch of some building, column, archway, window, or whatever occurred to him."
Hagmuller also observed Adolf painting in water colors and oils.
There was one still-life he observed which Adolf took "special pains" in doing.
Adolf also did a silhouette of Hagmuller sitting in an armchair. Adolf, as did his father, enjoyed singing, and Hagmuller would later recall: "I can still see the weakly lad pacing up and down the room singing."
Ironically, although Adolf didn't want to attend any more school he had an insatiable appetite for knowledge on subjects that interested him.
He developed into a voracious reader, and spent much of his time reading a great number of books he was able to borrow from the many private libraries in the city.
He also joined the city's Museum Society.
Around this time he began to take a deep interest in the city's architecture.
Martinskirche - Linz
One building that sparked his interest was Martinskirche which is one of the oldest churches in Austria.
Saint Martin's Church was built in the 8th century on foundations constructed by the Romans who recognized the strategic importance of Linz which commanded both the Danube valley and the former salt routes coming down the Traun valley.
Adolf's mind was fired with the thought that St. Martins builder was none other than Charlemagne, one of the greatest of European conquerors who attempted to unite Europe by force.
Both the French and the Germans claimed Charles the Great as their own.
Adolf considered him one of the greatest men in world history.
Although most of Adolf's reading tended to be informative or instructive he did read some novels.
With the exception of adventure stories, which he read for enjoyment, he seldom read popular novels which had not stood the test of time, and wisely read classics.
Occasionally he did read novels that were in vogue, a friend would later state, "but in order to form a judgment of those who read them rather than of the books themselves."
Linz - Landestheater
He spent his time away from home attending the local concerts and, since movies had not yet come into their own, the theater and opera.
Opera seats at the local Landes-Theater were fairly expensive, so Adolf usually purchased tickets that entitled him to a "cheap seat in the top gallery," or cheaper still, a standing spot.
While at the opera one evening Adolf Hitler met August Kubizek, who was to become one of his best friends.
Practicing frugality, Kubizek and Hitler often used to arrive early at the Landestheater to get a good standing place.
They began competing with one another for one of the two columns which supported the Royal box.
The wooden columns offered the luxury of something to lean against during the sometimes lengthy performances.
August Kubizek
In time they recognized one another and became acquainted.
Kubizek was nine months older than Hitler, and was a mild-mannered and sensitive youth with a look of intelligence.
He was the son of a small businessman and lived above his father's upholstery shop in the family quarters on Klamm Strasse, not far from where Adolf Hitler lived.
He was determined to be a renowned musician.
At the time he could already play the piano, violin, trumpet and trombone and was studying music theory.
He also played the viola for the local Music Society and the Symphony Orchestra.
When he wasn't pursuing his dream he worked in his father's shop refinishing furniture.
Kubizek noted that "Adolf," because of his recent sickness, was a pale and skinny youth, but what captured his main attention was Adolf's beautiful, pale blue eyes.
Kubizek, an only child, was one of those protected teenagers who have an adoration of the rebellious and "admiration" was his strongest point in cultivating a friendship.
As Kubizek would write: "It was this very fact, that he was out of the ordinary, that attracted me even more."
It was, of course, 'love at first sight', although neither of them would ever admit it.
As their friendship matured, Hitler never addressed Kubizek by August but called him 'Gustl' or 'Gustav', which, interestingly, had been the name of Hitler's oldest deceased brother.
Kubizek in reality played the part of an idolizing younger brother.
Although "Gustl" found Adolf high-strung, he also found him reserved.
Hitler was formal and aloof in his dealings with others and was insistent on "good manners and correct behavior."
Unusual for a teenager, Hitler seldom became overly friendly, and there were few teenagers his age that he liked.
He had nothing but disdain for young people who wasted their time in shallow talk and mundane pursuits.
He considered most teenagers superficial for he was, as Kubizek said, 'much more mature than most people of his age'.
Walking was the only exercise that appealed to Hitler, and he and Kubizek often took long walks around the town or hiked into the nearby woods.
They had their favorite trails, and their favorite swimming hole.
On these excursions, a walking stick was the only requirement, and Adolf would wear a colored shirt and (in place of the normal necktie) “a silk cord with two tassels hanging down."
Kubizek was particularly amazed by Adolf's refined speech, which made him very persuasive, even with grown-ups.
Hitler was normally polite to people, was not vain, and could be very sensitive if he felt someone was unhappy or sick.
Kubizek also wrote that Adolf helped him through difficult times, and always have time for people he liked.
Hitler was well-liked and respected by almost everyone he met.
Kubizek was also awed by the seriousness and wide range of knowledge Hitler showed for one as young as he was.
While most teenage boys interests are mainly confined to sports, comradeship and embellished stories or beliefs concerning the opposite sex, Hitler's interests were boundless.
He was interested in agriculture, city planning, mythology, history, politics, and world events, including air travel.
The Wright bothers had flown their heavier-than-air plane at Kitty Hawk a few years before, and Hitler was very impressed.
He was interested in everything, Kubizek noted, and wasn't indifferent about anything.
Kubizek would come to write a book about his experiences with the young Hitler - (for the full text of that book - click below.)
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
click here for a fascinating insight into the early life and personality of Adolf Hitler
If the portents in retrospect and the occasional melodramatic moments are overlooked, he describes Hitler as a fairly normal teenager with an inquiring mind.
Since many historians like to portray the young Hitler as unbalanced, ignorant, lazy, and stupid, a few have attempted to discredit Kubizek anytime he portrays the young Hitler in a decent light.
Paula Hitler, however (who was about the only acquaintance who never tried to capitalize on her brother's name), stated that as a teenager Adolf had opinions about everything and constantly read.
She also stated that he often used to give persuasive lectures on themes concerning history and politics to her and her mother.
Paula was a quiet, docile and honest woman. She took a back seat to her brother when still a child and remained there all her life. She kept house for him during the "good" years, and later learned applied art and led an obscure life in Vienna. She never married and spent the last years of her life living in the area of Berchtesgaden--her brother's last home. She died on June 1, 1960* almost unnoticed or un-mourned.
As Kubizek further described Hitler:
"There was an incredible earnestness in him, a thoroughness, a. true passionate interest in everything that happened and, most important, an unfailing devotion to the beauty, majesty and grandeur of art."
Because of their common knowledge in theater, painting, architecture, writing, poetry, and especially music and opera, they became close friends and Hitler confided in Kubizek.
Hitler told Kubizek his dream of becoming a painter; "my beautiful dream of the future," as he referred to it.
When Kubizek saw Hitler's room for the first time, it reminded him of an "architect's office." Although Hitler painted landscapes and many other subjects, most of his works tended to be architectural structures.
One of his hobbies was drawing or painting the finer buildings of Linz, and making changes in their design.
Landesmuseum - Linz
His favorite buildings were of the Italian Renaissance style, and his favorite building was the Landesmuseum which he considered "one of the peak achievements in German architecture."
The richly ornamented gate and the hundred meter long sculptured panel above the main floor never ceased to impress him.
Kubizek and Hitler would take long walks around the city, and Hitler would often stop to look over one building or another.
"There he stood," Kubizek would later write, "this pallid, skinny youth, with the first dark brown showing on his upper lip, in his shabby pepper-and-salt suit, threadbare at the elbows and collar, with his eyes glued to some architectural detail, analyzing the style, criticizing or praising the work, disapproving of the material--all this with such thoughtfulness and such expert knowledge as though he were the builder and would have to pay for every shortcoming out of his own pocket."
According to Kubizek, some art lovers in Linz founded a society to promote the construction of a new theater.
Hitler joined the society and "took part in a competition for ideas."
Hitler also made detailed drawings of the city's layout, showing how it could be improved and beautified.
Adolf, Kubizek wrote, "could never walk the streets without being provoked by what he saw."* On more than one occasion Hitler noted that this or that building "shouldn't be here", because it distracted from a view or did not "fit into its surroundings."
Kubizek would later write that Adolf's ideas were not "sheer fantasy, but a well-disciplined, almost systematic process."
Hitler always had a secluded spot outside of town where he could be alone.
One spot was a bench along a winding trail (Turmleitenweg), and another, when he really wanted to be alone, was a large, overhanging rock perched high above the Danube near by.
Schloß Wildberg
Here he could think and cultivate his plans and ideas, including one, way ahead of its time, to turn Schloß Wildberg north of Linz) into an "open-air museum."
This "island where the centuries had stood still," (Adolf's very words according to Kubizek) was to have a permanent population of men, women and children in medieval costumes demonstrating their crafts and trades.
Hitler thought the castle would serve as a place of study for all those who wanted to learn about life as it was lived in the Middle Ages, and, it could pay for itself by charging admission to tourists.
Hitler also nurtured ideas of becoming a poet, writer or playwright.
Kubizek was enormously impressed by some of Hitler's poems.
There was one, a sonnet, that Hitler attempted to extend into a play.
That Hitler "devoted himself to writing, poetry, drawing, painting and to going to the theater," had Kubizek's complete admiration.
Another thing that impressed Kubizek was Hitler's complete self-assurance that one day he would become famous.
In time they came to dream about their success and how they would either build their own villa or renovate a large flat where struggling "lofty minded" artists with talent could come and find shelter. Hitler made numerous sketches of the proposed villa.
On the other hand, if they opted for the flat, they proposed to rent the entire second floor of a huge building adjoining the Nibelungen Bridge which crossed the Danube between Linz and the suburb of Urfahr.
They bought a lottery ticket and dreamed about how they would spend it furnishing their new abode if they won.
Kubizek also noted that Hitler was a night person.
If he wanted to think or something was bothering him, he would take lengthy night walks to the outskirts of the city and now and then climb the nearby hills on the west side of town.
If he wasn't thinking he would paint or read late into the night.
He seldom rose early except when absolutely necessary.
Dr Eduard Bloch
Hitler was aware that early risers see themselves as superior to late risers, but he never tried to hide his sleeping habits.
Kubizek noted that anytime Adolf was up early in the morning, something had to be "very special."
Around this time the Hitler family began seeing a new doctor - a Jew named Eduard Bloch.
He described "Adolf" as a "well mannered," "neat," "obedient boy" who would "bow...courteously" whenever they met.
He found Adolf to be "neither robust nor sickly" but "'frail looking'" with "large, melancholy and thoughtful....blue eyes....inherited from his mother."
Dr. Bloch, like Kubizek, also described Adolf as a "quiet," and a "well-bred boy of fourteen or fifteen" who was "old for his age."
click below for more information about
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
A diploma was not necessary for admittance to the academy, and he undoubtedly pointed out the good marks he had received in art during his last year of school.
Although not opposed to his studying art, Klara was strongly opposed to his relocating in Vienna.
She had been terribly shaken by his recent sickness, and his frail appearance worried her.
He was her only surviving son and she wanted him by her side.
Vienna was a hundred miles away.
For Hitler's seventeenth birthday, Klara gave in to her son's insistence.
She gave him enough money for a vacation in Vienna, where he could gather information on the Academy.
She did so, however, with the hope that he would get the idea out of his system and give up his idea of leaving home.
Shortly after his birthday, he arrived in Vienna where, after the blandness of Linz, he was immediately enchanted by the large metropolis.
Klara had misjudged her son.
HOLIDAY in VIENNA
Hitler spent his days sight-seeing and sketching many of Vienna's wonders.
He spent most of his evenings visiting the music halls, theaters, and especially the opera which overwhelmed him when compared to the caliber of Linz's.
Just walking the stairs of the Burg Theater or the State Opera House was enough to make any youth feel he was part of a world of power and grandeur.
As he would later recall: "Never shall I forget the gracious spectacle of the Vienna Opera, the women sparkling with diadems and fine clothes."
Hitler sent postcards to his family and friends including Hagmuller, Kubizek and Dr. Bloch, voicing his enthusiasm.
RETURN to LINZ
He returned home more convinced than ever that he wanted to return to Vienna by late September when admission tests to the academy began.
Although the family finances were adequate, Klara did everything to dissuade him.
The love that mother and son had for each other was obvious to everyone, but the thought of being separated from her son was unbearable to Klara.
She was intent that he should choose a profession which would keep him at home.
During the family's summer vacation on the farm that Summer, Adolf was hammered with alternative proposals for pursuing a more sensible career.
He became alienated and kept to himself.
He whiled away the hours by drawing in his sketch book, painting, reading or taking long solitary walks.
When the family returned home he was further barraged with suggestions by Angela's husband, Leo.
Klara even had her baker friend and his wife attempt to secure Adolf a position as a baker's apprentice which he refused.
When a neighbor, no doubt at Klara's urging, suggested a position with the postal service, Adolf answered that he intended to become an artist.
Undaunted, Klara continued searching for an excuse to keep her son at home.
Kubizek had been taking piano lessons from an expensive Polish teacher named Josef Prewatzki.
Around the end of September when Adolf wanted to leave for Vienna, Klara suggested that he join Kubizek.
Klara knew her son occasionally thought about becoming a poet or writer.
With his love for music and the opera she attempted to convince him to study music so he could go on to become a composer ,or possibly write operas.
Klara's persistence finally paid off.
Adolf relented.
Heitzmann-Flügel Klavier
The relieved Klara brought him a piano made by Heitzmann-Flügel, whose pianos were among the best in the world.
From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna with financial support from orphan's benefits and his mother.
He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908), because of his "unfitness for painting", and was recommended to study architecture.
Following this recommendation, he intended to pursue architectural studies, yet he lacked the academic credentials required for architecture school.
Hitler began piano lessons on October 2, 1906.
As with any subject he enjoyed, or found interest in, he threw himself into it.
He never missed a class and paid by the month.
According to the teacher, he was a little timid, and was bored easily by finger exercises, but he had a good ear for music, practiced his scales conscientiously and progressed steadily.
His sister Paula remembered that he would sit at the large piano at home for hours practicing.
With the examinations to the art academy over for another year, life in the Hitler household settled down.
Sometime after his return from Vienna, Hitler and Kubizek visit St. Georgen on the River Gusen, the site of an ancient German battle - a strange comment.
Hitler told Kubizek that much could be learned from the "spirits" residing in the ancient soil, and in the mortar between the cracks of the ruined buildings.
In the Winter of 1906, Hitler and Kubizek attended an opera of Wagner's 'Rienzi - die letzte Tribüne'.
The story is set in fourteenth century Rome and tells the story of a man of the people, trying to free them from the oppression of the upper classes.
The privileged make an attempt to kill Rienzi but are overpowered and after violating their oath of submission are exterminated.
Rienzi rises to the position of dictator and in one scene the trumpets blare and the people shout: "Heil, Rienzi. Heil the tribune of the people."
Hitler was completely enthralled by the music, and by the character of the rebel Rienzi, who had been goaded to political action after witnessing the death of his younger brother.
Rienzi in the end, however, is stoned and burned to death by those who never really wanted the freedom he offered.
The long opera was not over until after midnight, and Hitler, quite out of context, showed a side of his personality that Kubizek had never seen.
After the performance Hitler talked for over an hour.
Undoubtedly influenced by the writers of the time, the seventeen year old Hitler also began to believe strongly in destiny.
The fact that two of his brothers died before he was born, and another was born and died after him, caused him to wonder why he was spared.
He confided to Kubizek that he believed in fate, and that even he could be called upon someday by the people "to lead them out of servitude to heights of freedom."
(This at first appears to be one of Kubizek's exaggerations or recollections borrowed from others (including Mein Kampf), however, Adolf Hitler would tell more than one person that the "beginning" of his success began the first time he saw the opera Rienzi.
It would be hard to deny that the first time he saw the opera was with Kubizek.)
Years later Hitler would comment to another friend on the story of Rienzi: "Listening to this blessed music as a young man in the theater at Linz, I had the vision that I too must someday succeed in uniting the German Empire and making it great once more."
He believed that he was destined for a "special mission."
DEATH of KLARA
In January of 1907 Klara fell ill and doctor Bloch summoned Adolf and Angela for a conference on the situation.
They learned that Klara had breast cancer, and her only chance for survival was a serious operation.
Dr. Bloch was touched by Adolf's tears and concern, and recognized the strong "attachment that existed between mother and son."
Klara entered the hospital in mid January and on Jan 18, 1907, during an operation performed by a surgeon named Karl Urban, one of her breasts was removed.
She had little concern about herself, but was most concerned about her children if she should die.
She did not hide from Dr. Bloch that her gravest concern was for her son.
"Adolf is still so young," she said repeatedly to him.
While she lavished her son with almost everything he wanted, she herself spent the next two and a half weeks recuperating in a third class ward of the hospital, even though she could have afforded better. Adolf visited her every day.
When Adolf's recuperating mother returned home he, possibly afraid of disturbing her or unable to concentrate, discontinued his piano practice and lessons.
He resumed his painting and drawing.
Both Kubizek and Dr. Bloch (who called and at times administered Klara morphine to relieve her pain) speak of Adolf's attentiveness to his mother, and the fear in his eyes on bad days.
Dr. Bloch stated that this was not a pathological relationship, only deep affection between a mother who adored her son, and a son who adored his mother.
As the months passed Klara appeared to have recovered.
In May the family moved to a new, two storied apartment building on Bluten Strasse in the Urfahr district.
Here Klara could venture out for walks or do her shopping without climbing as many stairs.
She now apparently had a change of heart about Adolf's desire to become an artist.
When Klara's sisters, and especially Angela's husband suggested to her that Adolf should give up his artistic desires and get a job, she now replied: "He is different from us."
Late that summer she withdrew Adolf's patrimony, now over 700 kronen, and gave it to him along with her blessings to pursue his dream of becoming a painter.
If Adolf was frugal, the money he received was enough for tuition and living expenses in Vienna for over a year.
In Sept. of 1907 his plans were made to leave for the academy's admission test.
Shortly before his departure Klara's health took a turn for the worse, but examinations for entrance to the academy were scheduled for Oct. lst and 2nd, and he would have to wait another year if he didn't go then.
When Kubizek came to see Adolf off, there were tears all around as Klara, Paula and Adolf bid farewell.
They were aware that once accepted, he would begin classes in a week and he might not return till the holidays.
29 Stumper Gasse
When he arrived in Vienna, he rented a single room at 29 Stumper Gasse, which was only a few blocks southwest from the Westbahnhof that served all trains going west.
If word arrived that his mother's health had taken a turn for the worse, he could catch a train and, for a little over seven Kronen, be back in less than three and a half hours.
Along with 51 other candidates, Adolf Hitler was refused admittance to the art Academy.
He was crushed.
All his dreams were dashed.
The fact that out of 113 original candidates only 28 were admitted did not console him.
For over a week he roamed the streets of Vienna not knowing what to do.
He then received word that his mother had taken another turn for the worse.
Hitler returned home immediately to be by his mother's side.
On October 22nd. he consulted with Dr. Bloch and found that Klara was in a very serious condition.
The operation had occurred too late, and the disease was spreading rapidly.
An experimental treatment was attempted which only added to her suffering.
Within a short time she needed constant attention.
Her bed was moved to the kitchen/living room area, which was the warmest room in the house.
Although Adolf admitted to others that he had failed to gain admittance to the academy, he didn't burden his mother with his rejection, and assured her that he was accepted and would become an artist someday.
Klara spent the next two months in constant pain, which she bore well believing "that her fate was God's will", however, the ever present Adolf according to neighbors, Kubizek, and Dr. Bloch, anguished over her suffering.
Although Klara's sister Johanna also helped care for Klara, Adolf took over as man of the house.
He was in constant attendance to his mother, and did whatever possible to make her comfortable.
Dressed in his old clothes, he scrubbed floors, helped with the washing, and cooked her favorite meals which she greatly appreciated.
He took charge of his eleven year old sister, Paula, and even tutored her.
In late November, Klara had a serious relapse.
Adolf slept on the couch near her bed and did what he could to comfort her.
He read aloud to her the sentimental novels she loved, even though he hated them.
He drew her picture, and on some days held her hand for hours on end.
As Paula would state years later: "...my brother Adolf spoiled my mother during this last time of her life with overflowing tenderness. He was indefatigable in his care for her, wanted to comply with any desire she could possibly have and did all to demonstrate his great love for her."
When Kubizek or Dr. Bloch visited they found Adolf quiet, gentle and apprehensive.
If Klara showed any signs of improvement, Dr. Bloch noted, Adolf's eyes would light up and he would take an optimistic view.
Weihnachtsbau
With the holidays approaching, a Christmas tree was placed in the living room in hopes of lifting her spirits.
On Dec 20th. Dr. Bloch made two house calls, and saw that the end was near.
Kubizek also visited and saw her lying, weak and barely able to speak.
Her thoughts, however, were of her son.
When the distraught Adolf left the room momentarily she managed to whisper to Kubizek: "Go on being a good friend to my son when I'm no longer here."
At 2a.m. the following morning, with Adolf at her bedside, Klara, age 47, died in the glow of the lighted Christmas tree.
Adolf was crushed.
Dr. Bloch stated: "In all my career I have never seen anyone so prostrate with grief as Adolf Hitler."
Two days later, on Christmas Eve, Adolf followed the hearse which drove to Leonding three miles away.
The funeral Mass was held in the small church across the road from where they used to live, and Klara was laid to rest beside her husband.
Das Grab von Alois und Klara
After everyone else had left, Adolf remained behind at her grave site as though unable to tear himself away.
Hitler would remember the lighted Christmas tree in the house and the memory was so bitter for him that he could never again enjoy Christmas.
He hated when it snowed, and was always in an emotional state around the holidays.
For the rest of his life he would usually spend Christmas Eve alone.
Almost twenty years later he would write in Mein Kampf: "My father I respected, my mother I loved."
He himself wrote the announcement of the passing away of his "deeply, loved, never-to-be-forgotten mother."
For the rest of his life he would always have a picture of his mother on his person or nearby, and whenever the occasion arose would proudly and lovingly show it.
Dr. Bloch, who was Jewish, would later emigrate to the safety of the United States, but still refused to repudiate his statements, including the one that described the young Hitler as "a fine and exemplary son who bore such a deep love and concern for his dear mother which one finds on this globe only in extremely exceptional cases."
Kubizek, also, in an unsuccessful attempt to quell the psychologists, newsmen, historians in residence, who never ceased to degrade the young Hitler as an uncaring son, would later write: "Adolf really loved his mother. I swear to it before God and man."
Josef Mayrhofer
As Klara's oldest child, Adolf, under the guidance of his legal guardian, the Mayor of Leonding, Josef Mayrhofer, took care of all of his mother's personal unfinished business and paid all her debts with the estate left behind.
Surviving documents show that the doctor bill outstanding was 300 kronen while the funeral and coffin, cost 370 kronen - an extremely large sum for a lower middle class family to pay.
Adolf also gave a part of his inheritance to his stepsister since she and her husband agreed to take on the responsibility of raising the eleven year old Paula.
He thanked neighbors for their help and even gave one of his best paintings to a couple who had showed particular loyalty during his mothers sickness. His legal guardian, Mayrhofer, found the young Hitler's actions "laudable."
Since their father had been a State official, the "orphans" Paula and Adolf were now eligible for 600 Kronen annually between them. Their guardian split the pension down the center. The eighteen year old Adolf Hitler was to receive 300 kronen a year in monthly payments until he was twenty-four years old or until he became self-supporting.
Hitler, now armed with a letter of recommendation from his influential landlord (which described Hitler as a "nice, steadygoing .... serious and ambitious young man ... mature and sensible beyond his years,") decided to return to Vienna.
If fortune did not smile on him, he could retake the examination test to the Art Academy later that year.
As "my father had accomplished fifty years before," he would later write, "I too, wanted to become 'something.'"
Kubizek also wanted to leave Linz and enter the Academy of Music in Vienna, but his father was against him leaving at the time.
Hitler made a trip to Kubizek's house and persuaded the father to let him go.
Kubizek would follow him shortly.
With what was left from his inheritance, Hitler left for Vienna in mid February 1908, in search of a "special mission."
VIENNA
On a cold foggy evening in late February 1908, August Kubizek arrived in Vienna.
Westbahnhof
As he stood amidst the confusion of the Westbahnhof, he saw his friend approaching through the crowd.
Hitler was wearing his dark, good quality overcoat and broad-brimmed hat.
Already at ease in his new environment, he wore kid gloves and carried a walking stick with an ivory handle.
The slim Adolf, Kubizek thought, "appeared almost elegant."
After a warm greeting, they kissed on the cheek in the Austrian manner, they made their way to Hitler's apartment.
After a short walk Hitler stopped in front of an imposing and distinguished building on Stumper Gasse.
With Kubizek following, Hitler entered the arched entrance off to one side, passed through the more elaborate section of the building, crossed a small courtyard and entered the humbler rear section of the building.
They went up the polished stone staircase to the second floor and entered a small room.
This was the same building Hitler had stayed during his attempt to enter the Art Academy a few months before.
The monthly rent was ten kronen and although respectable, it was a no frills establishment in a lower middle class neighborhood. Hitler's monthly pension of 25 kronen only covered the cost of a meager diet, so he had to be frugal with what was left of his inheritance.
Like most tenement houses it was infested with bugs and the whole floor, six small apartments, had only one lavatory.
After Hitler cleared away the numerous sketches that lay around his room, he and Kubizek had something to eat.
Although Hitler was still suffering and bitter over his mother's death, he insisted on taking Kubizek on a tour of the city.
Ringstrasse - Wien
They made their way to the Ringstrasse, the great boulevard (where once stood the city battlements) which circles the inner city.
Hitler's blue eyes blazed excitedly as he pointed out many of the cities historical landmarks. Just off the Ring was the Art Academy which he still hoped to enter, and not far away was the Music Conservatory which Kubizek hoped to attend.
Like any young man who grows and matures in a small town, Kubizek, like Hitler was overwhelmed by the vast and thriving city.
Kubizek particularly wanted to see the immense soaring spire of St. Stephen's Cathedral but it was shrouded in the fog.
In one of his letters, Hitler had offered Kubizek the advantage of staying with him for awhile.
Hitler, however, was still the independent type and knowing that he and Kubizek had their differences, he had added: "Later we shall see."
Hitler's small room was not large enough to hold a piano that Kubizek would need to practice on so they spent the next morning looking for a room for Kubizek.
It proved difficult.
Vienna was the most overcrowded capital city in Europe.
Almost half the population lived in one or two rooms, and in the working districts 4 to 5 persons shared these apartments.
The few rooms they found available were either sleazy, did not allow piano playing, or were too small to hold a grand piano.
They returned to their apartment and Hitler persuaded the landlady to give up her larger room next door for theirs.
By the end of the day they had settled into the larger room, #17, for an additional 10 kronen a month.
Because of the housing shortage, the normal rent for a one or two room flat ran from twenty-two to twenty-eight kronen per month in the laboring districts.
Their room was a real bargain. Kubizek was again amazed by Hitler's gift of persuasion.
Within a few days of his arrival, Kubizek took his test and was admitted to the Music Conservatory.
Kubizek's easy accomplishment magnified Hitler's failure to enter the Art Academy.
While Kubizek began attending morning classes, Hitler spent his time in one pursuit after another.
Some days Hitler relentlessly worked on his drawings, on another day, he would sit for hours reading on architecture, another, working tirelessly on an idea he had for a short story, the next, practicing on the piano Kubizek had rented.
Kubizek would state that Hitler was never idle, but always "filled with a tireless urge to be active."
Interestingly, Hitler never made use of the letter of recommendation he had received which introduced him to one of Vienna's best known stage designers, Alfred Roller.
Years later he would comment:
"One got absolutely nothing in Austria without letters of introduction. When I arrived in Vienna, I had one to Roller, but I didn't use it. If I'd presented myself to him with this introduction, he'd have engaged me at once. No doubt it's better that things went otherwise. It's not a bad thing for me that I had to have a rough time of it."
Design for Wagner's 'Tristan und Isolde'
Alfred Roller
Alfred Roller (2 October 1864, Brünn, Mähren — 21 June 1935, Vienna) was an Austrian painter, graphic designer, and set designer.
Roller at first studied painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. In 1897 he co-founded the Viennese Secession.
In his early career Roller was very active as a graphic designer and draughtsman.
In 1902 Roller was introduced to the composer Gustav Mahler by Carl Moll. Roller expressed an interest in stage design and showed Mahler several sketches he had made for Wagner's 'Tristan und Isolde'. Mahler was impressed and decided to employ Roller to design the sets for a new production of the piece. Roller continued to design sets for Mahler's productions. Eventually Roller left the Secession and his teaching post at the Kunstgewerbeschule to be appointed chief stage designer to the Vienna State Opera, a position he held until 1909.
click below for more information about
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
A few days later Hitler would write again, mentioning that he was not feeling well.
It was not until August 17 that Kubizek heard from him again.
This time he mentioned that he had got over a "sharp attack of bronchial catarrh," but was "writing quite a lot lately."
Late that August, Hitler took a trip to the Wooded Quarter for a family gathering on the Spital farm.
Besides his two aunts and their families, his step-sister Angela and her family were also present.
Hitler still disliked Angela's husband, and had considered putting off the trip, but was no doubt shown the new addition to Angela's family - a two month old daughter called "Geli."
Paula Hitler
He also saw his twelve year old sister, Paula, who was now a pretty, quiet and reserved girl.
Hitler had previously given Paula the book 'Don Quixote' (possibly after reading it) as a birthday gift, and got into an argument with her because she disapproved of a list of books he obviously had read and suggested for her education.
Since they were never very close, her rejection of his advice separated them further.
Although "fond" of one another, as Paula would later state, they remained fairly distant all their lives.
Before returning to Vienna, Hitler sent Gustl a postcard wishing him the "best" on his Name-day.
It would be the last contact Kubizek would have with Hitler for thirty years.
(After a promising beginning Kubizek's artistic dreams would be shattered by the First World War, and he became a "clerk.")
In Sept 1908 the nineteen year old Hitler applied for entrance to Vienna's Art Academy again. The drawings he submitted on this occasion were not considered adequate.
He was notified, that this time he would not even be permitted to take the test.
Again he was crushed.
This time he asked for a reason, and was told that his abilities lay in architecture and it was recommended that he study that field.
This judgment is borne out by his surviving drawings and paintings, which show a flare for architectural renderings.
To enter the Architectural branch of the Academy, however, a diploma was necessary.
"What I had defiantly neglected in the high school " Hitler stated, "now took its bitter revenge."
Since he lacked a diploma he would have to show that he was "exceptionally gifted" to enter the architecture field.
Hitler was realistic enough to know that he did not possess such abilities, and never attempted to register.
Because of his failure to gain admittance to the Academy for the second time, he no doubt felt ashamed to face Kubizek, or anyone else.
Around the same time, Hitler also stopped writing Hagmuller, the boy who used to have his lunch at the Hitler house in Linz, and they also "lost touch."
Felber Strasse
On Nov. 18, 1908, with Kubizek expected back in a few days, the dejected Hitler gave notice to his landlady.
Without leaving a forwarding address, he moved to a building across from the railway yards. As required by law, he registered the change of address with the local police station.
This time, he registered as a "student" instead of "artist", as he had done at his former address.
He continued reading and looking for that special mission he was sure would come.
Like most 19 year olds he no doubt carried the false assumption that all he had to do was plod along, and rewards or success would eventualy come.
After his friendship with Kubizek, most other young men must have seemed shallow indeed.
Like most would-be artists, Hitler had learned to look at objects in depth while drawing or painting and had learned to see details that most people overlook.
To an idealistic young man the ignorance of peers becomes frustrating and one learns to keep their distance from those who do not share ones interest.
During this period. people found him "polite," but "distant."
Hitler did take himself seriously and because of his understanding of the complexities in art, he seldom took sides in any conversation unless he had some knowledge of the topic's details.
He would research subjects to a certain degree before making judgments.
Besides his book reading, he constantly read newspapers, magazines and pamphlets
One subject that was to catch his attention and occupy his thoughts while he lived across from the railroad yards was racism.
For all its cultural and intellectual endeavors, Vienna, like much of the western world, was alive with racial prejudices.
Richard Wagner
Wagner, Hitler's idol, had done as much as anyone to spread the racist idea in German speaking Europe, and there is little doubt that Hitler was acquainted with his writings.
Wagner believed that the Nordic Aryans (northern Europeans), especially the Germans, were a super-race, and considered all others inferior.
His racial views were born out of the cold rationalism of the 19th century intellectual community's adoration of science and the law of nature, which experts had worked out with "iron logic."
Adolf Josef Lanz von Liebenfels
One of the most prodigious racist writers at the time was an ex-monk named Adolf Josef Lanz von Liebenfels.
'Ostara'
His magazine, the 'Ostara', was a typical of the time.
It damned assimilation, preached racial purity, and looked forward to the day of a "German master race".
Although it "played down 'the Jewish Question,'" 'Ostara' appealed to both the superiority of the Germans and their suspicion of the Jews, Slavs, Turks, Negroes, and other "dark ones."
It contained material that urged the white or Aryan race to arm itself against "dark forces."
In order to popularize the Aryan idea, racial beauty contests were even proposed.
By subjugating the dark races, the Ostara preached, the Aryans could rule the earth.
Hitler, according to Lanz (in a 1951 interview), appeared at his home in 1909, and explained that he had read most issues of the 'Ostara', which he purchased at the tobacco shop near his place on Felber Strasse.
Hitler wasn't able to obtain a few of the back issues, and asked Lanz if he had them.
Lanz gave him the copies free of charge.
Even after additional reading on the subject, Hitler still was not convinced about the "Jewish danger" and would later state in Mein Kampf: "I returned to my old way of thinking."
However, Hitler knew that there would be those who knew that he wasn't "anti-Semitic" in his youth, and could expose him.
By claiming to have moments of "indecision" he attempted to cover himself.
"Anti-Semitism" was an outgrowth of the nationalistic fervor that infected almost everyone during this period.
Hitler undoubtedly made statements in his youth that could be interpreted as "anti-Semite."
With the exception, however, of a few foggy statements that Kubizek remembered in retrospect, all reliable sources who knew Hitler personally during his youth agree that he was not an anti-Semite, but an outspoken nationalist.
On August 22, 1909, after a nine month stay, the twenty year old Hitler gave up his residence across from the railway yards.
He took another room, a short distance from Schonbrunn Palace.
He resumed his writing. On Aug 22 he registered as "studying to be a writer" with the local police station.
During this period he kept in touch with his step sister, Angela, who forwarded his pension. Angela abhorred what she called his "flight from reality", and gave him a long scolding.
Hitler decided not to contact her again until his life improved.
Although Hitler was always concerned for the "little man," he, like most people from the lower middle class, had little in common with the "workers."
He saw himself as a step above them.
Their unrefined speech, manners and shallow views were repugnant to him and, as he admitted later, his ignorance of their unions and politics alienated him.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Hitler's interest in at and architecture remained with him all his life, and probably reached its fulfilment as a result of the construction of the Haus der Deutschen Kunst, designded by the architect Paul Ludwig Troost (1878 – 1934) and the subsequent ehibitions and celebrations held in Munich. The above video is taken from amateur film of such celebrations in Munich.
Hitler moved into a Men's Hostel, and met a person named Reinhold Hanisch, who went by the name of Walter Fritz. Hanisch, and had traveled through much of Germany and Austria and although originally from the Sudetenland (part of today's Czech Republic) liked to pass himself off as a Berliner.
He avoided steady work, and whenever finances allowed, looked for happiness in a beer or wine bottle.
There was a year round market for paintings in Vienna.
They could be sold to locals in the cafes or to stores that either sold them again.
In summer the paintings could be sold to tourists in cafes or in the street.
Like many self-taught painters, Hitler worked from photographs or other prints, usually after viewing the object.
At this time Hitler moved to the Mannerheim, located on Meldemann Strasse.
The establishment covered almost a whole block, and had room for over 500 men.
Opened in 1905 it was the most sought-after refuge in Vienna for both blue and white-collar workers with low incomes.
This was a time of little social security and no unemployment payments, and even members of the middle classes roomed there.
A number of businessmen, a baron and a count had also roomed there.
The place was exceptionally clean and the cost, when Hitler first moved in, was a little over two kronen for a week's stay.
At the Mannerheim, Hitler had the room and the privacy to paint.
Shortly after moving in, Hitler sent Dr Bloch, who tried so desperately to save his mother, a carefully painted postcard of a hooded monk hoisting a glass of bubbling champagne, with the caption: "A toast to the New Year."
On the reverse side were cordial New Year's greetings and it was signed: "In everlasting thankfulness, Adolf Hitler."
Hanisch followed Hitler to the Mannerheim in about a week.
He knew that Hitler's type of paintings were the kind that tourists and the average person found pleasing, and admitted he hoped to benefit for himself.
Hanisch convinced Hitler that he would need an agent to sell his paintings, and would handle it for half the proceeds.
Hitler appeared reluctant, and offered the excuse that Hanisch lacked a peddler's license which might get them into trouble with the police
Hanisch assured him that he would take care of it.
Hitler finally agreed.
Hitler continued painting landscapes or architectural renditions of churches and the more noble buildings of Vienna.
By the beginning of February Hitler settled into a fairly stable routine.
He did many paintings of the 'Gloriette' and the "Roman Ruins" in Schonbrunn Park.
With his paintings subsidizing his pension, Hitler was soon making more than enough to pay the rent and eat decently.
Hanisch stated that Hitler, using part of his Easter windfall, even splurged and went to the movies.
In July, Hitler had reason to believe that Hanisch was cheating him on what he was receiving for his paintings.
He asked for a list of all Hanisch's customers and when Hanisch refused, their partnership began to crumble.
Shortly after, Hanisch disappeared with two of Hitler's best paintings, including one oil titled 'Parliament House' which Hitler valued at 50 kronen.
Hitler filed a complaint with the police.
Early in August Hanisch was arrested for possible embezzlement and carrying false identification papers.
There were Jews at the Mannerheim with whom Hitler often discussed politics, and he "often found Jews who listened to his political debates."
Many of his favorite actors and musicians were Jews.
He spoke enthusiastically about Gustav Mahler, and the work of Felix Mendelssohn.
Although he didn't agree with the politics of the late author and poet Heinrich Heine, Hitler thought that his poetry deserved respect, and argued that it was sad Germany did not "recognize his merit."
The rampant anti-Semitism that existed in Europe failed to influence Hitler.
One of his closest friends during this period was a Jew named Josef Neumann.
Neumann was an art dealer who was instrumental in moving Hitler up the social ladder.
He had previously put Hitler in touch with a few Jewish art dealers, who purchased the best of Hitler's paintings.
The dealers resold the paintings, for the most part, to Jewish businessmen, doctors and lawyers.
Hitler, consequently, increased the number of his paintings and his business improved.
Hitler's and Neumann's relationship turned into such a close friendship that on certain days they would spend all their time roaming the huge city, visiting museums or lost in conversation.
Hitler and Neumann had long discussions about Zionism.
In one conversation Neumann stated that if all the Jews left Austria, the country would be in trouble for the Jews would carry away much of Austria's money.
Hitler, who appears to have understood nothing about international banking affairs at the time, disagreed.
He believed that the money would be confiscated since it was not Jewish but Austrian. In another discussion about the Jews, Hitler thought it possible that God had not personally given Moses the Ten Commandments but that Moses had collected them from various other cultures. But, if the Ten Commandments were the work of the Jews, Hitler believed, "they had produced as a nation one of the most marvelous things in history, since our whole civilization was based on the Ten Commandments."
Hitler would carry that thought with him for the rest of his life and would state thirty-one years later: "The Ten Commandments are moral values which are undeniably praiseworthy."
Neumann was disenchanted with Vienna and dreamed of saving enough money and moving to Germany.
The idea strongly appealed to Hitler, and on one occasion they actually made plans to leave together.
Their plans fell through, and Neumann would depart by himself before the end of 1910, and may have been the one who planted the seeds in Hitler's mind of moving to Germany.
Hitler felt a strong sense of obligation and openly praised Neumann long after he was gone. Hitler also had nothing but praise for the Jewish art dealers, including Altenberg, another named Landsberger, and a picture framer, Morgenstern, who bought most of his works.
He thought highly of nearly all Westernized Jews, especially since they were "willing to take chances" by buying his art.
In the large reading room at the Mannerheim, Hitler began to join in on the discussions with the more educated "middle class" residents.
In December of 1910, Hitler's aunt Johanna, Klara's sister, knowing her time was short withdrew her savings from the bank and gave Hitler a large share of it.
She, like most of Hitler's other relatives, had opposed his idea of becoming an artist.
She nevertheless had corresponded with him on occasion, and apparently had a change of heart.
She gave him the money for the purpose of pursuing his career as an artist.
Five months after receiving this "windfall," and a month after Johanna's death, Angela, Hitler's step-sister, inquired at the Linz court as to whether Hitler was still entitled to his share of the orphan's pension since he now appeared self-supporting.
Angela's husband had died the previous August, and with a daughter and son of her own, she now wanted Hitler's share of the pension to revert to the 15 year old Paula whom she was still raising.
In May, 1911, at age 22 Hitler made the trip to Linz and according to Paula, "voluntarily" gave up the right to his share of the pension.
According to court records Hitler stated he was "able to maintain himself and...agrees that the full amount of the orphan's pension should be put to the use of his sister."
Mayor Mayrhofer, Hitler's guardian, believed that Hitler had again acted "decently", and heard no complaints about Hitler's actions.
( In later years when reporters and historians began making inquires, Mayrhofer, who knew the young Hitler as well as anyone, never found anything bad to say about him.)
Exactly how much Hitler received from his aunt is a mystery, other than to report that it had been a "considerable sum."
What Hitler did with the money is even a bigger mystery.
Since he never reported his windfall to the management, others feel he shrewdly doled it back to himself in small amounts as he had done with his inheritance when his mother died.
Actually, he may have taken a trip to the countryside that May, before he returned to Vienna.
Nonetheless, after Hitler returned to Vienna he resumed his painting.
He produced landscapes and portraits in ink, watercolor and oils.
With the warmer weather, and his Jewish contacts, he was able to sell everything he painted.
Like many artists, Hitler thought of switching to the less glamorous end of the artistic endeavor and working for businesses where the income is steady.
He "undertook technically difficult work for reproductions in print (usually engravings), mainly for posters or illustrations for advertisements of cosmetics, face powder, footwear, shoe polish and ladies' underwear."
For a while he renewed his dream of becoming an architect, and secured, from a construction company, assignments producing elementary architectural designs.
Hitler was always looking for that "special mission" he thought he was to achieve.
Almost everyone who met him was impressed by his ambition and energy.
Between bouts of painting and reading, he would get an idea and throw himself into it for weeks or months at a time.
After experimenting with model airplanes, he attempted to design a full size airplane.
After reading the science journals in the reading room about underwater exploration, his imagination was fired and he attempted to design water-diving equipment.
He noted that paper money wore out too quickly, and felt bills should be made smaller.
He then attempted to come up with an idea for enclosing them in celluloid.
He occasionally resumed his idea of writing a book and in many cases told people he was a writer.
What he was attempting to write at this time is not known.
He read a number of books on philosophy, Eastern and Western religions, astrology, occultism, and ancient Greece and Rome which abounded with Gods
He was remarkably knowledgeable about the history of German antiquity, and the numerous gods and heroes of its mythology.
He also knew his Bible, being particularly well versed in the Old Testament.
He had also read Dante's 'Divine Comedy' which is religious in content (though its goals were ethical), and showed great sympathy for pre-Christians who had contributed philosophical ideals.
Hitler's design may have been to write a book on religion, or a theme concerning Christianity again, which, as with his earlier "opera," had always appealed to him from a worldly point of view.
By such twists and turns however, he began to acquired information in many fields unknown to most men.
His reading was far from the narrow confines accepted by most intellectuals.
"With the indiscriminateness of the self-educated," his readings opened up a whole world of ideas.
Unlike most intellectuals, academics and professionals (who spent a large part of their lives acquiring an expertise in one particular subject, and who are, consequently, surprisingly ignorant of nearly everything else outside their expertise), Hitler had a scope of interconnecting knowledge that was widening.
He also had a "extraordinarily efficient memory" which retained what he read.
Although he was not an authority in anything, he was acquiring a vast general knowledge which was "nothing short of amazing."
In addition, men of education usually keep within their own circles or class and are oblivious to other classes desires and beliefs.
Hitler's changing life styles and locations, since a youngster, had exposed him to a wide range of social classes which laid the seeds of insight into the driving motivations of different classes.
Mythology can also "open a window to a people's soul", and Hitler's reading and knowledge of German Mythology had also given him special insights that few people understand.
His habit of reading different newspapers with different perspectives also gave him a more realistic and discerning view of events.
He knew when to "retain the essential and discard the non-essential".
Unlike those trained in the academic tradition, he was not easily swayed by the opinions of others.
He came to understand that the "educated classes" are just as blinded by their interests, and in protecting their way of life and, consequently, are as predisposed, prejudiced, narrow-minded and unenlightened as any other class.
As even Marx noted, the place a person assumes in the economic order deeply influences his sense of identity.
Hitler did not identify with the "have or satisfied" classes, but he did not identify with the lower strata of the industrialized working classes either.
In the political discussions that continued in the reading room, which at times had twenty debaters, Hitler, over the course of a year, became the leading speaker for the people caught in between the two.
Besides denouncing those of the upper classes, Hitler continued to rail against the Marxists and their trade union organizations which preached the brotherhood of man.
In time Hitler became one of the best debaters and most respected people in the Mannerheim reading room.
He learned to listen. He did not try to antagonize people.
According to observers he was usually "polite," "friendly," "helpful," "goodhearted," "charming," and "wasn't proud or arrogant".
He took an interest in his companions, and would always stop to help or advise a friend.
He contributed and even organized collections for men who had run out of money, and needed a quick helping hand to stay another day.
On the other hand, he still never became overly friendly and, unlike most men, seldom talked about himself.
No one thought of taking his favorite chair near the window, and most placed the distinctive "Herr" (referring to a gentleman) before his name.
As one resident noted: "He seemed to understand everyone."
In time, even the director of the Mannerheim would occasionally stop to talk with him--"an honor seldom granted a resident."
Hitler however, was not satisfied.
"A feeling of discontent seized me," he stated in Mein Kampf. Like many young people who find substance in posters and slogans that praise other places, over his bed hung one that glorified Germany. Germany was a land that had been beckoning to him for years.
Although all of Europe was alive with counter-political beliefs, Vienna with its international flavor of warring parties and nationalities, did not play well against Hitler's ideas of a strong German nation.
Hitler also believed the Habsburgs, in attempting to quell the unrest in Austria, were practicing an anti-German policy by unfairly giving in to the other nationalities and minorities which sooner or later would bring about the collapse of the empire.
The lure of Germany finally won out.
With some obscure ideal of hopefully finding a position "as a designer" for a large architectural firm, he decided to return to the state of Bavaria where as a boy he had developed his dialect.
He had been at the Mannerheim for nearly three and a half years.
In the end he had not only won the respect of most of the men there, but also their friendship. There were those who were sorry to see him go.
On May 24, 1913, shortly after his 24th birthday, Hitler received the final part of his father's estate.
Hitler stuffed his few belongings into a single suitcase and headed for the Westbahnhof.
He purchased a one-way ticket to Munich, Germany.
(Interestingly, shortly before Hitler left Vienna, Joseph Stalin (at age 33 just an up and coming Bolshevik ) was sent to Vienna in January 1913 to study the "Austrian situation." He rented a room just off the NE corner of Schonbrunn Park for a month and while there, working with the German socialists, wrote a Marxist tract. Hitler continued to visit Schonbrunn Park at that time. Perhaps the two, who were to become adversaries exactly twenty years later, crossed paths.)
MÜNCHEN
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand
They therefore decided to take strong measures against the "unruly Serbs", and reduce Serbia in power and land.
Believing the incident would not go beyond a localized affair, they nonetheless sought the approval of their major ally, Germany.
Germany's recent successes, however, had earned her the suspicion and hostility of the other world powers.
Germany's determination to build up a navy and compete for colonies, alienated an ambitious Great Britain.
Germany's founding of a few minor colonies in the Pacific, threatened the aspirations of Japan. Germany's determination to build a Berlin to Baghdad railroad, threatened the goals of Russia.
By attempting to expand in North Africa, Germany outraged France.
All of these "great" nations viewed the newcomer as a threat to their economic, political and colonial self-interest.
French Coat of Arms
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Compounding matters, France had been Germany's bitterest rival ever since their first battle in the year 1214, and the French were still smarting over the defeat Bismarck had dealt them in 1870 - symbolized by Alsace-Lorraine.
Since the fall of the Roman Empire the French had always viewed themselves as the new inheritors of the continent and were very resentful of German power.
France not only aimed at recovering Alsace-Lorraine but dreamed of controlling the German Rhineland and so destroying Germany as a rival forever.
Because Germany had a "Triple Alliance" which included herself, Austria and Italy, in 1902 France signed an agreement with Italy which seriously weakened the Triple Alliance.
A few years later, France brought about a reconciliation between Russia and Great Britain.
The three formed the Triple Entente.
Militarily, Germany was becoming isolated and surrounded by rivals who longed to see her reduced in wealth and power.
When Austria inquired as to whether Germany would support her, word was sent from Berlin that the "blank. check" was still in effect (see The Balkans) and promised German backing if Russia, who viewed herself as protector of the Slavs, threatened to support Serbia.
But, the German government "favored strictly limited military operations, which were considered justifiable, even in London."
Kleines Wappen des Deutschen Reiches
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
The German leaders also believed the war would not go beyond a localized affair, however, because of treaties, public and private, events took a different course.
When Austria declared war on Serbia on July, 28, 1914, Russia mobilized a large part of its regular armies in support of Serbia.
Germany demanded that Russia demobilize.
With the encouragement and advice of France, which "in effect gave a blank check to Russia," Russia answered on July 30 by ordering a "general mobilization" (including reserve forces) of the entire Russian army of 5,971,000 men.
Coat of Arms of the
Russian Empire
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
In the mind of several Russian diplomats, "this was no war for limited aims, but a war for the almost complete elimination of Germany".
Since Poland had been swallowed up (by Russia, Prussia(Germany) and Austria) over a hundred years before, Russia rashly began placing troops along the Austrian and German borders.
Germany started its mobilization and on July 31st sent Russia an ultimatum, demanding that mobilization of Russian forces be stopped in twelve hours.
Russia made no reply, so Austria called for the mobilization of its entire 3,000,000 man army.
Russia's mobilization, combined with knowledge that France was determined to take part in a European war, ended any hope of a localized conflict and to many "forced Germany's hand."
Germany now had to decide whether she was to abandon or to extend the advances she had made into southeastern Europe over the preceding decades.
The survival of the Austrian Empire, as well as German's position as a great nation were also at stake. Germany had either to fight a war, or abandon central and southeastern Europe to independent national states and other world powers.
German Mobilisation
Germany, confident of victory, called for the full mobilization of its entire 4,500,000 man army, and declared war on Russia on August first.
France (believing she and Russia could destroy Germany as a rival by Christmas) ordered the mobilization of her 4,017,000 man army.
The other declarations of war to follow were only a formality.
The leaders of all the belligerent nations went to war to settle old scores and conquer new lands.
Among the general population, the fervor of the moment fed suppressed hostilities.
The ultra-national dream of "great nations" to fulfill their destinies grew into a vision
In the smaller nations, the dream was that the national political map would be redrawn and each nationality would seek its own destiny.
Nearly everyone praised the coming war for one reason or another.
Novelists, historians, theologians, composers, poets and other persons of quality led the fervor.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
In Germany, when Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaimed to tens of thousands assembled in the palace square in Berlin that he no longer saw parties or denominations but only "German brothers," the nation's barriers disappeared almost instantly.
Considering the growth of the Social Democrats in Germany, some experts predicted "that mobilization could be paralyzed by a general strike, and that social revolution might raise its ominous head."
The opposite proved the case.
Deutsch Reichstag in Berlin
Even the most leftist of the Marxists in the German Reichstag forgot about their internationalism and voted for the war.
The leaders of the far right Pan-German movement (one-third of its 35,000 members were engaged in academic professions at this time) officially proclaimed that "we must gather all men of German tongues into one Reich and one people. An everlasting master race will then direct the progress of mankind."
In Berlin crowds marched down the Unter den Linden boulevard in impromptu gaiety, cheering, waving flags, and singing patriotic songs.
To the Germans it was a dream come true.
A time to carry forward old dreams. To expand. To become the greatest power in Europe.
With victory, Germany would unite all the Germans of Europe and be the undisputed master of the continent.
Rainer Rilke
Such diverse German elements from the noted poet Rainer Rilke to Adolf Hitler were overjoyed at the turn of events.
Declaration of War - München 1914
In Munich the declaration of war was read to the public on the steps of the Feldherrnhalle.
Hitler, well groomed and dressed in one of his tailored suits, stood before the Hall among an enthusiastic crowd of thousands of Munich's "best."
Like hundreds of other zealous onlookers he waved his hat in approval.
Hitler would later state: "I, overwhelmed by emotion, fell upon my knees and from an overflowing heart thanked Heaven for granting me the good fortune of being allowed to live in these times. A fight for freedom had begun, greater than the world had ever seen before."
König Ludwig III von Bayern
Before the echo of Germany's declaration of war on France faded that day, the twenty-five year old Hitler, still an Austrian, applied for special permission from King Ludwig III to join the German army.
Coat of Arms of Great Britain
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
The Germans expected the British to stay out of the war, but always one to look to their own ambitions, and envious of German industrial competition, the British considered it compatible with their interest that France not be defeated.
In addition, if Germany won the war, Germans would be the "arbiter" of Europe and the British habit of always dividing the continent into at least two hostile camps to serve their own purposes would end.
Prior secret agreements between the French and British governments had already compelled Britain to come to France's aid, but, for propaganda reasons, the British government needed an excuse to appease her more passive population.
An almost forgotten 75 year old treaty with "Little Belgium," that many believed was no longer in effect, came to her service and war was declared on Germany.
In London, enthusiastic crowds urged their government on while they attacked shops with German sounding names and dachshunds were killed in the streets.
Hitler received word that his request to join the German army was accepted, and he reported to a Bavarian infantry regiment (set up in a large school on the corner of Elisabeth and Gentz) for acceptance.
A "few days" later the 25 year old Hitler moved into the Oberwiesenfeld Barracks on the outskirts of Munich and began his basic training.
Hitler's indoctrination into the army consisted of a two month extensive course in military formalities (saluting, drilling, marching), along with bayonet and rifle practice.
Hans Mend, one of Hitler's fellow recruits was impressed by Hitler's "dynamic glance and by his unusual presence," even though Hitler was dressed in his gray-green uniform like the other recruits. Mend stated, "I thought he might be an academic because a lot of them had joined the...Regiment."
As the opposing armies fought their way north in an attempt to get around one another, Hitler continued with his basic training. .
At the beginning of October Hitler made a visit to his landlords and told Herr and Frau Popp that his regiment would soon be leaving Munich and he would be sent to the front shortly after.
Since his room was his official address, he asked the Popps to notify his sister if a message came that he been killed.
He told the Popps that if no one wanted his few possessions, they could keep them.
Hitler bid them farewell and, as he hugged the Popp's two children in a farewell gesture, Frau Popp, aware of the heavy casualties at the front, burst into tears.
Hitler, undoubtedly touched by such concern, turned tail and hurriedly took off down the street.
On Oct 8, Hitler, along with the other recruits of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment, called the List Regiment after its first commander, swore allegiance to Ludwig III, head of the state of Bavaria, and Kaiser William of Germany.
Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16.
He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras and the Battle of Passchendaele.
Hitler was twice decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914 and Iron Cross, First Class, in 1918 (see right).
On 15 October 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack.
Hitler described the war as "the greatest of all experiences" and he was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery.
The experience made Hitler a passionate German patriot, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918.
Dolchstoßlegende
Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchstoßlegende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the army, "undefeated in the field," had been "stabbed in the back" by civilian leaders and Marxists back on the home front, later dubbed the November Criminals.
NACH DEM KRIEG
Kurt Eisner
After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner.
After the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr.
Captain Ernst Röhm
It was while working with this department that Hitler me Captain Ernst Röhm
In July 1919, Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to become involved with the German Workers' Party (DAP), which had been set up by the Army, in collaboration with the Thule Gesellschaft.
Thule Gesellschaf
It is important to note that Hitler, in 'Mein Kampf', did not give an accurate account of his initial involvement with the DAP, as he was concerned not to the reveal the involvement of the Army and the Thule Gesellschaft in the setting up of the DAP - which later became the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party; NSDAP).
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Hitler worked with the founder of the DAP, Anton Drexler (see right) who was antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist.
Drexler favoured a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism and solidarity among all members of society.
Anton Drexler
Hitler became a member of the DAP on the 12 September 1919, becoming its 55th member.
Dietrich Eckart
At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and member of the occult Thule Society.
Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him, teaching him how to dress and speak, and introducing him to a wide range of people.
Hitler thanked Eckart and paid tribute to him in the second volume of Mein Kampf.
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
Dietrich Eckart - Hitler's Mentor
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
To increase the party's appeal, the party changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party; NSDAP) - (see right).
Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and with his former superiors' encouragement began participating full time in the party's activities.
By early 1921, Hitler had become highly effective at speaking in front of large crowds.
In February, Hitler spoke to a crowd of nearly six thousand in Munich.
To publicize the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around waving swastikas and throwing leaflets.
Hitler soon gained favour for his polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles (see left), rival politicians, and especially directed against against Marxists and Jews.
The NSDAP was centred in Munich, a hotbed of German nationalists, including Army officers determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic.
Gradually they noticed Hitler and his growing movement as a suitable vehicle for their goals.
And the rest - so they say - is history - or is it ?
To answer that question click below for
© Copyright Peter Crawford 2013
|
i don't know
|
What word follows either 'stone' or 'Chinese' in referring to deliberate obstruction?
|
Proverbs 24:14-34, New English Translation (NET) Likewise, know that wisdom is sweet to your soul;if you find it, you will have a future,and your hope will not be cut off. Do not lie in wait like...
Traditional | Alphabetic
14 Likewise, know#tn D. W. Thomas argues for a meaning of “seek” in place of “know” (“Notes on Some Passages in the Book of Proverbs,” JTS 38 [1937]: 400-403). that wisdom is sweet#tn The phrase “is sweet” is supplied in the translation as a clarification. to your soul;if you find it,#tn The term “it” is supplied in the translation. you will have a future,#tn Heb “there will be an end.” The word is אַחֲרִית (’akhrit, “after-part, end”). BDB 31 s.v. b says in a passage like this it means “a future,” i.e., a happy close of life, sometimes suggesting the idea of posterity promised to the righteous, often parallel to “hope.”and your hope will not be cut off.15 Do not lie in wait like the wicked#tn The word “wicked” could be taken as a vocative (cf. KJV, ASV, NASB, “O wicked man”); but since the next line refers to the wicked this is unlikely. It serves better as an adverbial accusative (“like the wicked”). against the place where the righteous live;do not assault#sn The saying warns that it is futile and self-defeating to mistreat God’s people, for they survive – the wicked do not. The warning is against a deliberate, planned assault on their places of dwelling. his home.16 Although#tn The clause beginning with כִּי (ki) could be interpreted as causal or conditional; but in view of the significance of the next clause it seems better to take it as a concessive clause (“although”). Its verb then receives a modal nuance of possibility. The apodosis is then “and he rises up,” which could be a participle or a perfect tense; although he may fall, he gets up (or, will get up).sn The righteous may suffer adversity or misfortune any number of times – seven times here – but they will “rise” for virtue triumphs over evil in the end (R. N. Whybray, Proverbs [CBC], 140). a righteous person may fall seven times, he gets up again,but the wicked will be brought down#tn The verb could be translated with an English present tense (“are brought down,” so NIV) to express what happens to the wicked in this life; but since the saying warns against being like the wicked, their destruction is more likely directed to the future. by calamity.17 Do not rejoice when your enemy falls,#sn The saying (vv. 17, 18) warns against gloating over the misfortune of one’s enemies. The prohibition is formed with two negated jussives “do not rejoice” and “let not be glad,” the second qualified by “your heart” as the subject, signifying the inner satisfaction of such a defeat.and when he stumbles do not let your heart rejoice,18 lest the Lord see it, and be displeased,#tn Heb “and [it is] evil in his eyes.”and turn his wrath away from him.#sn The judgment of God should strike a note of fear in the heart of people (e.g., Lev 19:17-18). His judgment is not to be taken lightly, or personalized as a victory. If that were to happen, then the Lord might take pity on the enemies in their calamity, for he champions the downtrodden and defeated. These are probably personal enemies; the imprecatory psalms and the prophetic oracles present a different set of circumstances for the downfall of God’s enemies – even the book of Proverbs says that brings joy to the community.19 Do not fret because of evil peopleor be envious of wicked people,20 for the evil person has no future,#tn Heb “there is no end [i.e., future] for the evil.”and the lamp of the wicked will be extinguished.#sn The saying warns against envying the wicked; v. 19 provides the instruction, and v. 20 the motivation. The motivation is that there is no future hope for them – nothing to envy, or as C. H. Toy explains, there will be no good outcome for their lives (Proverbs [ICC], 449). They will die suddenly, as the implied comparison with the lamp being snuffed out signifies.21 Fear the Lord, my child,#tn Heb “my son,” but there is no indication in the immediate context that this should be limited only to male children. as well as the king,and do not associate#tn Heb “do not get mixed up with”; cf. TEV “Have nothing to do with”; NIV “do not join with.” The verb עָרַב (’arav) is used elsewhere meaning “to exchange; to take on pledge.” In the Hitpael stem it means “to have fellowship; to share; to associate with.” Some English versions (e.g., KJV) interpret as “to meddle” in this context, because “to have fellowship” is certainly not what is meant. with rebels,#tn The form rendered “rebellious” is difficult; it appears to be the Qal active participle, plural, from שָׁנָה (shanah), “to change” – “those who change.” The RV might have thought of the idea of “change” when they rendered it “political agitators.” The Syriac and Tg. Prov 24:21 have “fools,” the Latin has “detractors,” and the LXX reads, “do not disobey either of them,” referring to God and the king in the first line. Accordingly the ruin predicted in the next line would be the ruin that God and the king can inflict. If the idea of “changers” is retained, it would have to mean people who at one time feared God and the king but no longer do.22 for suddenly their destruction will overtake them,#tn Heb “will rise” (so NASB).and who knows the ruinous judgment both the Lord and the king can bring?#tn Heb “the ruin of the two of them.” Judgment is sent on the rebels both by God and the king. The term פִּיד (pid, “ruin; disaster”) is a metonymy of effect, the cause being the sentence of judgment (= “ruinous judgment” in the translation; cf. NLT “punishment”). The word “two of them” is a subjective genitive – they two bring the disaster on the rebels. The referents (the Lord and the king) have been specified in the translation for clarity.sn The reward for living in peace under God in this world is that those who do will escape the calamities that will fall on the rebellious. Verse 21a is used in 1 Peter 2:17, and v. 22 is used in Romans 13:1-7 (v. 4). This is the thirtieth and last of this collection.23 These sayings also are from the wise:To show partiality#tn Heb “to recognize faces”; KJV, ASV “to have respect of persons”; NLT “to show favoritism.” in judgment is terrible:#tn Heb “not good.” This is a figure known as tapeinosis – a deliberate understatement to emphasize a worst-case scenario: “it is terrible!”24 The one who says to the guilty,#tn The word means “wicked; guilty” or “criminal”; the contrast could be “wicked – righteous” (cf. KJV, ASV, NAB, NASB) or “innocent – guilty” (cf. NIV, TEV, CEV). Since this line follows the statement about showing partiality in judgment, it involves a forensic setting. Thus the statement describes one who calls a guilty person innocent or acquitted. “You are innocent,”#tn Or “righteous”; the same Hebrew word may be translated either “innocent” or “righteous” depending on the context.peoples will curse him, and nations will denounce#tn The verb means “to be indignant.” It can be used within the range of “have indignation,” meaning “loathe” or “abhor,” or express indignation, meaning “denounce” or “curse.” In this passage, in collocation with the previous term “curse,” the latter is intended (cf. NAB, NIV, NLT). him.25 But there will be delight#tn The verb means “to be pleasant; to be delightful.” The imperfect tense promises that there “will be delight” to those who rebuke the wicked. for those who convict#tn The verb יָכַח (yakhakh) means “to decide; to adjudge; to prove.” This word occurs frequently in the book of Proverbs meaning “to reprove” or “to rebuke.” It deals with disputes, legal or otherwise. It can refer to a charge against someone or starting a dispute (and so rebuke); it can mean quarrel, argue; and it can mean settle a dispute. In this context the first or last use would work: (1) reproving the wicked for what they do (cf. KJV, NASB, NRSV), or (2) convicting them in a legal setting (cf. NAB, NIV, NLT). In light of the previous forensic context the second sense is preferred here. the guilty,#tn “The guilty” is supplied in the translation for clarity based on the preceding context. See the previous note on the word “convict”: If a non-forensic context is preferred for vv. 23-25, “wicked” would be supplied here.and a pleasing blessing#tn The expression is בִרְכַּת־טוֹב (birkat-tov, “blessing of good”); the genitive “good” has to be an attributive genitive modifying “blessings.” The word is general enough to mean any number of things – rich, healthy, pleasing, etc. The parallelism here narrows the choice. Some English versions interpret the “blessing” here as prosperity (cf. NAB, TEV, CEV). will come on them.26 Like a kiss on the lips#tn Heb “the one who returns right words kisses the lips.” This is an implied comparison for giving an honest answer. Honesty is like a kiss. The kiss would signify love, devotion, sincerity, and commitment (in that culture) – an outward expression of what is in the heart. It is an apt illustration of telling the truth. Some English versions now replace the figure to avoid cultural misunderstanding (cf. TEV, CEV “a sign of true friendship”; NLT “an honor”).is the one who gives an honest answer. 27 Establish your work outside and get your fields ready;afterward build#tn The perfect tense with vav following the imperatives takes on the force of an imperative here. your house.#sn If the term “house” is understood literally, the proverb would mean that one should be financially secure before building a house (cf. NLT). If “house” is figurative for household (metonymy of subject: children or family), the proverb would mean that one should have financial security and provision before starting a family. Some English versions suggest the latter meaning by using the word “home” for “house” (e.g., TEV, CEV).28 Do not be a witness against your neighbor without cause,#sn The legal setting of these sayings continues with this warning against being a false accuser. The “witness” in this line is one who has no basis for his testimony. “Without cause” is the adverb from חָנָן (khanan), which means “to be gracious.” The adverb means “without a cause; gratis; free.” It is also cognate to the word חֵן (“grace” or “unmerited [or, undeserved] favor.” The connotation is that the opposite is due. So the adverb would mean that there was no cause, no justification for the witness, but that the evidence seemed to lie on the other side.and do not deceive with your words.#tn Heb “lips.” The term “lips” is a metonymy of cause; it means “what is said.” Here it refers to what is said in court as a false witness.29 Do not say, “I will do to him just as he has done to me;I will pay him back#tn Heb “repay to the man.” The verb is שׁוּב (shuv), which in the Hiphil stem means “to restore; to repay; to return” (cf. TEV, CEV, NLT “I’ll get even”). The idea is that of repaying someone for what he did. according to what he has done.”#sn Rather than give in to the spirit of vengeance, one should avoid retaliation (e.g., Prov 20:22; Matt 5:43-45; Rom 12:9). According to the Talmud, Hillel said, “Do not do to others what you would not have them do unto you” (b. Sanhedrin 31a).30 I passed by the field of a sluggard,by the vineyard of one who lacks wisdom.#tn Heb “lacks heart”; KJV “understanding”; NAB, NASB, NLT “sense.”31 I saw#tn The Hebrew term וְהִנֵּה (vÿhinneh, traditionally “and, lo” [KJV, ASV]) is a deictic particle that calls attention to what comes next. “And look” is too abrupt here; “I saw” calls attention to the field that was noticed. that thorns had grown up all over it, the ground#tn Heb “its face” (so KJV, ASV). was covered with weeds,and its stone wall was broken down.32 When I saw this, I gave careful consideration to it;#sn Heb “I set my heart.” The “heart” represents the mind and the will combined; to “set” the mind and will means to give careful consideration to what was observed.I received instruction from what I saw:#tn Heb “I looked, I received instruction.” There are four verbs in the two parts of this verse: “I saw…I set…I saw…I received.” It is clear that the first two verbs in each half verse are the foundation for the next two. At the beginning of the verse the form is the preterite with the vav (ו) consecutive; it can be subordinated as a temporal clause to the next verb, probably to be identified as a preterite with the vav – “when I saw, I put.” The next two verbs are both perfect tenses; their construction would parallel the first half of the verse, even though there are no conjunctions here – “[when] I saw, I received.”sn The teacher makes several observations of the state of the sluggard that reveal that his continued laziness will result in poverty. The reminiscence used here may be a literary device to draw a fictional but characteristically true picture of the lazy person.33 “A little sleep, a little slumber,a little folding of the hands to relax,34 and your poverty will come like a bandit,and your need like an armed robber.”#tn Heb “a man of shield.” This could refer to an armed warrior (so NRSV) but in this context, in collocation with the other word for “robber” in the previous line, it must refer to an armed criminal.
|
Wall
|
What is commonly said in Germany to a person who has just sneezed?
|
5000 FREE SAT Test Prep Words - 5000 Vocabulary Words FREE
abase v. To lower in position, estimation, or the like; degrade. ← Many vocabulary words, such as degrade, are repeated in definitions for double learning.
abbess n. The lady superior of a nunnery.
abbey n. The group of buildings which collectively form the dwelling-place of a society of monks or nuns. Free SAT prep math notes below vocabulary ↓
abbot n. The superior of a community of monks.
abdicate v. To give up (royal power or the like).
abdomen n. In mammals, the visceral cavity between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor; the belly.
abdominal n. Of, pertaining to, or situated on the abdomen.
abduction n. A carrying away of a person against his will, or illegally.
abed adv. In bed; on a bed.
aberration n. Deviation from a right, customary, or prescribed course.
abet v. To aid, promote, or encourage the commission of (an offense).
abeyance n. A state of suspension or temporary inaction.
abhorrence n. The act of detesting extremely.
abhorrent adj. Very repugnant; hateful.
abidance n. An abiding.
abject adj. Sunk to a low condition.
abjure v. To recant, renounce, repudiate under oath.
able-bodied adj. Competent for physical service.
ablution n. A washing or cleansing, especially of the body.
abnegate v. To renounce (a right or privilege).
abnormal adj. Not conformed to the ordinary rule or standard.
abominable adj. Very hateful.
abominate v. To hate violently.
abomination n. A very detestable act or practice.
aboriginal adj. Primitive; unsophisticated.
aborigines n. The original of earliest known inhabitants of a country.
aboveboard adv. & adj. Without concealment, fraud, or trickery.
abrade v. To wear away the surface or some part of by friction.
abrasion n. That which is rubbed off.
abridge v. To make shorter in words, keeping the essential features, leaning out minor particles.
abridgment n. A condensed form as of a book or play.
abrogate v. To abolish, repeal.
abrupt adj. Beginning, ending, or changing suddenly or with a break.
abscess n. A Collection of pus in a cavity formed within some tissue of the body.
abscission n. The act of cutting off, as in a surgical operation.
abscond v. To depart suddenly and secretly, as for the purpose of escaping arrest.
absence n. The fact of not being present or available.
absent-minded adj. Lacking in attention to immediate surroundings or business.
absolution n. Forgiveness, or passing over of offenses.
absolve v. To free from sin or its penalties.
absorb v. To drink in or suck up, as a sponge absorbs water.
absorption n. The act or process of absorbing.
abstain v. To keep oneself back (from doing or using something).
abstemious adj. Characterized by self denial or abstinence, as in the use of drink, food.
abstinence n. Self denial.
abstruse adj. Dealing with matters difficult to be understood.
absurd adj. Inconsistent with reason or common sense.
abundant adj. Plentiful.
abusive adj. Employing harsh words or ill treatment.
abut v. To touch at the end or boundary line.
abyss n. Bottomless gulf.
academic adj. Of or pertaining to an academy, college, or university.
academician n. A member of an academy of literature, art, or science.
academy n. Any institution where the higher branches of learning are taught.
accede v. To agree.
accelerate v. To move faster.
accept v. To take when offered.
access n. A way of approach or entrance; passage.
accessible adj. Approachable.
accession n. Induction or elevation, as to dignity, office, or government.
accessory n. A person or thing that aids the principal agent.
acclaim v. To utter with a shout.
accommodate v. To furnish something as a kindness or favor.
accompaniment n. A subordinate part or parts, enriching or supporting the leading part.
accompanist n. One who or that which accompanies.
accompany v. To go with, or be associated with, as a companion.
accomplice n. An associate in wrong-doing.
accomplish v. To bring to pass.
accordion n. A portable free-reed musical instrument.
accost v. To speak to.
account n. A record or statement of receipts and expenditures, or of business transactions.
accouter v. To dress.
accredit v. To give credit or authority to.
accumulate v. To become greater in quantity or number.
accuracy n. Exactness.
accurate adj. Conforming exactly to truth or to a standard.
accursed adj. Doomed to evil, misery, or misfortune.
accusation n. A charge of crime, misdemeanor, or error.
accusatory adj. Of, pertaining to, or involving an accusation.
accuse v. To charge with wrong doing, misconduct, or error.
accustom v. To make familiar by use.
acerbity n. Sourness, with bitterness and astringency.
acetate n. A salt of acetic acid.
acetic adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of vinegar.
ache v. To be in pain or distress.
Achillean adj. Invulnerable.
acid n. A sour substance.
acidify v. To change into acid.
acknowledge v. To recognize; to admit the genuineness or validity of.
acknowledgment n. Recognition.
acme n. The highest point, or summit.
acoustic adj. Pertaining to the act or sense of hearing.
acquaint v. To make familiar or conversant.
acquiesce v. To comply; submit.
acquiescence n. Passive consent.
acquire v. To get as one's own.
acquisition n. Anything gained, or made one's own, usually by effort or labor.
acquit v. To free or clear, as from accusation.
acquittal n. A discharge from accusation by judicial action.
acquittance n. Release or discharge from indebtedness, obligation, or responsibility.
acreage n. Quantity or extent of land, especially of cultivated land.
acrid adj. Harshly pungent or bitter.
acrimonious adj. Full of bitterness.
acrimony n. Sharpness or bitterness of speech or temper.
actionable adj. Affording cause for instituting an action, as trespass, slanderous words.
actuality n. Any reality.
actuary n. An officer, as of an insurance company, who calculates and states the risks and premiums.
actuate v. To move or incite to action.
acumen n. Quickness of intellectual insight, or discernment; keenness of discrimination.
acute adj. Having fine and penetrating discernment.
adamant n. Any substance of exceeding hardness or impenetrability.
addendum n. Something added, or to be added.
addle v. To make inefficient or worthless; muddle.
adduce v. To bring forward or name for consideration.
adhere v. To stick fast or together.
adherence n. Attachment.
adherent adj. Clinging or sticking fast.
adhesion n. The state of being attached or joined.
adieu inter. Good-by; farewell.
adjacency n. The state of being adjacent.
adjacent n. That which is near or bordering upon.
adjudge v. To award or bestow by formal decision.
adjunct n. Something joined to or connected with another thing, but holding a subordinate place.
adjuration n. A vehement appeal.
adjutant adj. Auxiliary.
administrator n. One who manages affairs of any kind.
admissible adj. Having the right or privilege of entry.
admittance n. Entrance, or the right or permission to enter.
admonish v. To warn of a fault.
admonition n. Gentle reproof.
ado n. unnecessary activity or ceremony.
adoration n. Profound devotion.
adroit adj. Having skill in the use of the bodily or mental powers.
adulterant n. An adulterating substance.
adulterate v. To make impure by the admixture of other or baser ingredients.
adumbrate v. To represent beforehand in outline or by emblem.
advent n. The coming or arrival, as of any important change, event, state, or personage.
adverse adj. Opposing or opposed.
adversity n. Misfortune.
advert v. To refer incidentally.
advertiser n. One who advertises, especially in newspapers.
advisory adj. Not mandatory.
advocacy n. The act of pleading a cause.
advocate n. One who pleads the cause of another, as in a legal or ecclesiastical court.
aerial adj. Of, pertaining to, or like the air.
aeronaut n. One who navigates the air, a balloonist.
aeronautics n. the art or practice of flying aircraft
aerostat n. A balloon or other apparatus floating in or sustained by the air.
aerostatics n. The branch of pneumatics that treats of the equilibrium, pressure, and mechanical properties.
affable adj. Easy to approach.
affect v. To act upon
affectation n. A studied or ostentatious pretense or attempt.
affiliate n. Some auxiliary person or thing.
affirmative adj. Answering yes; to a question at issue.
affix v. To fasten.
affluence n. A profuse or abundant supply of riches.
affront n. An open insult or indignity.
afire adv. & adj. On fire, literally or figuratively.
afoot adv. In progress.
aforesaid adj. Said in a preceding part or before.
afresh adv. Once more, after rest or interval.
afterthought n. A thought that comes later than its appropriate or expected time.
agglomerate v. To pile or heap together.
aggrandize v. To cause to appear greatly.
aggravate v. To make heavier, worse, or more burdensome.
aggravation n. The fact of being made heavier or more heinous, as a crime , offense, misfortune, etc.
aggregate n. The entire number, sum, mass, or quantity of something.
aggress v. To make the first attack.
aggression n. An unprovoked attack.
aggrieve v. To give grief or sorrow to.
aghast adj. Struck with terror and amazement.
agile adj. Able to move or act quickly, physically, or mentally.
agitate v. To move or excite (the feelings or thoughts).
agrarian adj. Pertaining to land, especially agricultural land.
aide-de-camp n. An officer who receives and transmits the orders of the general.
ailment n. Slight sickness.
akin adj. Of similar nature or qualities.
alabaster n. A white or delicately tinted fine-grained gypsum.
alacrity n. Cheerful willingness.
albeit conj. Even though.
albino n. A person with milky white skin and hair, and eyes with bright red pupil and usually pink iris.
album n. A book whose leaves are so made to form paper frames for holding photographs or the like.
alchemy n. Chemistry of the middle ages, characterized by the pursuit of changing base metals to gold.
alcohol n. A volatile, inflammable, colorless liquid of a penetrating odor and burning taste.
alcoholism n. A condition resulting from the inordinate or persistent use of alcoholic beverages.
alcove n. A covered recess connected with or at the side of a larger room.
alder n. Any shrub or small tree of the genus Alumnus, of the oak family.
alderman n. A member of a municipal legislative body, who usually exercises also certain judicial functions.
aldermanship n. The dignity, condition, office, or term of office of an alderman.
alias n. An assumed name.
alien n. One who owes allegiance to a foreign government.
alienable adj. Capable of being aliened or alienated, as lands.
alienate v. To cause to turn away.
alienation n. Estrangement.
aliment n. That which nourishes.
alkali n. Anything that will neutralize an acid, as lime, magnesia, etc.
allay v. To calm the violence or reduce the intensity of; mitigate.
allege v. To assert to be true, especially in a formal manner, as in court.
allegory n. The setting forth of a subject under the guise of another subject of aptly suggestive likeness.
alleviate v. To make less burdensome or less hard to bear.
alley n. A narrow street, garden path, walk, or the like.
alliance n. Any combination or union for some common purpose.
allot v. To assign a definite thing or part to a certain person.
allotment n. Portion.
allude v. To refer incidentally, or by suggestion.
allusion n. An indirect and incidental reference to something without definite mention of it.
alluvion n. Flood.
ally n. A person or thing connected with another, usually in some relation of helpfulness.
almanac n. A series of tables giving the days of the week together with certain astronomical information.
aloof adv. Not in sympathy with or desiring to associate with others.
altar n. Any raised place or structure on which sacrifices may be offered or incense burned.
alter v. To make change in.
alteration n. Change or modification.
altercate v. To contend angrily or zealously in words.
alternate n. One chosen to act in place of another, in case of the absence or incapacity of that other.
alternative n. Something that may or must exist, be taken or chosen, or done instead of something else.
altitude n. Vertical distance or elevation above any point or base-level, as the sea.
alto n. The lowest or deepest female voice or part.
altruism n. Benevolence to others on subordination to self-interest.
altruist n. One who advocates or practices altruism.
amalgam n. An alloy or union of mercury with another metal.
amalgamate v. To mix or blend together in a homogeneous body.
amateur adj. Practicing an art or occupation for the love of it, but not as a profession.
amatory adj. Designed to excite love.
ambidextrous adj. Having the ability of using both hands with equal skill or ease.
ambiguous adj. Having a double meaning.
ambitious adj. Eagerly desirous and aspiring.
ambrosial adj. Divinely sweet, fragrant, or delicious.
ambulance n. A vehicle fitted for conveying the sick and wounded.
ambulate v. To walk about
ambush n. The act or state of lying concealed for the purpose of surprising or attacking the enemy.
ameliorate v. To relieve, as from pain or hardship
amenable adj. Willing and ready to submit.
Americanism n. A peculiar sense in which an English word or phrase is used in the United States.
amicable adj. Done in a friendly spirit.
amity n. Friendship.
amorous adj. Having a propensity for falling in love.
amorphous adj. Without determinate shape.
amour n. A love-affair, especially one of an illicit nature.
ampere n. The practical unit of electric-current strength.
ampersand n. The character &; and.
amphibious adj. Living both on land and in water.
amphitheater n. An edifice of elliptical shape, constructed about a central open space or arena.
amplitude n. Largeness.
amputate v. To remove by cutting, as a limb or some portion of the body.
amusement n. Diversion.
anachronism n. Anything occurring or existing out of its proper time.
anagram n. The letters of a word or phrase so transposed as to make a different word or phrase.
analogous adj. Corresponding (to some other) in certain respects, as in form, proportion, relations.
analogy n. Reasoning in which from certain and known relations or resemblance others are formed.
analyst n. One who analyzes or makes use of the analytical method.
analyze v. To examine minutely or critically.
anarchy n. Absence or utter disregard of government.
anathema n. Anything forbidden, as by social usage.
anatomy n. That branch of morphology which treats of the structure of organisms.
ancestry n. One's ancestors collectively.
anecdote n. A brief account of some interesting event or incident.
anemia n. Deficiency of blood or red corpuscles.
anemic adj. Affected with anemia.
anemometer n. An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of wind.
anesthetic adj. Pertaining to or producing loss of sensation.
anew adv. Once more.
angelic adj. Saintly.
Anglophobia n. Hatred or dread of England or of what is English.
Anglo-Saxon n. The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India.
angular adj. Sharp-cornered.
animadversion n. The utterance of criticism or censure.
animadvert v. To pass criticism or censure.
animalcule n. An animal of microscopic smallness.
animate v. To make alive.
animosity n. Hatred.
annals n. A record of events in their chronological order, year by year.
annex v. To add or affix at the end.
annihilate v. To destroy absolutely.
annotate v. To make explanatory or critical notes on or upon.
annual adj. Occurring every year.
annuity n. An annual allowance, payment, or income.
annunciation n. Proclamation.
anode n. The point where or path by which a voltaic current enters an electrolyte or the like.
anonymous adj. Of unknown authorship.
antagonism n. Mutual opposition or resistance of counteracting forces, principles, or persons.
Antarctic adj. Pertaining to the south pole or the regions near it.
ante v. In the game of poker, to put up a stake before the cards are dealt.
antecede v. To precede.
antecedent n. One who or that which precedes or goes before, as in time, place, rank, order, or causality.
antechamber n. A waiting room for those who seek audience.
antedate v. To assign or affix a date to earlier than the actual one.
antediluvian adj. Of or pertaining to the times, things, events before the great flood in the days of Noah.
antemeridian adj. Before noon.
antemundane adj. Pertaining to time before the world's creation.
antenatal adj. Occurring or existing before birth.
anterior adj. Prior.
anteroom n. A room situated before and opening into another, usually larger.
anthology n. A collection of extracts from the writings of various authors.
anthracite n. Hard coal.
anthropology n. The science of man in general.
anthropomorphous adj. Having or resembling human form.
antic n. A grotesque, ludicrous, or fantastic action.
Antichrist n. Any opponent or enemy of Christ, whether a person or a power.
anticlimax n. A gradual or sudden decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what is said.
anticyclone n. An atmospheric condition of high central pressure, with currents flowing outward.
antidote n. Anything that will counteract or remove the effects of poison, disease, or the like.
antilogy n. Inconsistency or contradiction in terms or ideas.
antipathize v. To show or feel a feeling of antagonism, aversion, or dislike.
antiphon n. A response or alteration of responses, generally musical.
antiphony n. An anthem or other composition sung responsively.
antipodes n. A place or region on the opposite side of the earth.
antiquary n. One who collects and examines old things, as coins, books, medals, weapons, etc.
antiquate v. To make old or out of date.
antique adj. Pertaining to ancient times.
antiseptic n. Anything that destroys or restrains the growth of putrefactive micro-organisms.
antislavery adj. Opposed to human slavery.
antispasmodic adj. Tending to prevent or relieve non-inflammatory spasmodic affections.
antistrophe n. The inversion of terms in successive classes, as in "the home of joy and the joy of home".
antitoxin n. A substance which neutralizes the poisonous products of micro-organisms.
antonym n. A word directly opposed to another in meaning.
anxious adj. Distressed in mind respecting some uncertain matter.
apathy n. Insensibility to emotion or passionate feeling.
aperture n. Hole.
apex n. The highest point, as of a mountain.
aphorism n. Proverb.
apiary n. A place where bees are kept.
apogee n. The climax.
apology n. A disclaimer of intentional error or offense.
apostasy n. A total departure from one's faith or religion.
apostate adj. False.
apostle n. Any messenger commissioned by or as by divine authority.
apothecary n. One who keeps drugs for sale and puts up prescriptions.
apotheosis n. Deification.
appall v. To fill with dismay or horror.
apparent adj. Easily understood.
appease v. To soothe by quieting anger or indignation.
appellate adj. Capable of being appealed to.
appellation n. The name or title by which a particular person, class, or thing is called.
append v. To add or attach, as something accessory, subordinate, or supplementary.
appertain v. To belong, as by right, fitness, association, classification, possession, or natural relation.
apposite adj. Appropriate.
apposition n. The act of placing side by side, together, or in contact.
appraise v. To estimate the money value of.
appreciable adj. Capable of being discerned by the senses or intellect.
apprehend v. To make a prisoner of (a person) in the name of the law.
apprehensible adj. Capable of being conceived.
approbation n. Sanction.
appropriate adj. Suitable for the purpose and circumstances.
aqueduct n. A water-conduit, particularly one for supplying a community from a distance.
aqueous adj. Of, pertaining to, or containing water.
arbiter n. One chosen or appointed, by mutual consent of parties in dispute, to decide matters.
arbitrary adj. Fixed or done capriciously.
arbitrate v. To act or give judgment as umpire.
arbor n. A tree.
arboreal adj. Of or pertaining to a tree or trees.
arborescent adj. Having the nature of a tree.
arboretum n. A botanical garden or place devoted to the cultivation of trees or shrubs.
arboriculture n. The cultivation of trees or shrubs.
arcade n. A vaulted passageway or street; a roofed passageway having shops, etc., opening from it.
archaic adj. Antiquated
archaism n. Obsolescence.
archangel n. An angel of high rank.
archbishop n. The chief of the bishops of an ecclesiastical province in the Greek, Roman, and Anglican church.
archdeacon n. A high official administrator of the affairs of a diocese.
archaeology n. The branch of anthropology concerned with the systematic investigation of the relics of man.
archetype n. A prototype.
archipelago n. Any large body of water studded with islands, or the islands collectively themselves.
ardent adj. Burning with passion.
ardor n. Intensity of passion or affection.
arid adj. Very dry.
aristocracy n. A hereditary nobility
aristocrat n. A hereditary noble or one nearly connected with nobility.
armada n. A fleet of war-vessels.
armful n. As much as can be held in the arm or arms.
armory n. An arsenal.
aroma n. An agreeable odor.
arraign v. To call into court, as a person indicted for crime, and demand whether he pleads guilty or not.
arrange v. To put in definite or proper order.
arrangement n. The act of putting in proper order, or the state of being put in order.
arrant adj. Notoriously bad.
arrear n. Something overdue and unpaid.
arrival n. A coming to stopping-place or destination.
arrogant adj. Unduly or excessively proud, as of wealth, station, learning, etc.
arrogate v. To take, demand, or claim, especially presumptuously or without reasons or grounds.
Artesian well n. A very deep bored well. water rises due to underground pressure
artful adj. Characterized by craft or cunning.
Arthurian adj. Pertaining to King Arthur, the real or legendary hero of British poetic story.
artifice n. Trickery.
ascension n. The act of rising.
ascent n. A rising, soaring, or climbing.
ascetic adj. Given to severe self-denial and practicing excessive abstinence and devotion.
ascribe v. To assign as a quality or attribute.
asexual adj. Having no distinct sexual organs.
ashen adj. Pale.
askance adv. With a side or indirect glance or meaning.
asperity n. Harshness or roughness of temper.
aspirant n. One who seeks earnestly, as for advancement, honors, place.
aspiration n. An earnest wish for that which is above one's present reach.
aspire v. To have an earnest desire, wish, or longing, as for something high and good, not yet attained.
assailant n. One who attacks.
assassin n. One who kills, or tries to kill, treacherously or secretly.
assassinate v. To kill, as by surprise or secret assault, especially the killing of some eminent person.
assassination n. Murderer, as by secret assault or treachery.
assay n. The chemical analysis or testing of an alloy ore.
assent v. To express agreement with a statement or matter of opinion.
assess v. To determine the amount of (a tax or other sum to be paid).
assessor n. An officer whose duty it is to assess taxes.
assets n. pl. Property in general, regarded as applicable to the payment of debts.
assiduous adj. Diligent.
assignee n. One who is appointed to act for another in the management of certain property and interests.
assimilate v. To adapt.
assonance n. Resemblance or correspondence in sound.
assonant adj. Having resemblance of sound.
assonate v. To accord in sound, especially vowel sound.
assuage v. To cause to be less harsh, violent, or severe, as excitement, appetite, pain, or disease.
astringent adj. Harsh in disposition or character.
astute adj. Keen in discernment.
atheism n. The denial of the existence of God.
athirst adj. Wanting water.
athwart adv. From side to side.
atomizer n. An apparatus for reducing a liquid to a fine spray, as for disinfection, inhalation, etc.
atone v. To make amends for.
atonement n. Amends, reparation, or expiation made from wrong or injury.
atrocious adj. Outrageously or wantonly wicked, criminal, vile, or cruel.
atrocity n. Great cruelty or reckless wickedness.
attache n. A subordinate member of a diplomatic embassy.
attest v. To certify as accurate, genuine, or true.
attorney-general n. The chief law-officer of a government.
auburn adj. Reddish-brown, said usually of the hair.
audacious adj. Fearless.
audible adj. Loud enough to be heard.
audition n. The act or sensation of hearing.
auditory adj. Of or pertaining to hearing or the organs or sense of hearing.
augment v. To make bigger.
augur v. To predict.
Augustinian adj. Pertaining to St. Augustine, his doctrines, or the religious orders called after him.
aura n. Pervasive psychic influence supposed to emanate from persons
aural adj. Of or pertaining to the ear.
auricle n. One of the two chambers of the heart which receives the blood from the veins.
auricular adj. Of or pertaining to the ear, its auricle, or the sense of hearing.
auriferous adj. Containing gold.
aurora n. A luminous phenomenon in the upper regions of the atmosphere.
auspice n. favoring, protecting, or propitious influence or guidance.
austere adj. Severely simple; unadorned.
autarchy n. Unrestricted power.
authentic adj. Of undisputed origin.
authenticity n. The state or quality of being genuine, or of the origin and authorship claimed.
autobiography n. The story of one's life written by himself.
autocracy n. Absolute government.
autocrat n. Any one who claims or wields unrestricted or undisputed authority or influence.
automaton n. Any living being whose actions are or appear to be involuntary or mechanical.
autonomous adj. Self-governing.
autonomy n. Self-government.
autopsy n. The examination of a dead body by dissection to ascertain the cause of death.
autumnal adj. Of or pertaining to autumn.
auxiliary n. One who or that which aids or helps, especially when regarded as subsidiary or accessory.
avalanche n. The fall or sliding of a mass of snow or ice down a mountain-slope, often bearing with it rock.
avarice n. Passion for getting and keeping riches.
aver v. To assert as a fact.
averse adj. Reluctant.
aversion n. A mental condition of fixed opposition to or dislike of some particular thing.
avert v. To turn away or aside.
aviary n. A spacious cage or enclosure in which live birds are kept.
avidity n. Greediness.
avow v. To declare openly.
awaken v. To arouse, as emotion, interest, or the like.
awry adv. & adj. Out of the proper form, direction, or position.
aye adv. An expression of assent.
azalea n. A flowering shrub.
azure n. The color of the sky.
Baconian adj. Of or pertaining to Lord Bacon or his system of philosophy.
bacterium n. A microbe.
baffle v. To foil or frustrate.
bailiff n. An officer of court having custody of prisoners under arraignment.
baize n. A single-colored napped woolen fabric used for table-covers, curtains, etc.
bale n. A large package prepared for transportation or storage.
baleful adj. Malignant.
ballad n. Any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in lyric form.
balsam n. A medical preparation, aromatic and oily, used for healing.
banal adj. Commonplace.
barcarole n. A boat-song of Venetian gondoliers.
barograph n. An instrument that registers graphically and continuously the atmospheric pressure.
barometer n. An instrument for indicating the atmospheric pressure per unit of surface.
barring prep. Apart from.
baritone adj. Having a register higher than bass and lower than tenor.
bask v. To make warm by genial heat.
bass adj. Low in tone or compass.
baste v. To cover with melted fat, gravy, while cooking.
baton n. An official staff borne either as a weapon or as an emblem of authority or privilege.
battalion n. A body of infantry composed of two or more companies, forming a part of a regiment.
batten n. A narrow strip of wood.
batter n. A thick liquid mixture of two or more materials beaten together, to be used in cookery.
bauble n. A trinket.
bawl v. To proclaim by outcry.
beatify v. To make supremely happy.
beatitude n. Any state of great happiness.
beau n. An escort or lover.
becalm v. To make quiet.
beck v. To give a signal to, by nod or gesture.
bedaub v. To smear over, as with something oily or sticky.
bedeck v. To cover with ornament.
bedlam n. Madhouse.
befriend v. To be a friend to, especially when in need.
beget v. To produce by sexual generation.
begrudge v. To envy one of the possession of.
belate v. To delay past the proper hour.
belay v. To make fast, as a rope, by winding round a cleat.
belie v. To misrepresent.
believe v. To accept as true on the testimony or authority of others.
belittle v. To disparage.
belle n. A woman who is a center of attraction because of her beauty, accomplishments, etc.
bellicose adj. Warlike.
belligerent adj. Manifesting a warlike spirit.
bemoan v. To lament
benediction n. a solemn invocation of the divine blessing.
benefactor n. A doer of kindly and charitable acts.
benefice n. A church office endowed with funds or property for the maintenance of divine service.
beneficent adj. Characterized by charity and kindness.
beneficial adj. Helpful.
beneficiary n. One who is lawfully entitled to the profits and proceeds of an estate or property.
benefit n. Helpful result.
benevolence n. Any act of kindness or well-doing.
benevolent adj. Loving others and actively desirous of their well-being.
benign adj. Good and kind of heart.
benignant adj. Benevolent in feeling, character, or aspect.
benignity n. Kindness of feeling, disposition, or manner.
benison n. Blessing.
bequeath v. To give by will.
bereave v. To make desolate with loneliness and grief.
berth n. A bunk or bed in a vessel, sleeping-car, etc.
beseech v. To implore.
beset v. To attack on all sides.
besmear v. To smear over, as with any oily or sticky substance.
bestial adj. Animal.
bestrew v. To sprinkle or cover with things strewn.
bestride v. To get or sit upon astride, as a horse.
bethink v. To remind oneself.
betide v. To happen to or befall.
betimes adv. In good season or time.
betroth v. To engage to marry.
betrothal n. Engagement to marry.
bevel n. Any inclination of two surfaces other than 90 degrees.
bewilder v. To confuse the perceptions or judgment of.
bibliomania n. The passion for collecting books.
bibliography n. A list of the words of an author, or the literature bearing on a particular subject.
bibliophile n. One who loves books.
bibulous adj. Fond of drinking.
bide v. To await.
biennial n. A plant that produces leaves and roots the first year and flowers and fruit the second.
bier n. A horizontal framework with two handles at each end for carrying a corpse to the grave.
bigamist n. One who has two spouses at the same time.
bigamy n. The crime of marrying any other person while having a legal spouse living.
bight n. A slightly receding bay between headlands, formed by a long curve of a coast-line.
bilateral adj. Two-sided.
bilingual adj. Speaking two languages.
biograph n. A bibliographical sketch or notice.
biography n. A written account of one's life, actions, and character.
biology n. The science of life or living organisms.
biped n. An animal having two feet.
birthright n. A privilege or possession into which one is born.
bitterness n. Acridity, as to the taste.
blase adj. Sated with pleasure.
blaspheme v. To indulge in profane oaths.
blatant adj. Noisily or offensively loud or clamorous.
blaze n. A vivid glowing flame.
blazon v. To make widely or generally known.
bleak adj. Desolate.
blemish n. A mark that mars beauty.
blithe adj. Joyous.
blithesome adj. Cheerful.
blockade n. The shutting up of a town, a frontier, or a line of coast by hostile forces.
boatswain n. A subordinate officer of a vessel, who has general charge of the rigging, anchors, etc.
bodice n. A women's ornamental corset-shaped laced waist.
bodily adj. Corporeal.
boisterous adj. Unchecked merriment or animal spirits.
bole n. The trunk or body of a tree.
bolero n. A Spanish dance, illustrative of the passion of love, accompanied by caste nets and singing.
boll n. A round pod or seed-capsule, as a flax or cotton.
bolster v. To support, as something wrong.
bomb n. A hollow projectile containing an explosive material.
bombard v. To assail with any missile or with abusive speech.
bombardier n. A person who has charge of mortars, bombs, and shells.
bombast n. Inflated or extravagant language, especially on unimportant subjects.
boorish adj. Rude.
bore v. To weary by tediousness or dullness.
borough n. An incorporated village or town.
bosom n. The breast or the upper front of the thorax of a human being, especially of a woman.
botanical adj. Connected with the study or cultivation of plants.
botanize v. To study plant-life.
botany n. The science that treats of plants.
bountiful adj. Showing abundance.
Bowdlerize v. To expurgate in editing (a literary composition) by omitting words or passages.
bowler n. In cricket, the player who delivers the ball.
boycott v. To place the products or merchandise of under a ban.
brae n. Hillside.
braggart n. A vain boaster.
brandish v. To wave, shake, or flourish triumphantly or defiantly, as a sword or spear.
bravado n. An aggressive display of boldness.
bravo interj. Well done.
bray n. A loud harsh sound, as the cry of an ass or the blast of a horn.
braze v. To make of or ornament with brass.
brazier n. An open pan or basin for holding live coals.
breach n. The violation of official duty, lawful right, or a legal obligation.
breaker n. One who trains horses, dogs, etc.
breech n. The buttocks.
brethren n. pl. Members of a brotherhood, gild, profession, association, or the like.
brevity n. Shortness of duration.
bric-a-brac n. Objects of curiosity or for decoration.
bridle n. The head-harness of a horse consisting of a head-stall, a bit, and the reins.
brigade n. A body of troops consisting of two or more regiments.
brigadier n. General officer who commands a brigade, ranking between a colonel and a major-general.
brigand n. One who lives by robbery and plunder.
brimstone n. Sulfur.
brine n. Water saturated with salt.
bristle n. One of the coarse, stiff hairs of swine: used in brush-making, etc.
Britannia n. The United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Briticism n. A word, idiom, or phrase characteristic of Great Britain or the British.
brittle adj. Fragile.
broach v. To mention, for the first time.
broadcast adj. Disseminated far and wide.
brogan n. A coarse, heavy shoe.
brogue n. Any dialectic pronunciation of English, especially that of the Irish people.
brokerage n. The business of making sales and purchases for a commission; a broker.
bromine n. A dark reddish-brown, non-metallic liquid element with a suffocating odor.
bronchitis n. Inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
bronchus n. Either of the two subdivisions of the trachea conveying air into the lungs.
brooch n. An article of jewelry fastened by a hinged pin and hook on the underside.
brotherhood n. Spiritual or social fellowship or solidarity.
browbeat v. To overwhelm, or attempt to do so, by stern, haughty, or rude address or manner.
brusque adj. Somewhat rough or rude in manner or speech.
buffoon n. A clown.
buffoonery n. Low drollery, coarse jokes, etc.
bulbous adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a bulb.
bullock n. An ox.
bulrush n. Any one of various tall rush-like plants growing in damp ground or water.
bulwark n. Anything that gives security or defense.
bumper n. A cup or glass filled to the brim, especially one to be drunk as a toast or health.
bumptious adj. Full of offensive and aggressive self-conceit.
bungle v. To execute clumsily.
buoyancy n. Power or tendency to float on or in a liquid or gas.
buoyant adj. Having the power or tendency to float or keep afloat.
bureau n. A chest of drawers for clothing, etc.
bureaucracy n. Government by departments of men transacting particular branches of public business.
burgess n. In colonial times, a member of the lower house of the legislature of Maryland or Virginia.
burgher n. An inhabitant, citizen or freeman of a borough burgh, or corporate town.
burnish v. To make brilliant or shining.
bursar n. A treasurer.
butt v. To strike with or as with the head, or horns.
butte n. A conspicuous hill, low mountain, or natural turret, generally isolated.
buttress n. Any support or prop.
by-law n. A rule or law adopted by an association, a corporation, or the like.
cabal n. A number of persons secretly united for effecting by intrigue some private purpose.
cabalism n. Superstitious devotion to one's religion.
cabinet n. The body of men constituting the official advisors of the executive head of a nation.
cacophony n. A disagreeable, harsh, or discordant sound or combination of sounds or tones.
cadaverous adj. Resembling a corpse.
cadence n. Rhythmical or measured flow or movement, as in poetry or the time and pace of marching troops.
cadenza n. An embellishment or flourish, prepared or improvised, for a solo voice or instrument.
caitiff adj. Cowardly.
cajole v. To impose on or dupe by flattering speech.
cajolery n. Delusive speech.
calculable adj. That may be estimated by reckoning.
calculus n. A concretion formed in various parts of the body resembling a pebble in hardness.
callosity n. The state of being hard and insensible.
callow adj. Without experience of the world.
calorie n. Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade.
calumny n. Slander.
Calvary n. The place where Christ was crucified.
Calvinism n. The system of doctrine taught by John Calvin.
Calvinize v. To teach or imbue with the doctrines of Calvinism.
came n. A leaden sash-bar or grooved strip for fastening panes in stained-glass windows.
cameo n. Any small engraved or carved work in relief.
campaign n. A complete series of connected military operations.
Canaanite n. A member of one of the three tribes that dwelt in the land of Canaan, or western Palestine.
canary adj. Of a bright but delicate yellow.
candid adj. Straightforward.
candor n. The quality of frankness or outspokenness.
canine adj. Characteristic of a dog.
canon n. Any rule or law.
cant v. To talk in a singsong, preaching tone with affected solemnity.
cantata n. A choral composition.
canto n. One of the divisions of an extended poem.
cantonment n. The part of the town or district in which the troops are quartered.
capacious adj. Roomy.
capillary n. A minute vessel having walls composed of a single layer of cells.
capitulate v. To surrender or stipulate terms.
caprice n. A whim.
caption n. A heading, as of a chapter, section, document, etc.
captious adj. Hypercritical.
captivate v. To fascinate, as by excellence. eloquence, or beauty.
carcass n. The dead body of an animal.
cardiac adj. Pertaining to the heart.
cardinal adj. Of prime or special importance.
caret n. A sign (^) placed below a line, indicating where omitted words, etc., should be inserted.
caricature n. a picture or description in which natural characteristics are exaggerated or distorted.
carnage n. Massacre.
carnivorous adj. Eating or living on flesh.
carouse v. To drink deeply and in boisterous or jovial manner.
carrion n. Dead and putrefying flesh.
cartilage n. An elastic animal tissue of firm consistence.
cartridge n. A charge for a firearm, or for blasting.
caste n. The division of society on artificial grounds.
castigate v. To punish.
casual adj. Accidental, by chance.
casualty n. A fatal or serious accident or disaster.
cataclysm n. Any overwhelming flood of water.
cataract n. Opacity of the lens of the eye resulting in complete or partial blindness.
catastrophe n. Any great and sudden misfortune or calamity.
cathode n. The negative pole or electrode of a galvanic battery.
Catholicism n. The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.
catholicity n. Universal prevalence or acceptance.
cat-o-nine-tails n. An instrument consisting of nine pieces of cord, formerly used for flogging in the army and navy.
caucus n. A private meeting of members of a political party to select candidates.
causal adj. Indicating or expressing a cause.
caustic adj. Sarcastic and severe.
cauterize v. To burn or sear as with a heated iron.
cede v. To pass title to.
censor n. An official examiner of manuscripts empowered to prohibit their publication.
censorious adj. Judging severely or harshly.
census n. An official numbering of the people of a country or district.
centenary adj. Pertaining to a hundred years or a period of a hundred years.
centiliter n. A hundredth of a liter.
centimeter n. A length of one hundredth of a meter.
centurion n. A captain of a company of one hundred infantry in the ancient Roman army.
cereal adj. Pertaining to edible grain or farinaceous seeds.
ceremonial adj. Characterized by outward form or ceremony.
ceremonious adj. Observant of ritual.
cessation n. Discontinuance, as of action or motion.
cession n. Surrender, as of possessions or rights.
chagrin n. Keen vexation, annoyance, or mortification, as at one's failures or errors.
chameleon adj. Changeable in appearance.
chancery n. A court of equity, as distinguished from a common-law court.
chaos n. Any condition of which the elements or parts are in utter disorder and confusion.
characteristic n. A distinctive feature.
characterize v. To describe by distinctive marks or peculiarities.
charlatan n. A quack.
chasm n. A yawning hollow, as in the earth's surface.
chasten v. To purify by affliction.
chastise v. To subject to punitive measures.
chastity n. Sexual or moral purity.
chateau n. A castle or manor-house.
chattel n. Any article of personal property.
check v. To hold back.
chiffon n. A very thin gauze used for trimmings, evening dress, etc.
chivalry n. The knightly system of feudal times with its code, usages and practices.
cholera n. An acute epidemic disease.
choleric adj. Easily provoked to anger.
choral adj. Pertaining to, intended for, or performed by a chorus or choir.
Christ n. A title of Jesus
christen v. To name in baptism.
Christendom n. That part of the world where Christianity is generally professed.
chromatic adj. Belonging, relating to, or abounding in color.
chronology n. The science that treats of computation of time or of investigation and arrangement of events.
chronometer n. A portable timekeeper of the highest attainable precision.
cipher v. To calculate arithmetically. (also a noun meaning zero or nothing)
circulate v. To disseminate.
circumference n. The boundary-line of a circle.
circumlocution n. Indirect or roundabout expression.
circumnavigate v. To sail quite around.
circumscribe v. To confine within bounds.
circumspect adj. Showing watchfulness, caution, or careful consideration.
citadel n. Any strong fortress.
cite v. To refer to specifically.
claimant n. One who makes a claim or demand, as of right.
clairvoyance n. Intuitive sagacity or perception.
clamorous adj. Urgent in complaint or demand.
clan n. A tribe.
clangor n. Clanking or a ringing, as of arms, chains, or bells; clamor.
clarify v. To render intelligible.
clarion n. A small shrill trumpet or bugle.
classify v. To arrange in a class or classes on the basis of observed resemblances and differences.
clearance n. A certificate from the proper authorities that a vessel has complied with the law and may sail.
clemency n. Mercy.
close-hauled adj. Having the sails set for sailing as close to the wind as possible.
clothier n. One who makes or sells cloth or clothing.
clumsy adj. Awkward of movement.
coagulate v. To change into a clot or a jelly, as by heat, by chemical action, or by a ferment.
coagulant adj. Producing coagulation.
coalescence n. The act or process of coming together so as to form one body, combination, or product.
coalition n. Combination in a body or mass.
coddle v. To treat as a baby or an invalid.
codicil n. A supplement adding to, revoking, or explaining in the body of a will.
coerce v. To force.
coercion n. Forcible constraint or restraint, moral or physical.
coercive adj. Serving or tending to force.
cogent adj. Appealing strongly to the reason or conscience.
cognate adj. Akin.
cohere v. To stick together.
cohesion n. Consistency.
cohesive adj. Having the property of consistency.
coincide v. To correspond.
coincidence n. A circumstance so agreeing with another: often implying accident.
coincident adj. Taking place at the same time.
collaborate v. To labor or cooperate with another or others, especially in literary or scientific pursuits.
collapse v. To cause to shrink, fall in, or fail.
collapsible adj. That may or can collapse.
colleague n. An associate in professional employment.
collective adj. Consisting of a number of persons or objects considered as gathered into a mass, or sum.
collector n. One who makes a collection, as of objects of art, books, or the like.
collegian n. A college student.
collide v. To meet and strike violently.
collier n. One who works in a coal-mine.
collision n. Violent contact.
colloquial adj. Pertaining or peculiar to common speech as distinguished from literary.
colloquialism n. Form of speech used only or chiefly in conversation.
colloquy n. Conversation.
collusion n. A secret agreement for a wrongful purpose.
colossus n. Any strikingly great person or object.
comely adj. Handsome.
comestible adj. Fit to be eaten.
comical adj. Funny.
commemorate v. To serve as a remembrance of.
commentary n. A series of illustrative or explanatory notes on any important work.
commingle v. To blend.
commissariat n. The department of an army charged with the provision of its food and water and daily needs.
commission v. To empower.
commitment n. The act or process of entrusting or consigning for safe-keeping.
committal n. The act, fact, or result of committing, or the state of being
commodity n. Something that is bought and sold.
commotion n. A disturbance or violent agitation.
commute v. To put something, especially something less severe, in place of.
comparable adj. Fit to be compared.
comparative adj. Relative.
comparison n. Examination of two or more objects with reference to their likeness or unlikeness.
compensate v. To remunerate.
competence n. Adequate qualification or capacity.
competent adj. Qualified.
competitive adj. characterized by rivalry.
competitor n. A rival.
complacence n. Satisfaction with one's acts or surroundings.
complacent adj. Pleased or satisfied with oneself.
complaisance n. Politeness.
complement v. To make complete.
complex adj. Complicated.
complicate v. To make complex, difficult, or hard to deal with.
complication n. An intermingling or combination of things or parts, especially in a perplexing manner.
complicity n. Participation or partnership, as in wrong-doing or with a wrong-doer.
compliment v. To address or gratify with expressions of delicate praise.
component n. A constituent element or part.
comport v. To conduct or behave (oneself).
composure n. Calmness.
comprehension n. Ability to know.
comprehensive adj. Large in scope or content.
compress v. To press together or into smaller space.
compressible adj. Capable of being pressed into smaller compass.
compression n. Constraint, as by force or authority.
comprise v. To consist of.
compulsion n. Coercion.
concurrent adj. Occurring or acting together.
concussion n. A violent shock to some organ by a fall or a sudden blow.
condensation n. The act or process of making dense or denser.
condense v. To abridge.
condescend v. To come down voluntarily to equal terms with inferiors.
condolence n. Expression of sympathy with a person in pain, sorrow, or misfortune.
conduce v. To bring about.
conducive adj. Contributing to an end.
conductible adj. Capable of being conducted or transmitted.
conduit n. A means for conducting something, particularly a tube, pipe, or passageway for a fluid.
confectionery n. The candy collectively that a confectioner makes or sells, as candy.
confederacy n. A number of states or persons in compact or league with each other, as for mutual aid.
confederate n. One who is united with others in a league, compact, or agreement.
confer v. To bestow.
conferee n. A person with whom another confers.
confessor n. A spiritual advisor.
confidant n. One to whom secrets are entrusted.
confide v. To reveal in trust or confidence.
confidence n. The state or feeling of trust in or reliance upon another.
confident adj. Assured.
confinement n. Restriction within limits or boundaries.
confiscate v. To appropriate (private property) as forfeited to the public use or treasury.
conflagration n. A great fire, as of many buildings, a forest, or the like.
confluence n. The place where streams meet.
confluent n. A stream that unites with another.
conformance n. The act or state or conforming.
conformable adj. Harmonious.
conformation n. General structure, form, or outline.
conformity n. Correspondence in form, manner, or use.
confront v. To encounter, as difficulties or obstacles.
congeal v. To coagulate.
congenial adj. Having kindred character or tastes.
congest v. To collect into a mass.
congregate v. To bring together into a crowd.
coniferous adj. Cone-bearing trees.
conjugal adj. Pertaining to marriage, marital rights, or married persons.
conjugate adj. Joined together in pairs.
conjugation n. The state or condition of being joined together.
conjunction n. The state of being joined together, or the things so joined.
connive v. To be in collusion.
connoisseur n. A critical judge of art, especially one with thorough knowledge and sound judgment of art.
connote v. To mean; signify.
connubial adj. Pertaining to marriage or matrimony.
conquer v. To overcome by force.
consanguineous adj. Descended from the same parent or ancestor.
conscience n. The faculty in man by which he distinguishes between right and wrong in character and conduct.
conscientious adj. Governed by moral standard.
conscious adj. Aware that one lives, feels, and thinks.
conscript v. To force into military service.
consecrate v. To set apart as sacred.
consecutive adj. Following in uninterrupted succession.
consensus n. A collective unanimous opinion of a number of persons.
conservatism n. Tendency to adhere to the existing order of things.
conservative adj. Adhering to the existing order of things.
conservatory n. An institution for instruction and training in music and declamation.
consign v. To entrust.
consignee n. A person to whom goods or other property has been entrusted.
consignor n. One who entrusts.
consistency n. A state of permanence.
console v. To comfort.
consolidate v. To combine into one body or system.
consonance n. The state or quality of being in accord with.
consonant adj. Being in agreement or harmony with.
consort n. A companion or associate.
conspicuous adj. Clearly visible.
conspirator n. One who agrees with others to cooperate in accomplishing some unlawful purpose.
conspire v. To plot.
constable n. An officer whose duty is to maintain the peace.
constellation n. An arbitrary assemblage or group of stars.
consternation n. Panic.
constituency n. The inhabitants or voters in a district represented in a legislative body.
constituent n. One who has the right to vote at an election.
constrict v. To bind.
consul n. An officer appointed to reside in a foreign city, chiefly to represent his country.
consulate n. The place in which a consul transacts official business.
consummate v. To bring to completion.
consumption n. Gradual destruction, as by burning, eating, etc., or by using up, wearing out, etc.
consumptive adj. Designed for gradual destruction.
contagion n. The communication of disease from person to person.
contagious adj. Transmitting disease.
contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully.
contemporaneous adj. Living, occurring, or existing at the same time.
contemporary adj. Living or existing at the same time.
contemptible adj. Worthy of scorn or disdain.
contemptuous adj. Disdainful.
contender n. One who exerts oneself in opposition or rivalry.
contiguity n. Proximity.
contiguous adj. Touching or joining at the edge or boundary.
continence n. Self-restraint with respect to desires, appetites, and passion.
contingency n. Possibility of happening.
contingent adj. Not predictable.
continuity n. Uninterrupted connection in space, time, operation, or development.
continuous adj. Connected, extended, or prolonged without separation or interruption of sequence.
contort v. To twist into a misshapen form.
contraband n. Trade forbidden by law or treaty.
contradiction n. The assertion of the opposite of that which has been said.
contradictory adj. Inconsistent with itself.
contraposition n. A placing opposite.
contravene v. To prevent or obstruct the operation of.
contribution n. The act of giving for a common purpose.
contributor n. One who gives or furnishes, in common with others, for a common purpose.
contrite adj. Broken in spirit because of a sense of sin.
contrivance n. The act planning, devising, inventing, or adapting something to or for a special purpose.
contrive v. To manage or carry through by some device or scheme.
control v. To exercise a directing, restraining, or governing influence over.
controller n. One who or that which regulates or directs.
contumacious adj. Rebellious.
contumacy n. Contemptuous disregard of the requirements of rightful authority.
contuse v. To bruise by a blow, either with or without the breaking of the skin.
contusion n. A bruise.
convalesce v. To recover after a sickness.
convalescence n. The state of progressive restoration to health and strength after the cessation of disease.
convalescent adj. Recovering health after sickness.
convene v. To summon or cause to assemble.
convenience n. Fitness, as of time or place.
converge v. To cause to incline and approach nearer together.
convergent adj. Tending to one point.
conversant adj. Thoroughly informed.
conversion n. Change from one state or position to another, or from one form to another.
convertible adj. Interchangeable.
convex adj. Curving like the segment of the globe or of the surface of a circle.
conveyance n. That by which anything is transported.
convivial adj. Devoted to feasting, or to good-fellowship in eating or drinking.
convolution n. A winding motion.
convolve v. To move with a circling or winding motion.
convoy n. A protecting force accompanying property in course of transportation.
convulse v. To cause spasms in.
convulsion n. A violent and abnormal muscular contraction of the body.
copious adj. Plenteous.
coquette n. A flirt.
cornice n. An ornamental molding running round the walls of a room close to the ceiling.
cornucopia n. The horn of plenty, symbolizing peace and prosperity.
corollary n. A proposition following so obviously from another that it requires little demonstration.
coronation n. The act or ceremony of crowning a monarch.
coronet n. Inferior crown denoting, according to its form, various degrees of noble rank less than sovereign.
corporal adj. Belonging or relating to the body as opposed to the mind.
corporate adj. Belonging to a corporation.
corporeal adj. Of a material nature; physical.
corps n. A number or body of persons in some way associated or acting together.
corpse n. A dead body.
corpulent adj. Obese.
corpuscle n. A minute particle of matter.
correlate v. To put in some relation of connection or correspondence.
correlative adj. Mutually involving or implying one another.
corrigible adj. Capable of reformation.
corroborate v. To strengthen, as proof or conviction.
corroboration n. Confirmation.
corrode v. To ruin or destroy little by little.
corrosion n. Gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration.
corrosive n. That which causes gradual decay by crumbling or surface disintegration.
corruptible adj. Open to bribery.
corruption n. Loss of purity or integrity.
cosmetic adj. Pertaining to the art of beautifying, especially the complexion.
cosmic adj. Pertaining to the universe.
cosmogony n. A doctrine of creation or of the origin of the universe.
cosmography n. The science that describes the universe, including astronomy, geography, and geology.
cosmology n. The general science of the universe.
cosmopolitan adj. Common to all the world.
cosmopolitanism n. A cosmopolitan character.
cosmos n. The world or universe considered as a system, perfect in order and arrangement.
counter-claim n. A cross-demand alleged by a defendant in his favor against the plaintiff.
counteract v. To act in opposition to.
counterbalance v. To oppose with an equal force.
countercharge v. To accuse in return.
counterfeit adj. Made to resemble something else.
counterpart n. Something taken with another for the completion of either.
countervail v. To offset.
counting-house n. A house or office used for transacting business, bookkeeping, correspondence, etc.
countryman n. A rustic.
course n. Line of motion or direction.
courser n. A fleet and spirited horse.
courtesy n. Politeness originating in kindness and exercised habitually.
covenant n. An agreement entered into by two or more persons or parties.
covert adj. Concealed, especially for an evil purpose.
covey n. A flock of quails or partridges.
cower v. To crouch down tremblingly, as through fear or shame.
coxswain n. One who steers a rowboat, or one who has charge of a ship's boat and its crew under an officer.
crag n. A rugged, rocky projection on a cliff or ledge.
cranium n. The skull of an animal, especially that part enclosing the brain.
crass adj. Coarse or thick in nature or structure, as opposed to thin or fine.
craving n. A vehement desire.
creak n. A sharp, harsh, squeaking sound.
creamery n. A butter-making establishment.
creamy adj. Resembling or containing cream.
credence n. Belief.
creed n. A formal summary of fundamental points of religious belief.
crematory adj. A place for cremating dead bodies.
crevasse n. A deep crack or fissure in the ice of a glacier.
crevice n. A small fissure, as between two contiguous surfaces.
criterion n. A standard by which to determine the correctness of a judgment or conclusion.
critique n. A criticism or critical review.
crockery n. Earthenware made from baked clay.
crucible n. A trying and purifying test or agency.
crusade n. Any concerted movement, vigorously prosecuted, in behalf of an idea or principle.
crustacean adj. Pertaining to a division of arthropods, containing lobsters, crabs, crawfish, etc.
crustaceous adj. Having a crust-like shell.
cryptogram n. Anything written in characters that are secret or so arranged as to have hidden meaning.
crystallize v. To bring together or give fixed shape to.
cudgel n. A short thick stick used as a club.
culinary adj. Of or pertaining to cooking or the kitchen.
cull v. To pick or sort out from the rest.
culpable adj. Guilty.
culprit n. A guilty person.
culvert n. Any artificial covered channel for the passage of water through a bank or under a road, canal.
cupidity n. Avarice.
curable adj. Capable of being remedied or corrected.
curator n. A person having charge as of a library or museum.
curio n. A piece of bric-a-brac.
cursive adj. Writing in which the letters are joined together.
cursory adj. Rapid and superficial.
curt adj. Concise, compressed, and abrupt in act or expression.
curtail v. To cut off or cut short.
curtsy n. A downward movement of the body by bending the knees.
cycloid adj. Like a circle.
cygnet n. A young swan.
cynical adj. Exhibiting moral skepticism.
cynicism n. Contempt for the opinions of others and of what others value.
cynosure n. That to which general interest or attention is directed.
daring adj. Brave.
darkling adv. Blindly.
Darwinism n. The doctrine that natural selection has been the prime cause of evolution of higher forms.
dastard n. A base coward.
datum n. A premise, starting-point, or given fact.
dauntless adj. Fearless.
day-man n. A day-laborer.
dead-heat n. A race in which two or more competitors come out even, and there is no winner.
dearth n. Scarcity, as of something customary, essential ,or desirable.
death's-head n. A human skull as a symbol of death.
debase v. To lower in character or virtue.
debatable adj. Subject to contention or dispute.
debonair adj. Having gentle or courteous bearing or manner.
debut n. A first appearance in society or on the stage.
decagon n. A figure with ten sides and ten angles.
decagram n. A weight of 10 grams.
decaliter n. A liquid and dry measure of 10 liters.
decalogue n. The ten commandments.
Decameron n. A volume consisting of ten parts or books.
decameter n. A length of ten meters.
decamp v. To leave suddenly or unexpectedly.
decapitate v. To behead.
decapod adj. Ten-footed or ten-armed.
decasyllable n. A line of ten syllables.
deceit n. Falsehood.
deceive v. To mislead by or as by falsehood.
decency n. Moral fitness.
decent adj. Characterized by propriety of conduct, speech, manners, or dress.
deciduous adj. Falling off at maturity as petals after flowering, fruit when ripe, etc.
decimal adj. Founded on the number 10.
decimate v. To destroy a measurable or large proportion of.
decipher v. To find out the true words or meaning of, as something hardly legible.
decisive ad. Conclusive.
declamation n. A speech recited or intended for recitation from memory in public.
declamatory adj. A full and formal style of utterance.
declarative adj. Containing a formal, positive, or explicit statement or affirmation.
declension n. The change of endings in nouns and adj. to express their different relations of gender.
decorate v. To embellish.
decorous adj. Suitable for the occasion or circumstances.
decoy n. Anything that allures, or is intended to allures into danger or temptation.
decrepit adj. Enfeebled, as by old age or some chronic infirmity.
dedication n. The voluntary consecration or relinquishment of something to an end or cause.
deduce v. To derive or draw as a conclusion by reasoning from given premises or principles.
deface v. To mar or disfigure the face or external surface of.
defalcate v. To cut off or take away, as a part of something.
defamation n. Malicious and groundless injury done to the reputation or good name of another.
defame v. To slander.
default n. The neglect or omission of a legal requirement.
defendant n. A person against whom a suit is brought.
defensible adj. Capable of being maintained or justified.
defensive adj. Carried on in resistance to aggression.
defer v. To delay or put off to some other time.
deference n. Respectful submission or yielding, as to another's opinion, wishes, or judgment.
defiant adj. Characterized by bold or insolent opposition.
deficiency n. Lack or insufficiency.
deficient adj. Not having an adequate or proper supply or amount.
definite adj. Having an exact signification or positive meaning.
deflect v. To cause to turn aside or downward.
deforest v. To clear of forests.
deform v. To disfigure.
defraud v. To deprive of something dishonestly.
defray v. To make payment for.
degeneracy n. A becoming worse.
degenerate v. To become worse or inferior.
degradation n. Diminution, as of strength or magnitude.
degrade v. To take away honors or position from.
dehydrate v. To deprive of water.
deify v. To regard or worship as a god.
deign v. To deem worthy of notice or account.
deist n. One who believes in God, but denies supernatural revelation.
deity n. A god, goddess, or divine person.
deject v. To dishearten.
delectable adj. Delightful to the taste or to the senses.
delectation n. Delight.
deleterious adj. Hurtful, morally or physically.
delicacy n. That which is agreeable to a fine taste.
delineate v. To represent by sketch or diagram.
deliquesce v. To dissolve gradually and become liquid by absorption of moisture from the air.
delirious adj. Raving.
delude v. To mislead the mind or judgment of.
deluge v. To overwhelm with a flood of water.
delusion n. Mistaken conviction, especially when more or less enduring.
demagnetize v. To deprive (a magnet) of magnetism.
demagogue n. An unprincipled politician.
demeanor n. Deportment.
demerit n. A mark for failure or bad conduct.
demise n. Death.
demobilize v. To disband, as troops.
demolish v. To annihilate.
demonstrable adj. Capable of positive proof.
demonstrate v. To prove indubitably.
demonstrative adj. Inclined to strong exhibition or expression of feeling or thoughts.
demonstrator n. One who proves in a convincing and conclusive manner.
demulcent n. Any application soothing to an irritable surface
demurrage n. the detention of a vessel beyond the specified time of sailing.
dendroid adj. Like a tree.
dendrology n. The natural history of trees.
denizen n. Inhabitant.
denominate v. To give a name or epithet to.
denomination n. A body of Christians united by a common faith and form of worship and discipline.
denominator n. Part of a fraction which expresses the number of equal parts into which the unit is divided.
denote v. To designate by word or mark.
denouement n. That part of a play or story in which the mystery is cleared up.
denounce v. To point out or publicly accuse as deserving of punishment, censure, or odium.
dentifrice n. Any preparation used for cleaning the teeth.
denude v. To strip the covering from.
denunciation n. The act of declaring an action or person worthy of reprobation or punishment.
deplete v. To reduce or lessen, as by use, exhaustion, or waste.
deplorable adj. Contemptible.
deplore v. To regard with grief or sorrow.
deponent adj. Laying down.
depopulate v. To remove the inhabitants from.
deport v. To take or send away forcibly, as to a penal colony.
deportment n. Demeanor.
deposition n. Testimony legally taken on interrogatories and reduced to writing, for use as evidence in court.
depositor n. One who makes a deposit, or has an amount deposited.
depository n. A place where anything is kept in safety.
deprave v. To render bad, especially morally bad.
deprecate v. To express disapproval or regret for, with hope for the opposite.
depreciate v. To lessen the worth of.
depreciation n. A lowering in value or an underrating in worth.
depress v. To press down.
depression n. A falling of the spirits.
depth n. Deepness.
derelict adj. Neglectful of obligation.
deride v. To ridicule.
derisible adj. Open to ridicule.
derision n. Ridicule.
derivation n. That process by which a word is traced from its original root or primitive form and meaning.
derivative adj. Coming or acquired from some origin.
derive v. To deduce, as from a premise.
dermatology n. The branch of medical science which relates to the skin and its diseases.
derrick n. An apparatus for hoisting and swinging great weights.
descendant n. One who is descended lineally from another, as a child, grandchild, etc.
descendent adj. Proceeding downward.
descent n. The act of moving or going downward.
descry v. To discern.
desert v. To abandon without regard to the welfare of the abandoned
desiccant n. Any remedy which, when applied externally, dries up or absorbs moisture, as that of wounds.
designate v. To select or appoint, as by authority.
desist v. To cease from action.
desistance n. Cessation.
despair n. Utter hopelessness and despondency.
desperado n. One without regard for law or life.
desperate adj. Resorted to in a last extremity, or as if prompted by utter despair.
despicable adj. Contemptible.
despite prep. In spite of.
despond v. To lose spirit, courage, or hope.
despondent adj. Disheartened.
despot n. An absolute and irresponsible monarch.
despotism n. Any severe and strict rule in which the judgment of the governed has little or no part.
destitute adj. Poverty-stricken.
desultory adj. Not connected with what precedes.
deter v. To frighten away.
deteriorate v. To grow worse.
determinate adj. Definitely limited or fixed.
determination n. The act of deciding.
deterrent adj. Hindering from action through fear.
detest v. To dislike or hate with intensity.
detract v. To take away in such manner as to lessen value or estimation.
detriment n. Something that causes damage, depreciation, or loss.
detrude v. To push down forcibly.
deviate v. To take a different course.
devilry n. Malicious mischief.
deviltry n. Wanton and malicious mischief.
devious adj. Out of the common or regular track.
devise v. To invent.
devout adj. Religious.
dexterity n. Readiness, precision, efficiency, and ease in any physical activity or in any mechanical work.
diabolic adj. Characteristic of the devil.
diacritical adj. Marking a difference.
diagnose v. To distinguish, as a disease, by its characteristic phenomena.
diagnosis n. Determination of the distinctive nature of a disease.
dialect n. Forms of speech collectively that are peculiar to the people of a particular district.
dialectician n. A logician.
dialogue n. A formal conversation in which two or more take part.
diaphanous adj. Transparent.
diatomic adj. Containing only two atoms.
diatribe n. A bitter or malicious criticism.
dictum n. A positive utterance.
didactic adj. Pertaining to teaching.
difference n. Dissimilarity in any respect.
differentia n. Any essential characteristic of a species by reason of which it differs from other species.
differential adj. Distinctive.
differentiate v. To acquire a distinct and separate character.
diffidence n. Self-distrust.
diffident adj. Affected or possessed with self-distrust.
diffusible adj. Spreading rapidly through the system and acting quickly.
diffusion n. Dispersion.
dignitary n. One who holds high rank.
digraph n. A union of two characters representing a single sound.
digress v. To turn aside from the main subject and for a time dwell on some incidental matter.
dilapidated pa. Fallen into decay or partial ruin.
dilate v. To enlarge in all directions.
dilatory adj. Tending to cause delay.
dilemma n. A situation in which a choice between opposing modes of conduct is necessary.
dilettante n. A superficial amateur.
diligence n. Careful and persevering effort to accomplish what is undertaken.
dilute v. To make more fluid or less concentrated by admixture with something.
diminution n. Reduction.
dimly adv. Obscurely.
diphthong n. The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds.
diplomacy n. Tact, shrewdness, or skill in conducting any kind of negotiations or in social matters.
diplomat n. A representative of one sovereign state at the capital or court of another.
diplomatic adj. Characterized by special tact in negotiations.
diplomatist n. One remarkable for tact and shrewd management.
disagree v. To be opposite in opinion.
disallow v. To withhold permission or sanction.
disappear v. To cease to exist, either actually or for the time being.
disappoint v. To fail to fulfill the expectation, hope, wish, or desire of.
disapprove v. To regard with blame.
disarm v. To deprive of weapons.
disarrange v. To throw out of order.
disavow v. To disclaim responsibility for.
disavowal n. Denial.
disbeliever n. One who refuses to believe.
disburden v. To disencumber.
disburse v. To pay out or expend, as money from a fund.
discard v. To reject.
discernible adj. Perceivable.
disciple n. One who believes the teaching of another, or who adopts and follows some doctrine.
disciplinary adj. Having the nature of systematic training or subjection to authority.
discipline v. To train to obedience.
disclaim v. To disavow any claim to, connection with, or responsibility to.
discolor v. To stain.
discomfit v. To put to confusion.
discomfort n. The state of being positively uncomfortable.
disconnect v. To undo or dissolve the connection or association of.
disconsolate adj. Grief-stricken.
discontinuance n. Interruption or intermission.
discord n. Absence of harmoniousness.
discountenance v. To look upon with disfavor.
discover v. To get first sight or knowledge of, as something previously unknown or unperceived.
discredit v. To injure the reputation of.
discreet adj. Judicious.
discriminate v. To draw a distinction.
discursive adj. Passing from one subject to another.
discussion n. Debate.
disenfranchise v. To deprive of any right privilege or power
disengage v. To become detached.
disfavor n. Disregard.
disfigure v. To impair or injure the beauty, symmetry, or appearance of.
dishabille n. Undress or negligent attire.
dishonest adj. Untrustworthy.
disinfect v. To remove or destroy the poison of infectious or contagious diseases.
disinfectant n. A substance used to destroy the germs of infectious diseases.
disinherit v. To deprive of an inheritance.
disinterested adj. Impartial.
disjunctive adj. Helping or serving to disconnect or separate.
dislocate v. To put out of proper place or order.
dismissal n. Displacement by authority from an office or an employment.
dismount v. To throw down, push off, or otherwise remove from a horse or the like.
disobedience n. Neglect or refusal to comply with an authoritative injunction.
disobedient adj. Neglecting or refusing to obey.
disown v. To refuse to acknowledge as one's own or as connected with oneself.
disparage v. To regard or speak of slightingly.
disparity n. Inequality.
dispel v. To drive away by or as by scattering in different directions.
dispensation n. That which is bestowed on or appointed to one from a higher power.
displace v. To put out of the proper or accustomed place.
dispossess v. To deprive of actual occupancy, especially of real estate.
disputation n. Verbal controversy.
disquiet v. To deprive of peace or tranquillity.
disregard v. To take no notice of.
disreputable adj. Dishonorable or disgraceful.
disrepute n. A bad name or character.
disrobe v. To unclothe.
disrupt v. To burst or break asunder.
dissatisfy v. To displease.
dissect v. To cut apart or to pieces.
dissection n. The act or operation of cutting in pieces, specifically of a plant or an animal.
dissemble v. To hide by pretending something different.
disseminate v. To sow or scatter abroad, as seed is sown.
dissension n. Angry or violent difference of opinion.
dissent n. Disagreement.
dissentient n. One who disagrees.
dissentious adj. Contentious.
disservice n. An ill turn.
dissever v. To divide.
dissipate v. To disperse or disappear.
dissipation n. The state of being dispersed or scattered.
dissolute adj. Lewd.
dissolution n. A breaking up of a union of persons.
dissolve v. To liquefy or soften, as by heat or moisture.
dissonance n. Discord.
dissonant adj. Harsh or disagreeable in sound.
dissuade v. To change the purpose or alter the plans of by persuasion, counsel, or pleading.
dissuasion n. The act of changing the purpose of or altering the plans of through persuasion, or pleading.
disyllable n. A word of two syllables.
distemper n. A disease or malady.
distend v. To stretch out or expand in every direction.
distensible adj. Capable of being stretched out or expanded in every direction.
distention n. Expansion.
distill v. To extract or produce by vaporization and condensation.
distillation n. Separation of the more volatile parts of a substance from those less volatile.
distiller n. One occupied in the business of distilling alcoholic liquors.
distinction n. A note or designation of honor, officially recognizing superiority or success in studies.
distort v. To twist into an unnatural or irregular form.
distrain v. To subject a person to distress.
distrainor n. One who subjects a person to distress.
distraught adj. Bewildered.
distrust n. Lack of confidence in the power, wisdom, or good intent of any person.
disunion n. Separation of relations or interests.
diurnal adj. Daily.
divergent adj. Tending in different directions.
diverse adj. Capable of various forms.
diversion n. Pastime.
diversity n. Dissimilitude.
divert v. To turn from the accustomed course or a line of action already established.
divertible adj. Able to be turned from the accustomed course or a line of action already established.
divest v. To strip, specifically of clothes, ornaments, or accouterments or disinvestment.
divination n. The pretended forecast of future events or discovery of what is lost or hidden.
divinity n. The quality or character of being godlike.
divisible adj. Capable of being separated into parts.
divisor n. That by which a number or quantity is divided.
divulge v. To tell or make known, as something previously private or secret.
divulgence n. A divulging.
docile adj. Easy to manage.
docket n. The registry of judgments of a court.
doe n. The female of the deer.
dogma n. A statement of religious faith or duty formulated by a body claiming authority.
dogmatic adj. Making statements without argument or evidence.
dogmatize v. To make positive assertions without supporting them by argument or evidence.
doleful adj. Melancholy.
dolorous adj. Expressing or causing sorrow or pain.
domain n. A sphere or field of action or interest.
domesticity n. Life in or fondness for one's home and family.
domicile n. The place where one lives.
dominance n. Ascendancy.
dominate v. To influence controllingly.
domination n. Control by the exercise of power or constituted authority.
domineer v. To rule with insolence or unnecessary annoyance.
donate v. To bestow as a gift, especially for a worthy cause.
donator n. One who makes a donation or present.
donee n. A person to whom a donation is made.
donor n. One who makes a donation or present.
dormant adj. Being in a state of or resembling sleep.
doublet n. One of a pair of like things.
doubly adv. In twofold degree or extent.
dowry n. The property which a wife brings to her husband in marriage.
drachma n. A modern and an ancient Greek coin.
dragnet n. A net to be drawn along the bottom of the water.
dragoon n. In the British army, a cavalryman.
drainage n. The means of draining collectively, as a system of conduits, trenches, pipes, etc.
dramatist n. One who writes plays.
dramatize v. To relate or represent in a dramatic or theatrical manner.
drastic adj. Acting vigorously.
drought n. Dry weather, especially when so long continued as to cause vegetation to wither.
drowsy adj. Heavy with sleepiness.
drudgery n. Hard and constant work in any menial or dull occupation.
dubious adj. Doubtful.
duckling n. A young duck.
ductile adj. Capable of being drawn out, as into wire or a thread.
duet n. A composition for two voices or instruments.
dun v. To make a demand or repeated demands on for payment.
duplex adj. Having two parts.
duplicity n. Double-dealing.
duration n. The period of time during which anything lasts.
duteous adj. Showing submission to natural superiors.
dutiable adj. Subject to a duty, especially a customs duty.
dutiful adj. Obedient.
dwindle v. To diminish or become less.
dyne n. The force which, applied to a mass of one gram for 1 second, would give it a velocity of 1 cm/s.
earnest adj. Ardent in spirit and speech.
earthenware n. Anything made of clay and baked in a kiln or dried in the sun.
eatable adj. Edible.
ebullient adj. Showing enthusiasm or exhilaration of feeling.
eccentric adj. Peculiar.
eccentricity n. Idiosyncrasy.
eclipse n. The obstruction of a heavenly body by its entering into the shadow of another body.
economize v. To spend sparingly.
ecstasy n. Rapturous excitement or exaltation.
ecstatic adj. Enraptured.
edible adj. Suitable to be eaten.
edict n. That which is uttered or proclaimed by authority as a rule of action.
edify v. To build up, or strengthen, especially in morals or religion.
editorial n. An article in a periodical written by the editor and published as an official argument.
educe v. To draw out.
efface v. To obliterate.
effective adj. Fit for a destined purpose.
effectual adj. Efficient.
effeminate adj. Having womanish traits or qualities.
effervesce v. To bubble up.
effervescent adj. Giving off bubbles of gas.
effete adj. Exhausted, as having performed its functions.
efficacious adj. Effective.
efficacy n. The power to produce an intended effect as shown in the production of it.
efficiency n. The state of possessing adequate skill or knowledge for the performance of a duty.
efficient adj. Having and exercising the power to produce effects or results.
efflorescence n. The state of being flowery, or a flowery appearance.
efflorescent adj. Opening in flower.
effluvium n. A noxious or ill-smelling exhalation from decaying or putrefying matter.
effrontery n. Unblushing impudence.
effuse v. To pour forth.
effusion n. an outpouring.
egoism n. The theory that places man's chief good in the completeness of self.
egoist n. One who advocates or practices egoism.
egotism n. Self-conceit.
egotist n. One given to self-mention or who is constantly telling of his own views and experiences.
egregious adj. Extreme.
egress n. Any place of exit.
eject v. To expel.
elapse v. To quietly terminate: said of time.
elasticity n. That property of matter by which a body tends to return to a former shape after being changed.
electrolysis n. The process of decomposing a chemical compound by the passage of an electric current.
electrotype n. A metallic copy of any surface, as a coin.
elegy n. A lyric poem lamenting the dead.
element n. A component or essential part.
elicit v. To educe or extract gradually or without violence.
eligible adj. Qualified for selection.
eliminate v. To separate and cast aside.
Elizabethan adj. Relating to Elizabeth, queen of England, or to her era.
elocution n. The art of correct intonation, inflection, and gesture in public speaking or reading.
eloquent adj. Having the ability to express emotion or feeling in lofty and impassioned speech.
elucidate v. To bring out more clearly the facts concerning.
elude v. To evade the search or pursuit of by dexterity or artifice.
elusion n. Evasion.
emaciate v. To waste away in flesh.
emanate v. To flow forth or proceed, as from some source.
emancipate v. To release from bondage.
embargo n. Authoritative stoppage of foreign commerce or of any special trade.
embark v. To make a beginning in some occupation or scheme.
embarrass v. To render flustered or agitated.
embellish v. To make beautiful or elegant by adding attractive or ornamental features.
embezzle v. To misappropriate secretly.
emblazon v. To set forth publicly or in glowing terms.
emblem n. A symbol.
embody v. To express, formulate, or exemplify in a concrete, compact or visible form.
embolden v. To give courage to.
embolism n. An obstruction or plugging up of an artery or other blood-vessel.
embroil v. To involve in dissension or strife.
emerge v. To come into view or into existence.
emergence n. A coming into view.
emergent adj. Coming into view.
emeritus adj. Retired from active service but retained to an honorary position.
emigrant n. One who moves from one place to settle in another.
emigrate v. To go from one country, state, or region for the purpose of settling or residing in another.
eminence n. An elevated position with respect to rank, place, character, condition, etc.
eminent adj. High in station, merit, or esteem.
emit v. To send or give out.
emphasis n. Any special impressiveness added to an utterance or act, or stress laid upon some word.
emphasize v. To articulate or enunciate with special impressiveness upon a word, or a group of words.
emphatic adj. Spoken with any special impressiveness laid upon an act, word, or set of words.
employee n. One who works for wages or a salary.
employer n. One who uses or engages the services of other persons for pay.
emporium n. A bazaar or shop.
empower v. To delegate authority to.
emulate v. To imitate with intent to equal or surpass.
enact v. To make into law, as by legislative act.
enamor v. To inspire with ardent love.
encamp v. To pitch tents for a resting-place.
encomium n. A formal or discriminating expression of praise.
encompass v. To encircle.
encore n. The call for a repetition, as of some part of a play or performance.
encourage v. To inspire with courage, hope, or strength of mind.
encroach v. To invade partially or insidiously and appropriate the possessions of another.
encumber v. To impede with obstacles.
encyclical adj. Intended for general circulation.
encyclopedia n. A work containing information on subjects, or exhaustive of one subject.
endanger v. To expose to peril.
endear v. To cause to be loved.
endemic adj. Peculiar to some specified country or people.
endue v. To endow with some quality, gift, or grace, usually spiritual.
endurable adj. Tolerable.
endurance n. The ability to suffer pain, distress, hardship, or stress of any kind without succumbing.
energetic adj. Working vigorously.
enervate v. To render ineffective or inoperative.
enfeeble v. To debilitate.
enfranchise v. To endow with a privilege, especially with the right to vote.
engender v. To produce.
engrave v. To cut or carve in or upon some surface.
engross v. To occupy completely.
enhance v. To intensify.
enrapture v. To delight extravagantly or intensely.
enshrine v. To keep sacred.
ensnare v. To entrap.
entail v. To involve; necessitate.
entangle v. To involve in difficulties, confusion, or complications.
enthrall v. To bring or hold under any overmastering influence.
enthrone v. To invest with sovereign power.
enthuse v. To yield to or display intense and rapturous feeling.
enthusiastic adj. Full of zeal and fervor.
entirety n. A complete thing.
entomology n. The branch of zoology that treats of insects.
entrails n. pl. The internal parts of an animal.
entreaty n. An earnest request.
entree n. The act of entering.
entrench v. To fortify or protect, as with a trench or ditch and wall.
entwine v. To interweave.
enumerate v. To name one by one.
epic n. A poem celebrating in formal verse the mythical achievements of great personages, heroes, etc.
epicure n. One who cultivates a delicate taste for eating and drinking.
Epicurean adj. Indulging, ministering, or pertaining to daintiness of appetite.
epicycle n. A circle that rolls upon the external or internal circumference of another circle.
epicycloid n. A curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls upon another circle.
epidemic n. Wide-spread occurrence of a disease in a certain region.
epidermis n. The outer skin.
epigram n. A pithy phrasing of a shrewd observation.
epilogue n. The close of a narrative or dramatic poem.
epiphany n. Any appearance or bodily manifestation of a deity.
episode n. An incident or story in a literary work, separable from yet growing out of it.
epitaph n. An inscription on a tomb or monument in honor or in memory of the dead.
epithet n. Word used adjectivally to describe some quality or attribute of is objects, as in "Father Aeneas".
epitome n. A simplified representation.
epizootic adj. Prevailing among animals.
epoch n. A interval of time, memorable for extraordinary events.
epode n. A species of lyric poems.
equalize v. To render uniform.
equanimity n. Evenness of mind or temper.
equestrian adj. Pertaining to horses or horsemanship.
equilibrium n. A state of balance.
equitable adj. Characterized by fairness.
equity n. Fairness or impartiality.
equivalent adj. Equal in value, force, meaning, or the like.
equivocal adj. Ambiguous.
equivocate v. To use words of double meaning.
eradicate v. To destroy thoroughly.
errant adj. Roving or wandering, as in search of adventure or opportunity for gallant deeds.
erratic adj. Irregular.
erudition n. Extensive knowledge of literature, history, language, etc.
eschew v. To keep clear of.
espy v. To keep close watch.
esquire n. A title of dignity, office, or courtesy.
essence n. That which makes a thing to be what it is.
esthetic adj. Pertaining to beauty, taste, or the fine arts.
estimable adj. Worthy of respect.
estrange v. To alienate.
estuary n. A wide lower part of a tidal river.
et cetera Latin. And so forth.
eugenic adj. Relating to the development and improvement of race.
eulogize v. To speak or write a laudation of a person's life or character.
eulogy n. A spoken or written laudation of a person's life or character.
euphemism n. A figure of speech by which a phrase less offensive is substituted.
euphonious adj. Characterized by agreeableness of sound.
euphony n. Agreeableness of sound.
eureka Greek. I have found it.
evade v. To avoid by artifice.
evanesce v. To vanish gradually.
evanescent adj. Fleeting.
evangelical adj. Seeking the conversion of sinners.
evangelist n. A preacher who goes from place to place holding services.
evasion n. Escape.
evert v. To turn inside out.
evict v. To dispossess pursuant to judicial decree.
evidential adj. Indicative.
evince v. To make manifest or evident.
evoke v. To call or summon forth.
evolution n. Development or growth.
evolve v. To unfold or expand.
exacerbate v. To make more sharp, severe, or virulent.
exaggerate v. To overstate.
exasperate v. To excite great anger in.
excavate v. To remove by digging or scooping out.
exceed v. To go beyond, as in measure, quality, value, action, power, skill, etc.
excel v. To be superior or distinguished.
excellence n. Possession of eminently or unusually good qualities.
excellency n. A title of honor bestowed upon various high officials.
excellent adj. Possessing distinguished merit.
excerpt n. An extract or selection from written or printed matter.
excess n. That which passes the ordinary, proper, or required limit, measure, or experience.
excitable adj. Nervously high-strung.
excitation n. Intensified emotion or action.
exclamation n. An abrupt or emphatic expression of thought or of feeling.
exclude v. To shut out purposely or forcibly.
exclusion n. Non-admission.
excrescence n. Any unnatural addition, outgrowth, or development.
excretion n. The getting rid of waste matter.
excruciate v. To inflict severe pain or agony upon.
excursion n. A journey.
execration n. An accursed thing.
executor n. A person nominated by the will of another to execute the will.
exegesis n. Biblical exposition or interpretation.
exemplar n. A model, pattern, or original to be copied or imitated.
exemplary adj. Fitted to serve as a model or example worthy of imitation.
exemplify v. To show by example.
exempt adj. Free, clear, or released, as from some liability, or restriction affecting others.
exert v. To make an effort.
exhale v. To breathe forth.
exhaust v. To empty by draining off the contents.
exhaustible adj. Causing or tending to cause exhaustion.
exhaustion n. Deprivation of strength or energy.
exhaustive adj. Thorough and complete in execution.
exhilarate v. To fill with high or cheerful spirits.
exhume v. To dig out of the earth (what has been buried).
exigency n. A critical period or condition.
exigent adj. Urgent.
existence n. Possession or continuance of being.
exit n. A way or passage out.
exodus n. A going forth or departure from a place or country, especially of many people.
exonerate v. To relieve or vindicate from accusation, imputation, or blame.
exorbitance n. Extravagance or enormity.
exorbitant adj. Going beyond usual and proper limits.
exorcise v. To cast or drive out by religious or magical means.
exotic adj. Foreign.
expand v. To increase in range or scope.
expanse n. A continuous area or stretch.
expansion n. Increase of amount, size, scope, or the like.
expatriate v. To drive from one's own country.
expect v. To look forward to as certain or probable.
expectancy n. The act or state of looking forward to as certain or probable.
expectorate v. To cough up and spit forth.
expediency n. Fitness to meet the requirements of a particular case.
expedient adj. Contributing to personal advantage.
expedite v. To hasten the movement or progress of.
expeditious adj. Speedy.
expend v. To spend.
expense n. The laying out or expending or money or other resources, as time or strength.
expiate v. To make satisfaction or amends for.
explicate v. To clear from involvement.
explicit adj. Definite.
explode v. To cause to burst in pieces by force from within.
explosion n. A sudden and violent outbreak.
explosive adj. Pertaining to a sudden and violent outbreak.
exposition n. Formal presentation.
expository adj. Pertaining to a formal presentation.
expostulate v. To discuss.
exposure n. An open situation or position in relation to the sun, elements, or points of the compass.
expressive adj. Full of meaning.
expulsion n. Forcible ejection.
extant adj. Still existing and known.
extemporaneous adj. Done or made without much or any preparation.
extempore adv. Without studied or special preparation.
extensible adj. Capable of being thrust out.
extension n. A reaching or stretching out, as in space, time or scope.
extensive adj. Extended widely in space, time, or scope.
extensor n. A muscle that causes extension.
extenuate v. To diminish the gravity or importance of.
exterior n. That which is outside.
external n. Anything relating or belonging to the outside.
extinct adj. Being no longer in existence.
extinguish v. To render extinct.
extol v. To praise in the highest terms.
extort v. To obtain by violence, threats, compulsion, or the subjection of another to some necessity.
extortion n. The practice of obtaining by violence or compulsion.
extradite v. To surrender the custody of.
extradition n. The surrender by a government of a person accused of crime to the justice of another government.
extrajudicial adj. Happening out of court.
extraneous adj. Having no essential relation to a subject.
extraordinary adj. Unusual.
extravagance n. Undue expenditure of money.
extravagant adj. Needlessly free or lavish in expenditure.
extremist n. One who supports extreme measures or holds extreme views.
extremity n. The utmost point, side, or border, or that farthest removed from a mean position.
extricate v. Disentangle.
extrude v. To drive out or away.
exuberance n. Rich supply.
exuberant adj. Marked by great plentifulness.
fabricate v. To invent fancifully or falsely.
fabulous adj. Incredible.
facet n. One of the small triangular plane surfaces of a diamond or other gem.
facetious adj. Amusing.
facial adj. Pertaining to the face.
facile adj. Not difficult to do.
facilitate v. To make more easy.
facility n. Ease.
facsimile n. An exact copy or reproduction.
faction n. A number of persons combined for a common purpose.
factious adj. Turbulent.
fallacy n. Any unsound or delusive mode of reasoning, or anything based on such reasoning.
fallible adj. Capable of erring.
fallow n. Land broken up and left to become mellow or to rest.
famish v. To suffer extremity of hunger or thirst.
fanatic n. A religious zealot.
fancier n. One having a taste for or interest in special objects.
fanciless adj. Unimaginative.
fastidious adj. Hard to please.
fathom n. A measure of length, 6 feet.
fatuous adj. Idiotic
faulty adj. Imperfect.
faun n. One of a class of deities of the woods and herds represented as half human, with goats feet.
fawn n. A young deer.
fealty n. Loyalty.
feasible adj. That may be done, performed, or effected; practicable.
federate v. To league together.
feint n. Any sham, pretense, or deceptive movement.
felicitate v. To wish joy or happiness to, especially in view of a coming event.
felicity n. A state of well-founded happiness.
felon n. A criminal or depraved person.
felonious adj. Showing criminal or evil purpose.
felony n. One of the highest class of offenses, and punishable with death or imprisonment.
feminine adj. Characteristic of woman or womankind.
fernery n. A place in which ferns are grown.
ferocious adj. Of a wild, fierce, and savage nature.
ferocity n. Savageness.
fervent adj. Ardent in feeling.
fervid adj. Intense.
fervor n. Ardor or intensity of feeling.
festal adj. Joyous.
fete n. A festival or feast.
fetus n. The young in the womb or in the egg.
feudal adj. Pertaining to the relation of lord and vassal.
feudalism n. The feudal system.
fez n. A brimless felt cap in the shape of a truncated cone, usually red with a black tassel.
fiasco n. A complete or humiliating failure.
fickle adj. Unduly changeable in feeling, judgment, or purpose.
fictitious adj. Created or formed by the imagination.
fidelity n. Loyalty.
fiducial adj. Indicative of faith or trust.
fief n. A landed estate held under feudal tenure.
filibuster n. One who attempts to obstruct legislation.
finale n. Concluding performance.
finality n. The state or quality of being final or complete.
finally adv. At last.
financier n. One skilled in or occupied with financial affairs or operations.
finery n. That which is used to decorate the person or dress.
finesse n. Subtle contrivance used to gain a point.
finite adj. Limited.
fiscal adj. Pertaining to the treasury or public finances of a government.
fishmonger n. One who sells fish.
fissure n. A crack or crack-like depression.
fitful adj. Spasmodic.
fixture n. One who or that which is expected to remain permanently in its position.
flag-officer n. The captain of a flag-ship.
flagrant adj. Openly scandalous.
flamboyant adj. Characterized by extravagance and in general by want of good taste.
flatulence n. Accumulation of gas in the stomach and bowels.
flection n. The act of bending.
fledgling n. A young bird.
flexible adj. Pliable.
flimsy adj. Thin and weak.
flippant adj. Having a light, pert, trifling disposition.
floe n. A collection of tabular masses of floating polar ice.
flora n. The aggregate of plants growing without cultivation in a district.
floral adj. Pertaining to flowers.
florid adj. Flushed with red.
florist n. A dealer in flowers.
fluctuate v. To pass backward and forward irregularly from one state or degree to another.
fluctuation n. Frequent irregular change back and forth from one state or degree to another.
flue n. A smoke-duct in a chimney.
fluent adj. Having a ready or easy flow of words or ideas.
fluential adj. Pertaining to streams.
flux n. A state of constant movement, change, or renewal.
foggy adj. Obscure.
foible n. A personal weakness or failing.
foist v. To palm off.
foliage n. Any growth of leaves.
folio n. A sheet of paper folded once, or of a size adapted to folding once.
folk-lore n. The traditions, beliefs, and customs of the common people.
fondle v. To handle tenderly and lovingly.
foolery n. Folly.
foot-note n. A note of explanation or comment at the foot of a page or column.
foppery n. Dandyism.
foppish adj. Characteristic of one who is unduly devoted to dress and the niceties of manners.
forbearance n. Patient endurance or toleration of offenses.
forby adv. Besides.
forecourt n. A court opening directly from the street.
forejudge v. To judge of before hearing evidence.
forepeak n. The extreme forward part of a ship's hold, under the lowest deck.
foreshore n. That part of a shore uncovered at low tide.
forebode v. To be an omen or warning sign of, especially of evil.
forecast v. To predict.
forecastle n. That part of the upper deck of a ship forward of the after fore-shrouds.
foreclose v. To bar by judicial proceedings the equitable right of a mortgagor to redeem property.
forefather n. An ancestor.
forego v. To deny oneself the pleasure or profit of.
foreground n. That part of a landscape or picture situated or represented as nearest the spectator.
forehead n. The upper part of the face, between the eyes and the hair.
foreign adj. Belonging to, situated in, or derived from another country.
foreigner n. A citizen of a foreign country.
foreknowledge n. Prescience.
foreman n. The head man.
foreordain v. To predetermine.
forerun v. To go before as introducing or ushering in.
foresail n. A square sail.
foresee v. To discern beforehand.
foresight n. Provision against harm or need.
foretell v. To predict.
forfeit v. To lose possession of through failure to fulfill some obligation.
forfend v. To ward off.
forgery n. Counterfeiting.
forgo v. To deny oneself.
formation n. Relative disposition of parts.
formidable adj. Difficult to accomplish.
formula n. Fixed rule or set form.
forswear v. To renounce upon oath.
forte n. A strong point.
forth adv. Into notice or view.
forthright adv. With directness.
fortify v. To provide with defensive works.
fortitude n. Patient courage.
foursome adj. Consisting of four.
fracture n. A break.
frailty n. Liability to be broken or destroyed.
fragile adj. Capable of being broken.
frankincense n. A gum or resin which on burning yields aromatic fumes.
frantic adj. Frenzied.
fray v. To fret at the edge so as to loosen or break the threads.
freemason n. A member of an ancient secret fraternity originally confined to skilled artisans.
freethinker n. One who rejects authority or inspiration in religion.
free trade n. Commerce unrestricted by tariff or customs.
frequency n. The comparative number of any kind of occurrences within a given time or space.
fresco n. The art of painting on a surface of plaster, particularly on walls and ceilings.
freshness n. The state, quality, or degree of being fresh.
fretful adj. Disposed to peevishness.
frightful adj. Apt to induce terror or alarm.
frigid adj. Lacking warmth.
frigidarium n. A room kept at a low temperature for preserving fruits, meat, etc.
frivolity n. A trifling act, thought, saying, or practice.
frivolous adj. Trivial.
frizz v. To give a crinkled, fluffy appearance to.
frizzle v. To cause to crinkle or curl, as the hair.
frolicsome adj. Prankish.
frontier n. The part of a nation's territory that abuts upon another country.
frowzy adj. Slovenly in appearance.
frugal adj. Economical.
fruition n. Fulfillment.
fugacious adj. Fleeting.
fulcrum n. The support on or against which a lever rests, or the point about which it turns.
fulminate v. To cause to explode.
fulsome adj. Offensive from excess of praise or commendation.
fumigate v. To subject to the action of smoke or fumes, especially for disinfection.
functionary n. An official.
fungible adj. That may be measured, counted, or weighed.
fungous adj. Spongy.
fungus n. A plant destitute of chlorophyll, as a mushroom.
furbish v. To restore brightness or beauty to.
furlong n. A measure, one-eighth of a mile.
furlough n. A temporary absence of a soldier or sailor by permission of the commanding officer.
furrier n. A dealer in or maker of fur goods.
further adj. More distant or advanced.
furtherance n. Advancement.
furtive adj. Stealthy or sly, like the actions of a thief.
fuse v. To unite or blend as by melting together.
fusible adj. Capable of being melted by heat.
futile adj. Of no avail or effect.
futurist n. A person of expectant temperament.
gauge n. An instrument for measuring.
gaiety n. Festivity.
gait n. Carriage of the body in going.
gallant adj. Possessing a brave or chivalrous spirit.
galore adj. Abundant.
galvanic adj. Pertaining or relating to electricity produced by chemical action.
galvanism n. Current electricity, especially that arising from chemical action.
galvanize v. To imbue with life or animation.
gamble v. To risk money or other possession on an event, chance, or contingency.
gambol n. Playful leaping or frisking.
gamester n. A gambler.
gamut n. The whole range or sequence.
garnish v. In cookery, to surround with additions for embellishment.
garrison n. The military force stationed in a fort, town, or other place for its defense.
garrote v. To execute by strangling.
garrulous adj. Given to constant trivial talking.
gaseous adj. Light and unsubstantial.
gastric adj. Of, pertaining to, or near the stomach.
gastritis n. Inflammation of the stomach.
gastronomy n. The art of preparing and serving appetizing food.
gendarme n. In continental Europe, particularly in France, a uniformed and armed police officer.
genealogy n. A list, in the order of succession, of ancestors and their descendants.
genealogist n. A tracer of pedigrees.
generality n. The principal portion.
generalize v. To draw general inferences.
generally adv. Ordinarily.
generate v. To produce or cause to be.
generic adj. Noting a genus or kind; opposed to specific.
generosity n. A disposition to give liberally or to bestow favors heartily.
genesis n. Creation.
geniality n. Warmth and kindliness of disposition.
genital adj. Of or pertaining to the animal reproductive organs.
genitive adj. Indicating source, origin, possession, or the like.
genteel adj. Well-bred or refined.
gentile adj. Belonging to a people not Jewish.
geology n. The department of natural science that treats of the constitution and structure of the earth.
germane adj. Relevant.
germinate v. To begin to develop into an embryo or higher form.
gestation n. Pregnancy.
gesticulate v. To make gestures or motions, as in speaking, or in place of speech.
gesture n. A movement or action of the hands or face, expressive of some idea or emotion.
ghastly adj. Hideous.
gibe v. To utter taunts or reproaches.
giddy adj. Affected with a whirling or swimming sensation in the head.
gigantic adj. Tremendous.
giver n. One who gives, in any sense.
glacial adj. Icy, or icily cold.
glacier n. A field or stream of ice.
gladden v. To make joyous.
glazier n. One who cuts and fits panes of glass, as for windows.
glimmer n. A faint, wavering, unsteady light.
glimpse n. A momentary look.
globose adj. Spherical.
glorious adj. Of excellence and splendor.
glutinous adj. Sticky.
gluttonous adj. Given to excess in eating.
gnash v. To grind or strike the teeth together, as from rage.
Gordian knot n. Any difficulty the only issue out of which is by bold or unusual manners.
gourmand n. A connoisseur in the delicacies of the table.
gosling n. A young goose.
gossamer adj. Flimsy.
gourd n. A melon, pumpkin, squash, or some similar fruit having a hard rind.
graceless adj. Ungracious.
gradation n. A step, degree, rank, or relative position in an order or series.
gradient adj. Moving or advancing by steps.
granary n. A storehouse for grain after it is thrashed or husked.
grandeur n. The quality of being grand or admirably great.
grandiloquent adj. Speaking in or characterized by a pompous or bombastic style.
grandiose adj. Having an imposing style or effect.
grantee n. The person to whom property is transferred by deed.
grantor n. The maker of a deed.
granular adj. Composed of small grains or particles.
granulate v. To form into grains or small particles.
granule n. A small grain or particle.
grapple v. To take hold of.
gratification n. Satisfaction.
gratify v. To please, as by satisfying a physical or mental desire or need.
gratuitous adj. Voluntarily.
gratuity n. That which is given without demand or claim. Tip.
gravity n. Seriousness.
gregarious adj. Not habitually solitary or living alone.
grenadier n. A member of a regiment composed of men of great stature.
grief n. Sorrow.
grievance n. That which oppresses, injures, or causes grief and at the same time a sense of wrong.
grievous adj. Creating affliction.
grimace n. A distortion of the features, occasioned by some feeling of pain, disgust, etc.
grindstone n. A flat circular stone, used for sharpening tools.
grisly adj. Fear-inspiring.
grotesque adj. Incongruously composed or ill-proportioned.
grotto n. A small cavern.
ground n. A pavement or floor or any supporting surface on which one may walk.
guess n. Surmise.
heifer n. A young cow.
heinous adj. Odiously sinful.
hemorrhage n. Discharge of blood from a ruptured or wounded blood-vessel.
hemorrhoids n. pl. Tumors composed of enlarged and thickened blood-vessels, at the lower end of the rectum.
henchman n. A servile assistant and subordinate.
henpeck v. To worry or harass by ill temper and petty annoyances.
heptagon n. A figure having seven sides and seven angles.
heptarchy n. A group of seven governments.
herbaceous adj. Having the character of a herb.
herbarium n. A collection of dried plants scientifically arranged for study.
herbivorous adj. Feeding on herbs or other vegetable matter, as animals.
hereditary adj. Passing naturally from parent to child.
heredity n. Transmission of physical or mental qualities, diseases, etc., from parent to offspring.
heresy n. An opinion or doctrine subversive of settled beliefs or accepted principles.
heretic n. One who holds opinions contrary to the recognized standards or tenets of any philosophy.
heritage n. Birthright.
hernia n. Protrusion of any internal organ in whole or in part from its normal position.
hesitancy n. A pausing to consider.
hesitant adj. Vacillating.
heterodox adj. At variance with any commonly accepted doctrine or opinion.
heterogeneity n. Unlikeness of constituent parts.
heterogeneous adj. Consisting of dissimilar elements or ingredients of different kinds.
heteromorphic adj. Deviating from the normal form or standard type.
hexangular adj. Having six angles.
hexapod adj. Having six feet.
hexagon n. A figure with six angles.
hiatus n. A break or vacancy where something necessary to supply the connection is wanting.
hibernal adj. Pertaining to winter.
Hibernian adj. Pertaining to Ireland, or its people.
hideous adj. Appalling.
hillock n. A small hill or mound.
hinder v. To obstruct.
hindmost adj. Farthest from the front.
hindrance n. An obstacle.
hirsute adj. Having a hairy covering.
hoard v. To gather and store away for the sake of accumulation.
hoarse adj. Having the voice harsh or rough, as from a cold or fatigue.
homage n. Reverential regard or worship.
homogeneity n. Congruity of the members or elements or parts.
homogeneous adj. Made up of similar parts or elements.
homologous adj. Identical in nature, make-up, or relation.
homonym n. A word agreeing in sound with but different in meaning from another.
homophone n. A word agreeing in sound with but different in meaning from another.
honorarium n. A token fee or payment to a professional man for services.
hoodwink v. To deceive.
horde n. A gathered multitude of human beings.
hosiery n. A stocking.
hospitable adj. Disposed to treat strangers or guests with generous kindness.
hospitality n. The practice of receiving and entertaining strangers and guests with kindness.
hostility n. Enmity.
huckster n. One who retails small wares.
humane adj. Compassionate.
humanize v. To make gentle or refined.
humbug n. Anything intended or calculated to deceive or mislead.
humiliate v. To put to shame.
hussar n. A light-horse trooper armed with saber and carbine.
hustle v. To move with haste and promptness.
hybrid adj. Cross-bred.
hydra n. The seven- or nine-headed water-serpent slain by Hercules.
hydraulic adj. Involving the moving of water, of the force exerted by water in motion.
hydrodynamics n. The branch of mechanics that treats of the dynamics of fluids.
hydroelectric adj. Pertaining to electricity developed water or steam.
hydromechanics n. The mechanics of fluids.
hydrometer n. An instrument for determining the density of solids and liquids by flotation.
hydrostatics n. The branch of science that treats of the pressure and equilibrium of fluids.
hydrous adj. Watery.
hygiene n. The branch of medical science that relates to improving health.
hypercritical adj. Faultfinding.
hypnosis n. An artificial trance-sleep.
hypnotic adj. Tending to produce sleep.
hypnotism n. An artificially induced somnambulistic state in which the mind readily acts on suggestion.
hypnotize v. To produce a somnambulistic state in which the mind readily acts on suggestions.
hypocrisy n. Extreme insincerity.
hypocrite n. One who makes false professions of his views or beliefs.
hypodermic adj. Pertaining to the area under the skin.
hypotenuse n. The side of a right-angled triangle opposite the right angle.
hypothesis n. A proposition taken for granted as a premise from which to reach a conclusion.
hysteria n. A nervous affection occurring typically in paroxysms of laughing and crying.
ichthyic adj. Fish-like.
ichthyology n. The branch of zoology that treats of fishes.
ichthyosaurs n. A fossil reptile.
icily adv. Frigidly.
iciness n. The state of being icy.
icon n. An image or likeness.
iconoclast n. An image-breaker.
idealize v. To make to conform to some mental or imaginary standard.
idiom n. A use of words peculiar to a particular language.
idiosyncrasy n. A mental quality or habit peculiar to an individual.
idolize v. To regard with inordinate love or admiration.
ignoble adj. Low in character or purpose.
ignominious adj. Shameful.
Iliad n. A Greek epic poem describing scenes from the siege of Troy.
illegal adj. Not according to law.
illegible adj. Undecipherable.
illiterate adj. Having little or no book-learning.
ill-natured adj. Surly.
illogical adj. Contrary to the rules of sound thought.
illuminant n. That which may be used to produce light.
illuminate v. To supply with light.
illumine v. To make bright or clear.
illusion n. An unreal image presented to the senses.
illusive adj. Deceptive.
illusory adj. Deceiving or tending to deceive, as by false appearance.
imaginable adj. That can be imagined or conceived in the mind.
imaginary adj. Fancied.
imbibe v. To drink or take in.
imbroglio n. A misunderstanding attended by ill feeling, perplexity, or strife.
imbrue v. To wet or moisten.
imitation n. That which is made as a likeness or copy.
imitator n. One who makes in imitation.
immaculate adj. Without spot or blemish.
immaterial adj. Of no essential consequence.
immature adj. Not full-grown.
immense adj. Very great in degree, extent, size, or quantity.
immerse v. To plunge or dip entirely under water or other fluid.
immersion n. The act of plunging or dipping entirely under water or another fluid.
immigrant n. A foreigner who enters a country to settle there.
immigrate v. To come into a country or region from a former habitat.
imminence n. Impending evil or danger.
imminent adj. Dangerous and close at hand.
immiscible adj. Separating, as oil and water.
immoral adj. Habitually engaged in licentious or lewd practices.
immortalize v. To cause to last or to be known or remembered throughout a great or indefinite length of time.
immovable adj. Steadfast.
immune adj. Exempt, as from disease.
immutable adj. Unchangeable.
impair v. To cause to become less or worse.
impalpable adj. Imperceptible to the touch.
impartial adj. Unbiased.
impassable adj. That can not be passed through or over.
impassible adj. Not moved or affected by feeling.
impassive adj. Unmoved by or not exhibiting feeling.
impatience n. Unwillingness to brook delays or wait the natural course of things.
impeccable adj. Blameless.
impecunious adj. Having no money.
impede v. To be an obstacle or to place obstacles in the way of.
impel v. To drive or urge forward.
impend v. To be imminent.
imperative adj. Obligatory.
imperfectible adj. That can not be perfected.
imperil v. To endanger.
imperious adj. Insisting on obedience.
impermissible adj. Not permissible.
impersonal adj. Not relating to a particular person or thing.
impersonate v. To appear or act in the character of.
impersuadable adj. Unyielding.
importation n. The act or practice of bringing from one country into another.
importunate adj. Urgent in character, request, or demand.
importune v. To harass with persistent demands or entreaties.
impotent adj. Destitute of or lacking in power, physical, moral, or intellectual.
impoverish v. To make indigent or poor.
impracticable adj. Not feasible.
impregnable adj. That can not be taken by assault.
impregnate v. To make pregnant.
impromptu n. Anything done or said on the impulse of the moment.
improper adj. Not appropriate, suitable, or becoming.
impropriety n. The state or quality of being unfit, unseemly, or inappropriate.
improvident adj. Lacking foresight or thrift.
improvise v. To do anything extemporaneously or offhand.
imprudent adj. Heedless.
impugn v. To assail with arguments, insinuations, or accusations.
impulsion n. Impetus.
impunity n. Freedom from punishment.
impure adj. Tainted.
inaccessible adj. Difficult of approach.
inaccurate adj. Not exactly according to the facts.
inactive adj. Inert.
inadmissible adj. Not to be approved, considered, or allowed, as testimony.
inadvertent adj. Accidental.
inanimate adj. Destitute of animal life.
inapprehensible adj. Not to be understood.
inapt adj. Awkward or slow.
inarticulate adj. Speechless.
inaudible adj. That can not be heard.
inborn adj. Implanted by nature.
inbred adj. Innate.
incandescence n. The state of being white or glowing with heat.
incandescent adj. White or glowing with heat.
incapacitate v. To deprive of power, capacity, competency, or qualification.
incapacity n. Want of power to apprehend, understand, and manage.
incarcerate v. To imprison.
incendiary n. Chemical or person who starts a fire-literally or figuratively.
incentive n. That which moves the mind or inflames the passions.
inception n. The beginning.
inchoative n. That which begins, or expresses beginning.
incidence n. Casual occurrence.
incident n. A happening in general, especially one of little importance.
incidentally adv. Without intention.
incinerate v. To reduce to ashes.
incipience n. Beginning.
incisor n. A front or cutting tooth.
incite v. To rouse to a particular action.
incitement n. That which moves to action, or serves as an incentive or stimulus.
incoercible adj. Incapable of being forced, constrained, or compelled.
incoherence n. Want of connection, or agreement, as of parts or ideas in thought, speech, etc.
incoherent adj. Not logically coordinated, as to parts, elements, or details.
incombustible adj. That can not be burned.
incomparable adj. Matchless.
incompetence n. General lack of capacity or fitness.
incompetent adj. Not having the abilities desired or necessary for any purpose.
incomplete adj. Lacking some element, part, or adjunct necessary or required.
incomprehensible adj. Not understandable.
incompressible adj. Resisting all attempts to reduce volume by pressure.
inconceivable adj. Incomprehensible.
incongruous adj. Unsuitable for the time, place, or occasion.
inconsequential adj. Valueless.
inconsiderable adj. Small in quantity or importance.
inconsistent adj. Contradictory.
indigestible adj. Not digestible, or difficult to digest.
indigestion n. Difficulty or failure in the alimentary canal in changing food into absorptive nutriment.
indignant adj. Having such anger and scorn as is aroused by meanness or wickedness.
indignity n. Unmerited contemptuous conduct or treatment.
indiscernible adj. Not perceptible.
indiscreet adj. Lacking wise judgment.
indiscriminate adj. Promiscuous.
indispensable adj. Necessary or requisite for the purpose.
indistinct adj. Vague.
indivertible adj. That can not be turned aside.
indivisible adj. Not separable into parts.
indolence n. Laziness.
indolent adj. Habitually inactive or idle.
indomitable adj. Unconquerable.
induct v. To bring in.
indulgence n. The yielding to inclination, passion, desire, or propensity in oneself or another.
indulgent adj. Yielding to the desires or humor of oneself or those under one's care.
inebriate v. To intoxicate.
inedible adj. Not good for food.
ineffable adj. Unutterable.
inefficient adj. Not accomplishing an intended purpose.
inefficiency n. That which does not accomplish an intended purpose.
ineligible adj. Not suitable to be selected or chosen.
inept adj. Not fit or suitable.
inert adj. Inanimate.
inevitable adj. Unavoidable.
inexcusable adj. Not to be justified.
inexhaustible adj. So large or furnishing so great a supply as not to be emptied, wasted, or spent.
inexorable adj. Unrelenting.
inexperience n. Lack of or deficiency in experience.
inexplicable adj. Such as can not be made plain.
inexpressible adj. Unutterable.
inextensible adj. Of unchangeable length or area.
infallible adj. Exempt from error of judgment, as in opinion or statement.
infamous adj. Publicly branded or notorious, as for vice, or crime.
infamy n. Total loss or destitution of honor or reputation.
inference n. The derivation of a judgment from any given material of knowledge on the ground of law.
infernal adj. Akin to or befitting hell or its occupants.
infest v. To be present in such numbers as to be a source of annoyance, trouble, or danger.
infidel n. One who denies the existence of God.
infidelity n. Disloyalty.
infinity n. Boundless or immeasurable extension or duration.
infirm adj. Lacking in bodily or mental strength.
infirmary n. A place for the reception or treatment of the sick.
infirmity n. A physical, mental, or moral weakness or flaw.
inflammable adj. Easily set on fire or excited.
inflammation n. A morbid process in some part of the body characterized by heat, swelling, and pain.
inflexible adj. That can not be altered or varied.
influence n. Ability to sway the will of another.
influential adj. Having the power to sway the will of another.
influx n. Infusion.
infringe v. To trespass upon.
infuse v. To instill, introduce, or inculcate, as principles or qualities.
infusion n. The act of imbuing, or pouring in.
ingenious adj. Evincing skill, originality, or cleverness, as in contrivance or arrangement.
ingenuity n. Cleverness in contriving, combining, or originating.
ingenuous adj. Candid, frank, or open in character or quality.
inglorious adj. Shameful.
ingraft v. To set or implant deeply and firmly.
ingratiate v. To win confidence or good graces for oneself.
ingratitude n. Insensibility to kindness.
ingredient n. Component.
inherence n. The state of being permanently existing in something.
inherent adj. Intrinsic.
inhibit v. To hold back or in.
inhospitable adj. Not disposed to entertain strangers gratuitously.
inhuman adj. Savage.
inhume v. To place in the earth, as a dead body.
inimical adj. Adverse.
iniquity n. Gross wrong or injustice.
initiate v. To perform the first act or rite.
inject v. To introduce, as a fluid, by injection.
injunction n. Mandate.
inland adj. Remote from the sea.
inlet n. A small body of water leading into a larger.
inmost adj. Deepest within.
innovate v. To introduce or strive to introduce new things.
innuendo n. Insinuation.
inoffensive adj. Causing nothing displeasing or disturbing.
inopportune adj. Unsuitable or inconvenient, especially as to time.
inquire v. To ask information about.
inquisition n. A court or tribunal for examination and punishment of heretics.
inquisitive adj. Given to questioning, especially out of curiosity.
inquisitor n. One who makes an investigation.
inroad n. Forcible encroachment or trespass.
insatiable adj. That desires or craves immoderately or unappeasably.
inscribe v. To enter in a book, or on a list, roll, or document, by writing.
inscrutable adj. Impenetrably mysterious or profound.
insecure adj. Not assured of safety.
insensible adj. Imperceptible.
insentient adj. Lacking the power of feeling or perceiving.
inseparable adj. That can not be separated.
insidious adj. Working ill by slow and stealthy means.
insight n. Intellectual discernment.
insignificance n. Lack of import or of importance.
insignificant adj. Without importance, force, or influence.
insinuate v. To imply.
insufficient adj. Inadequate for some need, purpose, or use.
insular adj. Pertaining to an island.
insulate v. To place in a detached state or situation.
insuperable adj. Invincible.
insuppressible adj. Incapable of being concealed.
insurgence n. Uprising.
insurgent n. One who takes part in forcible opposition to the constituted authorities of a place.
insurrection n. The state of being in active resistance to authority.
intangible adj. Not perceptible to the touch.
integrity n. Uprightness of character and soundness of moral principle.
intellect n. The faculty of perception or thought.
intellectual adj. Characterized by intelligence.
intelligence n. Capacity to know or understand.
intelligible adj. Comprehensible.
intemperance n. Immoderate action or indulgence, as of the appetites.
intension n. The act of stringing or stretching, or state of being strained.
intensive adj. Adding emphasis or force.
intention n. That upon which the mind is set.
interact v. To act reciprocally.
intercede v. To mediate between persons.
intercept v. To interrupt the course of.
intercession n. Entreaty in behalf of others.
intercessor n. A mediator.
interdict n. Authoritative act of prohibition.
interim n. Time between acts or periods.
interlocutor n. One who takes part in a conversation or oral discussion.
interlude n. An action or event considered as coming between others of greater length.
intermediate adj. Being in a middle place or degree or between extremes.
interminable adj. Having no limit or end.
intermission n. A recess.
intermit v. To cause to cease temporarily.
intermittent adj. A temporary discontinuance.
interpolation n. Verbal interference.
interpose v. To come between other things or persons.
interposition n. A coming between.
interpreter n. A person who makes intelligible the speech of a foreigner by oral translation.
interrogate v. To examine formally by questioning.
interrogative adj. Having the nature or form of a question.
interrogatory n. A question or inquiry.
interrupt v. To stop while in progress.
intersect v. To cut through or into so as to divide.
intervale n. A low tract of land between hills, especially along a river.
intervene v. To interfere for some end.
intestacy n. The condition resulting from one's dying not having made a valid will.
intestate adj. Not having made a valid will.
intestine n. That part of the digestive tube below or behind the stomach, extending to the anus.
intimacy n. Close or confidential friendship.
intimidate v. To cause to become frightened.
intolerable adj. Insufferable.
intolerance n. Inability or unwillingness to bear or endure.
intolerant adj. Bigoted.
intoxicant n. Anything that unduly exhilarates or excites.
intoxicate v. To make drunk.
intracellular adj. Occurring or situated within a cell.
intramural adj. Situated within the walls of a city.
intrepid adj. Fearless and bold.
intricacy n. Perplexity.
intricate adj. Difficult to follow or understand.
intrigue n. A plot or scheme, usually complicated and intended to accomplish something by secret ways.
intrinsic adj. Inherent.
introspect v. To look into.
introspection n. The act of observing and analyzing one's own thoughts and feelings.
introversion n. The act of turning or directing inward, physically or mentally.
introvert v. To turn within.
intrude v. To come in without leave or license.
intrusion n. The act of entering without warrant or invitation; encroachment.
intuition n. Instinctive knowledge or feeling.
inundate v. To fill with an overflowing abundance.
inundation n. Flood.
inure v. To harden or toughen by use, exercise, or exposure.
invalid adj. Having no force, weight, or cogency.
invalid n. One who is disabled by illness or injury.
invalidate v. To render of no force or effect.
invaluable adj. Exceedingly precious.
invasion n. Encroachment, as by an act of intrusion or trespass.
invective n. An utterance intended to cast censure, or reproach.
inveigh v. To utter vehement censure or invective.
inventive adj. Quick at contrivance.
inverse adj. Contrary in tendency or direction.
inversion n. Change of order so that the first shall become last and the last first.
invert v. To turn inside out, upside down, or in opposite direction.
investigator n. One who investigates.
investor n. One who invests money.
inveterate adj. Habitual.
invidious adj. Showing or feeling envy.
invigorate v. To animate.
invincible adj. Not to be conquered, subdued, or overcome.
inviolable adj. Incapable of being injured or disturbed.
invoke v. To call on for assistance or protection.
involuntary adj. Unwilling.
involve v. To draw into entanglement, literally or figuratively.
invulnerable adj. That can not be wounded or hurt.
inwardly adv. With no outward manifestation.
iota n. A small or insignificant mark or part.
irascible adj. Prone to anger.
irate adj. Moved to anger.
ire n. Wrath.
iridescence n. A many-colored appearance.
iridescent adj. Exhibiting changing rainbow-colors due to the interference of the light.
irk v. To afflict with pain, vexation, or fatigue.
irksome adj. Wearisome.
irony n. Censure or ridicule under cover of praise or compliment.
irradiance n. Luster.
irradiate v. To render clear and intelligible.
irrational adj. Not possessed of reasoning powers or understanding.
irreducible adj. That can not be lessened.
irrefragable adj. That can not be refuted or disproved.
irrefrangible adj. That can not be broken or violated.
irrelevant adj. Inapplicable.
irreligious adj. Indifferent or opposed to religion.
irreparable adj. That can not be rectified or made amends for.
irrepressible adj. That can not be restrained or kept down.
irresistible adj. That can not be successfully withstood or opposed.
irresponsible adj. Careless of or unable to meet responsibilities.
irreverence n. The quality showing or expressing a deficiency of veneration, especially for sacred things.
irreverent adj. Showing or expressing a deficiency of veneration, especially for sacred things.
irreverential adj. Showing or expressing a deficiency of veneration, especially for sacred things.
irreversible adj. Irrevocable.
irrigant adj. Serving to water lands by artificial means.
irrigate v. To water, as land, by ditches or other artificial means.
irritable adj. Showing impatience or ill temper on little provocation.
irritancy n. The quality of producing vexation.
irritant n. A mechanical, chemical, or pathological agent of inflammation, pain, or tension.
irritate v. To excite ill temper or impatience in.
irruption n. Sudden invasion.
isle n. An island.
islet n. A little island.
isobar n. A line joining points at which the barometric pressure is the same at a specified moment.
isochronous adj. Relating to or denoting equal intervals of time.
isolate v. To separate from others of its kind.
isothermal adj. Having or marking equality of temperature.
itinerant adj. Wandering.
itinerary n. A detailed account or diary of a journey.
itinerate v. To wander from place to place.
jargon n. Confused, unintelligible speech or highly technical speech.
jaundice n. A morbid condition, due to obstructed excretion of bile or characterized by yellowing of the skin.
jeopardize v. To imperil.
Jingo n. One of a party in Great Britain in favor of spirited and demonstrative foreign policy.
jocose adj. Done or made in jest.
jocular adj. Inclined to joke.
joggle n. A sudden irregular shake or a push causing such a shake.
journalize v. To keep a diary.
jovial adj. Merry.
judgment n. The faculty by the exercise of which a deliberate conclusion is reached.
judicature n. Distribution and administration of justice by trial and judgment.
judicial adj. Pertaining to the administration of justice.
judiciary n. That department of government which administers the law relating to civil and criminal justice.
judicious adj. Prudent.
juggle v. To play tricks of sleight of hand.
jugglery n. The art or practice of sleight of hand.
jugular adj. Pertaining to the throat.
juicy adj. Succulent.
junction n. The condition of being joined.
juncture n. An articulation, joint, or seam.
junta n. A council or assembly that deliberates in secret upon the affairs of government.
juridical adj. Assumed by law to exist.
jurisdiction n. Lawful power or right to exercise official authority.
jurisprudence n. The science of rights in accordance with positive law.
juror n. One who serves on a jury or is sworn in for jury duty in a court of justice.
joust v. To engage in a tilt with lances on horseback.
justification n. Vindication.
juvenile adj. Characteristic of youth.
juxtapose v. To place close together.
keepsake n. Anything kept or given to be kept for the sake of the giver.
kerchief n. A square of linen, silk, or other material, used as a covering for the head or neck.
kernel n. A grain or seed.
kiln n. An oven or furnace for baking, burning, or drying industrial products.
kiloliter n. One thousand liters.
kilometer n. A length of 1,000 meters.
kilowatt n. One thousand watts.
kimono n. A loose robe, fastening with a sash, the principal outer garment in Japan.
kind-hearted adj. Having a kind and sympathetic nature.
kingling n. A petty king.
kingship n. Royal state.
knavery n. Deceitfulness in dealing.
knead v. To mix and work into a homogeneous mass, especially with the hands.
knickknack n. A small article, more for ornament that use.
knight errant n. One of the wandering knights who in the middle ages went forth in search of adventure.
knighthood n. Chivalry.
lacerate v. To tear rudely or raggedly.
lackadaisical adj. Listless.
lactation n. The secretion of milk.
lacteal adj. Milky.
lactic adj. Pertaining to milk.
laddie n. A lad.
ladle n. A cup-shaped vessel with a long handle, intended for dipping up and pouring liquids.
laggard adj. Falling behind.
landholder n. Landowner.
landlord n. A man who owns and lets a tenement or tenements.
landmark n. A familiar object in the landscape serving as a guide to an area otherwise easily lost track of.
landscape n. A rural view, especially one of picturesque effect, as seen from a distance or an elevation.
languid adj. Relaxed.
languor n. Lassitude of body or depression.
lapse n. A slight deviation from what is right, proper, or just.
lascivious adj. Lustful.
lassie n. A little lass.
latent adj. Dormant.
latency n. The state of being dormant.
later adv. At a subsequent time.
lateral adj. Directed toward the side.
latish adj. Rather late.
lattice n. Openwork of metal or wood, formed by crossing or interlacing strips or bars.
laud v. To praise in words or song.
laudable adj. Praiseworthy.
laudatory adj. Pertaining to, expressing, or containing praise.
laundress n. Washerwoman.
laureate adj. Crowned with laurel, as a mark of distinction.
lave v. To wash or bathe.
lawgiver n. A legislator.
lax adj. Not stringent or energetic.
laxative adj. Having power to open or loosen the bowels.
lea n. A field.
leaflet n. A little leaf or a booklet.
leaven v. To make light by fermentation, as dough.
leeward n. That side or direction toward which the wind blows.
left-handed adj. Using the left hand or arm more dexterously than the right.
legacy n. A bequest.
legalize v. To give the authority of law to.
legging n. A covering for the leg.
legible adj. That may be read with ease.
legionary n. A member of an ancient Roman legion or of the modern French Legion of Honor.
legislate v. To make or enact a law or laws.
legislative adj. That makes or enacts laws.
legislator n. A lawgiver.
legitimacy n. Accordance with law.
legitimate adj. Having the sanction of law or established custom.
leisure n. Spare time.
leonine adj. Like a lion.
lethargy n. Prolonged sluggishness of body or mind.
levee n. An embankment beside a river or stream or an arm of the sea, to prevent overflow.
lever n. That which exerts, or through which one may exert great power.
leviathan n. Any large animal, as a whale.
levity n. Frivolity.
levy v. To impose and collect by force or threat of force.
lewd adj. Characterized by lust or lasciviousness.
lexicographer n. One who makes dictionaries.
lexicography n. The making of dictionaries.
lexicon n. A dictionary.
liable adj. Justly or legally responsible.
libel n. Defamation.
liberalism n. Opposition to conservatism.
liberate v. To set free or release from bondage.
licentious adj. Wanton.
licit adj. Lawful.
liege adj. Sovereign.
lien n. A legal claim or hold on property, as security for a debt or charge.
lieu n. Stead.
lifelong adj. Lasting or continuous through life.
lifetime n. The time that life continues.
ligament n. That which binds objects together.
ligature n. Anything that constricts, or serves for binding or tying.
light-hearted adj. Free from care.
ligneous adj. Having the texture of appearance of wood.
likelihood n. A probability.
linear adj. Of the nature of a line.
liner n. A vessel belonging to a steamship-line.
lingo n. Language.
lingual adj. Pertaining to the use of the tongue in utterance.
linguist n. One who is acquainted with several languages.
linguistics n. The science of languages, or of the origin, history, and significance of words.
liniment n. A liquid preparation for rubbing on the skin in cases of bruises, inflammation, etc.
liquefacient adj. Possessing a liquefying nature or power.
liquefy v. To convert into a liquid or into liquid form.
liqueur n. An alcoholic cordial sweetened and flavored with aromatic substances.
liquidate v. To deliver the amount or value of.
liquor n. Any alcoholic or intoxicating liquid.
listless adj. Inattentive.
literacy n. The state or condition of knowing how to read and write.
literal adj. Following the exact words.
literature n. The written or printed productions of the human mind collectively.
lithe adj. Supple.
lithograph n. A print made by printing from stone.
lithotype n. In engraving, an etched stone surface for printing.
litigant n. A party to a lawsuit.
litigate v. To cause to become the subject-matter of a suit at law.
litigious adj. Quarrelsome.
littoral adj. Of, pertaining to, or living on a shore.
liturgy n. A ritual.
livelihood n. Means of subsistence.
livid adj. Black-and-blue, as contused flesh.
loam n. A non-coherent mixture of sand and clay.
loath adj. Averse.
locative adj. Indicating place, or the place where or wherein an action occurs.
loch n. A lake.
locomotion n. The act or power of moving from one place to another.
lode n. A somewhat continuous unstratified metal- bearing vein.
lodgment n. The act of furnishing with temporary quarters.
logic n. The science of correct thinking.
logical adj. Capable of or characterized by clear reasoning.
logician n. An expert reasoner.
loiterer n. One who consumes time idly.
loneliness n. Solitude.
longevity n. Unusually prolonged life.
loot v. To plunder.
lordling n. A little lord.
lough n. A lake or loch.
louse n. A small insect parasitic on and sucking the blood of mammals.
lovable adj. Amiable.
luminary n. One of the heavenly bodies as a source of light.
luminescent adj. Showing increase of light.
luminescence n. Showing increase.
luminosity n. The quality of giving or radiating light.
luminous adj. Giving or radiating light.
lunacy n. Mental unsoundness.
lunar adj. Pertaining to the moon.
lunatic n. An insane person.
lune n. The moon.
lurid adj. Ghastly and sensational.
luscious adj. Rich, sweet, and delicious.
lustrous adj. Shining.
luxuriance n. Excessive or superfluous growth or quantity.
luxuriant adj. Abundant or superabundant in growth.
luxuriate v. To live sumptuously.
lying n. Untruthfulness.
lyre n. One of the most ancient of stringed instruments of the harp class.
lyric adj. Fitted for expression in song.
macadamize v. To cover or pave, as a path or roadway, with small broken stone.
machinery n. The parts of a machine or engine, taken collectively.
machinist n. One who makes or repairs machines, or uses metal-working tools.
macrocosm n. The whole of any sphere or department of nature or knowledge to which man is related.
madden v. To inflame with passion.
Madonna n. A painted or sculptured representation of the Virgin, usually with the infant Jesus.
magician n. A sorcerer.
magisterial adj. Having an air of authority.
magistracy n. The office or dignity of a magistrate.
magnanimous adj. Generous in treating or judging others.
magnate n. A person of rank or importance.
magnet n. A body possessing that peculiar form of polarity found in nature in the lodestone.
magnetize v. To make a magnet of, permanently, or temporarily.
magnificence n. The exhibition of greatness of action, character, intellect, wealth, or power.
magnificent adj. Grand or majestic in appearance, quality, or action.
magnitude n. Importance.
maharaja n. A great Hindu prince.
maidenhood n. Virginity.
maintain v. To hold or preserve in any particular state or condition.
maintenance n. That which supports or sustains.
maize n. Indian corn: usually in the United States called simply corn.
makeup n. The arrangements or combination of the parts of which anything is composed.
malady n. Any physical disease or disorder, especially a chronic or deep-seated one.
malaria n. A fever characterized by alternating chills, fever, and sweating.
malcontent n. One who is dissatisfied with the existing state of affairs.
malediction n. The calling down of a curse or curses.
malefactor n. One who injures another.
maleficent adj. Mischievous.
malevolent adj. Wishing evil to others.
malign v. To speak evil of, especially to do so falsely and severely.
malignant adj. Evil in nature or tending to do great harm or mischief.
malleable adj. Pliant.
mallet n. A wooden hammer.
maltreat v. To treat ill, unkindly, roughly, or abusively.
man-trap n. A place or structure dangerous to human life.
mandate n. A command.
mandatory adj. Expressive of positive command, as distinguished from merely directory.
mane n. The long hair growing upon and about the neck of certain animals, as the horse and the lion.
man-eater n. An animal that devours human beings.
maneuver v. To make adroit or artful moves: manage affairs by strategy.
mania n. Insanity.
maniac n. a person raving with madness.
manifesto n. A public declaration, making announcement, explanation or defense of intentions, or motives.
manlike adj. Like a man.
manliness n. The qualities characteristic of a true man, as bravery, resolution, etc.
mannerism n. Constant or excessive adherence to one manner, style, or peculiarity, as of action or conduct.
manor n. The landed estate of a lord or nobleman.
mantel n. The facing, sometimes richly ornamented, about a fireplace, including the usual shelf above it.
mantle n. A cloak.
manufacturer n. A person engaged in manufacturing as a business.
manumission n. Emancipation.
manumit v. To set free from bondage.
marine adj. Of or pertaining to the sea or matters connected with the sea.
maritime adj. Situated on or near the sea.
maroon v. To put ashore and abandon (a person) on a desolate coast or island.
martial adj. Pertaining to war or military operations.
Martian adj. Pertaining to Mars, either the Roman god of war or the planet.
martyrdom n. Submission to death or persecution for the sake of faith or principle.
marvel v. To be astonished and perplexed because of (something).
masonry n. The art or work of constructing, as buildings, walls, etc., with regularly arranged stones.
masquerade n. A social party composed of persons masked and costumed so as to be disguised.
massacre n. The unnecessary and indiscriminate killing of human beings.
massive adj. Of considerable bulk and weight.
masterpiece n. A superior production.
mastery n. The attainment of superior skill.
material n. That of which anything is composed or may be constructed.
materialize v. To take perceptible or substantial form.
maternal adj. Pertaining or peculiar to a mother or to motherhood.
matinee n. An entertainment (especially theatrical) held in the daytime.
matricide n. The killing, especially the murdering, of one's mother.
matrimony n. The union of a man and a woman in marriage.
matrix n. That which contains and gives shape or form to anything.
matter of fact n. Something that has actual and undeniable existence or reality.
maudlin adj. Foolishly and tearfully affectionate.
mausoleum n. A tomb of more than ordinary size or architectural pretensions.
mawkish adj. Sickening or insipid.
maxim n. A principle accepted as true and acted on as a rule or guide.
maze n. A labyrinth.
mealy-mouthed adj. Afraid to express facts or opinions plainly.
meander v. To wind and turn while proceeding in a course.
mechanics n. The branch of physics that treats the phenomena caused by the action of forces.
medallion n. A large medal.
meddlesome adj. Interfering.
medial adj. Of or pertaining to the middle.
mediate v. To effect by negotiating as an agent between parties.
medicine n. A substance possessing or reputed to possess curative or remedial properties.
medieval adj. Belonging or relating to or descriptive of the middle ages.
mediocre adj. Ordinary.
meditation n. The turning or revolving of a subject in the mind.
medley n. A composition of different songs or parts of songs arranged to run as a continuous whole.
meliorate v. To make better or improve, as in quality or social or physical condition.
mellifluous adj. Sweetly or smoothly flowing.
melodious adj. Characterized by a sweet succession of sounds.
melodrama n. A drama with a romantic story or plot and sensational situation and incidents.
memento n. A souvenir.
mentor n. A wise and faithful teacher, guide, and friend.
mercantile adj. Conducted or acting on business principles; commercial.
mercenary adj. Greedy
merciful adj. Disposed to pity and forgive.
merciless adj. Cruel.
meretricious adj. Alluring by false or gaudy show.
mesmerize v. To hypnotize.
messieurs n. pl. Gentlemen.
metal n. An element that forms a base by combining with oxygen, is usually hard, heavy, and lustrous.
metallurgy n. The art or science of extracting a metal from ores, as by smelting.
metamorphosis n. A passing from one form or shape into another.
metaphor n. A figure of speech in which one object is likened to another, by speaking as if the other.
metaphysical adj. Philosophical.
metaphysician n. One skilled in metaphysics.
metaphysics n. The principles of philosophy as applied to explain the methods of any particular science.
mete v. To apportion.
metempsychosis n. Transition of the soul of a human being at death into another body, whether human or beast.
meticulous adj. Over-cautious.
metonymy n. A figure of speech that consists in the naming of a thing by one of its attributes.
metric adj. Relating to measurement.
metronome n. An instrument for indicating and marking exact time in music.
metropolis n. A chief city, either the capital or the largest or most important city of a state.
metropolitan adj. Pertaining to a chief city.
mettle n. Courage.
mettlesome adj. Having courage or spirit.
microcosm n. The world or universe on a small scale.
micrometer n. An instrument for measuring very small angles or dimensions.
microphone n. An apparatus for magnifying faint sounds.
microscope n. An instrument for assisting the eye in the vision of minute objects or features of objects.
microscopic adj. Adapted to or characterized by minute observation.
microscopy n. The art of examing objects with the microscope.
midsummer n. The middle of the summer.
midwife n. A woman who makes a business of assisting at childbirth.
mien n. The external appearance or manner of a person.
migrant adj. Wandering.
migrate v. To remove or pass from one country, region, or habitat to another.
migratory adj. Wandering.
mileage n. A distance in miles.
militant adj. Of a warlike or combative disposition or tendency.
militarism n. A policy of maintaining great standing armies.
militate v. To have weight or influence (in determining a question).
militia n. Those citizens, collectively, who are enrolled and drilled in temporary military organizations.
Milky Way n. The galaxy.
millet n. A grass cultivated for forage and cereal.
mimic v. To imitate the speech or actions of.
miniature adj. Much smaller than reality or that the normal size.
minimize v. To reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree.
minion n. A servile favorite.
ministration n. Any religious ceremonial.
ministry n. A service.
minority n. The smaller in number of two portions into which a number or a group is divided.
minute adj. Exceedingly small in extent or quantity.
minutia n. A small or unimportant particular or detail.
mirage n. An optical effect looking like a sheet of water in the desert.
misadventure n. An unlucky accident.
misanthropic adj. Hating mankind.
misanthropy n. Hatred of mankind.
misapprehend v. To misunderstand.
misbehave v. To behave ill.
misbehavior n. Ill or improper behavior.
mischievous adj. Fond of tricks.
miscount v. To make a mistake in counting.
miscreant n. A villain.
misdeed n. A wrong or improper act.
misdemeanor n. Evil conduct, small crime.
miser n. A person given to saving and hoarding unduly.
mishap n. Misfortune.
mismanage v. To manage badly, improperly, or unskillfully.
misnomer n. A name wrongly or mistakenly applied.
misogamy n. Hatred of marriage.
misogyny n. Hatred of women.
misplace v. To put into a wrong place.
misrepresent v. To give a wrong impression.
misrule v. To misgovern.
missal n. The book containing the service for the celebration of mass.
missile n. Any object, especially a weapon, thrown or intended to be thrown.
missive n. A message in writing.
mistrust v. To regard with suspicion or jealousy.
misty adj. Lacking clearness
misunderstand v. To Take in a wrong sense.
misuse v. To maltreat.
mite n. A very small amount, portion, or particle.
miter n. The junction of two bodies at an equally divided angle.
mitigate v. To make milder or more endurable.
mnemonics n. A system of principles and formulas designed to assist the recollection in certain instances.
moat n. A ditch on the outside of a fortress wall.
mobocracy n. Lawless control of public affairs by the mob or populace.
moccasin n. A foot-covering made of soft leather or buckskin.
mockery n. Ridicule.
moderator n. The presiding officer of a meeting.
modernity n. The state or character of being modern.
modernize v. To make characteristic of the present or of recent times.
modification n. A change.
modify v. To make somewhat different.
modish adj. Fashionable.
modulate v. To vary in tone, inflection, pitch or other quality of sound.
mollify v. To soothe.
molt v. To cast off, as hair, feathers, etc.
momentary adj. Lasting but a short time.
momentous adj. Very significant.
monarchy n. Government by a single, sovereign ruler.
monastery n. A dwelling-place occupied in common by persons under religious vows of seclusion.
monetary adj. Financial.
mongrel n. The progeny resulting from the crossing of different breeds or varieties.
monition n. Friendly counsel given by way of warning and implying caution or reproof.
monitory n. Admonition or warning.
monocracy n. Government by a single person.
monogamy n. The habit of pairing, or having but one mate.
monogram n. A character consisting of two or more letters interwoven into one, usually initials of a name.
monograph n. A treatise discussing a single subject or branch of a subject.
monolith n. Any structure or sculpture in stone formed of a single piece.
monologue n. A story or drama told or performed by one person.
monomania n. The unreasonable pursuit of one idea.
monopoly n. The control of a thing, as a commodity, to enable a person to raise its price.
monosyllable n. A word of one syllable.
monotone n. The sameness or monotony of utterance.
monotonous adj. Unchanging and tedious.
monotony n. A lack of variety.
monsieur n. A French title of respect, equivalent to Mr. and sir.
monstrosity n. Anything unnaturally huge or distorted.
moonbeam n. A ray of moonlight.
morale n. A state of mind with reference to confidence, courage, zeal, and the like.
moralist n. A writer on ethics.
morality n. Virtue.
moralize v. To render virtuous.
moratorium n. An emergency legislation authorizing a government suspend some action temporarily.
morbid adj. Caused by or denoting a diseased or unsound condition of body or mind.
mordacious adj. Biting or giving to biting.
mordant adj. Biting.
moribund adj. On the point of dying.
morose adj. Gloomy.
morphology n. the science of organic forms.
motley adj. Composed of heterogeneous or inharmonious elements.
motto n. An expressive word or pithy sentence enunciating some guiding rule of life, or faith.
mountaineer n. One who travels among or climbs mountains for pleasure or exercise.
mountainous adj. Full of or abounding in mountains.
mouthful n. As much as can be or is usually put into the or exercise.
muddle v. To confuse or becloud, especially with or as with drink.
muffle v. To deaden the sound of, as by wraps.
mulatto n. The offspring of a white person and a black person.
muleteer n. A mule-driver.
multiform adj. Having many shapes, or appearances.
multiplicity n. the condition of being manifold or very various.
mundane adj. Worldly, as opposed to spiritual or celestial.
municipal adj. Of or pertaining to a town or city, or to its corporate or local government.
municipality n. A district enjoying municipal government.
munificence n. A giving characterized by generous motives and extraordinary liberality.
munificent adj. Extraordinarily generous.
muster n. An assemblage or review of troops for parade or inspection, or for numbering off.
mutation n. The act or process of change.
mutilate v. To disfigure.
mutiny n. Rebellion against lawful or constituted authority.
myriad n. A vast indefinite number.
mystic n. One who professes direct divine illumination, or relies upon meditation to acquire truth.
mystification n. The act of artfully perplexing.
myth n. A fictitious narrative presented as historical, but without any basis of fact.
mythology n. The whole body of legends cherished by a race concerning gods and heroes.
nameless adj. Having no fame or reputation.
naphtha n. A light, colorless, volatile, inflammable oil used as a solvent, as in manufacture of paints.
Narcissus n. The son of the Athenian river-god Cephisus, fabled to have fallen in love with his reflection.
narrate v. To tell a story.
narration n. The act of recounting the particulars of an event in the order of time or occurrence.
narrative n. An orderly continuous account of the successive particulars of an event.
narrator n. One who narrates anything.
narrow-minded adj. Characterized by illiberal views or sentiments.
nasal adj. Pertaining to the nose.
natal adj. Pertaining to one's birth.
nationality n. A connection with a particular nation.
naturally adv. According to the usual order of things.
nausea n. An affection of the stomach producing dizziness and usually an impulse to vomit
nauseate v. To cause to loathe.
nauseous adj. Loathsome.
nautical adj. Pertaining to ships, seamen, or navigation.
naval adj. Pertaining to ships.
navel n. The depression on the abdomen where the umbilical cord of the fetus was attached.
navigable adj. Capable of commercial navigation.
navigate v. To traverse by ship.
nebula n. A gaseous body of unorganized stellar substance.
necessary adj. Indispensably requisite or absolutely needed to accomplish a desired result.
necessitate v. To render indispensable.
necessity n. That which is indispensably requisite to an end desired.
necrology n. A list of persons who have died in a certain place or time.
necromancer n. One who practices the art of foretelling the future by means of communication with the dead.
necropolis n. A city of the dead.
necrosis n. the death of part of the body.
nectar n. Any especially sweet and delicious drink.
nectarine n. A variety of the peach.
needlework n. Embroidery.
needy adj. Being in need, want, or poverty.
nefarious adj. Wicked in the extreme.
negate v. To deny.
negation n. The act of denying or of asserting the falsity of a proposition.
neglectful adj. Exhibiting or indicating omission.
negligee n. A loose gown worn by women.
negligence n. Omission of that which ought to be done.
negligent adj. Apt to omit what ought to be done.
negligible adj. Transferable by assignment, endorsement, or delivery.
negotiable v. To bargain with others for an agreement, as for a treaty or transfer of property.
Nemesis n. A goddess; divinity of chastisement and vengeance.
neocracy n. Government administered by new or untried persons.
neo-Darwinsim n. Darwinism as modified and extended by more recent students.
neo-Latin n. Modernized Latin.
neopaganism n. A new or revived paganism.
Neolithic adj. Pertaining to the later stone age.
neology n. The coining or using of new words or new meanings of words.
neophyte adj. Having the character of a beginner.
nestle v. To adjust cozily in snug quarters.
nestling adj. Recently hatched.
nettle v. To excite sensations of uneasiness or displeasure in.
network n. Anything that presents a system of cross- lines.
neural adj. Pertaining to the nerves or nervous system.
neurology n. The science of the nervous system.
neuter adj. Neither masculine nor feminine.
neutral adj. Belonging to or under control of neither of two contestants.
nevertheless conj. Notwithstanding.
Newtonian adj. Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, the English philosopher.
niggardly adj. Stingy. (no longer acceptable to use)
nihilist n. An advocate of the doctrine that nothing either exists or can be known.
nil n. Nothing
nimble adj. Light and quick in motion or action.
nit n. The egg of a louse or some other insect.
nocturnal adj. Of or pertaining to the night.
noiseless adj. Silent.
noisome adj. Very offensive, particularly to the sense of smell.
noisy adj. Clamorous.
nomad adj. Having no fixed abode.
nomic adj. Usual or customary.
nominal adj. Trivial.
nominate v. To designate as a candidate for any office.
nomination n. The act or ceremony of naming a man or woman for office.
nominee n. One who receives a nomination.
non-existent n. That which does not exist.
non-resident adj. Not residing within a given jurisdiction.
nonchalance n. A state of mind indicating lack of interest.
non-combatant n. One attached to the army or navy, but having duties other than that of fighting.
nondescript adj. Indescribable.
nonentity n. A person or thing of little or no account.
nonpareil n. One who or that which is of unequaled excellence.
norm n. A model.
normalcy n. The state of being normal.
Norman adj. Of or peculiar to Normandy, in northern France.
nostrum n. Any scheme or recipe of a charlatan character.
noticeable adj. Perceptible.
notorious adj. Unfavorably known to the general public.
novellette n. A short novel.
novice n. A beginner in any business or occupation.
nowadays adv. In the present time or age.
nowhere adv. In no place or state.
noxious adj. Hurtful.
nuance n. A slight degree of difference in anything perceptible to the sense of the mind.
nucleus n. A central point or part about which matter is aggregated.
nude adj. Naked.
nugatory adj. Having no power or force.
nuisance n. That which annoys, vexes, or irritates.
numeration n. The act or art of reading or naming numbers.
numerical adj. Of or pertaining to number.
nunnery n. A convent for nuns.
nuptial adj. Of or pertaining to marriage, especially to the marriage ceremony.
nurture n. The process of fostering or promoting growth.
nutriment n. That which nourishes.
nutritive adj. Having nutritious properties.
oaken adj. Made of or from oak.
oakum n. Hemp-fiber obtained by untwisting and picking out loosely the yarns of old hemp rope.
obdurate adj. Impassive to feelings of humanity or pity.
obelisk n. A square shaft with pyramidal top, usually monumental or commemorative.
obese adj. Exceedingly fat.
obituary adj. A published notice of a death.
objective adj. Grasping and representing facts as they are.
objector n. One who objects, as to a proposition, measure, or ruling.
obligate v. To hold to the fulfillment of duty.
obligatory adj. Binding in law or conscience.
oblique adj. Slanting; said of lines.
obliterate v. To cause to disappear.
oblivion n. The state of having passed out of the memory or of being utterly forgotten.
oblong adj. Longer than broad: applied most commonly to rectangular objects considerably elongated
obnoxious adj. Detestable.
obsequies n. Funeral rites.
obsequious adj. Showing a servile readiness to fall in with the wishes or will of another.
observance n. A traditional form or customary act.
observant adj. Quick to notice.
observatory n. A building designed for systematic astronomical observations.
obsolescence n. The condition or process of gradually falling into disuse.
obsolescent adj. Passing out of use, as a word.
obsolete adj. No longer practiced or accepted.
obstetrician n. A practitioner of midwifery.
obstetrics n. The branch of medical science concerned with the treatment and care of women during pregnancy.
obstinacy n. Stubborn adherence to opinion, arising from conceit or the desire to have one's own way.
obstreperous adj. Boisterous.
obstruct v. To fill with impediments so as to prevent passage, either wholly or in part.
obstruction n. Hindrance.
obtrude v. To be pushed or to push oneself into undue prominence.
obtrusive adj. Tending to be pushed or to push oneself into undue prominence.
obvert v. To turn the front or principal side of (a thing) toward any person or object.
obviate v. To clear away or provide for, as an objection or difficulty.
occasion n. An important event or celebration.
Occident n. The countries lying west of Asia and the Turkish dominions.
occlude v. To absorb, as a gas by a metal.
occult adj. Existing but not immediately perceptible.
occupant n. A tenant in possession of property, as distinguished from the actual owner.
occurrence n. A happening.
octagon n. A figure with eight sides and eight angles.
octave n. A note at this interval above or below any other, considered in relation to that other.
octavo n. A book, or collection of paper in which the sheets are so folded as to make eight leaves.
octogenarian adj. A person of between eighty and ninety years.
ocular adj. Of or pertaining to the eye.
oculist n. One versed or skilled in treating diseases of the eye.
oddity n. An eccentricity.
ode n. The form of lyric poetry anciently intended to be sung.
odious adj. Hateful.
odium n. A feeling of extreme repugnance, or of dislike and disgust.
odoriferous adj. Having or diffusing an odor or scent, especially an agreeable one.
odorous adj. Having an odor, especially a fragrant one.
off adj. Farther or more distant.
offhand adv. Without preparation.
officiate v. To act as an officer or leader.
officious adj. Intermeddling with what is not one's concern.
offshoot n. Something that branches off from the parent stock.
ogre n. A demon or monster that was supposed to devour human beings.
ointment n. A fatty preparation with a butter-like consistency in which a medicinal substance exists.
olfactory adj. of or pertaining to the sense of smell.
olive-branch n. A branch of the olive-tree, as an emblem of peace.
ominous adj. Portentous.
omnipotence n. Unlimited and universal power.
Omnipotent adj. Possessed of unlimited and universal power.
omniscience n. Unlimited or infinite knowledge.
omniscient adj. Characterized by unlimited or infinite knowledge.
omnivorous adj. Eating or living upon food of all kinds indiscriminately.
onerous adj. Burdensome or oppressive.
onrush n. Onset.
onset n. An assault, especially of troops, upon an enemy or fortification.
onslaught n. A violent onset.
onus n. A burden or responsibility.
opalescence n. The property of combined refraction and reflection of light, resulting in smoky tints.
opaque adj. Impervious to light.
operate v. To put in action and supervise the working of.
operative adj. Active.
operator n. One who works with or controls some machine or scientific apparatus.
operetta n. A humorous play in dialogue and music, of more than one act.
opinion n. A conclusion or judgment held with confidence, but falling short of positive knowledge.
opponent n. One who supports the opposite side in a debate, discussion, struggle, or sport.
opportune adj. Especially fit as occurring, said, or done at the right moment.
opportunist n. One who takes advantage of circumstances to gain his ends.
opportunity n. Favorable or advantageous chance or opening.
opposite adj. Radically different or contrary in action or movement.
opprobrium n. The state of being scornfully reproached or accused of evil.
optic n. Pertaining to the eye or vision.
optician n. One who makes or deals in optical instruments or eye-glasses.
optics n. The science that treats of light and vision, and all that is connected with sight.
optimism n. The view that everything in nature and the history of mankind is ordered for the best.
option n. The right, power, or liberty of choosing.
optometry n. Measurement of the powers of vision.
opulence n. Affluence.
oral adj. Uttered through the mouth.
orate v. To deliver an elaborate or formal public speech.
oration n. An elaborate or formal public speech.
orator n. One who delivers an elaborate or formal speech.
oratorio n. A composition for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, generally taken from the Scriptures.
oratory n. The art of public speaking.
ordeal n. Anything that severely tests courage, strength, patience, conscience, etc.
ordinal n. That form of the numeral that shows the order of anything in a series, as first, second, third.
ordination n. A consecration to the ministry.
ordnance n. A general name for all kinds of weapons and their appliances used in war.
orgies n. Wild or wanton revelry.
origin n. The beginning of that which becomes or is made to be.
original adj. Not copied nor produced by imitation.
originate v. To cause or constitute the beginning or first stage of the existence of.
ornate adj. Ornamented to a marked degree.
orthodox adj. Holding the commonly accepted faith.
orthodoxy n. Acceptance of the common faith.
orthogonal adj. Having or determined by right angles.
orthopedic adj. Relating to the correcting or preventing of deformity
orthopedist n. One who practices the correcting or preventing of deformity
oscillate v. To swing back and forth.
osculate v. To kiss.
ossify v. to convert into bone.
ostentation n. A display dictated by vanity and intended to invite applause or flattery.
ostracism n. Exclusion from intercourse or favor, as in society or politics.
ostracize v. To exclude from public or private favor.
ought v. To be under moral obligation to be or do.
oust v. To eject.
out-and-out adv. Genuinely.
outbreak n. A sudden and violent breaking forth, as of something that has been pent up or restrained.
outburst n. A violent issue, especially of passion in an individual.
outcast n. One rejected and despised, especially socially.
outcry n. A vehement or loud cry or clamor.
outdo v. To surpass.
outlandish adj. Of barbarous, uncouth, and unfamiliar aspect or action.
outlast v. To last longer than.
outlaw n. A habitual lawbreaker.
outlive v. To continue to exist after.
out-of-the-way adj. Remotely situated.
outpost n. A detachment of troops stationed at a distance from the main body to guard against surprise.
outrage n. A gross infringement of morality or decency.
outrageous adj. Shocking in conduct.
outreach v. To reach or go beyond.
outride v. To ride faster than.
outrigger n. A part built or arranged to project beyond a natural outline for support.
outright adv. Entirely.
outskirt n. A border region.
outstretch v. To extend.
outstrip v. To go beyond.
outweigh v. To surpass in importance or excellence.
overdo v. To overtax the strength of.
overdose n. An excessive dose, usually so large a dose of a medicine that its effect is toxic.
overeat v. To eat to excess.
overhang n. A portion of a structure which projects or hangs over.
overleap v. To leap beyond.
overlord n. One who holds supremacy over another.
overpass v. To pass across or over, as a river.
overpay v. To pay or reward in excess.
overpower v. To gain supremacy or victory over by superior power.
overproduction n. Excessive production.
overreach v. To stretch out too far.
overrun v. To infest or ravage.
oversee v. To superintend.
overshadow v. To cast into the shade or render insignificant by comparison.
overstride v. To step beyond.
overthrow v. To vanquish an established ruler or government.
overtone n. A harmonic.
overture n. An instrumental prelude to an opera, oratorio, or ballet.
overweight n. Preponderance.
pacify v. To bring into a peaceful state.
packet n. A bundle, as of letters.
pact n. A covenant.
pagan n. A worshiper of false gods.
pageant n. A dramatic representation, especially a spectacular one.
palate n. The roof of the mouth.
palatial adj. Magnificent.
paleontology n. The branch of biology that treats of ancient life and fossil organisms.
palette n. A thin tablet, with a hole for the thumb, upon which artists lay their colors for painting.
palinode n. A retraction.
pall v. To make dull by satiety.
palliate v. To cause to appear less guilty.
pallid adj. Of a pale or wan appearance.
palpable n. perceptible by feeling or touch.
palsy n. Paralysis.
paly adj. Lacking color or brilliancy.
pamphlet n. A brief treatise or essay, usually on a subject of current interest.
pamphleteer v. To compose or issue pamphlets, especially controversial ones.
panacea n. A remedy or medicine proposed for or professing to cure all diseases.
Pan-American adj. Including or pertaining to the whole of America, both North and South.
pandemic adj. Affecting a whole people or all classes, as a disease.
pandemonium n. A fiendish or riotous uproar.
panegyric n. A formal and elaborate eulogy, written or spoken, of a person or of an act.
panel n. A rectangular piece set in or as in a frame.
panic n. A sudden, unreasonable, overpowering fear.
panoply n. A full set of armor.
panorama n. A series of large pictures representing a continuous scene.
pantheism n. The worship of nature for itself or its beauty.
Pantheon n. A circular temple at Rome with a fine Corinthian portico and a great domed roof.
pantomime n. Sign-language.
pantoscope n. A very wide-angled photographic lens.
papacy n. The official head of the Roman Catholic Church.
papyrus n. The writing-paper of the ancient Egyptians, and later of the Romans.
parable n. A brief narrative founded on real scenes or events usually with a moral.
paradox n. A statement or doctrine seemingly in contradiction to the received belief.
paragon n. A model of excellence.
parallel v. To cause to correspond or lie in the same direction and equidistant in all parts.
parallelism n. Essential likeness.
paralysis n. Loss of the power of contractility in the voluntary or involuntary muscles.
paralyze v. To deprive of the power to act.
paramount adj. Supreme in authority.
paramour n. One who is unlawfully and immorally a lover or a mistress.
paraphernalia n. Miscellaneous articles of equipment or adornment.
paraphrase v. Translate freely.
pare v. To cut, shave, or remove (the outside) from anything.
parentage n. The relation of parent to child, of the producer to the produced, or of cause to effect.
Pariah n. A member of a degraded class; a social outcast.
parish n. The ecclesiastical district in charge of a pastor.
Parisian adj. Of or pertaining to the city of Paris.
parity n. Equality, as of condition or rank.
parlance n. Mode of speech.
parley v. To converse in.
parliament n. A legislative body.
parlor n. A room for reception of callers or entertainment of guests.
parody v. To render ludicrous by imitating the language of.
paronymous adj. Derived from the same root or primitive word.
paroxysm n. A sudden outburst of any kind of activity.
parricide n. The murder of a parent.
parse v. To describe, as a sentence, by separating it into its elements and describing each word.
parsimonious adj. Unduly sparing in the use or expenditure of money.
partible adj. Separable.
participant n. One having a share or part.
participate v. To receive or have a part or share of.
partition n. That which separates anything into distinct parts.
partisan adj. Characterized by or exhibiting undue or unreasoning devotion to a party.
passible adj. Capable of feeling of suffering.
passive adj. Unresponsive.
pastoral adj. Having the spirit or sentiment of rural life.
paternal adj. Fatherly.
pathos n. The quality in any form of representation that rouses emotion or sympathy.
patriarch n. The chief of a tribe or race who rules by paternal right.
patrician adj. Of senatorial or noble rank.
patrimony n. An inheritance from an ancestor, especially from one's father.
patriotism n. Love and devotion to one's country.
patronize v. To exercise an arrogant condescension toward.
patronymic adj. Formed after one's father's name.
patter v. To mumble something over and over.
paucity n. Fewness.
pauper n. One without means of support.
pauperism n. Dependence on charity.
pavilion n. An open structure for temporary shelter.
payee n. A person to whom money has been or is to be paid.
peaceable adj. Tranquil.
peccable adj. Capable of sinning.
peccadillo n. A small breach of propriety or principle.
peccant adj. Guilty.
pectoral adj. Pertaining to the breast or thorax.
pecuniary adj. Consisting of money.
pedagogics n. The science and art of teaching.
pedagogue n. A schoolmaster.
pedagogy n. The science and art of teaching
pedal n. A lever for the foot usually applied only to musical instruments, cycles, and other machines.
pedant n. A scholar who makes needless and inopportune display of his learning.
peddle v. To go about with a small stock of goods to sell.
pedestal n. A base or support as for a column, statue, or vase.
pedestrian n. One who journeys on foot.
pediatrics n. The department of medical science that relates to the treatment of diseases of childhood.
pedigree n. One's line of ancestors.
peddler n. One who travels from house to house with an assortment of goods for retail.
peerage n. The nobility.
peerless adj. Of unequaled excellence or worth.
peevish adj. Petulant. (irritable)
pellucid adj. Translucent.
penalty n. The consequences that follow the transgression of natural or divine law.
penance n. Punishment to which one voluntarily submits or subjects himself as an expression of penitence.
penchant n. A bias in favor of something.
pendant n. Anything that hangs from something else, either for ornament or for use.
pendulous adj. Hanging, especially so as to swing by an attached end or part.
pendulum n. A weight hung on a rod, serving by its oscillation to regulate the rate of a clock.
penetrable adj. That may be pierced by physical, moral, or intellectual force.
penetrate v. To enter or force a way into the interior parts of.
penetration n. Discernment.
peninsular adj. Pertaining to a piece of land almost surrounded by water.
penitence n. Sorrow for sin with desire to amend and to atone.
penitential adj. Pertaining to sorrow for sin with desire to amend and to atone.
pennant n. A small flag.
pension n. A periodical allowance to an individual on account of past service done by him/her.
pentagram n. A figure having five points or lobes.
pentavalent adj. Quinqeuvalent.
pentad n. The number five.
pentagon n. A figure, especially, with five angles and five sides.
pentahedron n. A solid bounded by five plane faces.
pentameter n. In prosody, a line of verse containing five units or feet.
pentathlon n. The contest of five associated exercises in the great games and the same contestants.
penultimate adj. A syllable or member of a series that is last but one.
penurious adj. Excessively sparing in the use of money.
penury n. Indigence.
perambulate v. To walk about.
perceive v. To have knowledge of, or receive impressions concerning, through the medium of the body senses.
perceptible adj. Cognizable.
perception n. Knowledge through the senses of the existence and properties of matter or the external world.
percipience n. The act of perceiving.
percipient n. One who or that which perceives.
percolate v. To filter.
percussion n. The sharp striking of one body against another.
peremptory adj. Precluding question or appeal.
perennial adj. Continuing though the year or through many years.
perfectible adj. Capable of being made perfect.
perfidy n. Treachery.
perforate v. To make a hole or holes through.
perform v. To accomplish.
perfumery n. The preparation of perfumes.
perfunctory adj. Half-hearted.
perhaps adv. Possibly.
perigee n. The point in the orbit of the moon when it is nearest the earth.
periodicity n. The habit or characteristic of recurrence at regular intervals.
peripatetic adj. Walking about.
perjure v. To swear falsely to.
perjury n. A solemn assertion of a falsity.
permanence n. A continuance in the same state, or without any change that destroys the essential form or nature.
permanent adj. Durable.
permissible adj. That may be allowed.
permutation n. Reciprocal change, different ordering of same items.
pernicious adj. Tending to kill or hurt.
perpendicular adj. Straight up and down.
perpetrator n. The doer of a wrong or a criminal act.
perpetuate v. To preserve from extinction or oblivion.
perquisite n. Any profit from service beyond the amount fixed as salary or wages.
persecution n. Harsh or malignant oppression.
perseverance n. A persistence in purpose and effort.
persevere v. To continue striving in spite of discouragements.
persiflage n. Banter.
persist v. To continue steadfast against opposition.
persistence n. A fixed adherence to a resolve, course of conduct, or the like.
personage n. A man or woman as an individual, especially one of rank or high station.
personal adj. Not general or public.
personality n. The attributes, taken collectively, that make up the character and nature of an individual.
personnel n. The force of persons collectively employed in some service.
perspective n. The relative importance of facts or matters from any special point of view.
perspicacious adj. Astute.
perspicacity n. Acuteness or discernment.
perspicuous adj. Lucid.
perspire v. To excrete through the pores of the skin.
persuade v. To win the mind of by argument, eloquence, evidence, or reflection.
persuadable adj. capable of influencing to action by entreaty, statement, or anything that moves the feelings.
pertinacious adj. Persistent or unyielding.
pertinacity n. Unyielding adherence.
perturb v. To disturb greatly.
perturbation n. Mental excitement or confusion.
perusal n. The act of reading carefully or thoughtfully.
pervade v. To pass or spread through every part.
pervasion n. The state of spreading through every part.
pervasive adj. Thoroughly penetrating or permeating.
perverse adj. Unreasonable.
perversion n. Diversion from the true meaning or proper purpose.
perversity n. Wickedness.
pervert n. One who has forsaken a doctrine regarded as true for one esteemed false.
pervious adj. Admitting the entrance or passage of another substance.
pestilence n. A raging epidemic.
pestilent adj. Having a malign influence or effect.
pestilential adj. having the nature of or breeding pestilence.
peter v. To fail or lose power, efficiency, or value.
petrify v. To convert into a substance of stony hardness and character.
petulance n. The character or condition of being impatient, capricious or petulant.
petulant adj. Displaying impatience.
pharmacopoeia n. A book containing the formulas and methods of preparation of medicines for the use of druggists.
pharmacy n. The art or business of compounding and dispensing medicines.
phenomenal adj. Extraordinary or marvelous.
phenomenon n. Any unusual occurrence.
philander v. To play at courtship with a woman.
philanthropic adj. Benevolent.
philanthropist n. One who endeavors to help his fellow men.
philanthropy n. Active humanitarianism.
philately n. The study and collection of stamps.
philharmonic adj. Fond of music.
philogynist n. One who is fond of women.
philologist n. An expert in linguistics.
philology n. The study of language in connection with history and literature.
philosophize v. To seek ultimate causes and principles.
philosophy n. The general principles, laws, or causes that furnish the rational explanation of anything.
phlegmatic adj. Not easily roused to feeling or action.
phonetic adj. Representing articulate sounds or speech.
phonic adj. Pertaining to the nature of sound.
phonogram n. A graphic character symbolizing an articulate sound.
phonology n. The science of human vocal sounds.
phosphorescence n. The property of emitting light.
photoelectric adj. Pertaining to the combined action of light and electricity.
photometer n. Any instrument for measuring the intensity of light or comparing the intensity of two lights.
photometry n. The art of measuring the intensity of light.
physicist n. A specialist in the science that treats of the phenomena associated with matter and energy.
physics n. The science that treats of the phenomena associated with matter and energy.
physiocracy n. The doctrine that land and its products are the only true wealth.
physiognomy n. The external appearance merely.
physiography n. Description of nature.
physiology n. The science of organic functions.
physique n. The physical structure or organization of a person.
picayune adj. Of small value.
piccolo n. A small flute.
piece n. A loose or separated part, as distinguished from the whole or the mass.
piecemeal adv. Gradually.
pillage n. Open robbery, as in war.
pillory n. A wooden framework in which an offender is fastened to boards and is exposed to public scorn.
pincers n. An instrument having two lever-handles and two jaws working on a pivot.
pinchers n. An instrument having two jaws working on a pivot.
pinnacle n. A high or topmost point, as a mountain-peak.
pioneer n. One among the first to explore a country.
pious adj. Religious.
pique v. To excite a slight degree of anger in.
piteous adj. Compassionate.
pitiless adj. Hard-hearted.
pittance n. Any small portion or meager allowance.
placate v. To bring from a state of angry or hostile feeling to one of patience or friendliness.
placid adj. Serene.
plagiarism n. The stealing of passages from the writings of another and publishing them as one's own.
planisphere n. A polar projection of the heavens on a chart.
plasticity n. The property of some substances through which the form of the mass can readily be changed.
platitude n. A written or spoken statement that is flat, dull, or commonplace.
plaudit n. An expression of applause.
plausible adj. Seeming likely to be true, though open to doubt.
playful adj. Frolicsome.
playwright n. A maker of plays for the stage.
plea n. An argument to obtain some desired action.
pleasant adj. Agreeable.
pledgee n. The person to whom anything is pledged.
pledgeor n. One who gives a pledge.
plenary adj. Entire.
plenipotentiary n. A person fully empowered to transact any business.
plenitude n. Abundance.
plumb n. A weight suspended by a line to test the verticality of something.
plummet n. A piece of lead for making soundings, adjusting walls to the vertical.
pluperfect adj. Expressing past time or action prior to some other past time or action.
plural adj. Containing or consisting of more than one.
plurality n. A majority.
plutocracy n. A wealthy class in a political community who control the government by means of their money.
pneumatic adj. Pertaining to or consisting of air or gas.
poesy n. Poetry.
poetaster n. An inferior poet.
poetic adj. Pertaining to poetry.
poetics n. The rules and principles of poetry.
poignancy n. Severity or acuteness, especially of pain or grief.
poignant adj. Severely painful or acute to the spirit.
poise n. Equilibrium.
polar adj. Pertaining to the poles of a sphere, especially of the earth.
polemics n. The art of controversy or disputation.
pollen n. The fine dust-like grains or powder formed within the anther of a flowering plant.
pollute v. To contaminate.
polyarchy n. Government by several or many persons of what- ever class.
polycracy n. The rule of many.
polygamy n. the fact or condition of having more than one wife or husband at once.
polyglot adj. Speaking several tongues.
polygon n. A figure having many angles.
polyhedron n. A solid bounded by plane faces, especially by more than four.
polysyllable adj. Having several syllables, especially more than three syllables.
polytechnic adj. Pertaining to, embracing, or practicing many arts.
polytheism n. The doctrine or belief that there are more gods than one.
pommel v. To beat with something thick or bulky.
pomposity n. The quality of being marked by an assumed stateliness and impressiveness of manner.
pompous adj. Marked by an assumed stateliness and impressiveness of manner.
ponder v. To meditate or reflect upon.
ponderous adj. Unusually weighty or forcible.
pontiff n. The Pope.
populace n. The common people.
populous adj. Containing many inhabitants, especially in proportion to the territory.
portend v. To indicate as being about to happen, especially by previous signs.
portent n. Anything that indicates what is to happen.
portfolio n. A portable case for holding writing-materials, drawings, etc.
posit v. To present in an orderly manner.
position n. The manner in which a thing is placed.
positive adj. Free from doubt or hesitation.
posse n. A force of men.
possess v. To own.
possession n. The having, holding, or detention of property in one's power or command.
possessive adj. Pertaining to the having, holding, or detention of property in one's power or command.
possessor n. One who owns, enjoys, or controls anything, as property.
possible adj. Being not beyond the reach of power natural, moral, or supernatural.
postdate v. To make the date of any writing later than the real date.
posterior n. The hinder part.
postgraduate adj. Pertaining to studies that are pursued after receiving a degree.
postscript n. Something added to a letter after the writer's signature.
potency n. Power.
potentate n. One possessed of great power or sway.
potential n. Anything that may be possible.
potion n. A dose of liquid medicine.
powerless adj. Impotent.
prate v. To talk about vainly or foolishly.
prattle v. To utter in simple or childish talk.
preamble n. A statement introductory to and explanatory of what follows.
precarious adj. Perilous.
precaution n. A provision made in advance for some possible emergency or danger.
precede v. To happen first.
precedence n. Priority in place, time, or rank.
precedent n. An instance that may serve as a guide or basis for a rule.
precedential adj. Of the nature of an instance that may serve as a guide or basis for a rule.
precession n. The act of going forward.
precipice n. A high and very steep or approximately vertical cliff.
precipitant adj. Moving onward quickly and heedlessly.
precipitate v. To force forward prematurely.
precise adj. Exact.
precision n. Accuracy of limitation, definition, or adjustment.
preclude v. To prevent.
precocious adj. Having the mental faculties prematurely developed.
precursor n. A forerunner or herald.
predatory adj. Prone to pillaging.
predecessor n. An incumbent of a given office previous to another.
predicament n. A difficult, trying situation or plight.
predicate v. To state as belonging to something.
predict v. To foretell.
predominance n. Ascendancy or preponderance.
predominant adj. Superior in power, influence, effectiveness, number, or degree.
predominate v. To be chief in importance, quantity, or degree.
preeminence n. Special eminence.
preempt v. To secure the right of preference in the purchase of public land.
preemption n. The right or act of purchasing before others.
preengage v. To preoccupy.
preestablish v. To settle or arrange beforehand.
preexist v. To exist at a period or in a state earlier than something else.
preexistence n. Existence antecedent to something.
preface n. A brief explanation or address to the reader, at the beginning of a book.
prefatory adj. Pertaining to a brief explanation to the reader at the beginning of a book.
prefer v. To hold in higher estimation.
preferable adj. More desirable than others.
preference n. An object of favor or choice.
preferential adj. Possessing, giving, or constituting preference or priority.
preferment n. Preference.
prefix v. To attach at the beginning.
prehensible adj. Capable of being grasped.
prehensile adj. Adapted for grasping or holding.
prehension n. The act of laying hold of or grasping.
prejudice n. A judgment or opinion formed without due examination of the facts.
prelacy n. A system of church government.
prelate n. One of a higher order of clergy having direct authority over other clergy.
prelude n. An introductory or opening performance.
premature adj. Coming too soon.
premier adj. First in rank or position.
premise n. A judgment as a conclusion.
premonition n. Foreboding.
preoccupation n. The state of having the mind, attention, or inclination preoccupied.
preoccupy v. To fill the mind of a person to the exclusion of other subjects.
preordain v. To foreordain.
preparation n. An act or proceeding designed to bring about some event.
preparatory adj. Having to do with what is preliminary.
preponderant adj. Prevalent.
preponderate v. To exceed in influence or power.
prepossession n. A preconceived liking.
preposterous adj. Utterly ridiculous or absurd.
prerogative adj. Having superior rank or precedence.
presage v. To foretell.
prescience n. Knowledge of events before they take place.
prescient adj. Foreknowing.
prescript adj. Prescribed as a rule or model.
prescriptible adj. Derived from authoritative direction.
prescription n. An authoritative direction.
presentient adj. Perceiving or feeling beforehand.
presentiment n. Foreboding.
primer n. An elementary reading-book for children.
primeval adj. Belonging to the first ages.
primitive adj. Pertaining to the beginning or early times.
principal adj. Most important.
principality n. The territory of a reigning prince.
principle n. A general truth or proposition.
priory n. A monastic house.
pristine adj. Primitive.
privateer n. A vessel owned and officered by private persons, but carrying on maritime war.
privilege n. A right or immunity not enjoyed by all, or that may be enjoyed only under special conditions.
privity n. Knowledge shared with another or others regarding a private matter.
privy adj. Participating with another or others in the knowledge of a secret transaction.
probate adj. Relating to making proof, as of a will.
probation n. Any proceeding designed to ascertain or test character, qualification, or the like.
probe v. To search through and through.
probity n. Virtue or integrity tested and confirmed.
procedure n. A manner or method of acting.
proceed v. To renew motion or action, as after rest or interruption.
proclamation n. Any announcement made in a public manner.
procrastinate v. To put off till tomorrow or till a future time.
procrastination n. Delay.
proctor n. An agent acting for another.
prodigal n. One wasteful or extravagant, especially in the use of money or property.
prodigious adj. Immense.
prodigy n. A person or thing of very remarkable gifts or qualities.
productive adj. Yielding in abundance.
profession n. Any calling or occupation involving special mental or other special disciplines.
professor n. A public teacher of the highest grade in a university or college.
proffer v. To offer to another for acceptance.
proficiency n. An advanced state of acquirement, as in some knowledge, art, or science.
proficient adj. Possessing ample and ready knowledge or of skill in any art, science, or industry.
profile n. An outline or contour.
profiteer n. One who profits.
profligacy n. Shameless viciousness.
profligate adj. Abandoned to vice.
profuse adj. Produced or displayed in overabundance.
progeny n. Offspring.
progression n. A moving forward or proceeding in course.
prohibition n. A decree or an order forbidding something.
prohibitionist n. One who favors the prohibition by law of the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
prohibitory adj. Involving or equivalent to prohibition, especially of the sale of alcoholic beverages.
projection n. A prominence.
proletarian n. A person of the lowest or poorest class.
prolific adj. Producing offspring or fruit.
prolix adj. Verbose.
prologue n. A prefatory statement or explanation to a poem, discourse, or performance.
prolong v. To extend in time or duration.
promenade v. To walk for amusement or exercise.
prominence n. The quality of being noticeable or distinguished.
prominent adj. Conspicuous in position, character, or importance.
promiscuous adj. Brought together without order, distinction, or design (for sex).
promissory adj. Expressing an engagement to pay.
promontory n. A high point of land extending outward from the coastline into the sea.
promoter n. A furtherer, forwarder, or encourager.
promulgate v. To proclaim.
propaganda n. Any institution or systematic scheme for propagating a doctrine or system.
propagate v. To spread abroad or from person to person.
propel v. To drive or urge forward.
propellant adj. Propelling.
propeller n. One who or that which propels.
prophecy n. Any prediction or foretelling.
prophesy v. To predict or foretell, especially under divine inspiration and guidance.
propitious adj. Kindly disposed.
proportionate adj. Being in proportion.
propriety n. Accordance with recognized usage, custom, or principles.
propulsion n. A driving onward or forward.
prosaic adj. Unimaginative.
proscenium n. That part of the stage between the curtain and the orchestra.
proscribe v. To reject, as a teaching or a practice, with condemnation or denunciation.
proscription n. Any act of condemnation and rejection from favor and privilege.
proselyte n. One who has been won over from one religious belief to another.
prosody n. The science of poetical forms.
prospector n. One who makes exploration, search, or examination, especially for minerals.
prospectus n. A paper or pamphlet containing information of a proposed undertaking.
prostrate adj. Lying prone, or with the head to the ground.
protagonist n. A leader in any enterprise or contest.
protection n. Preservation from harm, danger, annoyance, or any other evil.
protective adj. Sheltering.
protector n. A defender.
protege n. One specially cared for and favored by another usually older person.
Protestant n. A Christian who denies the authority of the Pope and holds the right of special judgment.
protomartyr n. The earliest victim in any cause.
protocol n. A declaration or memorandum of agreement less solemn and formal than a treaty.
protoplasm n. The substance that forms the principal portion of an animal or vegetable cell.
prototype n. A work, original in character, afterward imitated in form or spirit.
protract v. To prolong.
protrude v. To push out or thrust forth.
protrusion n. The act of protruding.
protuberance n. Something that swells out from a surrounding surface.
protuberant adj. Bulging.
protuberate v. To swell or bulge beyond the surrounding surface.
proverb n. A brief, pithy saying, condensing in witty or striking form the wisdom of experience.
provident adj. Anticipating and making ready for future wants or emergencies.
providential adj. Effected by divine guidance.
provincial adj. Uncultured in thought and manner.
proviso n. A clause in a contract, will, etc., by which its operation is rendered conditional.
provocation n. An action or mode of conduct that excites resentment.
prowess n. Strength, skill, and intrepidity in battle.
proximately adv. Immediately.
proxy n. A person who is empowered by another to represent him or her in a given matter.
prudence n. Caution.
prudential adj. Proceeding or marked by caution.
prudery n. An undue display of modesty or delicacy.
prurient adj. Inclined to lascivious thoughts and desires.
pseudapostle n. A pretended or false apostle.
pseudonym n. A fictitious name, especially when assumed by a writer.
pseudonymity n. The state or character of using a fictitious name.
psychiatry n. The branch of medicine that relates to mental disease.
psychic adj. Pertaining to the mind or soul.
psychopathic adj. Morally irresponsible.
psychotherapy n. The treatment of mental disease.
pudgy adj. Small and fat.
puerile adj. Childish.
pulmonary adj. Pertaining to the lungs.
punctilious adj. Strictly observant of the rules or forms prescribed by law or custom.
punctual adj. Observant and exact in points of time.
pungent adj. Affecting the sense of smell.
pungency n. The quality of affecting the sense of smell.
punitive adj. Pertaining to punishment.
pupilage n. The state or period of being a student.
purgatory n. An intermediate state where souls are made fit for paradise or heaven by expiatory suffering.
purl v. To cause to whirl, as in an eddy.
purloin v. To steal.
purveyor n. one who supplies
pusillanimous adj. Without spirit or bravery.
putrescent adj. Undergoing decomposition of animal or vegetable matter accompanied by fetid odors.
pyre n. A heap of combustibles arranged for burning a dead body.
pyromania n. An insane propensity to set things on fire.
pyrotechnic adj. Pertaining to fireworks or their manufacture.
pyx n. A vessel or casket, usually of precious metal, in which the host is preserved.
quackery n. Charlatanry
quadrate v. To divide into quarters.
quadruple v. To multiply by four.
qualification n. A requisite for an employment, position, right, or privilege.
qualify v. To endow or furnish with requisite ability, character, knowledge, skill, or possessions.
qualm n. A fit of nausea.
quandary n. A puzzling predicament.
quantity n. Magnitude.
quarantine n. The enforced isolation of any person or place infected with contagious disease.
quarrelsome adj. Irascible.
quarter n. One of four equal parts into which anything is or may be divided.
quarterly adj. Occurring or made at intervals of three months.
quartet n. A composition for four voices or four instruments.
quarto n. An eight-page newspaper of any size.
quay n. A wharf or artificial landing-place on the shore of a harbor or projecting into it.
querulous adj. Habitually complaining.
query v. To make inquiry.
queue n. A file of persons waiting in order of their arrival, as for admittance.
quibble n. An utterly trivial distinction or objection.
quiescence n. Quiet.
quiescent adj. Being in a state of repose or inaction.
quiet adj. Making no noise.
quietus n. A silencing, suppressing, or ending.
quintessence n. The most essential part of anything.
quintet n. Musical composition arranged for five voices or instruments.
quite adv. Fully.
Quixotic adj. Chivalrous or romantic to a ridiculous or extravagant degree.
rabid adj. Affected with rabies or hydrophobia.
racy adj. Exciting or exhilarating to the mind.
radiance n. Brilliant or sparkling luster.
radiate v. To extend in all directions, as from a source or focus.
radical n. One who holds extreme views or advocates extreme measures.
radix n. That from or on which something is developed.
raillery n. Good-humored satire.
ramify v. To divide or subdivide into branches or subdivisions.
ramose adj. Branch-like.
rampant adj. Growing, climbing, or running without check or restraint.
rampart n. A bulwark or construction to oppose assault or hostile entry.
rancor n. Malice.
rankle v. To produce irritation or festering.
rapacious adj. Disposed to seize by violence or by unlawful or greedy methods.
rapid adj. Having great speed.
rapine n. The act of seizing and carrying off property by superior force, as in war.
rapt adj. Enraptured.
raptorial adj. Seizing and devouring living prey.
ration v. To provide with a fixed allowance or portion, especially of food.
rationalism n. The formation of opinions by relying upon reason alone, independently of authority.
raucous adj. Harsh.
ravage v. To lay waste by pillage, rapine, devouring, or other destructive methods.
ravenous adj. Furiously voracious or hungry.
ravine n. A deep gorge or hollow, especially one worn by a stream or flow of water.
reaction n. Tendency towards a former, or opposite state of things, as after reform, revolution, or inflation.
reactionary adj. Pertaining to, of the nature of, causing, or favoring reaction.
readily adv. Without objection or reluctance.
readjust v. To put in order after disarrangement.
ready adj. In a state of preparedness for any given purpose or occasion.
realism n. The principle and practice of depicting persons and scenes as they are believed really to exist.
rearrange v. To arrange again or in a different order.
reassure v. To give new confidence.
rebellious adj. Insubordinate.
rebuff n. A peremptory or unexpected rejection of advances or approaches.
rebuild v. To build again or anew.
rebut v. To oppose by argument or a sufficient answer.
recant v. To withdraw formally one's belief (in something previously believed or maintained).
recapitulate v. To repeat again the principal points of.
recapture v. To capture again.
recede v. To move back or away.
receivable adj. Capable of being or fit to be received - often money.
receptive adj. Having the capacity, quality, or ability of receiving, as truths or impressions.
recessive adj. Having a tendency to go back.
recidivist n. A confirmed criminal.
reciprocal adj. Mutually interchangeable or convertible.
reciprocate v. To give and take mutually.
reciprocity n. Equal mutual rights and benefits granted and enjoyed.
recitation n. The act of reciting or repeating, especially in public and from memory.
reck v. To have a care or thought for.
reckless adj. Foolishly headless of danger.
reclaim v. To demand or to obtain the return or restoration of.
recline v. To cause to assume a leaning or recumbent attitude or position.
recluse n. One who lives in retirement or seclusion.
reclusory n. A hermitage.
recognizance n. An acknowledgment entered into before a court with condition to do some particular act.
recognize v. To recall the identity of (a person or thing).
recoil v. To start back as in dismay, loathing, or dread.
recollect v. To recall the knowledge of.
reconcilable adj. Capable of being adjusted or harmonized.
reconnoiter v. To make a preliminary examination of for military, surveying, or geological purposes.
reconsider v. To review with care, especially with a view to a reversal of previous action.
reconstruct v. To rebuild.
recourse n. Resort to or application for help in exigency or trouble.
recover v. To regain.
recreant n. A cowardly or faithless person.
recreate v. To refresh after labor.
recrudescence n. The state of becoming raw or sore again.
recrudescent adj. Becoming raw or sore again.
recruit v. To enlist men for military or naval service.
rectify v. To correct.
rectitude n. The quality of being upright in principles and conduct.
recuperate v. To recover.
recur v. To happen again or repeatedly, especially at regular intervals.
recure v. To cure again.
recurrent adj. Returning from time to time, especially at regular or stated intervals.
redemption n. The recovery of what is mortgaged or pledged, by paying the debt.
redolent adj. Smelling sweet and agreeable.
redolence n. Smelling sweet and agreeable.
redoubtable adj. Formidable.
redound n. Rebound.
redress v. To set right, as a wrong by compensation or the punishment of the wrong-doer.
reducible adj. That may be reduced.
redundance n. Excess.
redundant adj. Constituting an excess.
reestablish v. To restore.
refer v. To direct or send for information or other purpose.
referrer n. One who refers.
referable adj. Ascribable.
refinery n. A place where some crude material, as sugar or petroleum, is purified.
reflectible adj. Capable of being turned back.
reflection n. The throwing off or back of light, heat, sound, or any form of energy that travels in waves.
reflector n. A mirror, as of metal, for reflecting light, heat, or sound in a particular direction.
reflexible adj. Capable of being reflected.
reform n. Change for the better.
reformer n. One who carries out a reform.
refract v. To bend or turn from a direct course.
refractory adj. Not amenable to control.
refragable adj. Capable of being refuted.
refringency n. Power to refract.
refringent adj. Having the power to refract.
refusal n. Denial of what is asked.
refute v. To prove to be wrong.
regale v. To give unusual pleasure.
regalia n. pl. The emblems of royalty.
regality n. Royalty.
regenerate v. To reproduce.
regent n. One who is lawfully deputized to administer the government for the time being in the name of the ruler.
regicide n. The killing of a king or sovereign.
regime n. Particular conduct or administration of affairs.
regimen n. A systematized order or course of living with reference to food, clothing and personal habits.
regiment n. A body of soldiers.
regnant adj. Exercising royal authority in one's own right.
regress v. To return to a former place or condition.
regretful adj. Feeling, expressive of, or full of regret.
rehabilitate v. To restore to a former status, capacity, right rank, or privilege.
reign v. To hold and exercise sovereign power.
reimburse v. To pay back as an equivalent of what has been expended.
rein n. A step attached to the bit for controlling a horse or other draft-animal.
reinstate v. To restore to a former state, station, or authority.
reiterate v. To say or do again and again.
rejoin v. To reunite after separation.
rejuvenate v. To restore to youth.
rejuvenescence n. A renewal of youth.
relapse v. To suffer a return of a disease after partial recovery.
relegate v. To send off or consign, as to an obscure position or remote destination.
relent v. To yield.
relevant adj. Bearing upon the matter in hand.
reliance n. Dependence.
relinquish v. To give up using or having.
reliquary n. A casket, coffer, or repository in which relics are kept.
relish v. To like the taste or savor of.
reluctance n. Unwillingness.
reluctant adj. Unwilling.
remembrance n. Recollection.
reminiscence n. The calling to mind of incidents within the range of personal knowledge or experience.
reminiscent adj. Pertaining to the recollection of matters of personal interest.
remiss adj. Negligent.
remission n. Temporary diminution of a disease.
remodel v. Reconstruct.
remonstrance n. Reproof.
remonstrant adj. Having the character of a reproof.
remonstrate v. To present a verbal or written protest to those who have power to right or prevent a wrong.
remunerate v. To pay or pay for.
remuneration n. Compensation.
Renaissance n. The revival of letters, and then of art, which marks the transition from medieval to modern time.
rendezvous n. A prearranged place of meeting.
rendition n. Interpretation.
renovate v. To restore after deterioration, as a building.
renunciation n. An explicit disclaimer of a right or privilege.
reorganize v. To change to a more satisfactory form of organization.
reparable adj. Capable of repair.
reparation n. The act of making amends, as for an injury, loss, or wrong.
repartee n. A ready, witty, or apt reply.
repeal v. To render of no further effect.
repel v. To force or keep back in a manner, physically or mentally.
repellent adj. Having power to force back in a manner, physically or mentally.
repentance n. Sorrow for something done or left undone, with desire to make things right by undoing the wrong.
repertory n. A place where things are stored or gathered together.
repetition n. The act of repeating.
repine v. To indulge in fretfulness and faultfinding.
replenish v. To fill again, as something that has been emptied.
replete adj. Full to the uttermost.
replica n. A duplicate executed by the artist himself, and regarded, equally with the first, as an original.
repository n. A place in which goods are stored.
reprehend v. To find fault with.
reprehensible adj. Censurable.
reprehension n. Expression of blame.
repress v. To keep under restraint or control.
repressible adj. Able to be kept under restraint or control.
reprieve v. To grant a respite from punishment to.
reprimand v. To chide or rebuke for a fault.
reprisal n. Any infliction or act by way of retaliation on an enemy.
reprobate n. One abandoned to depravity and sin.
reproduce v. To make a copy of.
reproduction n. The process by which an animal or plant gives rise to another of its kind.
reproof n. An expression of disapproval or blame personally addressed to one censured.
repudiate v. To refuse to have anything to do with.
repugnance n. Thorough dislike.
repugnant adj. Offensive to taste and feeling.
repulse n. The act of beating or driving back, as an attacking or advancing enemy.
repulsive adj. Grossly offensive.
repute v. To hold in general opinion.
requiem n. A solemn mass sung for the repose of the souls of the dead.
requisite adj. Necessary.
requital n. Adequate return for good or ill.
requite v. To repay either good or evil to, as to a person.
rescind v. To make void, as an act, by the enacting authority or a superior authority.
reseat v. To place in position of office again.
resemblance n. Similarity in quality or form.
resent v. To be indignant at, as an injury or insult.
reservoir n. A receptacle where a quantity of some material, especially of a liquid or gas, may be kept.
residue n. A remainder or surplus after a part has been separated or otherwise treated.
resilience n. The power of springing back to a former position
resilient adj. Having the quality of springing back to a former position.
resistance n. The exertion of opposite effort or effect.
resistant adj. Offering or tending to produce resistance.
resistive adj. Having or exercising the power of resistance.
resistless adj. Powerless.
resonance n. The quality of being able to reinforce sound by sympathetic vibrations.
resonance adj. Able to reinforce sound by sympathetic vibrations.
resonate v. To have or produce resonance.
resource n. That which is restored to, relied upon, or made available for aid or support.
respite n. Interval of rest.
resplendent adj. Very bright.
restitution n. Restoration of anything to the one to whom it properly belongs.
resumption n. The act of taking back, or taking again.
resurgent adj. Surging back or again.
resurrection n. A return from death to life
resuscitate v. To restore from apparent death.
retaliate v. To repay evil with a similar evil.
retch v. To make an effort to vomit.
retention n. The keeping of a thing within one's power or possession.
reticence n. The quality of habitually keeping silent or being reserved in utterance.
reticent adj. Habitually keeping silent or being reserved in utterance.
retinue n. The body of persons who attend a person of importance in travel or public appearance.
retort n. A retaliatory speech.
retouch v. To modify the details of.
retrace v. To follow backward or toward the place of beginning, as a track or marking.
retract v. To recall or take back (something that one has said).
retrench v. To cut down or reduce in extent or quantity.
retrieve v. To recover something by searching.
retroactive adj. Operative on, affecting, or having reference to past events, transactions, responsibilities.
retrograde v. To cause to deteriorate or to move backward.
retrogression n. A going or moving backward or in a reverse direction.
retrospect n. A view or contemplation of something past.
retrospective adj. Looking back on the past.
reunite v. To unite or join again, as after separation.
revelation n. A disclosing, discovering, or making known of what was before secret, private, or unknown.
revere v. To regard with worshipful veneration.
reverent adj. Humble.
reversion n. A return to or toward some former state or condition.
revert v. To return, or turn or look back, as toward a former position or the like.
revile v. To heap approach or abuse upon.
revisal n. Revision.
revise v. To examine for the correction of errors, or for the purpose of making changes.
revocation n. Repeal.
rhapsody n. Rapt or rapturous utterance.
rhetoric n. The art of discourse.
rhetorician n. A showy writer or speaker.
ribald adj. Indulging in or manifesting coarse indecency or obscenity.
riddance n. The act or ridding or delivering from something undesirable.
ridicule n. Looks or acts expressing amused contempt.
ridiculous adj. Laughable and contemptible.
rife adj. Abundant.
rightful adj. Conformed to a just claim according to established laws or usage.
rigmarole n. Nonsense.
ripplet n. A small ripple, as of water.
risible adj. capable of exciting laughter.
rivulet n. A small stream or brook.
robust adj. Characterized by great strength or power of endurance.
rondo n. A musical composition during which the first part or subject is repeated several times.
rookery n. A place where crows congregate to breed.
rotary adj. Turning around its axis, like a wheel, or so constructed as to turn thus.
rotate v. To cause to turn on or as on its axis, as a wheel.
rote n. Repetition of words or sounds as a means of learning them, with slight attention.
rotund adj. Round from fullness or plumpness.
rudimentary adj. Being in an initial, early, or incomplete stage of development.
rue v. To regret extremely.
ruffian adj. A lawless or recklessly brutal fellow.
ruminant adj. Chewing the cud.
ruminate v. To chew over again, as food previously swallowed and regurgitated.
rupture v. To separate the parts of by violence.
rustic adj. Characteristic of dwelling in the country.
ruth n. Sorrow for another's misery.
sacrifice v. To make an offering of to deity, especially by presenting on an altar.
sacrificial adj. Offering or offered as an atonement for sin.
sacrilege n. The act of violating or profaning anything sacred.
sacrilegious adj. Impious.
sagacious adj. Able to discern and distinguish with wise perception.
salacious adj. Having strong sexual desires.
salience n. The condition of standing out distinctly.
salient adj. Standing out prominently.
saline adj. Constituting or consisting of salt.
salutary adj. Beneficial.
salutation n. Any form of greeting, hailing, or welcome, whether by word or act.
salutatory n. The opening oration at the commencement in American colleges.
salvage n. Any act of saving property.
salvo n. A salute given by firing all the guns, as at the funeral of an officer.
sanctimonious adj. Making an ostentatious display or hypocritical pretense of holiness or piety.
sanction v. To approve authoritatively.
sanctity n. Holiness.
sanguine adj. Having the color of blood.
sanguineous adj. Consisting of blood.
sapid adj. Affecting the sense of taste.
sapience n. Deep wisdom or knowledge.
sapient adj. Possessing wisdom.
saponaceous adj. Having the nature or quality of soap.
sarcasm n. Cutting and reproachful language.
sarcophagus n. A stone coffin or a chest-like tomb.
sardonic adj. Scornfully or bitterly sarcastic.
satiate v. To satisfy fully the appetite or desire of.
satire n. The employment of sarcasm, irony, or keenness of wit in ridiculing vices.
satiric adj. Resembling poetry, in which vice, incapacity ,or corruption is held up to ridicule.
satirize v. To treat with sarcasm or derisive wit.
satyr n. A very lascivious person.
savage n. A wild and uncivilized human being.
savor v. To perceive by taste or smell.
scabbard n. The sheath of a sword or similar bladed weapon.
scarcity n. Insufficiency of supply for needs or ordinary demands.
scholarly adj. Characteristic of an erudite person.
scholastic adj. Pertaining to education or schools.
scintilla n. The faintest ray.
scintillate v. To emit or send forth sparks or little flashes of light.
scope n. A range of action or view.
scoundrel n. A man without principle.
scribble n. Hasty, careless writing.
scribe n. One who writes or is skilled in writing.
script n. Writing or handwriting of the ordinary cursive form.
Scriptural adj. Pertaining to, contained in, or warranted by the Holy Scriptures.
scruple n. Doubt or uncertainty regarding a question of moral right or duty.
scrupulous adj. Cautious in action for fear of doing wrong.
scurrilous adj. Grossly indecent or vulgar.
scuttle v. To sink (a ship) by making holes in the bottom.
scythe n. A long curved blade for mowing, reaping, etc.
seance n. A meeting of spirituals for consulting spirits.
sear v. To burn on the surface.
sebaceous adj. Pertaining to or appearing like fat.
secant adj. Cutting, especially into two parts.
secede v. To withdraw from union or association, especially from a political or religious body.
secession n. Voluntary withdrawal from fellowship, especially from political or religious bodies.
seclude v. To place, keep, or withdraw from the companionship of others.
seclusion n. Solitude.
secondary adj. Less important or effective than that which is primary.
secondly adv. In the second place in order or succession.
second-rate adj. Second in quality, size, rank, importance, etc.
secrecy n. Concealment.
secretary n. One who attends to correspondence, keeps records. or does other writing for others.
secretive adj. Having a tendency to conceal.
sedate adj. Even-tempered.
sedentary adj. Involving or requiring much sitting.
sediment n. Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.
sedition n. Conduct directed against public order and the tranquillity of the state.
seditious adj. Promotive of conduct directed against public order and the tranquillity of the state.
seduce v. To entice to surrender chastity.
sedulous adj. Persevering in effort or endeavor.
seer n. A prophet.
seethe v. To be violently excited or agitated.
seignior n. A title of honor or respectful address, equivalent to sir.
seismograph n. An instrument for recording the phenomena of earthquakes.
seize v. To catch or take hold of suddenly and forcibly.
selective adj. Having the power of choice.
self-respect n. Rational self-esteem.
semiannual adj. Recurring at intervals of six months.
semicircle n. A half-circle.
seminar n. Any assemblage of pupils for real research in some specific study under a teacher.
seminary n. A special school, as of theology or pedagogics.
senile adj. Peculiar to or proceeding from the weakness or infirmity of old age.
sensation n. A condition of mind resulting from spiritual or inherent feeling.
sense n. The signification conveyed by some word, phrase, or action.
sensibility n. Power to perceive or feel.
sensitive adj. Easily affected by outside operations or influences.
sensorium n. The sensory apparatus.
sensual adj. Pertaining to the body or the physical senses.
sensuous adj. Having a warm appreciation of the beautiful or of the refinements of luxury.
sentence n. A related group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought.
sentience n. Capacity for sensation or sense-perception.
sentient adj. Possessing the power of sense or sense-perception.
sentinel n. Any guard or watch stationed for protection.
separable adj. Capable of being disjoined or divided.
separate v. To take apart.
separatist n. A seceder.
septennial adj. Recurring every seven years.
sepulcher n. A burial-place.
sequacious adj. Ready to be led.
sequel n. That which follows in consequence of what has previously happened.
sequence n. The order in which a number or persons, things, or events follow one another in space or time.
sequent adj. Following in the order of time.
sequester v. To cause to withdraw or retire, as from society or public life.
sequestrate v. To confiscate.
sergeant n. A non-commissioned military officer ranking next above a corporal.
sergeant-at-arms n. An executive officer in legislative bodies who enforces the orders of the presiding officer.
sergeant-major n. The highest non-commissioned officer in a regiment.
service n. Any work done for the benefit of another.
serviceable adj. Durable.
sextet n. A band of six singers or players.
sextuple adj. Multiplied by six.
sheer adj. Absolute.
shiftless adj. Wanting in resource, energy, or executive ability.
shrewd adj. Characterized by skill at understanding and profiting by circumstances.
shriek n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream, caused by agony or terror.
shrinkage n. A contraction of any material into less bulk or dimension.
shrivel v. To draw or be drawn into wrinkles.
shuffle n. A mixing or changing the order of things.
sibilance n. A hissing sound.
sibilant adj. Made with a hissing sound.
sibilate v. To give a hissing sound to, as in pronouncing the letter s.
sidelong adj. Inclining or tending to one side.
sidereal adj. Pertaining to stars or constellations.
siege n. A beleaguerment.
significant adj. Important, especially as pointing something out.
signification n. The meaning conveyed by language, actions, or signs.
similar adj. Bearing resemblance to one another or to something else.
simile n. A comparison which directs the mind to the representative object itself.
similitude n. Similarity.
simplify v. To make less complex or difficult.
simulate v. Imitate.
simultaneous adj. Occurring, done, or existing at the same time.
sinecure n. Any position having emoluments with few or no duties.
singe v. To burn slightly or superficially.
sinister adj. Evil.
sinuosity n. The quality of curving in and out.
sinuous adj. Curving in and out.
sinus n. An opening or cavity.
siren n. A sea-nymph, described by Homer as dwelling between the island of Circe and Scylla.
sirocco n. hot winds from Africa.
sisterhood n. A body of sisters united by some bond of sympathy or by a religious vow.
skeptic n. One who doubts any statements.
skepticism n. The entertainment of doubt concerning something.
skiff n. Usually, a small light boat propelled by oars.
skirmish n. Desultory fighting between advanced detachments of two armies.
sleight n. A trick or feat so deftly done that the manner of performance escapes observation.
slight adj. Of a small importance or significance.
slothful adj. Lazy.
sluggard n. A person habitually lazy or idle.
sociable adj. Inclined to seek company.
socialism n. A theory of civil polity that aims to secure the reconstruction of society.
socialist adj. One who advocates reconstruction of society by collective ownership of land and capital.
sociology n. The philosophical study of society.
Sol n. The sun.
solace n. Comfort in grief, trouble, or calamity.
solar adj. Pertaining to the sun.
solder n. A fusible alloy used for joining metallic surfaces or margins.
soldier n. A person engaged in military service.
solecism n. Any violation of established rules or customs.
solicitor n. One who represents a client in court of justice; an attorney.
solicitude n. Uneasiness of mind occasioned by desire, anxiety, or fear.
soliloquy n. A monologue.
solstice n. The time of year when the sun is at its greatest declination.
soluble adj. Capable of being dissolved, as in a fluid.
solvent adj. Having sufficient funds to pay all debts.
somber adj. Gloomy.
somniferous adj. Tending to produce sleep.
somnolence n. Oppressive drowsiness.
sonata n. An instrumental composition.
sonnet n. A poem of fourteen decasyllabic or octosyllabiclines expressing two successive phrases.
sonorous adj. Resonant.
soothsayer n. One who claims to have supernatural insight or foresight.
sophism n. A false argument understood to be such by the reasoner himself and intentionally used to deceive
sophistical adj. Fallacious.
sophisticate v. To deprive of simplicity of mind or manner.
sophistry n. Reasoning sound in appearance only, especially when designedly deceptive.
soprano n. A woman's or boy's voice of high range.
sorcery n. Witchcraft.
sordid adj. Of degraded character or nature.
souvenir n. A token of remembrance.
sparse adj. Thinly diffused.
Spartan adj. Exceptionally brave; rigorously severe.
spasmodic adj. Convulsive.
specialize v. To assume an individual or specific character, or adopt a singular or special course.
specialty n. An employment limited to one particular line of work.
specie n. A coin or coins of gold, silver, copper, or other metal.
species n. A classificatory group of animals or plants subordinate to a genus.
specimen n. One of a class of persons or things regarded as representative of the class.
specious adj. Plausible.
spectator n. One who beholds or looks on.
specter n. Apparition.
spectrum n. An image formed by rays of light or other radiant energy.
speculate v. To pursue inquiries and form conjectures.
speculator n. One who makes an investment that involves a risk of loss, but also a chance of profit.
sphericity n. The state or condition of being a sphere.
spheroid n. A body having nearly the form of a sphere.
spherometer n. An instrument for measuring curvature or radii of spherical surfaces.
spinous adj. Having spines.
spinster n. A woman who has never been married.
spontaneous adj. Arising from inherent qualities or tendencies without external efficient cause.
sprightly adj. Vivacious.
squalid adj. Having a dirty, mean, poverty-stricken appearance.
squatter n. One who settles on land without permission or right.
stagnant adj. Not flowing: said of water, as in a pool.
stagnate v. To become dull or inert.
stagnation n. The condition of not flowing or not changing.
stagy adj. Having a theatrical manner.
staid adj. Of a steady and sober character.
stallion n. An uncastrated male horse, commonly one kept for breeding.
stanchion n. A vertical bar, or a pair of bars, used to confine cattle in a stall.
stanza n. A group of rimed lines, usually forming one of a series of similar divisions in a poem.
statecraft n. The art of conducting state affairs.
static adj. Pertaining to or designating bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium.
statics n. The branch of mechanics that treats of the relations that subsist among forces in order.
stationary adj. Not moving.
statistician n. One who is skilled in collecting and tabulating numerical facts.
statuesque adj. Having the grace, pose, or quietude of a statue.
statuette n. A figurine.
stature n. The natural height of an animal body.
statute n. Any authoritatively declared rule, ordinance, decree, or law.
stealth n. A concealed manner of acting.
stellar adj. Pertaining to the stars.
steppe n. One of the extensive plains in Russia and Siberia.
sterling adj. Genuine.
stifle v. To smother.
stigma n. A mark of infamy or token of disgrace attaching to a person as the result of evil-doing.
stiletto n. A small dagger.
stimulant n. Anything that rouses to activity or to quickened action.
stimulate v. To rouse to activity or to quickened action.
stimulus n. Incentive.
stingy adj. Cheap, unwilling to spend money.
stipend n. A definite amount paid at stated periods in compensation for services or as an allowance.
Stoicism n. The principles or the practice of the Stoics-being very even tempered in success and failure.
stolid adj. Expressing no power of feeling or perceiving.
strait n. A narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
stratagem n. Any clever trick or device for obtaining an advantage.
stratum n. A natural or artificial layer, bed, or thickness of any substance or material.
streamlet n. Rivulet.
stripling n. A mere youth.
studious adj. Having or showing devotion to the acquisition of knowledge.
stultify v. To give an appearance of foolishness to.
stupendous adj. Of prodigious size, bulk, or degree.
stupor n. Profound lethargy.
suasion n. The act of persuading.
suave adj. Smooth and pleasant in manner.
subacid adj. Somewhat sharp or biting.
subaquatic adj. Being, formed, or operating under water.
subconscious adj. Being or occurring in the mind, but without attendant consciousness or conscious perception.
subjacent adj. Situated directly underneath.
subjection n. The act of bringing into a state of submission.
subjugate v. To conquer.
subliminal adj. Being beneath the threshold of consciousness.
sublingual adj. Situated beneath the tongue.
submarine adj. Existing, done, or operating beneath the surface of the sea.
submerge v. To place or plunge under water.
submergence n. The act of submerging.
submersible adj. Capable of being put underwater.
submersion n. The act of submerging.
submission n. A yielding to the power or authority of another.
submittal n. The act of submitting.
subordinate adj. Belonging to an inferior order in a classification.
subsequent adj. Following in time.
subservience n. The quality, character, or condition of being servilely following another's behests.
subservient adj. Servilely following another's behests.
subside v. To relapse into a state of repose and tranquillity.
subsist v. To be maintained or sustained.
subsistence n. Sustenance.
subtend v. To extend opposite to.
subterfuge n. Evasion.
subterranean adj. Situated or occurring below the surface of the earth.
subtle adj. Discriminating.
subtrahend n. That which is to be subtracted.
subversion n. An overthrow, as from the foundation.
subvert v. To bring to ruin.
succeed v. To accomplish what is attempted or intended.
success n. A favorable or prosperous course or termination of anything attempted.
successful adj. Having reached a high degree of worldly prosperity.
successor n. One who or that which takes the place of a predecessor or preceding thing.
succinct adj. Concise.
succumb v. To cease to resist.
sufferance n. Toleration.
sufficiency n. An ample or adequate supply.
suffrage n. The right or privilege of voting.
suffuse v. To cover or fill the surface of.
suggestible adj. That can be suggested.
suggestive adj. Stimulating to thought or reflection.
summary n. An abstract.
sumptuous adj. Rich and costly.
superabundance n. An excessive amount.
superadd v. To add in addition to what has been added.
superannuate v. To become deteriorated or incapacitated by long service.
superb adj. Sumptuously elegant.
supercilious adj. Exhibiting haughty and careless contempt.
superficial adj. Knowing and understanding only the ordinary and the obvious.
superfluity n. That part of anything that is in excess of what is needed.
superfluous adj. Being more than is needed.
superheat v. To heat to excess.
superintend v. To have the charge and direction of, especially of some work or movement.
superintendence n. Direction and management.
superintendent n. One who has the charge and direction of, especially of some work or movement.
superlative n. That which is of the highest possible excellence or eminence.
supernatural adj. Caused miraculously or by the immediate exercise of divine power.
supernumerary adj. Superfluous.
supine adj. Lying on the back.
supplant v. To take the place of.
supple adj. Easily bent.
supplementary adj. Being an addition to.
supplicant n. One who asks humbly and earnestly.
supplicate v. To beg.
suppress v. To prevent from being disclosed or punished.
suppressible adj. Capable of being suppressed.
suppression n. A forcible putting or keeping down.
supramundane adj. Supernatural.
surcharge n. An additional amount charged.
surety n. Security for payment or performance.
surfeit v. To feed to fullness or to satiety.
surmise v. To conjecture.
surmount v. To overcome by force of will.
surreptitious adj. Clandestine.
surrogate n. One who or that which is substituted for or appointed to act in place of another.
surround v. To encircle.
susceptibility n. A specific capability of feeling or emotion.
susceptible adj. Easily under a specified power or influence.
suspense n. Uncertainty.
suspension n. A hanging from a support.
suspicious adj. Inclined to doubt or mistrust.
sustenance n. Food.
swarthy adj. Having a dark hue, especially a dark or sunburned complexion.
Sybarite n. A luxurious person.
sycophant n. A servile flatterer, especially of those in authority or influence.
syllabic adj. Consisting of that which is uttered in a single vocal impulse.
syllabication n. Division of words into that which is uttered in a single vocal impulse.
syllable n. That which is uttered in a single vocal impulse.
syllabus n. Outline of a subject, course, lecture, or treatise.
sylph n. A slender, graceful young woman or girl.
symmetrical adj. Well-balanced.
symmetry n. Relative proportion and harmony.
sympathetic adj. Having a fellow-feeling for or like feelings with another or others.
sympathize v. To share the sentiments or mental states of another.
symphonic adj. Characterized by a harmonious or agreeable mingling of sounds.
symphonious adj. Marked by a harmonious or agreeable mingling of sounds.
symphony n. A harmonious or agreeable mingling of sounds.
synchronism n. Simultaneousness.
syndicate n. An association of individuals united for the prosecution of some enterprise.
syneresis n. The coalescence of two vowels or syllables, as e'er for ever.
synod n. An ecclesiastical council.
synonym n. A word having the same or almost the same meaning as some other.
synopsis n. A syllabus or summary.
systematic adj. Methodical.
tableau n. An arrangement of inanimate figures representing a scene from real life.
tacit adj. Understood.
taciturn adj. Disinclined to conversation.
tack n. A small sharp-pointed nail.
tact n. Fine or ready mental discernment shown in saying or doing the proper thing.
tactician n. One who directs affairs with skill and shrewdness.
tactics n. Any maneuvering or adroit management for effecting an object.
tangency n. The state of touching.
tangent adj. Touching.
tangible adj. Perceptible by touch.
tannery n. A place where leather is tanned.
tantalize v. To tease.
tantamount adj. Having equal or equivalent value, effect, or import.
tapestry n. A fabric to which a pattern is applied with a needle, designed for ornamental hangings.
tarnish v. To lessen or destroy the luster of in any way.
taut adj. Stretched tight.
taxation n. A levy, by government, of a fixed contribution.
taxidermy n. The art or process of preserving dead animals or parts of them.
technic adj. Technical.
technicality n. Something peculiar to a particular art, trade, or the like.
technique n. Manner of performance.
technography n. The scientific description or study of human arts and industries in their historic development.
technology n. The knowledge relating to industries and manufactures.
teem v. To be full to overflowing.
telepathy n. Thought-transference.
telephony n. The art or process of communicating by telephone.
telescope v. To drive together so that one slides into the another like the sections of a spy-glass.
telltale adj. That gives warning or information.
temerity n. Recklessness.
temporal adj. Pertaining to or concerned with the affairs of the present life.
temporary adj. Lasting for a short time only.
temporize v. To pursue a policy of delay.
tempt v. To offer to (somebody) an inducement to do wrong.
tempter n. An allurer or enticer to evil.
tenacious adj. Unyielding.
tenant n. An occupant.
tendency n. Direction or inclination, as toward some objector end.
tenet n. Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine that a person believes or maintains as true.
tenor n. A settled course or manner of progress.
tense adj. Strained to stiffness.
tentative adj. Done as an experiment.
tenure n. The term during which a thing is held.
tercentenary adj. Pertaining to a period of 300 years.
termagant adj. Violently abusive and quarrelsome.
terminal adj. Pertaining to or creative of a boundary, limit.
terminate v. To put an end or stop to.
termination n. The act of ending or concluding.
terminus n. The final point or goal.
terrify v. To fill with extreme fear.
territorial adj. Pertaining to the domain over which a sovereign state exercises jurisdiction.
terse adj. Pithy.
testator n. The maker of a will.
testimonial n. A formal token of regard, often presented in public.
thearchy n. Government by a supreme deity.
theism n. Belief in God.
theocracy n. A government administered by ecclesiastics.
theocrasy n. The mixed worship of polytheism.
theologian n. A professor of divinity.
theological adj. Based on or growing out of divine revelation.
theology n. The branch of theological science that treats of God.
theoretical adj. Directed toward knowledge for its own sake without respect to applications.
theorist n. One given to speculating.
theorize v. To speculate.
thereabout adv. Near that number, quantity, degree, place, or time, approximately.
therefor adv. For that or this.
thermal adj. Of or pertaining to heat.
thermoelectric adj. Denoting electricity produced by heat.
thermoelectricity n. Electricity generated by differences of temperature,
thesis n. An essay or treatise on a particular subject.
thoroughbred adj. Bred from the best or purest blood or stock.
thoroughfare n. A public street or road.
thrall n. One controlled by an appetite or a passion.
tilth n. Cultivation.
timbre n. The quality of a tone, as distinguished from intensity and pitch.
timorous adj. Lacking courage.
tincture n. A solution, usually alcoholic, of some principle used in medicine.
tinge n. A faint trace of color.
tipsy adj. Befuddled with drinks.
tirade n. Harangue.
transalpine adj. Situated on the other side of the Alps.
transact v. To do business.
transatlantic adj. Situated beyond or on the other side of the Atlantic.
transcend v. To surpass.
transcontinental adj. Extending or passing across a continent.
transcribe v. To write over again (something already written)
transcript n. A copy made directly from an original.
transfer v. To convey, remove, or cause to pass from one person or place to another.
transferable adj. Capable of being conveyed from one person or place to another.
transferee n. The person to whom a transfer is made.
transference n. The act of conveying from one person or place to another.
transferrer n. One who or that which conveys from one person or place to another.
transfigure v. To give an exalted meaning or glorified appearance to.
transfuse v. To pour or cause to pass, as a fluid, from one vessel to another.
transfusible adj. Capable of being poured from one vessel to another.
transfusion n. The act of pouring from one vessel to another.
transgress v. To break a law.
transience n. Something that is of short duration.
transient n. One who or that which is only of temporary existence.
transition n. Passage from one place, condition, or action to another.
transitory adj. Existing for a short time only.
translate v. To give the sense or equivalent of in another language or dialect.
translator n. An interpreter.
translucence n. The property or state of allowing the passage of light.
translucent adj. Allowing the passage of light.
transmissible adj. That may e sent through or across.
transmission n. The act of sending through or across.
transmit v. To send trough or across.
transmute v. To change in nature, substance, or form.
transparent adj. Easy to see through or understand.
transpire v. To come to pass.
transplant v. To remove and plant in another place.
transposition n. The act of reversing the order or changing the place of.
transverse adj. Lying or being across or in a crosswise direction.
travail n. Hard or agonizing labor.
travesty n. A grotesque imitation.
treacherous adj. Perfidious.
treachery n. Violation of allegiance, confidence, or plighted faith.
treasonable adj. Of the nature of betrayal, treachery, or breech of allegiance.
treatise n. An elaborate literary composition presenting a subject in all its parts.
treble adj. Multiplied by three.
trebly adv. Triply.
tremor n. An involuntary trembling or shivering.
tremulous adj. Characterized by quivering or unsteadiness.
trenchant adj. Cutting deeply and quickly.
trepidation n. Nervous uncertainty of feeling.
trestle n. An open braced framework for supporting the horizontal stringers of a railway-bridge.
triad n. A group of three persons of things.
tribune n. Any champion of the rights and liberties of the people: often used as the name for a newspaper.
trickery n. Artifice.
tricolor adj. Of three colors.
tricycle n. A three-wheeled vehicle.
trident n. The three-pronged fork that was the emblem of Neptune.
triennial adj. Taking place every third year.
trimness n. Neatness.
trinity n. A threefold personality existing in the one divine being or substance.
trio n. Three things grouped or associated together.
triple adj. Threefold.
triplicate adj. Composed of or pertaining to three related things or parts.
triplicity n. The state of being triple or threefold.
tripod n. A three-legged stand, usually hinged near the top, for supporting some instrument.
trisect v. To divide into three parts, especially into three equal parts.
trite adj. Made commonplace by frequent repetition.
triumvir n. One of three men united coordinately in public office or authority.
trivial adj. Of little importance or value.
troublesome adj. Burdensome.
truculent adj. Having the character or the spirit of a savage.
truism n. A statement so plainly true as hardly to require statement or proof.
truthful adj. Veracious.
tutelage n. The act of training or the state of being under instruction.
tutelar adj. Protective.
tutorship n. The office of a guardian.
twinge n. A darting momentary local pain.
typical adj. Characteristic.
typify v. To serve as a characteristic example of.
typographical adj. Pertaining to typography or printing.
typography n. The arrangement of composed type, or the appearance of printed matter.
tyrannical adj. Despotic.
tyranny n. Absolute power arbitrarily or unjustly administrated.
tyro n. One slightly skilled in or acquainted with any trade or profession.
ubiquitous adj. Being present everywhere.
ulterior adj. Not so pertinent as something else to the matter spoken of.
ultimate adj. Beyond which there is nothing else.
ultimatum n. A final statement or proposal, as concerning terms or conditions.
ultramundane adj. Pertaining to supernatural things or to another life.
ultramontane adj. Beyond the mountains, especially beyond the Alps (that is, on their Italian side).
umbrage n. A sense of injury.
unaccountable adj. Inexplicable.
unanimous adj. Sharing the same views or sentiments.
unanimity n. The state or quality of being of one mind.
unavoidable adj. Inevitable.
unbecoming adj. Unsuited to the wearer, place, or surroundings.
unbelief n. Doubt.
unbiased adj. Impartial, as judgment.
unbridled adj. Being without restraint.
uncommon adj. Rare.
unconscionable adj. Ridiculously or unjustly excessive.
unconscious adj. Not cognizant of objects, actions, etc.
unction n. The art of anointing as with oil.
unctuous adj. Oily.
undeceive v. To free from deception, as by apprising of the real state of affairs.
undercharge v. To make an inadequate charge for.
underexposed adj. Insufficiently exposed for proper or full development, as negatives in photography.
undergarment n. A garment to be worn under the ordinary outer garments.
underman v. To equip with less than the full complement of men.
undersell v. To sell at a lower price than.
undersized adj. Of less than the customary size.
underhanded adj. Clandestinely carried on.
underlie v. To be the ground or support of.
underling n. A subordinate.
undermine v. To subvert in an underhand way.
underrate v. To undervalue.
understate v. To fail to put strongly enough, as a case.
undervalue v. To underestimate.
underwrite v. To issue or be party to the issue of a policy of insurance.
undue adj. More than sufficient.
undulate v. To move like a wave or in waves.
undulous adj. Resembling waves.
upbraid v. To reproach as deserving blame.
upcast n. A throwing upward.
upheaval n. Overthrow or violent disturbance of established order or condition.
upheave v. To raise or lift with effort.
uppermost adj. First in order of precedence.
uproarious adj. Noisy.
upturn v. To throw into confusion.
urban adj. Of, or pertaining to, or like a city.
urbanity n. Refined or elegant courtesy.
urchin n. A roguish, mischievous boy.
urgency n. The pressure of necessity.
usage n. Treatment.
usurious adj. Taking unlawful or exorbitant interest on money loaned.
usurp v. To take possession of by force.
usury n. The demanding for the use of money as a loan, a rate of interest beyond what is allowed by law.
utilitarianism n. The ethical doctrine that actions are right because they are useful or of beneficial tendency.
utility n. Fitness for some desirable practical purpose.
utmost n. The greatest possible extent.
vacate v. To leave.
vaccinate v. To inoculate with vaccine virus or virus of cowpox.
vacillate v. To waver.
vacuum n. A space entirely devoid of matter.
vagabond n. A wanderer.
vagrant n. An idle wanderer.
vainglory n. Excessive, pretentious, and demonstrative vanity.
vale n. Level or low land between hills.
valediction n. A bidding farewell.
valedictorian n. Student who delivers an address at graduating exercises of an educational institution.
valedictory n. A parting address.
valid adj. Founded on truth.
valorous adj. Courageous.
vapid adj. Having lost sparkling quality and flavor.
vaporizer n. An atomizer.
variable adj. Having a tendency to change.
variance n. Change.
variant n. A thing that differs from another in form only, being the same in essence or substance.
variation n. Modification.
variegate v. To mark with different shades or colors.
vassal n. A slave or bondman.
vaudeville n. A variety show.
vegetal adj. Of or pertaining to plants.
vegetarian n. One who believes in the theory that man's food should be exclusively vegetable.
vegetate v. To live in a monotonous, passive way without exercise of the mental faculties.
vegetation n. Plant-life in the aggregate.
vegetative adj. Pertaining to the process of plant-life.
vehement adj. Very eager or urgent.
velocity n. Rapid motion.
velvety adj. Marked by lightness and softness.
venal adj. Mercenary, corrupt.
vendition n. The act of selling.
vendor n. A seller.
veneer n. Outside show or elegance.
venerable adj. Meriting or commanding high esteem.
venerate v. To cherish reverentially.
venereal adj. Pertaining to or proceeding from sexual intercourse.
venial adj. That may be pardoned or forgiven, a forgivable sin.
venison n. The flesh of deer.
venom n. The poisonous fluid that certain animals secrete.
venous adj. Of, pertaining to, or contained or carried in a vein or veins.
veracious adj. Habitually disposed to speak the truth.
veracity n. Truthfulness.
verbatim adv. Word for word.
verbiage n. Use of many words without necessity.
verbose adj. Wordy.
verdant adj. Green with vegetation.
verification n. The act of proving to be true, exact, or accurate.
verify v. To prove to be true, exact, or accurate.
verily adv. In truth.
vermin n. A noxious or troublesome animal.
vernacular n. The language of one's country.
vernal adj. Belonging to or suggestive of the spring.
versatile adj. Having an aptitude for applying oneself to new and varied tasks or to various subjects.
version n. A description or report of something as modified by one's character or opinion.
vertex n. Apex.
vertical adj. Lying or directed perpendicularly to the horizon.
vertigo n. Dizziness.
vestige n. A visible trace, mark, or impression, of something absent, lost, or gone.
vestment n. Clothing or covering.
veto n. The constitutional right in a chief executive of refusing to approve an enactment.
vicarious adj. Suffered or done in place of or for the sake of another.
viceroy n. A ruler acting with royal authority in place of the sovereign in a colony or province.
vicissitude n. A change, especially a complete change, of condition or circumstances, as of fortune.
vie v. To contend.
vigilance n. Alert and intent mental watchfulness in guarding against danger.
vigilant adj. Being on the alert to discover and ward off danger or insure safety.
vignette n. A picture having a background or that is shaded off gradually.
vincible adj. Conquerable.
vindicate v. To prove true, right, or real.
vindicatory adj. Punitive.
vinery n. A greenhouse for grapes.
viol n. A stringed instrument of the violin class.
viola n. A musical instrument somewhat larger than a violin.
violator n. One who transgresses.
violation n. Infringement.
violoncello n. A stringed instrument held between the player's knees.
virago n. A bold, impudent, turbulent woman.
virile adj. Masculine.
virtu n. Rare, curious, or beautiful quality.
virtual adj. Being in essence or effect, but not in form or appearance.
virtuoso n. A master in the technique of some particular fine art.
virulence n. Extreme poisonousness.
virulent adj. Exceedingly noxious or deleterious.
visage n. The face, countenance, or look of a person.
viscount n. In England, a title of nobility, ranking fourth in the order of British peerage.
vista n. A view or prospect.
visual adj. Perceptible by sight.
visualize v. To give pictorial vividness to a mental representation.
vitality n. The state or quality of being necessary to existence or continuance.
vitalize v. To endow with life or energy.
vitiate v. To contaminate.
vituperable adj. Deserving of censure.
vivacity n. Liveliness.
vivify v. To endue with life.
vivisection n. The dissection of a living animal.
vocable n. a word, especially one regarded in relation merely to its qualities of sound.
vocative adj. Of or pertaining to the act of calling.
vociferance n. The quality of making a clamor.
vociferate v. To utter with a loud and vehement voice.
vociferous adj. Making a loud outcry.
vogue n. The prevalent way or fashion.
volant adj. Flying or able to fly.
volatile adj. Changeable.
volition n. An act or exercise of will.
volitive adj. Exercising the will.
voluble adj. Having great fluency in speaking.
voluptuous adj. having fullness of beautiful form, as a woman, with or without sensuous or sensual quality.
voracious adj. Eating with greediness or in very large quantities.
vortex n. A mass of rotating or whirling fluid, especially when sucked spirally toward the center.
votary adj. Consecrated by a vow or promise.
votive adj. Dedicated by a vow.
vulgarity n. Lack of refinement in conduct or speech.
vulnerable adj. Capable of receiving injuries.
waif n. A homeless, neglected wanderer.
waistcoat n. A vest.
waive v. To relinquish, especially temporarily, as a right or claim.
wampum n. Beads strung on threads, formerly used among the American Indians as currency.
wane v. To diminish in size and brilliancy.
wantonness n. Recklessness.
weak-kneed adj. Without resolute purpose or energy.
weal n. Well-being.
wean v. To transfer (the young) from dependence on mother's milk to another form of nourishment.
wearisome adj. Fatiguing.
well-bred adj. Of good ancestry.
well-doer n. A performer of moral and social duties.
well-to-do adj. In prosperous circumstances.
whereabouts n. The place in or near which a person or thing is.
whereupon adv. After which.
wherever adv. In or at whatever place.
wherewith n. The necessary means or resources.
whet v. To make more keen or eager.
whimsical adj. Capricious.
whine v. To utter with complaining tone.
wholly adv. Completely.
wield v. To use, control, or manage, as a weapon, or instrument, especially with full command.
wile n. An act or a means of cunning deception.
winsome adj. Attractive.
wintry adj. Lacking warmth of manner.
wiry adj. Thin, but tough and sinewy.
witchcraft n. Sorcery.
witless adj. Foolish, indiscreet, or silly.
witling n. A person who has little understanding.
witticism n. A witty, brilliant, or original saying or sentiment.
wittingly adv. With knowledge and by design.
wizen v. To become or cause to become withered or dry.
wizen-faced adj. Having a shriveled face.
working-man n. One who earns his bread by manual labor.
workmanlike adj. Like or befitting a skilled workman.
workmanship n. The art or skill of a workman.
wrangle v. To maintain by noisy argument or dispute.
wreak v. To inflict, as a revenge or punishment.
wrest v. To pull or force away by or as by violent twisting or wringing.
wretchedness n. Extreme misery or unhappiness.
writhe v. To twist the body, face, or limbs or as in pain or distress.
writing n. The act or art of tracing or inscribing on a surface letters or ideographs.
wry adj. Deviating from that which is proper or right.
yearling n. A young animal past its first year and not yet two years old.
zealot n. One who espouses a cause or pursues an object in an immoderately partisan manner.
zeitgeist n. The intellectual and moral tendencies that characterize any age or epoch.
zenith n. The culminating-point of prosperity, influence, or greatness.
zephyr n. Any soft, gentle wind.
zodiac n. An imaginary belt encircling the heavens within which are the larger planets.
Page too large to print?
SAT Vocabulary Building by Dr. Steve Baba
You do not need to learn every word in the dictionary to improve your SAT score. Every bone in your body has a name, but the names of your bones will not be on the SAT for two reasons. It would give an unfair advantage to students interested in human anatomy, and the question would be too difficult. Just as easy questions that everyone can answer will not be on the test, questions that no one can answer will also not be on the test for the same reason; they do not measure anything since everyone would get the same score.
There are about 10,000 words that are likely to show up on the SAT - other words are too hard or too easy. While 10,000 words is a lot, you probably know half of the words already. Also, many of the words are related to each other through common roots such as subsonic and supersonic. If you know what supersonic means, you should be able to figure out what subsonic means and vice versa.
Five or ten hours of vocabulary work cannot compare to a lifetime of studious vocabulary building, but all is not lost. You can review, remember and clarify words you once knew and learn a few new words. Unless you have a photographic memory or have mastered mnemonics (thinking of memory aids), you will not be able to memorize 1000 new words from a list in a few hours. What you can do is review words that you barely remember, and some of the new words may stick.
If you are tempted to skip vocabulary building because there are too many words, just remember that you do not need to know all the words to answer vocabulary questions correctly. Consider the following sentence completion question.
Because of his _____ and effort, John Doe was a success.
a. laziness
1000 Most Important Words by Norman Schur, 245 pages, $5.99.
Click on the above titles to view Amazon.com’s description. Amazon.com pays me a pittance, as an Amazon associate.
In addition to answering more vocabulary questions correctly, answering quickly leaves more time for reading comprehension questions, which have vocabulary embedded in the passages.
These words are targeted for SAT test prep, but other tests, such as the GRE and GMAT, use the same collegiate words.
GRE words and GMAT vocabulary are just hard SAT words; SAT prep will help you on graduate school entrance tests.
The SAT vocabulary and SAT math advice also applies to GRE vocabulary and GRE math, but the difficulty is different.
On the SAT, Both Speed And Accuracy Count
Finishing the easy SAT math problems faster gives you time to solve two more hard problems per section for 60 more points.
Every SAT math problem, even the hard ones such as these in my seminar (PDF), can be easily solved in one minute without a calculator.
The reading-passage questions are NOT ordered from easy to hard. If you run out of time, because of slow reading or slow vocabulary, you both miss opportunities to answer easy questions for easy points and don't have extra time for hard questions.
Just 20% faster is like having an extra 5 minutes on 25-minute sections.
SAT prep, such as my CDs/DVD, can enable you to gain 50+ points from increased accuracy and 50+ points from increased speed per subject for a total increase of 300+.
SAT Writing: Can’t write (no good/good/well)? Not a Big Problem
The “new” SAT writing (really the same old SAT II writing) is 2/3 multiple-choice grammar and 1/3 a 25-minute essay.
The multiple-choice grammar does not even require knowing the names of parts of speech. One only needs to pick the best of several choices or identify errors (no good/good/well). Because SAT scoring is highly curved, half correct (50%) is enough to reach 500, and even 600, 650 or 700 allows many mistakes or 50/50 guesses.
Most, but not all, of the multiple-choice questions can be answered with two-dozen English grammar rules, which are covered in the Kaplan and Princeton Review books.
Multiple-choice grammar questions can be answered multiple ways:
1) know the grammar rule for the one correct answer
2) eliminate all wrong answers to find the remaining correct answer
3) know a correct similar sentence - Can’t (swim/any activity) (no good/good/well)?
4) reword to clarify - I write (no good/good/well).
5) guess after eliminating some wrong answers
A 25-minute essay is as far from a creatively written novel as a 25-minute fast-food meal is from a gourmet meal. Becoming a professional chef or novelist takes years. Becoming a fast-food cook or writing a decent 25-minute essay can be mastered faster.
The essay is often illustrated by a triple cheeseburger. Top bun = introduction. Three burgers = three examples. Cheese between burgers = transitions between examples. Bottom bun = conclusion. Cooking small pieces of meat is easy = using small examples is easy.
SAT writing is the easiest to improve. Reading with difficult vocabulary is the hardest to improve.
Recommended SAT Prep Books by Steve Baba, Ph.D.
While some books are slightly better than others, I have found that none were exceptional. Kaplan certainly knows what Princeton Review is doing and vice versa. Books from other companies generally contain similar advice and are only differentiated by jokes, writing style, and graphics.
I have found that the Princeton Review book is slightly better for low-scoring students because it simplifies every solution. I have found that the Kaplan book is slightly better for high-scoring students because it does not (over) simplify every solution.
The book The Official SAT Study Guide provides real SAT tests, which are ideal for practicing and becoming more confident with the test. But do not use this book alone. Using The Official SAT Study Guide alone is like learning how to swim by jumping into the deep end of the pool. To maximize your SAT score, you need to both practice and learn from experts.
While SAT preparation books generally contains similar advice, longer books obviously contain more information. While learning 200 SAT words is useful, learning 2000 words is better. Ditto for math problems. .
Almost every SAT math problem can be solved with the below math. My DVD SAT math seminar shows how-to while covering the necessary math.
Print (click icon below) the below ( if blank click here ), free, 6-page SAT Math Notes and use as a crash course and/or a quick reference "cheat sheet."
The 4-column, small-type, terse-wording design enables students to quickly find and read formulas. On a table or a large desk, 6-pages can be viewed instantly.
This website is for the pre-2016 SAT Test. The SAT sold out to Common Core money.
The new redesigned 2016 SAT is Common Core garbage, designed by the Common Core architect himself.
All You Have To Do Is Listen
5,000 Vocabulary Words on 7 audio CDs ($) or Free download
Upgrade Your Vocabulary and Math to
Upgrade Your School, Career and Life
|
i don't know
|
What war produced the most fatalities?
|
American War Deaths Through History
American War Deaths Through History
From the War of Independence to Operation Enduring Freedom - blood spilled from sea to shining sea.
100 Years of World War 1
Playing a key role on the road to victory.
The following is a listing of US casualties in the various conflicts that have been a part of the country's history. The following numbers reflect only reported war deaths and exclude those wounded and/or missing. The Civil War maintains the highest American casualty total of any conflict.
In its first 100 years of existence, over 683,000 Americans lost their lives, with the Civil War accounting for 623,026 of that total (91.2%). Comparatively, in the next 100 years, a further 626,000 Americans died through two World Wars and several more regional conflicts (World War 2 representing 65% of that total). Using this comparison, the Civil War might very well be the most costly war that America has ever fought.
Sources: U.S. Army Military History Institute; iCasualties.org; Wikipedia
CONFLICT
|
World War II
|
Screeno, Keno, and Housey-Housey are name variations of what more commonly known gambling game?
|
Twentieth Century Atlas - Worldwide Statistics of Casualties, Massacres, Disasters and Atrocities.
Alphabetical Index
How many people died in all the wars, massacres, slaughters and oppressions of the Twentieth Century? Here are a few atrocitologists who have made estimates:
M. Cherif Bassouni, "Searching for peace and achieving justice: the need for accountability", published on Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 59: no. 4. [http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?59+Law+&+Contemp.+Probs.+9+(Fall+1996)] (Citing Rummel and SIPRI)
33 million "military casualties" (That's how the article phrased it, but I presume that means military deaths.)
170 million killed in "conflicts of a non-international charater, internal conflicts and tyrannical regime victimization")
incl. 86M since the Second World War
[TOTAL: 203,000,000]
Zbigniew Brzezinski, Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the Twenty-first Century (1993)
"Lives deliberately extinguished by politically motivated carnage":
167,000,000 to 175,000,000
1990s: 21,000,000
TOTAL (1930-1999): 71,000,000 tobacco-related deaths in developed countries. (US, Europe, USSR, Canada, Japan, Australia, NZ)
Note: Although the bulk of humanity lives outside developed countries, tobacco-related deaths are not as common there, largely because the average Third World life expectancy does not leave enough time to develop cancer and heart disease. Ditto for the developed world prior to 1930. Basically, smoking is a rich man's way to die.
The World Health Organization estimates that 3 million people die each year worldwide from tobacco, which becomes 900,000 3rd-Worlders when we subtract the 2.1 million 1st- and 2nd-Worlders calculated by Peto (yearly average for the 1990s, above). This indicates some 9 million tobacco deaths in non-developed countries during the 1990s and (using the same ratio) perhaps 5 million during the 1980s. If we continue this ratio all the way back, we get an even hundred million deaths by tobacco worldwide; however, as Peto puts it, "the epidemic is generally at an earlier stage," so the tobacco-related mortality rate in the third world was relatively low before 1980. Let's add only another 5 million for the years prior to 1980, bringing the century total up to 90,000,000.
AHS: 9.6 million animals euthanized in the US, 1997 [http://www.americanhumane.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nr_fact_sheets_animal_euthanasia]
HSUS: 3-4 million cats and dogs euthanized by US shelters each year [http://www.hsus.org/pets/issues_affecting_our_pets/pet_overpopulation_and_ownership_statistics/hsus_pet_overpopulation_estimates.html]
Influenza Pandemic, 1918-19:
Gilbert: 13,000,000
Encarta: 20,000,000 (also Time: Great Events of the 20th Century; also 30 June 1998 Washington Post)
Michael Howard, The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century: 20M d. in 1919 flu.
Our Times: 21,642,274
MEDIAN: ca. 21M
Wallechinsky: 30,000,000
R.S. Bray, Armies of Pestilence: the Impace of Disease on History (1996): 25-50M, citing Burnet & White
John M. Barry, The Great Influenza (2004)
1927 AMA study: 21M
1940s McFarlane Burnet est. 50-100M
2002 epidem. study: 50-100M
Spartacus [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWinfluenzia.htm]: >70,000,000
NOTE: Because the first outbreaks of the disease were often spread via troop movements, the temptation is to add all the world's pandemic deaths to the death toll of World War I , thereby raising it from ca. 15M to more than 35M; however, I have never seen an actual, published history of the First World War do this. Yes, histories of the war will count the soldiers and refugees that died of the flu in camps, but obviously not the millions in, say, China or India, that died far from any battlefield, long after the armistice.
Very, very rough estimate until I research this more fully: 8.5 million murders worldwide, 1900-1999.
What I do know so far:
Brazil: 350,000 murders in 1990s (24 Oct. 1999 Guardian)
USA 1960-96: 666,160 murders and (non-negligent) manslaughters (Statistical Abstract of the United States, http://www.census.gov/statab/freq/98s0335.txt)
USA 1900-59: 390,136 murders (Watenburg, The Statistical History of the United States, 1976)
USA TOTAL: 1,056,296 (more or less -- depending on how you want to count manslaughters)
739,938 murders worldwide, 1986-90, excluding the USA (http://www.ifs.univie.ac.at/uncjin/mosaic/ccrimes/tothom.txt). The USA produced 12.5% of the world's murders during the years 1986-90, so if we apply that ratio to the entire century, then it would indicate that 7.35M murders were committed worldwide (but outside the US), 1900-96. It looks like the century total is somewhere near 1.05M in US + 7.35M elsewhere.
Maybe this 8.5?M should be added to the wars and oppressions under the category of deaths "caused by fellow humans", above. If you want to do this, go ahead.
Natural Disasters :
According to a 20 December 1999 press release from the reinsurance company Munich Re, a total of 3.5 million people were killed in 20th Century disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanos, but not drought or famine. (A total of 15M were killed by disasters during the entire Second Millennium.) [http://www.munichre.com]
Racism :
Just out of curiosity, I decided to calculate the death toll of racism in the United States, and it certainly looks like non-whites suffered 3,300,000 excess deaths from 1900 to 1970.
Sources: Throughout most of American history, non-whites have had a significantly higher death rate than whites. As there's no natural reason for whites to live longer than non-whites, the cause for this difference must be social -- rooted in poverty and manifesting itself in malnutrition, inadequate public health, substandard medical care, homicide, alcoholism, suicide and drug addiction.
If we subtract the number of non-whites who would have died anyway (even at a white death rate) from the number who did die -- year-by-year -- and then add it all up, we get our total number of excess deaths.
Because this is just my calculations -- not peer-reviewed or gathered from a reputable source -- I'll give you a lot of detail. My source for the raw numbers is Watenburg, The Statistical History of the United States (1976). As an example of my methods, consider this: in 1920, the death rate for whites was 12.6/1000, while for non-whites it was 17.7/1000. Now, if we multiply the non-white death rate by the estimated non-white population of 10,951,000, we find that there were approximately 193,833 deaths among non-whites in 1920. If they had died at the white death rate, however, there would only have been 137,983 deaths. Therefore, we've got 55,850 excess deaths caused by the socioeconomic handicap of not being white.
Decade by decade, here are the totals:
Decade
TOTAL
3,300,000
Escape Hatch: Since no one's paying me to be mired in controversy, I'll give a short list of why this calculation might not mean what it seems to mean. I'll leave it to philosophers and statisticians to iron out these problems:
I haven't adjusted for age differences.
I haven't adjusted for geographic differences -- specifically, I haven't taken into account that the South has traditionally been unhealthier than the North for both blacks and whites. Since the black population has been disproportionately Southern, then this has boosted their death rates.
Suicide, drug addiction, alcoholism, etc. are often considered to be matters of free will.
Homicides are customarily blamed on the individual murderers rather than society as a whole.
To give you a chance to check behind me, here are all the calculations in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, compressed with PKZip.
Decommuniziation :
Jerry Hough, LA Times 18 August 1998 Op-Ed: With the collapse of communism in Russia, poverty and death rates soared, and some 3 million people in Russia died who would have been alive if the old life expectancy rates had been maintained. [http://www.brook.edu/views/op-ed/hough/19980818.htm]
The Times (London) 27 Jan. 2000: The Russian population is roughly six million lower than if birth and death rates had stayed constant since the fall of communism.
28 Dec. 1994 Plain Dealer: 360,000 more Russians died in 1993 than in 1992.
Medical Mistakes :
According to a 1999 report from the Institute of Medicine, 44,000 to 98,000 Americans die unnecessarily every year from medical mistakes made by health care professionals. (30 Nov. 1999 Washington Post, 30 Nov. 1999 AP, or pretty much any news source that day.)
Eaten by Tigers :
According to official statistics [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/statistics/], 34,075 people were killed by tigers in British-administered India, 1875-1912. That includes 11,423 k. 1900-1912.
FAQ
How did you get these totals?
Simple -- I added everything up. If you sum the first five of the century's top 30 atrocities , you get a bit over 142M. Summing the first 10 brings the total to 157M, while the sum of the first 20 is 171.7M. It may look like, at this rate, we'll shoot past 188M in no time at all, but notice how the body counts get smaller at each level -- from 142M for the 1st 5 to 15M for the next 5 to a mere 14M or so for the next 10. Pretty soon, we get to the point where a single atrocity doesn't noticably shift the total at all.
|
i don't know
|
What is an unrealistically optimistic person, after the title-character of Eleanor Porter's famous 1913 novel?
|
Perth080113 by Metroland East - The Perth Courier - issuu
710 Barnes Street, Kemptville 613-258-9955
WWW.FINDAHUGEDEAL.COM Tax and license fee extra
Have a safe and happy
Holiday Weekend We are closed Saturday, August 3
The Perth and District Community Newspaper since 1834 August 1, 2013 | 68 pages
www.insideottawavalley.com
Highway 15 North, Smiths Falls 613-283-1880 www.rallyhonda.com
Dramatic water rescue on the Tay
NEWS
Mother saves son from swift waters By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
Celebrate Harvest Fest in Lanark County. — Page 2
COMMUNITY
P th’ BBrentt McLaren Perth’s ML will ill ttake k part in the world championship town crier competition this weekend. — Page P1
SPORTS
Submitted photo
Samantha Davidson rescued her son Jack from the swift waters on the Tay during the Stewart Park Festival weekend. The boy had just learned to swim last year, but the current was a little too strong for him. Below, kids check out the old Mill Street pool, where the swift waters meet with the Tay Canal.
Boat building for the Rideau Regatta is underway in Rideau Ferry. — Page P14
News – A mother’s quick thinking saved her son from drowning in the Tay River during the Stewart Park Festival. Glen Tay resident Samantha Davidson, who works at The Table Community Food Centre, was enjoying the Fred Penner concert on Saturday, July 20 at the Stewart Park Festival, with her son Jack, who was celebrating his seventh birthday that day. Her son had been splashing in the water near the little island in the park, before deciding to move on, with his mother, to the old swimming pool beside Mill Street. “I could see that the water was high and I mentioned it to him,” said Davidson during an interview on Wednesday, July 24. “I told him to keep close to the edge. I was standing right on the edge, as close as I could without being in the water.” “When the festival is on, the kids are all in the river,” said Shea LeBlanc, Jack’s dad, during an interview the same day. “The water has been a little high there.” With the water levels so high and the current so strong, it didn’t take much for Jack to begin to get swept up in the strong waters. “It happened so fast,” said Davidson. “She looked away for a second and then he was gone,” said LeBlanc. “She saw him and (he had) terror on his face.” Jack had just started swimming last summer, but his father commended him for keeping his cool. “He didn’t panic,” said LeBlanc. “That’s one of the things that saved him.” “He started calling, but didn’t go under,” said Davidson. “He said ‘Help me, please.’ Always polite.” At that point, survival for one’s child kicked in. “She just jumped in with her clothes on…As quick as that she was in the water. The hardest part was fighting the current,” said LeBlanc. In the middle of the stream, things were not going well for mother and son. “I wasn’t thrilled with our chances,” said Davidson. “I was surprised with how quickly it is moving right there. I got hold of him and he pushed me under a couple of times in his panic. We fought to get to the shore right away.” Once they reached the shore however, leaving the water was not as easy as they had hoped. “When they got to the water’s edge, she couldn’t get out,” said LeBlanc. “She was exhausted.” A man whom Davidson suspects was a Stewart Park volunteer helped her and her son out of the water. “I appreciated him coming out,” said Davidson. “I was quite tired and had all of my clothes on.” Shortly after the incident, LeBlanc received a frantic text message from Perth, while he was in the middle of a work weekend. “The first words ‘There’s been an incident,’ you are like ‘What?!’ Then the next line is ‘We’re okay,’” which allayed his fears somewhat. Having just emerged from the water, “she was calm and cool at the time,” but shortly afterwards, as LeBlanc talked with Davidson, “she was having anxiety problems then. We certainly had a moment where it was relief. She was still in shock and I am in shock. How close it could be that it could’ve been a different phone call.”
Photo by DESMOND DEVOY
See CHILD’S RESCUE page P2
REALTOR OF THE WEEK
Óä£ÎÊ-1 ,Ê- "7 " Ê "7t
Connections Realty Inc. (Brokerage)
[email protected] www.rcrhomes.ca 613-283-4900 Proudly Independently Owned and Operated in
A Division of Hinton Auto Connection Ltd.
2013 RAM QUAD CAB 4WD SLT R0012231633_0801
®
HEMI, 20” WHEELS & MORE! ONLY $205 BI-WEEKLY!
2002 HONDA S2000 Convertible, manual, red leather, 91,000km, performance exhaust. $
18,995
Serving Perth for over 18 years
1 mile East of Perth on Hwy 7, 613-267-2300
www.callanmotors.com Highway 7, Perth 1-888-592-3317
0% Lease & Finance and Up to $10,000 Cash Credits on remaining new 2013 models.
OVER 100 NEW VEHICLES IN STOCK *See dealer for details
famousforfairness.ca
6," /ÊUÊ 1 ÊUÊ ÊUÊ Ê / °
199 Lombard St, Smiths Falls 1-613-283-3882
REGIONAL NEWS
to become an annual event that will rotate around the county. It aims to support more than 55 local businesses and six farmers’ markets, as well as developing a new economic development network for the county through partnership with the Ontario Tourism Culinary Alliance. “Beckwith Township is pleased to be the inaugural municipality for the Lanark County Harvest Festival,� said Beckwith reeve Richard Kidd. “It is a tribute to our strong rural and agricultural heritage, and our staff have been working very hard with partners to ensure the event is a huge success.� “We hope to create employment, build a customer base and encourage lots of visitors to come to Lanark County,� continued Dobson. “We have been recognized as a food destination, and want to build on this while raising awareness.� There are still spaces for vendors. To register, contact cmcgregor@twp. beckwith.on.ca. For general information, visit www.lanarkcountytourism. ca or call 1-888-4-LANARK. Submitted by the County of Lanark.
County receives assurances about 9-1-1 system cluding 9-1-1, and so the connection did not happen.� Hannah added there are several redundancies in the system, however, that allowed for the problem to be resolved quickly. “The first call has been identified as being made at 8:05 a.m., and by 8:06 a.m. an alarm was activated in the system that indicated a 9-1-1 call had gone unanswered. The alarm was received and acted upon at 8:07 a.m., which identified the first of the lines that was not functioning as designed. When the effected lines were identified, the process of rerouting the system away from those lines began. By 8:20 a.m. the effected lines had been isolated and calls began to process normally at the CERB.� Hannah said he has been assured no other calls were made during that time period. “The county, OPP and Bell work continuously to ensure methods and processes are in place to deal with these events,� he said. “In this case, the network switch failure was immediately detected and restoration activities were initiated and completed quickly.� Hannah noted that, over time, potential failure points in the 9-1-1 system have been identified and protocols developed to minimize service interruption when they occur. “Tests are conducted regularly to ensure the system functions as designed and contingency plans are annually reviewed with all 9-1-1 agencies to ensure restoration occurs quickly in the event of a technical problem,� he said.
Chief administrative officer/ treasurer Kurt Greaves said Lanark County has been using the 9-1-1 system since 2002. “This is the first disruption of service we have experienced.� Warden Bill Dobson (Montague reeve) said the county will continue to work with officials from Bell Canada and the OPP to ensure the 9-1-1 system remains reliable. “Public safety is our primary concern,� he stated. “The 9-1-1 system is standard across the majority of communities in North America due to its ease of use, and people should continue to use it.� Hannah added it is important for callers to stay on the line when they call 9-1-1 so the system can detect incoming calls and so that call answerers can collect the information they need in an emergency. Submitted by the County of Lanark.
ONTARIO CAR FINANCING LOANS QUICK & EASY ONLINE AUTOLOANS EVEN WITH BAD CREDIT
BAD CREDIT? NO CREDIT? APPLY NOW AND GET YOURSELF CAR
FINANCING FOR
ANY CREDIT SITUATION
UĂŠ ,1*/ -ĂŠUĂŠ ĂŠ , /ĂŠUĂŠ "ĂŠ , /ĂŠ UĂŠ 6", ĂŠUĂŠ, *"-- --" -ĂŠUĂŠ" ĂŠ "--- ĂŠ, ĂŠUĂŠ,* ĂŠ ĂŠ, -*" - APPLY TODAY! www.ontariocarďŹ nancingloans.ca Or call 613-283-4000 and ask for Gregg PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14 (BEFORE TAXES)
Now Serving Dinner Everything From Scratch! Just Like Our Famous Breakfasts s Homemade Local Fare s Brand New Deli Menu Very Popular s Food To Go - call ahead – it will be ready 613-267-6394
PENNY’S PLACE RESTAURANT Highway 7 at the Eastern Town Limits of Perth 613-267-6394 NEW HOURS: Mondays and Tuesdays 6am-3pm Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays 6am-7pm Saturdays 7am-3pm and Sundays 7am-7pm R0012200566_0711
PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3.00 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14.00 (BEFORE TAXES)
News – Lanark County officials have received more information about an isolated issue that occurred with the 9-1-1 system earlier this month, along with assurances that preventive protocols are in place. On July 5, 9-1-1 calls for an ambulance went unanswered in the Clayton area. A citizen then called the local (Mississippi Mills) fire chief, Art Brown, who contacted ambulance dispatch from his portable radio. Lanark County has a contract for 9-1-1 call-answering services with the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), who operate a Central Emergency Reporting Bureau (CERB) in North Bay. The service is provided in conjunction with Bell Canada. Emergency calls to 9-1-1 are answered at the CERB and then rerouted to the appropriate responding agencies, whether it is police, fire or ambulance. In a conference call last week, Lanark County Emergency Services Coordinator Rick Hannah said representatives from Bell 9-1-1 explained to him and the OPP CERB Team that the service interruption occurred when a network card in the telephone system failed. This resulted in six calls regarding this single incident not reaching the CERB, including five calls from one land line. “When a 9-1-1 call is made, the phone network system searches for an available line at the CERB to make a connection,� Hannah explained. “On July 5, a network failure affected several services, in-
R0011948341_TF
Farmers’ Markets, the Lanark County Agricultural Advisory Committee, the Township of Beckwith and Lanark County. The program includes food seminars featuring “The Mushroom Man� of Lanark County, Scott Perrie of Valley Wild Edibles, who will present information about foraging for local mushrooms, berries, nuts and wild leeks. Other food related workshops will include topics on garlic, herbal remedies and tinctures, Slow Food, beekeeping, apples, maple syrup etc.; the renowned Bowes Brothers musical entertainment; and children’s activities, such as a petting zoo, bouncy castle, face painting, and much more. “The event provides a perfect opportunity for local producers to bring awareness to our communities through their products and expertise,� added Marie White, Lanark County tourism manager. “We recognize the benefits of local food, along with the challenges faced by our community’s agricultural families. This festival is a time to celebrate with them and show appreciation through food, drink and laughter.� The celebration of local food will
PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3.00 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14.00 (BEFORE TAXES)
Community – Want to get fresh with a local farmer? The inaugural Lanark County Harvest Festival will give everyone a chance to do just that! The new outdoor event, slated for Sunday, Sept. 8 at Beckwith Park (1319, 9th Line, Beckwith), will celebrate the county’s bounty of the harvest featuring local producers, food seminars, children’s activities and workshops, local musicians and more. Warden Bill Dobson (Montague reeve), who has a background in organic beef farming, says the festival concept was part of his vision as warden for this year. “One of my goals has been to look for ways to connect all of the communities of Lanark County. Food, agriculture and tourism are natural fits. Local food is one of the ties that binds us all and a festival seems like the perfect way to celebrate and promote it,� he said. “The Lanark County Harvest Festival is a chance for local producers to build relationships with new customers and to promote the value of developing sustainable, self-reliant communities through small, foodbased operations. Our county has a unique blend of producers, passions and food.� The festival will run from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. and is a collaboration of several local groups, including Lanark Local Flavour, Lanark County
R0012228380/0801
Celebrate Lanark County’s bounty at inaugural harvest festival Sept. 8
VALID ANYTIME AFTER 3 PM. OFFER EXPIRES AUGUST 15TH. 1 COUPON PER CUSTOMER THE EMC - 2 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Local teens learn about life as a police officer at Algonquin College News – Working on a crime scene investigation, treating a patient with two broken ankles and performing CPR was just a typical day for seven teenagers in Perth last week. They were part of the Algonquin College Policing and Public Safety Career Sampler program, hosted at the Perth campus. These local students signed up for a week-long session to get a glimpse of their potential dream job. From paramedic training to firefighting to police investigations, the teenagers had the opportunity to find out and ask questions about what it takes to work in these fields. Perth Fire Chief Steve Fournier and Fire Prevention Officer Peter Echlin opened the week’s events. They sat down with the students to talk about becoming a firefighter before heading outside to check out the fire gear and truck. “The fire presentation was the perfect way to start off the week,” says Tiffany Hart, Career Sampler Team Lead. “The students were immediately engaged and had fun learning about the gear and stand on the truck while controlling the water hose. Right from the start, the camp was engaging and the students were having a good time.” For the remainder of the week, students had the opportunity to meet with police officers, paramedics and a career counselor to talk about these career opportunities. Students also spent most of the week following the guide Ontario Provincial Police Inspector Gerry Salisbury and Con-
Photo courtesy of ALGONQUIN COLLEGE HERITAGE INSTITUTE
Students taking part in the Algonquin College Heritage Institute’s Policing and Public Safety Summer Career Sampler Camp in Perth, above, had the opportunity to re-enact the scene of an accident with stable Dave Blair. “The week was packed with activities,” says Hart. “We went to the court to witness live cases, we got our finger prints dusted, we learned
paramedic staff from Lanark County. This activity was just one of many offered throughout the weeklong camp where participants also learned about becoming a police officer and firefighter.
how to perform CPR, we took the Parents could instantly see their PREP test and we saw how a K9 unit kid’s satisfaction with the camp. works. Each day the students left “Every night I have had the opporwith a better understanding about tunity of listening to the excitement working in public safety.” in (my daughter) Mekalah’s voice as
she shares and divulges the information she has learned. A basic overview of services, career highlights and techniques used in the field has given her a base knowledge of what not only to expect but achieve as she moves forward in her career choice as an officer,” says parent Kim Leach. “Other parents should consider this as a solid investment towards their children’s educational future. I am glad I learned the opportunity existed here in Perth at Algonquin College and hope she can experience another session in the future. Good work by everyone involved!” The week ended with a graduation ceremony for the participants, who learned earlier that week how to march, which they did when they entered the ceremony with a bagpiper leading the way. Students can have the chance to take another future career sampler session. Algonquin College will be hosting two ‘Get Inspired About Helping Others’ career samplers in Smiths Falls and Carleton Place in August. Participants can learn about working as an early childhood educator, child and youth worker, social service worker, personal support worker and more. The last day for these camps will transform into a day about taking care of themselves. To learn more about these career samplers, visit the Perth Campus website at algonquincollege.com/ perth. Submitted by Algonquin College Perth Campus.
Running every second week in June, July & August
GET CLEAN FOR LESS
Send S end your Senior Activity Activ Editorial Submissions to:
[email protected] or fax 613-283-9988 Contact your Advertising Representative today at
613-283-3182 Get your coupon at Save.ca (while supplies last) facebook.com/savedotca
is a division of
THE EMC - 3 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012136131_0530
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Alzheimer Society unveils new adult day program site, satellite office in Smiths Falls Services executive director Peter McKenna, said it’s important for all organizations under one roof to work together. “I’m really pleased to be partnering with Louise and with this (program) the whole world is coming much closer together,” he remarked during the July 16 open house. “We have Meals on Wheels programs, respite care, the Alzheimer Society adult day program, physicians and nurse practitioners as well as diabetes and education here. We’re all working together to try and make your life a whole lot easier.”
By ASHLEY KULP [email protected]
News – More local clients will now be able to access the services of the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County with the recent opening of its new adult day program site and satellite office in Smiths Falls. Among clients, supporters and South East Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) representatives, Alzheimer Society staff, with the help of Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples, cut the ribbon to officially open the new space during an open house July 16. Located within at 2 Gould St. (former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute), the move allows the society to serve more clients within its adult day program and enhance it with support groups and education as well. Alzheimer Society of Lanark County executive director Louise Noble said the program had been operating in the new space since April, but the day was a “very happy” one. “With this move we have increased the number of clients served at our adult day program...,” she noted, stating that the day program provides a social aspect to those suffering with dementia. “They can come here and do exercise, sometimes have music, make arts and crafts or take day trips.” Noble stressed how much a difference the larger location would have on its clients. “It’s about enhancing their lives through interaction that they (clients) don’t just get at home and it gives the caregivers a day of respite. Really that’s what the program is all about.” The program was previously housed in the Lamplighter’s building at 30 Victoria Avenue for three years, but according to Melinda Coleman, client service manager of the society, that space was cramped and inaccessible to seniors. Alzheimer Society board president Don McDiarmid applauded the efforts of staff to make the program’s relocation a reality. “The board is very proud of Louise and her staff for bringing us along so year by year we’re more effective in serving our clientele,” he stated. “We wouldn’t likely be here if we didn’t have that quality of staff.” In addition to the adult day program, the location has become a satellite office for the society, which will
The Alzheimer Society of Lanark County celebrated the move of their adult day program to a new location July 16. Now housed at 2 Gould St. in Smiths Falls (the former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute), the bigger location will allow the society to enhance its current services. Above, from left: Alzheimer Society board president Don McDiarmid; Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples; program director Geralynne Smith; client Spencer Lee; client Helen Trimm; client service manager Melinda Coleman; executive director Louise Noble; and Darryl Tooley of the South East Local Health Integration Network. Photo by ASHLEY KULP
complement its head office in Perth. It will be open each Monday from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. The move was made possible through $147,000 in funding from the South East LHIN. An original sum of $100,000 was announced in November 2012 and an additional $47,000 committed in 2013 in order to increase the capacity of the program. “The new site for the adult day program in Smiths Falls demonstrates the South East LHIN’s commitment to increasing ease of access to community support services for all patients and their caregivers in the South East region,” stated South East LHIN chief executive officer Paul Huras in a press
release issued by the LHIN. “The Smiths Falls service expansion will provide seniors and their families with increased access to local day programs and supports in Lanark County,” added Lanark-FrontenacLennox and Addington MPP Randy Hillier, in the same release. “The new adult day program and satellite office will no doubt further enhance upon the good work already being provided by the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County.” John Gerretsen, MPP for Kingston and The Islands, said initiatives such as enhancing the Alzheimer Society’s adult day program, is allowing seniors to keep their independence.
R0012228550_0801
THE EMC - 4 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
“The adult day program and satellite office in Smiths Falls is a service expansion which will bring muchneeded programming to the seniors of Smiths Falls and their families,” he stated in the LHIN release. “By improving access to day programs, the LHIN and the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County are putting in place supports to keep seniors in their homes longer.” With the addition of the Alzheimer Society in the Gould St. building, it is becoming a health services hub, enhancing Rideau Community Health Services and Community Home Support Lanark County, also located there. Rideau Community Health
Clients’ reaction Noble said having a satellite office in Smiths Falls was set up for the ease of clients and to cut down on transportation. “We’re very excited about this. We see all the potential and we’re going to be open one day a week now but there is much potential down the road,” she said. Clients are excited about the move as well. Smiths Falls resident Helen Trimm, who helped cut the ribbon July 16, is a regular user of the society’s adult day program. She credits it with helping her become more social. “I started coming to it and ever since, I haven’t wanted to stop coming. I love it here,” she noted. “The people are good, I like the socializing and music. It’s just happy.” A seasoned bingo player, Trimm said the environment is relaxed and she feels like she’s among family when there. Her daughter and caregiver, Barbara Dodd, sees the change in her mother and praised the kindness of Alzheimer Society staff. “The staff are out of this world. It’s like a community and the staff are very involved with their clients. They don’t just treat them like clients, but like family,” she said, noting the minimal costs of the program make it affordable to more people. “I don’t know what she (Trimm) would be doing if she didn’t have this to go to,” Dodd continued. “That social interaction is so important. I can’t say enough about how great the program is.” For more information on the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County, its programs and services, visit their website at www.alzheimer.ca/lanark or call 1-800-511-1911. The new Smiths Falls satellite office is located at 2 Gould St., unit 155.
REGIONAL NEWS
Hosted by th the Ho he Merrickville Lions Club 613-283-3974 www.merrickvillecanalfest.com www ww ww.m w..m mer err rrricckviilllleecaanalf alfe feest.t.coom Merrickville’s annual celebration of the Rideau Canal is three days of good music, good people, good fun and good times. Canalfest 2013 will take place on the August Long Weekend:
Saturday, August 3rd to Monday, August 5th
ALL
Photos by ASHLEY KULP
Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society to discuss physiotherapy at Aug. 7 meeting Lifestyle – Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society welcomes the chief executive officer of Limestone Health Physiotherapy (LHP), Sherrey Larmour-Trode, to its Aug. 7 meeting. LHP has been providing a wide range of therapies (e.g. occupational and massage) and services (e.g. fitness, disability management, ergonomics, and driver evaluation) to individuals, employers, and businesses involved in insurance claims since October 1995. Staff at Limestone Health Physiotherapy encourage all clients to incorporate activity into their daily lives. Their services meet individual needs regardless of physical challenges and limitations. They help clients reach personal lifestyle goals
and encourage employers to support a healthy lifestyle for their staff both at work and home. Larmour-Trode and one of her kinsiologists will be making this a very active meeting, with exercises and stretches a big part of how they plan to address ergonomic issues and equipment, and risk factors when working both outside and inside the home this fall. The Aug. 7 meeting is at 7:15 p.m. at the Portland Community Hall (24 Water Street). Members attend for free, with membership $15 a year, and non-member participation $5 for any of the eight annual meetings. Membership also includes an annual subscription to the society’s newsletter, The Lilypad. More information on soci-
ety activities is available at its website: www.gardenontario. org/site.php/rideaulakes. The society’s annual garden show, for instance, is Aug. 24, and you don’t have to be a member to enter an exhibit. The society had a very successful garden tour and chicken barbecue July 6 thanks to the six garden hosts – Pat Best, Sharon Carr, Diane Haskins, Bruce Leggett, Terri Olivo and Mark Stevens; the many volunteers and Delta United Church, who put on a great meal; as well as the sponsors of the prizes: Kiwi Gardens in Perth, Ritchie’s Feed and Seed in Brockville, Canadian Tire in Brockville, John Carley and Mark Stevens. Submitted by Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society.
ADMISSION
FREE
Come out and join the fun at Merrickville’s Canalfest!
SCHEDULE OF 2013 ACTIVITIES Don’t forget to visit the local restaurants and check out their Canalfest weekend specials!
SATURDAY, AUGUST 3rd 9:00 am - Noon 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Noon 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
Kids’ Loonie Fishing Tournament Rideau Nautical Modellers Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue Voyageur Canoe Rides to Bird Sanctuary Silent Auction - Part 1 Opening Ceremonies Live Music - Off the Cuff & Poppa Grace The Bug Lady Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest at Participating Shops & Restaurants Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
SUNDAY, AUGUST 4TH 10:00 am - Noon 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. 12:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
Kids’ Games Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue Voyageur Canoe Rides Silent Auction - Part 2 Live Music - Kitchen Party The Bug Lady Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
MONDAY, AUGUST 5TH 10:00 a.m. - Noon 10:00 a.m - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 12:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
THE EMC - 5 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Kids’ Games Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue The Bug Lady Live Music - Big Band Ottawa Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
R0012200148_0801
News – The Alzheimer Society of Lanark County held the official opening of its new adult day program and Smiths Falls satellite office July 16. The new location is within the 2 Gould St. building (former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute). In addition to an open house reception with refreshments, guests were treated to music courtesy of Alzheimer Society volunteer Clay Smith, above. Left, Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples makes a few remarks. The satellite office will be open each Monday from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m.
OF YOU ARE INVITED!
Canalfest 2013 highlights include live music every afternoon (Off the Cuff, Poppa Grace, Kitchen Party, Big Band Ottawa), a three-day craft show, a two-day silent auction featuring over 100 items, free Voyageur Canoe rides to the Rideau Bird Sanctuary, free face painting, a model boat show, the “Bug Lady”, a Merrickville Lions Barbecue, a pack of Alpacas and more.
REGIONAL NEWS
Ottawa actor drives comedy in final week of Classic Theatre comedy
Photo courtesy of JEAN-DENIS LABELLE
In the Neil Simon comedy The Star-Spangled Girl, Richard Gélinas, left, and Trevor Pease are longtime friends whose lives are interrupted by a conservative southern belle, Sophie Rauchsmeyer (played by Kate R0012224644_0725
Arts – Ottawa’s Richard Gélinas is one of the most recognized actors in the national capital theatre scene. Currently starring as the love-struck, hormonally challenged Norman Cornell in the Classic Theatre Festival production of Neil Simon’s comedy The Star-Spangled Girl (which closes Aug. 4), Gélinas is a bundle of energy whose stage moves and comic timing are reminiscent of the likes of Jimmy Cagney and Robin Williams. Like those two legendary performers, Gélinas is a hard-working professional performer who has undertaken significant training in the art of movement, physicality, breath control, and audience interaction, all of which have served him well in the 16 years since he graduated from Concordia University’s theatre training program. They also undergird his performance in The Star-Spangled Girl, whether he is engaged in a kung fu battle or a mop-versus-ukelele fight with his roommate Andy (played by Trevor Pease), or his incessant prancing as he bounces around the stage trying to woo the title character, Sophie Rauchsmeyer. Playing a character like Norman, Gélinas says, is an interesting challenge, and while he can relate to the young man “who loses his mind over a girl, there’s also a lot of changes he goes through over the course of the play, and he’s not always the fool. I like the way he grows up through the process.” Asked how he maintains such a powerful presence on stage for 7 shows per week, Gélinas credits the rehearsal process of Classic Theatre Festival director Laurel Smith. “It’s a very good process, we were all very much on the same page, and we built a very strong foundation, so when I arrive at the theatre to get into my role, it’s like putting on a wellmade suit. As actors we often do a kind of self-hypnosis. We have to believe we are these two writers in 1966 San Francisco so the audience will believe it. It’s kind of like pulling down a filter.” Gélinas has performed with numerous Ottawa theatres, including the Company of Fools (whose approach he paraphrases as “mixing up Shakespeare and the Muppets in a blender, and then you throw in a little with Monty Python”), as well as SevenThirty Productions, in which he has carried multi-character roles in shows including The 39 Steps and Stones in His Pockets. He also performs frequently with the renowned Eddie May Mysteries, including an appearance last year at a Lanark County murder mystery. Some of Gélinas’ training was with the Stratford Festival’s satellite training programs, which set up workshops in Toronto, as well as in the Laban process, which teaches performers to internalize certain movements that have significant
Gordon). The show, part of the Classic Theatre Festival in Perth, has played to packed houses and closes Aug. 4. For tickets, call 1-877-283-1283 or visit www. classictheatre.ca.
Custom cabinetry designed for your space at lumber store pricing!!
Pricing example 12 x 12 layout
Designer’s Custom Series -Solid Maple/Oak frame Shaker styles. -Solid wood Dovetail drawers. -Blumotion Whisper-Glide slides/hinges. s. - Custom sizes and layouts available.
Use our 6.99%* payment plan!!
$7,942
We serve all of Eastern Ontario from Kingston to Lanark to Ottawa to Cornwall and all points in between.
20 Yrs
Earn points: We take Visa!!
-Lifetime Lifetime cabinet warranty!!!!
Pricing example 10’ x 10’ layout Builder’s Choice Series
Call us today for a FREE in-home estimate and design!
We are also specialists in complete renovation services for all budgets.
implications in character development. “It’s fascinating to see how learning about your anatomy and the different ways you can use your body in performance really expand the scope of what you can do on stage,” he says. Gélinas also teaches frequently in the Ottawa area, working with the Orleans Young Players on improvisation, Shakespeare, and character development. While not everyone will want to become an actor, he says “these are skills you can use in many aspects of your life.” Enjoying his first time in Perth, Gélinas is relishing every opportunity to play as he approaches the final week of the Star-Spangled Girl’s run (the show closes on Aug. 4). “Audiences have been terrific, and even when they are a bit quiet, you can hear them listening to the dialogue, and then they turn around and give a standing ovation, so it’s been great having that interaction.” Come Aug. 4, Gélinas heads back to Ottawa and makes way for the Festival’s second show of the season, which asks what would happen if someone like Marilyn Monroe and Albert Einstein had a baby. The comedy by Leslie Stevens, The Marriage-Go-Round, features discounted previews beginning Aug. 9, and runs until Sept. 1. Anyone who saw The Star-Spangled Girl is entitled to a 15 per cent discount off the second show. All shows are at the Full Circle Theatre, 26 Craig Street. Tickets are available at www.classictheatre.ca or 1-877283-1283. Submitted by the Classic Theatre Festival.
-Solid Maple/Oak frame Shaker style. -Natural woodgrain interiors. -All metal drawer slides/hinges. - Custom sizes and layouts. -Lifetime cabinet warranty!!!!!
HWY 29 North Brockville
Connected to your community
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – Five teams of local businesses and residents faced off in the Beckwith Butcher Barbecue Cook-off July 20. The event served as a fundraiser for the Carleton Place & District Memorial Hospital Foundation. Above, cousins Sandy and Jennifer Botham get set to barbecue some brownies. Left, Jeremy Weese shows off a maple pecan pie he grilled. Below, the Carleton Place and District Chamber of Commerce team, from left, Pamela Landry, Jackie Kavanagh and Amber Hall prepare to grill peaches and pineapple. Bottom, the teams hard at work during the cook-off.
PART-TIME LEARNING STAY CONNECTED ON CAMPUS OR ONLINE.
Flexible learning options help you make the most of your spare time – whether you have a little or a lot.
PART-TIME ONLINE Study when and where you want.
PART-TIME ON CAMPUS Gain hands on experience evenings and weekends.
Sign up for fall programs today.
algonquinconnected.com/ccol R0012225262
THE EMC - 7 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
EDITORIAL
Connected to your community
Community – Almonte’s Herb Garden was a tranquil, but busy spot July 28 for the annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest. In addition to hearing demonstrations and visiting with vendors, guests were encouraged to stop and smell the flowers with a tour of the pretty gardens, right. Photo by KATHY BOTHAM
LE T TER TO THE EDITOR
Hillier insulting intelligence of constituents, says reader DEAR EDITOR: I was shocked to read the outrageous claims against Hydro One by our local MPP, Randy Hillier, published as a letter to the editor in last week’s (July 18) EMC. To begin with, he claims that “there is no way for anyone to check” the reading on their new electricity meter – the Smart Meter. Well, most of us have these meters and have seen the clear digital display. It is actually much easier to read than the old meters with the rotating dials. Remember those? Some of the dials rotated forward and others backwards, making it a real challenge to figure out which numbers the dials were pointing towards. With the new meters, by comparison, you simply go out and write down the numbers. If you wanted to know how much electricity you used between any two dates and times, for example,
you simply subtract the first reading from the second one. Most of us learned subtraction in grade school, Mr. Hillier. Mr. Hillier’s rambling letter continues with the claim that “Hydro One has shut down our low-cost electricity generators such as hydro and nuclear.” This statement is obviously untrue. What is true is that we have few opportunities to expand hydroelectric generation in this province. Nevertheless, most people have heard about the “Big Dig” tunnel under the city of Niagara Falls – one example of how Hydro One is working hard to find more clean and sustainable electricity for the citizens of Ontario. Why couldn’t Mr. Hillier acknowledge this major engineering achievement? See LETTER page 10
COMMENTARY
Move over for emergency vehicles Editorial – Long weekends are all about lazing by the pool or spending quality time at the cottage, but don’t be in a rush to get to your destination this Civic Holiday long weekend. The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) will once again be out in full force over this long weekend, targeting drivers who fail to wear seatbelts, are impaired or distracted, and for those who fail to move to the side of the road for emergency vehicles. Five people died over the 2012 Civic Holiday long weekend and OPP want to ensure those numbers aren’t repeated or increased. Boat patrol will also be done and police will be watching for those showing a disregard for public safety. The OPP recently ramped up its emergency responder campaign in response to Ontario’s Move Over law, which states that all motorists encountering a police, fire or ambulance vehicle (in the same direction of travel) with lights flashing, must pull over to the side of the road if it can be done safely. While this law is becoming more widely publicized and enforced, according to OPP Deputy Commissioner Larry Beechey, it isn’t new. It was actually introduced 10 years ago in 2003. In fact, he said that since 1989 five OPP officers have lost their lives while doing their jobs after being hit by approaching vehicles on the side of the road. That grace period to let motorists off with a warning is now over, say the OPP and those in violation of it could receive between a $400 to $1,200 fine and three demerit points, if convicted. Judging by those numbers, it’s something police want motorists to take very seriously.
Thunderstorm proved two things – how dangerous they could be and how generous people were Lifestyle – Thunderstorms in the country terrified Mother. Sadly, that fear was passed on to me. We crouched in corners, but never on an outside wall, and always away from the telephone that hung on the kitchen wall. If it was a really horrific storm, I often took to hiding under a bed. Storms that struck through the night were especially frightening. The lightning lit up the entire countryside, and in the blackness of the night, rolling thunder roared, sounding like a gigantic train careening through our fields. It was not unusual for Mother to get all of us children out of our beds in the dead of night at the first sound of thunder or a flash of lightning. Father of course, slept through the entire storm. Seeing Mother sitting on a chair, away from any window, the coal oil lamp lit on the bake table by the back door, did little to put my mind at ease. She sat with her purse clutched tightly in her arms, ready to make a dash outside should our old log house be struck by lightning. Where we would run to, I had no idea! The very thought of going outside
into the raging storm was almost as frightening as shaking like a leaf inside, waiting for what I was sure was a fiery end to our lives. Mother constantly compared country storms with those she remembered from New York. With the heavy sounds of the city, storms there passed almost unnoticed. And the day lightning hit the pole that held our clothesline and followed it to the end pole, Mother nearly collapsed. My sister Audrey, whom I thought took storms much too lightly, said we should be grateful that the clothesline was free standing and not attached to the corner of the house! I knew what she meant. And then one summer day, when we had gone through a particularly long dry spell, the sky in the west darkened and far off in the distance we could hear the rumble of thunder. We had finished our noon meal, and by the time we had redded up the kitchen, the storm was upon us. Father said he would just sit a spell. “No use going out in that rain,” he said, as he settled down in the rocking chair with Vice President & Regional Publisher Mike Mount [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 104
65 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, Ont. K7A 4T1. 613-283-3182 Toll-free 1-800-267-7936 Fax: 613-283-7480 Published weekly by: Record News Communications, A division of Performance Printing Ltd.
Regional General Manager Peter O’Leary [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 112 Group Publisher Duncan Weir [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 164 Regional Managing Editor Ryland Coyne [email protected]
Mary Cook’s Memories MARY COOK
the latest copy of the Family Herald and Weekly Star. “How can you sit there and read with that storm raging outside?” Mother wanted to know. Father never took his eyes off the paper. My brothers had absolutely no fear in a storm. In fact, it wasn’t unusual for them to stand at the kitchen window and watch the lightning streak out of the black clouds. Mother had settled in a chair against the inside wall between the kitchen and the downstairs bedroom, Audrey, busied herself with her embroidery work, and I was on a chair inches from Mother. The whole house shook with every clap of thunder, and the storm seemed News Editors: Laurie Weir, Joe Morin, Ashley Kulp REPORTERS: Howaida Sorour, Tara Gesner, Desmond Devoy, Kelly Kent, Jennifer Westendorp DISTRIBUTION: Lori Sommerdyk, 613-284-0124 ,ext. 27 CLASSIFIEDS/REGIONAL ROUNDUP: Fax: 613-283-5909 Judy Michaelis Email: [email protected] Lee Ann Gilligan Email: [email protected] Jennifer Coughlin Email: [email protected]
Member of: Ontario Community Newspapers Association, Canadian Community, Newspapers Association, Ontario Press Council, Association of Free Community Papers
THE EMC - 8 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
to hover right overhead for a very long time. I prayed it would soon go away, and follow the Bonnechere to another part of the valley. “Oh my God,” Emerson yelled. Everett yelled for Father to come quickly to the window looking out towards the west hill. Earl, the most timid of the three began to cry. I knew something terrible had happened. Father jumped from the rocker and ran to the west window; cautiously, Mother, Audrey and I followed. “The lightning,” Emerson stammered. “It hit the big maple on the hill,” Everett said. And underneath the tree, where 11 of our Holstein cows had gone for shelter, we saw what had happened. They looked like they had laid themselves down to rest in the summer heat. But I knew without asking what had happened. The cows were dead… killed by a lightning bolt that had struck the maple. I saw the stark horror on Father’s face, and Mother’s tear streaked cheeks, and I knew without a doubt that we would never recover the loss. ADVERTISING SALES: ADVERTISING SALES CO-ORDINATOR Andrea Harding SALES: Cheryl Johnston, Sharon Sinfield, Kathy Perreault, Liz Gray, Kevin Hoover, Jamie Rae-Gomes Email: [email protected] Fax: 613-283-9988 THE DEADLINE FOR DISPLAY ADVERTISING IS MONDAY 4:30 PM
What I saw next, once the storm had blown itself out, was Father and the brothers, walking behind the team of horses, pulling the double whiffle tree and heading to the west hill. One by one the dead Holsteins were dragged to the gravel pit and buried. The news of our loss spread quickly through the community of Northcote. Father said it could have been worse. Our young heifers were in the enclosure close to the barn, and two cows, for their own reasons had decided to stay at the bottom of the hill. And as always happened when tragedy struck in our farm community, one by one, neighbours responded. I saw them walking down our long lane leading a heifer or a cow over to our farm almost completely replacing our loss with a simple shake of a hand and a few words. That’s how things were done in the ‘30s. As well as our terrible loss, the lightning strike only confirmed in Mother’s mind that storms were not to be taken lightly, but treated as the real danger they could be, and sadly sometimes were. • Advertising rates and terms and conditions are according to the rate card in effect at time advertising published. • The advertiser agrees that the publisher shall not be liable for damages arising out of errors in advertisements beyond the amount charged for the space actually occupied by that portion of the advertisement in which the error occurred, whether such error is due to negligence of its servants or otherwise... and there shall be no liability for non-insertion of any advertisement beyond the amount charged for such advertisement. • The advertiser agrees that the copyright of all advertisements prepared by the Publisher be vested in the Publisher and that those advertisements cannot be reproduced without the permission of the Publisher. • The Publisher reserves the right to edit, revise or reject any advertisement.
Read us online at www.insideottawavalley.com
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Sharon Lightning blast Elkland in final to win sixth Gil Read memorial tourney Sports – Sharon Lake Simcoe Lightning made sure their first appearance at the Gil Read Memorial Fastpitch Tournament in Carp was a memorable one. Lightning, the defending champions of the Oshawa City and District Fastball League, completed an undefeated run at the sixth annual competition with an 11-4 trouncing of Elkland Thunderbellys in the tournament final played Sunday at Carp Fairgrounds. Sharon is located north of Newmarket in the Greater Toronto Area. Thunderbellys, who were making their second straight appearance in the Carp tournament, are based in the small village of Elkland in north-central Pennsylvania. Sharon, who topped the final standings with five wins and a tie in six games, took home $1,800 in prize money. Runners-up Elkland, who were edged by Toronto Gators, the eventual tournament winners in the semi-finals of last year’s Carp venture, claims $700. Despite the loss in the title game Thunderbellys were an impressive 5-1 in the event. Donnacona Blue Sox, from the Quebec City area and Kars Aces, the three-time defending champions of the Greater Ottawa Fastball League (GOFL) were semi-finalists. Blue Sox finished the tourney with a 3-2 mark while Kars went 2-2-1. Both clubs earned $250 shares of the prize pot. In their semi-final encounter Lightning left it late before earning their place in Sunday’s championship game. Sharon trailed Donnacona 3-1 going to the bottom of the seventh and final inning of their semifinal showdown. But a walk-off double by Todd Hamblin chased home the tying and winning runs. Gregg Garrity also had a crucial run batted in for the winners in their come-from-behind triumph. Brad Worsley, in relief of Garrity, was the winning pitcher. Patrice Leclerc was the hard luck loser for Blue Sox. In the final the teams were
tied 4-4 in the fourth inning. But Lake Simcoe finally wore out Thunderbellys’ pitching, scoring seven unanswered runs in the late going. Aaron Trude of Sharon was named the most valuable player in the championship contest. Garrity was the winning pitcher with relief help from Worsley. An overworked Josh Johnson absorbed the loss on the hill for the Pennsylvania side. Hours earlier Johnson was the hero of the moment for Elkland, turning in a stellar pitching performance in his team’s tight 2-1 semi-final victory over Kars. Chris Read, son of the late Gil Read, and his cousin Al Read, who plays for Carp I4C Victory, are the chief organizers of the annual venture. Monday morning Chris Read expressed thanks to everyone who supported the sixth tournament. “We had the best turnout ever,” he says, adding that the Friday night crowd and sales was the best Friday in tournament history, doubling anything accomplished in the past. “There were at least 300 in the stands for the final Sunday. It was fantastic,” Read states. “We had 12 very competitive teams. The out-of-town teams all told us they want to come back next year, so obviously we are pleased about that.” Read adds the home run derby Sunday was also a major success with a large contingent of fans on hand to watch. “Everyone – the teams and the fans – comes out to assist a worthwhile cause,” he observes. All proceeds from the tournament goes to the Gil Read Memorial Foundation which assists underprivileged youngsters who wish to play sports but who would not otherwise have the funds necessary to take part. The top area team in the sixth annual tournament was Fitzroy Harbour West Carleton Electric of GOFL. They finished the three-day event in fifth place with a 2-2-1 mark. Electric were eliminated at the quarterfinal
stage, losing 6-1 to Kars. Mitch Hardy of Aces spun a nifty two-hitter in Sunday morning’s match-up. Besides Kars and Fitzroy Harbour there were five other GOFL clubs involved in the Carp showdown. Host Carp I4C Victory was joined by Micksburg Twins, from the Upper Ottawa Valley, along with Stittsville 56ers, Manotick Taylor’s Blitz and Barrhaven Broadway Blues all from suburban Ottawa. Also in Sunday’s quarterfinals it was Sharon downing Napanee Junior Express 5-1 while Elkland got past Stittsville 5-3 and Donnacona doubled Micksburg 4-2. Busy Saturday Thunderbellys had a perfect Saturday to finish atop the eightteam playoff pool. The Pennsylvania side opened the day with a neat 5-0 triumph over another pre-tournament favourite, Donnacona. They followed that up with yet another shutout victory, blitzing Manotick 7-0. Johnson toed the rubber in both contests and rang up back-to-back shutouts. Thunderbellys topped the field by edging Stittsville 2-1 in an early evening showdown. A total of 14 games were played Saturday. Sharon claimed second seed in the playoff group by winning a pair of one-sided tilts and then tying Kars 3-3. In their first game Saturday morning the Lake Simcoe side blasted Napanee Senior Express 10-0. In their second outing, late in the afternoon, Lightning again hit double figures in an easy 10-3 jaunt against Barrhaven. Saturday night they had to settle for a 3-3 tie with Kars. In the round-robin games which were deadlocked after seven innings finished as ties with each team awarded a single point in the standings. Fitzroy Harbour concluded the round-robin in third position, posting two wins and tying Micksburg 5-5 in a night game Saturday. Earlier in the day Electric zapped local favourites Carp
7-0 as Victory failed to score for a second consecutive game. Donnacona grabbed fourth place in the playoff round with a 2-1 mark. After losing their first game to Elkland they rebounded with an 8-5 win over Stittsville in a noon hour clash Saturday. In a night game Blue Sox blasted Manotick 12-2. Micksburg grabbed fifth spot in the playoffs with a win and a pair of ties. Following a big win Friday they ended their morning start Saturday in a 3-3 tie with Napanee Junior Express. Their night game with Fitzroy also finished deadlocked. Perennial GOFL champion Kars was sixth following the round-robin with their 1-1-1 mark. Aces were edged 5-4 by Napanee Seniors Saturday evening. The final two playoff places went to Napanee Juniors and Stittsville. Junior Express was 1-1-1 following play Saturday. Their round-robin victory was an 8-1 whitewashing of hapless Carp who went 0-3 and managed just one run in three tournament contests. The 56ers made the quarterfinal mix despite dropping two of three round robin games. Stittsville won Friday before falling to Donnacona and Elkland in a very tough B Pool. Carp, Manotick, Barrhaven and Napanee Seniors were the four teams eliminated follow-
OPP works to improve awareness, reduce stigma about mental health issues and the workplace News – The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) has made significant progress in trying to mitigate the impact of operational stress injuries (OSI) on its workforce, detailing some of its recent initiatives in its third quarterly report to the Office of the Ontario Ombudsman. The OPP has officially joined the ‘Not Myself Today at Work’ national campaign developed by Partners for Mental Health (PMH). “By joining with PMH, the OPP is furthering awareness of mental health issues and reducing the stigma surrounding mental illness. Planning for the OPP’s province-wide ‘Not Myself Day at Work’ event is underway for the fall of 2013,”
says Commissioner Chris Lewis. Lewis and Ontario Provincial Police Association president Jim Christie recently jointly announced the launch of the OSI Working Group email address where members (current and former) and their families are encouraged to confidentially contact the working group to share their thoughts and experiences, both positive and negative, on issues associated with OSI in the workplace. The OPP recently mailed correspondence to the residences of all OPP members on a longer-term leave from the workplace, encouraging them to review the Ombudsman’s report ‘In the Line of Duty:
Investigation into how the Ontario Provincial Police and the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services have addressed operational stress injuries affecting police officers’. The letter also encourages these members to review the OPP’s quarterly reports to the Ombudsman (available on opp. ca) and reminds them of the continuing supports available to them while on leave through the internal and external Employee Assistance Program services. A number of other initiatives to address this issue were outlined in the OPP’s first two reports to the Ombudsman. Work on this initiative continues. THE EMC - 9 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
ing completion of round-robin play Saturday night. Carp and Manotick went winless while Blues and Napanee Seniors each managed one victory. Barrhaven triumphed over the Seniors 5-4 early Saturday afternoon while the Express edged Kars by the same score in an evening clash. No hitter Friday The highlight of opening night action on Friday was the pitching gem crafted by Micksburg hurler Corey Costello. He threw a no hitter against host Carp, leading the Twins to a 6-0 triumph in their tournament opener. Costello got plenty of run support, mainly via the long ball. Teammate Riley Hennessey blasted a pair of home runs while Joran Graham added a solo shot. Local fans did have a little to cheer about Friday however. Fitzroy rolled over Napanee Junior Express 7-3 thanks to a seven run explosion in the fourth inning. Napanee had been leading 3-0 until the wheels fell off. Andy Barber claimed the mound triumph. In the opening games of the competition, early Friday evening, Stittsville and Kars were winners. The 56ers edged GOFL league rival Manotick 1-0 with Darren Featherstone doing all of the damage. Featherstone was the winning pitcher and he accounted for the game’s only run with a solo homer.
Kars was paced by veteran Dan Jessiman who homered, doubled and drove in five runs. This marked the fourth year the tournament was held at Carp and for a third straight year the weather cooperated. None of the games were delayed despite a few minor showers Sunday. Until 2010 the competition was played at Carlington Park in west-central Ottawa. But facility rental costs skyrocketed in the city proper, prompting the organizing committee to seek another venue. They settled on Carp Fairgrounds, hoping to attract more fans and increase revenues. The financial results have improved every year since the event was relocated to West Carleton. The tournament’s namesake, the late Gil Read, led three men’s teams to the Canadian championships in 1993, 1995 and again in 1999. He also coached Team Ontario to gold medals at the 1997, 2001 and 2005 Canada Summer Games. Anyone interested in the Gil Read tournament or those wishing to make a donation to this worthwhile cause can reach Chris Read at 613-292-7379 or contact him by email at [email protected]. For additional information on the tournament and the Gil Read Memorial Foundation, visit the tournament website: www.gilreadmemorial.com.
R0012222992_0725
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Tay Valley reader in agreement with Hillier’s Hydro One assessment for Ontario Hydro any time soon. US President Obama has been playing the same game south of the border. Solyndra is only the highest-profile of 33 (and counting) failed or failing companies backed by Obama’s “green� initiatives. As Randy Hillier said, “the only way the Liberals could pay for their plan to pick winners, was by most everyone else becoming losers.� Obama’s fiascoes, not to mention our own history (remember Nortel?), show that governments’ ability to pick winners is a joke. Between the beautiful local countryside being pock marked with ugly solar panels, and wind turbines killing half a million birds a year (in the US alone!), it is time for some rational and fact-based discussion of the real costs (financial and environmental) of so-called “green� energy. David Colter Tay Valley
Reader disputes letter writer’s claims DEAR EDITOR The letter to the editor (July 25) from Wolfe Erlichman must surely have been a joke. Everything he said was totally wrong, so it must have been a joke. “Our children will thank us for doing the right thing.� I wonder how pleased they will be.
LETTER From page 8
As far as nuclear power is concerned, significant amounts of money have had to be spent on essential refurbishing of many of our reactor units. In addition, everyone can see the debt-retirement charge on our electricity bills – a monthly reminder of the huge cost overruns still haunting us from the original build-out of our nuclear-power stations. Hence, it is hardly accurate for Mr. Hillier to throw nuclear into the category of “low-cost.� Mr. Hillier is also claiming that we are being “soaked� on our electricity bills by renewable-energy generators, such as wind and solar. Again, the facts are to the contrary. A study by Navigant Consulting Ltd., reported last April in the Toronto Star, showed that the electricity portion of our bills is only about eight cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is less than half of the total bill. The rest of the bill is made up of delivery and regulatory charges, plus the debt-retirement charge mentioned above. Even within the electricity
Let’s see. We’re paying something in the order of $9 billion for the green energy program so far. It has connected thousands of mini producers all over the province which have to be connected to the power grid mostly from locations far from and in opposition to the flow from the big producers.
We are also paying 80 cents per KWH when the going rate is six cents a KWH. But, never mind that. During our latest heat wave, the windmills provided .01 per cent of the energy needed. To provide Mr. Erlichman’s utopia of 100 per cent green energy then would cost trillions of dollars.
Assuming that Canada’s population grows to 40 million by the time our thankful descendents will then owe – each and every person – about 225 million. I wonder how pleased they will be.
portion of the bill, Navigant showed that five out of the eight cents was due to a socalled global adjustment and only 17 per cent of that was due to renewables. The bulk of the global adjustment is for nuclear power (42 per cent) and natural-gas fired generation (26 per cent). In short, the global adjustment for renewables – all the hydro, wind, and solar in the province – adds less than one cent to our electricity costs. In contrast, the nuclear refurbishment is costing over two cents per kWh. Again, it seems that Mr. Hillier is twisting the facts. Mr. Hillier also seems to be forgetting the local people in every community in this province who are Hydro One employees. These people are working hard for us, keeping the lights on despite more frequent and more severe storms. Does Mr. Hillier begrudge them an extra cent on the “delivery� side of our electricity bills for all this extra work? From these examples and many other outrageous claims in Mr. Hillier’s letter, it seems
clear that he does not have a good grasp on this important file. While his letter is obsessive about costs, there is no mention of the most important factors for our electricity system, which are safety and reliability of supply. Think of the many disasters and failing infrastructure – in Canada and elsewhere – that we hear about almost daily. Does he not understand the need for regularly upgrading our electricity infrastructure to avoid the meltdowns, explosions, blackouts and spills that are happening elsewhere? It also seems clear that Mr. Hillier is seriously underestimating the constituents in this
riding. Not only is he underestimating our intelligence, he is also underestimating our commitment to a clean and sustainable electricity supply, which can only be achieved through renewables. Thoughtful people understand that you don’t get something for nothing and that quality of life is not measured solely in cents per kWh. Preservation of our clean air and water and what still remains of our natural environment: these things do come with some costs...and they are worth every penny of it.
TFSA
RRIF
HILLIER & ASSOCIATES FINANCIAL PLANNING R0012214725_0718
primarily wind and solar resources. The share associated with renewables has been increasing significantly and is expected to continue to do so.� The end result is exactly as Mr. Hillier explained: market prices for electricity are dropping and Ontario rates are going up and will continue to do so as long as we are signed on to this boondoggle. I agree with Mr. Erlichman that not subsidizing new nuclear facilities is good news. Solar, wind and other “renewable� sources should also not be subsidized. Then we would see the true cost of power generation. The government has a role in regulating, but not controlling energy production, marketing and consumption. As so perfectly illustrated by the former Ontario Hydro, government monopolies are rife with waste, corruption and patronage. Our children and grandchildren will not thank us for the Green Energy Act. I won’t be thanking my parents and grandparents
STEVE HILLIER CFP, CIM
Perth Office 22 North Street | 613-264-1064 | 1-800-263- 8074 Smiths Falls Office 49 Main Street East | 613-284-3737 [email protected] | www.hillierfinancial.com
Welcome Wagon for New Businesses and Executives Welcome Wagon has FREE gifts and resources for new business owners and new professionals with a special free package designed for your needs in the ďŹ rst 12 months. We come to you for: s RETAIL s PRODUCTS s SERVICES s STOREFRONT s HOME BASED s NEW PROFESSIONALS
s NEW MANAGER s NEW PRESIDENT s NEW #%/ s NEW OWNER s NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR s INCLUDES NON PROlT sector
R0011949165
bers are correct but do not tell the full story. The reason for these increases is government price setting. Hydro One buys most of its energy on contract. Another arm of the Ontario government, Ontario Power Generation (OPG), sets the prices paid to the nuclear facilities managed by (you guessed it!) OPG. What has happened is that market prices have gone down (due mainly to an increased supply of inexpensive nuclear energy!) and OPG increased the regulated price on nuclear-generated electricity. This difference is added to another Ontario government wonder, the global adjustment. This “adjustment� is passed on to Ontario ratepayers. (Please see monitoring report on the IESO-Administered Electricity Markets, May 2011 – October 2011), the latest such report to make comparisons among energy sources.) Quoting the same report, “six per cent [of the global adjustment] is attributable to renewable assets,
#ALL US DIRECTLY AT EXT OR www.welcomewagon.ca CELEBRATING 80 YEARS OF HELPING OUR COMMUNITY
Paul Corbeil Perth
Peter J. Nelson Perth
The treatment and prevention of diabetes is constantly evolving. At the Canadian Centre for Research on Diabetes, we believe that participating in clinical research is an essential way to help advancements in effective diabetes care. We are currently participating in a variety of clinical research trials for which we are seeking volunteers. In particular, we are looking for individuals who: Have Type 2 Diabetes and are over the age of 50 Are taking oral anti-diabetic medications or insulin Have had a heart attack or stroke Have high blood pressure or high cholesterol Are potentially looking to lose weight
R0011998223_0328
DEAR EDITOR I wholeheartedly agree with our MPP Randy Hillier’s assessment of Hydro One and the Ontario government’s politically-motivated “Green Energy Act� (letter to the editor – July 18. This debacle has, and will continue to, cost the ratepayers of Ontario. There’s no way around it; Hydro One is paying exorbitant subsidies (more than 80 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) in some cases) to “renewable� energy producers. This electricity is, in turn, being sold for less than a dime per kWh. The surplus electricity – and there is plenty – is being sold to other jurisdictions for even less. The July 26 letter from Wolfe Erlichman is a mix of misinformation and wishful thinking. Allow me to start with his statement that nuclear power is responsible for 40 per cent of the rate increases as opposed to five per cent for so-called “renewable� energy. These num-
Study medications and diabetes supplies will be provided to participants free of charge. If you are interested in finding out more about this clinical research study, or about our research program in general, please contact Emily Knapp or Shelly at (613) 283-8582 or [email protected] or [email protected]
www.diabetesclinic.ca 218 Percy Street | Smiths Falls | Ontario THE EMC - 10 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Counties renews 9-1-1 service with OPP News – The following are highlights of the joint services committee of Leeds and Grenville and the counties council meetings held on July 24 and July 25 respectively. Counties council passed a bylaw to renew a 9-1-1 Public Emergency Reporting Services (PERS) contract with the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP). The current annual fee for the service, which includes the City of Brockville and the Town of Prescott, is $52,000. The 9-1-1 service cost to the counties is $38,500 annually with Brockville and Prescott being invoiced a total of $13,500. The counties have contracted the OPP for two consecutive three-year terms and fees have not increased over that time, a report to council stated. Counties injecting $400,000 into parkway bike path Counties council has approved a contribution of $400,000 for the second phase of the 1000 Islands Parkway Recreational Trail revitalization project. The contribution will be financed over a two-year period and is subject to another $600,000 being raised for the project’s completion. Work on the path by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission includes widening it to an accessible three metres and resurfacing. Federal and provincial funds of just under $1-million were used to complete 17.4-kilometres of the 36-kilometre path. The second phase will revitalize the remaining 18.6-kilometres of the trail. The total cost to complete the project is $1-million with partnerships forming a
vital funding component. A counties governance and finance committee report noted revitalizing the trail has economic spin-offs with visiting cyclists. It also provides a connection to nature and the waterfront and fulfills gas tax requirements. Trail systems were also identified as a priority in the Counties Integrated Community Sustainability Plan (ICSP). Emergency service hours reallocated The joint services committee has authorized Leeds Grenville Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to reallocate service hours between ambulance stations in Spencerville and Brockville to answer growing demand. The Spencerville station’s new hours of operation will be Monday to Friday from noon to 8 p.m. Previously Spencerville station’s hours of operation were from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. seven days a week. Brockville’s Station 1 will now operate a second vehicle seven days a week from Sunday to Saturday 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. An EMS service delivery review completed last year found a shortfall in ambulance coverage in the Brockville catchment area, which includes the townships of Front of Yonge, Elizabethtown-Kitley and Athens. Ambulance calls in this catchment area rose by four per cent from 2011 to 2012. The reallocation, with a start time to be announced, will assist with the increased volume, will provide support to meet the response time standard and will keep ambulances in their primary area of cover-
Social housing units to be sold The joint services committee instructed staff to apply for consent from the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH) to sell six detached family units in the Town of Prescott previously used for social housing. Ministerial consent is required under the Housing Services Act 2011. The homes are located on Roberta Crescent, Victory Road, Boundary Street and Churchill Road. All proceeds from the sale of these homes will be reinvested in the regeneration of public housing in Leeds and Grenville. The service level of the six units will be paused for up to a five-year period to allow Leeds Grenville to meet the increased demand for senior and older-adult housing. Upcoming meetings Committee of the Whole on Sept. 3; joint services committee on Sept. 4 and Sept. 18; and counties council on Sept. 19. The Committee of the Whole structure replaces governance and finance and public works committees and begins in September as a pilot project. All meetings begin at 9 a.m. in the council chambers, 25 Central Avenue West, Brockville, unless otherwise noted. Please note: Delegations are heard at committee meetings. Submitted by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville.
Elizabethtown-Kitley cultural mapping project begins News – The Heritage Elizabethtown-Kitley Committee is pleased to announce that it has begun a cultural mapping project of the municipality. Made possible by a provincial grant from the Creative Communities Prosperity Fund (CCPF) and support from the township, the project will help identify and map the community’s cultural assets for the purpose of building community, attracting visitors and encouraging economic opportunities in the area. The funding has enabled the committee to hire Lynne Clifford-Ward for six months to lead the cultural mapping project and they consider it a positive step into the township’s future. Culture can be described as “who we are and what we do.� Cultural mapping is a systematic process of identifying the community’s cultural resources and strengths. A community’s cultural vitality enhances the quality of life and quality of place and is one of
the four pillars of sustainability which includes environmental sustainability, economic prosperity and social equity. Cultural resources can be divided into six different themes, including cultural heritage; natural heritage; community cultural organizations; cultural spaces and facilities; creative cultural industries, and festivals and events. (For a more comprehensive list, please refer to the brochure or online.) Tracy Gayda, chairperson, and the Heritage ElizabethtownKitley Committee, asks the community’s help with this project by answering the fundamental question: what makes your neighbourhood and township a great place to live? Respondents’ information can be provided online, by email, by post and/or by attending workshops. (The time and locations of workshops will be announced soon.) Once the information is gathered, it will be assembled into a cultural inventory, plotted onto
FREE YOURSELF FROM HIGH HEATING COSTS
age. This is a pilot project and will be re-evaluated on an ongoing basis.
a Township map and made available to the public in early 2014. The Heritage ElizabethtownKitley Committee looks forward to hearing from you and values your contribution to this community building project. This information, once compiled, will help locate and describe the township’s cultural assets and contribute to making ElizabethtownKitley a great place to live and work, now and in the future. The cultural mapping form is available on the township website (www.ElizabethtownKitley.on.ca). Your e-lists can be sent to [email protected], with “Cultural Map List� as the subject line. Brochures can be picked up at township offices in New Dublin or Toledo, and other public locations. Please mail your completed form to 6544 New Dublin Road, RR 2, Addison, ON K0E 1AO and mark “Cultural Map List�. Submitted by the Township of Elizabethtown-Kitley.
R0012235503_0801
Sunbury Showroom 3769 Battersea Road, Sunbury
VISIT US AT THE LOMBARDY FAIR V R
AUGUST 2, 3, 4 & 5
www.fergusonsenergysystems.com
DON’T PAY FOR 6 MONTHS
The Smiths Falls Community Theatre Presents
P
a n n a y l l o
Script, Music & Lyrics by A.J. Harbison and Wayne Robert Scott Directed by Lynda Daniluk
Pollyanna’s cold and demanding Aunt Polly is not used to the kind of misadventures that Pollyanna gets into -- including her odd way of befriending total strangers with her infectious smile. Even when faced with adversity, Pollyannna has a secret weapon: a special legacy left to her by her father. Soon the entire town is playing an unusual game that Pollyanna lives by. Inspired by the classic best selling 1913 novel by Eleanor Porter, this musical features rag time tunes and a patriotic medley, taking audiences back to this charming period in America’s history.
Come and enjoy this heart-warming performance in the air-conditioned comfort of the Station Theatre 53 Victoria Avenue, Smiths Falls smithsfallstheatre.com
August 8, 9, 10, 16 & 17, at 7:30 pm Sunday Matinees August 11 & 18 at 2:00 pm =)918 ="*3.46 =-.1) "89)*38;.8- Group rates available for 15 or more for same performance - call for details
THE EMC - 11 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Produced by special arrangement with
- August 2013
Tickets available at: ="5*(.&16**8.3,7!977*11"8 "2.8-7&117(&7-431< =72.8-7+&1178-*&86* (42 &<5&1 $.7& &78*6(&6) =< -43* $.7& &78*6(&6) =88-*446
-496'*+46*5*6+462&3(*(&7-431< R0012214695/0725
REGIONAL NEWS
551 Hwy. 15 RR1 Lombardy, ON K0G 1L0 (613) 283-5318
Summertime
Community – The 18th annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest was held just outside of Almonte at the Herb Garden July 18. Above, executive chef Rehaad A. Ali, owner of Saffron & Chives Creative Catering, right, during the chef cook-off, while emcee Debbie Trenholm looks on. Left, a view of the Herb Garden’s labyrinth. Above right, Almonte author Elizabeth Hines signed copies of her book, ‘The Whole Person Well Being Equation’ during the event.
SPECIALS Be Fearless of the Weather and enjoy Summertime Golf Specials! Saturdays and Sundays after 11:00 a.m
18 Holes with Shared Power Cart $40!
Monday thru Friday after 10:00 a.m
18 Holes with Shared Power Cart $35! (August 5th included)
Golf the rest of the year as a member at 50% OFF! Please call 613-283-5318 to make a tee time. Visit us at www.lombardglen.com HST Extra – not valid with coupons, tournaments or other promotions.
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
SEE OUR FLYER IN TODAY’S PAPER*
R0012172507_TF
The recliners were just the beginning.
WE WANT YOU! TO EAT AT BIG BUSTER’S RESTAURANT SAVE
TS TS DRAFT oz 166
$
>120 1240 475 300 700 ✄
$ $ $ $
>60 480 475 300 300
S!
Rotary Collegiate Hall, located in the Collegiate Court Building (the former Smiths Falls High School)
People Attending Regular Games Special Games Bonanza Game Jackpot Game
ON GA
SAVE ON A WIDE SELECTION OF HOME FURNISHINGS AT ONCE-A-YEAR PRICING
CLIP & SAVE & ONLY 1 COUPON PER VISIT
Every Friday 7 P.M.
Come & Have Some Fun… the more people that attend will increase prizes.
A NIVERSARY AN
✄
Choose foods p r o d u c e d organically, locally and in season. Support your regional farmers and farming industry: buying locally and in season is better for the environment than buying foods that have been shipped hundreds of kilometers to your local market.
2.25
we invented the recliner back in the day, but a lot If you think that La-Z-Boy just makes “Dad chairs,” think again. Sure plus tables, rugs and more, we’re out to prove that has changed since then. With our wide range of sofas, sectionals, Sale, you’ll find savings that are great looking too. comfort can look as good as it feels. And during our Anniversary
4 Corners = 1 Line
Upgrade to Memory Foam Cushions See back for details.
CONNER CHAISE ROCKER RECLINER
H OP O E U N S E
H OP O E U N SE
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:00 AM–12:30 PM 504 Rideau Lake Rd. – $218,500 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:30 AM–12:30 PM 16 Kent St. – $139,500 ***JENNIFER AUNGER 613-285-5602
SAT AUG 3 & SUN AUG 4, 11:30 AM–12:30 PM 45 Golf Club Rd. –$239,000 MLS 083182803808800 ***BOB ARNOLD 613-223-7513
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:30 PM 2511 Rideau Ferry Road – $259,500 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
This Detached Model from $224,900
PURCHASE YOUR HOME ON THE NEWLY OPENED CODE CRES., SMITHS FALLS
0 S 10 RE AC
H OP O EN U SE
H OP O E U N S E
www.royallepage.ca/perth
H OP O E U N SE
H OP O E U N S E
US W LO LO BU GA FA UN B
H OP O E U N S E
Visit our listings at
Independently owned and operated brokerage
www.royallepage.ca/smithsfalls
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:00 AM–12:00 PM 20 Cty. Rd. 1, Toledo – $309,900 MLS#80182403412801 ***LINDA MCKENNA 613-485-0576
(24-hour service)
OPEN HOUSE EVERY SATURDAY & SUNDAY 1-2 PM
P NE R W IC E HI LA GH NA LA RK ND S
LI N ST EW IN G A 1 C 8 R E S
4 Antonio Way, Perthmore Glen – $299,900 ***JEFFREY WEIR 613-285-4467
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–3:00 PM 263 Yacht Club Rd., Rideau Ferry – $329,900 ***JEFFREY WEIR 613-285-4467
87 ML 16 S# 28
87 ML 43 S# 01
LI N ST EW IN G
346 Elliott Road, Tay Valley – $454,900 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
87 ML 74 S# 65
87 ML 78 S# 65
W FR AT ON ER T
20619 Hwy 7 – $565,000 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
# 0 LS 9 M 96 84
17 Rogers Road, Perth - $169,900 ***MARK LEE 613-812-1017
11 06 Otter Lake – $519,900 ***TINA McPHEE 613-285-5133
453 Station Rd., Port Elmsley – $349,000 ***BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
# 2 LS 4 M 02 88
289 Pine Lane, Bennett Lake Estates – $419,500 *** BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
828 Ashby Rd. – $264,900 ***MARK LEE 613-812-1017
+ S SE E U R O C H 0A 5
186 Little Silver Lake Rd. – $319,900 ***BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
LI N ST EW IN G
H OP O EN U SE
LI N ST EW IN G
142 Semier Lane, Tay Valley – $146,000 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
OC Q CU UI PA CK NC Y
5 Helen St., Smiths Falls – $104,900 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
10 Armstrong Dr. #402 – $174,500 *** TINA McPHEE 613-285-5133
0’ NT 95 RFRO TE
667 Churchill Rd. – $329,000 *** BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
0 Rose Island – $189,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
H E IT G W RA A G
57 Salmon Side Rd. – $349,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
A EN AR GE OP LAR SH
126 Rideau Crt – $384,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
2 Bay St. N. – $369,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
WA
S H IT LS L SMFA
504 Thomas St. – $374,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
LI N ST EW IN G
H OP O E U N S E
NT
10 R9 – $369,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
ON ET E RL AC CA PL
LI N ST EW IN G
RO
SUNDAY AUGUST 4, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 1265 Conc 5, Bathurst – $221,000 MLS#869277 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
P NE R W IC E
S RM HS BD T 3 BA 2
F ER AT
EW E N RIC P
SUNDAY AUGUST 4, 12:00 PM–1:30 PM 14718 B Hwy 509 – $69,900 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
LI N ST EW IN G
New Location! In sales office at the end of Farrara Dr. More Homes Currently Being Built *Pauline Aunger ***Tina McPhee MANY MORE MODELS TO CHOOSE FROM **Bob Arnold
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 5150 Roger Stevens Dr. – $399,900 MLS#90100001504100 ***LINDA MCKENNA 613-485-0576
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 2 R1 Bacchus Island Rd – $319,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
H OP O E U N S E
R0012236584_0801
2 Wilson Street East, Perth
613-264-0123 1-800-552-7242 SETTLEMENT REALTY
BROKERAGE EACH OFFICE INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
OPEN HOUSE SUN AUGUST 4, 11 AM-12:30 PM
NEW LISTING – OPEN HOUSE SUN AUGUST 4, 12–2 PM
13 Drummond St. W., Perth $288,500 Glorious big house located in the heart of Heritage Perth! Built in the late 1800’s, this large family home holds a lot of original character & charm with many updates making it a wonderful family home. Main level features sweeping staircase at front foyer, large dining & living room areas with hardwood & pine floors, huge country-sized kitchen with moveable centre island, maple floors & convenient access to main floor laundry & powder room. Super-sized family room with gas fireplace & wonderful pine finished sunroom with skylights & access to carport & deck. Upper level has 4 good sized bedrooms, 2 full baths & access to great storage area above the family room. Forced air gas heat, central air, all newer windows, paved driveway, attached carport & separate garage, beautiful fenced back yard with deck. MLS# 092103005509600 Sheri Mahon-Fournier 613-812-1215 www.sherisells.ca
NEW LISTING
5 Lavinia Street, Smiths Falls $168,500 This 2 storey brickhome has been lovingly maintained over the years and is within walking distance to all amenities. Situated a half block from Victoria Park it offers a wonderful neighbourhood for the children and has a private back yard with a large deck for entertaining. Cathie McCabe 613-284-6263
NEW LISTING
WATERFRONT ACREAGE $389,000 180 acres of rolling land, hardwood forest and fields with 1445 ft. of gentle Clyde River frontage with an endless possibility of building sites. Roads and trails run around and thru the property so you can ride over, see and use it all. (3) Log remnants are located near the main gate if you wish to rebuild history. MLS# 094093401010900. Bob Ferguson (C) 613-812-8871 www.bobsperthhomes.ca
2851 Narrow’s Locks Rd. NOW $224,900 3 year old well constructed home located on lovely 2.66 Acre lot on paved road only minutes to Perth or Westport. This 1100 square foot 3 bedroom bungalow has a nice open concept living area including eat-up island & patio door in kitchen/dining area. 2 Windows and half wall to foyer highlight the living room. 3 Good sized bedrooms, 4 piece bath with soaker tub, corner shower & nice vanity with medicine & linen storage. Spacious hall with open rail to dry, bright, insulated but unfinished lower level with laundry hookups. Good closet & storage space on main level. Mostly covered front verandah & two level deck at rear. Very pretty lot, some clearing & clean-up still underway. Lots of parking & great view out over maple bush. 14x16 shed is perfect for lawn equipment. Move-in condition! MLS# 091191102031202. Sheri Mahon-Fournier 613-812-1215 www.sherisells.ca
Well maintained building fronting on the main street of heritage Town of Perth. 2000 sq ft of store front/office/retail and an additional 7000 sq ft perfect to convert to retail/ storage/ residential development. Its size and location make this building a unique opportunity for any business wanting to be in the downtown core. Offer Price $549,000 Call Paul Martin 613-264-1023
DRUMMOND/N. ELMSLEY
Perfect for commuters to Ottawa – private and country quiet with easy Highway 7 access. 3+2 bedroom bungalow with open concept main living area with patio doors to decking and above-ground pool. Walkout family room. $259,000 Call Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361
NEW PRICE $274,900 Great location between Perth & Carleton Place on quiet road. Living room is bright with vaulted ceilings, spacious kitchen with dining nook, propane furnace & air conditioning are newer. Lower level rec room has cozy Pacific energy wood stove. Survey available. 32x40 insulated workshop with high bay door. Paul Martin 613-264-0123
WATERFRONT – CHRISTIE LAKE
WATERFRONT – CHRISTIE LAKE
Superb sandy swimming waterfront! Huge docks, awesome views, impeccable and charming 3 bedroom cottage with privacy! This is one of THE nicest cottages I have seen – low maintenance for easy summer living, open concept for casual cottage entertaining. MLS # 091191402050000 $379,900. Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361
Charming and quaint little cottage on the Christie Lake North Shore Road. 215 feet of frontage on the water. Comes with pontoon boat and pop up trailer. Enjoy the views from outdoor deck or screened in porch. $149,000. Call Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361. MLS # 091191601014400
MCDONALD’S CORNERS
OTTY LAKE
$699,900 This 1830’s stone home is situated on a private 81 acres with approximately 2460 feet of Mississippi River frontage. Beautiful river views from this 3218 square foot 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom farm house.
$575,000 Unique and exciting Otty Lake cottage situated on just under 400 feet of perfect lake frontage. The main cottage has a full dry boathouse underneath and is completely renovated. In addition there are four 10x10 foot cabins perfect for guests or sunset happy hour. Paul Martin 613-264-0123
WATERFRONT ACREAGE $389,000 94 acres with 3600 ft. of the Clyde Rver frontage and one of the most private & peaceful sites to build your dream home next to deep pools and rolling rapids. Trails run in and out along the meandering river deep in the woods. Great access from Concession Road thru the gate and down thru the entire property. MLS# 094093401010800. Bob Ferguson (C) 613-812-8871 www.bobsperthhomes.ca
REDUCED!! MUST SELL!!
Broker of Record 613-283-5435
613-283-8770 613-285-9129 www.cottagesunlimited.com S# 4 ML 955 87
NEW LISTING $259,900. 1070 Clancy Lane, Horseshoe Lake. Central Frontenac, Arden. 3 bdrms, 1 bth. 38 mins to Sharbot Lake. Year round home, Open concept Living, Kitchen, Deck across front and side, Well, Septic. Propane furnace. Wood burning FP. Steps down to waterfront. Well treed, sloping lot. Lot 106’x 208’. Call Grant Scharf today! 613-323-4862
REAL ESTATE
Sales Representative S INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
S# 6 ML 268 87
S
120 Lake Avenue, Carleton Place – $229,900
Carleton Place 613-253-0518 R0012239959/0801 Ottawa 613-596-5353
S# 3 ML 472 87
$165,000. Great starter home 15 minutes to Carleton Place. 2 bdrm, 1 bath bungalow sitting on one acre - great privacy! Open concept living area with modern kitchen. All appliances included. Drilled well and septic. Newer deck is a great place to sit and enjoy country living. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435
R0012239957_0801
metro-city realty ltd., Brokerage Independently Owned & Operated
www.barbaracouch.com
Sales Representative S# 6 ML 996 86 S# 1 ML 010 88
NEW LISTING $150,000. Little Silver Lake: 2 bdrm cottage with 100+ feet of waterfront. Great swimming. Gradual, rocky entrance. Deep enough to jump off the dock. Cozy summer getaway. Open-concept kitchen/living room. 2 pc bthrm. Large windows and deck overlooking the lake. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435.
S# 8 ML 804 87
$110,000. 195ft of waterfront clean, spring-fed Sunday Lake. 1.76 acres. Build a summer getaway or live year round. Rocky, sandy waterfront. Gets deep quickly. Great swimming. Lot is partly cleared down to water. Hydro on property. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435.
“DO YOU HAVE AN ISLAND PROPERTY THAT YOU WISH TO SELL?” GRANT HAS A BOAT AND CAN PROPERLY SERVICE YOUR LISTING!
Metro-city realty ltd Brokerage
D L O
$229,900. Excellent home for the growing family! Enjoy country living on 2.86 acres while being under 2kms from Heritage Perth. 4 bdrm 1.5 bath split level home. Oak floors and kitchen in open-concept main level. Large family room with woodstove. Spacious home and property. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435
$159,900. 191 Beck Shore Rd, Mississippi Lake. West facing, Magnificent Sunsets. 4 bdr, 1 bth cottage. Leased land. Deeded sole use 15ft. waterfront across a low traffic road. Steps to water. 24’ dock. Entertainment size deck. EBB, wood stove. Enjoy waterfront w/ out waterfront prices. Easy commute to Ottawa. Call Grant Scharf today! 613-323-4862
Barbara Has Assisted over 3000 Families to Buy or Sell their Homes
613-253-0518
870 STANLEY ROAD, TAY VALLEY TWP
Supporter of the Children’s Miracle Network
141 CROMWELL CRES, DRUMMOND N/ELMSLEY
THE FEELING OF A COUNTRY YOU WILL BE WOWED BY THIS UR LANE WELCOMES YOU TO PRISTINE BUNG NESTLED BO ! W G! R E N IN THIS PRISTINE CUSTOM IN PRESTIGIOUS “PINE E A ATES N I T P EST BUNG NESTLED AMONGST ARBOUR ESTATES”,a quiet LIS TOWERING PINES. This neighborhood for early retirees peaceful setting is ideal for a to enjoy quiet evening walks. growing family or retiree who Fall in love with the eff designed enjoys privacy & evening walks Kit/expansive island & sunlit OPEN HOUSE OPEN HOUSE in a quiet neighborhood. An dining area which overlooks, SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 3:15-5 PM SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 1-3 PM exciting, sunlit open concept a chic gas FP in the charming country style oak Kit/Dining area is framed by a Lg picture window, ideal for any fam rm, while the spacious lvg offers, panoramic views of the landscape thru gourmet!. You’ll love the stylish, vaulted Lvg & amazing 32 Ft charming grilled windows. THE GRANDKIDS WILL LOVE LL Fam Rm. A GREAT DESIGN IDEAL FOR FAMILY FUN! THE CUSTOM TREE HOUSE! MLS#879397
$259,500
1568 TATLOCK ROAD, MISSISSIPPI MILLS
207 ASHTON CREEK ROAD, ASHTON STATION
COUNTRY ROADS TAKE ME HOME! This century farm house W NE ING! is at the center of this 90.94 Ac T “Story Book” setting that has LIS been a creative labor of love. This is a “ONE OF A KIND” rural setting w/ picturesque views of rolling fields, green pastures, wildflower gardens, clear blue skies, breathtaking sunsets & wildlife. This property offers serenity & seclusion often sought after but seldom found. It is a horse lovers dream come true w/ lg barn. A PERFECT SETTING FOR THE OUTDOOR ENTHUSIAST, WOODWORKER OR NATURE LOVER TO LET THEIR IMAGINATION SOAR!
A “ONE OF A KIND “HOME DESIGNED FOR THE BUYER WHO DEMANDS EXCELLENCE IN CONSTRUCTION. This home is majestic & deserving of its presence in the prestigious neighborhood of “Ashton Creek”. As if lifted from OPEN HOUSE the pages of “House & Home” the SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 1-3 PM attention to detail hits the perfect note of chic, homey & intelligence. Decadent vaulted ceiling, abundance of natural light, stunning uninterrupted interior space & all the Bells & Whistles you can imagine make this home a work of art. FAB MEDIA RM GREAT FOR MOVIE NIGHT JUST BRING THE POPCORN! MLS#866631
$749,500
IVE UT EC ME! X E HO
$770,000
VIEW SLIDE SHOW AT WWW.BARBARACOUCH.COM
SOLD! SOLD! SOLD!
Broker of Record/Owner Office: 613-259-3033 www.lanarkliving.ca
SOLD
THE EMC - 15 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SOLD
266 Joe’s Lake Road, Joe’s Lake
R0012234376_0801
2569 Old Perth Road, Mississippi Mills
R0012233816_0801
REMAX AGENTS OUTSELL THE COMPETITION 3-1 ®
RIVERVIEW REALTY LTD.
NEW
123 DWYER LANE LANARK HIGHLANDS
3 season CoƩage w/100’ of swimmable frontage on Clyde River, 3 bed, 1 bath, screened porch, furnished. Boat & dock $149,900 Call Sheri D’Aoust: 613-812-9344
NEW
10 LAKESIDE LANE NEWBORO
456 ELLIOT RD , PERTH
Chic 1 yr new bungalow a few km from Perth – beauƟfully treed 1 3bed, 2 bath home level lot w/access acre lot! Open concept, 9Ō ceilings, to 6 lakes Spectacular views Plenty of stacked stone f/p, custom kitchen, full space for family & guests. $557,000. basemnt w/ walkout! $384,500. Call Call Rebecca Wissler: 613-264-9481 Jennifer Glazier 613-812-8114
NEW PRICE
OPEN HOUSES SATURDAY AUG 3RD
OPEN HOUSES SUNDAY AUG 4TH
26 SUNSET DRIVE, SMITHS FALLS SAT 11AM – 1PM Smiths Falls Golf Club Road Subdivision Home 3 Bed plus Den, Family Room, In-ground Pool, Privacy! $369,900. Host: Silvia Blanchard 613-294-3661
5066 MAHON RD, RIDEAU LAKES SUN 11:00AM – 1:00PM Gorgeous 3 Bd, 3 Bth, Georgian Saltbox style Home on 35+ acres. Deeded w/f access on Big Rideau Lk. $439,900. Host Silvia Blanchard: 613 294 3661
NEW
24 ROBERT RD, PERTH
Immaculate family home Many up149 CATS COVE TAY VALLEY STANLEYVILLE RIDEAU FERRY dates include windows, shingles, gas furnace. Gorgeous back yard! Amazing 4 bed older log home. 65 acres & ap- BeauƟful 1824 Historical home nes- Lakeside living at its finest. 4 bdrm, 2.5 value! $249,900. Call Jennifer Glazier prox 2300Ō frontage on Fall River. Pos- tled on 3.5 acres on the edge of Stan- bath side split on 215Ō of prime Big sibility of severing 3 lots. $359,000. leyville. A must see home! $329,000. Rideau waterfront. $629,000. 613-812-8114
5 DAINES PLACE ,PERTH SAT 1:00PM - 2:30 PM
3+1 Bed, 2 bath, Semi with many upgrades, great paƟo & deck overlooking landscaped yard. $172,900. Host Randy Cavanagh 613-464-1000
24 CHURCH ST PERTH SUN 1:00PM – 2:30 PM
MOTIVATED SELLER LEAVING PROVINCE. Renovated home. Open concept kitchen, formal liv/din, hdwd flrs & staircase. Det heated & cooled w/shop. $299,500 Host: Randy Cavanagh 613-464-1000
NEW
NEAR PERTH
CHRISTIE LAKE
Custom built split entry home w/ap2 bed coƩage with nice lake view & prox 1700sqŌ of living space. 3+1bds, good clean water. Take the short drive 2.5 bths. Finished lower level, lg deck to serenity and relaxaƟon. $199,900. & hot tub. $419,000.
PORTLAND
BLACK LAKE
CLOSE TO PERTH
Well maintained, furnished, 3 bed Great potenƟal for income. Lg 5 bed Black Lake coƩage with westerly “sun- house on 3 acre. AddiƟonal apartset” view. 190 Ō. of deep, clean water- ment currently rented + lg storage bdg. $349,900. front. $269,000.
D L O S
CHALOA ACRES SOUTH, PERTH
4 RICE ROAD, NEAR JASPER
2km to Perth! Charming home on 2.5 SUN 2:00PM – 4:00PM acres – deeded access to Jebb’s Creek/ BeauƟfully renovated 4 bedroom Century OƩy Lake! Many upgrades since 09 – Home on 100 acres plus barn. $498,500. Host Silvia Blanchard: 613-294-3661 call today! $324,900
LOWER RIDEAU LAKE
LANSDOWNE
Large 4 bed 2 bath home, eat-in kitch- 3+ bed, 1.5 bath bungalow on extra 3 bed open concept, ensuite, custom Updated 2 storey hobby farm on 96 acres w/det garage/wkshop & 7 stall en, livingrm; dining/family rm. Main large, well treed lot in Village of Port- cabinets, wood floors… barn. 3 beds. $359,900. level laundry, hdwd floors. $199,000. land. 2 blocks to the Rideau. $229,000
4bd, 3 bth home. Master w/ensuite & sauna, 2nd bed w/ensuite & balcony, hot tub, pool, bunkie, large lot. PERTH CONDO 2 bed condo unit w/ balcony & wonder- $639,900. ful views from 8th floor. Open & bright living area. In-ground pool. $154,900.
NEW PRICE
PATTERSON LAKE
A unique opportunity, 2 bed 1 bath coƩage + 7 private acres abuƫng HORSESHOE LAKE crown land waterfront on PaƩerson Grand view Horseshoe Bay - Big RideLake. $249,900. au Lk. 826 Ō front, 20.8 acres, R2000. $669,500.
NEW PRICE
HWY 7, CARLETON PLACE
Period home 4 bds, 3 bths, fam rm. Sits on 153 acres w/large outbuildings 418 RUTHERFORD SIDE RD & faciliƟes especially for horses. Move Private seƫng 15 mins from Perth! in condiƟon. $599,900. 3+1 bd brick bungalow on 3 acres– enjoy the perennial gardens. $239,900.
22 ROBERT RD, PERTH
PERTH
3 bed bungalow suitable for families, reƟrees, or 1st Ɵme Buyers Features updated kitchen, hwd floors, full basement has great potenƟal! $234,500.
Well cared for 3 bed 3 bath family home in a great locaƟon. Fully finished basement, nice private yard. $279,900.
INTERESTED IN A CAREER IN REAL ESTATE OR CHANGE OF LOCATION? CONTACT JOHN JONKMAN FOR DETAILS OF BECOMING A SUCCESSFUL SALES REPRESENTATIVE IN BEAUTIFUL HERITAGE PERTH, OR SCENIC WESTPORT OR GANANOQUE THOUSAND ISLANDS AREA 613-561-6464
Picturesque tranquil seƫng on the banks of the Fall River for this 4/5 bed beauƟful well maintained Victorian home, dbl garage. Modern ameniƟes. $310,000.
FALLBROOKE
WESTPORT AREA
PERTH
7 bd bungalow with panoramic views Tastefully renovated 3 bed, 1 bath of Black Creek, set on 191 acres, w/ family home in an ideal locaƟon. Det horse stable & paddock. $689,700. garage, nice yard. Move in ready! $244,900.
DREAMS FOR SALE - CHOOSE WISELY… CHOOSE THE EMC - 16 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
MABERLY
6 year-old one of kind Log Home by Great starter or reƟrement 2 bed 1 Kea on 3.64 acres. 3 beds/2 baths. LoŌ bath bungalow on private dbl lot. Master suite with W/I closet & ensuite Close to St Lawrence River. $148,500. $419,900, or rent at $1,900 /month
REAL ESTATE R0012239962_0801
We specialize in SOLD signs www.coldwellbankerhomes.ca
>ÀiÌÊ*>ViÊÈ£ÎÓxÎΣÇxÊUÊÌiÊÈ£ÎÓxÈxÈÇÇ
NEWING T LIS
NEWICE PR
240 Timberwood Drive Huge 2 acre treed lot, large 3+1 bdrm home, fully finished lower level, granite, 2 gas fireplaces, screened porch, awesome w/i closet.
f{]ääÊUÊÃÊnÇÇ{{ Jeff Wilson
ED. Y IMM PANC CU OC
2818 Conc. 3C On 5 acres, 3 bdrm with full lower level, walk-in from dbl. garage.
277 Joe’s Lake Rd
30 Hackberry Trail
4081 Wolfgrove Road
You still have time to enjoy the rest of the summer on Joe’s Lake. 2 bdrm & bunk house. 126 ft. of shoreline. Next to crown land.
Cardel “Gold Leaf” model town home with fenced yard, gas fireplace, central air, and many upgrades. Call today.
Take the worry out of buying a home with a brand new home with full Tarion new home warranty. Choose your colours and cabinet.
$160,000ÊUÊÃÊnÈÈn£È Robin Ferrill
fÎÓ{]ääÊUÊÃÊnxxÈn Gerry & Jason Coleman
EAT GR LUE A V
ND BRAEW N
NEWICE PR
$319,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{ÇäÓ John Coburn
Easy commute to the city from this brand new quality build. HW floors, kitchen island, huge deck, ensuite bath.
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇn{xn Jeff Wilson T N E M IRE ! RET LIVING
124 Lee Crescent This home has upgraded floors, windows, roof, sunroom & much more, natural gas heat, double garage, great location.
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{ÇÈÎ Jeff Wilson
S
DEN
R GA
302 Dean Ridge This development has the latest Bell “FIBE” hi-speed, great floor plan, huge foyer, easy l.level to finish, ensuite bath.
$339,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÓäÇ Jeff Wilson D N U RO IN G POOL
$217,900ÊUÊÃÊnÎx£Ç{ John Coburn
L CIA SPE ME! O H
EA TAK OK LO
239 Miguel Street 1863 Richmond Road
R0012236495_0801
HERITAGE WAY REALTY BROKERAGE – Independently owned and operated
This wonderful 2+1 bdrm raised bungalow boasts extra large foyer with access to rear covered porch and att. garage. Kitchen offers white cabinets. All appliances included. Fully finished lower lvl w/bedroom and 2 pc bath. Gas f/p in fam. rm. Walk to all amenities.
$309,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈäx{{ Marly Burke
7542 Hwy 15 Stone and brick bungalow on 15+ acres on the fringe of town. Sunken lvgrm boasts gas f/p and 12 ft. patio doors offering panoramic view of back gardens. Open concept kitchen, dining rm, sitting area. Major renovations completed in 2006. It’s amazing!
fxn]ääÊUÊÃÊnÈÎnnx Marly Burke
RM ME WA Y HO R T OUN
LEX
DUP
C
389 Dufferin Street Lovely row unit in quiet area of town. Open concept kitchen, livingroom 106 Mabel Crescent 59 Crampton Drive & dining area. Laminate & ceramic flring. Mbdrm has walk-in closet. Awesome gardens both in the front and rear yards of this two bedroom Always immaculate, executive bungalow w/all the upgrades you would Brand new c/air. Downsizing? Call today. townhome. Fenced yard, central air, finished lower level and much more expect. Fully finished on both levels, granite, h/w & more.
$269,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÎÓ Marly Burke
ER
fÓ£{]ääÊUÊÃÊnÇnÈÇ John Coburn
John Coburn Broker
Rhonda Brunke Sales Representative
237 Bova Road Beautiful three bdrm, 1 bath cottage on gorgeous Bennett Lake, northwest of Perth, ON. Plenty of privacy and breathtaking sunsets!
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÓÇÈ Karen Duncan
Marly Burke Broker
THE EMC - 17 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
67 George Street
104 Barrach Street
Two 2 bedroom bungalow style units sitting on a 52.5x210” lot in Lanark Village. Includes 2 fridges, 2 stoves & a dishwasher.
Cozy village of Franktown is home to this fabulous Cape Cod, shows great, large principle rooms, oversized garage, loads of upgrades
$139,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈäÓ£È John Coburn E M LCO WE OME H
1075 Drummond Conc. 9A Well maintained bungalow on beautiful property with “across the road” access to Mississippi Lake. Double garage with one side converted to in-law suite or business office potential.
$277,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{n£Ó Karen Duncan
Carolyn Renwick Sales Representative
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈÓÈäÇ Jeff Wilson
S
CRE
3A
1990 Ferguson Falls Road Renovated century farmhouse + 1 acre lot with storage building. Huge country kitchen, 2 woodstoves, newer bath and more.
$275,000ÊUÊÃÊnÇÇnä£ Robin Ferrill
Karen Duncan Sales Representative
THURSDAY AUGUST 1 6:30pm-7:30pm 310 Bristow Dr
Lisa Brennan-Trudel 613-285-9646
10 Polk Cres., Portland OPEN HOUSE SATURDAY AUG 3 10:00AM TO 12:00PM AND SUNDAY AUG 4 10:00AM TO 12:00PM. Nice home in quiet area close to all ammenites in the Village. 3+ bedroom, 3 bath home nice living area and family room. Large heated garage, level lot close to Big Rideau. $259,900 Your host Tom Burns 613-340-5364
Big Rideau Lake
Cranberry Lake
Bass Lake
Wonderful little 1 bdrm, 1 bath cottage. Extremely well maintained with beautiful stone fireplace. Very private lot with a wonderful lake view. Excellent boating and fishing (but not swimmable) $185,000
Welcome to McVeety island. 6.22 acres of privacy on half of this island. West facing with incredible sunsets. 2 bedroom, 1 bath, fully furnished. 2 separate guest cabins as well as a mainland property wtih dock and large garage. $549,000
Good clean waterfront, beautiful views in this 3 season cottage. A frame with 2 big bedrooms, nice living area, large deck overlooking the lake. Many upgrades, guest bunkie and more.$224,000
This wonderful cottage is on a large lot with mature trees and sloping to 119 feet of waterfront. Open kitchen overlooking sunken living area, high ceilings and glass front with lake view. Amazing screened porch to relax. $339,900
Big Rideau Lake
Upper Rideau Lake Walking distance to everything in the village of Westport. Beautifully updated 3 + 1 bedroom, 3 bath home. Seperate office/ den with it’s own enterance. Large walkout basement. Amazing gardens and rock terrace. Stunning views. $459,900
Otter Lake Large beautiful home just off Hwy 15. There are 6 great size bedrooms with 2 more in fully finished walkout basement and 5 total bathrooms. Custom kitchen, stone fireplace, games room, large deck facing the water, sand beach and a 2 car attached garage. All on 3+ acres List Price-$645,000
O S
S
Big Rideau Lake Five year old waterfront home with 700’ of shoreline. Immaculate bungalow with open concept kitchen and living area. Level well landscaped lot with great views. Oversized garage/shop and boathouse. Nice deck at water’s edge. List Price-$849,900
LD
LD
Beautiful Viceroy home with sunken living room. Large master bedroom with ensuite. Nice sitting room with deck overlooking the lake. Front deck 67’ x 10’ plus a deck close to water 16’ x 16’ with bunkie. A pleasure to view. $769,000
O
LD O
LD O
Bass Lake Year round home or cottage 10 minutes from Perth with 104ft of level waterfront and easy road access. Features open concept kitchen, dining and living area. 2 bedrooms and 4pc bath on main level. Large family room, detached garage, a must see! $439,900
S
Opinicon Lake Very private 3 bedroom, 1 1/2 bath cottage. Modern kitchen with eating area, large living room. Patio door leads to a covered deck on level lot with view. Nicely treed lot. $275,000
Big Rideau Lake
Big Rideau Lake
Killarney Island. The main part of this 3/4 acre island includes a beautiful Western Red Cedar panadode. 4 bed, 1 bath cottage with stunning wide plank flooring. Large outdoor entertaining area. Large boat port, Small island next door is included as well featuring a tent platform. List Price-$475,000
Fully furnished and equipped Lindal Log home and guest cottage on sloping lot with 178ft of waterfront. Home features a cherry kitchen and dining area, vaulted ceilings in living room wtih great lake views. Large loft area. Full basement, large deck, oversized garage and much List Price-$850,000
10:00am-12:00pm 10 Polk Cres
165 Tay Ridge Rd Tay Valley, Perth $119,900 MLS: 871238
868 Kitley Line 1 Rd $369,000 MLS: 849392
33 Catherine Street, SMITHS FALLS ON
59
101 Rideau Avenue Commercial Great Investment $575,000 MLS: 855482
$3
105 Rideau Ave., Smiths Falls $219,900 MLS: 869274
00
MLS # 869796 Very Unique Bungalow with large open concept Dining, Living Rm with Stone Gas Fireplace, beautiful hardwood floors. Eat in Kitchen, 4 pc bathroom with 3 Bedrooms all on one floor. Large basement partly finished with Family room, Sauna, Large Utility storage and workshop area. Economical Approximate costs, Heat $1,100, Hydro $800.00 Water $750 for last 12 Months. New Shingles & Carport 2009, New Boiler 2008.
669 MacPherson Road, R.R. #3 SMITHS FALLS ON MLS # 867523 Lovely well built energy efficient home with a quiet country setting close to Ottawa, Smiths Falls, Perth & Carleton Place. The Kitchen counter tops and Island are all Granite. Beautiful Ensuite with an Air jet Tub, & separate Walk-in Shower. Lovely Hardwood and Ceramic Floors.
1 Windsor Cres., Victoria Woods 87 Eric Hutcheson Rd., Smiths Falls $374,500 MLS: 875976 $269,900 MLS: 854634
THIS WEEKEND’S DUTY AGENT
Rideau Heartland Realty Brokerage 23 Beckwith Street North, Suite 203 Smiths Falls, ON K7A 2B2 R0012234549_0801
Marcella Best
613.283.7788 www.RIDEAUHEARTLAND.com N PR EW IC E
LIS NEW TIN G 6 ACRES! All stone bungalow-3 bdrms, 2 baths, craftsmanship & quality throughout master suite w. view of Otter Lake-52’x38’ garage/shop. A stunning home!
17 George St – $191,500 MLS® 874049
LE
DO
Bigger than is looks! 4 Bdrms, 2 full baths, full bsmt, hardwood floors, above ground pool.
TO
Older three bedroom home with loads of potential!
W FR ATE ON RT
W FR ATE ON RT
4788c Briton Houghton Bay Rd. – $584,500 MLS® 859989
203 Cty. Rd. 8 – $149,900 MLS® 872111
R TE OT AKE L
W FR ATE ON RT
Stunning stone home in subdivision with self contained in-law suite, master bdrm w. ensuite & walk-in closet-fantastic use of space with entertaining sized living area-on 2 acres.
TY TH OT , PE KE
M PE IN. T RT O H
3 bdrm bungalow, full basement w. 10x20 bonus room, large yard w. mature trees, great location near Victoria Park & downtown.
LA
Confederation log home, detached double garage, cathedral ceilings, pine floors, full unfinished basement just waiting for your ideas.
19B Basswood Cres. – $529,900 MLS® 871090 Lisa Brennan Trudel***
36 Abel St – $149,900 MLS® 879145
TE IVA ING PR ETT S
658 Stanley Rd – $264,900 MLS® 859610
N GI
Come by this evening and view this beautiful custom home!
W NE ICE PR
THURSDAY AUG 1, 6:30 PM-7:30 PM 310 Bristow Drive – $399,900 MLS® 859989 Lisa Brennan Trudel***
Sales Rep
N PR EW IC E
Each office is Independently owned and operated
. EC OW EX GAL N BU
O HO PEN US E
“Your Perfect Partner”
645 Hamilton Lane – $219,000 MLS® 874986
334 O3 Rd Otter Lake – $274,000 MLS® 878217
94 Bakers Rd. – $99,900 MLS® 874543
Now is your chance to own a piece of Otty Lake! Beautiful waterfront sunsets, quaint cottage - all you need for summer fun!
It’s not late, you can still enjoy summer on the lake! 3 bdrms, full septic, level lot, great swimming, fabulous view, easy access.
Why rent when you can buy? 2 bdrm home, newer kitchen, windows, furnace, oil tank and septic, midway between Brockville and Smiths Falls.
To Check out all of our listings go to www.rideauheartland.com
Bill Cheffins
THE EMC - 19 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Detroit’s decline should be put into perspective culminated in the embarrassment of bankruptcy. Not all is lost however. This week I’m adding my voice to the few in the media who have come to the defence of what was once among the richest, most successful cities on the continent. My wife Kathleen and I both have family in Michigan, including in Detroit. We know the city well. I have a cousin who lives in an old neighbourhood, north of downtown. Gary Hardy readily admits his is one of the few white faces on the street. But he gets along with his black neighbours, he staunchly defends his hometown and he refuses to buckle under and join the race to the suburbs. Gary’s father, my mother’s Uncle Jack, immigrated to Canada from England just before World War I. In the late 1920s he joined the rush of people who flooded into Detroit to take advantage of the city’s prosperity, built on the success of the automobile industry and in particular Henry Ford’s famous Model T. Uncle Jack worked at Ford’s massive River Rouge plant, then the largest factory complex in the world. He married a Windsor (Ontario) girl. Detroit and Windsor are twin cities. In fact Windsor has the distinction of being the only major Canadian city that lies south of the United States. Good times Jack Hardy became an American citizen. He served in the United States Army during the Second World War. After the war Detroit enjoyed more affluence as the auto industry boomed right into the 1950s and beyond. Tens of thousands of blacks migrated north to what was known world-wide as “the Motor City,� seeking jobs on the assembly lines and a better life. Detroit’s population
Reflections JEFF MAGUIRE
peaked at nearly two million. The community once had the highest rate of home ownership of any American city. In 1959 Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records. Detroit became the home of the famous “Motown Sound� created by artists such as the Miracles, Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Four Tops and yes, the Jackson Five! The name “Motown� threatened to topple the city’s familiar Motor City moniker. It was in part the decline of the automobile industry that ultimately led to the point Detroit reached two weeks ago. The car companies shifted operations to the suburbs or, in an effort to escape the influence of Detroit’s powerful unions, moved operations to the nation’s Sunbelt states or overseas. Then came the dominance of Japanese imports and the rise of other manufacturers worldwide. Still, Detroit’s plunge to despair can’t be blamed on the loss of the auto industry or Motown’s shift to California. Poor race relations, culminating in the deadly and destructive riots in the summer of 1967 along with a string of questionable local governments (and individual politicians) simply exacerbated the so-called “White Flight� and hastened the city’s decline. In the 1970s Detroit was best known as “the Murder Capital of the US� a stigma it continues to carry along with many other big cities including Chicago and Miami. In the 1980s it also became the “Arson Capital� of the country. Deliberately
set fires continue to plague Detroit. My late maternal grandmother, who lived in nearby Chatham, Ontario (Chatham is the hometown of both my wife and mother) started taking me to Detroit when I was a youngster. My summer visits to the once famous Hudson’s Department store, on downtown Woodward Avenue, were magical experiences for me. As an adult I’ve made countless visits to the Motor City, mainly to watch my beloved Detroit Tigers play baseball at venerable Tiger Stadium or the team’s new home, Comerica Park. In this area when people talk about Detroit it’s usually out of fear or pity. Most are terrified of the place, even though they may have simply passed through or never been there at all. Reputation is everything!
I’m not the least bit fearful of Detroit. I’ve never had a problem there, ever! That doesn’t mean I frequent the worst urban neighbourhoods. I don’t set myself up for trouble by visiting certain districts. I take the same precautions in any large city we visit. Despite the abandoned buildings, empty lots, burned out streetlights and discarded junk, which news stories on Detroit inevitably feature, the city has many desirable areas. The Renaissance Center complex, seven interconnecting skyscrapers which includes General Motors world headquarters, is a sparkling jewel downtown. Three major sports teams, the Tigers, the NHL Red Wings and the NFL Lions call downtown Detroit home. Comerica Park and Ford Field, the domed stadium where the Lion’s play football, share the same parking lots. Across from the new stadiums is the historic Fox Theatre, a restored venue at the heart of the city’s performing arts scene. Greektown, a vibrant commercial, entertainment and restaurant district is close by.
Although numbers in the city proper have declined, metropolitan Detroit with a population of 4.3 million ranked 12th among American cities in 2010. There is still much to recommend the region. Perhaps bankruptcy will be the catalyst for a revitalization which will raise Detroit’s stock? Forging a new identity helped save other American industrial centres, Pittsburgh for example. Replacing decaying lots with luxury condominiums and parks and demolishing empty factory buildings to allow for commercial and retail space has rejuvenated several US centres. An increase in the population downtown could lead to all kinds of good things and an increased tax base might even return Detroit to her former glory. It’s a tall order, but I am hopeful. The only place for Detroit to go is up! Closing note: In answer to the question I posed in last week’s column. Canada’s official summer sport is lacrosse. If you have any comments or questions for Jeff Maguire he can be reached by email at: jeffrey.maguire@rogers. com.
SCENIC CANAL DAY TOURS TOURS BEGIN MONDAY, JUNE 24th
R0012168737_0620
Lifestyle – As much as I would like to there is no denying the depth of Detroit’s decline. On July 18, staggering under the weight of as much as $20 billion in unpaid debt, the city surrendered. Officials filed the single, largest bankruptcy in American history. Newspaper writers and commentators list a number of reasons for a plunge which has now seen Detroit hit rock bottom. The reason for the bankruptcy is basic. A huge decline in the city’s industrial base, once keyed by the automobile and music industries, along with the flight of Detroit’s white population to safer suburban communities means the city does not have the tax base necessary to meet its financial obligations. America’s black citizens have traditionally supported the Democratic Party. Detroit, with a black population of 83 per cent, is no exception. But it was Michigan’s Republican Governor Rick Snyder who ultimately pushed control of Detroit’s financial mess into the hands of an emergency manager. The hope is that when the dust settles the city will be able to brush itself off and move forward. With significant employee pension issues involved that seems a long shot? Without a major revitalization, a dramatic program to make the downtown more livable, I don’t see recovery in the near future. People make city centres viable. That means boosting the population of Detroit’s inner city is vital. We’ve all heard the depressing statistics and seen the photo and video evidence. Tens of thousands of abandoned buildings, animals roaming at large in vacant lots, a huge breakdown of Detroit’s infrastructure, an alarming crime rate and the associated decline in the population. Ultimately it has
Fill your day with beautiful sights while traveling along a part of our historic Rideau Canal! Air conditioned coach for return comfort and light lunch on board.
SCHEDULE: Mondays: Merrickville To Ottawa Tuesdays: Ottawa To Merrickville Wednesdays: Merrickville To Westport Thursdays: Westport To Merrickville
89
$
95 /Person +HST
Licenced, Refreshments and Snacks Available on Board Offering charters Fridays to Sunday for your special day Adult Birthday Parties, Weddings, Anniversaries, Corporate Events
Group Discounts and Gift CertiďŹ cates Available!
www.rideaukingtours.com E-mail: [email protected]
Flyers, coupons deals and money saving tips all in one place!
Find, browse, share and favourite
View your favourite flyer items in detail, then add them to our new
and print!
New contests, money savings tips, top grocery deals and more in our
facebook.com/savedotca
THE EMC - 20 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
@saveca
Finding your next used car is as easy as pie.
D!
2. Choose the perfect vehicle
3. Buy your dream car.
The best way to find your next used car. The Car Buyers Network
THE EMC - 21 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Moroccan spiced chicken with quinoa and roasted peaches a flavourful meal Place peaches, cut side down on foil. Seal to form packet. Place on grill over medium-high heat. Grill for about 20 minutes, turning occasionally, or until peaches are quite soft. Let cool. Place chicken, skin side down, on greased grill over medium-high heat. Grill for 20 to 25 minutes, turning occasionally, or until juices run clear when chicken is pierced. Or when meat thermometer reaches 165°F (74°C). Peel grilled peaches; place in large bowl with packet juices lemon zest and half the lemon juice; mash with fork. Slice remaining peaches and add to bowl. Add cooked quinoa, nuts, mint and olive oil; stir to combine. Adjust seasoning and lemon juice, to taste. Divide among four plates and top each with a chicken thigh.
Ingredients • 2 tsp (10 mL) each ground turmeric and sweet paprika • 1-1/2 tsp (7 mL) each ground cumin and ground ginger • 1 tsp (5 mL) black pepper • 1 tsp (5 mL) cayenne pepper (optional) • 1/2 tsp (2 mL) each ground cinnamon and cardamom • 1/4 tsp (1 mL) Kosher salt • 6 cloves garlic, minced • 1 tbsp (15 mL) vegetable oil • 4 bone-in skin-on chicken thighs Nutritional information One serving Quinoa • Protein: 24.0 grams • 1 onion • Fat: 33.0 grams • 1-1/3 cups (325 mL) quinoa, well • Carbohydrates: 44.0 grams rinsed and drained • Calories: 555 • 2 bay leaves • Fibre: 7.0 grams • Kosher salt • Sodium: 250 mg • 5 peaches, halved and pitted • 1 tbsp (15 ml) vegetable oil • 2 lemons, zested and juiced • 1/4 cup (50 mL) almonds or hazelnuts • 1 cup (250 mL) fresh mint, torn • 2 tbsp (25 mL) extra-virgin olive oil • Freshly ground black pepper
Submitted photo
This Morroccan spiced chicken pairs well with quinoa and roasted peaches.
if ERE H W Even e been E LS E v ’ N u yo D DOW
R0011953548_TF
.CA
S U ON
FOR SALE Two bedroom ground level Condo for sale on Findlay St. in Carleton Place,walking distance to all emmenities. Lamenate and carpet flooring, includes fridge and stove. Well maintained. Please contact Kim for more info
613-229-8110
T N E V E
w1
icl h e v of
www.GotFog.ca
No
is t n e m y Pa n w o D The
Defogging / Solar Films / Screens Caulking / ReďŹ nishing + More For your Stefan Meinert FREE (613) 620-1230 ESTIMATE Call:
APPROVED l
E TURN
Cal
Preparation instructions In medium bowl, combine turmeric, paprika, cumin, ginger, black pepper, cayenne (if using), cinnamon, cardamom, salt, garlic and vegetable oil to make paste. Add chicken and coat well. Cover and refrigerate for at least two hours or overnight. Cut onion into quarters, leaving as much of the root end on as possible. In medium saucepan, combine quinoa, bay leaves and onion. Add 2-2/3 cups (650 mL) water, pinch of salt and bring to boil; reduce heat and simmer for 18 to 20 minutes or until tender. Let cool to room temperature. Discard bay leaves and onion. Toss two of the halved peaches with the remaining vegetable oil and pinch of salt. Tear off a large piece of foil.
You can be
ance MODELS n i F We ES and s "ANKRUPTCY DISCHARGED OR NOT MAK
How it works: #ALL OR APPLY ON LINE FOR free ,EARN THE DETAILS ON YOUR APPROVAL 0ICK A CAR AND DRIVE AWAY 4. It’s that easy!
s #REDIT PROPOSAL HELP s $IVORCE even if you Apply for a loan now have these s 3LOW PAY issues: LOW by phone and s .EW TO COUNTRY Payments We have receive up to $1,000.00 s 2EPOSSESSIONS HELPED as a down payment! s "AD CREDIT NO CREDIT thousands Apply now by phone or on line at thecarclub.ca of clients We Can
in ONTARIO and QUEBEC
ÎÎäÊ œœ`ˆiĂŠ À°]ĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠUÊ£‡nÇLJnĂ“nÂ‡ĂˆÂ™Ă‡Ă“
Many customers with less than perfect credit can qualify for rates as low as 4.99%, but can expect rates between 4.99% and 24.99%. Finance example $10000.00 ďŹ nanced over 48 months COB $1052.00, Monthly payment $230.25, TOTAL OBLIGATION $11052.00. $1000 down payment on us event. Apply for a pre-approved car loan and mention this ad and qualify for $1000.00 towards the purchase of a car at The Car Club. Rules are: The offer is not retro-active and applies only to customers who read and quote this ad before applying for a car loan. Offer expires 48 hours from the date this ad appears. Offer cannot be combined with any other specials or price offers on line or in print.
THE EMC - 22 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012232213.0801
Lifestyle – Influenced by a Moroccan tagine, this dish has lots of nuts and fruit and is very aromatic and flavourful. Preparation time: 45 minutes Cooking time: 45 minutes Marinating time: 2 hours Serves: 4
REGIONAL ROUND-UP Any community organization based in our circulation area wishing to list an event of community interest is invited to submit a description of 25 words or less in writing. Admissions or event costs, will not be included. Deadline is Monday at 4:30 p.m. prior to publication date. This service is provided free of charge. Events will be listed no more than two weeks in advance. Write, EMC, P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, Ont. K7A 4T1, or fax at 613-283-5909 or e-mail: [email protected] OR [email protected]. Items will be edited as necessary. Please include name, address and phone number. Summer Reading Club. Thurs. Aug 1 Lodge. Info. Janet 613-264-9139. & 8, 1 p.m. Crafts & activities, ages 4-12. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly), Library. 613-269-3326 to register. weight loss support group. Meetings every Summer Reading Club. Thurs. July 25 week. Info./location 613-838-4777. Baby Talk- Wednesday, Aug. 7 1:30-3 & Aug 1, 1 p.m. Crafts & activities, ages p.m. Ontario Early Years Centre. Breast- 4-12. Library. 613-269-3326 to register. feeding support available. RURAL BNI of Kemptville, meeting. Every Tuesday 6:45-8:30 a.m. Alumni Hall, PAKENHAM Kemptville College (613)863-4853. 4 hand euchre, Wednesday, AuGardener’s Market- each Saturday gust 7, 7:30 p.m. Montague Seniors Community Open House, Sunday, (July 28-Sept. 1). 9-noon. Kemptville. Hall, Rosedale. Good prizes, good food. Proceeds: Canadian Foodgrains Bank. St. August 4, 2-4 at St Andrew’s United (613)284-1074. Church, Pakenham, hosted by the PakenJohn’s United Church parking lot, 400 Beckwith and District Friendship ham Pastoral Charge. Contact 613-256Prescott St. 613-258-4526. Club will meet August 7, Centennial Hall Good Food for a Healthy Baby, Every 3130 or 613-256-6211. Musical Evening at Country View for BBQ Supper at 6 p.m. Musical enterTuesday, 11:30 am.-1:30 p.m at the Early tainment. Members should bring a cold Years Centre (33 Clothier St) Info: 613- Lodge featuring Clarence Bowes and Friends. Thursday, August 8, 7:30 PM. dish or dessert. Inquires 613-253-1433. 257-2779 ext 113 (or ext 100). Beer & Food Tasting, Wednesday AuKemptville and Area Walking Group- 4676 Dark’s Side Rd., Pakenham. Info; gust 7th, 7-9:30 PM. Legion Branch #231. Mon. July 29, Wed. July 31 and Fri. Aug. 613-624-5714. Sing-A-Long, BJ Hughes at the piano. 2314 Harlem Rd., Portland. Limited seat2, 9 a.m. Meet at North Grenville Muing. Brian Preston 613-272-3129/ August nicipal Centre. (613)258-4487. Sponsor: Wednesday August 7, 1:30 PM, Country View Lodge, 4676 Dark’s Side Rd., Paken- 2nd. Health Unit. Beer and Food Tasting- Portland LeKemptville and Area Walking Group- ham. Everyone welcome. gion, Br. 231. 2314 Harlem Rd. Aug. 7, Mon. Aug. 5, Wed. Aug. 7 and Fri. Aug. 9, 7-9:30 p.m. Limited seats. Brian 613-2729 a.m. Meet at North Grenville Municipal 3129 by Aug. 2 to reserve. Centre. (613)258-4487. Sponsor: Health PERTH Blood Donor Clinic, St James Major Unit. Catholic Church, 14608 Hwy 38, Sharbot Kemptville Cruise Night- Every Fri2013 Perth Garlic Festival, August Lake, Wednesday, Aug. 14, 3-6 p.m. day Night starting May 3-September 27. “Bolingbroke Cafe” (ABC Hall, 3166 Food Basics. 6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Rod Raf- 10 & 11, Perth Fair Grounds. Hosts: the County Rd 36) August 2, String Tease and Lions Club of Perth. Info: www.perthgarter 613-258-7567. www.Hwy43CarClub. Hermann Amberger (8-10 p.m.). licfestival.com com or [email protected] Community Clothing Co-operative, 2013 Perth Garlic Festival. Sat. Aug. Kemptville Cruise Night- Every FriPortland Community Hall. Open every 10, Sun. Aug. 11. Perth Fairgrounds. day Night starting May 3-September 27. Saturday 10 a.m.-2 p.m. every Wednesday Food Basics. 6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Rod Raf- Hosted by Lions Club of Perth. www. 1-3 p.m. perthgarlicfestival.com ter 613-258-7567. www.Hwy43CarClub. CPHC formally VON foot care clinAl-Anon Meetings. If you are livcom or [email protected] ic, every 1st Thursday of the month. WestNorth Grenville Toastmasters meet ing with or near a drinking problem. Evport Chiropractic Centre, 39 Bedford St., 1st, 3rd Thursday of every month at ery Thursday 8 p.m. St. James Anglican Westport. Appointments required. 613O’Farrell Financial Services, Boardroom Church, Drummond St. 613-267-4848, 342-3693, 1-800-465-7646 ext. 243. (292 County Rd 44) start time 7 p.m. 613-267-6039. Decoration Service, Franktown Public Classic Theatre Festival presents Learn communication and leadership Leslie Stevens’ comedy The Marriage-Go- Cemetery, Sunday, August 11, 2:30 p.m. skills. Guest speaker: Pastor Jill Trunbull. Please North Grenville Toastmasters meet Round, Aug. 9-Sept. 1, Wed.-Sat., 8 pm, 2 bring lawn chairs. Info: 613-283-8644. 1st, 3rd Thursday every month. O’Farrell pm matinees each Wed., Sat. & Sun. Full Dinner & Movie Night, Clayton Financial Services, Boardroom (292 Circle Theatre, 26 Craig Street. Tickets/ Community Hall, Linn Bower Lane, info.: www.classictheatre.ca, 1-877-283County Rd. 44). 7 p.m. Learn communiClayton, August 2. Dinner 5:00 - 6:30 pm. 1283. cation/leadership skills. Euchre, every Tuesday, 1 p.m. at Mc- Movie starts at 6:30 pm. Elgin United Church 2013 Summer Martin House, open to all adults, info: Concert Series. “Kelli Trottier” August 3. (613)267-5531. LANARK Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every 7:30 p.m. 613-273-3456 or 613-547-9519. Euchre- every Monday afternoon. Thursday, 9:30-11:30 a.m. at The Table, Euchre, every Thursday, 1:30 p.m. 190 Gore St E. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 1:30 p.m. South Elmsley Municipal Complex. Sponsor: Club 55. Refreshments. Legion Hall. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. 104 (or ext 100). Friends of Foley Mountain, Dinner Lanark Lodge Birthday Party (last Lunch. Prizes. Fitness Classes every Monday (except Thursday every month). 2 p.m. Hosted by & Auction, August 9, Westport Legion (County Rd. 10 near corner County Rd. holidays). 9:30-10:30 a.m. North Lanark recreation dept. Info. 613-267-4225. Parents and Children’s Group, ev- 43). Dinner: 5:30-7 PM (Tickets, MurCounty Community Health Centre. 613ery Tuesday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. at St James phy’s Bait Shop). Auction: 7-9:30 PM. 259-2182. Gigantic Yard Sale! Saturday, August Lanark Lodge Pub (3rd Thursday ev- Church (Beckwith and Harvey). Info: 3rd, 8 a.m. St. Mary’s Anglican Church, ery month). 2 p.m. Hosted by recreation 613-257-2779 ext 110 (or ext 100). Perth Garlic Festival, August 10-11. Brock St., Newboro. dept. Info. 613-267-4225. Job Search Resource Centre, job postWalking group, every Tuesday morn- Vendors, shows, garlic-tasting events, ening, 9 a.m. from the NLCCHA. Re- tertainment and more. Visit: www.perth- ings, computer and internet access, resume writing assistance, job search seminars and freshments, exercises/speaker after walk. garlicfestival.com Perth Old Tyme Fiddler’s Dance, employment counselling. Guthrie House, Heather 613-259-2182. Perth Legion Auditorium, 7:30 p.m. Au- 10 Perth St., Elgin. Mon.-Fri. 9-4. 613gust 9. Info: (613)259-2569 or (613)283- 359-1140. Karate and Cardio-Kickboxing in 8703. MERRICKVILLE Quilts on the Tay presented by the Port Elmsley. Karate- Wednesday and FriLanark County Quilters Guild, St John day evenings. Kickboxing- Thursday eveAug. 2- Chicken Dinner. Entertain- Catholic High School, 2066 Scotch Line nings. Visit www.portelmsley-karate.com ment: Elise & Company. Legion. Supper Rd. August 9 (12-5), 10 (10-5), 11 (10- or call 613-264-9063. Lanark County Archives 1920 Conc. 4). 6, music, 7-11. Rideau Trail Association, Saturday, 7, Drummond (former Drummond TownAug. 9- Ham Dinner. Entertainment: Sagebrush. Legion. Supper 6, music, 7-11. August 3, Hike. Level 2, 13 km. moderate ship Office). Every Friday and Saturday, 10 LEGO Club, Saturday, Aug. 3, 10-12. pace (3-5 hours). Meet at 9 a.m. Conlon a.m.-3 p.m. Info: 613-256-3130, (613)267Farm, Perth. Leader: Robert Groves, 613- 2232. Merrickville Library. Ages 4-12. New “Outdoor Adventurers” Full Make your Grapevine Wreath now, 259-3175. ([email protected]) Rideau Trail Association, Sunday, Day Nature Camp for ages 10-14 yr at while the vines are green/pliable. Beginning Again craft school, starting Aug. 1. August 11, Paddle Pike Lake. Level 1 ca- Foley Mountain Conservation Area. Grapevines provided. Call 613-269-4238. noe/kayak approx. 4 hours. Meet at 9 a.m. Tuesday, August 6, drop off 9 am at the Merrickville Canalfest, August 3-5. Conlon Farm. Leader: Bruce Gourley, Interpretive Centre, pick up 4 p.m. Info: Live music, craft show, silent auction, 613-283-5967 (brucegourley@sympatico. 613-273-3255. Outdoor Concert featuring fiddle, guiVoyageur Canoe rides, face painting, eco- ca) tar, keyboard and singing of Kyle Felhaver Sale! The Salvation Army Thrift fun, model boat show, kid’s activities and Store, 51 Foster St., Perth. Saturday, Au- and John Mitchell. Sun. Aug. 11, 2-4 p.m. more. Info: 613-283-3974. At the home of Ray & Kathy Lowe, ClayStoryTime, Fridays 10 a.m. Theme: gust 10th. See in store for details. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly). ton. Info./tickets: 613-256-9010 or 613Aug. 2, Toddler Time- Airplanes. MerMeets Thursday evenings at Lanark 253-2729. rickville Library. Info: 613-269-3326.
KEMPTVILLE
Euchre at Holy Name of Mary School Gym on Patterson St. in Almonte. Every Wed. 7 p.m. Prizes awarded and light lunch. Mills’ Seniors Services- Almonte, Trip to the Carleton Place Labyrinth & lunch out at Hing Wah’s Restaurant, Thursday, August 8. Call Seniors Services to reserve your seat on the bus 613-256-4700. Mississippi Valley Textile Museum, open Sundays from 1-4 p.m. for July and August plus regular hours from Tuesday to Saturday 10-4. Visit the permanent exhibit “Fabric of a Small Town”. Info: 613256-3754.
8th Annual Bridge Street Bazaar, Saturday August 3rd, 9 AM - 4 PM. Info: 613257-8049 or email [email protected] Adult Bereavement Group, Wednesday, August 7, 1:30-3:30 p.m Waterside Retirement Residence, 105 McNeely Rd., Carleton Place. Contact Rebecca Bowie 613-267-6400. Annual Decoration- Aug. 11. St. James Anglican Church Cemetery. Walk of the Cross 1:30, service 2:30 (rain or shine). Light refreshments to follow. Annual Decoration Sunday, August 11, St. James Anglican Church Cemetery, Carleton Place. Walk of the Cross at 1:30 PM, service at 2:30 PM. (rain or shine). Light refreshments to follow. Bible Study Group, Saturday, August 3 9:45 am-10:45 am. Bibles provided. Active discussions. 7th Day Adventist Church, 117 Victoria Street. info: Marta 613-259-5545 facekidscharity@yahoo. com Breakfast- 1st and 3rd Sunday of the month. After 9 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. masses at St. Mary’s- 28 Hawthorne. Sponsor: Knight of Columbus. Carleton Place Sunset Club meets every Wednesday, 1 p.m. Legion. Euchre, bid euchre, games, socializing. Third Wed. each month- short general meeting, noon. Potluck lunch/games follows. 613-2577483. Carleton Place/Beckwith Home Support lunch brunch for Beckwith residents at the township office, 2nd Wednesday of month. Bingo afterwards. Info: 613-2530733. Debtors Anonymous. If you are having problems with money or debt then we can help. 6:30 Tuesdays, St. James Hall, Bell and Edmund Street. 613-216-9008. Euchre, every 2nd, 3rd and 4th Monday of the month. 7:30 p.m. Legion. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. Bring your friends. Lunch/prizes. 613-253-6375. French Playgroup “Plaisirs D’Enfants”. Every Tuesday 9:30-11:30 a.m. Beckwith Community Hall (Black’s Corners). 613253-0008. Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every Thursday, 1-3 p.m. 30 Bennett Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 104 (or ext 100). Ladies Darts, every Tuesday starting 7:30 p.m. Legion. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. Parents and Children’s Group every Monday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. 30 Bennett Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 107 (or ext 100). The August Valley Singles LunchSunday, August 11, 1 p.m. at Buster’s Bar & Grill. Info: Fay (613)256-8117 or Johanna (613)432-7622. Urban Forest Advisory Committee meeting. 7:30 p.m. Council Chambers Town Hall. Aug. 15.
THE EMC - 23 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
“Pond Life”, Thursday, August 8, Family Nature Program at Foley Mountain Conservation Area, starting at 1011:30 a.m. at the Group Camping Area. Info: 613-273-3255. Quilting- every Wednesday. 1 and 7 p.m. McDonalds Corners Rd. Hall. 613278-2943. Retired Teachers & Friends: Luncheon on Wednesday, August 7, 11:30 a.m. at The Cove Country Inn, Westport. To reserve phone 613-279-2098 by August 5 at noon. Rideau and District Old Tyme Fiddlers Assoc traditional old tyme fiddle and country music dance, Alfred Taylor Centre, 2300 Community Way, North Gower. Friday, August 9, 7:30-11:30 p.m. Tickets at the door. Info: 613-258-2258. Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society, Wednesday, August 7, 7:15 p.m. Portland Community Hall “Fall & Spring Garden Clean Up -Preventing Injuries” Sherry Larmour-Trode. Spaghetti Night- Aug. 2, 5-7 p.m. Legion, Br. 231, Portland. St. Paul’s Anglican Church Cemetery Zealand Memorial Service, August 11, 2 PM. Bring chairs. Service in Church if raining.
SMITHS FALLS Baby & Me Group, every Monday, 10-11:30 a.m. at the First Baptist Church (73 Beckwith St N) Info: 613-283-9307 (or 613-257-2779 ext 100). Civitan Bingo every Tuesday, Smiths Falls Civitan Hall. Start 7 p.m. Doors open 5:30 p.m. Canteen available. Proceeds to help fund charity and community projects. Duplicate Bridge, Tuesday, August 6, Legion, starting at 1 p.m. Partnership Terry Fagan 613-283-6393. EA- Emotions Anonymous- 12-step organization working toward recovery from emotional difficulties (marriage, children, grief, etc). Meetings (every Tuesday)- August 6, 7 p.m. Salvation Army Church (side door). (613)283-0960. Gambling Problem? There is help. Gamblers Anonymous, Tuesdays 7:30-9 p.m. 88 Cornelia St. 613-567-3271. Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every Tuesday, 1-3 p.m. at the CHC, 2 Gould Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 104 (or ext 100). Jitney on Thursdays, at 6:30 at Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club. “Let’s Pray” Prayer Line available, Tuesdays and Wednesdays, from 10 a.m.noon. (613)283-3485, (613)267-9780 evenings. Seventh Day Adventist Church, 333 Hwy 29 (just past the mall). Walk-ins welcome. Monday Night Euchre, Legion, 7 p.m. Parents and Children’s Group, every Thursday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. at the first Baptist Church (73 Beckwith St N) Info: 613283-9307 (or 613-257-2779 ext 100). Pay as you play, Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club on Wednesdays, 7 p.m Come and try out this sport. Pollyanna performed by Smiths Falls Community Theatre Aug 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 at 7:30 pm and Aug 11, 18 at 2:00 pm. Tickets from $10-$20. Call 613-2830300. Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club, Jitney 6:30 on Mondays. Come and try it out. Susan Shirley Program, Parent Training courses- Mondays 6:30 p.m. Calvary Bible Church, 15 Beech St. 613-2051643. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly), weight loss support group. Meetings every week. Info./location 613-838-4777.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Windsor-built 1949 Ford now resides in Nova Scotia Lifestyle – The 1949 Ford was a new post-war car from the Ford Motor Company introduced in June 1948. It created an immediate sensation with its modern styling, independent front suspension, and parallel leaf rear springs. Over a million were built. Scott and Maryann Ritcey of Porters Lake, Nova Scotia, own a 1949 Ford Tudor sedan built in Windsor, Ontario, with Canadian serial number 0470H49-76324. Scott writes: “The car was purchased in 1980 at the Barrie swap meet in Ontario by a
friend of my dad’s and carried Ontario Historic Vehicle plate HVF.102. The vendor reportedly bought it from the estate of the original owner. “It came to Nova Scotia and we stored it winters in our garage. It went through a few more owners in the Maritimes until I saw it advertised and bought it from a man in North Sydney in 2009. The trip took over six hours each way and we took a U-Haul trailer and lots of hundred dollar bills. It was the first big road trip with our twin boys, Camaron and
Carter, who were only a yearand-a-half old.” Scott tracked down and talked to all the owners in the Maritimes since 1980 but also would like to contact the previous owners in Ontario. He contacted the MTO and received this reply: “The data you are requesting is not
available. Prior to 1984, all vehicle records were in paper and stored in boxes. When the computerized system was put in place, only active vehicles were moved over.” Scott continues: “The car is light green (originally Arabian Green, according to my Ford/Meteor parts manual) with only one repaint in 1994.
The odometer shows almost 75,000 miles and I believe that is original. She’s a solid car that runs and drives as it should. Original paint is on the interior, firewall, door jambs and sills. The seat covers and headliner have been replaced, along with a lot of chrome and stainless repaired or replaced. The drive train is the original 239 cubic inch flathead V8 with column-shift three-speed manual transmission. Brakes are original, unassisted, fourwheel drum, and other than dual exhausts, the car is original underneath.
“Our boys, now five, love riding in the ‘hot rod’ as they are up high and can see everything. And I am like a kid in a candy store, Bill, waiting to see the story of our old Ford in print.” I’m always looking for more stories. Email [email protected] or write Bill Sherk, 25 John St., P.O. Box 255, Leamington, ON N8H 3W2. Everyone whose story is published in this column will receive a free autographed copy of my latest book: “OLD CAR DETECTIVE FAVOURITE STORIES, 1925 to 1965.”
Bright Ideas Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs). A CFL uses only 25 per cent as much energy as an incandescent bulb and lasts 10 times longer. Submitted photos
Above, this is Scott and Maryann Ritcey’s 1949 Ford Tudor sedan with sun visor, twin spotlights, and fender skirts. Below, their twin boys take turns “driving” the ‘49 Ford.
4:19 PM It’s grandpa’s first time in this part of town. He doesn’t have any idea how he got here, how to get home or who he is.
5:45 PM You don’t know where he is either.
www.medicalert.ca • 1-800-668-1507
THE EMC - 24 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Come in this week and meet a special feline friend at LAWS This Week’s Pets and rub her body against your legs. She just wants to be loved!
Pepper Pepper is a stunningly beautiful black beauty. Pepper has been at LAWS since May when she was brought in with her litter of kittens
Items needed LAWS is currently desperately in need of a supply of Friskies’ pate style cat food, bleach and laundry soap. Please drop any donations off at the shelter on Glenview Road. Fiona Fiona is a young mother who raised her three kittens. She’s excited that they have all found good homes. Now it’s time for her. Fiona is a curious cat, loves to play with cat toys, but also lounging around is one of her favorite past times.
that she lovingly nursed until they were old enough to be on their own. She loves other cats but most of all she loves people. She’s been confined to LAWS since May and keeps her little paws crossed for the right person to pick her up.
This week’s featured pets Mourka Roxie Here is a very friendly brown, Happiness surrounds this peblack and white female tabby of tite little female beagle. From her about 20 months. Mourka is pres“smile” to her affectionate nature ently at the Pet Valu in Almonte awaiting someone to make her an addition to their family. Mourka would prefer to be the only feline vying for your attention but she Bernedette has been known to “share”. Bernedette is a gorgeous tortishell cat who also delivered a bunch of kittens. She was a fantastic mother. Bernedette is patiently waiting to see who comes to take her home. She loves to sing to you
Are you new to the neighbourhood? Had a baby? Planning a wedding? she exudes joy. She enjoys sharing the attention with other dogs and has made some great canine friends here at the shelter. Even though she has made several friends she is still waiting for a forever family to call her own. Have a treat? Roxie will love you forever! Please come by the shelter to meet this quiet little sweetheart. LAWS (Lanark Animal Welfare Society) is located on Glenview Road, just off Highway 43, about 2 kilometres west of Smiths Falls. The shelter is open Monday to Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Write to us at P.O. Box 156, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1 or contact us at 613283-9308, or email at shelter@ lanarkanimals.ca. Visit our website at www.lanarkanimals.ca. Please also check out www.AdoptADog.TV featuring some of our canines up for adoption. If you have lost a dog or cat please check our website or phone or visit the shelter. If you have found a dog or cat please visit our website to find the number of your local animal control officer.
2:41 AM You would tell them about your heart condition and your medication.
Charlie Charlie is a five-year-old surrender with long hair, mainly red and lovely greenish eyes. She has
Give Welcome Wagon a call
1-866-283-7583 Or visit us online at www.welcomewagon.ca
Remembrance Gift Shop Limited
GOING OUT OF BUSINESS After 63 years, the
Remembrance Gift Shop Limited is closing its doors!
% 50 Off All Regular Merchandise % and 60 Off All Christmas Merchandise Now
2:59 AM But you’re still unconscious.
Snoopy Snoopy is still chilling out at the Pet Value store in Smiths Falls. We cannot figure out why Snoopy has been there so long as she is a sweet little lady. Please visit her at the Smiths Falls location of the Pet Valu to fully appreciate what a welcome addition she would make to any home.
We have free gifts and information for you.
R0011948786_tf
a white mane, like a little lion and is declawed on her front feet. She loves to be brushed to help her look pretty. Charlie is ready to meet her new owner.
Holly and Ivy Holly and Ivy are two five-yearold sisters who are very attached to each other. The previous owner, unfortunately, could not take them to her new home. They are both declawed and a little fearful in their new, unknown environment. We think a quieter home with older children would suit them best. They will make great pets and still have a long life ahead of them.
Other specials include
Thank you to all our valued customers.
www.medicalert.ca • 1-800-668-1507
141 Bridge Street, Carleton Place
(613) 257-3931 THE EMC - 25 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012231879_0801
Lifestyle – LAWS is currently nearing capacity in the cat areas and are asking the public to come and see all the wonderful at the shelter who are awaiting their forever homes. The shelter is also seeking volunteer drivers to assist us with the transport and pick up of our animals who require regular veterinary visits. These drivers would be asked to pick up the appropriate animal at the shelter at 8 a.m. and drive the animal to the veterinarian for a drop off time of 8:15 a.m. The animal would be required to be picked up from the veterinarian at 3 p.m. the same day and brought back to the shelter. We are looking for assistance with this three days per week. If interested, please call the number listed below.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Thirsty days, thirsty cars: How to tell if your car is getting good fuel mileage Lifestyle – When travel season is peppered with a gas price increase or two, it’s no wonder more drivers don’t experience a matching spike in blood-pressure. These conditions tend to cause another spike: an increase in trips to the shop to see if the chariot hasn’t picked up a virus or some other malady leading to a case of gaseous guzzlyitis. Here’s a few ways to see
if your vehicle is delivering the appropriate fuel mileage without inconvenience. 1) Test it right. No matter how much gadgetry your instrument panel has, or what super-apps you’ve downloaded onto your smartphone, there is only one way to corBRIAN TURNER rectly calculate your vehicle’s fuel mileage. Fill it up, (stopping at the first click of trip odometer to zero, drive of fuel, refill, check the disthe pump nozzle), reset your as far as possible on that tank tance travelled and do the math. On-board mileage displays rely on too many variable and inaccurately measured parameters to equal the accuracy of the tank-to-tank test. If possible complete a mostly highway driving test for comparison against your daily mix of urban and higher speed commute. 2) Get the right ratings’ guide. NRCan has admitted that their current test isn’t as good as that used by the U.S. EPA. That’s why we’re realigning our tests to more closely align with the U.S method starting with the 2013 model year. If you log onto www.nrcan.gc.ca and click on the ‘fuel efficiency’ link you can find the ratings for your particular vehicle. Then take a web-stroll over to the US counterpart at www.fueleconomy.gov and find their ratings. Remember, the US posts in ‘miles per US gallon’, so you’ll have to add
Car Counsellor
20 per cent to get a ‘milesper-imperial-gallon rating, or bring up your favourite metric conversion calculator website to see some interesting comparisons. The EPA added a coldweather mode, an extreme and aggressive acceleration mode, and an air-conditioning load mode to their tests. Their ratings are almost always worse than ours, sometimes up to 20 per cent. It will be interesting to see if next year’s NRCan guide is any closer. 3) Improve your mileage on your own. Some of the best ways to improve fuel mileage either don’t cost a cent or involve relatively little money. Correct tire pressures, clean air filters, sub-120 kph speeds, smooth take-offs, anticipated stops, well-maintained vehicles, and empty trunks or cargo areas can all drastically increase fuel economy. 4) If it ain’t broke, no one’s likely to able to fix it. If your vehicle hasn’t got a check engine light on, or a noticeable driveability problem like hesitation, stalling, or misfire, there’s likely nothing to be mechanically/electronically repaired, tweaked, or reprogrammed to improve your fuel mileage. And as for mileage performance computer chips; they’re illegal,
and will void any engine or emission warranty still left on your auto, not to mention risking substantial emission regulation fines. The rest of the trinkets on the parts store shelf with advertisements bragging to deliver increased fuel economy are just so much hot air, so save your money. On Sunday, Aug. 4 the famous Automotion Car Show returns to the Blockhouse Island in Brockville from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Check the website (www.tisma.ca) for more details. And on the same day the Chelrod Car Club Show ‘n’ Shine parks at St. Stephen’s Parish in Chelsea (QC) from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. If you have any questions, opinions, or stories on anything automotive please drop me a line, (By email to [email protected] or directly to [email protected] listing ‘Question for the Car Counselor’ on the subject line or by post to Record News Communications, 5 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1). When using regular mail, please supply a phone number if you seek direct contact (due to volume I can’t always promise replies). Yours in service Brian Turner
In every FIVE children under 19,at least ONE struggles with their mental health. We want to change the way you THINK and TALK about children’s mental health.
mental health
mental menta t lh health lth
mental healtth
MY MENTAL HEALTH... mental health
YOUR STATE OF MIND ment health mental mental health
mental health
Every child’s mental health is important.
Photo by KELLY KENT
If you or anyone you know needs someone to listen, please contact: Children’s Mental Health Services of Hastings and Prince Edward Counties È£ÎÈÈΣääÊÊUÊÊÜÜÜ°V
Ã
«i°°V>
Community – The Carleton Place Farmers’ Market, in the new Market Square, remains a popular spot for area residents on Saturday mornings. recently, on July 13, the market was filled with a variety of stands, selling everything from jams and jellies, baked goods, to charcoal drawings, wooden toys and gardening supplies, shown above.
Services are confidential and free of charge.
Consider a gift to children in your estate, and change a child’s
life forever.
613.283.0570 ~ www.bigbrothersbigsisterslanark.ca ~ [email protected] THE EMC - 26 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Sign up for
It’s Free!
today
Start saving UP TO 90% Go to www.wagjag.com and click SIGN UP! Your Local EMC Community Newspaper
$29.95 FOR 4 KG OF BONELESS, SKINLESS CHICKEN BREASTS (A $65 VALUE)
Regular Price: $65.00 You Save: $35.05 $29.50 FOR 12 X 1 LB PACKS OF EXTRA LEAN GROUND CHICKEN (A $72 VALUE)
Discount:
$29.95 FOR 4 KG OF BREADED CHICKEN BREAST FILLETS (A $71 VALUE)
Regular Price: $71.00 You Save: $41.05 Discount:
58%
$24.95 FOR 24 PACKS OF CHICKEN HOT DOGS (AN $89 VALUE)
PICK UP YOUR WAGJAG GROCERY ORDER AT
$19 FOR 4 KG OF BREADED CHICKEN BURGERS (A $50 VALUE)
$29.95
$32.50 FOR 4 KG OF BONELESS CHICKEN BREAST BITES (AN $80 VALUE)
$32.50
$32.50 FOR 4 KG OF FULLY COOKED, BREADED CHICKEN WINGS (AN $80 VALUE)
$19
Get deals on your phone: R0012231311-0801
THE EMC - 27 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Jackman shines again in latest Wolverine film My Take MARK HASKINS
His wounds aren’t healing. He still manages to save Mariko, but Logan needs to find out what’s really going on if he and Mariko are going to survive. The Wolverine does everything right. It is full of action and violence with just a hint of romance and sadness, and a few sparsely but well placed one-liners. Mangold does a brilliant job of bringing the comic book action to life in larger-thanlife sequences that are only possible in a world with superheroes. He also balances the action with a story that truly highlights this often times tragic hero. This film really captures what this character is about. No one else is ever going to be able to take on this role. Hugh Jackman has made Wolverine all his own. He’s nailed the look, the delivery, the swagger, and the penchant for violence. He’s also nailed the sadness, the grief and the nobility. While I wasn’t very familiar with most of the cast I was impressed by them. Tao Okamoto falls into the role of Mariko with extreme grace. Rila Fukushima is perfect as Logan’s sidekick Yukio. Viper Svetlana Khodchenkova exudes both venom and evil. Hal Yamanouchi is fantastic as Yashida. Of course the big treat for me was seeing Famke Jannsen return as Jean Grey. It may have only been in Logan’s dreams, but she was still great. The Wolverine is awesome. ‘Nuff said. Mark Haskins’ column is a regular feature of the EMC.
Slow down, move over: OPP EMC News – The Lanark County Detachment of The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) wishes to remind drivers that emergency responders regularly face dangerous and difficult situations as they go about their daily duties serving and protecting our communities. Drivers must remember when passing a stopped emergency vehicle with its emergency lights activated, in the same direction of travel, either in a lane or on the shoulder of a road or highway, to slow down and pass with caution. If the road has two or more lanes you MUST move over into another lane, if it can be done in safety. Sections 159(2) and 159(3) of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act require all motorists approaching a stopped emergency vehicle to slow down and pass with caution. Drivers who fail to comply with this law are subject to the following penalties under the Highway Traffic Act. First offence: $400 to $2,000 fine plus three demerit points. Second offence (within five years): $1,000 to $4,000 fine plus possible jail time up to six months and a possible suspension of their drivers licence for up to two years. Submitted by the Ontario Provincial Police
Set your thermostat above room temperature in the summer and below room temperature in the winter. For each degree you adjust, you can save five per cent on your utility bill and one per cent on your energy use.
Imagine talking to all the people in
500,000
Town responds to AMO challenge for Haiti
By DIANN
S Staff Writer
Build a Mountain campaign success. celebrates
EMC News of Smiths Falls – The Town challenge when is up for the helping Haiti. it comes to In respons lenge issued e to a chalpresident of by Peter Hume, the Associa of Municipalities tion of Ontario (AMO) and tive directo AMO executown councir Pat Vanini, l committee committed at of the Wholeits Committee sion on Monda(COW) sesthe town makingy night to the minimum $100 Photo courtesy for Haiti indonation sought of JOHN GRAY of a devasta the aftermath Residents quake thatting 7.1 earthJan. 21 as may have noticed a curious several specia Central Americstruck the sight floatin hot air balloo l guests an nation g atop Smiths on Jan. 12. Connections n. During his ride, were invited to Falls on take a Realty Inc., John Gray, Smiths Falls broker of trip in the RE/MAX Dennis captured this picture record with Staples said Mayor sque view RE/MAX in support he of the town. of the initiati was By DIANN ve. He mentio E PINDER-MOS S that he had ned, however, “This is Well-known heard of some pheno Staff cartoo menal news commu Writer nist donate for the commu nities Orthopaedics EMC News s time to that ucts that had sending prodnities and Department LAWS. Smiths Falls – Perth and certainwe serve. We been collect it will be with potent or shelter items. will will ed a pleasur ly ial soon to welcom orthopaedic have the a second e candid e him with orthopaedic have open arms,� ates. He asked staff — Page 35 work with opportunity to geon to call he noted in if they had him.� “The recruit been on at their sur- press release. a The Perth hospital followi ment of that able to clarify whethe local physici and Smiths ans and would be r Falls ful recruitment ng a success- he’sDr. Mark Roberts the area can specialists to says would Distric t Hospit The responspossible. excited be a challen al ing process e from CAO Dr. Mark effort. like to acknow gof moving at the prospect Dr. Wayne Robert . I am delight Brown was ledge here. Intern ationa s, an Anderson 2009 ed based on that, and the OR by this announcemen “I was Medic al Graduate, will l extrem ely nursing staff who provide it is key to t as had seen, the news clips he UNITED impressed join the medenablin dynamic and with the hospita organiz ical staff at a staff, physici active ortho- continue to deliver g us to the Red Cross ations like WAY ans and admin-l paedic service Falls DistricPerth & Smiths istratio and Save the on our Childre ability to meet . n were seeking CAMPAIGN the needs of Dr. July, 2010. t Hospital in care n. The dedication donations to viding Roberts will be pro- patients in our area,� so they cash ently workin He is pres- sphereand the overall atmohip and knee hospita said g at London are proced joint Carter. l board chair Tim determine on site whatcould Health Scienc My family second to none. eral ures as part of a needed was es . genCentre, and University orthopaedic “Our screeni look forward I very much practic “Mone and trauma Hospital, London Ontari to relocat e, as in to the position has ng for this what theyy seems to be o. area and becom ing an orthop well as provide ing been nothare He has aedic a Brown stated. looking for,� less undergraduatereceived his ful part of such a wondeing office practice. clinic and we foundthan intense and A physici Councillor community,� r Mark to be and medical degrees Rob he said. “I referral will be require an ideal candid believe from Imperi ate to fulfill the agreed, saying he had Peters d to require College, al soned I can provide a sea- access his services. our from numer Goal: $370,000 heard ments. Ultima London inUniversity of and approach to patient ous to recruit their referrin s the United Raised to date: a physician, tely, tions “money is organizaKingdom. the easiest physician g doctor, Stabilizes program the process.� while incorpo must The additio $262,466 rating Dr. Peter n of a second as part of not see himself “I would suggest Roney, Chief the newest techniq some of orthop of Staff only aedic hospita 70.94% of goal the ues we supsurgeon special port the P&SFD my a long the donatio ty has will go nity. l but the commu says Dr. Robert H, n,� he said. way in stabiliz The Clinicto offer.� s will be “a the ing is a I believe Dr. Robert tremendous Surgery, Dr. al Chief of at orthopaedics program wonderful s If asset� every to the says addition to govern the Perth organization. Paul munic ipal and Smiths the hospital team “Dr. Robert Anderson Falls Distric and he donate ment in Ontari and his family t Hospital. comed additio s is a wel- hospita o d a minim The will l n has a make to the wonde um spent countle $100, hours in develo ss commu rful gain to our $44,00 that would result of “YOUR USED ping nity,� said in 0 of additio CAR SUPER Stepanuik, Todd Salesperson STORE� hospital presi- for Haiti, according nal aid to the AMO press 2007 FORD release. ! — Page 2
FEATURE
"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠĂŠ iÂŤi>Â˜Ă‰ >ÀÀ…>Ă›iÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ-ÂœĂ•ĂŒÂ…ĂŠUĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠ"Ă€Â?j>Â˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ >Â˜ÂœĂŒÂˆVÂŽĂŠUĂŠ >˜>ĂŒ>ĂŠUĂŠĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆĂŒĂŒĂƒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iÉ,ˆV…“œ˜`ĂŠUĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠĂ€Â˜ÂŤĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠUĂŠ,i˜vĂ€iĂœ Â?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>ViĂŠUĂŠ-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…ĂŠUĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ ˆ˜}ĂƒĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠĂ€ÂœÂ˜ĂŒi˜>VĂŠUĂŠ iÂ?Â?iĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ+Ă•ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒiĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆĂ€Â?ˆ˜}ĂŠUĂŠ >“LiÂ?Â?vÂœĂ€`
OTTAWA VALLEY & KANATA GROUP
8 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 90,300 HOMES
29
OTTAWA VALLEY & BROCKVILLE GROUP 5 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 71,600 HOMES
21
$
20 words. Each additional word 0.55 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠÂ?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i]ĂŠ >˜>ĂŒ>]ĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜]ĂŠ -ĂŒÂˆĂŒĂŒĂƒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iÉ,ˆV…“œ˜`
.23
20 words. Each additional word 0.55 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠÂ?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i]ĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i
SMITHS FALLS GROUP 4 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 43,300 HOMES
15
.60
20 words. Each additional word 0.50 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i] Â?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi
or call
1-888-WORD ADS (1-888-967-3237) emcclassiďŹ ed.ca
CLASSIFIED THE EMC - 28 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
*Above rates are for residential ads. For commercial rates visit emcclassiďŹ ed.ca
R0011948881 0307 R0011948881_0307
MOVIE: The Wolverine STARRING: Hugh Jackman, Tao Okamoto, Rila Fukushima, Svetlana Khodchenkova, Famke Janssen and Hal Yamanouchi DIRECTOR: James Mangold RATING: PG EMC Entertainment The Wolverine is exactly how you do a movie about Wolverine. Exactly. After being forced to kill Jean Grey (Famke Janssen) Logan (Hugh Jackman) has gone into seclusion. He’s turned away from the world vowing to never hurt anyone again. Then again, it doesn’t matter if you turn away from the world because the world sometimes comes looking for you. Logan’s past comes for him in the form of a young woman named Yukio (Rila Fukushima). She has come on behalf of her adoptive grandfather, Yashida (Hal Yamanouchi), who’s dying and wishes to say goodbye to the man who once saved him. Somewhat reluctantly Logan agrees to fly to Japan and meet with the old man. During World War II Logan was a prisoner just outside Nagasaki when events led to him saving a young Japanese officer just as the bomb was dropped. Now Yashida wants to repay Logan by giving him the one thing he thinks Logan wants; his mortality. Yashida wants to transfer Logan’s amazing healing ability into himself thus extending his own life and allowing Logan to live a normal one. Logan turns down Yashida’s offer, but it appears not to matter as the old man passes soon after, and Logan prepares to go home. Then at the funeral the Yakuza make an attempt to kill Yashida’s granddaughter, Mariko (Tao Okamoto), and Logan is right in the thick of it again. Logan jumps into the fray, but something isn’t right.
KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE TEMP!
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Thousands to benefit from court ruling News – The Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association (DPCA) said thousands of Ontario seniors will benefit from a July 26 ruling by the Ontario Divisional Court that will suspend the Ontario government’s plan to delist and significantly cut funding for OHIP physiotherapy on Aug. 1. “This is a victory for the thousands of Ontario seniors who depend on OHIP-funded physiotherapy for their mobility, their independence and their well-being,” said DPCA executive director Tony Melles, which provides OHIP-funded physiotherapy. “During the proceedings, it became clear from the government’s own testimony that the government deliberately neglected to meet its responsibility – and its own process – in failing to provide us with the required minimum 45 days notice that it was drastically cutting funding.” In his ruling, Justice Thomas Lederer referred the matter to a three-judge panel, which on Aug. 21 will consider an application for a judicial review from DPCA on stopping the cuts altogether. The province’s 91 designated physiotherapy clinics can continue to provide OHIP physiotherapy to their patients. “This has been a stressful, difficult situation for thousands of seniors, patients, their families and dedicated physiotherapy workers,” said Melles. “There was absolutely no consultation prior to the government’s decision, although court documents show that plans had been underway for the past 12 months to delist physiotherapy from the OHIP schedule of benefits. Health Minister Deb Matthews met with us on March 28 of this year, and gave no indication that significant funding and regulatory changes were coming. On April 18, she made her announcement.” Melles pointed out that in its testimony, the government acknowledged that it spent $200-million on physiotherapy in the 12 months ended March 31, 2013, and was budgeting only $156-million for the current year. The Minister continues to portray the new funding level as an “increase.” The Justice’s decision is being celebrated by physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants across the province. More than 3,000 Ontario physiotherapy workers – including 1,000 physiotherapists – were set to lose their jobs this week, as a result of the government’s cuts. More than 35,000 Ontario seniors living in retirement homes, supportive housing, and their own homes, had already been notified that their physiotherapists would not be able to treat them after Aug. 1. Now, they’ll receive care at least until Aug. 21. Submitted by Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association.
Practise safe boating this holiday weekend News – Drinking and boating accounts for approximately 40 per cent of boating-related fatalities on Canadian waterways. To raise awareness and reduce alcohol related deaths, the Canadian Safe Boating Council (CSBC) is launching Operation Dry Water, an initiative to discourage this dangerous practice. With the summer boating season in high gear, the Aug. 3 long weekend is the perfect time to remind Canadian boaters about the risks of drinking and boating. Combined with sun, wind, waves and the rocking motion of the boat, the effects of alcohol on the water can be greatly increased. Operation Dry Water will focus on the potential risks of drinking and boating, and remedies that are currently in place to discourage it. Operation Dry Water is aimed at reducing the number of alcohol-related accidents and fatalities on the water while fostering a stronger and more visible deterrent to alcohol use while boating. The end goal? To achieve safer and more enjoyable recreational boating. For a 30-second public service announcement and additional information on boating safety, please visit www.csbc. ca. Submitted by the Canadian Safe Boating Council.
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – The 18th annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest was held just outside of Almonte at the Herb Garden July 18. The day celebrated herbs and their uses in gardening, cooking and healthy living and featured a number of vendors, demonstrations and informative seminars. Each year, the Ottawa Valley Herb Association names a herb of the year and this year’s festival centered around the healing powers and culinary uses of elderberry. Left, Johvi Leeck with some beets, and above, Ann Dunlop shows some of her mixed media creations. R0012231301_0801
Mississippi Valley Conservation Authority is MOVING Along with this milestone event we are returning to the use of our full legal name, Mississippi Valley Conservation Authority (MVCA). Our new logo represents both our local identity and our connection with Conservation Ontario and all 36 conservation authorities across the Province. There will be a three day disruption in staff accessibility/service during our move between August 1 and August 6. The office will be open at the new location on August 7, 2013. Please note our new mailing address, phone and fax numbers, and office hours:
New Mailing Address 10970 Highway 7, Carleton Place, ON, K7C 3P1 New Phone number 613-253-0006 New Fax number 613-253-0122 New Office Hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The MVCA website will remain the same www.mvc.on.ca as will staff email addresses (first initial and last name of the person – eg. [email protected])
U N F O R G E T TA B L E M O M E N T S
HAS ARRIVED come see our selection 66 Foster Street, Perth 613-267-4466 | www.burnsjewellers.com
R0012238820_0801
The “A” Team CHRISTIAN ALLAN 613-207-0834 NORENE ALLEN 613-812-0407 Sales Respresentatives
Should you have any questions about the relocation or service interruption, please contact the office at
613-259-2421. Home | Auto Commercial
www.crainschooley.on.ca | 1-800-267-7959 Carleton Place | Kemptville | Smiths Falls | Perth
2 Wilson Street East, Perth SETTLEMENT REALTY BROKERAGE EACH OFFICE INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
613-264-0123
THE EMC - 29 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Crain & Schooley Insurance is a trade name of Johnson Inc., a licensed insurance brokerage in Ontario. Personal lines home and auto insurance policies are primarily underwritten by Unifund Assurance Company (Unifund). Unifund and Johnson Inc. share common ownership.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Forestry plays key role for all parties in proposed Algonquin settlement in partnership with Ontario and our neighbours to foster a sustainable forestry industry built on a foundation of economic prosperity, conservation and stewardship. This column is the fifth in a
By ROBERT POTTS
Lifestyle – The following is part of a series, provided by the Algonquins of Ontario. Forested areas have been integral to the Algonquin way of life since time immemorial. The proposed forestry chapter of the preliminary draft Agreement-in-Principle (AIP) recognizes the importance of the forest industry in the Algonquin Settlement Area to both the Algonquins of Ontario (AOO) and their neighbours. The cornerstone of this chapter is the commitment by the AOO and Ontario to work cooperatively to maintain support for the existing forest industry, while increasing Algonquin participation in, and benefits from the forestry sector. This commitment reflects the importance of forestry to the culture, economic stability and prosperity of the AOO. Through several proposed initiatives and collaborative partnerships, the preliminary draft AIP carves out more meaningful participation for the AOO within the forest industry. A number of proposed elements to be reflected in a final agreement are highlighted below. Economic development and training opportunities Key to the forestry chapter is the development of economic opportunities and supporting measures to increase Algonquin employment and participation in the forest industry throughout the settlement area, including in Algonquin Park. These initiatives include: • otifying the AOO of government contracts and job
of the preliminary draft AIP. For more information visit www. tanakiwin.com. Robert Potts is Principal Negotiator and Senior Legal Counsel for the Algonquins of Ontario.
Robert Potts opportunities related to forestry in Algonquin Park, • encouraging potential Algonquin employment, training and contract opportunities with Sustainable Forest License (SFL) holders, • the consideration of the potential for Algonquin benefits as a relevant factor when Ontario is evaluating tender bids or other government contracting procedures, • the provision of training opportunities by Ontario and the Algonquin Forestry Authority for the AOO in the forestry industry in Algonquin Park, including silviculture. Forestry management and planning A final agreement will also set out the nature and scope of Algonquin participation in forestry management and planning, including representation on planning teams, both inside and outside of Algonquin
Park. In addition, Ontario will appoint at a minimum one person nominated by the AOO to the board of directors of the Algonquin Forestry Authority for Algonquin Park. Ontario continues its commitment to consultation with the AOO on any new forestry policy initiatives within the settlement area, including the forestry tenure and pricing review. Moving forward The AOO, Ontario and representatives for SFLs located within the Algonquin Settlement Area have already begun working together to address forestry matters related to the Algonquin treaty negotiations as well as to collaboratively develop economic opportunities to enhance the competitiveness of the region. As we move forward towards a historic modern-day treaty, the AOO are committed to working
Learn how at:
Alcohol, boating make deadly combination Lifestyle – Ahh, boating! Skimming over the water with the wind in your hair. What a great way to spend a summer afternoon, especially with family and friends. A carefree atmosphere like this is just made to have fun and party. However, this partying should never include drinking alcohol. Mixing alcohol and boating can have tragic consequences. When the Canadian Safe Boating Council and SmartBoater. ca speak to Canadian boaters each year, there is no gentle way to say it. Being impaired while operating a boat can cost you thousands of dollars, or worse, turn a fun day into a deadly outing! Federal statutes dictate that, whether or not your craft is motorized, you can be charged with Impaired Operation of a vessel under the Criminal Code of Canada if your blood alcohol level exceeds the .08 threshold. That means you can be charged even if you are impaired while operating a canoe and a judge can, upon conviction, suspend your boating privileges, but it can get worse. Some provinces have enacted additional legislation to curb the practice of drinking and boating.
series providing insights into Algonquin history, the foundation for the land claim, elements of the preliminary draft AIP and next steps in the journey. The next column will focus on the heritage and culture component
In Ontario for example, Bill 209 amended the Highway Traffic Act to also apply to “anyone operating or having the care or control of a vessel.” As such, anyone found boating with a blood alcohol level above .05, face an on-the-spot drivers’ license suspension. That’s right! You can lose your automobile driver’s licence and should your blood alcohol concentration exceed .08, upon conviction an additional suspension of up to one year can be applied. If that’s not a sufficient deterrent, add the financial impact of court and legal fees, alternative transportation for the year (i.e. taxi, bus, train, etc.) and potential loss of employment if driving is an essential component of your job. But many impaired boaters are not stopped before something even worse happens. The Canadian Safe Boating Council completed a survey that identified in nearly 40 per cent of boating related deaths alcohol was a factor and 23 per cent of the cases involved alcohol above the legal limit. What increases the effects of alcohol while boating are sunshine and a boat’s natural rocking motion that can turn a simple ride into a dangerous
dunking. It only takes a large wake or wave, a quick change in the boat’s direction, or a ‘tippy canoe’ to result in someone falling overboard with tragic consequences. Navigating a boat takes coordination and your full concentration. Your decision making skills and ability to react suddenly to changes in condition and surroundings is compromised by alcohol. Your reaction time slows, your vision and judgement are affected and you are more willing to be reckless and take risks. Psychologists know that human nature has a way of rationalizing. “It can’t possibly happen to me” is often the thought. Whether that means “I’ll never be caught,” or “I’ll never be killed,” doesn’t matter. Neither of those things will happen if boaters stick to just boating on the water. Afterward, you can have a few drinks on shore and then stay put. It’s that simple – if you drink, don’t drive your boat. For more information on safe and responsible boating practices, visit Canada’s educational boating website www.smartboater.ca Submitted by the Canadian Safe Boating Council. THE EMC - 30 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
613-738-2646 R0012229681
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
SAFETY TIPS Home Escape Planning: If you are aware of someone living alone nearby, check with them to make sure they are safe. R0012228376_0801
Discover the...
Five Unique Venues ~ 20 Outstanding Shows
South S th Eastern E t Ontario O t i
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – The 155th edition of the Almonte Fair took place at the Almonte Fairgrounds July 19 to 21. Above, visitors packed the eventing ring to watch the cattle and horse shows. Below, participants show their prized animals during the 4H cattle show.
www.1000islandsplayhouse.com 2 Historic Waterfront Venues 185 South St., Gananoque 1-866-382-7020
Seniors, physiotherapy workers celebrate court’s decision to suspend cutbacks News – The Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association (DPCA) said thousands of Ontario seniors will benefit from a July 26 ruling by the Ontario Divisional Court that will suspend the Ontario government’s plan to delist and significantly cut funding for OHIP physiotherapy on Aug. 1. “This is a victory for the thousands of Ontario seniors who depend on OHIP-funded physiotherapy for their mobility, their independence and their well-being,” said DPCA executive director Tony Melles, which provides OHIP-funded physiotherapy. “During the proceedings, it became clear from the government’s own testimony that the government deliberately neglected to meet its responsibility – and its own process – in failing to provide us with the required minimum 45 days notice that it was drastically cutting funding.” In his ruling, Justice Thomas Lederer referred the matter to a three-judge panel, which on Aug. 21 will consider an application for a judicial review from DPCA on stopping the cuts altogether. The province’s 91 designated physiotherapy clinics can continue to provide OHIP physiotherapy to their patients. “This has been a stressful, difficult situation for thousands of seniors, patients, their families and dedicated physiotherapy workers,” said Melles. “There was absolutely no consultation prior to the government’s decision, although court documents show that plans had been underway for the past 12 months to delist physiotherapy from the OHIP schedule of benefits. Health Minister Deb Matthews met with us on March 28 of this year, and gave no indi-
cation that significant funding and regulatory changes were coming. On April 18, she made her announcement.” Melles pointed out that in its testimony, the government acknowledged that it spent $200-million on physiotherapy in the 12 months ended March 31, 2013, and was budgeting only $156-million for the current year. The Minister continues to portray the new funding level as an “increase.” The Justice’s decision is being celebrated by physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants across the province. More than 3,000 Ontario physiotherapy workers – including 1,000 physiotherapists – were set to lose their jobs this week, as a result of the government’s cuts. More than 35,000 Ontario seniors living in retirement homes, supportive housing, and their own homes, had already been notified that their physiotherapists would not be able to treat them after Aug. 1. Now, they’ll receive care at least until Aug. 21. About designated physiotherapy clinics (DPCs) The province’s OHIP-funded designated physiotherapy clinics (DPCs) have provided high-quality, low-cost care to more than 150,000 Ontario seniors, children, social assistance recipients and disabled persons each year in community clinics, long-term care homes and retirement residences for almost 50 years. DPC physiotherapists provide high-quality, safe and effective treatment on a fee-for-service basis in Ontario for only $12.20 per treatment. Submitted by the Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association.
Now Playing: THIRD FLOOR A Rom-Com with a Thriller Twist! July 5 – August 3 Coming Soon: THE 25TH ANNUAL PUTNAM COUNTY SPELLING BEE A Hilarious Musical Comedy August 2 – 31 THE POST MISTRESS A One Woman Musical August 16 – September 14 COLIN CARR – Cellist August 19 NO GREAT MISCHIEF A Sweeping Saga of Family Love September 13 - October 5
2013
PRICEDEX SOFTWARE SUMMER SERIES www.brockvilleartscentre.com
Box Office: 613-342-7122 Toll Free 1-877-342-7122 Online: bactickets.ca
THE ROY ORBISON STORY Starring Bernie Jessome August 7- 8 p.m.; August 8- 2 p.m. & 8 p.m.
TAKE ME HOME The music of John Denver August 21- 8 p.m.; August 22- 2 p.m. & 8 p.m.
MATTHEW GOOD October 21
RED GREEN October 23
GERRY DEE October 25
“30th Anniversary Season of Laughter & Music” MORRISBURG 1-877-550-3650 www.uppercanadaplayhouse.com Shakespeare on the banks of the St. Lawrence Kinsmen Amphitheatre Sandra S. Lawn Harbour, Prescott
613-925-5788 www.stlawrenceshakespeare.ca July 13 – August 17 MAID FOR A MUSKET – a brand new comedy by Lucia Frangione, with original music by Melissa Morris
July 17 – August 17 HAMLET – William Shakespeare’s classic tragedy for modern times. Please check our website for schedule of performances. SUNDAY SERIES 2 P.M. August 4 – Revelers Showcase August 11 – Bain & Bernard Comedy: Yorick Kidding Me! SATURDAY OCTOBER 19 – 8 P.M. at the Brockville Arts Centre “A Grand Night for Singing” The Music of Rodgers & Hammerstein
No Sex, Please, We’re British Classic farce by Alistair Foot & Anthony Marriott August 1-25 The Cemetery Club Heartwarming Comedy by Ivan Menchell September 5-29 Lucien By & Starring Marshall Button October 3-6 Vegas Knights Big band Tribute to the great Vegas Stars by Chris McHarge & Colin Stewart October 18-27 A Christmas Carol Musical & Magical Dickens Classic November 28-December 15
1000 Islands Theatre Experience proudly sponsored by… www.thegreatwaterway.com THE EMC - 31 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
South S th Eastern E t Ontario O t i
www.emcstlawrence.ca
No Administration Fees! No Hidden Costs! R0012231650/0801
Check out our full line up at
SMALL ENOUGH TO SAVE YOU TIME… LARGE ENOUGH TO SAVE YOU MONEY!
2013 Hyundai Elantra GLS
Product of Ontario Local – Arriving Daily
Cantaloupe
Join our E-News & Rewards Program 106 Wilson St. W. Perth 613.267.5409
www.foodsmiths.com
R0012239556_0801
BREA LAWRESON PLAYING FRIDAY AUG. 2ND 9PM–MIDNIGHT Reserve for our Greek night Tuesday, August 6th (formerly the Crown & Thistle) 71 Foster St., Perth Reserve at 613-267-4500 www.goldenarrowpub.com
22 RUSSELL ST. E., SMITHS FALLS www.therideauwinery.net
House Wines $ starting at
Includes on site fermentation Dress up your bottle with our custom labels!
The Perth and District Community Newspaper since 1834 2nd Section
www.insideottawavalley.com
Health unit confirms West Nile virus found in Perth By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
Photo by JASON CODE
Brent McLaren and his wife Shelley are pictured here during the Perth Kilt Run this year. Brent McLaren will compete this weekend at the World Town Crier Competition in Kingston.
Perth’s town crier hits the world stage By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
News – Perth’s Brent McLaren is preparing for the World Town Crier Competition this weekend in Kingston and he says he’s excited to be able to participate this
year. “I’ve never taken part in the worlds before but I have taken part in the Ontario (championships), nationals and invitationals,” he says. “There are 50 criers from around the world (coming
RETREAT… RENEW… REDEFINE.
30’S? 40’S? 50’S? OLDER??
www.abford.com bf d
4 DOOR, WHITE, AUTO, AIR, ONLY 44,515 KM
HWY 15, SMITHS FALLS 613-283-8200
to Kingston). Being held in His application was chosen in Kingston is close to home so we April as a successful candidate can get there without adding up a for the competition. lot of expenses. It also fits in a reThis is the first time the world ally good weekend because there championships have been held are not a lot of things happening See PERTH’S page P2 in Perth this weekend.”
News – West Nile virus has been confirmed in mosquitoes found in Perth. Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit confirmed Monday that a pool of mosquitoes in one of its traps in Perth has tested positive for this disease that can spread to humans if bitten by an infected insect. West Nile can cause flu-like symptoms and can ultimately lead to death in persons typically over 50 years of age, who may have a compromised immune system. However, no positive human cases have been found this year, said Kim McCann, senior public health inspector, community health protection with the health unit. “There have been confirmed human cases in the past, not specifically in Perth, but in the health unit’s coverage area.” The health unit collects and tests mosquitoes it traps from various sites around Lanark, Leeds and Grenville during the summer months, between June and September. McCann says that this year is the first since 2003, that positive mosquitoes have been captured in one of their traps. “Several other municipalities in Ontario have also detected the presence of WNv in their mosquito population this summer. The LGLDHU will increase mosquito monitoring and testing in the Perth area over the next few weeks,” says McCann. This region is home to several different types of mosquitoes. The mosquito responsible for spreading the West Nile virus is commonly known as a container mosquito, she says. “It lives in warm, organic, sheltered standing water and it tends to feed primarily between dusk and dawn, and prefers to
feed on birds, but occasionally will feed on humans.” The best bet to keep the mosquito population from thriving on your property, is to clean regularly, areas where the insects are known to breed, such as in standing pools of water, old tires or areas where garbage may accumulate. The health unit also advises to apply mosquito repellents to exposed skin sparingly – an effective repellent contains 20 to 30 per cent DEET. Products with more than that level of DEET may cause side effects, particularly in children. For kids, use a repellent with between six and 10 per cent DEET. And for children under the age of two years, it’s recommended that they not be exposed to repellent at all. If you need to be outside after dusk, it’s recommended that long-sleeved clothing, pants with socks and shoes be worn to deter the effects of being bitten by infected mosquitoes. McCann says that the health unit has investigated a few sporadic cases of West Nile virus among residents over the last few years. “Most people will have no symptoms,” she says of people who have the virus. “Some develop mild flu-like illness with fever, headache and body aches, and occasionally have a mild rash or swollen lymph glands.” People who think they have West Nile virus infection should contact their health care provider. Animals like birds and horses are more susceptible to the West Nile virus and local veterinarian, Dr. Sarah Logan at the Perth Veterinary Clinic says to vaccinate horses against the disease. “Dogs and cats are not susceptible to West Nile,” she says, “but it’s wise to vaccinate horses against the disease.”
Keep everyone guessing and wondering how you stay so Tay River Reflections Medical Spa For more information or to book an appointment: young looking! We have searched the world over to bring the most Call: 613-264-0888 advanced medical esthetic Visit: www.tayriverreflections.com or technologies to Perth! 279 Canal Bank Road, Perth ON K7H 3M6
THE EMC - P1 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Find a place to call home
Ask your Sales Representative today!
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Perth’s town crier hits Kingston for world championship competition
“Selling Perth is really so simple. Almost everyone has heard of Perth.” BRENT MCLAREN TOWN CRIER
How they carry themselves, how they ring their bells, how they cry – it will all be judged. “We have to submit our cries to them and mine are all written. I’m constantly practicing them,” he says. “You have to have between 100 and 125 words. They give us topics, so the first one is that I have to sell Perth… that’s an easy sell. The second one is on Sir John A. Macdonald, and the third cry is ‘Why Kingston is not Canada’s capital.’” The judges will be listening for such
things as an added word, a missed word, if the voice cracks or is louder than it should be, or drops… “they’re judging every aspect of the cry from the moment you walk on (stage) to the moment you walk off.” It comes down to selling his community. “It’s an easy community to sell,” he says of Perth. “Selling Perth is really so simple. Almost everyone has heard of Perth.” Part of his Perth cry for this competition will be sharing that Perth is the wedding capital of eastern Ontario. “It’s a huge industry of this community. It’s hard to fathom how wide-ranging bringing in all these weddings is for this town. So I’m pushing this in a humourous sort of way how we’re the wedding capital of eastern Ontario.” Throughout his time in Kingston, he will be handing out bookmarks, pins, pamphlets, and postcards to entice people to visit Perth. Throughout the year, he and his wife, Shelley, do about 90 events. Some are birthday or anniversary events, but other times he’s at a bigger events representing the town. Perth’s Mayor John Fenik says he wishes McLaren the best of luck this weekend, on behalf of town council and the residents. “He’s a great asset and I’m proud that he’s competing at the world championships,” said Fenik. He does an amazing job at being the face of Perth.
We wish him the best of luck.” IN TRAINING McLaren has spent about 20 or more years doing musical theatre and performing and recitals. He trained as a singer at Queen’s University. Theatre is probably one of the furthest from McLaren’s thoughts right now as his life is keeping him busy, especially now that he’s the deacon at the St. Francis Roman Catholic Church, in Smiths Falls. “That will keep you very busy,” he says. It took five years of study, and McLaren says he was ordained two years ago. How did he make the leap of being a trained singer to becoming a deacon? “You sing in the church,” he says. “From a young boy, I came through the church music programs. So much of my early life was (spent) singing in church choirs, solos, and all of that work.” After he married, he became a music director at a church outside Almonte. Does he deliver the Sunday sermon with the same flair as he would a town cry? “I deliver the sermon with whatever flair is necessary. Sometimes, it’s as a town crier, sometimes it’s Santevia from Fiddler on the Roof. When you speak from the heart, or when you speak to motivate people, you have to use what you have to use.” People wonder if he carries his theatre
Child’s rescue from Tay Canal has happy ending From front page
“It turned out the best possible way it could have happened,” agreed Davidson. While Davidson was feeling somewhat stressed about the incident, her son remained stoic. “He was fine,” she said. “He didn’t cry. I cried. My chest really hurt with the adrenalin. He said he wanted to go home.”
The incident did not scare LeBlanc off of swimming however – that very evening, he was back swimming at his grandparents’ pool. But, in time, despite his best efforts to hide it, Jack did have a bit of a meltdown the next day. “He had the smallest little cut on his hand and he just lost it,” said Davidson. “We are not invincible.” Though LeBlanc now lives in Almonte with his new wife, with whom he is
expecting another child, he gives his ex a lot of credit. “For her to do that in the current… she’s a hero,” he said. “She did an amazing job.” LeBlanc is advising other parents to keep a close eye on their children near the water’s edge, especially in light of the recent heavy rains the area has seen. “Keep a closer eye because you never know,” said LeBlanc.
BEAVER HOMES & COTTAGES with over 100 customizable plans EARN
41,826
training into the church, but McLaren says it’s the opposite. “I probably carry more of my church training into the theatre,” he says. “The audience isn’t going anywhere on Sunday. They’re there because they want to be there. It’s very different.” He still does a lot of singing because
Township of Drummond/North Elmsley Community News
Community News Aug 2013 R.R.#5, 310 Port Elmsley Road, Perth, ON K7H 3C7 (613-267-6500) www.dnetownship.ca
Council/Committee of the Whole Aug. 6, CoW Meeting – 2:00 p.m. Aug. 13 Council Meeting 7:00 p.m. Aug. 20 no meeting scheduled Aug. 27 Cow & Council combined – starting at 1:00
BUILDING DEPARTMENT Reminding residents starting a project without a building permit may result in a $250 charge. Swimming Pool permit is required for any pool more than 18” deep. Fencing around pools is a requirement in this Township. Solar Projects anticipated weekend work schedules are posted on the Township website by Thursday of that week. Expect extended work hours during the month of August and residents are advised to use caution when approaching the entrances to the solar farms during this busy construction phase. After-hours contact regarding Solar concerns, please call 613-812-0469
FIRE PERMITS Reminding residents that all open air burning requires a Fire Permit. Permit applications are available at the Township office. Registered owner of the property must sign the permit application.
Municipal Office is closed
Monday, August 5th for the
Civic Holiday --
Landfill on Code Road is closed Monday, August 5th
MILES
No interruptions for Garbage or Recycling pickups
R0012228381_0801
Lindhill II 1300 Sq. Ft. $83,653
PERTH
MPAC Representative coming to Township Office
Planning to Build? Visit us at Perth Home Hardware Building Centre or at www.beaverhomesandcottages.ca TM
Home Owners
Highway #7 at Drummond St. West
613-267-4501
HOURS: Monday to Friday 7am - 6pm Saturday 8am - 6pm Sunday 10am - 5pm
THE EMC - P2 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
that’s a requirement through the liturgy and the work he does. McLaren studied theology through the Satellite Theological Education Program (STEP) at the University of Notre Dame. He also has a diploma in ministry from St. Francis Xavier University.
A representative from the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation will be in attendance at the Township Office on th Wednesday, August 28 to meet with residents and answer their questions.
PLANNING DEPARTMENT Committee of Adjustment Meeting No meeting scheduled for August. The Planning Department encourages all property owners and contractors to contact the Township early if planning projects on waterfront properties or on the Rideau system.
R0022239607_0801
From page P1
in Canada, and with Kingston’s rich heritage, there are some cries that McLaren has been honing to recognize that history. McLaren will have to be “in character” each day when in the public eye. “There is an elaborate judging system. Literally everything you do, all day, is judged,” he says. “But the actual determination of the winning cry is determined by a different set of judges.”
Wedding Bells for 2013? Marriage Licenses now available at the Township Office. Civil Marriage Ceremonies Officiate services are available by Drummond/North Elmsley Township staff either at the Township office or at an offsite location. For more information contact:613-267-6500 or email:
[email protected]
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT Hazardous Waste Materials can be taken to the Carleton Place Hazardous Waste Depot at 128 Patterson Crescent on Saturdays from 8 a.m. to noon. Check the Carleton Place website for details. Brush and Leaf Clippings can be taken to the Code Road Landfill Mon, Tues, Fri from 10-5 and Saturday 9-3 or access the Smiths Falls composting centre on Hwy 43 on Saturdays from 8-4. Check the Smiths Falls website for other details. Line Painting & Crack Sealing: Public Works and Environmental Services Department wishes to remind residents to drive cautiously this month as you can expect to see Line Painting and Crack Sealing activities taking place on our roads. Roadside Brushing continues through August and some delays can be expected. Waste Site: Summer Hours in effect. Mon., Tues. Fri. 10 a.m.- 5 p.m.; Sat. 9 a.m. - 3 p.m. Garbage and Recycling Pick-Up The Environmental Services Department wishes to remind people that garbage and recycling materials must be placed at curbside by 7am. on collection day. Should your recycling not be picked up by 6:00 p.m. on your collection day call 613-812-1255. Report Wolf Kills directly to the Municipal Office. During business hours, Monday – Friday 8:30 – 4:30 call 613-267-6500 after hours call 613-200-0769
R0012236481_0801
Municipal Connection www.perth.ca TOWN OF PERTH COMMITTEE OF ADJUSTMENT
Key Map
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING CONCERNING MINOR VARIANCE APPLICATION NUMBER D13-AC- 06/13
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Perth Committee of Adjustment will hold a public hearing in accordance with Section 45 of the Planning Act, R.S.O. 1990, (as amended), on Friday, the 16th day of August, 2013, at 11:00 a.m., in the Town Hall, 80 Gore Street East, Perth, Ontario. THE PURPOSE of the application is to seek a reduction of the required minimum shoreline building setback and temporary relief from a required two lane entrance through a minor variance in accordance with the Planning Act, R.S.O., 1990, as amended. THE EFFECT of this application, if approved, would be to permit a reduced shoreline setback distance from 30m to 21 m to allow for construction of a log cabin to be used primarily as a storage building and temporary relief from the required two lane entrance to one lane for the permitted outfitters business. THE SUBJECT PROPERTY is located on the on the north side of Craig St. The site is described as Pt Lots 8 & 9 S Dewatteville St N Harvey ST, Pt Lot 8 S Harvey St. N Craig St, Pt former Sherbrooke St Plan 8828 as in Parts 1-3, 5 and 6 RP 27R 4588, and is muncipally known as 21 Craig St. THE KEY MAP below indicates the location of the lands subject to the application for permission. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION materials may be examined between 8:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. weekdays in the Planning Department at the Town Hall. Please call Michelle Mahon, Junior Planner at 613-267-3311 ext. 2252 in advance to ensure that Planning staff will be available to provide assistance. ALSO TAKE NOTICE that signed, written submissions shall be accepted by the Secretary-Treasurer prior to, or during the hearing and such submissions shall be available for inspection by any interested party. In addition, if a party, who is notified, does not attend the hearing, the Committee can proceed and the party is not entitled to any further notice of hearings.
CIVIC HOLIDAY CLOSURES:
A COPY OF THE DECISION will be mailed to those persons who attend or are represented at the hearing and those who have filed a written request with the Secretary for Notice of the Committee’s Decision. Dated at the Town of Perth This 24th day of July, 2013. Eric P. Cosens RPP, M. Sc. Director of Planning Town of Perth 80 Gore Street East Perth, Ontario K7H 1H9 Tel: (613) 267-3770 Fax: (613) 267-5635 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Land subject to application D13-AC-06/13
NEW DATE FOR FREDDY VETTE & THE FLAMES!
Please be advised that the Perth Town Hall will be closed on Monday, August 5th, 2013, in recognition of the Civic Holiday. Regular business hours will resume on Tuesday, August 6th, 2013. The Perth Visitor Information Centre will be open Monday, August 5th, 2013 on a modified schedule – between 10am and 6pm. The Perth & District Indoor Pool will also run on a modified schedule for the Civic Holiday. The schedule is as follows: ÿ Aquafit 11am to 12pm ÿ Lane Swim 12pm to 1pm ÿ Public Swim 1pm to 3pm The Perth Landfill Site will be closed Monday, August 5th and Tuesday, August 6th. It will re-open for business as usual on Wednesday, August 7th, 2013 at 8am.
CORPORATION OF THE TOWN OF PERTH: REQUEST FOR TENDERS VOICE OVER IP (VOIP) The Town of Perth is seeking bids from qualified respondents for equipment, installation and training for Voice Over IP (VOIP). Interested respondents must submit their bids in sealed envelopes to the Director of Protective Services no later than 12:00 noon on Friday August 23rd, 2013. Please contact Jim Connell at 613-267-3311 Extension 2226 for a copy of the RFP or visit the Town’s website at www.perth.ca for more details.
The show will go on! Friday, September 20th, 2013 at 8pm is the new date for the 50’s rock and roll band, FREDDY VETTE AND THE FLAMES! Come out to the Perth Legion (26 Beckwith St. East) and dance the night away to the most popular hits of the 50’s, all while supporting the Perth 200th Anniversary! This dance is a fundraiser for community celebrations during Perth’s anniversary year in 2016. A BBQ will be held prior to the show beside the Lounge, from 6-8pm. Doors open at 8pm, show starts at 8:30pm. Tickets are $25 in advance from either Town Hall or the Visitor Information Centre, or you can purchase with Paypal/debit/credit card through Shadowfax – 1-800-518-2729 or www.shadowfax.on.ca. Tickets can also be purchased at the door for $30. Community volunteers are welcomed to help assist with this event! For more information please contact Beth Peterkin at [email protected].
FREDDY VETTE & THE FLAMES – SEPT. 20th AT 8 PM
SAFETY TIPS Smoke Alarms: Test your smoke alarms. If a fire starts in your home while you are asleep, you want to know about it immediately. Some homes are equipped with electrically-connected smoke alarms that may not work when the power is out. Make sure your home has a battery-operated smoke alarm on every level. THE EMC - P3 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Man dies in hospital after shooting By STAFF
Photo by LAURIE WEIR
Big Splash News – The Perth Splash Pad committee received a cheque for $652 on Wednesday, July 24 from Barnabe’s Your Independent Grocer in Perth. Pictured (back, left to right) are Eric Borthwick of the splash pad committee, her son Ryan, who works at the grocery store, owner Matthew Barnabe, and Sue Doran and Riq Turner of the splash pad committee. In the front are Jade Borthwick, Presley Turner and mom Amanda Turner. In hiding is Zane Turner.
News – A 45-year-old Sharbot Lake area man has died in hospital after being shot by police last week at his home at Crotch Lake. The Special Investigations Unit stated in a press release early Monday afternoon, that during the interaction between OPP officers and a male at the residence, police firearms were discharged and the man was struck multiple times. He underwent surgery for his injuries at Kingston General Hospital, but died yesterday at 7:48 p.m. Sharbot Lake OPP stated that officers from its detachment attended to a call for service at a residence around 5 p.m. July 25, on Arden Road in Kennebec Township. When officers arrived, they were confronted by an armed male. Shots were fired. The male was taken to Kingston General Hospital where he died Sunday night. The SIU has assigned five investigators and two forensic investigators to probe the circumstances of this incident. At this time the SIU has designated two subject officers and six witness officers in relation to this incident. Anyone who may have information regarding this case is asked to contact the lead investigator at 416-622-1935 or 1-800-787-8529, ext. 1935. The SIU is an arm’s length agency that investigates reports involving police where there
has been death, serious injury or allegations of sexual assault. Under the Police Services Act, the Director of the SIU must consider whether an officer has committed a criminal offence in connection with the incident under investigation depending on the evidence, lay a criminal charge against the officer if appropriate or close the file without any charges being laid report the results of any investigations to the Attorney General.
PARK IT! Leave your car at home for a day, week or a month! Try walking or biking. If work is too far away to walk carpool. R0011948547_0314
Contact us at: ÂŁĂ‡Ă¤Ă“ĂŠÂ™ĂŒÂ…ĂŠ ˆ˜iĂŠ iVÂŽĂœÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂŠ,,›Ó]ĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ" ĂŠUĂŠ Ç ĂŠĂŽ*Ă“ i˜iĂ€>Â?ĂŠÂ˜ÂľĂ•ÂˆĂ€ÂˆiĂƒ\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“xLJ£xĂŽÂ™ĂŠÂœĂ€ĂŠÂŁÂ‡nää‡xĂŽx‡{xĂŽĂ“ *Ă•LÂ?ˆVĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽĂƒ\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“xLJ£nÂŁĂ¤ĂŠÂœĂ€ĂŠÂŁÂ‡nää‡xĂŽx‡{xĂŽ{ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽĂŠ>Ă€i>ĂŠVÂœ`iÂŽ [email protected]
SMITHS FALLS SMITHS FALLS R.R. #1 LOMBARDY ROAD
(613) 283-4411
SCHEDULED MEETING DATES 2013
The Meeting Dates are as follows: Tuesday August 13th, 2013 7:00 PM Council Reeve Richard Kidd Tuesday August 20th, 2013 6:00 PM Council Reeve Richard Kidd Thursdsay, August 15th, 2013 3:00 PM Beckwith Police Services Board
Detailed agendas for meetings are available for review on the Township website at www.twp.beckwith.on.ca or at the Township Office 24 hours prior to the meeting
LARGE ITEM PICK UP Any HOUSEHOLD garbage that does not meet the size limitation of 1.5 meters by 60 cm by 60 cm and/or exceeds 15 kg is considered a LARGE ITEM. Items that are not collectible in the regular garbage stream by virtue of their nature are still not collectible i. e. construction material, rocks, brush, household hazardous waste etc. Examples of large items include couches, televisions, mattresses, appliances, carpet etc. Items such as refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, dehumidifiers contain coolant – these items must be drained and tagged by a licenced technician. Waste bundles (including Carpet) must be securely tied and must not exceed 1.5 m in length and 20 kg in weight. Each Large item must have 3 stickers affixed to it (additional tags may be purchased for $2 at the Township Office). Large Items must be set out at the curbside by 7:00am on the following days For those residents having regular garbage collection on Mondays: August 12th, 2013 September 9th, 2013 October 7th, 2013 For those residents having regular garbage collection on Tuesdays: August 13th, 2013 September 10th, 2013 October 8th, 2013
R0012229822_0801
WWW.TWP.BECKWITH.ON.CA THE EMC - P4 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
4/ /52 #534/-%23 s 4HE INFORMATION IN THIS AD REm ECTS THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE DURING ITS CONCEPTION )F DESPITE OUR VIGILANCE SOME ERRORS OCCURRED A NOTICE WILL BE PRINTED IN STORE &OR 2/.!DVANTAGES OFFER SEE DETAILS IN STORE ). 34/2% &).!.#).' 02/'2!- #/.$)4)/.3
4HE $ESJARDINS !CCORD $ l NANCING PROGRAM IS AVAILABLE WITH THE 2/.! 2/.! 6)3! $ESJARDINS AND 6)3! $ESJARDINS CREDIT CARDS ! MINIMUM PURCHASE OF BEFORE TAXES IS REQUIRED 9OU CAN APPLY FOR THE 2/.! CARD ON THE SAME DAY IN STORE 4HIS OFFER DOES NOT APPLY TO GIFT CARDS PURCHASES .OT AVAILABLE FOR ONLINE PURCHASES #ANNOT BE COMBINED WITH ANY OTHER OFFER WITH THE EXCEPTION OF !)2 -),%3¤ BONUS OFFERS ›4AXES APPLICABLE MUST BE PAID AT THE TIME OF PURCHASE 4HIS OFFER MAY END OR MAY BE CHANGED WITHOUT NOTICE
LOCAL NEWS
Perth CIBC celebrates half century with prudent party By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
TREE CARE
613-390-1991
R0012239438_0801
Business – The CIBC branch in Perth will be celebrating its 50th anniversary later this month. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce opened its doors on Gore Street in the downtown core back on Aug. 19, 1963. “It used to be right across from the apothecary,” at Herriott and Gore, recalled current branch manager Cathy McGlade during an interview at her Highway 7 office on Friday, July 26. “It’s now Lavender and Lace,” though when the bank moved location, another financial institution, the Standard Trust, moved in. “My understanding is that the town came to Perth because of the Silversmiths factory,” said McGlade. “The bank had that account.” More than two decades ago, the bank moved to its current location in the Perth Mews. “It took a lot of nerve for the branch manager of the time to pack up and move out here, when all of the other branches were downtown,” said McGlade. But, aside from convenience to the highway, and the prospect of residential development on the north side in years to come, there were other, more practical, reasons for wanting to leave downtown. “It had a basement that flooded every spring,” said McGlade, who has worked for CIBC, at the same branch, for 34 years. “You had to make sure that all of the records were up off of the floor.” While any move is stressful, this one, with literally a huge hoard of cash to be physically transferred, made moving day especially noteworthy. “Moving day was very exciting,” said McGlade. “We had security and police officers with sawed-off shotguns guarding the vault, as it was loaded onto the flat bed truck.” During the move, time was also of the essence – the bank closed its old doors at 6 p.m. on Friday, and had to be ready for the first customers on Monday morning, at the new location, while staff were “pretending you knew where everything was,” said McGlade. Amongst the many changes she has seen over the years has been the rise of women, including herself, to higher management positions within the financial field.
“The male side of it would have been the boss side of it (back then),” said McGlade. Now, however, “it’s 100 per cent female now.” Technology has changed how she first did her job. “When I first started at the branch, we looked at every cheque that people wrote,” said McGlade, to make sure that they weren’t stale dated, though she just missed having to make manual calculations in ledgers. “It went from very hands-on to now being done by machine.” The introduction of automated teller machines (ATMs) also showed her an interesting, caring, if misinformed, side of her customers. “It wasn’t until we came here that we got bank machines set up to use,” she said. “For a while, they (customers) were hesitant (to use them) because they felt it would cost the job of a teller. People would say, ‘No, I don’t want to cost you your job.’” Even now with some people only wanting to use virtual banking, when the virtual world comes crashing down, as it does sometimes, “bricks and mortar are still important,” she said with a smile, since customers still have somewhere, Photo by DESMOND DEVOY and someone, they can call upon for The CIBC branch at the Perth Mews off of Highway 7 will be celebrating its 50th anniversary on Aug. 19. help. McGlade was born in Perth, and attended both St. John Catholic High School and Perth and District Collegiate LANARK COUNTY Institute. After graduation, she went straight to working for the bank. She said she still loves working in her home town since, among other things, “it TRIMMING PRUNING REMOVAL PLANTING allowed me the time to walk to work and not have a second car. It gives you a bit Fully Insured • Free Estimates of fresh air to start your day.” WILL ELLIOTT Another walk she takes once a year R0012154368_0613 is the branch’s longest-running – no pun intended – charity sponsorship, the CIBC Run for the Cure, for the past 17 years. “I have walked or ran it for 15 of those years,” she said. The branch’s ongoing book drive is also popular with customers. “People come in to drop books, drop books, drop books,” she said excitedly, BUILT FOR LIFE.™ making the dropping motion. “And we just sell them, sell them, sell them.” The 50th anniversary celebrations will take place at the branch from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., and include balloons and birthday cake.
60-1880 Lawn Tractor in-store special
$
50" Hydrostatic Transmission Riding Mower
Photo by DESMOND DEVOY
Cathy McGlade is the branch manager of the CIBC branch in Perth, which is celebrating its 50th anniversary this month.
While quanities last.
Sorry No rains check
Come in and check out our store for other sizes and lawn tractors that are available.
Now available at
CANADIAN TIRE PERTH 45 DUFFERIN STREET, PERTH
613-267-3412 AUTO SERVICE 613-267-6705 `>ÞÊqÊÀ`>ÞÊÇ\ÎäÊ>°°\ääÊ«°°ÊUÊ->ÌÕÀ`>ÞÊÇ\ÎäÊ>°°È\ääÊ«°°ÊUÊ-Õ`>ÞÊ\ääÊ>°°x\ääÊ«°° THE EMC - P5 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Historic family-owned downtown business founded in 1973 [email protected]
Business – One of downtown Perth’s best-known businesses, The Mill Store, will be closing its doors forever this September. “This has been a family business for 40 years (and) I’ve been here 38 anda-half years and it was time to retire,� said owner Harry R. Hale during an interview in his office on Thursday, July 25, shortly after a bright red sign was posted in the store’s Foster Street window alerting customers that the business was to be wound up. “I’ve been working on this for six months.� Hale had tried to keep the store going without him, but to no avail. “I did have it up for sale (but) there was no interest,� said Hale. “I had a timeline that if there was no interest shown, I would proceed to shut down.� While the store is located in an historic downtown property, at a busy intersection with a lot of foot traffic, there were also aspects such as it being a big store with a lot of inventory that worked against it being sold. While the business was not in dire financial straits, the changing economic climate has been felt at his store. “The economics have changed over the years,� admitted Hale. “Certainly there is more competition from the big stores, and in my particular case, I’ve lost a lot of good Canadian suppliers,� who have gone out of business. His two sons were also not interested in taking over the family business. “This wasn’t it,� he said of his two grown sons, who now have lives of their own. “This didn’t sit with what they wanted.� The phone in Hale’s office has been ringing constantly, with orders taking a spike as the news spreads. His customers have also been coming to terms with the news. “Certainly (they are) disappointed to see the store going,� he said. “A lot of them are wondering where they will do their shopping for the merchandise we carried in the store.� While customers may wonder where they can get their wool from now on,
many have been sympathetic to Hale’s predicament. “I’ve known a lot of people for many years and they are happy for me,â€? said Hale. “It is bittersweet.â€? But wool and women’s fashions were not the only things on sale. Perth and Canada tourism items, as well as men’s fashions, like golf wear, were on display, as were items of our national pastime. “I got into hockey (at the store) six or seven years ago,â€? said Hale. “We brought it in‌you have to diversify.â€? He also pointed out that while they certainly carried the Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Montreal Canadiens, they also stocked Detroit Red Wings and Boston Bruins material. “Even in Ottawa it is hard to get some of those teams,â€? said Hale. Hale’s mother and father started the store in the September of 1973, while he started work in April of 1975 at the store, which had been a convenience store previously. “In the beginning, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, bus tours were a big attraction,â€? he recalled. “We would have several busses a week who would be doing a tour of eastern Ontario.â€? While one of his staffers will retire, his other two employees will be looking for new employment starting this fall. “I’ve had very dedicated staff, some of them have been with me for 22 years,â€? he said. One of his current staffers has been on the payroll for 19 years. “(They are) very dedicated, very helpful to the customers and the customers certainly appreciated coming in and seeing a familiar face.â€? As for his customers, “a lot have been in within the last week. Perth and area have been very supportive of the store,â€? he said, adding that they draw from beyond Lanark County, with regular customers from Ottawa and Kingston, and even as far away as New York and Pennsylvania. “Some of them I met 30 years ago and now they are bringing their grandchildren,â€? he said with a laugh. After the inventory runs out and everything is squared away, Hale
Photos by DESMOND DEVOY
Harry Hale, owner of The Mill Store in downtown Perth, poses in front of some of his hot selling yarn, one of his store’s go-to items for the past four decades. Below, a couple hits the pedestrian crossing button in front of the store. intends to do some travelling, hitting the Caribbean island nation of Antigua this fall, followed by a golfing trip to Florida. Outside of his office, more customers than would normally mill about on a
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
R0012236472_0801
By DESMOND DEVOY
Thursday morning click through the clothes racks, and examine the sales prices on tourist trinkets. As he stands up to leave his desk and return to the store floor, he stops at the top of his tiny flight of stairs and pauses.
“I’m not sure if I should say this,� he says. “My wife died four years ago, and she was very active part of the business. She was a great volunteer. She was a key part of this business.� Laura Hale was only 59.
-8);-1;21')46; )%674-1+; ;%/701-;,4-5;",203521;;/):; %'#-//-%0;
With Special Guests From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* $* )** *% !%* * " "##&*#) * $ *( " *
; * " * *$* "$* " #*' ** $*$ *$* %#* " " *$*"$** #$"$* ;
$* #$%$****; ; "$*$% *$"***$* %*"*** $#*& *;! #$; ; 2245;23)1;;30;;;!,29;56%465;;30 ; ;256)4;!64))6; )46,;; )1)4%/;(0-55-21;; $* * ;24; ; "* *** %"* "$* 24;%6;6,);(224 ; //;%+)5;)8)16 ; ;;6%:;121 4)*71(%&/); ; ; %1(;-1*2; 21;-"71)5;%')&22.;%1(;4)8)4&1%21 '20;
now available! our fall sale 2013 catalogue Start your Fall shopping now Our 164-page catalogue features Women’s Outerwear, including the key looks for Fall--Berber jackets, duffle coats, pea jackets, and trench coats. It also features a wide selection of Fashion Bedding for everyone in the family including bedding sets, duvets, blankets, annel sheets and much more. Whether it’s for your home or family, you’ll ďŹ nd the brands and prices you want in our Fall Sale 2013 catalogue.
Pick-up your FREE copy at any Sears catalogue location or view it online at www.sears.ca/cataloguecentral For the closest pick-up location visit sears.ca/pickup THE EMC - P6 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Cornerstone Landing works to prevent youth homelessness
R0012233650_0801
to even greater risk once they are couchsurfing.” While more than 300,000 people are technically homeless in Canada, young people represent one third of those numbers. But it’s a different phenomenon for individuals who are still growing and finding themselves at the age of 16 or 17, out on their own without all the life skills they require. Experts say the keys for assisting homeless youth in the transition to adulthood are education and training. Cornerstone Landing works to keep the youth it supports in school, where they can access friends, community, and resources. The organization recently hired a long-time social justice organizer, Matthew Behrens, to work as the group’s part-time community coordinator. “A lot of at-risk young people would attend school if they had a more stable living environment, and Cornerstone’s Submitted photo
Cornerstone Landing board members Christine Campbell and Terrilee Kelford go over student surveys on youth homelessness, which reveal that the often hidden problem of young people without a permanent home is a growing problem in the area. If left on their own, these students become very vulnerable to the dangers of couch surfing (physical/sexual abuse and possible drug addiction), which in the past has led them to drop out of school.” Cornerstone recently launched a website (http://cornerstonelanding. com) detailing its work and upcoming activities, including a major fundraising dinner and dance Oct. 25 at the Civitan Hall. The group also conducted a June survey in area high schools to calculate raw numbers that will provide a snapshot of problems in Perth and surrounding communities. “While tabulating the responses to the survey, which we expect to release this
fall, we are struck by the experiences that lead to young people finding themselves without a safe, permanent home,” says Terrilee Kelford, one of the founders of the group and someone who has worked on the issue for over a dozen years. “Youth homelessness is sometimes a misleading term because people tend to blame the youth,” Kelford says. “Youth homelessness is usually an adult-created problem, the end result of dysfunctional families, drug or alcohol addiction, poverty, a lack of affordable housing, a traumatic experience that does not get dealt with in a caring manner, non-acceptance of lifestyle issues or sexual orientation, a whole range of issues that expose young people
THE TOWNSHIP OF LANARK HIGHLANDS
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
partnership is clear: you stay in school, we will support you,” he says. “It’s hard to imagine the daily stresses of the average teenager looking at an uncertain future. You suddenly add to that not having clean clothes, a place to shower or do your homework, or the precious gift of personal privacy, and you begin to understand the peril and that absolutely crushing feeling so many young people experience when it’s no longer safe for them to live with their family.” Cornerstone is looking for volunteers to help supply meals, provide rides to client appointments, assist with tutoring needs, and contribute to the costs of the organization. For more information on getting involved with or donating to Cornerstone Landing, visit http://cornerstonelanding. com, email info@cornerstonelanding. com or call (613) 267-3998. Submitted by Cornerstone Landing
R0021966773
News – One of the challenges facing many area young people this summer is what to do in Perth. Does one stay at home in the air conditioned comfort of a basement, or venture out to the family cottage? But a growing number of young people are coping with a more compelling reality: trying to find a safe place to lay down their heads at night. With warmer temperatures, that could be under a bridge in Stewart Park, a car parked in an out-of-the-way place, a simple tent in the bush. And while the problems of homelessness are most often associated with the rigors of cold winter weather, summertime is an equally dangerous time for individuals who cannot access a cooling area, proper hydration and nutrition, and daily comforts like a shower and a bed to ride out a heat wave or violent storm. Lanark County does not have an emergency youth shelter or public transit, so options for homeless youth are few and far between. While homelessness is more obvious in Ottawa or Toronto, rural youth homelessness is hidden away in a pattern of couch-surfing and other forms of precarious living. Perth’s Cornerstone Landing Emergency Residence is working to prevent youth homelessness by connecting with young people aged 16 to 24 at risk of losing the roof over their heads, introducing them to local services, and providing stabilizing supports for independent living, including rent supplements and gift certificates. “I work with at risk youth on a daily basis,” says Christine Campbell, a child and youth worker at Perth & District Collegiate Institute who chairs the board of Cornerstone. “There are times when a student will come to me and say that they are not able to live at home at this point. The reasons vary, but nine times out of 10 it is because there is something going on at home that prevents them from being there.
MUNICIPAL MATTERS
www.lanarkhighlands.ca a COUNCIL MEETING SCHEDULE
2nd Annual
CLASSIC CARS ON THE CLYDE Presented by the Township of Lanark Highlands
Sunday August 4th, 2013 10:00 am – 2:00 pm Clyde Memorial Park, Lanark
Committee Tuesday, August 6th, 2013 at 2:30 pm Tuesday, August 13th, 2013 at 2:30 pm (White Lake)
Council Tuesday, August 27th, 2013 at 7:00 pm
DID YOU KNOW? Recycling one glass bottle to make a new one saves enough energy to light a 100 watt bulb for four hours.
Contacts: Day – Ross Trimble 613-259-2398 ext. 222 Night – Brian Trimble 613-257-7029
KEEP IT GREEN – RECYCLING WORKS!
FIRE BAN IS LIFTED – PERMITS ARE REQUIRED THE EMC - P7 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
OPINION
Connected to your community
Wynne’s no-win situation
Editorial – Today, voters across the province will be casting judgment on the fate of Premier Kathleen Wynne’s Liberal government. It feels a little bit more like a poll is being taken across the province, like those annoying suppertime telephone polls except this one is binding. It may not be quite the referendum on Wynne that Progressive Conservative leader Tim Hudak is calling it, but neither is it something that can be ignored. Today, voters in London West, Windsor-Tecumseh, Etobicoke-Lakeshore, Scarborough-Guildwood, and in Ottawa South, will go to the polls to plug up some holes in the seats at Queen’s Park. As we have seen in past elections, like 1990, London is often a bellweather for the rest of the province. Very often, as goes London, so too goes the rest of Ontario, somewhat of a microcosm of enough of the province to be representative of it. Unlike by-elections held during a majority government’s mandate, which are often of little consequence to the balance of power, these votes will significantly alter the political landscape, depending on how well the opposition parties do. The Liberals’ hold on Toronto now looks iffy, but anything can happen in Ottawa, and the NDP and Tories could take seats away in London and Windsor, according to the polls. Remember that there was only one seat separating Dalton McGuinty from another majority government back in October of 2011. By tonight, that gap could grow wider. It is interesting to see just how many Liberal ministers, like Dwight Duncan, Laurel Broten, and Dalton McGuinty himself, have jumped ship rather than face what now seems like an inevitable meltdown for the Grits. Wynne has been stoic, but realistic about these battles. Campaigning in London West, she told the Toronto Star recently, “as you know, by-elections are tough for incumbent governments.” She may be preparing the embattled Liberals for even more bad
news come this evening after the polls close. Some have called her decision to have these elections in the dead of summer a cynical move to catch the voters unawares, but, even if she had held off until September, it still would have been viewed as a summer campaign, and those seats should be filled in time for the fall session, and to bring new MPPs up to speed. Damned if she does, damned if she doesn’t. Now, it’s not over yet, and Wynne can take solace with what she has seen in three other elections. The polls were way off in British Columbia this past May, returning Premier Christy Clark to office, to the surprise of everyone but her. In Alberta, the polls swung, under the radar, in the last two weeks of the campaign, enough to keep Alison Redford’s Progressive Conservatives in office. And even next door in Quebec, while Pauline Marois’ Parti Quebecois returned to power after nearly a decade in opposition, Jean Charest’s Liberals did not go into complete meltdown, as many had predicted. In many ways, Wynne has to take ownership of mistakes she didn’t make, promising change while, at the same time, not distancing herself too much from the premiership of ‘what’s-his-name’ from 2003 to 2012. Last September’s KitchenerWaterloo by-election, which saw a surprise win for the NDP in a seat not normally warm to the social democrats, was one of the bellweathers which likely hastened McGuinty’s departure (his first one). This time around, Wynne, just selected by her party as leader this past January, can’t cut and run like McGuinty did. And with a new cabinet sworn in this past winter, she can’t borrow a page from Prime Minister Stephen Harper and have a cabinet shuffle this early on. Even prorogation seems out. She is in an unfortunate position in many ways, Lifestyle - I have a love/ and while she appears to be personally friendly, hate relationship with our she may also, like former Prime Minister Kim stairs. Campbell, end up paying the price for the guy who Actually, that’s not true. I skipped out on the bill. have never loved them, and it would be more accurate to say I fear them more than hate them. Let’s just say I have a healthy respect for them. Since moving into our house almost 14 years 39 Gore Street East, Perth, ON, K7H 1H4 ago I have fallen down our stairs three times. I am T: 613-267-1100 • F: 613-267-3986 • www.insideottawavalley.com gifted, apparently. The first time was not long after we moved in. Vice President & Regional Publisher Mike Mount It was late. I subconsciously decided to go the fast [email protected] Sales Representative Kevin Hoover way down the stairs to make sure I’d turned out the 613-283-3182, ext. 104 [email protected] lights. “I’m okay!” I said. 613-267-1100 ext. 229 General Manager Peter O’Leary Later, in shock, I decided to try fainting in the [email protected] Managing Editor Ryland Coyne bathroom. 613-283-3182, ext. 112 [email protected] Good times! 613-283-3182, ext. 142 Group Publisher Duncan Weir That little trip resulted in a doctor visit, a [email protected] News Editor Laurie Weir scription for anti-inflammatories and a brand new 613-283-3182, ext. 164 [email protected] donut cushion thanks to a broken tailbone and an 613-267-1100, ext. 246 injured rotator cuff (I had braced for impact, which Distribution Kathy Farrell shoulders don’t appreciate.) 613-284-0124, ext. 22 Reporter Desmond Devoy The next episode was dramatic because it [email protected] Advertising Sales Co-ordinator Andrea Harding pened while I was carrying baby Girlchild. Fortu613-267-1100, ext. 226 [email protected] nately, I took the brunt of the fall (which didn’t 613-283-3182, ext. 169 involve most of the flight like the first time). Girlchild was alarmed but unhurt, and I escaped with a Publisher’s Liability: The advertiser agrees that the publisher shall Distribution Manager not be liable for any damages whatsoever arising from errors in few bruises and a reminder to pay attention on “the Lori Sommerdyk 613-284-0124 x27 advertisements beyond actual amount paid for space used by the stairs that hate me.” part of the advertisement containing the error. The publisher shall For distribution inquires in your area, or for the re-delivery of not be liable for non-insertion of any advertisement. the publisher I hasten to add here that it’s not as if I gallivant, a missed paper or flyer, please call 1-877-298-8288. will not knowingly publish any advertisement which is illegal, misleading or offensive. traipse or partake in tom foolery on these stairs, Distribution: 12,100 Homes Weekly it’s just that it’s an old house with a steep staircase Advertising Deadline - Monday 12 noon The contents of this newspaper are protected by copyright and may be used only for your personal non-commercial purposes. All other rights are reserved made of treads for, apparently, small-footed (not to Classified Deadline - Monday 12 noon and commercial use is prohibited. Permission to republish any material must be sought from the relevant copyright owner. mention sure-footed) people. Or perhaps mountain Editorial Deadline - Monday 12 noon goats. (For the moment let’s just ignore the fact I seem to be the only one who has trouble with the stairs, although many have commented on their steepness). The third (and lets’s hope final) time was a sleepy slip of the foot last autumn that found me careening down a half flight. That led to more Honourable Malcolm Cameron
Rip, scrape, sand and add grit
Member of the Baldwin-La Fontaine cabinet, leader of the Clear Grit Movement, champion of temperance and founder of the Courier.
The contents of this newspaper are protected by copyright and may be used only for your personal, non-commercial purposes. All other rights are reserved and commercial use is prohibited. Permission to republish any material must be sought from the relevant copyright owner.
quality time with the donut cushion, a lot of Advil and a busted (again) tailbone that has had quite enough of my shenanigans, thank you very much, and has not completely forgiven me. STEPHANIE GRAY Where am I going with this? Well, we decided to rip up the ancient carpeting on the stairs (only to discover an even more ancient green runner underneath). The weekend was spent ripping, tearing and pulling out enough nails and staples to warrant a call to a scrap heap, followed by scraping, more pulling of errant nails and staples, sanding, hole filling and, of course, vacuuming. That “distressed” look people pay hard-earned cash to achieve? We’ve got it in spades. Next comes the painting. Now, you might ask, is painting these treacherous (for me) stairs a wise move? Only time will tell. We hope it will be just pretty, and not pretty dramatic. Groom-boy picked up the paint for the treads the other day, and as I ran my finger over the splotch of colour they dab on the lid of the paint can, I panicked. “Groom-boy!” I said. “This doesn’t feel gritty! Didn’t you get the gritty stuff so I wouldn’t fall down the stairs?” Groom-boy is heading back to the store for paint grit. So, yes, if you come to our house (not recommended for anyone with dust allergies), then I am hopeful you will have traction on our vintage mountain-goat stairs. Personally, I hope to avoid having column fodder about my latest epic journey down the stairs, assuming I survive. For now, in addition to utilizing stair grit, I will continue to hold the railing, descend slowly and show the utmost respect for the stairs. Or maybe I should just tie the donut cushion to my bum as a preventive measure.
Past Deadline
Editorial Policy The Perth Courier welcomes letters to the editor. Senders must include their full name, complete address and a contact phone number. Addresses and phone numbers will not be published. We reserve the right to edit letters for space and content, both in print and online at www.insideottawavalley.com. To submit a letter to the editor, please email [email protected] or fax to 613-267-3986 or mail to: 39 Gore Street East, Perth, ON, K7H 1H4.
THE EMC - P8 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Town’s longest running race prepares for kick-off Aug. 28 at Perth Museum By TERRY O’HEARN
News – The Legion’s track and field program dates back to the early 1950s when Hydro Branch 277 in Toronto sponsored the former Canadian Olympic Training Plan. In 1957 the Royal Canadian Legion officially began to finance that training plan with clinics held in Toronto, to which athletes from each province were invited. Over the years many changes took place within the Legion and our government, but a national meet has been held since 1975, and funds have been allocated for camps since 1977. This year’s Legion Canadian Youth Track And Field Championships will be held from Aug. 7 to 12 in Langley, BC. The meet is held each year in association with Athletics Canada as a means to provide training and competition at the national level for young track and field athletes. The upcoming Glen Tay Block Race, which takes place on Thursday, Aug. 29 at 6 p.m., is considered part of the track and field program of this Legion branch. Current Ottawa Sports Awards chair Doug Scorrar and Legion branch member John Burke were competitors in the resurrected race of 1967, and both men had been part of the Legion track and field program during their high school years at Perth and District Collegiate Institute under the coaching of long-time race director Tom Graham. Scorrar went on to attend Ohio State University, where he held all running distance records from one to six miles. Other Perth athletes who benefitted from the program were current hammer throw star Sultana Frizell, and shot put specialist Jack Ongarato, who still holds Lanark County Interschool Athletic Association records.
Branch 244 News Days of Yore … From The Perth Courier, April 7, 1933: “Last week the Perth-UponTay Branch No. 244, of the Canadian Legion of the British Empire Service League received its charter from headquarters, with the names of the following charter members appearing thereon in the order named: Col. J.A. Hope, K.C., W.G. Blair, M.D., G.T. Kerr, W.E. Wright, B.L. Ferrier, G. Barrie, T.H. Gooten, A.M. Johnston, Arthur Brown, Louis Bassett, A.L. Code, M.J. Donoghue, C.V. Farmer, R.M. Hope, F.K. Hope, Garnet King, R. Mills, P. McParlan, W.E. Praskey, W.A. Relyea, Harold Travers and E.H. Wilson.” Did you know? In 1974 the Japanese soldier Hiroo Onoda emerged from the jungle on the Philipine island of Lubang, where he had been hiding for 30 years. Leaflets had been dropped several times over the years, which told Onoda and his companions the war was over, but Onoda was always suspicious. In 1974 a college dropout named Suzuki decided to search for Onoda, a Panda, and the Abominable Snowman. He found Onoda, but could not convince him the war was yet over. Suzuki left and returned with Onoda’s old commander, Major Taniguchi, who was finally Submitted photo able to convince Onoda to surrender. Jeffrey Brison of Kingston crosses the finish line with a winning time of 55:33 at the 2012 Legion sponsored Don’t forget our websites: www.rcl244. Glen Tay Block Race. This year’s event will be held on Aug. 29, the last Thursday of the month, at 6 p.m. Parom and www.hallofremembrance.ca. ticipants are asked to line up at the Perth Museum on Gore Street. Lest we forget.
Pre-owned Summer Sale
R0012219754_0801
at Mike Fair’s!
The summer heat has melted our prices and finance rates down so that you’re the winner with low payments AND we’ll also send you on a 7 DAY VACATION in your new vehicle.
CARS
SUVS
2013 Cadillac CTS AWD , black #P3784 ....................................................$38,926 2013 Chev Impala LS, #P3783 - grey.........................................................$18,926 2013 Chev Malibu LS, grey, #P3780 ..........................................................$19,926 2013 Chev Impala LT, silver, #P3779 ..........................................................$19,926 2013 Chev Corvette Convertible, red, #P3782 .........................................$54,926 2013 Chev Cruze LT Turbo, black, #P3762 ................................................$16,926 2011 Chev Cruze LT Turbo, blue, #12322A................................................$13,926 2011 Chev Cruze LS, black, #13215A .........................................................$12,926 2010 Mazda 3 GS, blue #13271A ...............................................................$17,326 2010 Ford Focus SEL, silver, auto, air, #13168B ........................................$12,926 2010 Chev Cobalt, blue, only 30,200km, #P3763.......................................$11,926 2010 Buick Lacrosse CXL, red, #13141A ..................................................$19,926 2009 Toyota Yaris, silver #P3785 ................................................................$10,926 2009 Chev Impala LS, silver, #P3751A.......................................................$10,926 2009 Chev Cobalt, gray, high km, #13120A..................................................$6,926 2008 Pontiac G5, Silver #13177A ..................................................................$8,926 2007 Chev Impala LS, silver, #P3777A.........................................................$9,526 2007 Pontiac G5, black #13323A ..................................................................$6,926 2006 Cadillac DTS, white, #13285A............................................................$10,926 2006 BMW 325i, auto, white, #13168A .......................................................$13,926
2013 GMC Terrain, white, AWD #P3778 .....................................................$26,926 2012 Chev Traverse AWD, silver, #P3761 ..................................................$26,726 2010 Chev Equinox FWD LT, mocha, #13219A..........................................$18,326 2009 Honda CRV, brown #13287A ..............................................................$17,926 2009 Hyundai Santa Fe, white #14003A ..................................................$15,226 2009 Chev Equinox AWD LT, leather, sunroof, V6, burgundy, #13253A ....$14,926 2009 Chev Equinox AWD LT, sunroof, silver, #P3773................................$13,926 2008 Nissan Pathfinder, grey #13276B ....................................................$16,926 2008 Dodge Caliber, silver, #13254A ............................................................$7,926 2007 Saturn Outlander AWD Blue #13337A ............................................$13,926 2007 Chev Trailblazer, Blue #P3729A ........................................................$9,926 2007 Chev Trailblazer 4x4, grey, #13100C ................................................$12,926
TRUCKS 2012 GMC Sierra 4x4, silver, ext. cab, leather, Nav. #14014A ...................$32,926 2011 Chev Avalanche 4x4, silver #P3788 .................................................$32,926 2008 Ford Ranger 4x2, blue #13101A .........................................................$9,926 2006 Chev Silverado, silver #13293B........................................................$14,926 2006 GMC Canyon, white, ext. cab, 4x2, #13182A .......................................$7,926 2005 Chev Silverado, crew, one ton diesel, beige, #13324A......................$18,926
All prices exclude HST, and license fee. 5.99% OAC for 2011 and newer models with $15,000 minimum financed, maximum 72 month term; other rates and terms available. 7 Day Vacation includes 7 nights of double occupancy accommodations in various locations in North, Central, and South America as well as Caribbean Islands - travel is not included. See dealer for other rates/terms and vehicle eligibility.
FOR PHOTOS AND MORE DETAILS ON THESE VEHICLES VISIT:
famousforfairness.ca 199 Lombard Street, Smiths Falls 613-283-3882 THE EMC - P9 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012239468_0801 R0012216466_0725
DELIVERING TO OVER 500,000 HOMES WEEKLY )1*5):
Ottawa East
www.EMConline.ca Details Available on Request
CONTACT YOUR LOCAL OFFICE Belleville Office Phone: 613-966-2034 Fax: 613-966-8747
Brockville Office Phone: 613-498-0305 Fax: 613-498-0307
Kemptville Office Phone: 613-258-3451 Fax: 613-258-0617
Kingston Office Phone: 613-546-8885 Fax: 613-546-3607
Kanata/Ottawa Office Phone: 613-723-5970 Fax: 613-723-1862
Perth Office Phone: 613-267-1100 Fax: 613-267-3986
Smiths Falls Office Phone: 613-283-3182 Fax: 613-283-9988
Arnprior Office Phone: 613-623-6571
Renfrew Office Phone: 613-432-3655 or 1-800-884-9195
THE EMC - P10 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0011948765_TF
COMPETITIVE PRICES: 7-/ Ê 1 *-/ ,-ÊUÊ," "Ê " / , - Ê " /" Ê*," --" -
*9Ê -Ê",Ê- ,* - /-Ê -ÊqÊÎx{Ê79°Ê{ÎÊ7°
613-283-5230
Scrap Vehicles Small Tin For Shredding Aluminum, Copper, Brass , Batteries fÊ/"*Ê " ,Êf
," 6 ÊqÊÓ{££Ê 9 Ê, °
“MOST PEOPLE TALK RECYCLING, WE DO IT”
USED
TIRES
USED
CLUES ACROSS 1. Baby or infant 5. Common Indian weaverbird 9. Walk 14. Shiite spiritual leader’s title 15. Mirish 16. Nostrils 17. Confiscate 18. Powder mineral 19. Moss, lace or banded stone 20. Doyle detective 23. New Rochelle college 24. “Case of the Ex” singer 25. Rays or devilfish 28. Cutting implements for sewing 33. Two-toed sloth 34. Lightly fry 35. Japanese apricot 36. Gargle 38. Consumed food 39. Swats 41. Doctors’ group 42. Baseball teams 44. Japanese waist pouch 45. Impaired by diminution 47. A fixed portion of food
TIRES
49. Gall 50. A block of soap or wax 51. Polite phrase for “What?” 58. Blackberry drupelets 59. Wild sheep of Northern Africa 60. River in Florence 61. Carried 62. Was visualized 63. Giant armadillo 64. Dwarf buffaloes 65. An account of events 66. Avery dark black CLUES DOWN 1. Morsels 2. Indian wet nurse 3. Cook a cake 4. Retired with honorary title 5. Conductor’s instrument 6. Manila hemp 7. Yellow portion of an egg 8. Curved support structure 9. Reasonings 10. Molten rocks 11. Hillside (Scot.) 12. Leases 13. Point midway between E and
USED
TIRES
SE 21. Mauna __, HI, volcano 22. Leave out 25. Wall painting 26. Colorful Japanese animation 27. Grandmothers 28. Fully satisfied 29. Billiards sticks 30. A citizen of Oman 31. Duplicate or copy 32. Municipality in Philippines 34. Mentally healthy 37. Capacities for work or activity 40. Able to read and write 43. Dark bluish black 46. Loudenville college 47. Seizure of property by force 48. Alias 50. Showing no mercy or pity 51. Sacred picture 52. Hungarian pen inventor 53. Hops kiln 54. Carbamide 55. Dull in color 56. Upon 57. Person, place or thing word 58. Sleeveless Arab garment
6G>:H"BVg'&$6eg'%
A>7G6"HZei'($DXi'(
6g^Zh!VX]VaaZc\ZVg^hZhi]VigZfj^gZhndjid]VkZi]Zjibdhi XdcÒYZcXZ^cndjgVW^a^i^Zh#HdbZhZa["XdcÒYZcXZVcY]VgYldg` VgZVaandjcZZYidhjXXZhh[jaaniVX`aZi]^hX]VaaZc\Z#
6fj^X`k^h^il^i][Vb^anXVcbV`Zndj[ZZagZ[gZh]ZYVcY gZcZlZY!A^WgV#I]ZgZ^hcdi]^c\a^`ZheZcY^c\i^bZl^i]i]ZdcZh ndjadkZid^begdkZndjgbddY#
I6JGJH"6eg'&$BVn'&
H8DGE>D"DXi')$Cdk''
IVjgjh!ndjXVcX]ddhZ[gdbVbdc\bVcneVi]h!Wjii]^hlZZ` ndjl^aa]VkZidXVgZ[jaani]^c`VWdjil]^X]lVnid\d#Di]Zgl^hZ ndjbVnZcYje]Vk^c\idWVX`igVX`VcYhiVgidkZg#
HXdge^d!XViX]jedchdbZdkZgYjZ]ZVai]hXgZZc^c\h#I]ZgZ]Vh cZkZgWZZcVWZiiZgi^bZid\Zii]ZhZi]^c\hYdcZ!VcYndjYdcÉi lVciidejindjg]ZVai]dci]ZWVX`WjgcZg#
<:B>C>"BVn''$?jc'&
H6<>II6G>JH"Cdk'($9ZX'&
<Zb^c^!jcaZhhndjX]Vc\Zndjga^cZd[i]^c`^c\!ndjbVn]VkZ igdjWaZ^ci]ZgdbVcXZYZeVgibZcii]^hlZZ`#NdjYdcÉi]VkZid WZVhbddi]deZgVidg!Wji_jhihlZZiZcndjghZci^bZcih#
HV\^iiVg^jh!i]ZgZ^hdcanhdbjX]eZghjVY^c\ndjXVcYd WZ[dgZndjbjhiaZidi]ZghX]ddhZi]Z^gdlceVi]h#6Y^[ÒXjai XdckZghVi^dc]VhndjhZXdcY"\jZhh^c\hdbZi]^c\#
86C8:G"?jc''$?ja''
86EG>8DGC"9ZX''$?Vc'%
8VcXZg!hdbZi^bZhndja^`ZWZ^c\i]ZXZciZgd[ViiZci^dc!VcY di]Zgi^bZhndjVgZXdciZciidWaZcY^cidi]ZWVX`\gdjcY#I]^h lZZ`ndjl^aa]VkZidZbWgVXZi]Zhedia^\]i#
9dhdbZi]^c\[dgndjghZa[i]^hlZZ`!8Veg^Xdgc#>iÉhV\ddYi^bZid igZVindjghZa[WZ[dgZndjbjhiYZkdiZbdgZd[ndjgi^bZiddi]Zgh ^ci]ZcZVg[jijgZ#
A:D"?ja'($6j\'(
6FJ6G>JH"?Vc'&$;ZW&-
AZd!V[iZgaZii^c\i]^c\hha^YZ[dgVl]^aZ!ndjl^aacZZYid\ZiV WZiiZg]VcYaZdcndjgÒcVcXZhi]^hlZZ`#>[ndj[ZZaVhi]dj\] i]^c\h]VkZ\diiZcdjid[Xdcigda!i]ZciVa`idVegd[Zhh^dcVa#
6fjVg^jh!hdbZi]^c\]VhWZZcdcndjgb^cYWjindj_jhiXVcÉi ejindjgÒc\Zgdc^i#;dg\ZiVWdji^i[dgVl]^aZ!VcYndj_jhibVn XdbZidVgZVa^oVi^dc#
K>G<D"6j\')$HZei''
E>H8:H";ZW&.$BVg'%
>hhjZhVildg`bVn]VkZndjXdciZbeaVi^c\VXVgZZgX]Vc\Z! K^g\d#7jindjbVnlVciid]daYd[[dcX]Vc\Zh[dgVa^iiaZl]^aZ adc\Zgjci^ai]^c\hhZiiaZYdlc#
;Zli]^c\hi]ViZhXVeZndjgcdi^XZi]^hlZZ`!E^hXZh#6alVnh YZiV^a"dg^ZciZY!ndjcZZYidÒ\jgZdji]dlidjhZi]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc#
=ZgZÉh=dl>iLdg`h/ HjYd`jejooaZhVgZ[dgbViiZYVhV.m.\g^Y!Wgd`ZcYdlc^cidc^cZ(m(WdmZh# IdhdakZVhjYd`j!i]ZcjbWZgh&i]gdj\].bjhiÒaaZVX]gdl!XdajbcVcY Wdm#:VX]cjbWZgXVcVeeZVgdcandcXZ^cZVX]gdl!XdajbcVcYWdm#NdjXVc Ò\jgZdjii]ZdgYZg^cl]^X]i]ZcjbWZghl^aaVeeZVgWnjh^c\i]ZcjbZg^X XajZhVagZVYnegdk^YZY^ci]ZWdmZh#I]ZbdgZcjbWZghndjcVbZ!i]ZZVh^Zg ^i\ZihidhdakZi]ZejooaZ THE EMC - 33 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
I]^hlZZ`h ejooaZVchlZgh ^ccZmilZZ`h ^hhjZ
0801
BUSINESS DIRECTORY Connecting People and Businesses! AIR CONDITIONING
G%%&&--.&)%"%&(&
FOR ALL YOUR AIR CONDITIONING NEEDS
Gilles Renaud Heating Ltd. /IL s 'AS s 0ROPANE
3339 Farmview Road Kinburn, Ontario K0A 2H0 !LL /IL 'AS &URNACES s /IL 4ANKS s 7ATER (EATERS (EPA !IR &ILTERS(UMIDIlERS s !IR #ONDITIONERS s AND MUCH MORE
2ICHARD 2ENAUD
4EL s &AX s #ONTRACTOR ARCHITECTURAL
HOUSE PLANS Registered Designer Ontario BCIN 29414 & 23889
Zane Williamson BSc
40 years Construction + Teaching -General contractor, all trades -Designer large general contractor -Retired, wide range of jobs including Energy Efficient, log & timber framed
Smiths Falls 613-283-5434 CARPENTRY
BLACKTOP
RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL ASPHALT MAINTENANCE AND PAVING
Slurry Seal Micro Paving UĂŠ Ă€>VÂŽĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?ˆ˜} UĂŠĂƒÂŤÂ…>Â?ĂŒĂŠ*>ĂŒV…ˆ˜}
613 259 2717 [email protected] CARPENTRY
613-812-2020 CARPENTRY SERVICES
Dave Stinson 613-259-3313 Carpenter/Handyman Renovations, Home Repair & Handyman Service Kitchen, Bathrooms, Decks, Installations and General Carpentry
DRYWALL CONTRACTOR
t3FQBJSTUPNPTUNBLFTPG NBKPSBQQMJBODFT FLAT RATE SERVICE NO MILEAGE CHARGE
* Geothermal Systems Commercial & Residential * Air ďŹ lters Commercial & Residential * Electric Motors * Variable Frequency Drives * Air source Heat Pumps (House & Pool) * Commercial Refrigeration AC & Chillers * Custom Built Electrical Panels * Steam HumidiďŹ ers * Motor Soft starts * Thermography * Air Balancing * Motor Controllers & PLC * Geothermal Supplies
46 YEARS EXPERIENCE
613-253-3557 CABINETRY/INTERIOR DESIGN
R.W. Tradesman Ltd. Building and Renovations Robert Wilson No job too small ~ We do it all FREE ESTIMATES
PHONE (613) 272-3179 (after 5 p.m.) 8ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽÂŽĂŠĂ“Ă‡Ă“Â‡Ă¤Ă¤Ă“Â™ĂŠĂŠ ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽÂŽĂŠnäӇÎÎÎÇ `Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â?iĂ€ÂœÂ˜ĂŒÂ…iĂ€Âˆ`i>Ă•J}“>ˆÂ?°Vœ“
3435 Roger Stevens Drive North Gower, ON
UĂŠ >ÀiÂ˜ĂŒĂ€ĂžĂŠUĂŠ*Â?ՓLˆ˜}ĂŠUĂŠ Â?iVĂŒĂ€ÂˆV>Â? UĂŠ``ÂˆĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â? UĂŠ iVÂŽĂƒĂŠUĂŠ ÂœVÂŽĂƒĂŠUĂŠ i˜ViĂƒĂŠUĂŠÂ?ÂœÂœĂ€ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ7ˆ˜`ÂœĂœĂƒĂŠUĂŠ ÂœÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ -ˆ`ˆ˜} Home Inspections
Interior design services available
Tel. (613) 272-3267 Cell: (613) 802-3269
www.thecabinetshopottawa.com
Manufacturers of kitchen and bath cabinets and countertops
REX ALUMINUM WAREHOUSE OPENING SOON ĂˆĂˆÂŁxĂŠ79ĂŠ{ĂŽ
Carpentry
Specializing In: Modular Homes, Renovations Decks & Energy EfďŹ cient Construction
[email protected]
" 9ĂŠĂŽĂŠĂŠ /-ĂŠ /
613-894-5211 CONSTRUCTION
Construction Ltd.
New Home Construction & Fall Renovations, Additions, Decks, Porches and Garages, etc. Ceramic, Hardwood & Laminate Flooring Kitchens, Bathroom & Basements
Pierre Viau
UĂŠÂ˜ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ Ă•ĂƒĂŒÂœÂ“ĂŠ ÂˆĂŒVÂ…iÂ˜Ăƒ UĂŠ``ÂˆĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ iVÂŽĂƒ UĂŠ7ˆ˜`ÂœĂœĂƒĂŠ>˜`ĂŠ ÂœÂœĂ€Ăƒ
CUSTOM BUILT HOMES... “More home for a lot less money�
FREE 51� with Depo
TV
sit
Buy a house for spring delivery and receive FREE stainless steel kitchen appliances: fridge, stove, dishwasher & microwave.
Kevin Morrow
4193 Maple Drive Lane, Verona ON
Frontenac Modular Home Sales
FARM IMPLEMENT REPAIRS CALL US FOR ALL YOUR BENDING~~SHEARING~~FABRICATING ~~WELDING Needs
FENCING
1-866-775-8268 www.frontenacmodularhomes.com
SINCE 1989
INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL SALES, INSTALLATION & REPAIRS Chain Link, Wood, Vinyl, Ornamental Iron Do-It-Yourself Chain-link Kits in stock (4 colours) Unbeatable Price!
Dowcom Sheet Metal Ltd. 264 County Road 8, Toledo 613-275-1581
ÊÊÊÊʛ£Ê ÂˆĂƒĂŒĂ€ÂˆLĂ•ĂŒÂœĂ€ĂŠÂœvĂŠSTEEL SHINGLESĂŠÂ ÂˆviĂŒÂˆÂ“iĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒiiÂŽ
JENCON CONSTRUCTION For all your Concrete/Carpentry Needs
613-812-8554 (C) 613-285-0159 (C) 613-267-4253 (H) 613-359-5370 (H)
Grain wagon repairs rust patching/combine repairs
ĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠ, - / ĂŠ- ĂŠ fÓÇxĂŠvÂœĂ€ĂŠĂ“Ă¤Ă¤Â˝ĂŠ>Â˜ĂžĂŠVÂœÂ?ÂœĂ•Ă€ LAST SUMMER FOR STEEL ROOFING SAME PRICE AS ASPHALT! FREEĂŠĂŒĂ€ÂœĂ•}Â…ĂŠĂœÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂŠÂŤĂ•Ă€VÂ…>ĂƒiĂŠÂœvĂŠÂ˜iĂœĂŠĂ€ÂœÂœvtĂŠ 30% off /Ă€ÂœĂ•}Â…ĂƒtĂŠÂ Ă?°ÊnÉΣɣΎ
CONCRETE
Sap pan repair fabrication ", ]ĂŠ/* ]ĂŠ 9ĂŠEĂŠ, ĂŠ -1, ĂŠ" -ĂŠEĂŠ 8/ ,",ĂŠ-/1
" 3904 FREELAND ROAD, R.R. #1 PORTLAND, ONTARIO K0G 1V0
Alex Clayton Deborah Gervais, ARIDO ph - 613-489-2323 fax - 613-489-3720 email: [email protected]
CARPENTRY/ROOFING
G. D. Construction .EW (OMES s !DDITIONS 2OOlNG $ECKS
A&T APPLIANCES
APPLIANCE REPAIRS
WWW.KINGSCROSS.NET (613-271-0988 ex 3) [email protected] Sales & Service
,iÂ˜ĂŒÂ‡Â‡i˜ViĂŠEĂŠĂ•}iÀÊ,iÂ˜ĂŒ>Â?ĂƒĂŠUĂŠÂŁn™{ĂŠ ÂœĂ•Â˜ĂŒĂžĂŠ,Âœ>`]ĂŠĂ“ĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒ]ĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i 613-345-2406 | 1-800-203-2757 | www.burchelfencing.com
THE EMC - 34 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CARLETON PLACE AND SURROUNDING AREA
613-818-5641 [email protected] FULLY INSURED / FREE ESTIMATES
REACH OVER 43,000 HOMES EVERY WEEK! FOR AS LITTLE AS $39/WEEK Call: 613-283-3182 or 1-800-267-7936 extension 184 Fax: 613-283-9988 Email: [email protected] (Attention Cheryl) DEADLINE IS THURSDAY BY NOON
R0012239576_0801
BUSINESS DIRECTORY FOOT ORTHOTICS
FIREWOOD
FIREWOOD Kelly Shaw *iĂ€vÂœĂ€Â“>˜ViĂŠ"Ă€ĂŒÂ…ÂœĂŒÂˆVĂƒĂŠ Clinician
Do You Suffer From‌ Our performance diagnostic UĂŠÂœÂœĂŒĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś system will determine if poor foot UĂŠ ˜iiĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś function is causing pain or UĂŠ ÂœĂœĂŠ >VÂŽĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś UĂŠiiÂ?ĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś discomfort in the rest of your body. UĂŠ-Â…ÂˆÂ˜ĂŠ-ÂŤÂ?ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒĂƒÂś No charge Assessment. Orthotics/Knee Braces covered by most health care plans.
Specializing in Custom Orthotics and Knee Bracing www.performancemedgroup.com 309 Park Street, Brockville 613-498-1661
HARDWOOD FLOORING
->˜`ˆ˜}ĂŠU-ĂŒ>ˆ˜ˆ˜} Â˜ĂƒĂŒ>Â?Â?>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠU,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€Ăƒ *>ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒi`ĂŠ7œœ`ĂŠÂ?ÂœÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ,ivÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…i`ĂŠ ˆŽiĂŠ iĂœtĂŠ
IF YOU WANT THE BEST CALL THE BEST! 40 YEARS EXPERIENCE Free Estimates Wally (613) 278-0699 Toll free 1-877-766-6601
MASONRY
MIXED HARDWOOD FOR SALE IN LENGTHS OR 16� ORDER NOW! GOING FAST! *We Purchase Standing Timber
HOME INSULATION
CLEAR CUT OR THINNING 26"-*5:803,t1":501%0--"3
Tel.: 613-258-5290 Cell: 613-229-0724 R.R. #3 Merrickville, ON K0G 1N0
UĂŠ-ÂŤĂ€>ĂžĂŠÂœ>“ÊUĂŠ Â?ÂœĂœÂ˜ĂŠ iÂ?Â?Ă•Â?ÂœĂƒiĂŠUĂŠ >Ăƒi“iÂ˜ĂŒĂƒĂŠUĂŠ7>Â?Â?Ăƒ UĂŠÂˆĂ€ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiÀÊUĂŠ/Â…iÀ“>Â?ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiÀÊUĂŠÂˆLiĂ€}Â?>ĂƒĂƒĂŠ >ĂŒĂŒĂƒ ĂŠU Ă€>ĂœÂ?ĂƒÂŤ>ViĂƒĂŠUĂŒĂŒÂˆVĂƒĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ÂˆÂ?Â?ĂŠEĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?ĂŠ,iĂŒĂ€ÂœwĂŒĂƒ &2%% %34)-!4%3 s 2%3)$%.4)!, s #/--%2#)!, s ).$5342)!, www.ComfortZoneInsulation.ca
ARLEN GAYLORD PERTH, ON 613-267-0066
UĂŠ-ÂŤĂ€>ĂžĂŠÂœ>“ UĂŠĂŒĂŒÂˆVĂŠ1ÂŤ}Ă€>`iĂƒ
613-843-1592 Toll Free 1-855-843-1592 www.insultech.ca
iÂ˜ĂŠ iÂˆĂŒVÂ…
Ă€iiĂŠ ĂƒĂŒÂˆÂ“>ĂŒiĂƒ
STORAGE
V ABO
Specializing in:
UĂŠ/Â…iÀ“>Â?ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiĂ€ UĂŠ VÂœ >ĂŒĂŒĂƒ
Custom Home Specialists
LL EA
UĂŠÂ˜ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠEĂŠ Ă?ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â?ĂŠ Âœ>Ă€`ˆ˜}]ĂŠ/>ÂŤÂˆÂ˜}]ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆÂŤÂŤÂ?iĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€ĂŠ UĂŠÂ?Â?ĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒii` Ă•Â?Â?ĂžĂŠÂ˜ĂƒĂ•Ă€i`
UĂŠ7>ĂŒiĂ€ÂŤĂ€ÂœÂœvˆ˜} Specializing UĂŠ-ĂŒĂ€Ă•VĂŒĂ•Ă€>Â?ĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€Ăƒ in Foundation UĂŠĂŠÂœĂ•ĂƒiĂŠ iĂ›iÂ?ˆ˜}ĂŠĂŠ Restoration EĂŠ,>ÂˆĂƒÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠĂŠ œ˜VĂ€iĂŒiĂŠÂœĂ•Â˜`>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠĂŠ EĂŠĂŠ œ˜VĂ€iĂŒiĂŠ Â?ÂœVÂŽĂŠÂœĂ•Â˜`>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜Ăƒ
LAWN TRACTORS
CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE
For free estimates call
THE FOUNDATION SPECIALIST
INSULATION
MASONPRO +Ă•>Â?ÂˆĂŒĂžĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽÂ“>Â˜ĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂŤĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒii` ,i>ĂƒÂœÂ˜>LÂ?iĂŠ,>ĂŒiĂƒĂŠUĂŠĂ•Â?Â?ĂžĂŠÂ˜ĂƒĂ•Ă€i`
WET BASEMENT?
F
McKAY SHEET METAL EĂŠ,"" -ˆ˜ViÊ£™ÇÎ
UĂŠĂƒÂŤÂ…>Â?ĂŒĂŠ-…ˆ˜}Â?iĂƒĂŠUĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ĂŠ-…ˆ˜}Â?iĂƒĂŠUĂŠ,ˆLĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ĂŠ UĂŠÂ?>ĂŒĂŠ,œœw˜}ĂŠUĂŠ iVÂŽĂŠ7>ĂŒiÀÊ*Ă€ÂœÂœw˜} ,œœvĂŠ Âœ>ĂŒÂˆÂ˜}Ăƒ
(613) 259-5766 >�\ÊÓx™‡Î{Ó£ RR 2, Lanark, Ont.
Website: www.mckayroofing.ca
Tom Long Painting • Metal Roofs • Rusted and Faded Steel • Aluminum and Vinyl Siding • Also Roof Repairs
613-283-8475
4th Generation Experience TREE SERVICE
Family Tree Service
We pride ourselves on our professional services at reasonable prices. Licensed and Insured FREE Estimates UĂŠĂ•Â?Â?ĂŠ>Ă€LÂœĂ€ÂˆĂƒĂŒĂŠĂƒiĂ€Ă›ÂˆViĂƒ UĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒiÀÊ/Ă€iiĂŠ Â?ˆ“LiĂ€ĂŠÂœÂ˜ĂŠĂƒÂˆĂŒi UĂŠ-ÂŤiVˆ>Â?ÂˆĂ˘ÂˆÂ˜}ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ĂŠ`>˜}iĂ€ÂœĂ•ĂƒĂŠĂŒĂ€iiĂŠĂ€iÂ“ÂœĂ›>Â? UĂŠ-ĂŒÂœĂ€Â“ĂŠ >“>}i UĂŠ>ĂƒĂŒĂŠĂ€Âˆi˜`Â?ĂžĂŠĂƒiĂ€Ă›ÂˆVi UĂŠ-iÂ˜ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ ÂˆĂƒVÂœĂ•Â˜ĂŒ
16621 Highway #7 Across from Hinton Dodge Chrysler
Perth Various sizes available Call for details 613-267-1559 Business hours www.perthstorage.ca
WELDING
BELL’S Machining, Welding & Hydraulics
"vwVi\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“Ă‡n‡äÎ{nĂŠĂŠ iÂ?Â?\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡n£Ó‡Î£n{
WELL DRILLING 613-267-1965
+++ ""(# $ $ %#
7iÂ?`ˆ˜}ĂŠEĂŠ iĂŒ>Â?ĂŠ>LĂ€ÂˆV>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ ÂÂ?Ă•Â“ÂˆÂ˜Ă•Â“ĂŠEĂŠ-ĂŒ>ˆ˜Â?iĂƒĂƒĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ÂŽ Ăž`Ă€>Ă•Â?ˆVĂŠ-Ă•ÂŤÂŤÂ?ˆiĂƒĂŠ UĂŠ*Ă€ÂœÂŤiÂ?Â?iÀÊEĂŠ-ÂŽi}ĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€ ÂœLˆÂ?iĂŠ7iÂ?`ˆ˜}ĂŠ UĂŠÂˆĂ€iĂœÂœÂœ`ĂŠ*Ă€ÂœViĂƒĂƒÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ Óä{{ĂŠ,Âœ}iĂ€ĂƒĂŠ,`°Ê *iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠ" ĂŠĂŠ ÇÊ£*™
Water
WINDOWS & DOORS
Well Drilling *Ă€iĂƒĂƒĂ•Ă€iĂŠĂ€ÂœĂ•ĂŒÂˆÂ˜}
Wilf Hall & Sons 613-278-2933
Winston King 613-267-1565
WINDOWS & DOORS Sales Associate
1-888-878-2969 Cell 613-223-5082 www.wilfhallandsons.com V œ˜>Â?`ĂƒĂŠ ÂœĂ€Â˜iĂ€Ăƒ
THE EMC - 35 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
at xnĂŠLLÂœĂŒĂŒĂŠ-ĂŒÂ°] -Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ
613-283-2211 s r
r
REACH OVER 43,000 HOMES EVERY WEEK! FOR AS LITTLE AS $39/WEEK Call: 613-283-3182 or 1-800-267-7936 extension 184 Fax: 613-283-9988 Email: [email protected] (Attention Cheryl) DEADLINE IS THURSDAY BY NOON
ANNIVERSARY
BIRTHDAY
T hank you!
HAPPY 40TH ANNIVERSARY Dad and Mom Wayne and Noreen 50th Anniversary Celebration Saturday August 10, 2013 North Grenville Municipal Centre 1 – 4 pm The family of Margaret and Aaron Scott wish to invite you to join them as they celebrate 50 years of marriage. It is Marg and Aaron’s wish that there be no gifts but if you would like to make a donation to the Parkinson’s Society, there will be an opportunity to do so.
HAPPY 60TH WEDDING ANNIVERSARY Mom & Dad (Pauline and Norman Hall) From all your family COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
Love Tommy, Christina and Riley, Melissa, Darcy and Kaitlyn Amanda and Laurie Trevor, Erin, Hunter and Hayden
HAPPY 70TH ANNIVERSARY Stan and Shirley Young (Married August 5, 1943) Much love and best wishes from all your family. Friends are invited to join us in a celebration gathering in honor of our parents. Sunday August 11, 2013 2-4 PM Perthshire Community Centre 27 Lally Lane, Perth Best Wishes only. BIRTHDAY
25TH WEDDING ANNIVERSARY Tom and Colleen Webb Formerly of Perth, will be celebrating their 25th Anniversary Tuesday, August 6. They will be in Perth celebrating their special day with family. They now reside in Ohio. COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
HAPPY 80TH BIRTHDAY August 2, 2013 Jim Crain With love Marguerite and family COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
BIRTHDAY
On behalf of the Sylvania Lodge Campers Association we would like to thank the following organizaions for the prize donations for our Annual Kids Fishing Derby: Dairy Queen, Perth; Tim Horton’s, Hwy 7, Perth; McDonalds Restaurant, Perth; Giant Tiger, Perth; Canadian Tire, Smiths Falls; Hill General Store, McDonalds Corners.
BIRTHDAY
Have You Met Our Brother? He is the Bestest Brother Ever There is no other like our brother Regardless of time or weather he is there Either building, towing, repairing Our brother stops and gives a helping hand We are proud to call you our Brother. HAPPY 50th BIRTHDAY ARNOLD GIPSON August 1, 1963 Debbie, Cindy, Penny, Jo-Anne, Yvonne, Lisa
HAPPY “3rd” BIRTHDAY to Mya Joan Truelove Aug. 7th, 2013 Love Grammie and Grampie Truelove (Sue and Terry) xoxo
ENGAGEMENT
ENGAGEMENT
Ain’t it nifty Look who���s fifty HAPPY BIRTHDAY Ryan Tate! IN MEMORIAM
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Surrounded by close family and friends, Mark Lafreniere, son of Louis and Linda Lafreniere will be taking the hand of Angela Laming, daughter of Gerald and Claire Laming. An outdoor gathering will take place August 3rd, 2013, 3:00 p.m., in Carleton Place with their children Damian and Dominique by their sides.
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Sharon and Terry O’Keefe (Almonte) are pleased to announce the forthcoming marriage of their son Sean, to Samantha McKenzie (Lynn Lake, Manitoba) daughter of Colleen McKenzie. The marriage will take place September 21, 2013 in Beausejour, Manitoba. Congratulations Sean and Sam from the O’Keefe, Robertson and McKenzie families. Looking forward to the celebration!
Preece/Hulan Alivia is thrilled to announce the forthcoming marriage of her Mommy and Daddy, Brittany Preece to Craig Hulan taking place on August 17, 2013, 5 p.m. at the Heritage House Museum, Smiths Falls. A reception will follow at the Curling Club, also in Smiths Falls. Friends and family are welcome to join. THE EMC - 36 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
BELL-SCHARF Joe and Linda Bell along with Kevin and Debbie Scharf are pleased to announce the engagement of their daughter and son Tracy Bell to Shawn Scharf. A Fall wedding is planned
WEDDING Homestyle Ceremonies. Choose your location and have a meaningful relationship-based ceremony designed just for you. Judie Diamond, 613-375-6772. [email protected] www.judiediamond.ca
FLEMING, Donald- In loving memory of a dear brother, brother-in-law and uncle who passed away July 28, 2012. A little tribute small and tender, Just to say we still remember. Forever in our hearts, Brothers, Sisters, Sisterin-laws, Nieces and Nephews.
COMING MARRIAGE
Kayla Christine Morrison graduated on
June 17, 2013
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE McDougall/Green Proud parents Heather McDougall, Hal McDougall (Donna) and Deb and John Green are pleased to announce the unionization of Jamie and Nicolas. Wedding vows will be exchanged on Saturday, August 31st, 2013 at 3 p.m., at the Smiths Falls Golf and Country Club. Reception to follow at 8pm.
PAMELA FLATT Holly and Dave are pleased to announce the graduation of their daughter Pam from Conestoga College in Kitchener. Pam graduated with a diploma in the Hearing Instrument Specialist Program. Pam is currently employed at Capital Audiology in Kanata and Almonte. Congratulations Pam We are so proud of you Love Mom, Dad and Megan
GRADUATION Doug and Marion Walker are proud to announce the graduation of their son Michael from Algonquin College with the Advanced Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology. Michael is the younger brother of Catie from Calgary, Alberta, the youngest grandson of Marjorie and the late Howard Walker of Lombardy and the late Art and Mary Doyle of Smiths Falls. Mike has accepted an Inspector position with the IBI Group of Ottawa. Well done Mike.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Congratulations for receiving with honours, your Bachelor’s Degree of Applied Science in Kinesiology from the University of Guelph. Also receiving a diploma in Fitness and Health Promotion from the Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning. You did it! We are all so proud of you. Good luck in your future endeavors. With love and admiration from your family.
ANNOUNCEMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
RETIREMENT
RETIREMENT
KELFORD-WATSON REUNION Saturday August 10 Noon-6 p.m. Robertson Lake Park, Lavant, ON Potluck 4:30 p.m. Bring family photos and lawnchair
CARD OF THANKS
CARD OF THANKS
CONGRATULATIONS Stephanie Lee James Daughter of Jo-Anne and the late David sister of Laura and granddaughter of Jackie and Paul Smith Graduated on June 11, 2013 from Guelph University with a Bachelor of Applied Science, Honour Program degree. She will be attending Queens University in September for her Bachelor of Education. Your family is so proud of you! IN MEMORIAM
The family of Frank (Francis Roland) Bresee would like to thank family, friends and neighbours for all their donations, cards, flowers, food and visitation at the funeral home. We would also like to thank at this time, the Westport and Rideau Lakes volunteer personnel, Dr. Roberts, all the home care support as well as Nurses and Doctors at Ottawa Civic, Perth and Smiths Falls and Kingston General Hospitals. Rideau Ferry Retirement Home and Kingston Extendicare provided the best care for Frank. Thanks also to the Lions Club Members for the use of the mobility bus. The family would also like to thank the honorary and active pall bearers, Minister Mary Wright, organist Jan Neal, soloist Mike Freeman, Dave, Roger and staff at Scotland Funeral Home and the support of the Newboro United Church and all its members for meals the day of the visitation and funeral. All the support of these people plus all of Frank’s past friends has made this grieving time a little easier. The Bresee family
MURRAY - In memory of Michele, who passed away July 31, 2012. I’m sad today. Love Aunt Mel
PYNDUS, Peter- Who passed away on August 17, 1974. We often think of days gone by When we were all together, A shadow o’er our lives has cast, Our loved one gone forever. Always in our heart..... Kay and Jennie
IN MEMORIAM ROBBINS- In loving memory of our dearest parents Leon and Aurelia, sister Leona, brothers Sanford and Arnold. We miss you now, Our hearts are sore. As time goes by we miss you more. Those loving smiles, your gentle faces, No one else can take your places. Lovingly remembered always, Vivian, Pauline and Joyce.
Memorial Celebration for Helen Marie Young (nee Coughlin) Friends and family are invited to share the life and their memories of this wonderful woman. Toledo Legion Hall Thursday, August 8, 2013 6-10 p.m.
A Celebration of Life Richard A. Salt This is an invitation to join family and friends to celebrate the life of Richard Salt. A man who lived life to the fullest giving back through working with the students at PDCI for 32 years as well as to his community for 42 years in a variety of ways, until he moved out west with his wife Margaret in search of new adventures! Always quick to lend a hand and to play a joke, ‘Tricky Dicky” was a well-respected educator who was known for his firm hand yet fairness in class, the numerous sports teams he coached to championships and his contributions to the Men’s Twilight league at the Perth Golf course. His teaching, guidance, laughter and love will be greatly missed. Please join us on August 7th from 2pm – 4pm at the Links O’ Tay Golf Course for some light refreshments, some stories and some laughter, just what Dad would have wanted!
THE EMC - 37 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CLASSIFIED DEADLINE CHANGE
CL431057_0725
PIERMAN/BROWN FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Don and Kelly Pierman together with Doug and Mary Brown are thrilled to announce the engagement and forthcoming marriage of their children, Sarah and Mike. The wedding will take place on Saturday, August 17, 2013 in Picton, Ontario.
Due to the Civic Holiday (August 5) the EMC Classified Advertising Deadline for the August 8 issue will be Friday, August 2, 4 pm
1-888-967-3237 (613) 283-3182
RIDING INTO RETIREMENT! August 1, 2013 Congratulations Diane, from Brooke, the kids and all the gang at Christie Lake! IN MEMORIAM THOM, MargaretIn memory of Aunt Margaret who passed away August 6th, 2004. Memories are forever..... Lovingly remembered by Marjorie and family
CARD OF THANKS
Ronald Yuill Message of Thanks The Yuill Family, Caroline, Brian and Darleen, wish to thank the following individuals and institutions for the care of Ron throughout his final, and most difficult times. First, for the excellent care provided by our family practitioner, Dr. Stephen Walker, we wish to extend a heartfelt ‘Thanks’. Ron had great admiration for Dr. Walker over the many years he received support and aide, and, to the end, that respect and faith never faltered. And of course, for coordinating our meetings with the good doctor, a profound ‘Thank You’ to his assistant, Nurse Bev McNeely. We would also like to extend a thank you to all the doctors and nurses who cared for Ron during his extended stay in the Carleton Place and District Hospital, as well as to the doctors and nurses who cared for Ron during recent stays in Almonte Hospital. In addition, we would like to thank members of the CCAC team who enabled Ron to stay home up to and including his time of passing. Specifically, Lisa, Case Manager, Sara and Amanda, Home Nurses, Ruth and Judy, primary Support Workers assigned to Ron’s care. Finally, a warm ‘Thank You’ to Reg Gamble and all the staff of the CR Gamble Funeral Home for ensuring that Ron’s and his family’s wishes were met in the final act of care for Ron. For those who gave flowers, donations and brought food to the family, we are very appreciative. Thanks to the Pallbearers and to the friends and family who extended condolences. Ron’s life was enriched by you all and his family has been humbled by the depth of your caring.
DEATH NOTICE
DEATH NOTICE
Moore Donna Christine Moore
Surrounded by her family, Donna passed away in hospital in Perth following a courageous battle with cancer on Tuesday July 23rd, 2013 at the age of 61 years. She was the cherished wife of Bill, dear mother and grandmother of Jodi (Kevin) Dowdall and their family Tyler, Bradie and Reid and Karen (Brad) Dowdall and their family Blayre and Landon; devoted aunt to her many nieces, nephews, great nieces and great nephews. She will be sadly missed by sisters Dianne (Murray) Gilpin and Heather (Earl) Gemmill, brothers-in-law Arnold Martin and Francis Wallace, her mother-inlaw Marion (Blair) Moore, brother-inlaw Neil (Gail) Moore, sister-in-law Pat (Paul) Dowdall, all her family and many friends. Donna was predeceased by her parents Margaret (MacLellan) and Arthur Cobb and brothers and sisters Ellen, Murray and Frank Cobb, Phyllis (Francis) Wallace and Betty (Bill) Buffam and her father-in-law Harry Moore. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St W., Perth on Friday July 26th, 2013 from 2:00 to 4:00 and 6:00 to 8:00 P.M. Funeral service was held in the Chapel Saturday at 10:00 A.M. Interment, Zealand Anglican Cemetery. In remembrance, contributions to Cystic Fibrosis Foundation would be appreciated.. Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
DEATH NOTICE
DEATH NOTICE
Perkins
(Died July 27, 2013) Peacefully in hospital, Carleton Place on Saturday, July 27, 2013, in his 95th year. Loving husband of the late Edie. Proud father of the late Peter (Les) and David (Kelly). Dear grandpa of Adam (Nelly) and Megan. Brother of Betty Krasa and the late Bryant (Betty Ann). Private family arrangements at Lance’s request. Donations to the Salvation Army would be appreciated. Special thanks to Dr. Scott Higham, staff at Carleton Place Hospital, Belleville General Hospital and the Bridge Street Retirement Residence, Belleville. Arrangements in the care of the Alan R. Barker Funeral Home, 19 McArthur Avenue, Carleton Place. (613) 257-3113. www.barkerfh.com
65 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158 Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1
Hours Mon.-Thurs. 8 am-5 pm Fri. 8 am-4:30 pm
DEADLINE Monday 4:30 p.m. (exceptions apply due to statutory holidays) CONTACT US TO PLACE YOUR SOCIAL NOTE OR CLASSIFIED AD
(613) 283-7936 or
1-888-WORD ADS (1-888-967-3237)
Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
Boles Thomas J. Boles
(Retired Constable Smiths Falls Police Service) Tom passed away peacefully at Rosebridge Manor Easton’s Corners on Saturday, July 27, 2013 at the age of 85. Beloved husband of Evelyn Boles (Inwood-Duffy) and predeceased by his first wife Marion St. Pierre. Loved father of Darwin (Lisa) Boles and step-father of Dianne Duffy, Brian Duffy (Janice McVeety), Michelle McRae (Aldo Galletta) and Stephen (Shenda) Duffy. Sadly missed by his grandchildren Aaron, Lauren, Kristen, Christopher, Jared, Kyle, Brett and Jessica and great-grandchildren Isabella and Valentina. Dear brother of Edith (Gerald) Harris, Locinda Crawford and Roderick (Gertie) Crawford. Brother-in-law of Terry (Helen) St. Pierre, Donald St. Pierre and Marlene (Kilbourne) Crawford. Predeceased by brothers Kilbourne and Gerald Crawford and sister-in-law Lola Crawford. Fondly remembered by many nieces, nephews, cousins extended family and friends. Family and friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 112 Beckwith St. N., Smiths Falls, on Monday, July 29, 2013 from 6 to 8 p.m. Funeral service was held in the chapel on Tuesday at 11:00 a.m. Interment, Crawford Cemetery, McDonald’s Corners. In memory of Tom, donations to the Alzheimer’s Society of Lanark County would be appreciated.
DEATH NOTICE
Lance
Leanore Perkins
Leanore (Ireton) Perkins peacefully at Lanark Lodge, July 23, 2013. Leanore was predeceased by her beloved husband Christopher in 2000. Cherished mother of Eleanor (Bill) Paul, Bob (Gwen) Perkins and Arthur (Corinne) Perkins. Special grandmother of Linda (Paul) Leese, Heather (Rodney) Payne, Dave (Kathleen) Paul, Jason (Carrie) Perkins, Jenn (Cam) Pritchett, Amy (Matt) MacKenzie, Angela (Mike) Gemmill. Proud Great-Grandmother of Karl and Shawn Leese, Colton and Hayden Pritchett, Bryson and Caden Payne and Wyatt MacKenzie. Loved sister of Irene Cameron. Predeceased by her sister Lois Cassidy and her brother Harry Ireton. Survived by brother-in-law George Perkins and sisters-in-law Verna Perkins and Lillian Balfour. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St. W. Perth, on Thursday, July 25th, 2013 from 2:00 to 4:00 and 6:00 to 8:00P.M. Funeral service was held in St. Stephens Church, Brooke, Friday at 2:00P.M. Interment, St. Stephens Cemetery. In remembrance, contributions to G.W.M. Hospital Foundation or St. Stephen’s Cemetery would be appreciated. Our thanks to the Lanark Lodge staff, nurses, Dr. Tyrrell for their wonderful care of our mother during the past few years.
DEATH NOTICE
CARD OF THANKS
MILLSON, Bradley Ross
Age 43 years, Volunteer Firefighter with Enniskillen Station 5, Authorized Nuclear Operator with OPG, Pickering - Passed away suddenly as the result of an accident on Tuesday July 23, 2013. Beloved husband and best friend of Sherry. Adored Daddy of Lillie and Gregory. Dear son of Nancy & Bill Millson. Loving brother of Valerie (Steve) Jansen and Bart (Maureen) Millson. Dear son in law of Bill & Dianne Beuerman and brother in law of Raube (Bonnie) Beuerman, Ann Marie Pupulin and Mark (Paula) Beuerman. Cherished uncle of Travis, Hannah, Colin, Ellen, Quinn, Tyler, Kane, Brittney, Courtney, Kyle, Arick, Alexis, Christopher, Will & Arianna. Visitation will be held at NORTHCUTT ELLIOTT FUNERAL HOME, 53 Division St. N, Bowmanville on Sunday July 28th from 2 - 4 pm and on Monday from 2 - 4 & 7 - 9 pm. A Funeral Service will be held at TYRONE UNITED CHURCH, on Tuesday July 30th at 11 am. Interment Bethesda Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, Memorial Donations may be made to Enniskillen United Church, a Charity of your Choice or a fund towards a Memorial in Brad’s name. www.northcuttelliott.com McLEAN, Peggy - At the age of 83, Smiths Falls, passed away on July 23, 2013. A private burial was held. Survived by husband Russell McLean, daughters Jane Bejder (Leif) and Valerie McLean and loving friend Scottie. Predeceased by son Michael.
LUNAN, John “Jack” Russell In Kemptville on Thursday, July 25, 2013, John Lunan of Kemptville, age 91. Loving husband of the late Jean Elizabeth (Bette) Lunan (nee Denovan). Much loved father of Janet Sears (Carl), Jennifer Johnston (Arnie), Cathy Besharah (Peter) and Rob Lunan (Monika) all of Kemptville. Sadly missed by his grandchildren Christine, Sylvia, Alex and Sonja and great-grandchildren Meika, Tanner, Tyson, Niko and Roeg. Predeceased by grandson Simon. Visitation will be held at North Grenville Community Church, 2659 Concession Road, Kemptville on Thursday, August 1, 2013 from 10 am to 11 am, followed by Memorial Service at 11 am. Interment at Kirk Hill Cemetery. Those who wish may make memorial donations to North Grenville Community Church or a charity of choice.
THE EMC - 38 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Kenneth March 25, 1934–December 27, 2012 In memory of Kenneth Bellfountaine who passed away in Calgary, Alberta, December 27, 2012. A Celebration of Life will be held at the Royal Canadian Legion Br. 240, Almonte on August 8, 2013, 3 p.m. Ken is the late husband of Wanda Barker, brother-in-law to Faye Barker of Perth and Ian Barker of Almonte. Ken served with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in Petawawa in the 1950s, 56th RECCE Sqn. in Egypt in 1957, Fort Garry Horse 1962-1965 in Germany and retired in 1976 as a Warrant Officer with the Lord Strathcona’s Horse (RC) in Calgary after 25 years of Military service. He then worked with Toronto Dominion Bank for 23 years retiring to travel extensively with Wanda.
IN MEMORIAM
mcgarryfamily.ca 613-258-2435
McMunn Jeffrey Keith McMunn
Following a courageous battle with cancer, on Sunday, July 28th, 2013 surrounded by the love of his family Jeffrey K. McMunn at the age of 47. He will be sadly missed by his son Dustin McMunn and his daughter Taylor Brankin. He was the cherished son of Keith McMunn and was predeceased by his loving mother Kathleen E. (Playfair) McMunn in 2001. Loved brother and uncle of Allan (Lori) and their children Andrew and Elizabeth, Julie (Gary) and their children Brittany, Chelsea and Darcy Bingley and his brother Brian McMunn. He will be fondly remembered by all his friends and family. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St. W. Perth on Wednesday, July 31st, 2013 from 2:00 to 5:00 and 6:00 to 8:00 P.M. Funeral service will be held in the Chapel on Thursday at 10:30 A.M. In remembrance, contributions to the Great War Memorial Hospital Foundation or the Canadian Cancer Society would be appreciated. Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
Blair & Son Funeral Home, Smiths Falls (613) 283-2800 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
BELLFOUNTAINE
MANSON, Catharine – July 29, 2005. In our hearts you will always live Your love, your voice and your smile Are forever imprinted In our minds. Love you always. Larry, Melissa, Gillian, Matthew
GAULT – Wayne - August 5, 2003 & Anna May 22, 2004 Mom & Dad/Mapa & Pa. Though it’s been 10 years now since you were taken away, the memories are still strong and we wish you were here today. We can’t see nor touch you so we know you’re not here, but we’ve still got the past and in our hearts you’re still near. ~ Miss you deeply! Forever in our hearts. Love Always, Rob, Sam, Joanne, Dixon, Braeden and Bryson
2008 - Dohler, Mary Ann 2009 - Houston, Mary Margaret Rose August 5th 1970 - Robinson, Bessie 1986 - Houston, Mabel Alice 1991 - O’Reilly, Catherine Ann ‘Katie’ 1994 - Dohler, Carl Michael 1999 - McCurdy, Stephanie Lynn 2003 - New, Lloyd Fowler August 6th 1980 - Doolan, Muriel Frances 1984 - Rath, James Herbert ‘Herb’ 1992 - Skuffham, Edna Mary ‘Pat’ 2011 - Morgan, Jean Patricia 2011 - Hildreth, Laurence Glen August 7th 1974 - Reid, Audrey Zella 1984 - Halpenny, Isaac Edwin 1984 - Waddell, Jeanette Mary 2006 - Acheson, Samuel Robert ‘Bert’
OBITUARY
OBITUARY
McNEILL – In loving memory of a dear husband and father, James, who passed away on August 2, 2008. Dear Jim, you are forever in our hearts. Wife Claire and family
ELLIOTT, Lois E. – In loving memory of our Mom who passed away August 2, 2007. Though we cannot see you, we know you are near. We feel you around us and you wipe away our tears. Our hearts are filled with ache, as we miss you each day. But knowing the Lord is holding you, helps us smile today. Your resting place we visit and place flowers there with care. We turn and blow you kisses and walk away with only memories to share. We miss you Mom. Remembering and loving you forever Mom.
SADLER - In loving memory of a dear Mother and Grandmother, Iva Margaret Sadler, who passed away August 2, 1988. No one knows the heartaches, Only those who have lost can tell Of the grief that’s born together For the one we loved so well. Lovingly remembered by the family
DEVITT, Robert (Bob) – In loving memory of a dear husband, father and grandfather who passed away July 31, 2006. Time speeds on, Seven years have passed Since death its gloom, its shadow cast Within our home, where all seemed bright, And took from us a shining light, We miss that light and ever will, His vacant place there is none can fill. Down here we mourn, but not in vain, For up in Heaven we will meet again. Always in our thoughts and sadly missed, Lorena, Crystal, John, Meredith and Bailey
MITCHELL, Colleen – Born May 23, 1974, Perth, ON., passed away on July 21, 2013, with friends at her side following a brave and valiant battle with cancer. Her determination and positive attitude throughout was truly symbolic of who she really was. Beloved daughter to her parents, Francis and Florence Mitchell, sister to Paul Mitchell (Sylvie), and loving Aunt to Frankie and Josephine. Colleen will also be sadly missed by her loving family including her cousins Deborah (Shane), Mike (Alex) and many more. Colleen’s wonderful and dedicated friends should be commended for their constant help and support; immeasurable gratitude to Lynne Prevost and Roy Rivers (Sarnia), Michelle Vandermoer and Shannon Sengbusch (London), Krista Larouche (Lombardy), as well as her faithful Labrador Diesel. We will miss her infectious smile, witty humour and loving heart. She has been taken from us too soon and will be dearly missed. Do not stand at my grave and weep. In those quiet moments in the still of the night, Remember to rejoice and celebrate life. Do not stand at my grave and weep, I am not there; I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow, I am the diamond glints on snow, I am the sunlight on ripened grain, I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the morning’s hush, I am the swift uplifting rush. Of quiet birds in circled flight, I am the soft stars that shine at night. You will hear my gentle voice and remember to rejoice, Never give up your fight and remember to always celebrate life. ~ Author unknown ~
Old Fashion Gospel Camp Meeting. Sponsor: Land of Canaan Ministries. August 2, 7 PM, August 3, 4, 10 AM, 2 PM, 7 PM, August 5, 10 AM. Long Sault Woodland Day/Use Area, 15175 Long Sault Pkwy, Ingleside, ON. Food and refreshments a v a i l a b l e . Info:613-345-2901.
Cedar (white), quality lumber, most sizes, decking, T&G, channel rustic. Also huge bundles of cedar slabs ($45) and large bags of shavings ($35). www.scoutenwhitecedar.ca (613)283-3629.
There’s Hippies Up The Line! You’ll laugh. You’ll cry. You’ll stand up and shout Hallelujah! Reserve now for Stone Fence Theatre’s new musical comedy by Ish Theilheimer and Johanna Zomers. Opens July 16, with shows in Eganville, Barry’s Bay and Killaloe. www.stonefence.ca 613-628-6600Toll-Free 1-866-310-1004.
Disability Products. Buy and Sell stair lifts, scooters, bath lifts, patient lifts, hospital beds, etc. Call Silver Cross Ottawa (613)231-3549.
Estate Sale- Round oak table/extension, 4 arrowback chairs $400; minibar, cherrywood $250; TV FOR SALE cabinet, maple $100; oak sofa table $100; recliner 1997 28’ Travelaire 5th $75. 613-259-2685. Wheel camper with tipout, good condition, Findlay Condor cook$5,700; 1989 Chev 1 ton stove, white enamel, with dump, commercially certi- warming closet and water fied, $2,650. reservoire, good firebox 613-314-9327. and grates. Asking $250. Call 613-253-0470. 2787 Stagecoach Rd., Osgoode, 821-4498, apart- Kid’s ATV, like new, askment fridge, air ing $250. Call conditioner, exercise walk- 613-253-0470. er, pictures, radio, TV. Must be sold. Lumber- Board & Batten, 1x10 in eight and ten ft. 4 Winter tires mounted on lengths at 80 cents per lin. rims. Tire size; P205/70 ft. Battens 20 cents per lin. R15 950. Tires in good ft. Also will cut to suit. Cuscondition, rims 2 years tom portable sawmilling old. Total cost, $50. Call available. (613)283-7334. 613-269-4082. Pine Lumber Sale All brands of used appli- ontariowidelumber.com ances sold (or repaired at 1x6 pine v-joint, wain your place or ours) with scotting $0.45 a liner foot, warranty and free delivery. 2x8 round log $0.99 a linWe also sell new parts for er foot, pine wood flooring most appliances. George $1.258 liner foot, 1x8 Peters Appliances, #3756 square log siding $0.59 a Hwy. 43, Smiths Falls (be- liner foot. Pine casing 1x3 tween Perth and Smiths $0.39 liner foot, many sizFalls). (613)283-8634. es and products available 613.292.9211 Apples, cider and apple products. Smyths Apple Queen size electric bed, 1 Orchard, 613-652-2477. year old, new mattress. Updates, specials and cou- Paid $8,000 will sell for $5,000. Call pons at www.smythsapples.com. 613-284-4669. Open daily 9-5. Also check Stair lift, Savaria Stair us out on Facebook! Glide, 7 step, working orBrand New Mattress Sale- der, all parts included. 200+ Beds in Stock. More Best offer. 613-257-7514. Quality Less Money. Quality Used Appliances STEEL BUILDINGS/METAL Sold with Warranty. Best BUILDINGS Up to 60% 30x40, 40x60, Price in Town! Dan Peters OFF! Sales- 3768 Hwy 43 West, 50x80, 60x100, 80x100 Smiths Falls. Open Tues- sell for balance owed! Call: day-Sunday 10 a.m.-5 1 - 8 0 0 - 4 5 7 - 2 2 0 6 p.m. Delivery Available. Af- www.crownsteelbuildter Hours Appointments ings.ca Available 613-284-1234. Vintage 1978 Honda Bristol Guitar with Tric CB550 motorbike, new styrofoam case. Brand tires, chain and brakes, new, $300. Call asking $1,000 o.b.o.; Cougar bowrider boat, motor 613-485-6776. and trailer, $500 o.b.o. Canvas canoe, wooden 613-283-4291. loading ramps, wheelbarrel with steel wheel, James FIREWOOD Brothers stove, wood box, filing cabinet (3 drawers), 100% Hardwood, cut and pool table and cues, new, split, 1 year old, hand large shop vac, shot-gun piled, delivered, no debris, shell loader, beaver traps. 14 and 16”. Summer spe613-259-5206. cials! Call 613-257-5095.
COMING EVENTS
KENNETH MOIR December 1959 - August 2009 In loving memory Yours was no ordinary life, but a life well lived and well loved and your memory offers comfort, with the enduring love we will keep alive in our hearts. We will remember the happiest moments filled with joy, and find solace in the many ways you have touched so many lives. In every heart you touched, in every life you changed, in every thought you inspired, your love lives on. Your voice still echoes, your life still inspires, your light still shines... and always will. We are blessed to have been a part of your life. Mom and Dad Darlene, David, Brittany and Brooke, Jenn
Corner whirlpool tub sold by Home Hardware, made by Maax with pump, apron and taps, seldom used, $500. Automatic washer and dryer by Frigidaire, stacking or side-by-side, $100 for the set. Contact 613-264-0205.
COMING EVENTS
Buy with confidence Reliable and affordable used vehicles Financing O.A.C.
613-267-7484
5 Generations of firewood sales, all hardwood, cut and split. Volume discount. Outdoor furnace wood also available. 613-253-8006.
www.rthomsonauto.com
MUSIC MUSIC
Firewood- Cut, split and delivered or picked up. Dry seasoned hardwood or softwood from $50/face cord. Phone Greg Knops (613)658-3358, cell (613)340-1045.
Certified piano technician, with Piano Technician’s Guild, extensive experience with tuning, repairing and rebuilding. Contact Grant Pattingale at 613-284-8333, 1-877-742-6648 or www.piano4u.ca
FIREWOOD All hardwood $85/face cord
Piano Tuner Technician for all your piano needs. Call Lionel Pauze. 1(613)278-2017.
Softwood mixed
$65/face cord Also outdoor furnace wood available & Campfire Wood Delivery available Details(613)285-1547
FIREWOOD
cut, split and delivered $330/cord Outdoor furnace wood available We deliver year ‘round. Prompt delivery
FOR SALE
R.D. EATON FARMS & EXCAVATING
s "ACKHOE AND %XCAVATOR s ,ANDCLEARING s ,ANDSCAPING s $ITCHING s 3EPTIC 3YSTEMS s 4RUCKING 275-2453 OR 802-2491
CENTRAL BOILER OUTDOOR W ES WOOD FURNACES
5,990 0
$
Delivery Del eliivery and maintenance package included included. ed Limited time offer. Instant rebates up to $1,000. THE
FURNACE BROKER
Godfrey, ON 613-374-2566
FIREWOOD! UÊ7iÊBuy/Sell Ê -Ì>`}Ê/LiÀ UÊ ÌÊ i>À} UÊ-iiVÌÊ>ÀÛiÃÌ} UÊ>À`Ü`ÊÝ UÊn½ÊÀÊ£È½Ê i}Ì
à UÊ£È»Ê ÕÌÊEÊ-«Ì
PLEASE CALL 613-259-2222 FOR PRICING COMING EVENTS
ANTIQUES & COLLECTIBLES Antiques for sale, visit our barn full of antiques. 3654 Hwy 29 North at Cedar Hill Road, Pakenham. Info: 613-794-5634 or 613-256-8937.
Hunter Safety/Canadian Fire-arms Courses and exams throughout the year. Held once a month at Carp. Call Wenda Cochran 613-256-2409.
613-267-5772
CL415120
OBITUARY
also our way of saying “thank you” to the many families who have shown confidence in us since we came to Almonte in 1973. Some families are unable to visit this book on the anniversary of the death of those they love. For this reason we are proud to publish these names weekly as our way of saying…“We Remember”.
COMING EVENTS
{ÓÓä{ÈÚ/
August 1st 1971 - Morrow, Agnes 1993 - Jeeves, Norman Rorke 2004 - McCarthy, Sean John 2006 - O’Brien, Mary Francis 2009 - Harrison, Ross Edgar August 2nd 1970 - Munro, Mary Catherine 1975 - Paterson, Clarke George 1986 - Williams, Gwillym James 1988 - Sadler, Iva Margaret 1993 - Deugo, Douglas Bruce 1979 - Munro, Gilbert George 2008 - Toogood, David John August 3rd 2004 - Blackburn, Lloyd Irvine 2011 - Garland, Arthur Peter August 4th 1971 - Wark, Laurence N. 1972 - Ingram, W. J. 1974 - Julian, Bertram Archibald ‘Bert’ 1987 - Stanley, Ross Nicol 2007 - Toogood, Alice
IN MEMORIAM
AUGUST
“WE REMEMBER” Just inside the main entrance of the C.R. Gamble Funeral Home is a book of remembrance. Each day we turn a page in the book. The names of those we have served are inscribed on that date along with the year in which they passed away. It is our way of honouring and remembering a life that was lived. It is
IN MEMORIAM
COMING EVENTS
Hunter Safety/Canadian Fire-arms Courses, Carp, September 20, 21 & 22. Call Wenda Cochran 613-256-2409.
WANTED Retired Senior has dire need for old car batteries. Making cannon balls. Will pickup. (613)258-6254. Two 225/70R15, truck tires. 613-267-6268.
light Call
VEHICLES 1979 RX7 Rotary, $6,500 firm. Rust free, stored 18 years, new tires, wheels, brakes, exhaust, rad, battery, new interior. Have all original parts. Special edition, #41 of 500 Canadian specials. 613-777-5498. 2000 CRV Honda- Red, good condition, certified. $3,850. Call 613-267-8768. 2002 Ford F150 4x4, extend-a-cab, 4.6 litres, 185,000 km, tonneau cover, box liner, $5,500. 613-283-6139. 2005 GMC 1/2 ton 1500 Series, 128,000 km, comes with certified and E-test. No rust. $9,000. 613-797-1950. 2005 Grand Am. 103,000 kms. Really good condition. $4,500 o.b.o. 613-284-4669. 2005 Pontiac Grand-Am. 4 door, automatic, certified and e-tested, $2,700. Call 613-267-4803. Assortment of used tires, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16.5. Summers, all-season and snows. Also used car parts. Gord 613-257-2498. Sedona EX full size 7 seat van, silver, 2 years old, 54,000 km, heated front seats, back up camera, remote start, tow hitch, small dent right front fender, $17,000 o.b.o. 613-284-1976.
MARINE 1 14ft. Fiberglass fishing boat. Comes with a new 8-horse, 4-stroke, Mercury outboard motor. Also comes with trailer and extras. $3,500 firm. Excellent condition. 613-283-8107. CLR455156
IN MEMORIAM
FARM
FARM
Waterfront Cottages Fully outfitted 2 and 3 bedroom Clean lake Sandy Beach, Quiet, Relaxing Great fishing www.whitecedars.ca 613-649-2255
1963 Neufeld tractor 460, 60 h.p. diesel, p.s., loader, p.t.o. $3,000. 613-272-2525.
New price $15,950. 685 Case International tractor, 70 h.p., 4 WD, with cab, only 3,600 hrs, #2255 Case loader 8’ wide, 8’ grader, tires 75-80%. LoDairy herd person re- cation outside Maberly. quired. 613-258-9189 or Call 613-724-9096. Email: [email protected]
VEHICLES VEHICLES
Windows not functioning? Computer running slow? Viruses, malware, blue screen? Come into Staples today for a Total Repair service.
23 WHELAN STREET, WESTPORT
2010 Toyota Tacoma Ext Cab 4x4
No upcharges, no hidden fees.
FOR SALE
Staples SMITHS FALLS 613-283-3200 ext 236 FOR SALE
Staples 302 Colonnade Dr. KEMPTVILLE 613-258-5900
5spd 41km White CL433473_0801
FOR SALE
FOR SALE
Network ADVERTISING LOOKING FOR NEW BUSINESS and added revenue? Promote your company in Community Newspapers across Ontario right here in these Network Classified Ads or in business card-sized ads in hundreds of wellread newspapers. Let us show you how. Ask about our referral program. Ontario Community Newspapers Association. Contact Carol at 905639-5718 or Toll-Free 1-800-387-7982 ext. 229. www.networkclassified.org
CAREER TRAINING
HEALTH
1 in 5 Canadians will experience a mental health issue in their lifetime Mental Health Helpline 1-866-531-2600 www.MentalHealthHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Mental Health Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter
PART-TIME JOBS - Make your own schedule, sell chocolate bars to make $$$, decide where and when you sell, start and stop when you want. Tel: 1-800-383-3589. www.chocolatdeluxe.com
MORTGAGES $$$ 1st, 2nd, 3rd MORTGAGES Debt Consolidation, Refinancing, R e n o v a t i o n s , Ta x A r r e a r s , n o CMHC fees. $50K you pay $208.33/ month (OAC). No income, bad credit, power of sale stopped!! BETTER OPTION MORTGAGES, CALL TODAY Toll-Free 1-800-282-1169, www.mortgageontario.com (LIC# 10969).
613-259-2222 – Shop & Mobile Service
2728 Drummond Conc. 9A, Balderson
FOR SALE
FOR SALE
NH 256 rake; JD 2350 FWD loader; Ford 5000 loader; MF 135 diesel; Case compact FWD loader backhoe. 613-223-6026.
Packaged Wood Shavings 3 cu.ft. Bale -----------100 gallon Rubbermaid Stock Tanks $120. (613)253-5238 www.littleironhorsefarm.com
TOM’S CUSTOM AIRLESS PAINTING Specializing in roof barn & aluminum/ vinyl siding painting *30 years experience. *Screw nailing and roof repairs. Insured and Bonded Free Estimates (613)283-8475
EMC Classifieds Get Results! FARM
PATTEMORE
CL426496_0620
TIRE & REPAIR Steve Pattemore Athens, Ontario Specializing in Farm Tires
Tandem Hay Wagon, has new flat bed. Diesel Farm tractor, 45 HP. Husqvarna chainsaw, leather horse collars, lawn mower. 613-283-8231.
613-924-2225
WANTED
#1 HIGH SPEED INTERNET $32.95/Month
WA N T E D : O L D T U B E A U D I O EQUIPMENT. 40 years or older. Amplifiers, Stereo, Recording and Theatre Sound Equipment. Hammond organs. Any condition, no floor model consoles. Call Toll-Free 1-800-9470393 / 519-853-2157.
TRUE PSYCHICS! For Answers call now 24/7 Toll Free 1-877-3423036; Mobile #4486; http://www.true psychics.ca.
Absolutely no ports are blocked Unlimited Downloading Up to 11Mbps Download 800Kbps Upload
DATING SER9ICE. Long-term/shortterm relationships, free to try! 1-877297-9883. Talk with single ladies. Call #7878 or 1-888-534-6984. Talk now! 1-866-311-9640 or #5015. Meet local single ladies. 1-877-804-5381. (18+)
FINANCIAL SERVICES
www.acanac.ca or CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-866-281-3538 SAWMILLS from only $4,897 - MAKE MONEY SA9E MONEY with your own bandmill - Cut lumber any dimension. In stock ready to ship. FREE Info D9D: www.NorwoodSawmills.com/400OT 1-800-566-6899 Ext:400OT.
Guaranteed 40hr. Work Week + Overtime
Excellent Benefits Package Must be able to have extended stays away from home. Up to 6 months. Must have valid AZ, DZ, 5, 3, or 1 with airbrake license and have previous commercial driving experience. Apply at: www.sperryrail.com/ careers and then choose the FastTRACK Application. LAIDLAW CARRIERS 9AN DI9ISION requires experienced AZ licensed drivers to run the U.S. Premium mileage rate. Home weekly. New equipment. Also hiring Owner Operators. 1-800-263-8267
WORLD CLASS CRUISING CLOSE TO HOME! Summer Cruise Specials On Selected Cruise Dates of 3 and 6 Nights SAVE $100 pp / $200 pp Phone Now For Details CRUISES INCLUDE: SHORE E;CURSIONS GREAT MEALS NIGHTLY ENTERTAINMENT AND MUCH MORE… StLawrenceCruiseLines.com
Paid Travel Lodging 4 Weeks 9acation
VACATION/TRAVEL
AZ, DZ, 5, 3 or 1 w/ Airbrake
Meal Allowance
CL431177_0801
ALWAYS THE THIRD WHEEL at summer parties, BBQ’s and family gatherings? Always at home alone? CALL MISTY RI9ER INTRODUCTIONS TODAY! (613)257-3531, www.mistyriverintros.com. No computer required.
AN ALBERTA OILFIELD Company is hiring dozer and excavator operators. Lodging and meals provided. Drug testing required. Call (780) 723-5051 Edson, Alta.
MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION RATED #2 FOR AT-HOME JOBS
EMPLOYMENT OPPS.
s #OMPLETE (YDRAULIC Supplies & Service s $IESEL Engine 2EBUILDING s 7ELDING
New tractor parts- 1000s parts, specializing in engine rebuild kits, clutches. Super savings. Service manuals. Our 39th year. Brighton. www. diamondfarmtractorparts.com 613-475-1771, 1-800-481-1353.
For more information contact your local newspaper.
HELP WANTED
ENROLL TODAY! www.canscribe.com 1.800.466.1535 [email protected]
s All Mechanical Repairs: Cars, Trucks, Trailers & Heavy Equipment s #OMPLETE #UMMINS #!4 %NGINE $IAGNOSTIC 2EPAIR s !IR #ONDITIONING s 4RANSMISSION Final Drives, Differentials
FARM
ADVERTISE ACROSS ONTARIO OR ACROSS THE COUNTRY!
DRIVERS WANTED
Student loans and financing options Graduates aged 19 - 72 years young! High graduate employment rate
E&S AUTOMOTIVE
Staples CARLETON PLACE 613-253-2400 ext 236
613-273-9200
VEHICLES
FARM
Want to talk to someone about gambling problems? Ontario Problem Gambling Helpline 1-888-230-3505 www.ProblemGamblingHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Ontario Problem Gambling Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter FINANCIAL WORRIES? Consolidate into one monthly payment including credit cards, taxes, collection agencies, garnishments. Stop harassing phone calls. 1-877-9770304. 24 hours Services bilingues. [email protected] MoneyProvider.com. $500 Loan and +. No Credit Refused. Fast, Easy, 100% Secure. 1-877-776-1660.
Have you become addicted to prescription medication? Drug Alcohol Helpline 1-800-565-8603 www.DrugAndAlcoholHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Drug and Alcohol Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter
253 Ontario Street, Kingston, Ontario (TICO # 2168740)
STEEL BUILDINGS
BUSINESS OPPS.
STEEL BUILDINGS/METAL BUILDINGS 60% OFF! 20x28, 30x40, 40x62, 45x90, 50x120, 60x150, 80x100 sell for balance owed! Call 1-800-457-2206 www.crownsteelbuildings.ca
MAKE MONEY save lives. Work from home. No selling. Turnkey business. Invest after installation. Small initial investment. 20 hours a month. Guaranteed 100% investment return. 1-855-933-3555; www.locationfirstvending.com.
STEEL BUILDING - SIZZLING SUMMER S A9 I N G S E9ENT! 20;22 $4,188. 25;24 $4,598. 30;36 $6,876. 32;44$8,700. 40;52 $12,990. 47;70 $17,100. One end wall included. Pioneer Steel 1-800668-5422. www.pioneersteel.ca
Connect with Ontarians – extend your business reach! www.networkclassified.org THE EMC - 40 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
TOLL-FREE 1-800-267-7868
1 bedroom apartment on 2nd floor, quiet secured building in downtown Perth. Heat, water, fridge and stove included. $630 per month. References reSt. Jean’s Farrier Ser- quired 613-267-4844 9 a.m.-4 p.m. vice. 613-283-1198.
2 bedroom condo. Carleton Place. 2 levels, 4 appliances, gas fireplace, $975/month plus heat & hydro. Available September 1. No pets, Call evenings after 7 pm. 613-257-5198
Wanted to buy, horses, colts and ponies, all types. Contact Bob Perkins at (613)342-6030.
2 bedroom furnished home with access to Otter Lake. Utilities included. No pets. $985/mth. 613-283-8387.
Annual Toledo Ride-AThon is back. Save the date for Oct. 19!!!! Saddle up and check out www.saddleupintoledo.com
PETS
1 bedroom apt., Perth. Centrally located. Close to Algonquin college. Includes heat, water, fridge, stove. Non-smoking. No pets. $642/mth. Available Sept. 1. 613-257-2338.
Doggie Bed & Breakfast. In-home kennels, grooming, fenced activity park, nature walks. Lorna (613)200-1952 or (613)264-2203.
1 bedroom. Central Smiths Falls, ground floor, heat, hydro, water, fridge, stove, parking included. Ideal single/couple. $875/month. Non-smoker. 613-283-4204.
Pyrenees pups, purebred (no papers), ready to go, 3 females, 3 males. Reasonably priced. 613-258-9189. Set your dog free with a Dogwatch Hidden Fence System. Service and installation of any system. 1(800)647-3307. www.dogwatchontario.ca
MORTGAGES Mortgage Solutions Purchases, Consolidations, Construction. Lower than bank posted rates (OAC) On-Site Private Funds for credit issues, discharged bankrupts and BFS without proven income. Chase Financial 1-613-384-1301 Chase Financial o/b 835289 Ontario Inc. Brokerage License #10876
2 Bedroom Mobile home, 1 km from Perth, 4 appliances included, heat & hy1 bedroom upstairs apt. dro extra. $750/month. Central location, Carleton Available immediately. Place. Fridge and stove in- 613-278-0620. cluded. First and last months rent and good ref- 2 bedroom quiet 11 unit erences required. $650 adult building. Hardwood, plus heat and hydro. No ceramic, new bathroom reno., upstairs, non-smokpets. 613-257-4627. ing, no dogs. Heated $795. 1/2 double, 3 bedrooms, Aug. 1. 613-285-4001, Smiths Falls. First/last 613-283-0921. rent. Tenant pays heat (gas) + hydro. No pets. 2 bedroom split level apt. Newly renovated. Perth. Available Aug. 1. In$900/month. Available im- cludes gas heat, fridge, mediately. References re- stove, hot water, laundry, parking, yard. Hydro extra. quired. 613-283-7665. Some electric heat. 2 bedroom, 2nd floor $700/mth. 613-267-6666. apartment, downtown Perth. Includes: fridge, 3 bedroom home, Smiths stove, hot water, parking Falls. Fridge, stove, heat hydro included. and yard. $625/month and plus hydro (electric heat). $1,200/month. Call Perry Available September 1. 613-284-4191 at Weagle Realty Ltd. Brokerage. 613-267-6666. 2 Bedroom Apartment, $950/month, all inclusive. Call 613-283-7497. 2 bedroom apartment in Perth, fridge and stove in-
COMMERCIAL RENT cluded, $795 plus hydro. Carleton Place, commercial space for rent, available Feb 2014, 760 sq. ft. $665 plus utilities. Good location, 154 Beckwith St. Carleton Place, 613-257-5711. Perth- Storefront or office in small downtown stripmall with off-street parking. Approx., 730 sq. ft. with possible/additional storage space. $475/monthly + GST and hydro. 613-267-4935. Prime Commercial Space for lease in downtown Perth, corner of Gore St., and Foster St. 950 sq. ft., large windows for displays and light. Call 613-267-6115.
Call 613-267-6115. 2 bedroom apartment in Smiths Falls, fridge, stove, washer and dryer included. $825 plus heat and hydro. Call 613-267-6115. 2 bedroom apt. Available Sept. 1st. Edgetown Apts., Kemptville. References required. 613-264-8439. 2 bedroom apt. for rent. 41 Sunset Blvd Perth, Ont. Available July 1st/2013. Call Bud at 613-267-0567. 2 bedroom apts., Perth. New appliances. Recently renovated. Downtown. Hydro extra. $800/mth. Jill (613)552-0035.
2 bedroom condo apartment, $990/month plus Store front retail space. hydro, available immediExcellent location, down- ately, pet free. 15 Findley town Carleton Place, near Ave., Carleton Place. Very town hall. 613-867-1905. clean. 613-451-3451.
PETS
2 bedroom half house, 60 Victoria Ave., Smiths Falls, off street parking, no pets, $750/month plus utilities. 613-283-2266.
PETS
FOR RENT Carleton Place, apartment downtown, stairs, first/last month rent, references, no smoking, no pets. 613-867-1905.
Perth- 2 bedroom apartment. Stove, fridge, washer and dryer. Parking, electric heat, no pets, 4 unit building, west end. $ 8 7 5 / m o n t h . Code Apartments. Smiths 613-267-3534. Falls. Spacious, bright, 2 bedroom in clean, quiet, Perth, 2 bedroom bungaadult building. Fridge, low with attached garage stove, parking, laundry fa- on Cul de sac, 4 applianccilities. (613)283-7779. es, heat, water, lawn care included. $1,300/month. Colonel By Luxury adult 613-223-8287. apartments. Close to County Fair Mall in Perth. Available immediSmiths Falls. Air condi- ately. 2 bedroom aparttioning, exercise room, ment in security building. party room, library and $650/month plus utilities. 613-283-7000. elevator. 613-283-9650.
FOR RENT
PERSONAL
Studio furnished loft apt. Rideau Ferry. Ideal for 1. Alcoholics Anonymous Utilities included. BBQ, (613)284-2696. balcony, deck & dock available. $880/mth. Available Aug. 1. Are you concerned about someone’s drinking? 613-267-2091. There is help available for Two bedroom apartment in you in AL-ANON/Alateen. 613-284-6100, Frankville. $750 plus hydro. Call 272-3105, Available immediately. Call 257-3138, 203-3713, 826-2566, 613-213-1772. 283-5038.
STORAGE
Overeaters Anonymous 613-264-5158
Franktown area. Single car garage. $100/mth. Loft True Psychics $75/mth. 613-283-8387. For Answers CALL NOW Toll FREE Storage, 8’x20’, 8’ high, 24/7 160 sq. ft., Kemptville. 1-877-342-3032 Mobile: www.truepsyPerth- bright 2 bedroom $ 6 0 / m o n t h . #4486 chics.ca secure apt., balcony. Close 613-658-3459. to pool. Parking, laundry on site. No dogs. Available REAL ESTATE LOST & FOUND Sept. 1. 613-267-6940.
Downtown Perth- Large 1 bedroom apt. Laundry facilities. Water included. Quiet building. Nonsmoking. $650/mth. September 1. Perth, near downtown, 2+ 613-264-0464. bedrooms. Heat, hydro included, no pets, Fairly new, large, 3 bed- $ 8 9 0 / m o n t h . room house in Kemptville, 613-267-4935. hydro, gas, water included. $1,300/month. Perth small 2 br house 15 613-258-7931. min from town. Quiet rural setting. $750/mo utilities Furnished bedroom in pri- (about $200) extra. vate home, Perth, for em- Call/text 613-390-0767 ployed professional. Share email [email protected] kitchen/living space with owner. Parking, laundry, Room for rent in Carleton wireless, heat included. No Place, walking distance to pets. No smoking. shopping, hospital and $ 4 5 0 / m o n t h . schools. Non-smoker. 613-326-0518. 613-257-2544.
In the country, minutes from Perth. Spacious totally renovated 2 bedroom unit, $750/month plus utilities. Available immedi3 bedroom house fur- ately. First and last renished. Mississippi Lake, quired. Danielle Carleton Place. Sept.-June. 613-464-3506. $1,100/mth. plus utilities. 613-257-7334. Kemptville- 2 bedroom upstairs apt. Available 3 bedroom rowhouse, just Aug. 1. No pets. First, last, outside of Perth, references required. $925/month plus utilities. $850/mth. includes heat, First, last and references hydro, fridge, stove, parkrequired. 613-278-1604. ing. 613-989-2058. 3 Bedroom Semi Detached Large newly renovated 1 house for rent in Perth. bedroom apartment near Close to schools and downtown Perth. Fridge, downtown. Available Sep- stove, washer, dryer intember 1. Includes Fridge, cluded. $725 plus heat and Stove, Washer, Dryer and hydro. Call 613-267-6115. Dishwasher. Parking available. $900/month plus Maintenance free 2 bedutilities. For more info. room condo for rent, Please call 613-264-8419. Kemptville. Green space. Hardwood floors, ceramic 3 bedroom semi-de- tile, granite and stainless tached house, Carleton steel appliances. Laundry Place. Available immedi- facilities and water includately. Fridge and stove in- ed. $1,300/mth. plus cluded. Recently utilities. 613-229-5564. renovated. $1125 plus heat & hydro. Good refer- Merrickville, 1 bedroom ences required plus 1st apartment, $850/month inand last months rent. No cludes utilities, dishwashpets. 613-257-4627. er, washer and dryer. Brand new apartment. $900/month + utilities, 2 613-889-3017. bedroom apt. in Perth near the hospital, fridge, stove, Merrickville- large 2 bedlaundry room, references, room 2nd floor apt. Nicely 1st & last, view at decorated. Parking, stove, www.mls.ca MLS# fridge, heat, water includ868851, 613-200-1000. ed. $800/mth. plus hydro. First/last required. Almonte, 151 Reserve, 2 Available Sept. 1. bedroom apartment, se- 613-283-0746. cure heritage building, available September. $790 Perth, 2 bdrm apt. Bright plus utilities, all amenities, roomy, quiet, adult, parking, no pets, smoke-free building. No 613-257-5711. dogs. Fridge, stove, laundry facility, parking. Almonte- 2 bedroom up- $765/mth + hydro. Oct stairs apt. $700/mth. plus 1st. 613-298-5429. hydro and water. 613-256-3611. Perth, 2 bedroom apartment, $700/month. Plus Apartment for Rent in Ri- hydro. Clean, secure builddeau Ferry. Big Bedroom, ing. Parking, coin laundry Hardwood floors, Wood facility. Seniors welcome. burning stove. Spacious 613-925-3046. Gardens, lots of parking and storage. Available Perth- 2 bedroom Sept 1, 2013. $800/month. Hydro not included. apartment, $775/mth. Available immediately. Wendy 613-867-0134. First/last required. Ashley Chase Luxury Please call Adult apartments over- 613-283-9650. looking the Tay River, near downtown Perth. Air con- Perth, 2 bedroom apartditioning, exercise room, ment, available immediateentertainment room, li- ly, $700 plus utilities, brary, elevator. 613-267-4831 after 5 p.m. 613-267-6980. Perth. 2 bedroom apartCarleton Place, Spacious ment, fridge and stove, 2 bedroom apt. quiet, non laundry facilities. Smoke smokers only, no pets, and pet free. Parking. October 1. first and last. Available 613-267-5651. $900.00 613-407-5983. Perth, 2 bedroom apartment in quiet security building. Well looked after. Fridge, stove, parking, balcony. Laundry in building. $795/month plus hydro. No dogs. (613)349-9377.
3 bedroom house. Older home. Very good condition. Situated on 3.78 acres. South of Kemptville. Financing available OAC. $169,500. Rent to own possible. Dave 613-989-5451. 4 bedroom house, village of Dacre (off Hwy. 132)double lot (put together). Asking $250,000. Electrical toilets. Small wood shed. 613-326-1626.
Small plastic, Plano fishing tackle tray with several lour’s for trout fishing. Last time seen, Tuesday, July 16, public boat ramp by Waterways Campgrounds. May have fallen out of boat on the way home along the McCann Rd., or the Narrow Lock Rd, or the Clear Lake Rd., to Chaffey’s Locks. If found please call 613-359-5047.
VACATION/COTTAGES Waterfront cottages, excellent fishing, sandy beach, miles of boating. $525/week. Relaxing affordable family fun. Singleton Lake Family Campground. w w w. s i n g l e t o n l a k e . c a 1-855-887-3230
HELP WANTED Canadian Guide Dogs for the Blind, Manotick, requires fulltime housekeeper. Overnights required up to one month at time, cooking & housework. Driver’s license essential. Resumes by email [email protected] or fax to 613-692-0650 by August 9, 2013. No calls please.
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
DRIVERS REQUIRED Access Taxi requires Full and Part-Time drivers for Smiths Falls Should be familiar with streets and surrounding roads. Top of the industry remuneration paid. Excellent supplemental income for semi-retired and retired persons. Please call Brett
at 613-283-5555.
Country Home for sale on 2.72 acres. Private sale. To VACATION/COTTAGES view at: or Room for rent in Smiths www.hpgardner.com Falls. No pets. Available contact: 3 bedroom cottage, plumbAugust 1. $500/month. [email protected] ing, swimming, fishing, 613-283-5882 between 7 Mississippi Lake. July and a.m.-4 p.m. REAL ESTATE August $800/week. Available from July 20 to SERVICES Shamrock Apartments, mid-October. 613-257-3485 Perth, 1 bedroom, 80 Acres of Plowed [email protected] $630/month includes heat. Farmland for sale. Located Hydro extra. No smoking, Richmond/ North Gower no pets. 613-264-8380. REAL ESTATE area. $19,000. per Acre or best offer. 613-880-0494SERVICES Smiths Falls- 1 bed- or 613-489-2001 room apartment, $915/month. Available October 1st. Heat and Gerry Hudson hydro included. Please call 613-283-9650. Kingston 613-449-1668 Smiths Falls. 1 bedroom apartment, ground floor, centrally located, available immediately. No pets. No smoking. Call Graham 613-283-0865. Smiths Falls- 1 bedroom apt. Great location, behind Food Basic’s, near schools. Fridge, stove, $650/plus. Available Sept. 1st. 613-284-4603, e-mail [email protected] Smiths Falls. 2 bedroom apt. 2nd floor. Adults only. No smoking, no pets. Available immediately. Graham (613)283-0865. Smiths Falls, 2 bedroom in heritage stone building. $895/month. Heat, hydro, fridge, stove, washer and dryer included. Available August 1. 613-283-9650. Smiths Falls. Bachelor apartment, available May 1, no pets, no smoking, single female preferred. Call Graham 613-283-0865. Smiths Falls- Carssridge Apartments, 2 b e d r o o m , $1055/month. Available Sept. 1st. Heat, hydro, cable included. Please call 613-283-9650 Smiths Falls- Furnished, 2 bedroom, appliances, cable included. Walking distance downtown/hospital, Quiet working person, $725 plus electrical. Parking (one car), freshly painted. 613-812-2400. Smiths Falls, large 2 bedroom apt. Fridge, stove, heat, hydro, parking and laundry included. $850/month. Call Perry 613-284-4191 at Weagle Realty Ltd. Brokerage. Smiths Falls. Toulon Place Apartments. 2 bedroom $880/month. Also, 1 bedroom, $790/month. Available October 1st. Heat and hydro included. First/last required. Please call 613-283-9650.
Sales Representative Rideau Town and Country Realty Ltd, Brokerage
613-273-5000 Live your Dream: Cottage rental business. 14 furnished, waterfront units. Gorgeous 7 room home, sandy beach, 10 rental boats. $760,000 OAC**MLS Country-Wooded: 1 1/2 acres, stream-side lot. $14,700 with $1000 down OAC. Westport: Bobs Lake, pristine waterfront of 754’. 4.5 acre treed estate. 3 bedroom 4 season bungalow and large garage. $345,000. MLS. Lucrative family operated taxi business: 4 licensed cars. $110,000. Merrickville: Charming early Canadian 8 room home near canal. Needs work. $119,000.
VACATION/COTTAGES
Indoor storage of all sizes Outdoor storage also available 613-285-5507 Smiths Falls 613-264-0213 Perth
FOR RENT
For rent on Bass Lake, fully equipped 2 bedroom home, dock, great swimming. $800/week starting August 3. For more info call 613-283-6761. Quiet Adult Campground. All services, near Merrickville, Ontario. Rideau River, Petangue, tennis, fishing, telephone. $1,200 per season. 613-269-4664.
Absolutely Beautiful
1&2 bedroom apartments
$174,000
Secure 50’s Plus Building Carleton Place No Smoking No Pets $700.00 and up Seniors’ Discounts
Call 613-720-9860 or 613-823-1694 0425.CLR430551
THE EMC - 41 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REAL ESTATE
FOR SALE
CL433608_0801
BATES – In loving memory of Sidney Roo, March 1, 1991 - August 1, 2012. A million times I’ve needed you, A million time I’ve cried, If love could have saved you, You never would have died. Things we feel most deeply, Are the hardest things to say, My dearest one, I loved you, In a very special way. If I could have one lifetime wish, One dream that could come true, Carleton Place, 2 bedroom lower duplex. 4 apI’d pray to God with all my heart, pliances, pleasant For yesterday and you. neighbourhood. $800/mth. plus heat and hydro. Missing you, Available Oct. 1. ReferencMummy es. 613-256-4476.
FOR RENT
CL434365_TF
FOR RENT
Two bedroom ground level Condo for sale on Findlay St. in Carleton Place,walking distance to all emmenities. Lamenate and carpet flooring, includes fridge and stove. Well maintained.
Please contact Kim for more info
613-229-8110
HOUSE PARENT FOR MALE YOUTH RESIDENCE Live-in position available for an active, enthusiastic person to work with male youth. Also Available: Full-time staff to work on floor. A Must: Work Independently Self Motivated Driver’s License and car BROCKVILLE & SHANLY AREA Fax resume to: 613-498-2905 or send to: Woodcock Youth Centre 3923 County Road 26 RR2, Brockville Ont. K6V 5T2 email: [email protected] No Phone Calls.
CL424714_0801
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Rideau Community Health Services is a non-profit, fully accredited organization that offers primary health care with an emphasis on illness prevention, health promotion, health education and community development. As part of our health promotion activities, and in partnership with the school and community agencies, we currently offer a 5 day per week after school program at Duncan J Schoular Public School in Smiths Falls for children aged 7 to 11.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR Full-Time / Non-Union Reporting directly to the Superintendent of Water & Wastewater, the successful candidate will apply his/her knowledge of water treatment processes and equipment to perform all regular and non-routine water treatment plant operations, and maintenance including lab and clerical work. The Smiths Falls Water Treatment Plant is a Class 4 facility with advanced treatment. The Smiths Falls Water Treatment Plant consists of five full-time staff including the Superintendent, Compliance Coordinator, and three Plant Operators.
We are hiring 3 people for the following position: After-School Program Leader – September 2013-May 2014, 15 hours per week Please check our website for details and where to submit your resume. www.RideauCHS.ca
Position Overview: UÊ*iÀvÀÊÀÕÌiÊ>`ÊÀÕÌiÊÌ>ÃÃÊÜÌ
ÊÞÊ}iiÀ>ÊÃÕ«iÀÛð UÊ ÕÃÌÊÃÌ>ÞÊÕ«Ì`>ÌiÊÊVÕÀÀiÌÊ`ÕÃÌÀÞÊ«À>VÌViÃ]Ê " ÊÀi}Õ>ÌÃÊ>`Êi}Ã>ÌÊÕÃ}Ê>ÊÀiÃÕÀViÃÊ>Û>>Li° UÊ ÌÀÊ>Ê«>ÌÊ«iÀ>ÌÃÊ>`ÊÀiVÀ`Ê`>Ì>ÊvÀÊVÌÀÊÀÊiÌiÀÃ]Ê}>Õ}iÃÊ>`ÊÀiVÀ`}ÊV
>ÀÌÊÀi>`}ð Report malfunctions and unusual trends or conditions to supervisor. UÊ*iÀvÀÊ>ÊÀÕÌiÊ>Ìi>ViÊÊiµÕ«iÌ]Ê>`ÊÀÕÌiÊÀi«>ÀÊÜÀ° UÊ*>ÀÌV«>ÌiÊÊÀÌ>Ì>Ê«À>ÀÞÊV>Ê`ÕÌiÃÊÓ{ÉÇ®Ê>ÃÊÜiÊ>VÌÊ>ÃÊL>VÕ«ÊV>° UÊ*iÀvÀÊ«>ÌÊ>Ìi>ViÊ`ÕÌiÃÊÜÌ
ÊÃV«iÊvÊ>LÌÞÊ>`ÊÜÌ
Ê>««À«À>ÌiÊÃÕ«iÀÛð UÊ*iÀvÀÊ>ÊÜÀÊÊ>VVÀ`>ViÊÜÌ
ÊV>Ê>`Ê«ÀÛV>ÊÀi}Õ>ÌÃÊ>`ÊÃÌ>ÌÕÌiÃ]Ê>`ÊÊV«>ViÊÜÌ
departmental safety devices and equipment.
Rideau Community Health Services is funded by the South East Local Health Integration Network.
Minimum Qualifications: UÊ*ÃÌÃiV`>ÀÞÊi`ÕV>ÌÊÊ ÛÀiÌ>Ê-ÌÕ`iÃÊÀÊiµÕÛ>iÌÊ>`ÊÀi>Ìi`ÊiÝ«iÀiVi° UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÀÛ`iÊ>ÌÊÜÊVÃÌÊ>Ê À>Ê,iVÀ`ÃÊV
iVÊ UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÃÃiÃÃÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê>Ê ÃÌÀÞÊvÊ ÛÀiÌÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ"«iÀ>ÌÀÊ iÀÌwV>ÌiÊ>ÃÊ>Ê7>ÌiÀÊ/Ài>ÌiÌ Plant Operator. UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÃÃiÃÃÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê>ÊÛ>`Ê"Ì>ÀÊ ÀÛiÀÊ ViÃi° UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊ>LiÊÌÊ>««ÞÊ>`Û>Vi`ÊÜi`}iÊvÊÜ>ÌiÀÊÌÀi>ÌiÌÊ«ÀViÃÃiÃÊÌÊÌ
iÊiÝÃÌ}ÊÃÞÃÌiÃ]ÊiµÕ«iÌÊ>` facilities. UÊ ÕÃÌÊ
>ÛiÊÃ`ÊL>V}ÀÕ`ÊÊ>LÀ>ÌÀÞÊÃÃÊ>ÃÊÌ
iÞÊ>««ÞÊÌÊ>Ê`À}ÊÜ>ÌiÀÊ«>Ì UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊÌÀ>i`ÊÊ wi`Ê-«>Vi]Ê>`ÊÕÃiÊ>`ÊVÌ>iÌÊvÊ>Ê
>â>À`ÕÃÊV
iV>ÃÊÕÃi`°Ê ÕÃÌÊLiÊÌÀ>i`ÊÊÌ
i ÊÊÊÕÃiÊvÊ>ÊÃ>viÌÞÊiµÕ«iÌ]ÊVÕ`}Ê- ½Ã]ÊÝÞ}iÊ`iÌiVÌÊiÌiÀ]ÊLÜiÀ]ÊÀiëÀ>ÌÀÊiÌV° UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊ>LiÊÌÊÕÃiÊL>ÃVÊëÀi>`Ã
iiÌÊ>`ÊÜÀ`Ê«ÀViÃÃ}ÊV«ÕÌiÀÊ«À}À>Ã]Ê>}ÊÜÌ
Ê>LÌÞÊÌÊi>ÀÊÌÊ«iÀ>Ìi ÊÊÊ* ½ÃÊ>`Ê- ÊÌÊÌÀÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê«iÀ>Ìð UÊ Ý«iVÌi`ÊÌÊ>V
iÛiÊ >ÃÃÊ6Ê iÀÌwV>ÌÊÜÌ
Ê>Ê>VVi«Ì>LiÊ«iÀ`ÊvÊi«ÞiÌ° UÊ Ý«iVÌi`ÊÌÊ>VVi«ÌÊ"«iÀ>ÌÀÊÊ
>À}iÊ`iÃ}>Ì° Desired Qualifications UÊ7À}ÊÜi`}iÊvÊ-ÕÀViÊ7>ÌiÀÊ*ÀÌiVÌ UÊ7À}ÊÜi`}iÊvÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ+Õ>ÌÞÊ >>}iiÌÊ-ÞÃÌià UÊ >V}ÀÕ`ÊÊiiVÌÀV>Ê>`ÊÀÊiV
>V>ÊÀi«>ÀÃ UÊ ÃÌÀÞÊvÊÌ
iÊ ÛÀiÌÊ >ÃÃÊÎÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ/Ài>ÌiÌÊ iÀÌwV>Ìi +Õ>wi`ÊV>``>ÌiÃÊ>ÀiÊÛÌi`ÊÌÊÃÕLÌÊÌ
iÀÊÀiÃÕiÊV«iÌiÊÜÌ
ÊÀiviÀiViÃÊ>`ÊVÛiÀ}ÊiÌÌiÀ®ÊÊVw`iViÊ«ÀÀÊ to 12 noon Tuesday August 13th, 2013. Human Resources Coordinator Town of Smiths Falls 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 2B8 Email: [email protected]
Big Brothers Big Sisters of Lanark County
Big Brothers Big Sisters provides one on one and small group mentoring programs to children ages 6 through 16 in Lanark County. Programs focus on building self esteem, encouraging healthy lifestyle choices, positively impacting the effects of bullying, and increasing success at school. Working with key community partners, including Rideau Community Health Services and TYPS Almonte, the agency is currently looking for an After School Program Coordinator. Please visit the agency website for a full position description. After School Program Coordinator, Lanark County Position Purpose: To bring social service agencies, funders and community partners together to ensure that children in Lanark County have free access to after school programs that offer physical activity, healthy food choices, sports and recreation, and mentoring opportunities in a safe and fun environment. Full position posting details are available at www.bigbrothersbigsisterslanark.ca. Applications to all positions listed above will be accepted until August 14th at 9:00 a.m. CL433583_0801
CL433758_0801
The Town of Smiths Falls is an equal opportunity employer. Accessibility accommodations are available for all parts of the recruitment process. Applicants need to make their needs known in advance. Only those under consideration will be contacted. Information is collected for the purpose of job selection under the authority of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL Our Mission: To provide an excellent patient experience – guided by the people we serve, delivered by people who care. Brockville General Hospital is a fully accredited multi-site facility providing Acute Care, Complex Continuing Care, Rehabilitation, Palliative Care and Mental Health services. We are situated along the beautiful St. Lawrence River in the heart of the famous Thousand Islands. We are presently recruiting for a FULL-TIME PROGRAM MANAGER - INPATIENT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES. Key Qualifications: U Baccalaureate degree in Nursing with current registration in good standing with the College of Nurses of Ontario. Master’s Degree is preferred. U Minimum of 5 years clinical experience in psychiatric / mental health nursing preferably in an in-patient setting; Management experience required. Please send your resume on or before August 12, 2013 to Human Resources, Brockville General Hospital, 75 Charles Street, Brockville, ON K6V 1S8 fax: 613-345-8305 email: [email protected]. To learn more about the Hospital and other exciting career opportunities visit the ‘Careers’ section of our website: www.bgh-on.ca/Careers.htm We thank all applicants for their expressed interest; however, only applicants selected for an interview will be contacted.
www.bgh-on.ca THE EMC - 42 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CL424713_0801
CL433764_0801
The Corporation of the Town of Smiths Falls is a progressive separated municipality with the population of approximately 8,800 within the County of Lanark in eastern Ontario. Located at the Heart of the Rideau Canal the Province of Ontario’s only UNESCO World Heritage site, Sensational Smiths Falls is just a short distance from Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto, Ontario as well as the United States, Canada border. The Town provides a mix of urban and recreational lifestyles offering a high quality of life for its residents.
HELP WANTED
Due to continued growth in our new state-of-the-art facility, A & B Ford Sales Ltd. in Perth seeks the following:
Automotive Sales Consultants
Experience is an asset but not necessary. • Must be able to communicate well with people and assist with their automotive needs • Self motivated with a great attitude • Adaptability and a team player • Must be comfortable using all tools available to you including email, database and phone • Must be able to work some nights and weekends • Desire to exceed customer expectations • Valid drivers license. Please drop off your resume in person today to the attention of Jason Munro, Sales Manager A & B Ford Sales Ltd. 31 Dufferin St., Perth Or by email to: [email protected]
We thank all applicants however, only successful candidates will be contacted
HELP WANTED
We are currently looking to fill the following position:
Executive Director A full job description for this position is available on our website at http://www.ovfht.ca/careers. Qualifications/Experience t.BTUFST%FHSFFJO)FBMUIDBSFPS#VTJOFTT"ENJOJTUSBUJPOPSFRVJWBMFOU t.JOJNVNPGÜWF ZFBSTQSPHSFTTJWFNBOBHFNFOUFYQFSJFODFJO B1SJNBSZ)FBMUI$BSFPS$PNNVOJUZ)FBMUI$BSFTFUUJOH JODMVEJOH BTTPDJBUFEGVOEJOHBOE1&.T t,OPXMFEHFBOEVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGDPNNVOJUZTFSWJDFJTTVFT t&YQFSJFODFEFWFMPQJOHDPNNVOJUZQBSUOFSTIJQTBOEDPPSEJOBUJOHBOE GBDJMJUBUJOHUIFFòPSUTPGNBOZTUBLFIPMEFST 1MFBTF FNBJM VT ZPVS SFTVNF XJUI B MFUUFS PG JOUFOU EFNPOTUSBUJOH ZPVS FYQFSJFODFJOUIFBCPWFBSFBT UP[email protected] by Friday, August 16, 2013. Only candidates selected for an interview will be contacted.
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Canadian Guide Dogs for the Blind, Manotick, requires one person to cover kennels 7-11:30 am Saturdays and Sundays, for one year. Experience with dogs; valid driver’s license. Fax resume 613-692-0650 or e-mail [email protected] by August 9, 2013. No calls please.
Full-Time Live-in Manager, small retirement home, Winchester. Cooking, cleaning, assisting 9 seniors. Must be mature, reliable, responsible, caring. Salary and accommodations (3+ bedroom apartment) Training provided. Call 613-774-3391.
HELP WANTED-LOCAL PEOPLE NEEDED!!! Simple & Flexible Online Work. 100% Genuine Opportunity. F/T & P/T. Internet Needed. Very Easy...No Experience Required. Income is Guaranteed! ww.ezComputerWork.com
Mature, reliable adult needed for occasional dog/house sitting in South Mountain area. Nice place, well behaved dogs. 2 character references required. Pays well. Food of choice provided. Please call 613-989-9942.
Gourmet Restaurant, Carleton Place looking for experienced part-time cook, waitress and cashier. Breakfast, lunch, dinner. Available days, evenings and weekends. Call France 613-257-2887.
Local lawn and garden business looking for help. Seasonal- now until end of November. Carleton Place, 613-257-5621, leave message. Person to work cleaning horse barn, 2 hours per day, 2 or 3 days per week, Mature, experienced Almonte/Carleton Place server needed. Flexible area 613-256-4252. schedule. Part-time/Fulltime. Apply by resume at: Waitress wanted. Please 73 Bridge St., Carleton apply at Centennial ResPlace or call taurant in Pakenham. 613-257-1500. 613-624-5413
Experienced heavy duty cleaners needed for Perth and Smiths Falls. Must be available evenings. Parttime hours only. Please email [email protected]
HELP WANTED First Baptist Church Smiths Falls is seeking a part-time Coordinator of Child and Youth Ministries. For further information refer to the Canadian Baptist of Ontario and Quebec website under Jobswww.baptist.ca or email: [email protected]
HELP WANTED!!! $28.00/HOUR. Undercover Shoppers Needed To Judge Retail And Dining Establishments. Genuine Opportunity. PT/FT. Experience Not Required. If You Can Shop-You Are Qualified! www.MyShopperJobs.com
HELP WANTED
Help Wanted! Make $1000 weekly mailing brochures from home! No experience required. Start immediately! www.TheMailingHub.com
HELP WANTED
WORK OPPORTUNITIES & TRAVEL Childcare positions in United States, air fare, medical, etc provided. Childcare in Holland, New Zealand, Australia, Spain, England, China, etc. Different benefits apply. Hotel jobs in England. Teach in South Korea, air fare, medical etc provided. Part-time office help re- Apply at: 902-422-1455. quired. $12/hour. Carleton Email: [email protected]. Fax resume: patico.ca (613)257-3630.
HELP WANTED
WORK WANTED Sweatergang Companions provides lifestyle assistance to seniors in Lanark Country. Companionship, Organized outings, transportation and so much more! Christine 613-284-9975. You’ll be
LD FOR SOSALE on the
CLASSIFIEDS
Certified Mason. 12 years experience. Chimney repair, restoration, parging, repointing. Brick, block and stone. Small/big job specialist. Free estimates. 613-250-0290. Interlocking brick, roofing and cedar-rail fencing. 20 years experience. You set the price, and I’ll do the work. It’s that simple!! Call Robert 613-206-1897.
EMC Classifieds Get Results!
WORK WANTED
Babysitter needed. Must be flexible. In my home Smiths Falls. Experience with toddlers. Call for an interview. 613-883-2227.
“A1� Handyman with halfton truck. Dump hauling, wood splitting, driveway sealing, moving, tree removal, eaves trough cleaning, carpentry, siding, painting, roofing, general maintenance. Call Kevin 613-253-4764.
*excavation *backhoe *landscaping *loader rental *topsoil, sand & gravel (613)283-9271
HELP WANTED
Are you a Registered Nurse commuting to Ottawa, Brockville or further?
Job Posting
Position: General Manager, Seaway Reports to: Group Publisher Location: Kingston, ON
We have the perfect Part Time opportunity for you!
Overview: Reporting into the Group Publisher, the General Manager, Seaway will be responsible for the Seaway Region (Brighton, Belleville, Kingston and Brockville). Successful candidate will lead our Sales teams, represent Metroland in the Community and meet company standards for profitability and editorial excellence.
The Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital is a two site acute care facility serving a catchment area of 44,000 residents of Perth and Smiths Falls and surrounding area. We are a fully accredited Hospital that delivers a broad range of primary and secondary services and currently seeking:
Duties & Responsibilities • Develop, implement and manage strategies to meet and exceed YTD performance goals and objectives as well as maximize market potential in all business segments/divisions. • Develop and execute aggressive sales and marketing strategies across all Seaway divisions, in a very competitive region, through existing leadership and sta. • To assist the Regional Publisher in the management of the divisions to achieve the operating plan including financial, editorial, circulation and administrative budgets/plans by implementing management controls which monitor performance and by taking corrective action when area of non-performance is identified. • Assist the Regional Publisher in the development of strategic plans that clearly identifies objectives, strategies, priorities and new innovative opportunities for each division. • To maximize community and reader involvement through timely and accurate reporting of news happenings in a style and manner that adheres to Editorial standards. • To monitor the distribution system to ensure accurate and timely delivery of company products and inserts. • Identifies and develops new business opportunities to attain and exceed revenue targets. • To maintain a high level of awareness of the Division in the community by maintaining contact with readers, community leaders, associations, and through Division promotions and by participating in community events. • To ensure that all staďŹƒng levels meet short and long-term needs of the divisions and that fair and eective performance measures are assigned and employees are motivated to achieve and/or exceed their assigned goals and objectives utilizing sound management tools and practices. • Promotes a cooperative and harmonious working climate which will be conducive to maximum morale, productivity, and eďŹƒciency/eectiveness. • Support Corporate Sales with local sales activity.
PART-TIME & CASUAL REGISTERED NURSES UÊ / -6 Ê , Ê1 /UÊ ÊÉÊ-1, Ê UÊ" -/ /, UÊ"* ,/ Ê,"" Ê1 /-
Qualifications/Competencies/Experience: Building Eective Teams * Conflict Management * Dealing with Ambiguity * Developing Direct Reports & Others Directing Others * Innovation Management * Managerial Courage * Managing Vision & Purpose * Political Savvy * Strategic Thinking • Strong planning skills required in order to develop strategic plans to increase revenueproduction opportunities. • Must be “results-orientedâ€?. • Experience with and understanding of Metroland internet strategies. • Strong and proven project management skills. • Excellent communication and interpersonal skills are needed in leadership role with sta to motivate and clearly indicate goals and performance requirements across many divisions within a large geographic footprint. • Must also be able to communicate well in the community as the primary representative of the divisions. • Strong knowledge of the Company’s products, services, circulation and demographics in order to properly develop strategies that increase the divisions growth and revenues. • Creative and innovative thinker who can analyze and develop new solutions or approaches. • 5-7 years relevant experience including direct management experience of community newspaper(s). • College or University degree/diploma or equivalent experience. Please be advised that this is a concurrent internal and external posting and that further consideration will be given to only those candidates who have clearly demonstrated the competencies required for the position. Interested and qualified candidates should forward their resume and cover letter to the attention of Karen Pogue no later than Monday July 29th, 2013 to [email protected]. CL431036_0725
QualiďŹ ed applicants are invited to send a resume and letter of application, in conďŹ dence, to: Human Resources Department Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital 60 Cornelia St. West, Smiths Falls, Ontario K7A 2H9 Email: [email protected] Fax: (613) 283-0520 www.psfdh.on.ca We appreciate your interest, however only candidates under consideration will be contacted.
COUNTY OF RENFREW Employment Opportunities
BONNECHERE MANOR Long Term Care Home Bonnechere Manor, a safe and caring community to live, work, and enjoy life.
FOOD SERVICE WORKER/COOK Part Time Under the direction of the Food Service Supervisor or designate, this position performs both the roles of the Cook and the Food Service Worker. The Cook is responsible for the production of high quality food in a sanitary environment. The Food Service Worker is responsible for all aspects of the delivery of food service ensuring high standards in a sanitary environment. Consistent with the Mission and Philosophy of Bonnechere Manor, this position contributes to the efficient operation of the Dietary department within an interdisciplinary resident-focused team. Qualifications: x Certificate - Level “Cook 1� (Junior Cook) course recognized by the Canadian Society of Nutrition Management. x Certificate – Food Safety Awareness Program, as approved by a Public Health Unit x Must display departmental and position competencies of Personal Sensitivity/Empathy, Flexibility/Adaptability, Teamwork, Accuracy & Thoroughness and Efficiency Compensation: $23.71 - $24.03 per hour (Cook rate); $22.01 - $22.48 per hour (Food Service Worker rate) For complete job descriptions and qualifications, please see the County of Renfrew website at http://www.countyofrenfrew.on.ca/departments/human-resources/unionized-job-descriptions/
Please send your resume stating Competition #13-71 by 4:00 p.m., Thursday, August 8, 2013 to: Human Resources, County of Renfrew 9 International Drive, Pembroke, ON K8A 6W5 EMAIL: [email protected] (in MS Word or pdf format) Thank you for your interest, however, only applicants considered for an interview will be contacted. CLR457110
THE EMC - 43 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
HELP WANTED
Experience the excitement of the aerospace industry in a rural setting!
Grass cutters, landscapers as well as tree planters (3 positions)
CL433779_0801
For over 60 years, Magellan Aerospace, Haley has been producing magnesium and aluminum castings for the aerospace industry.
Qualifications: Post-secondary education, preferably with a major in Office Administration or equivalent. Skills: Excellent interpersonal, written and verbal skills. Proficient in the use of software; including MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel and other spreadsheet systems. We thank all applicants, but only those invited to an interview will be contacted. Qualified applicants should submit their resume in confidence to:
No telephone inquiries please
Fax resume: 613-283-6715 HELP WANTED
STUDENTS WANTED
Inserter, Casual Part Time- Smiths Falls DistribuƟon Center FUNCTIONS - Li ing flyers from pallets, and placing them on a feeder to insert flyers into newspapers. - Inser ng flyers into newspapers. - Jog and strap bundles once inser on of required flyers is completed. - Load completed bundles onto pallets. - Other du es may include, but are not limited to, cleaning of general work area and warehouse.
Now Accepting Resumes for: UÊ >ÀÌi`iÀ UÊ-iÀÛiÀà UÊÃÌÃÉÃÌiÃÃià UÊ Ã UÊ Ã
Ü>Ã
iÀÃ ««ÞÊÊ«iÀÃÊÜÌ
ÊÀiÃÕi IÊ Ê«
iÊV>ÃÊ«i>Ãi
Join a Winning and Successful Team
Magellan Aerospace, Haley 634 Magnesium Road Haley, Ontario Canada K0J 1Y0 Fax: (613-432-0743) Email: [email protected]
Mowing Service- Flail mower for over grown weeds and grass, bush hog for rough areas, sickle bar for pastures and hay fields. 613-229-2231. [email protected]
xÎÊiÀÀÌÌÊ-Ì°]Ê*iÀÌ
ÊUÊÈ£ÎÓÈÇ£Îä{
REQUIREMENTS - Must be 15 years old. - Physically able to li 5-25 lbs. - Standing for extended periods of me. - Con nual rota on of wrist, back and shoulders. - Mo vated self starter. - Reliable team worker. - Shi s are weekend 7:30am-3:30pm and MondayWednesday a er 3:30pm.
CL431039/0725
Temporary Divisional Office Clerk
M&K Renovations looking for jobs: Siding, decking, fencing, drywall, painting, laminated floors, windows, doors. Call Mike for quote, 613-259-2446.
FIDDLEHEADS BAR & GRILL
CL433274_0725
Located in the heart of the Ottawa Valley west of Renfrew, we have an immediate opening for a:
The right individual would work for the winter for our snowplowing business and would continue full-time employment in the spring.
WORK WANTED
Interested applicants should forward their resume via email to [email protected], or drop it off in person at 65 Lorne Street, Smiths Falls Ontario.
CLR457444
We appreciate the interest of all candidates, only candidates selected for a interview will be contacted. No telephone calls please.
GREYLEITH
Job Posting Sales Coordinator – Arnprior or Renfrew Metroland East Arnprior Renfrew
Greyleith Construction Limited is now part of the Cruickshank group of companies has an opening in our Carleton Place location for a:
WHAT WE NEED YOU TO DO • Use your sales skills to actively prospect and develop new business. • Consult with clients/ sales team regularly to maintain and grow existing relationships. • Generate compelling and creative proposals that address and solve customer/sales team problems. • Be competitive and driven to consistently achieve and exceed monthly sales targets. • Leverage market relationships and increase overall revenues. • Supervise, support and train staff. • Coordination and development of supplements, features and digital. ABOUT YOU • You are knowledgeable about sales advertising, strategies and concepts; a minimum of 5 years advertising experience is preferred. In general, prior media advertising experience would be an asset. • 5 years outside sales consulting experience with a history of providing solution oriented sales presentations. • Can illustrate a proven track record of delivering on goals and maintaining a high closing ratio. • Supervisory skills, the ability to motivate a sales team. • Working and reliable automobile, proof of insurance and a clean driving record. Looking for your next career challenge? If so, Metroland Media Group is the place to be! Interested candidates are requested to forward their resume and cover letter to [email protected] by August 2nd, 2013
Perth Home Hardware Building Centre currently has the following job opportunity:
Operations Manager – Structures (Bridges) The position is responsible for providing direction and guidance to the Greyleith Structures division. Qualifications Post-secondary degree or diploma in construction/engineering is an asset Minimum 10 years related structural (bridges) construction experience and 3 years in a management role Strong knowledge of local, provincial workplace compliance regulations, ordinances and legislation Developed problem solving and analytical skills Knowledge of job costing and basic financial principles Understanding fundamentals of contracts and experience managing subcontractors under the terms of a contract Proficient in related computer applications including MS Office Commitment to a safe work environment Responsibilities Establish and monitor performance, delivery and quality standards to ensure client satisfaction and company compliance Implement strategic initiatives pertaining to the business group Ensure processes in place to maintain efficient/effective use of resource and timely/cost effective completion of contractual commitments Coordinate tender process and responsible for all aspects of project administration Demonstrate leadership – provide guidance, instruction and direction to members of the business unit Perform duties compliant with Health and Safety protocols to ensure a safe work environment To apply, please send your resume and cover letter in confidence to: [email protected] by August 14, 2013 Cruickshank thanks all applicants
www.cruickshankgroup.com
Metroland is an equal opportunity employer. We thank all applicants for their interest; however only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Job Category - Sales
FULL TIME PLUMBING, ELECTRICAL & APPLIANCE SUPERVISOR As a member of our Home Team, you will provide courteous and efficient service to customers advising on appropriate merchandise and related items; processing transactions and quotes using retail sales software; inventory management; general housekeeping, building and merchandising creative displays and staying current with trends in the industry. The successful candidate will have: Ê UÊ-Õ«iÀÛÃ]Ê`ÀiVÌÊ>`ÊÌÀ>}ÊvÊÌ
iÊ*ÕL}]Ê Electrical and Appliance team. Ê UÊ/
iÊ>LÌÞÊÌÊÜÀÊ>ÊyiÝLiÊÃV
i`ÕiÊVÕ`} weekends, evenings and holidays. Ê UÊÀi`ÞÊ>`Ê
i«vÕÊ>ÌÌÌÕ`iÊÌÜ>À`ÊVÕÃÌiÀÃ°Ê Ê UÊ ÝViiÌÊVÕV>ÌÊÃð Ê UÊ7}iÃÃÊÌÊi>À° Ê UÊ`Ê>Ì
i>ÌV>ÊÃð Ê UÊ*ÀÀÊÀiÌ>ÊiÝ«iÀiVi° Ê UÊ Ài>ÌÛiÊ>LÌiÃÊvÀÊ>}Ê>ÌÌÀ>VÌÛi in-store displays. CL433763_0801
THE OPPORTUNITY Metroland East is looking for a high-energy, experienced Sales person to support and drive sales in our Renfrew and Arnprior Region. Reporting to the Publisher, you will be responsible for supervision of a Sales Teams, training and development of that team and new members, hold regular sales meetings with your team and maintain and grow the retail business. You will be building onto what is already a large and productive pre-existing book of business.
CL415487
Job Title: Division: Location:
7iÊ vviÀÊ V«iÌÌÛiÊ Ã>>ÀÞÊ >`Ê }Ài>ÌÊ ÜÀ}Ê conditions. If you are interested in becoming a part of our Home Team, please visit our store located at ££xÊ ÀÕ`Ê -Ì°Ê 7°Ê *iÀÌ
Ê "Ì>ÀÊ ÌÊ ÃÕLÌÊ ÞÕÀÊ application accompanied by your resume to the attention of Erin Shelly. Email: [email protected] Closing date for all applicants is Friday August 9, 2013
CL431034_0725
THE EMC - 44 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
WORK WANTED
CL425834/tf
CL420715_0307 74475/111
BUILDING AND REPAIRS Heritage Stone, Brick and Block Footings, Foundations, Concrete Finishing, Log Chinking and Chimney Sweeping Will go anywhere! PAUL WARRINGTON 268-2394
HOME IMPROVEMENTS No job too small! Free estimates • Home Renovations • Plumbing Repairs • Painting/cleanup • Concrete work Doug Morley 257-7177
PAUL’S MASONRY
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Ed Widenmaier for over 25 years. Free estimates, Reasonable rates. Commercial and Residential Owner operated. 613-267-3205
Job Posting Job Title: Division: Location:
HELP WANTED
The Town of Smiths Falls is currently looking for an on-call (spare) Crossing Guard to fill absences. The successful candidate must be able to attend crossings with short notice and be available for the month of September 2013.
WHAT WE NEED YOU TO DO • Use your sales skills to actively prospect and develop new business. • Consult with clients/ sales team regularly to maintain and grow existing relationships. • Generate compelling and creative proposals that address and solve customer/sales team problems. • Be competitive and driven to consistently achieve and exceed monthly sales targets. • Leverage market relationships and increase overall revenues. • Supervise, support and train sta. • Coordination and development of supplements, features and digital.
Primary Purpose: To escort school children across a roadway safely at designated school crossing locations. Qualifications: t (PPEDPNNVOJDBUJPOTLJMMT t 3FBDUTBGFMZBOERVJDLMZUPUSBĂłDDPOEJUJPOT t "CMFUPEJTQMBZBTDIPPMDSPTTJOHTUPQTJHO XFJHIUVQUPQPVOET JOBO VQSJHIUQPTJUJPOTPUIBUJUJTWJTJCMFUPWFIJDVMBSUSBĂłDBQQSPBDIJOHGSPN each direction, and extend the other arm out parallel for one minute POBGSFRVFOUCBTJT t .VTUCFBCMFUPQFSGPSNDSPTTJOHEVUJFTJOBMMXFBUIFSDPOEJUJPOT t 4VDDFTTGVMBQQMJDBOUNVTUPCUBJOBOBDDFQUBCMF$SJNJOBM3FDPSE$IFDL 7VMOFSBCMF4FDUPS DFSUJĂśDBUF NOTE: On-call crossing guards will be given priority status for filling vacancies JO$SPTTJOH(VBSEQPTJUJPOT CL429493_0725
Qualified candidates may submit a resume in confidence to: ,JN.JTLFMMZ )VNBO3FTPVSDFT$PPSEJOBUPS Town of Smiths Falls P.O. Box 695, 77 Beckwith Street North 4NJUIT'BMMT 0/,"5 Fax: Email : [email protected] No later than 12 noon on Thursday August 8th, 2013 We thank all those who apply, but advise that only those applicants selected for an interview will be contacted. RĂŠsumes will be protected pursuant to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and will be used only for the purpose of this employment competition.
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
Professional & Reliable Movers - 2 Men & 17’ Cube $95/hr, 2 Men & 16’ Refrigerated Cube Van $95 hr + Fuel Surcharge, 3 Men & 25’ Moving Van $125/hr -Call to Book your Move 613-284-8281.
Antiques, power tools, electronics, snowblower, generator, and other great stuff. 2978 Beckwith 9th Line, 6.5 km west of Black’s Corners. Sunday, August 4, 9-2.
Roger’s Affordable Handyman Service. Reasonable rates. Indoor/outdoor jobs, painting included. Call (613)267-1183.
Sales Coordinator – Ottawa Region Metroland East Ottawa
THE OPPORTUNITY Metroland East is looking for a high-energy, experienced Sales person to support and drive sales in our Ottawa Region. Reporting to the Publisher, you will be responsible for supervision of a Sales Teams, training and development of that team and new members, hold regular sales meetings with your team and maintain and grow the retail business. You will be building onto what is already a large and productive pre-existing book of business.
Town of Smiths Falls Requires an On Call School Crossing Guard
WORK WANTED
DRIVEWAY SEALING
CL421155_0620
NEED A ROOF? Experienced, professional roofer with 11 yrs experience. Metal shingles, steel or asphalt. Call Kelly or Steve @ Madawaska Landscaping & Construction 613-623-7836. FREE ESTIMATES. Work Guaranteed.
HELP WANTED
WORK WANTED
WORK WANTED
August 3, 8 a.m. Glasswear, furnishing, carpet, books, backpack’s, brief cases, Africana, clothes. 447 Joseph St., Carleton Send A Load to the dump, Place. cheap. Clean up clutter, garage sale leftovers or August 9 & 10 , Wayside leaf and yard waste. Drive, Perth. Carvings, 613-256-4613. sports equipment, toys, books, videos, bunk-beds, housewares, glassCLEANING / JANITORIAL misc. ware, tools, some collectibles. Every Working Mother & Father needs a housewife. Each home is custom Garage Sale- 36 Smith priced in the presence of Rd, Oxford Station. Aug 3, the owner to ensure my 4 & 5th. 8 am-3 pm. cleaning will meet your Couch, dining set, rocker, needs & budget. card table, framed fine art prints, trade show display, 613-219-7277. direct vent propane stove Tess’ Home Cleaning. Re- with chimney, printers, liable, honest, hardwork- photocopier/fax, colour ing. Attention to detail. printer, data projector, silCustomized to fit specific ver plate, horse brasses, needs. Please call or email clothing, jewellery, videos, [email protected] glass and china, toys and 613-297-0731. more!!
BUSINESS SERVICES Steve’s Roofing 14 years experience, Excellent workmanship, 10 year written warranty, Call Steve for a free estimate 613-552-9471.
ABOUT YOU • You are knowledgeable about sales advertising, strategies and concepts; a minimum of 5 years advertising experience is preferred. In general, prior media advertising experience would be an asset. • 5 years outside sales consulting experience with a history of providing solution oriented sales presentations. • Can illustrate a proven track record of delivering on goals and maintaining a high closing ratio. • Supervisory skills, the ability to motivate a sales team. • Working and reliable automobile, proof of insurance and a clean driving record.
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
Looking for your next career challenge? If so, Metroland Media Group is the place to be! Interested candidates are requested to forward their resume and cover letter to [email protected] by August 2nd, 2013 Metroland is an equal opportunity employer. We thank all applicants for their interest; however only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Job Category - Sales CL431035_0725
Tay Valley Township is seeking a casual/part-time Truck Driver/ Operator. Reporting to the Public Works Manager, the Truck Driver/ Operator will operate all light equipment as required to fulfill assigned duties including trucks and snow plows on an as needed basis. The Truck Driver/Operator will also perform other related duties on an as needed basis. A detailed job description is available by contacting the undersigned or by visiting www.tayvalleytwp.ca.
JOB RESPONSIBILITIES: The ideal employee will: • Possess a strong mechanical aptitude • Have strong production and workflow skills • Be able to work unsupervised • Demonstrate a high level of flexibility • Be highly self-motivated • Ability to troubleshoot • Working knowledge of inserting equipment • Be available for ALL shifts
As the preferred candidate you will have exceptional customer service skills and have a solid understanding of safety rules and the use of personal protective equipment. The successful candidate will have working experience in a related area, be able to work with minimal supervision, and be willing to participate in training. Demonstrated experience working with the public is a requirement. You must possess excellent communication skills, strong time management and organizational skills, and a proficiency in English, written and spoken. A Class D driver’s license with a “Z� endorsement is a requirement.
SPECIFIC DUTIES: • Operate Inserting machines ie. setup, adjustments etc. • Assist in planning pre-insert packages • Meet production goals • Respond to deadlines • Ensure quality standards are met • Provide training to part-time sta where required • Maintenance • Other duties as requires
Tay Valley Township Attn: Chief Administrative Officer 217 Harper Road Perth, ON K7H 3C6 or e-mail: [email protected]
CL433516_0801
Qualified candidates are invited to submit a covering letter and resume clearly marked “Casual/Part-Time Truck Driver/Operator� prior to 12:00 noon August 9th, 2013 to:
CL431013/0718
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: • Grade 12 diploma • 2-4 years production experience in high volume shop Please send resume to [email protected] or drop o to 65 Lorne Street.
The wage rate is $20.25 per hour (based on 2013 rates).
We thank all applicants for their interest and only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Personal information collected from applications is collected under the authority of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, and will be used to determine qualifications for employment. Questions about the collection of Information should be directed to the Clerk at the address indicated above. THE EMC - 45 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Eastern Ontario’s Largest Indoor Flea Market 150 booths Open Every Sunday All Year 8am-4pm Hwy. #31 – 2 kms north of 401
Mchaffies Flea Market HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
" -ĂŠUĂŠ" -ĂŠUĂŠ" Opportunities in Perth, Prescott, Brockville and Kingston PLEASE APPLY IMMEDIATELY! (Numerous Positions Available)
General Labourers starting at $10.25 - $16.00 per hour If you are an employer looking for skilled trades people call Manpower today! - Candidates must be a self-starter, someone with initiative and able to work well independently and also in team environment. - Shifts for laborer roles are as follows: rotating 12 hours, 8 hour mad rotation, wkds, 8 hour days must be able to work all shifts - WHIMS Training required. - All positions require a criminal record check.
CL251911_0719
TRUCK DRIVER/OPERATOR CASUAL/PART-TIME
JOB SUMMARY: To lead and assist in operations on the Distribution floor, including coordinating the staging and inserting of flyers on the night shift using inserting machines and evaluation of performance levels to ensure a smooth and eďŹƒcient workflow for both the EMC’s and lettershop jobs.
JOB REQUIREMENTS: • Working knowledge of flyer distribution as well as a working knowledge of inserting equipment • Ability to learn and understand production requirements • Ability to learn and apply departmental rules and procedures • Good communication and leadership skills • Flexibility in both hours and job requirements, depending on customers needs.
CL421042
Inserting Machine Operator Trainee Distribution Metroland Media- Formerly Performance Printing
Huge yard sale, Sylvania Lodge, Dalhousie Lake. August 4, 9-4, rain date August 5. Tools, handsaws, household goods, bike rack for car.
Yard sale, 288 Poole Drive, Trillium Estates, Perth, Saturday, August 3, Large Multi-family Yard Sale! Aug 3rd, 4th, and 5th 8 a.m. 8:00 a.m., 1140 Elm Grove Road, Perth. Rideau Ferry Abracadabra...The great- Road to Elm Grove Road est moving out sale, last and follow the signs. call. Whatever is left must Loads of collectable’s, go. Please come back household items, baby once again to 5719 Log- clothes and toys, furniture, gers Way, Vydon Acres. 6 like new mobility scooter, km in from Galetta Side hospital bed. Something Road. 613-623-1545 Sat- for everyone, rain or shine. urday August 3, Sunday August 4, 9-5. Murray’s Furniture & Flea Market. Open 6 Days a week. Closed Mondays. Almonte Antique Market, 525 High St., Carleton 26 Mill St. in historic Place. 613-253-1804. Andowntown Almonte. tiques, Toys, Collectibles, 613-256-1511. 36 ven- Jewellery & More. dors. Open daily 10-5.
Job Posting Job Title: Department: Company:
Garage sale- everything must go! 2672 River Rd., South, Kemptville. Aug. 3, 8-2. Assortment of household and garage items.
Please call Manpower or email: T: 1-613-342-0250 [email protected] www.manpower.com
Retail Shop for Sale Have you ever dreamed of opening your own Shop? Excellent opportunity to take over a successful Gift Shop In Historical Downtown Almonte. Complete Turn Key Opportunity.
CL424722_0801
Canadian Tire in Smiths Falls
Let’s get started
UÊÊ >``>ÌiÊÕÃÌÊ
>ÛiÊÃÌÀ}Ê VÕV>ÌÊÃÃ UÊÊ iÊ>LiÊÌÊÜÀÊÊ>ÊÌi>ÊÀiÌi`Ê iÛÀiÌ UÊÊ-ÌÀ}Ê`>}ÃÌVÊ>`ÊiiVÌÀV>Ê ÃÃÊ>Ê>ÃÃiÌ
Developmental Services of Leeds & Grenville www.developmentalservices.com is accepting applications for a
Community Support Worker (7 – 14 hrs/wk) (part-time Contract)
Please submit resume by August 9, 2013 to: Executive Director, DSLG, P.O. Box 1688, Brockville, ON K6V 6K8 Fax or email: (613) 345-1685/ [email protected]
CL424721_0801
Developmental Services of Leeds and Grenville is looking for an enthusiastic individual to provide adults participating in Community Connections with meaningful leisure, recreational and community outings. The successful candidate will participate in planning various activities and learning opportunities that are inclusive, flexible and allow for individual choice. Scheduled hours are 7 – 14 hrs per week and include “on-call” availability. Education and Qualifications required:
-
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
Visit our Bids and Tender website to register and download tender documents. http://bids.leedsgrenville.com CSS-2013-05T: Foundation Repairs CSS-2013-06T: Roof Replacement/ Repairs CSS-2013-07T: Installation of Emergency Generator CSS-2013-08T: Solar HWT Relief Valves CSS-2013-09T: Elevator Hand/Guard Rails CSS-2013-10T: Basement Window Replacement CSS-2013-11T: Accessible Entrances CSS-2013-12T: Bathroom/ Kitchen Upgrades CSS-2013-13T: Electrical Panel Replacement CSS-2013-14T: Common Area Flooring Replacement CSS-2013-15T: Drainage Improvements CSS-2013-16T: Apartment Building Window Cleaning CSS-2013-24T: Lift TSSA Directive 249/11 Tender closings: 11:00 a.m. EST, Tuesday, August 27, 2013. Mandatory site meetings are scheduled for August 13 and 14, 2013. Please refer to the individual tender package for details. Inquiries deadline is August 20, 2013. Tender documents are available from the website or by contacting CSS Admin Services at 613-342-3840 ext. 2117. Lowest or any tender is not necessarily accepted.
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
As the cornerstone of 3M’s success in today's increasingly complex market, innovation is reflected in the thousands of new products we make and sell. It is personified in the creativity and commitment of our employees and energizes the atmosphere of our manufacturing plants and offices located in more than 60 countries around the world. 3M operates manufacturing sites in Eastern Ontario within the communities of Perth and Brockville. We are currently looking for contract production operators to be considered for placement within these locations on short notice…
Contract Production Operators • Perth & Brockville
You will be a member of our manufacturing group and an active member of a flexible team of workers responsible for the daily production of quality products and continuous improvements throughout 3M Canada's Eastern Ontario manufacturing facilities. You will operate and maintain production equipment, be responsible for material handling and production reporting, and maintain a safe work environment. You must have a high school diploma and factory production experience. The ability to operate a forklift is a definite asset. Working along with the rest of 3M's manufacturing team, you will work to understand and exceed 3M customer expectations. We are looking for reliable individuals who are fast learners with a strong attention to detail and excellent time management skills. Ref #PTH-MNF for Perth opportunities or Ref #BKV-MNF for Brockville opportunities These positions are contract work opportunities and will be hired through a third-party agency; candidates will not be eligible for 3M Canada benefits. To apply for these positions, please send your resume and cover letter by e-mail, quoting the specific reference number in the subject line, to:
[email protected] Candidates must be legally employable in Canada to be considered for employment. For assistance with accommodation issues regarding the submission of your resume, please contact 3M Canada Human Resources. We thank all applicants in advance; however, only those under consideration will be contacted. 3M Canada is committed to Employment Equity and welcomes applications from women and men, including members of visible minorities, Aboriginal peoples, and persons with disabilities.
www.3M.ca AUCTIONS
FARM AND HOUSEHOLD AUCTION SALE TENDERS
TENDERS
TENDER NOTICE
Please submit resume to: Ron Speck Auto Service Manager 10 Ferrara Drive, Smiths Falls
DSW or CYW diploma, or degree in a related field 1 year practical experience with individuals who have a developmental disability in a community setting CPI, CPR and First Aid training excellent oral and written communication skills valid Ontario Driver’s licence.
Temporary Closure of Safford Road The United Counties of Leeds and Grenville along with the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry are proposing to close Safford Road for the replacement of the Black Creek Culverts commencing August 6, 2013. The work will be carried out by Cruickshank Construction Ltd. and the road will remain closed until approximately Friday, August 23, 2013. Additional information can be obtained on our website at Live, News & Events or by contacting Les Shepherd, P.Eng., Leeds Grenville at 613-342-3840 ext. 2412 or Ben deHaan, P.Eng., Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry at 613-932-1515.
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
HELP WANTED
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
Saturday August 3, 8 a.m-1 p.m. Toys, clothes, antiques, household items, sporting goods, fresh baked goodies! 42 Russell St., East, Smiths Falls
Saturday, August 3, 8-1, 307 Thomas St., Kemptville. Photo frames, graduation gowns, clothes, fax machine, scanner, glassware, lanPerth- 16 Alvin St. Sat. terns, bicycling apparel, Aug. 3. 8 a.m. etc, etc. 613-267-7230. Saturday, August 3, 8-2, Saturday, Aug. 3, 7 26 McLean Blvd., Perth. a.m.-2 p.m. 760 Rosedale Antiques, good furniture, Road South, Smiths Falls. quality Chinese wool rug, (Not too far from Mon- 500 sq. ft. of vintage metal shingles, plus more. tague Centennial Hall).
TENDERS
Call Debora for Details 613-291-2931 HELP WANTED
MY SELF STORAGE GARAGE SALE and storage Auction August 17th. 8:00 am til 4:00pm. Looking to sell you stuff or products? $35 per storage unit to set up in. Give us a call or stop by for more info 613-253-5550.333 Townline Road East Carleton Place K7C 3S2
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
TENDER Construction - Asphalt Milling/ Removal, Grading, Hot Mix Paving and Misc. Concrete & Rehabilitation Works CONTRACT # 13-PSG-008 Sealed Tenders will be received in envelopes clearly marked as to contents by the Town Clerk at her office in the Town Hall, 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, Ontario, until 11:00 am local time on Thursday, August 15th, 2013, @ 11:00 a.m. For the 2013 Construction -2013-PSG-008 Asphalt Milling/Removal, Grading, Hot Mix Paving, Miscellaneous Concrete & Rehabilitation Work. Specifications and Form of Tender may be obtained from the Clerk’s office. Tenders will be opened in Public at 11:05 a.m. on Thursday, August 15, 2013, in the Council Chambers at the Town Hall, 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, Ontario. Questions regarding this Tender may be directed to Vanessa Bernicky at the Engineering Department (tel: 613-283-4124 extension 1147). The lowest or any Tender will not necessarily be accepted (see Acceptance of Tender portion of document). AMENDMENTS TO BIDS SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED OR ACCEPTED
THE EMC - 46 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Saturday, August 10th 9:30 a.m. To be held on site at civic #12015 Cassbridge Rd. South of Winchester From the town of Winchester, travel south on Highway 31 approx. 5km to Cassbridge. Turn west, travel approx. 3km or from the village of Williamsburg travel North on Hwy. 31 approx. 10 kms to Cassbridge Rd. Turn west, travel approx 3km. Watch for signs. Tractors, Farm Machinery, Grain Bin, New Riding Mower, Tools, Household Effects and More. Owner and Auctioneer not responsible for loss or accident. Note: Plan to attend this quality auction for everything is in extra clean cond. With all machinery having been bought new on the farm and always stored inside. Sale Order: 9:30 a.m. starting with household effects, machinery sells at 12 noon sharp, plan to attend on time this is a 3.5 hr. Auction only. Terms: Cash or good cheque with proper I.D. Prop: Mr. Hugh Coons Auctioneers and Sale Managers: Peter Ross Auction Harold Bell Services Ltd. Winchester ON Ingleside ON 613-448-3161 613-537-8862 www.theauctionfever.com for full listing
CL431067_0801
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
AUCTION SALE August 3rd, 2013 9:30 AM sharp To be held at our home located at 3624 Farmview Rd., Kinburn, Ontario. We will be offering for sale items from the recently sold home of John and Dianne Lawson, Pakenham, items from the recently sold home of Mary Szabo, Kanata as well as items from a number of individual consignors. Antique Armoire; Contemporary furniture; Piano; Freezer; Collectables; Old Bottles; Assorted new and used tools; Antique Portraits and Pictures; Generator; Lawn and garden tools etc. etc. Everything is in good condition and must sell. Please plan to attend. Terms: Cash or Cheque with ID Refreshments Auctioneer: John J. O’Neill 613-832-2503 www.oneillsauctions.ca Owners or Auctioneer not responsible in case of loss or accident day of sale
CL431156_0725
CL434703_0711
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
6 Days a week (Mon.Sat.), 90% household articles, moving. Starts July 25, 9-1 PM. Saturday’s 9-4 PM. 150 Sarah St., Carleton Place.
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
to be held at Hands Auction Hall, Perth Ontario 3 miles east of Perth on County Rd # 10 K7H 3C3 on Wed., Aug. 21/13 @ 5 pm - Preview @ 4pm
AUCTIONS
Welcoming firearms and sports related items for this auction. Please call our home office at 613-267-6027 in advance to book your space. Check out our website for updates.
AUCTIONS
Terms: Cash, Cheque, Debit, Visa, M/C - Catering
AUCTION SALE FOR MR. MARCEL PARENT & MRS. CAROLE FORTIN AUGUST 10, 2013 @ 10:00 AM SHARP! PREVIEW @ 9:00 AM #2215 HWY #2 JOHNSTOWN, ON Mr. Parent & Mrs. Fortin have sold the property & will be offering the following up at auction. Artwork, Collectibles & Antique furniture such as a beautiful secretary appraised by the “Keno Brothersâ€?, Macey’s sectional bookcases, bronze sculptures, 1860’s artwork in chalk by “Phillipsâ€?, old original oils on canvas, 1874 “The Graphicâ€?, many other very early copyright books, garden tractors, tools, modern household etc‌ Auctioneer’s Note: It is a pleasure to be able to bring such quality items to auction; items in excellent condition, showing pride of ownership. Please join us by the beautiful scenic St. Lawrence River for some old time auction fun! For a more detailed list w/ photos go to www.theauctionfever.com Auctioneer or Owner not responsible for lost, stolen, Damaged articles, Accidents day of sale. Canteen. Terms: Cash or Chq w/ Photo I.D. as is. No Buyers Premium All announcements day of sale takes precedence over all printed matter. To book your sale call:
EDUCATION & TRAINING
EDUCATION & TRAINING
EDUCATION & TRAINING
Lo o k f or Summe r Work? Trying to Find that F u ll-Time Ca reer? CL43338_0725
WE CAN HELP! + Fr "%$ ! self-mark& ! %'##"$& % av &$"' Emplo) !& !&$ "' $ "%Servic%! %to #%&'!&%*!%' $ "% + "%$%'##"$& %av )$$"'! ' % " ! ! "&" ' !" ! ' $ "# " ' " ! ' " " Drop in or Call!
' !# "
&Monday to Friday: 8:30 am to 4 pm
' !
&ednesdays: 10 am to 7 pm
' $! ee!
on the web: cesperth.ca 40 Sunset Boulevard Suite 102 Perth, Ontario, K7H 2Y4 Phone: 613-267-1381 Fax: 613-267-1806
Community Employment Services
Funded by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, and in part by the Government of Canada.
Classifieds get results. 283-3182 Toll-free 1-888-9673237 1-888WORD ADS
ESTATE AUCTION SALE OF PROPERTY 3396 Stagecoach Rd, Osgoode, ON 2 km East of Osgoode village on Osgoode Main St and then right on Stagecoach Rd., 1 km South. Watch for Auction Signs. Saturday, August 24 at 10:00 am (Property sells at 12 noon) To settle the estate of the late Joseph McEwan the following will be sold: This property of approx 97 acres consists of approx 70 acres of crop land and approx 27 acres of bush. The farm fronts on Stagecoach Rd to the East but has a 66’ deeded right of way onto 2nd Line Rd to the West, across the road from Osgoode village. Situated on the property is an older 2 storey frame house, barn and out buildings. An Excellent Rural Property! Terms on Real Estate – Selling in “as is� condition. Property will be sold subject to a reasonable reserve bid. $100,000 down (by certified cheque or bank draft) on day of sale with balance due upon closing. Home inspections are the responsibility of potential buyers and must be completed prior to the auction. For more information contact the auctioneers. Property Open House – Sunday, August 11 from 1–3pm Also selling on August 24 starting at 10 am – some machinery, vehicle, farm related items and some antique furniture. See www.theauctionfever.com for more detailed listing. Terms – Cash or Cheque with Proper ID Auctioneers James and Hill Auction Service Ltd Carson Hill Stewart James (613) 821-2946 (613) 445-3269 Owners and Auctioneers not responsible for accidents.
THE EMC - 47 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CL431062_0801
ANNUAL HUNTING & SPORTING GOODS CONSIGNMENT AUCTION
CL424709_0801
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CANADIAN ADVERTISING FOUNDATION
623 Arnprior 692 Manotick 256 Almonte 257-253 C. Place 258 Kemptville 259 Lanark 267-264-326 Perth 268 Maberly 269 Merrickville 273 Westport 272 Portland 275 Toledo 278 McDonald’s Corners 279 Sharbot Lake 283-284 Smiths Falls 342-345382-498 Brockville 359 Elgin 382 Gananoque 448 Chesterville 479 Ompah 489 N. Gower 624 Pakenham 774 Winchester 838 Richmond, Munster 924 Athens 926 North Augusta 928 Delta 989 South Mountain
AUCTIONS
CL431108_0801
Advertising serves by informing.
Saturday, August 3, 8-4, 154 Old Kingston Rd., Rideau Ferry. Downsizing. Sewing and craft supplies, tools, lifejackets, fishing gear, lawn furniture, antiques, and much more.
AUCTIONS
Guide to EMC Area Telephone Exchanges
Auctioneers & Qualified Appraisers JIM & TREVOR HANDS: THE VOICES OF EXPERIENCE Phone: (613) 267-6027 or (613) 267-1335 www.jimhandsauction.com
REAL ESTATE & HOUSEHOLD AUCTION For Don & Debbie Frizell at 65 Merrick St., Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4R7 on Sat., Aug. 10/13 @ 10 am Property to be auctioned @ 11 am
CL431107_0801
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
~ Affordable Split Level in Established Neighbourhood ~ Walking distance to shopping, restaurants, park & scenic Rideau Canal. Step up to main level’s open living/dining area w/ access to front deck over single car garage. Bright eat-in kitchen w/ plenty of storage opens onto back deck for easy outdoor entertaining. 4 pc bath, 3 bedrooms w/ 2 pc ensuite off master, completes main level. Step down to rec room, office & laundry/utility room housing approx. 2 yr. old gas furnace, rented hot water tank & 100 amp service. Central Air. On town water & sewer. Taxes $2970.00 (+/-). For private viewing, terms & conditions, please call our office at 613-267-6027. Set of 4 pressback chairs. 2 pc. leather sofa set. Oak curved glass china cabinet. Oak & 2 maple chest of drawers (1 Vilas). 2 oak matching chest of drawers. Queen & double beds. Oak washstand. Modern washstand. Maple rocker. Loveseat. Wicker chair. Kitchen table. 3 pc. oak kitchen set. Maple hutch. Metal shelf. Night stand. Metal/glass coffee & end table set. Wooden toy box. Book shelf. Child’s bench. Horizontal file cabinet. 5 pc patio set. Panasonic 47� projection, 20� & 36� color TVs. 2 DVD & VCR players. Portable stereo. Qty of DVDs & CDs. Bear collection. Collector plates. Beatle collection. Sm Coke & Pepsi collection. Pepsi fridge. Good collection of hockey memorabilia. Stools. Cast iron pot. Lg collection of coffee table, reference, collectors, sports & comic books. Qty of modern togs. Qty of serving, fancy, everyday dishes (4 sets). Cocoa set. Cups & saucers. Partial toilet set. Pots & pans. Pictures & frames. Area rugs. Elect fireplace heater. Portable dishwasher. Kenmore smooth top 30� elect stove. 2 door fridge. Gas BBQ. 5 cu ft chest freezer. Troma front load washing machine (like new). Kenmore dryer. Dehumidifier. Upright vacuum & many other articles too numerous to mention. Terms on chattels: Cash, Cheque, Debit, Visa, M/C Catering
Auctioneers & Qualified Appraisers JIM & TREVOR HANDS: THE VOICES OF EXPERIENCE Phone: (613) 267-6027 or (613) 267-1335 www.jimhandsauction.com
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
STREET FLEAAAnAndnndMARKET d Now: Now N oow w: w:
C HRISTMAS S HOPPE !
Ye ar Ro un d
HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY! HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY! HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY!
Huge Indoor! Showroom
LARGE SELECTION OF QUALITY FURNITURE
and Outdoor Building!
r"/5*26&4r$0--&$5*#-&4r500-4r410354.&.03#*-*"r r"11-*"/$&4r,*5$)&/8"3&r'63/*563&r .6$).6$).03& NEW HOURS!
Open 7 Days a Week 9am to 4pm tTUSFFUøFBNBSLFU!IPUNBJMDPN 5 MILES SOUTH OF SMITHS FALLS CORNER OF HWY 15 & BAY ROAD AUCTIONS
AUCTIONS
UPCOMING AUCTIONS
Photos by KELLY KENT
“Call or email to Book Your Auction Today� OPEN HOUSE FOR UPCOMING REAL ESTATE AUCTION 6330 Rothbourne Rd, Carp for the Estate of Dave Doran Open House Dates: Friday August 2 2013 (4 PM - 7 PM) & Saturday August 3 2013 (1 PM - 4 PM) To Sell by Public Auction Saturday August 24 2013. Chattel Auction Starts at 10 am (Preview from 9am) including Motorcycles, Tools, Firearms & More. Real Estate will be sold at 1 PM SHARP! Home Complete, quiet, well treed Lot, Full Detached Workshop (One Car Garage with Loft), Spacious Back Deck. OPEN HOUSE FOR UPCOMING REAL ESTATE AUCTION 304 Kelly Jordan Road,Smiths Falls (Montague Township) Open House Date: Sunday August 4 2013 (1 PM - 4 PM) 2 + Bedroom Detached Home a very private cul de sac. Spacious Well Landscaped lot with Large Detached Single Car Garage with Loft & Separate Workshop. Open Concept Dining Room & Kitchen with Plenty of Cupboard Space, Spacious Family Room with Wood Burning Fireplace with Insert & Fan. 3 Season Enclosed Sunroom off the Livingroom overlooking the large Private backyard. 2 Bathrooms. This Property is fully Wheelchair Accessible.
Community –Farmers’ markets throughout the area continue to do brisk business on the weekends, offering a variety of fresh produce, entertainment and unique creations to customers. Above, musicians provide some background music to those gathered at the Almonte Farmers’ Market on July 13. Left, local vendors feature wooden crafts as well as homemade preserves and jams at the Carleton Place Farmers’ Market.
Put physiotherapy changes on hold, Clark tells health minister HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
News – Looming cuts to physiotherapy services for seniors, in particular those in long-term care and retirement residences, should be put on hold until the impact can be fully measured, said Leeds-Grenville MPP Steve Clark. Clark, who has received letters from dozens of seniors across the riding and petitions signed by many more, has written to Health and Long-Term Care Minister Deb Matthews asking that she delay the changes, which take effect Aug. 1. “Seniors are calling and writing to me because they’re worried about what’s going to happen to the physiotherapy they depend on come Aug. 1,� said Clark. “I’m shocked that the minister has implemented such dramatic change in service without any consultation. No wonder there is so much confusion in the community.� In his letter, Clark wrote: “These changes, I believe, will see a reduction in service for Ontario seniors and have serious consequences on their long-term health. Beyond the impact on the health and well-being of seniors in my riding, your plan will inevitably add costs to the health-care system resulting from increased falls and other consequences of
HELP WANTED
DAN PETERS AUCTION
UPCOMING AUCTIONS
“Call or email to Book Your Auction Today� Friday August 2, 2013 & Saturday August 3, 2013 - Open House, 6330 Rothbourne Drive - Carp, Ontario. Friday August 2 (4-7 PM) & Saturday August 3 (1-4 PM) To Show the Real Estate. Real Estate will sell by Public Auction Saturday August 24, 2013 at 1 PM SHARP! Sunday August 4, 2013- Open House (1-4 PM). 304 Kelly Jordan Road, Smiths Falls (Montague Township). Real Estate to Sell by Live Auction Monday August 19, 2013 at 6 PM SHARP! Fully Landscaped 1 Acre Lot. Own Cheaper than Renting! Thursday August 8, 2013- Night Consignment Auction. Auction Starts at 5 PM (Preview from 4 PM). 182 Glenview Road, Smiths Falls. 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee, 6cyl., fully loaded. Sunday August 11, 2013 - Estate Auction for Bill Monovan. 2880 Rideau Ferry Road, (between Perth & Rideau Ferry). Auction Starts at 10 am (Preview from 9 am). Antique combination china cabinet, loveseats, drop leaf end table, teak table & 6 chairs with matching buffet, antique bowed front dresser with harp mirror, double bedroom set, assorted rocker recliners, oak office chair, loveseat hide a bed, exercise bike, triple leg Duncan Phyfe drop leaf table, bench, trunks, air conditioner, garden hose, wood sled, tool box, assorted hand tools, extension ladder, wheel barrow, BBQ, binnoculars, horse bells, horse brass, competition awards, large Swiss bell, quality hardcover books, nail keg, assorted canes, selection of road maps, brass bookends, horse blanket set, antique glass & china & more! WHAT WE DO: Auctions, Appraisals, Brand New Bed Sales, Moving & Trucking Services.
CL431087_0801
DAN PETERS AUCTION
Dan Peters CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser Amanda Todd CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser (613) 284-8281 or Auction Hall (613) 284-1234 email: [email protected] Website: www.danpetersauction.com
Job PosĆ&#x;ng Job Title: Department: Division:
Assistant Editor Editorial Metroland East
JOB SUMMARY: Metroland Media is seeking an Assistant Editor for its Kingston Heritage EMC and Frontenac Gaze e EMC. Du es will include assigning news and features, copy edi ng, headline wri ng, layout of pages and proofreading. Some wri ng and photography will be required as well as uploading content to the web. The successful candidate will be confident, mo vated, and flexible, have strong news judgment and understand the importance of deadlines. Excellent communica on, organiza onal and interpersonal skills are needed in this role. The candidate must also be willing to professionally represent the company in the community. Proficiency in Adobe InDesign and Photoshop is required. QualificaĆ&#x;ons: • college or university degree/diploma in journalism or relevant experience, • at least five years experience in journalism, preferably most of which has been in an edi ng func on, • detail-oriented with superior wri ng, edi ng, and page layout skills, • a commitment to quality and the ability to manage a mul tude of tasks, • ability to work independently and as part of a team, • have the ability to assign and/or delegate work eec vely to ensure standards are met in terms of content and deadlines.
OnStar partners with AMBER Alert program
Interested and qualified candidates should submit their resume by 5 p.m. August 12th, 2013.. Ryland Coyne Regional Managing Editor E-mail: [email protected] Job Category: Media
CL431086_0801
Dan Peters CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser Amanda Todd CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser (613) 284-8281 or Auction Hall (613) 284-1234 email: [email protected] Website: www.danpetersauction.com
reduced physio treatment.� Clark spoke out against the cuts to physiotherapy services for seniors during the debate on the government’s budget at Queen’s Park and has also launched a petition against the plan. He also wrote to the Health Minister to condemn the move shortly after she made the announcement in April. “Everyone recognizes that we need to spend our health-care dollars wisely,� said Clark. “But I’m not going to stand by quietly and see frontline care and treatment sacrificed to pay for the waste and mismanagement of the McGuintyWynne government.� Clark noted he’s met with seniors, long-term care operators and physiotherapists who have told him that oneon-one physio treatment is a critical factor in improving patients’ mobility and quality of life. “While the government claims this short-sighted cut is going to save $44 million, I believe the loss of these treatments for frail and elderly patients is going to end up costing the health-care system much more,� said Clark. Submitted by the office of LeedsGrenville MPP Steve Clark.
THE EMC - 48 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
News – The provincial AMBER Alert program, led by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is adding another partner to our list to help quickly locate missing or abducted children in Ontario. The OPP has an arrangement with OnStar, one of the world’s leading in-vehicle safety and security services to help police quickly locate a missing child. “The more partnerships and investigative tools available, the greater chance we have to save the precious life of a
child in Ontario. Swift, coordinated action and widespread communication is vital to the success of this very important program,� stated OPP Commissioner Chris Lewis. Now when an AMBER Alert is issued, OnStar will be able to share the alert information with the company’s more than 430,000 Canadian subscribers. In 2012, five AMBER Alerts were issued in Ontario that resulted in eight safely recovered children.
LOCAL NEWS
Barns, farms and wicked chefs return for fun-filled event
Notice to Creditors and Others
Submitted photo
Tickets are on sale for a gala event to be held at EcoTay, 942 Scotch Line on Saturday, Aug. 24. The event is a fundraiser for The Table Community Food Centre. at The Table, will be preparing her famous burgers with lamb supplied by Windblest Farms. If you have been missing her former restaurant in Perth, the Hungry Planet, be sure to come sample her wares. Mike McKenzie, owner of the highly successful Seed to Sausage in Sharbot Lake will be bringing a sampler of his charcuterie made from local meats. Andrew Chatham, who lives in Perth and is catering chef for the Whalesbone, promises a fresh Nova Scotia surprise on ice.
Joanne Edwards, chef at The Cove in Westport, will be creating something spectacular with fresh summer vegetables. Rideau’s Ferry’s Jesse Denton, chef at Ottawa’s Sante, will be working with pork from Miller’s Bay Farm and Campton Farm. Gita Seaton, daughter of Harper residents Jackie and Joni, is chef/owner of the Nouveau Palais in Montreal. She will have local goat from Parks Family on her plate. Kyle Woods from the Masonry
THE EMC - P11 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Restaurant and Market, a new restaurant in Perth, will be cooking with local beef. David Dempsey, Judy’s brother, will be preparing a dish with chicken from Jameshaven Farms. Two local cheese makers– Back 40 and Milkhouse Farm and Dairy will serve their ewe’s milk cheeses. They will also be serving goat’s milk cheeses from Clarmell on the Rideau. Kricklewood Farms will be supplying See GALA page P12
All persons having claims against the Estate of Anne Margaret Kelly, late of the Township of Elizabethtown/Kitley, in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, who died in the Township of Elizabethtown/Kitley on or about the 8th day of June, 2013 are required to file proof of same with the undersigned on or before the 27th day of August, 2013. After that date, the Estate Trustee will proceed to distribute the estate, having regard only to the claims of which she shall have notice. DATED at Perth, Ontario this 12th day of July, 2013 R0012214463/0718
News - The Table Community Food Centre in Perth invites everyone to the second annual Barns, Farms and Wicked Chefs, a summer gala featuring local fare in a beautiful country setting. This fundraiser will showcase the fine chefs and farmers of Lanark County, feature local craft beers and the well-made wines of Prince Edward County. Strolling from one delectable food station to another, diners will be accompanied by live, summery music. Expect to meet old friends and new people. As one diner last year said, “Even line-ups at the Food Booths were fun! “Dress will be country elegant (which means anything goes!). The gala will be held on the lawns and in the restored barns of EcoTay, 942 Scotch Line on Saturday, Aug. 24, 5:30 to 10 p.m. Visit their website for directions at www.ecotay.com. Order your ticket early: last year was a sell-out event. Tickets will be sold in advance only at $100 per person with a $70 tax receipt. Alcohol will be sold separately. Tickets are available from Tickets Please at 39 Foster St. in Perth, (613) 485-6434 or via www.ticketsplease.ca To get a feel for the evening, check out the pictures and highlights from our magical 2012 event at http://thetbbs. com/barns-farms-and-wicked-chefs/. An appreciative guest said, “One of the best events I attended last year (if not, the best) was the fund-raising ‘fête champêtre’ conceived, organized and realized by Perth’s The Table.” Barns Farms and Wicked Chefs will once again be a feast of Lanark County flavours featuring chefs with local connections, each with a station in a different area of the EcoTay site. Judy Dempsey, who for the past two years has been community chef
S. Craig Halpenny BARKER WILLSON PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION 31 Foster Street Perth, ON K7H 1R8 Solicitors for the Estate Trustee
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Gala event to support local food centre From page SF11 people in our area living on low incomes ca/sharethehealth or #sharethehealth to
to enjoy the good food revolution, to have enough healthy food. Last year 1741 people benefited from our programs. We are working with local gardeners and producers to purchase as much local food as possible for our own kitchen and food bank, and we have made local food a focus of this fundraiser. We are not alone. As part of the Share the Health project at Community Food Centres Canada, proceeds from five lively community events will be used to buy produce from environmentally sustainable, small local farms for use in meals, hampers and kitchens at three Community Food Centres across Ontario: The Stop CFC in Toronto, The Table CFC in Perth and The Local CFC in Stratford. We see it as a win for farmers, a win for the environment, and a win for low-income communities. Farmers need a fair price, low-income families need fair access, and we all benefit from a healthy and fair food system. Visit www.cfccanada.
learn more. Live music for the evening will begin with our featured jazz band, The Tim Murray Quartet. They combine modern jazz tunes with reminiscences of old, creating an intimate and enthusiastic ambiance. Tim Murray on piano, Charley Gordon on trumpet, and Ann Downey on bass will be joined by guest drummer David Pontello. Over the course of the evening diners will hear from String Tease (Dave Pollard, Dawson Willsey, Chuck Gobeil, and Carolyn Avery) who were recently described as one of the best local folk/ roots, and Ghost Pipes (Asher Jesionka, Ali McCormick, and Spartan Rubacha) who play a tasty mix of folk and roots music that will make you yearn for simpler times. Stayed tuned for news of other acts as we get closer to the event. Come join us on Aug. 24 for a wonderful evening of food and music, knowing that you are supporting good food for all.
The Table’s community chef Judy Dempsey will be serving up some great eats during the fundraising gala event at the end of the month. Submitted photo
R0012228379_0801
R0012228378_0801
cold-pressed sunflower oil. As the date approaches we will source seasonal fruits and vegetables from a variety of local farmers. But the garlic for the event will all come from the abundant 8,000 square foot garden of The Table! To finish the meal there will be fine chocolate by Ludwig Ratzinger and elegant desserts prepared by Temple’s Sugar Bush. Perth Brewery and Kichesippi Beer Company will each have a craft beer on tap. We will offer fine wines from nearby Prince Edward County. Sandra and Al of Coutts Coffee in Perth’s Codes Mill will pour a blend of their locally roasted coffee created especially for the event. The Table Community Food Centre at 190 Gore Street in Perth is a place where community members come together to access, grow, prepare, share and advocate for good food. Most of our programs are aimed at helping the
HOME OF THE WEEK K. James
Construction
* family-friendly Sunday worship service each week at 10:30 am * Stewart Park Community Event (free music, cotton candy, burgers) on Sunday, August 18 (rain date August 25) from 6-8 pm * North Street Band fundraiser concert on the evening of Friday, September 6 at 7 pm 21 D’Arcy Street, Perth, ON, K7H 2T9, 613-267-2023
613-267-0233
A Biblically faithful, Gospel sharing parish in the Anglican Church in North America
General Contractor - Kevin James Perth, Ont.
Services & Sunday School at 10:00 a.m. each Sunday Nursery available Mid-week Bible Studies Info: Rev. Dave Kemp, Pastor 613- 257-5490 www.eternalhopechurch.ca Come worship with us at
Û°ÊvÊ£ÎnÓÇÎÓÊ"Ì°ÊV°
iÜÊiÃÊUÊ iÀV>Ê Õ`}ÃÊ UÊ,iÛ>ÌÃÊUÊ µÕ«iÌÊ,iÌ>Ã UÊ-i«ÌVÊÃÌ>>ÌÃ *,"* ,/9Ê /
117 Victoria St., Carleton Place
Call Darwin Code www.codeconstruction.ca
St. James Anglican St. Andrew’s Church, Perth Presbyterian Church
COME AND JOIN US AT:
Glad Tidings Pentecostal Church We purpose to love God and love people Rev. Lewis Massarelli 10:00 a.m. Morning worship 160 Wayside Dr., RR 6, Perth, ON Church: 613-267-3295 See Web page for details of programs - www.gtpcperth.com
Nursery available. Please check the website for info on youth group, Bible studies and other ministries. www.pccweb.ca/standrewsperth Audio loop system 613-267-2481 Office (Fridays 9am-Noon) 613-267-4213 A warm welcome to all!
St. Paul’s United Church 25 Gore Street West Minister: Rev. Camille Lipsett Director of Music: Brad Mills, B.Mus., A.R.C.C.O
Sunday, Aug. 4th Time of Worship: 10 a.m. 613-267-2973
/ÜÊ-ÌÀiÞÊNÊÊ-µÊÌ\ÊÓÎäxÊõ°ÊvÌÊÉÊõ°Ê i`ÀÃ\Ê{Ê >Ì
ÀÃ\ÊÓÊ >À>}iÊ>Ài>\Ê{Î{Êõ°ÊvÌÊÉÊõ°Ê
381819
Worship Service: Sundays at 10 a.m.
613-267-6115 Plan# W3859
JOHN ERVIN
Special Features: `i>Ê
iÊÜÌ
ÊÞÊÎÓ½Êv>V>`iÊvÀÊ>ÀÀÜÊÌ°ÊÀÌÊiÌÀÞÊ«iÊÌÊ ÌÜÊiÛiÃ°Ê ÛiÞÊÛ}ÊÀÊÜÌ
Ê>LÕ`>ÌÊÜ`ÜÃÊÊÌ
iÊÀi>ÀÊ>`Ê }>ÃÊwÀi«>ViÊÃ
>Ài`ÊÜÌ
ÊÌ
iÊÌV
i]Ê«>ÀÌVÕ>ÀÞÊÜÌ
ÊÌ
iÊi>ÀLÞÊ Ã>`ÉÕV
ÊVÕÌiÀ°Ê >À}iÊ«>ÌÀÞÊ«ÀÛ`i`ÊÊÌ
iÊÌV
i°Ê1ÌÌÞÊ ÀÊVÕ`}ÊV«iÌiÊ>Õ`ÀÞÊv>VÌiÃÊ>`ÊiÕ}
Êë>ViÊvÀÊ>Ê vÀiiâiÀ°Ê >ÃÌiÀÊÃÕÌiÊÜÌ
Ê>À}iÊVÃiÌÊ>`ÊV«iÌiÊ«ÀÛ>ÌiÊL>Ì
À°Ê /
ÀiiÊ>À}iÊÃiV`>ÀÞÊLi`Àð
Classic Lines
Malloch Construction iÜÊiÃÊUÊ``ÌÃ ,vÃÊUÊ iVÃ ,iÛ>ÌÃ ,,ÊÈ]Ê*iÀÌ
]Ê"Ì>À
613-264-8150 Cell: 613-812-6677 >Ý\ÊÈ£ÎÓÈ{nÈn
• Cottage Work • Roofing • Replacement Windows • Siding
www.stpauls-uc-perth.org THE EMC - P12 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CARPENTRY New construction, renovations, roofing & additions
613-267-2512 RR 3, Perth, Ont
12,000 homes EVERY WEEK
Custom Homes/Commercial and Residential Renovations
Paul Coutts 613-267-6585 Fax: 613-267-7869
More home & cottage plans are available at Perth Home Hardware Building Centre
Reach almost
CONSTRUCTION 436762
St Augustines Anglican: Richardson & County Rd. 10 Eucharist: 2nd and 4th Sundays in July and August, 11am
Drummond & North Sts. Organist: Ann Savage
278193
Drummond & Harvey St. 613-267-1163 Canon Christine Piper Please join us! Through July and August, a Eucharist with gladsome hymns is offered at 9:15am
277997
3 GREAT REASONS TO JOIN US THIS SUMMER!
PERTH PLANING MILL SUPPLY 25 Lanark Road, Perth, ON
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PERTH “A Church in the heart of Perth with a heart for Perth”
Energy Efficient Custom Homes & Renovations
436020
Area churches invite you to worship with them this week
for as little as $25 per week or $49 per week with this ad size. Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected]
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Jazz Age for Great Gatsby-themed fundraiser drive-in movie night Entertainment – From killer box office to killer cars, this year’s cruise and movie night will certainly be worthy of a novel. In fact, the movie being shown, is based on a novel, arguably the ‘great American novel,� The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925), and, yes, it does involve a car crash or two. The Leonardo di Caprio, Tobey Maguire epic will be screened on Thursday, Aug. 8, with gates open at 6:30 p.m., at the Port Elmsley drive-in in Drummond/North Elmsley Township, in partnership with the antique classic car show. “We’ve been doing it for quite a few
years now,â€? said Andy Holdham, the event organizer. “We run the gate and that goes to the club and it pays for the film. The owner makes money from the canteen.â€? For the last two or three years, they have just broken even, but good weather and a good showing should remedy that, especially with prices like $10 for a carload. “If a car comes and they shove people in the trunk, that’s fine‌ we encourage it!â€? said Holdham with a laugh. “When we were kids we used to do that.â€? There will also be ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s music played, with door prizes and a 50/50 draw just before the start of the movie at sunset. The proceeds of the 50/50 draw go to Camp Quality, a
summer camp for youth battling cancer. “We’ve been a major sponsor of them for many years,� said Holdham. “We give them a fair bit of money every year.� While the event is a chance to give to a worthy cause, it is also a good way for local car enthusiasts to share their love of their vehicles. “It’s a chance for people with their old collector cars to chat and (it’s) for
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
Sail into Portland for navy event News – Come on down to Portland this Saturday, Aug. 3, for the annual chicken barbecue that starts at 4:30 p.m. at the Community Hall, followed by free music in Hanna Park, courtesy of Rideau Realty and The Carousel, from 6 to 8 p.m. The talented group, King of the Swingers, featuring Portland’s own Marty Crapper of Country Roads and his friends, will provide great summertime entertainment! At 7 p.m. in great Navy tradition, guests can watch the Admiral Sir Charles Kingsmill Sail Past and Salute. Admiral Kingsmill was the founder of the Canadian Navy and a cottager on the Big Rideau at his beloved Grindstone Island. He died on Grindstone Island, and while it had been his wish to be buried there, this was not permissible, so his neighbours formed a flotilla to escort him to the village. He was buried
in the Emmanuel Anglican cemetery south of Portland along Highway 15. To commemorate the Admiral, the sail past and salute re-enacts the salute to the flotilla as it sails by. Come on down, enjoy some barbecued chicken and dessert, listen to the music, or bring your boat and be part of the flotilla, which will form up at 6:30 p.m. along Greenwoods for the sail past and salute. Just look for all the boats gathering on the water and join in!
LOCAL BUSINESSES ADVERTISING
Reach almost 12,000 Homes and Businesses Every Week for only $25 per week with this ad size. Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected] CONSTRUCTION
Letter To the Editor, While driving to Perth from Westport last week, I could not believe my eyes when a car approaching the Scotch Line (County Road 10) from the Otty Lake side road actually stopped at the stop sign. Wonders will never cease. Jim Mullville R.R. 2 Westport
Correction
STORE CLOSING SALE ALL INVENTORY 50% OFF R0012238902_0801
Traffic stop initiates driver double take
Fashions, Accessories & Vintage Racks, Mannequins, Displays
Bulldozer, Backhoe and Truck Rentals with Operator Gravel & Fill, Sand, Clean Stone, Topsoil, Crushed Limestone Products
16129 Hwy. 7, East of Perth UĂŠ613-267-1280 Head OfďŹ ce: G. Tackaberry & Sons Const. Co. Ltd. ĂŒÂ…iÂ˜Ăƒ]ĂŠ"Â˜ĂŒ>Ă€ÂˆÂœĂŠUĂŠ613-924-2634
AUTOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE
COMPUTERS :HKDYHPRYHGWR *RUH6WUHHW: 3HUWK21 &RPSXWHU6DOHV 6HUYLFH 9LUXV5HPRYDO 7U\RXU+HOSGHVN6HUYLFH 6HUYLFHWR )UHHFRQVXOWDWLRQ &DOOXVIRUGHWDLOV
CONSTRUCTION
8 6/" -ĂŠUĂŠ- */ ĂŠ-9-/ -ĂŠUĂŠ," ĂŠ 1 ĂŠ 69ĂŠ +1* /ĂŠ, / -ĂŠ /,1 ĂŠUĂŠ," ĂŠ 8 6/" ->˜`ʇÊÀ>Ă›iÂ?ʇÊ/ÂœÂŤĂŠ-œˆÂ?ʇÊ Ă€Ă•ĂƒÂ…i`ĂŠ,ÂœVÂŽĂŠÂ‡ĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?
613-268-2308 ,°,°›£Ê >LiÀ�Þ]Ê äÊÓ äÊ>�\ 613-268-2466
DENTISTS
Everything Must Go! 40 Gore St. E., Perth
The Crossroads Tearoom from Balderson will be moving to this location this Fall. A Clinic For
HEARING ASSESSMENT will be held at
ROYAL CANADIAN LEGION BRANCH 244, PERTH 26 Beckwith Street East
Friday, August 9, 2013
1 to 4 pm
We Service All Makes & Models Mechanical, Accessories & Tires 390152
The Great War Memorial Hospital provided six $1,000 bursaries to two local high schools: Perth and District Collegiate Institute and St. John Catholic High School. Each received three bursaries of $1,000 each for students continuing their education. The Perth Courier apologizes for the error.
Class A Mechanics • Hwy. 7, Perth, ON 613-267-2901 www.perthmotors.ca
ADVERTISING
12,000
Paul Dunlop Hearing Aid Specialist
Home and Business Every Week for as little as $29 per week with this ad size.
Dispenser for Ontario Ministry of Health Veteran Affairs If unable to attend, please contact for an appointment
Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
â–
(and 2nd Friday of every month)
R0011952735_0801
Carbon Monoxide Alarms: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that can be deadly. This toxic gas is a by-product of the incomplete combustion of fuels such as natural gas, oil, gasoline or wood.
have chosen movies with a car theme, including the very obvious Disney choice, Cars (2006), the Steve McQueen classic Bullit (1968), and American Graffiti (1973). “Usually, it is a movie with great old cars,� said Holdham, and in keeping with the Great Gatsby theme, there will be cars from the 1920s parked there too, though Holdham, a resident of Manotick, will bring his own 1937 Chevrolet.
A weekly directory of
Planning to develop or redevelop WATERFRONT PROPERTY? We will save you time and frustration while getting the approvals you need. 613-264-9600 [email protected] www.zanderplan.com
the fun of it and to relive the old drive-in days,� said Holdham. Even with the hard rain we have seen in the area of late, Holdham was optimistic that it would be clear skies for this year’s showing. “If it is a sunny day, we would hope to get 100 cars or more if we could,� he said. “It’s hard for me to predict because for the last few years it’s been raining.� In the past, Holdham and his friends
R0012216962_0718
613-283-7421 31 William Street East, Smiths Falls, ON
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected]
THE EMC - P13 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
16621 Hwy. 7, across from Hinton Pontiac (Perth) Various sizes available, call for details. 613-267-1559 Business hours
613-267-1965
www.bellsmachining.com
Welding & Metal Fabrication (Aluminum & Stainless Steel) Hydraulic Supplies • Propeller & Skeg Repair Mobile Welding • Firewood Processors 2044 Rogers Rd., Perth, ON K7H 1P9
R0012066418_0502
BELL’S
Machining, Welding & Hydraulics
Rideau Ferry Regatta preparations coming down to the finish line Sports – With less than three weeks to go before the Aug. 17-18 Rideau Ferry Regatta, last-minute preparations, like putting the finishing touches on the cardboard boats, are underway. Organizers of the regatta are this week shipping these boats out to the townships and towns whose politicians are competing in the cardboard boat race. Township staff are then expected to decorate their vessels with flamboyance. Parks Canada last week installed the docks that will be used in the hot pits and this week, Rideau Ferry Harbour Marine is expected to bring another set of docks to the Rideau Ferry Conservation Authority property. These docks were bought by the Rideau Ferry Yacht Club and though they needed repair volunteers were happy to double the 2011 dock capacity. The regatta, by the way, is still looking for more volunteers. Any high school student wanting to accumulate some hours to those required for graduation and for that matter, anyone else who is interested in contributing their time to a worthwhile community cause is asked to call Scott Cameron at 613-283-9107. The Rideau Ferry Regatta is Drummond North Elmsley’s biggest event of the year. It is also the only antique and classic race boat show on the Rideau waterway.
For those interested in building a canoe, there is one spot left for this bargain at the regatta. Four teams of four will be competing in the canoe build, which starts the Saturday of the event and by Sunday at noon, they will be in the water racing. For $100, you get instructions on how to build the canoe, on site of course, and all the material needed for the seaworthy vessel. And you get bragging rights if you win the event. It is part of the regatta’s attempt to re-introduce boat building to the area. Three teams, an Ottawa family, Smiths Falls firefighters, and YAK, Perth’s Youth Action Committee are already part of the event. For those interested, call John Kessel at 613-2672091. There’s no better bargain around. Anyone wanting to sell raffle tickets for a canoe built by the instructors is also asked to call Kessel. Seven Rideau Lakes marinas are also frantically finishing their sea-flea building in preparation for the event. The Sea-Flea Challenge is the brainchild of John McLaughlin, owner of Rideau Ferry Harbour Marine. It’s a competition among the marinas to build the best sea flea at the regatta. These small but amazingly fast little boats will be on display and in the water for the regatta.
Photo by JOHN KESSEL
Submitted by the Rideau Ferry Regatta Jim Graff, Perth councillor; Pat Foster, a regatta board member; Shawn Merriman, DNE building inspector organizing committee. and Scott Cameron, vice commodore of the RFYC are putting together a cardboard boat for the races.
Special Olympians converge on Conlon Farm for annual soccer tournament By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
Sports – Perth’s Knights of Columbus have been helping to host the annual Special Olympians soccer tournament for five years now. Grand Knight Pat Loftus says he didn’t realize how much work went into the tournament but adds that he doesn’t regret a single moment – or the
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
approximately $3,000 that goes towards hosting such an event. “It’s when they give you a hug at the end of the day; seeing their smiles and hearing their thanks, that’s why we do it,” said Loftus. “It’s pretty amazing to see them all lined up for a hug.” On Saturday, Aug. 10, there will be 10 teams from as far away as Toronto, Ottawa, Peterborough, as well as a team
from Perth, who will play for three divisional championship trophies. All participants will receive medals for their play as well. The day begins at Conlon Farm at 8 a.m. and opening ceremonies at 8:30 a.m. with special guests, the Knights of Columbus Honour Guard. Loftus adds that Mayor John Fenik may also be available, as he has been in the past for this event. Father Brian
McNally will also be in attendance. “The players will be piped onto the playing field by a local piper and this is a really fun part for them all,” notes Loftus. “All participants will parade around the soccer field carrying their flag or team banner… it’s something to see and they all have a great time doing it.” A barbecue lunch of hotdogs and burgers will be available, and will be
free for all participants and their parents or caregivers. Oranges and water will also be provided for participants. “Everyone is welcome to come and watch the action,” says Loftus. “It’s free for all – even the participants and parents/caregivers..” Money is raised for this tournament by draws for prizes which the Knights of Columbus hold during the July 1 celebrations in town.
WANTED!
ELITE Junior ‘B’ Hockey Players The NEW Perth Junior “B” Hockey Club is hosting a FREE Agent Camp - Friday, August 16 thru Sunday, August 18, 2013 at the Smiths Falls Memorial Arena. We are seeking players for our 2013-14 Eastern Ontario Junior “B” Hockey League Team. $100 per player to attend (2 practices, 2 games, jersey, lunch provided). You MUST be highly coachable, physically fit, MENTALLY tough and born between 1994-1997 (17-20 years old) to qualify. ONLY those seriously committed to competing for an EOJHL Championship need apply. Application Deadline: Wednesday, August 14, 2013. To apply, please visit www.BlueWingsCamp.com and complete the “Player Profile” on site. For a FREE Information Kit, sent to you on request, email Michael McLean at: [email protected] (ONLY 7 spots left.) R0012227351_0725
THE EMC - P14 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SPORTS
Archery aims for big results this weekend
Submitted photos
30th anniversary tournament
Sports – The James D. Canuel Memorial Soccer Tournament, hosted by the Perth United Soccer Club was held on the weekend. Founded in the remembrance of James Canuel, the tournament is played on the last weekend of July at Conlon Farm. The tournament is open to recreational teams and it has divisions for men’s, women’s and old timers’ teams. This year, the Perth Roc team earned the championship. To the left, Mrs. Canuel has some fun at the soccer pitch.
78% OFF!
$1999 $9999 79% OFF! 66% OFF!
$3499 50% OFF!
$1999 $2999 UP TO 71% OFF! 83% OFF!
$999
1L ClassIIc saucepan with cover. List: $92.00.
1L ClassIIc casserole with cover. List: $99.00.
74% OFF!
Our 10pc ClassIIc cookware set features our latest revolutionary improvement on our flagship product. 18/10 stainless steel construction and a new encapsulated bottom pad that’s safe for all stovetops including induction. Set includes: 1.5L & 3L saucepans, 5L Dutch oven, 4L saute pan, 20cm & 24cm fry pan, and 4 covers. List: $779.00.
$19999
Sports – Archers are aiming for some big prizes as the third annual 3D P&P Archery’s Charity Shoot for the Great War Memorial Hospital will take place this weekend, Aug. 3 and 4 just outside Perth. Ted Ladelpha, owner/operator of P&P Archery, and host of the event, says there are some 150 archers ready to take part in the two-day shoot that takes place on his property, located at 16904 Highway 7. Here, there are 32 life-like targets scattered throughout the wooded area. This event has donated $6,000 to the local hospital. “It’s been well supported,” he said. “From the participants to the sponsors, and we have some really big prizes this year, including a kayak and bows.” Some $1,200 in prizes are up for grabs to division winners for both men and women shooters. Tickets for special draws and raffles will also be available. Saturday night, participants can enjoy barbecued steak dinner and will have chance to take part in some novelty shoots. Camping is also available and camp fires are permitted (depending on the weather). There will also be a canteen on site. Visit www.pandparchery.ca or call 613-297-5306 for more information.
1L Fusion5 sauté pan with cover and lifetime warranty. $149.99.
14L ClassIIc stock pot with cover. $313.00.
20pc Belmont flatware set. List: $89.99.
6pc non-stick knife set. List: $99.99.
Stainless steel beer barrel. 500ml. $19.99.
Stainless steel Nature Trust pan with enviro-friendly ceramic coating, PFOA and PTFE Free. Safe for induction stovetops. 20cm/8” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $139.99. Now $39.99! 24cm/9.5” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $159.99. Now $44.99! 28cm/11” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $179.99. Now $59.99!
$2499 JULY 31ST TO AUGUST 11TH ONLY AT:
PERTH Perth Home Hardware Building Centre 115 Drummond St. West
Information & dealers: 1-800-A NEW-POT or www.paderno.com. Not all locations open Sunday. Quantities limited, please be early. Sale items may not be exactly as shown. THE EMC - P15 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SPORTS
Connected to your community
Big Rideau brings big challenges and big fish to the scales this year Sports - Renegade Bass, the leader in live release bass tournament fishing in Canada, announced the results of the third and fourth event qualifiers of the 2013 tournament season presented by Ranger Boats, Orleans Boat World & Sports and Evinrude BRP Motors. Rideau Ferry Harbour played host to 73 of Canada’s elite fishing teams on July 20 and 21. Teams were competing for over $17,000 in cash and prizes each day. Unsettled weather for
the weekend brought an added challenge as thunderstorms and a major cold front brought an end to the high humidity making for drastically different fishing conditions. Saturday saw only one team, Paul Shibata and Craig Lister tip the scales over 18 pounds and that trend continued into Sunday with the team of Lenny Devos and Jeff Desloges being the only team to cross the 18 pound mark. “We worked hard for this
win! We knew with changing weather conditions the bites might come slower and we were very focused on making sure that when we got bit, we didn’t miss any fish.” said G. Loomis and Lowrance Electronics Pro Paul Shibata. “We didn’t have an extensive pre-fish and relied heavily on our Lowrance electronics to locate areas we knew had the right mix to hold some bigger fish.” Big Rideau Lake is known for delivering on some big
weights in tournaments but both Saturday and Sunday proved to be frustrating and challenging. The same held true for Triton Boats/Hunter’s Bay Marine, Quantum Fishing Pros, Lenny Devos and Jeff Desloges, perennial favourites to win on Big Rideau. Devos and Desloges had a disappointing Saturday but rallied hard for the win on Sunday. “Based on our previous day, we knew what not to do and on Sunday decided to go with the
opposite strategy,” said Devos, Ultra Pro and VOK fishing pro. “We covered a lot of water to focus almost exclusively on large weed beds that were holding a significant baitfish population. We figured out quickly that the largemouth were keying on these baitfish and from then on it was just a matter of being patient and waiting for the bigger fish to eat our jigs.” In Renegade Bass Tour competition, anglers are also vying for high weights in hopes
of qualifying for the Renegade Bass Classic, the Canadian elite championship of bass fishing. The 2013 Renegade Bass Classic XVIII takes place Sept. 7 and 8 on Lake St. Francis and anglers could win a fully rigged Ranger bass boat and Evinrude BRP motor valued at over $50,000 – the sport’s biggest award in Canada. For full results please visit the Renegade Bass website: www.renegadebass.com Submitted by Renegade Bass
ONTARIO ENERGY BOARD NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS OF ENBRIDGE GAS DISTRIBUTION INC. Enbridge Gas Distribution Inc. has applied to change its rates. Learn more. Have your say. Enbridge has applied to the Ontario Energy Board with a 5-year rate plan. The plan would decrease rates in 2014 and then increase them in 2015 and 2016. The annual bill decrease for an average residential customer is $3 in 2014 followed by increases of $12 in 2015 and $27 in 2016. The bill changes in 2017 and 2018 will be filed with the Board at a later date. The rate plan is proposed to begin on January 1, 2014. Other customers, including businesses, may be affected as well. THE ONTARIO ENERGY BOARD IS HOLDING A PUBLIC HEARING The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) will hold a public hearing to consider Enbridge’s request. We will question the company on its case for its rate plan. We will also hear arguments from individuals and from groups that represent residential and business customers. At the end of this hearing, the OEB will decide on the rate plan. The OEB is an independent and impartial public agency. We make decisions that serve the public interest. Our goal is to promote a financially viable and efficient energy sector that provides you with reliable energy services at a reasonable cost.
Photo by LAURIE WEIR
Some of the tools of the trade were on deck last weekend as the Renegade Bass series landed on the shores of the Big Rideau at Rideau Ferry. The Lanark County Plowmen’s Association hosts the
Biggest Little Plowing Match in Eastern Ontario
Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of IPM 2003
2013 Lanark County Plowing Match at the Farm of Mel & Stuart Hammond Jason & Amanda O’Connell #9961 Cavanagh Road, Carleton Place
Lanark County 4-H Regional Judging Competition Directors Plowing Class Machinery Displays, Canteen 4-H Plowing Club Achievement 10 a.m.
PRIVACY If you write a letter of comment or sign up to observe the hearing, your name and the content of your letter or the documents you file with the OEB will be put on the public record and the OEB website. However, your personal telephone number, home address and email address will be removed. If you are a business, all your information will remain public. If you apply to become an intervenor, all information will be public.
Admission: $2.00
Saturday, August 17, 2013
This rate hearing will be held under section 36 of the Ontario Energy Board Act, 1998, S.O. 1998 c.15 (Schedule B). R0012238908_0801
Admission: $5 each Information regarding Program / Exhibit Space contact Barb Dowdall (613) 257-1637 or [email protected]
LEARN MORE These proposed charges relate to Enbridge’s distribution services. Our file number for this case is EB-2012-0459. To learn more about this hearing, find instructions on how to file letters or become an intervenor, or to access any document related to this case please enter that file number at the OEB website: www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/notice. You can also phone our Consumer Relations Centre at 1-877-632-2727 with any questions. ORAL VS. WRITTEN HEARINGS There are two types of OEB hearings – oral and written. The Board intends to hold an oral hearing on this matter.
Friday, August 16, 2013
PANCAKE BREAKFAST 7 am - 9 am Horse & Tractor Plowing Classes, Antique Exhibits & Demonstrations, Ladies Exhibits, Canteen, Craft Sales, Media & Municipal Plowing, Musical Entertainment (Bowes Brothers) >À`iÊ/À>VÌÀÊ*ÕʣʫÊUÊ ÃÃÃë«Ê-µÕ>ÀiÃ
BE INFORMED AND HAVE YOUR SAY You have the right to information regarding this application and to be involved in the process. You can: • Review Enbridge’s application on the OEB’s website now. • Sign up to observe the proceeding by receiving OEB documents related to the hearing. • File a letter with your comments, which will be considered during the hearing. • Become an active participant (called an intervenor). Apply by August 17, 2013 or the hearing will go ahead without you and you will not receive any further notice of the proceeding. • At the end of the process, review the OEB’s decision and its reasons on our website.
Ontario Energy Board
Come Join in the Fun – Something for Everyone. Bring Your Lawn Chairs THE EMC - P16 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Commission de l’énergie de l’Ontario
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Beveridges Lock traffic down over last year Weather threatens men’s night By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
News – The number of boats using the Beveridges Lock to get to the Tay Canal from the Rideau Canal is down from last year. Only 12 boats made the journey in May, with 52 boats on the water in June. “While these numbers are down from last year, this lock station sees significant fluctuations in traffic,” wrote Genevieve Patenaude, a media relations officer with Parks Canada, based in Gatineau, Quebec, in an email exchange last week. “Boat traffic at Beveridges Lock station is low throughout the season in
comparison to other lock stations but more so during the shoulder seasons.” While the numbers are down from last year, “May traffic is actually up 33 per cent from 2011, when rain and cold temperatures also made for a late start to the season. That year, overall there were only nine boats in May.” From May 17 to June 20, and again from Sept. 3 to Oct. 14, Beveridges will not be manned and boaters will be asked to pre-book lockage by calling 613-3595377 at least 48 hours in advance. Patenaude also offered that the price of gas may also be having an affect on the number of boats on the water. “For example, in 2011, media reported that at $1.45 a litre at local marinas,
some boaters altered their boating habits,” she wrote. “Since 2011, the price of gas has risen approximately 12 per cent or higher in some areas. Parks Canada remains optimistic that the July boating traffic will start to improve and our team looks forward to welcoming boaters and canal users to Beveridges, the gateway to Perth.” Patenaude also added that the months of May and June “constitute the slower part of the season on the Rideau Canal, including at Beveridges Lock, with July and August our peak months… For 2013, the temperatures, the wet spring weather, and high water flows may have been factors that impacted outdoor activities.”
Boat tours return to the Tay Canal News - The recent arrival of guided boat tours on the Tay Canal this summer has revived a tradition – and popular entertainment – that dates back to the Perth area’s late 1800s. This week, Tay Canal Tours announced the official commencement of their scheduled tours based out of Perth, operating along this historic waterway. The canal was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007, with the Rideau Canal system. The narrated tours will visit some of the area’s most important historic sites, through pristine countryside and the Tay Marsh, in Drummond/North Elmsley Township (optionally, longer tours are available to the Beveridges Lock, on Lower Rideau Lake). Amongst the historic spots viewed along the way are the site of the last fatal
duel in Upper Canada, the original 1834 Tay Canal and its towpath, and the route taken by the first settlers to the 1816 Perth Military Settlement. The tour includes an extensive visit to the ‘provincially significant’ Tay Marsh, noted for its range of wildlife, including the black tern (species of special concern). The Classic 24 foot tour boat, ‘Blue Goose’, will provide two tours daily, at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., on Friday, Saturday and Sunday. For the present, the twoand-a-half-hour tours leave from the docks at Last Duel Park, on Craig Street, in Perth. Reservations are required. In addition to scheduled tours, custom and package outings will be offered for special occasions, such as birthdays, anniversaries, and family visits, on the Tay or Rideau system, or area lakes.
Tay Canal Tours is an enterprise of local citizens aimed at providing a means by which residents and visitors may enjoy and learn about the historic Tay River and Canal – a little-known jewel in the Perth and Drummond/North Elmsley Township community. Further information on the tours is available at www.taycanaltours.com, or by telephone at (613) 264-0094.
Sports - The July 23, Tuesday Men’s Twilight Golf was sponsored by Hinton Dodge Chrysler. There were 75 golfers to play a four man best ball game. The weather threatened with a bit of thunder and a sprinkle of rain, but the golf gods were with us and we avoided lightening and heavy rains. Skip Patterson, Brad Hasler, Al Morrison and Mike Brankin scored a 33 on the front. Kevin Kinch, Bob Maidment, Steve Dier and Peter Donnelly combined for a 34 on the
back. Long drives were by Gord Buchan, Skip Patterson, Pat Capello and Len Bolton. Greg Howard took home the entry to the Burns Jewelers draw and Rob Geroux took home the Lanark Landing gift certificate. The march to Vegas continued with a total of 15 names drawn for the competition for a seat on the plane. Ray Kilpatrick was the ultimate winner and he will be heading for a golf adventure in Las Vegas this October. Submitted by Bob Burch
WANTED!
ELITE Junior ‘B’ Hockey Players The NEW Perth Junior “B” Hockey Club is hosting a FREE Agent Camp - Friday, August 16 thru Sunday, August 18, 2013 at the Smiths Falls Memorial Arena. We are seeking players for our 2013-14 Eastern Ontario Junior “B” Hockey League Team. $100 per player to attend (2 practices, 2 games, jersey, lunch provided). You MUST be highly coachable, physically fit, MENTALLY tough and born between 1994-1997 (17-20 years old) to qualify. ONLY those seriously committed to competing for an EOJHL Championship need apply. Application Deadline: Wednesday, August 14, 2013. To apply, please visit www.BlueWingsCamp.com and complete the “Player Profile” on site. For a FREE Information Kit, sent to you on request, email Michael McLean at: [email protected] (ONLY 7 spots left.) R0012224545/0725
Submitted by Tay Canal Tours
PARK IT! Leave your car at home for a day, week or a month! Try walking or biking. If work is too far away to walk carpool.
SALES. SERVICE. EXPERIENCE.
FUTURE SHOP CORRECTION NOTICE
NEWSPAPER RETRACTION FOR THE FUTURE SHOP JULY 26 CORPORATE FLYER In the July 26 flyer, Popup page 1, the 39"/29" Philips PFL2908 Series Smart LED TV (39PFL2908 / 29PFL4908) (WebCode: 10248838 / 10248839) were advertised as being Skype-enabled when they DO NOT have this feature, as previously advertised.
Pontoon Boats
We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused our valued customers.
Ompah, On
We have a great selection of South Bay Pontoon Boats
Sunday, August 4 2 pm
From the 400 Fishing Series to the 700 Luxury Series, we have one for you!
Bring your lawnchair Rain or Shine
NOTICE TO CREDITORS AND OTHERS
Big pitch Perth Royals pitcher Austin Ritz throws for a strike during the sixth inning of a game against the Kanata Cubs at the Lower Kinsmen Diamond in Kanata on July 24 during the Junior Provincial Little League Tournament held July 23 to 27. The Cubs went on to win the game 23-6. The eight-team tournament included teams from Windsor, Oakville, Port Arthur, Kemptville, Nepean and south Ottawa. The winner of the tournament will advance to the Canadian championship in Lethbridge, Alberta.
Call Today for a water test and prices “WE FINANCE”
After that date the Estate will be distributed having regard only to the claims of which the undersigned shall then have had notice. DATED at Perth, this 23rd day of July, 2013. WOODWARK STEVENS IRETON Barristers and Solicitors 7 Gore Street West, Perth, Ontario K7H 2L6 Solicitors for the Estate Trustee
R0012240029_0801
Photo by BLAIR EDWARDS
In the Estate of Robert Duncan Birse, deceased. All persons having claims against the Estate of the above named deceased, late of the Town of Perth, in the County of Lanark, who died on the 12th day of July, 2013, are required to file proof of the same with the undersigned on or before the 5th day of September, 2013.
THE EMC - P17 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
613.659.3520 6 13.6 659.3520 R0012082203_0509
[email protected] 515-1000 Islands Parkway Leeds & 1000 Islands K0E 1L0
LOCAL NEWS
BarnDoor Productions begins climb of The 39 Steps
Something to YAK about
Events – BarnDoor Productions, Perth’s original community theatre, is beginning the climb up toward its 19th season and that climb begins with auditions for their fall production, The 39 Steps. The 39 Steps is the longest running Broadway play of the 2000s, called “riotous and marvellous” by the New York Post and “Theater at its finest” by the New York Times. It has also been called “Where Hitchock meet hilarious”, a brilliantly inventive, tongue-in-cheek homage to Hitchcock movies, murder mysteries and the British Empire. It also has a special Canadian connection. The play is based on Alfred Hitchcock’s 1935 movie, which is, in turn, based on John Buchan’s 1915 book. John Buchan is better known in this country as Lord Tweedsmuir, the 15th Governor General of Canada! Adapted by British actor/playwright Patrick Barlow, the play began life in a regional theatre in England before moving into the West End and Broadway, winning two Tony Awards, the Olivier Award and the Drama Desk Award and running for over 1100 performances on Broadway. What makes the show special is that the nearly 200 characters in the play are played by only four performers! One actor plays the central role of Richard Hannay,
Above, Perth Rotary Club donated $5,000 to the YAK group to fund their Homework Help program. Pictured are Jannel Bigras - YAK’s summer camp coordinator; Tanis Cowan - YAK’s executive director; Heather Baird Willis College placement student; Amanda Barnes - YAK youth member; Brianna Bienias - YAK youth member; David Batchelor - Perth Rotary Club’s president; Jim Peden - Rotary Club member and YAK board member; John Shiedler - Rotary Club member and YAK board member; Dan Lapointe - YAK’s after school coordinator. Youth Action Kommittee executive director Tanis Cowan presents Rick Mallette of Lombardy with his $500 first place winnings after his duck was the first to cross the finish line in the great YAK Duck Race on Sunday, July 21 during the Stewart Park Festival.
an earnest young man from “the Canadas”; the one female plays the two principal female roles; and two energetic and versatile men play all the other roles in a whirlwind of silly accents and rapid hat changes. The show makes no attempt to hide its theatricality: a few sets pieces and props are all that are required to portray scenes from fog-shrouded London to the Scottish Highlands, from a speeding train to a high-speed car chase. The result is a laughriot the New York Post called “The best show on Broadway!” Auditions for BarnDoor Productions’ The 39 Steps will be held on Monday, Aug. 12, beginning at 7 p.m. These are open auditions; all are welcome and no preparation is required. Simply show up and have a good time. The audition will be in the lobby of the Full Circle Theatre, 26 Craig St., Perth. If you want to be part of some of the best fun you can have on stage, if you’re up for a creative challenge such as doesn’t often come along for community theatre and if you want to get involved (or re-involved) with the community theatre that has been raising the bar, production after production, since their first show in 1995, come out for the auditions for The 39 Steps. You never know where they might lead!
FIND YOUR
PERFECT MATCH! Why use HomeFinder.ca? t MJTUJOHTUPCSPXTFGSPN t BHFOUTUPDPOOFDUXJUI t0GGFSTUIFCFTUEFNPHSBQIJDBOE MPDBMJOGP t/PUJGJDBUJPOTXIFOOFXIPNFTBSF BWBJMBCMFUIBUNFFUZPVSDSJUFSJB t'PMMPXBMJTUJOHBOEHFUVQEBUFT QSJDFDIBOHFT PQFOIPVTF TPME
t'MFYJCMFTFBSDIQBSBNFUFST t"EWBODFENBQQJOHUFDIOPMPHJFT
a division of Metroland Media Group Ltd. THE EMC - P18 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012167191
• BLUETOOTH® WITH USB • 6-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION • AIR CONDITIONING • POWER WINDOWS & LOCKS • BEST-IN-CLASS REAR SEAT LEGROOM♠
154 0% 2.7% @
FOR 84 MONTHS‡
INFORMATIONAL APR
$0 DOWN PAYMENT. TAXES NOT INCLUDED. OFFERS INCLUDE FREIGHT, PDI & LEVIES. PURCHASE PRICE $25,495* INCLUDES $2,500 CASH CREDIT♦♦
VEHICLE PRICING IS NOW EASIER TO UNDERSTAND BECAUSE ALL OUR PRICES INCLUDE FREIGHT, PDI AND MANDATORY GOVERNMENT LEVIES. Prices do not include applicable taxes and PPSA. Consumers may be required to pay up to $799 for Dealer fees.***
ONTARIOCHEVROLETDEALERS.COM
For the latest information, visit us at chevrolet.ca, drop by your local Chevrolet Dealer or call us at 1-800-GM-DRIVE. *Offer applies to the purchase of 2013 Chevrolet (Silverado 1500 LS Ext. Cab 2WD G-BBQT/Cruze LS G-BBP8/Cruze LS+ 1SB/Equinox LS FWD G-BBQG). ‡0% purchase financing offered by GMCL for 72//84/84 months on 2013 Chevrolet (Silverado 1500
LS Ext. Cab 2WD G-BBQT/Cruze LS G-BBP8/Equinox LS FWD G-BBQG). O.A.C by RBC Royal Bank/TD Auto Finance Services/Scotiabank. Rates from other lenders will vary. Example: $10,000 at 0%/2.71%/0%/2.7% APR, monthly payment is $138.89/$150.64/$119.05/$130.79 for 72/72/84/84 months. Cost of borrowing is $0/$846.08/$0/$986.36, total obligation is $10,000/$10,846.08 /$10,000/$10,986.36. Down payment and/or trade may be required. Monthly/Bi-weekly payment and cost of borrowing will vary depending on amount borrowed and down payment/trade. Monthly/Bi-weekly payments based on a purchase price of $25,795/$13,995/$27,995 with $0 down payment. ♦$7,500 is a manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive) for 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Ext. & Crew Cab and is reflected in offers in this advertisement. Other cash credits available on most models. See dealer for details. ♦♦$2,500/$2,000/$2,250/$2,500/$2,500 is a manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive) for 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Crew Cab/2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Ext. Cab/2013 Chevrolet Cruze LS 1SA/2013 Chevrolet Cruze LS 1SB/2013 Chevrolet Equinox LS and is reflected in offers in this advertisement. Such credit is available only for cash purchase and by selecting lease or finance offers, consumers are foregoing such credit which will result in higher effective interest rates. Other cash credits available on most models. See dealer for details. */‡/♦/♦♦/***Freight & PDI ($1,600/$1,550/$1,550/$1,550), registration, air and tire levies and OMVIC fees included. Insurance, licence, PPSA, dealer fees and applicable taxes not included. Offers apply as indicated to 2013 new or demonstrator models of the vehicle equipped as described. Offers apply to qualified retail customers in the Ontario Chevrolet Dealer Marketing Association area only (including Outaouais). Dealers are free to set individual prices. Quantities limited, dealer order or trade may be required. Limited time offers which may not be combined with other offers. GMCL may modify, extend or terminate offers in whole or in part at any time without notice. Conditions and limitations apply. See dealer for details. ▲Based on latest available competitive information at time of printing. ®Bluetooth is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG Inc. +Based on WardsAuto.com 2012 Upper Small segment, excluding Hybrid and Diesel powertrains. Standard 10 airbags, ABS, traction control and StabiliTrak®. ♠Comparison based on 2012 Wards segmentation: Middle/Cross Utility Vehicle and latest competitive data available and based on the maximum legroom available. Excludes other GM brands. ††2013 Silverado 1500 LT Ext. Cab 2WD with PDJ & S80, MSRP with freight, PDI & levies $38,844. 2013 Cruze LTZ, MSRP with freight, PDI & levies $28,139. Dealers are free to set individual prices. ¥Offer only valid from July 3, 2013 to September 30, 2013 (the “Program Period”) to retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a Chevrolet Aveo, Cobalt, Cavalier, Optra, Saturn Ion, Astra, S-Series will receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, lease or factory order of an eligible new 2013 Chevrolet Sonic or Cruze. Retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a Chevrolet Equinox, Tracker or Saturn Vue will receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, lease or factory order of an eligible new 2013 Chevrolet Equinox. Only one (1) credit may be applied per eligible vehicle sale. Offer is transferable to a family member living in the same household (proof of address required). This offer may not be redeemed for cash and may not be combined with certain other consumer incentives available on GM vehicles. The $1,000 credit includes HST/GST/QST/PST as applicable by province. As part of the transaction, dealer will request current vehicle registration and/or insurance to prove ownership. GMCL reserves the right to amend or terminate this offer, in whole or in part, at any time without prior notice. Void where prohibited by law. Additional conditions and limitations apply. See your GM dealer for details. ¥¥Offer only valid from July 3, 2013 to September 30, 2013 (the “Program Period”) to retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a GM or competitor pickup truck to receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, finance or lease of an eligible new 2013 Model Year Chevrolet Silverado Light Duty, Chevrolet Heavy Duty, GMC Sierra Light Duty, GMC Sierra Heavy Duty, or Chevrolet Avalanche. Only one (1) credit may be applied per eligible vehicle sale. Offer is transferable to a family member living in the same household (proof of address required). This offer may not be redeemed for cash and may not be combined with certain other consumer incentives available on GM vehicles. The $1,000 credit includes HST/GST/QST/PST as applicable by province. As part of the transaction, dealer will request current vehicle registration and/or insurance to prove ownership. GMCL reserves the right to amend or terminate this offer, in whole or in part, at any time without prior notice. Void where prohibited by law. Additional conditions and limitations apply. See your GM dealer for details.
THE EMC - P19 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
The Good Food Store
|
Pollyanna
|
What is the common name for the electrically excitable cells of the brain which process data via electrical and chemical signals?
|
Perth080113 by Metroland East - The Perth Courier - issuu
710 Barnes Street, Kemptville 613-258-9955
WWW.FINDAHUGEDEAL.COM Tax and license fee extra
Have a safe and happy
Holiday Weekend We are closed Saturday, August 3
The Perth and District Community Newspaper since 1834 August 1, 2013 | 68 pages
www.insideottawavalley.com
Highway 15 North, Smiths Falls 613-283-1880 www.rallyhonda.com
Dramatic water rescue on the Tay
NEWS
Mother saves son from swift waters By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
Celebrate Harvest Fest in Lanark County. — Page 2
COMMUNITY
P th’ BBrentt McLaren Perth’s ML will ill ttake k part in the world championship town crier competition this weekend. — Page P1
SPORTS
Submitted photo
Samantha Davidson rescued her son Jack from the swift waters on the Tay during the Stewart Park Festival weekend. The boy had just learned to swim last year, but the current was a little too strong for him. Below, kids check out the old Mill Street pool, where the swift waters meet with the Tay Canal.
Boat building for the Rideau Regatta is underway in Rideau Ferry. — Page P14
News – A mother’s quick thinking saved her son from drowning in the Tay River during the Stewart Park Festival. Glen Tay resident Samantha Davidson, who works at The Table Community Food Centre, was enjoying the Fred Penner concert on Saturday, July 20 at the Stewart Park Festival, with her son Jack, who was celebrating his seventh birthday that day. Her son had been splashing in the water near the little island in the park, before deciding to move on, with his mother, to the old swimming pool beside Mill Street. “I could see that the water was high and I mentioned it to him,” said Davidson during an interview on Wednesday, July 24. “I told him to keep close to the edge. I was standing right on the edge, as close as I could without being in the water.” “When the festival is on, the kids are all in the river,” said Shea LeBlanc, Jack’s dad, during an interview the same day. “The water has been a little high there.” With the water levels so high and the current so strong, it didn’t take much for Jack to begin to get swept up in the strong waters. “It happened so fast,” said Davidson. “She looked away for a second and then he was gone,” said LeBlanc. “She saw him and (he had) terror on his face.” Jack had just started swimming last summer, but his father commended him for keeping his cool. “He didn’t panic,” said LeBlanc. “That’s one of the things that saved him.” “He started calling, but didn’t go under,” said Davidson. “He said ‘Help me, please.’ Always polite.” At that point, survival for one’s child kicked in. “She just jumped in with her clothes on…As quick as that she was in the water. The hardest part was fighting the current,” said LeBlanc. In the middle of the stream, things were not going well for mother and son. “I wasn’t thrilled with our chances,” said Davidson. “I was surprised with how quickly it is moving right there. I got hold of him and he pushed me under a couple of times in his panic. We fought to get to the shore right away.” Once they reached the shore however, leaving the water was not as easy as they had hoped. “When they got to the water’s edge, she couldn’t get out,” said LeBlanc. “She was exhausted.” A man whom Davidson suspects was a Stewart Park volunteer helped her and her son out of the water. “I appreciated him coming out,” said Davidson. “I was quite tired and had all of my clothes on.” Shortly after the incident, LeBlanc received a frantic text message from Perth, while he was in the middle of a work weekend. “The first words ‘There’s been an incident,’ you are like ‘What?!’ Then the next line is ‘We’re okay,’” which allayed his fears somewhat. Having just emerged from the water, “she was calm and cool at the time,” but shortly afterwards, as LeBlanc talked with Davidson, “she was having anxiety problems then. We certainly had a moment where it was relief. She was still in shock and I am in shock. How close it could be that it could’ve been a different phone call.”
Photo by DESMOND DEVOY
See CHILD’S RESCUE page P2
REALTOR OF THE WEEK
Óä£ÎÊ-1 ,Ê- "7 " Ê "7t
Connections Realty Inc. (Brokerage)
[email protected] www.rcrhomes.ca 613-283-4900 Proudly Independently Owned and Operated in
A Division of Hinton Auto Connection Ltd.
2013 RAM QUAD CAB 4WD SLT R0012231633_0801
®
HEMI, 20” WHEELS & MORE! ONLY $205 BI-WEEKLY!
2002 HONDA S2000 Convertible, manual, red leather, 91,000km, performance exhaust. $
18,995
Serving Perth for over 18 years
1 mile East of Perth on Hwy 7, 613-267-2300
www.callanmotors.com Highway 7, Perth 1-888-592-3317
0% Lease & Finance and Up to $10,000 Cash Credits on remaining new 2013 models.
OVER 100 NEW VEHICLES IN STOCK *See dealer for details
famousforfairness.ca
6," /ÊUÊ 1 ÊUÊ ÊUÊ Ê / °
199 Lombard St, Smiths Falls 1-613-283-3882
REGIONAL NEWS
to become an annual event that will rotate around the county. It aims to support more than 55 local businesses and six farmers’ markets, as well as developing a new economic development network for the county through partnership with the Ontario Tourism Culinary Alliance. “Beckwith Township is pleased to be the inaugural municipality for the Lanark County Harvest Festival,� said Beckwith reeve Richard Kidd. “It is a tribute to our strong rural and agricultural heritage, and our staff have been working very hard with partners to ensure the event is a huge success.� “We hope to create employment, build a customer base and encourage lots of visitors to come to Lanark County,� continued Dobson. “We have been recognized as a food destination, and want to build on this while raising awareness.� There are still spaces for vendors. To register, contact cmcgregor@twp. beckwith.on.ca. For general information, visit www.lanarkcountytourism. ca or call 1-888-4-LANARK. Submitted by the County of Lanark.
County receives assurances about 9-1-1 system cluding 9-1-1, and so the connection did not happen.� Hannah added there are several redundancies in the system, however, that allowed for the problem to be resolved quickly. “The first call has been identified as being made at 8:05 a.m., and by 8:06 a.m. an alarm was activated in the system that indicated a 9-1-1 call had gone unanswered. The alarm was received and acted upon at 8:07 a.m., which identified the first of the lines that was not functioning as designed. When the effected lines were identified, the process of rerouting the system away from those lines began. By 8:20 a.m. the effected lines had been isolated and calls began to process normally at the CERB.� Hannah said he has been assured no other calls were made during that time period. “The county, OPP and Bell work continuously to ensure methods and processes are in place to deal with these events,� he said. “In this case, the network switch failure was immediately detected and restoration activities were initiated and completed quickly.� Hannah noted that, over time, potential failure points in the 9-1-1 system have been identified and protocols developed to minimize service interruption when they occur. “Tests are conducted regularly to ensure the system functions as designed and contingency plans are annually reviewed with all 9-1-1 agencies to ensure restoration occurs quickly in the event of a technical problem,� he said.
Chief administrative officer/ treasurer Kurt Greaves said Lanark County has been using the 9-1-1 system since 2002. “This is the first disruption of service we have experienced.� Warden Bill Dobson (Montague reeve) said the county will continue to work with officials from Bell Canada and the OPP to ensure the 9-1-1 system remains reliable. “Public safety is our primary concern,� he stated. “The 9-1-1 system is standard across the majority of communities in North America due to its ease of use, and people should continue to use it.� Hannah added it is important for callers to stay on the line when they call 9-1-1 so the system can detect incoming calls and so that call answerers can collect the information they need in an emergency. Submitted by the County of Lanark.
ONTARIO CAR FINANCING LOANS QUICK & EASY ONLINE AUTOLOANS EVEN WITH BAD CREDIT
BAD CREDIT? NO CREDIT? APPLY NOW AND GET YOURSELF CAR
FINANCING FOR
ANY CREDIT SITUATION
UĂŠ ,1*/ -ĂŠUĂŠ ĂŠ , /ĂŠUĂŠ "ĂŠ , /ĂŠ UĂŠ 6", ĂŠUĂŠ, *"-- --" -ĂŠUĂŠ" ĂŠ "--- ĂŠ, ĂŠUĂŠ,* ĂŠ ĂŠ, -*" - APPLY TODAY! www.ontariocarďŹ nancingloans.ca Or call 613-283-4000 and ask for Gregg PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14 (BEFORE TAXES)
Now Serving Dinner Everything From Scratch! Just Like Our Famous Breakfasts s Homemade Local Fare s Brand New Deli Menu Very Popular s Food To Go - call ahead – it will be ready 613-267-6394
PENNY’S PLACE RESTAURANT Highway 7 at the Eastern Town Limits of Perth 613-267-6394 NEW HOURS: Mondays and Tuesdays 6am-3pm Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays 6am-7pm Saturdays 7am-3pm and Sundays 7am-7pm R0012200566_0711
PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3.00 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14.00 (BEFORE TAXES)
News – Lanark County officials have received more information about an isolated issue that occurred with the 9-1-1 system earlier this month, along with assurances that preventive protocols are in place. On July 5, 9-1-1 calls for an ambulance went unanswered in the Clayton area. A citizen then called the local (Mississippi Mills) fire chief, Art Brown, who contacted ambulance dispatch from his portable radio. Lanark County has a contract for 9-1-1 call-answering services with the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP), who operate a Central Emergency Reporting Bureau (CERB) in North Bay. The service is provided in conjunction with Bell Canada. Emergency calls to 9-1-1 are answered at the CERB and then rerouted to the appropriate responding agencies, whether it is police, fire or ambulance. In a conference call last week, Lanark County Emergency Services Coordinator Rick Hannah said representatives from Bell 9-1-1 explained to him and the OPP CERB Team that the service interruption occurred when a network card in the telephone system failed. This resulted in six calls regarding this single incident not reaching the CERB, including five calls from one land line. “When a 9-1-1 call is made, the phone network system searches for an available line at the CERB to make a connection,� Hannah explained. “On July 5, a network failure affected several services, in-
R0011948341_TF
Farmers’ Markets, the Lanark County Agricultural Advisory Committee, the Township of Beckwith and Lanark County. The program includes food seminars featuring “The Mushroom Man� of Lanark County, Scott Perrie of Valley Wild Edibles, who will present information about foraging for local mushrooms, berries, nuts and wild leeks. Other food related workshops will include topics on garlic, herbal remedies and tinctures, Slow Food, beekeeping, apples, maple syrup etc.; the renowned Bowes Brothers musical entertainment; and children’s activities, such as a petting zoo, bouncy castle, face painting, and much more. “The event provides a perfect opportunity for local producers to bring awareness to our communities through their products and expertise,� added Marie White, Lanark County tourism manager. “We recognize the benefits of local food, along with the challenges faced by our community’s agricultural families. This festival is a time to celebrate with them and show appreciation through food, drink and laughter.� The celebration of local food will
PRESENT THIS AD FOR $3.00 OFF YOUR INDIVIDUAL INVOICE OVER $14.00 (BEFORE TAXES)
Community – Want to get fresh with a local farmer? The inaugural Lanark County Harvest Festival will give everyone a chance to do just that! The new outdoor event, slated for Sunday, Sept. 8 at Beckwith Park (1319, 9th Line, Beckwith), will celebrate the county’s bounty of the harvest featuring local producers, food seminars, children’s activities and workshops, local musicians and more. Warden Bill Dobson (Montague reeve), who has a background in organic beef farming, says the festival concept was part of his vision as warden for this year. “One of my goals has been to look for ways to connect all of the communities of Lanark County. Food, agriculture and tourism are natural fits. Local food is one of the ties that binds us all and a festival seems like the perfect way to celebrate and promote it,� he said. “The Lanark County Harvest Festival is a chance for local producers to build relationships with new customers and to promote the value of developing sustainable, self-reliant communities through small, foodbased operations. Our county has a unique blend of producers, passions and food.� The festival will run from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. and is a collaboration of several local groups, including Lanark Local Flavour, Lanark County
R0012228380/0801
Celebrate Lanark County’s bounty at inaugural harvest festival Sept. 8
VALID ANYTIME AFTER 3 PM. OFFER EXPIRES AUGUST 15TH. 1 COUPON PER CUSTOMER THE EMC - 2 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Local teens learn about life as a police officer at Algonquin College News – Working on a crime scene investigation, treating a patient with two broken ankles and performing CPR was just a typical day for seven teenagers in Perth last week. They were part of the Algonquin College Policing and Public Safety Career Sampler program, hosted at the Perth campus. These local students signed up for a week-long session to get a glimpse of their potential dream job. From paramedic training to firefighting to police investigations, the teenagers had the opportunity to find out and ask questions about what it takes to work in these fields. Perth Fire Chief Steve Fournier and Fire Prevention Officer Peter Echlin opened the week’s events. They sat down with the students to talk about becoming a firefighter before heading outside to check out the fire gear and truck. “The fire presentation was the perfect way to start off the week,” says Tiffany Hart, Career Sampler Team Lead. “The students were immediately engaged and had fun learning about the gear and stand on the truck while controlling the water hose. Right from the start, the camp was engaging and the students were having a good time.” For the remainder of the week, students had the opportunity to meet with police officers, paramedics and a career counselor to talk about these career opportunities. Students also spent most of the week following the guide Ontario Provincial Police Inspector Gerry Salisbury and Con-
Photo courtesy of ALGONQUIN COLLEGE HERITAGE INSTITUTE
Students taking part in the Algonquin College Heritage Institute’s Policing and Public Safety Summer Career Sampler Camp in Perth, above, had the opportunity to re-enact the scene of an accident with stable Dave Blair. “The week was packed with activities,” says Hart. “We went to the court to witness live cases, we got our finger prints dusted, we learned
paramedic staff from Lanark County. This activity was just one of many offered throughout the weeklong camp where participants also learned about becoming a police officer and firefighter.
how to perform CPR, we took the Parents could instantly see their PREP test and we saw how a K9 unit kid’s satisfaction with the camp. works. Each day the students left “Every night I have had the opporwith a better understanding about tunity of listening to the excitement working in public safety.” in (my daughter) Mekalah’s voice as
she shares and divulges the information she has learned. A basic overview of services, career highlights and techniques used in the field has given her a base knowledge of what not only to expect but achieve as she moves forward in her career choice as an officer,” says parent Kim Leach. “Other parents should consider this as a solid investment towards their children’s educational future. I am glad I learned the opportunity existed here in Perth at Algonquin College and hope she can experience another session in the future. Good work by everyone involved!” The week ended with a graduation ceremony for the participants, who learned earlier that week how to march, which they did when they entered the ceremony with a bagpiper leading the way. Students can have the chance to take another future career sampler session. Algonquin College will be hosting two ‘Get Inspired About Helping Others’ career samplers in Smiths Falls and Carleton Place in August. Participants can learn about working as an early childhood educator, child and youth worker, social service worker, personal support worker and more. The last day for these camps will transform into a day about taking care of themselves. To learn more about these career samplers, visit the Perth Campus website at algonquincollege.com/ perth. Submitted by Algonquin College Perth Campus.
Running every second week in June, July & August
GET CLEAN FOR LESS
Send S end your Senior Activity Activ Editorial Submissions to:
[email protected] or fax 613-283-9988 Contact your Advertising Representative today at
613-283-3182 Get your coupon at Save.ca (while supplies last) facebook.com/savedotca
is a division of
THE EMC - 3 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012136131_0530
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Alzheimer Society unveils new adult day program site, satellite office in Smiths Falls Services executive director Peter McKenna, said it’s important for all organizations under one roof to work together. “I’m really pleased to be partnering with Louise and with this (program) the whole world is coming much closer together,” he remarked during the July 16 open house. “We have Meals on Wheels programs, respite care, the Alzheimer Society adult day program, physicians and nurse practitioners as well as diabetes and education here. We’re all working together to try and make your life a whole lot easier.”
By ASHLEY KULP [email protected]
News – More local clients will now be able to access the services of the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County with the recent opening of its new adult day program site and satellite office in Smiths Falls. Among clients, supporters and South East Local Health Integration Network (LHIN) representatives, Alzheimer Society staff, with the help of Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples, cut the ribbon to officially open the new space during an open house July 16. Located within at 2 Gould St. (former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute), the move allows the society to serve more clients within its adult day program and enhance it with support groups and education as well. Alzheimer Society of Lanark County executive director Louise Noble said the program had been operating in the new space since April, but the day was a “very happy” one. “With this move we have increased the number of clients served at our adult day program...,” she noted, stating that the day program provides a social aspect to those suffering with dementia. “They can come here and do exercise, sometimes have music, make arts and crafts or take day trips.” Noble stressed how much a difference the larger location would have on its clients. “It’s about enhancing their lives through interaction that they (clients) don’t just get at home and it gives the caregivers a day of respite. Really that’s what the program is all about.” The program was previously housed in the Lamplighter’s building at 30 Victoria Avenue for three years, but according to Melinda Coleman, client service manager of the society, that space was cramped and inaccessible to seniors. Alzheimer Society board president Don McDiarmid applauded the efforts of staff to make the program’s relocation a reality. “The board is very proud of Louise and her staff for bringing us along so year by year we’re more effective in serving our clientele,” he stated. “We wouldn’t likely be here if we didn’t have that quality of staff.” In addition to the adult day program, the location has become a satellite office for the society, which will
The Alzheimer Society of Lanark County celebrated the move of their adult day program to a new location July 16. Now housed at 2 Gould St. in Smiths Falls (the former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute), the bigger location will allow the society to enhance its current services. Above, from left: Alzheimer Society board president Don McDiarmid; Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples; program director Geralynne Smith; client Spencer Lee; client Helen Trimm; client service manager Melinda Coleman; executive director Louise Noble; and Darryl Tooley of the South East Local Health Integration Network. Photo by ASHLEY KULP
complement its head office in Perth. It will be open each Monday from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. The move was made possible through $147,000 in funding from the South East LHIN. An original sum of $100,000 was announced in November 2012 and an additional $47,000 committed in 2013 in order to increase the capacity of the program. “The new site for the adult day program in Smiths Falls demonstrates the South East LHIN’s commitment to increasing ease of access to community support services for all patients and their caregivers in the South East region,” stated South East LHIN chief executive officer Paul Huras in a press
release issued by the LHIN. “The Smiths Falls service expansion will provide seniors and their families with increased access to local day programs and supports in Lanark County,” added Lanark-FrontenacLennox and Addington MPP Randy Hillier, in the same release. “The new adult day program and satellite office will no doubt further enhance upon the good work already being provided by the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County.” John Gerretsen, MPP for Kingston and The Islands, said initiatives such as enhancing the Alzheimer Society’s adult day program, is allowing seniors to keep their independence.
R0012228550_0801
THE EMC - 4 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
“The adult day program and satellite office in Smiths Falls is a service expansion which will bring muchneeded programming to the seniors of Smiths Falls and their families,” he stated in the LHIN release. “By improving access to day programs, the LHIN and the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County are putting in place supports to keep seniors in their homes longer.” With the addition of the Alzheimer Society in the Gould St. building, it is becoming a health services hub, enhancing Rideau Community Health Services and Community Home Support Lanark County, also located there. Rideau Community Health
Clients’ reaction Noble said having a satellite office in Smiths Falls was set up for the ease of clients and to cut down on transportation. “We’re very excited about this. We see all the potential and we’re going to be open one day a week now but there is much potential down the road,” she said. Clients are excited about the move as well. Smiths Falls resident Helen Trimm, who helped cut the ribbon July 16, is a regular user of the society’s adult day program. She credits it with helping her become more social. “I started coming to it and ever since, I haven’t wanted to stop coming. I love it here,” she noted. “The people are good, I like the socializing and music. It’s just happy.” A seasoned bingo player, Trimm said the environment is relaxed and she feels like she’s among family when there. Her daughter and caregiver, Barbara Dodd, sees the change in her mother and praised the kindness of Alzheimer Society staff. “The staff are out of this world. It’s like a community and the staff are very involved with their clients. They don’t just treat them like clients, but like family,” she said, noting the minimal costs of the program make it affordable to more people. “I don’t know what she (Trimm) would be doing if she didn’t have this to go to,” Dodd continued. “That social interaction is so important. I can’t say enough about how great the program is.” For more information on the Alzheimer Society of Lanark County, its programs and services, visit their website at www.alzheimer.ca/lanark or call 1-800-511-1911. The new Smiths Falls satellite office is located at 2 Gould St., unit 155.
REGIONAL NEWS
Hosted by th the Ho he Merrickville Lions Club 613-283-3974 www.merrickvillecanalfest.com www ww ww.m w..m mer err rrricckviilllleecaanalf alfe feest.t.coom Merrickville’s annual celebration of the Rideau Canal is three days of good music, good people, good fun and good times. Canalfest 2013 will take place on the August Long Weekend:
Saturday, August 3rd to Monday, August 5th
ALL
Photos by ASHLEY KULP
Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society to discuss physiotherapy at Aug. 7 meeting Lifestyle – Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society welcomes the chief executive officer of Limestone Health Physiotherapy (LHP), Sherrey Larmour-Trode, to its Aug. 7 meeting. LHP has been providing a wide range of therapies (e.g. occupational and massage) and services (e.g. fitness, disability management, ergonomics, and driver evaluation) to individuals, employers, and businesses involved in insurance claims since October 1995. Staff at Limestone Health Physiotherapy encourage all clients to incorporate activity into their daily lives. Their services meet individual needs regardless of physical challenges and limitations. They help clients reach personal lifestyle goals
and encourage employers to support a healthy lifestyle for their staff both at work and home. Larmour-Trode and one of her kinsiologists will be making this a very active meeting, with exercises and stretches a big part of how they plan to address ergonomic issues and equipment, and risk factors when working both outside and inside the home this fall. The Aug. 7 meeting is at 7:15 p.m. at the Portland Community Hall (24 Water Street). Members attend for free, with membership $15 a year, and non-member participation $5 for any of the eight annual meetings. Membership also includes an annual subscription to the society’s newsletter, The Lilypad. More information on soci-
ety activities is available at its website: www.gardenontario. org/site.php/rideaulakes. The society’s annual garden show, for instance, is Aug. 24, and you don’t have to be a member to enter an exhibit. The society had a very successful garden tour and chicken barbecue July 6 thanks to the six garden hosts – Pat Best, Sharon Carr, Diane Haskins, Bruce Leggett, Terri Olivo and Mark Stevens; the many volunteers and Delta United Church, who put on a great meal; as well as the sponsors of the prizes: Kiwi Gardens in Perth, Ritchie’s Feed and Seed in Brockville, Canadian Tire in Brockville, John Carley and Mark Stevens. Submitted by Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society.
ADMISSION
FREE
Come out and join the fun at Merrickville’s Canalfest!
SCHEDULE OF 2013 ACTIVITIES Don’t forget to visit the local restaurants and check out their Canalfest weekend specials!
SATURDAY, AUGUST 3rd 9:00 am - Noon 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Noon 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
Kids’ Loonie Fishing Tournament Rideau Nautical Modellers Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue Voyageur Canoe Rides to Bird Sanctuary Silent Auction - Part 1 Opening Ceremonies Live Music - Off the Cuff & Poppa Grace The Bug Lady Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest at Participating Shops & Restaurants Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
SUNDAY, AUGUST 4TH 10:00 am - Noon 10:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. 12:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
Kids’ Games Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue Voyageur Canoe Rides Silent Auction - Part 2 Live Music - Kitchen Party The Bug Lady Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
MONDAY, AUGUST 5TH 10:00 a.m. - Noon 10:00 a.m - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. 12:30 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Throughout Day
THE EMC - 5 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Kids’ Games Craft Show & Sale Merrickville Lions Barbecue The Bug Lady Live Music - Big Band Ottawa Face Painting Visit with Alpacas Treasure Chest Quest Self-Guided Tours of Blockhouse Museum
R0012200148_0801
News – The Alzheimer Society of Lanark County held the official opening of its new adult day program and Smiths Falls satellite office July 16. The new location is within the 2 Gould St. building (former Smiths Falls District Collegiate Institute). In addition to an open house reception with refreshments, guests were treated to music courtesy of Alzheimer Society volunteer Clay Smith, above. Left, Smiths Falls mayor Dennis Staples makes a few remarks. The satellite office will be open each Monday from 8:30 a.m. to 4 p.m.
OF YOU ARE INVITED!
Canalfest 2013 highlights include live music every afternoon (Off the Cuff, Poppa Grace, Kitchen Party, Big Band Ottawa), a three-day craft show, a two-day silent auction featuring over 100 items, free Voyageur Canoe rides to the Rideau Bird Sanctuary, free face painting, a model boat show, the “Bug Lady”, a Merrickville Lions Barbecue, a pack of Alpacas and more.
REGIONAL NEWS
Ottawa actor drives comedy in final week of Classic Theatre comedy
Photo courtesy of JEAN-DENIS LABELLE
In the Neil Simon comedy The Star-Spangled Girl, Richard Gélinas, left, and Trevor Pease are longtime friends whose lives are interrupted by a conservative southern belle, Sophie Rauchsmeyer (played by Kate R0012224644_0725
Arts – Ottawa’s Richard Gélinas is one of the most recognized actors in the national capital theatre scene. Currently starring as the love-struck, hormonally challenged Norman Cornell in the Classic Theatre Festival production of Neil Simon’s comedy The Star-Spangled Girl (which closes Aug. 4), Gélinas is a bundle of energy whose stage moves and comic timing are reminiscent of the likes of Jimmy Cagney and Robin Williams. Like those two legendary performers, Gélinas is a hard-working professional performer who has undertaken significant training in the art of movement, physicality, breath control, and audience interaction, all of which have served him well in the 16 years since he graduated from Concordia University’s theatre training program. They also undergird his performance in The Star-Spangled Girl, whether he is engaged in a kung fu battle or a mop-versus-ukelele fight with his roommate Andy (played by Trevor Pease), or his incessant prancing as he bounces around the stage trying to woo the title character, Sophie Rauchsmeyer. Playing a character like Norman, Gélinas says, is an interesting challenge, and while he can relate to the young man “who loses his mind over a girl, there’s also a lot of changes he goes through over the course of the play, and he’s not always the fool. I like the way he grows up through the process.” Asked how he maintains such a powerful presence on stage for 7 shows per week, Gélinas credits the rehearsal process of Classic Theatre Festival director Laurel Smith. “It’s a very good process, we were all very much on the same page, and we built a very strong foundation, so when I arrive at the theatre to get into my role, it’s like putting on a wellmade suit. As actors we often do a kind of self-hypnosis. We have to believe we are these two writers in 1966 San Francisco so the audience will believe it. It’s kind of like pulling down a filter.” Gélinas has performed with numerous Ottawa theatres, including the Company of Fools (whose approach he paraphrases as “mixing up Shakespeare and the Muppets in a blender, and then you throw in a little with Monty Python”), as well as SevenThirty Productions, in which he has carried multi-character roles in shows including The 39 Steps and Stones in His Pockets. He also performs frequently with the renowned Eddie May Mysteries, including an appearance last year at a Lanark County murder mystery. Some of Gélinas’ training was with the Stratford Festival’s satellite training programs, which set up workshops in Toronto, as well as in the Laban process, which teaches performers to internalize certain movements that have significant
Gordon). The show, part of the Classic Theatre Festival in Perth, has played to packed houses and closes Aug. 4. For tickets, call 1-877-283-1283 or visit www. classictheatre.ca.
Custom cabinetry designed for your space at lumber store pricing!!
Pricing example 12 x 12 layout
Designer’s Custom Series -Solid Maple/Oak frame Shaker styles. -Solid wood Dovetail drawers. -Blumotion Whisper-Glide slides/hinges. s. - Custom sizes and layouts available.
Use our 6.99%* payment plan!!
$7,942
We serve all of Eastern Ontario from Kingston to Lanark to Ottawa to Cornwall and all points in between.
20 Yrs
Earn points: We take Visa!!
-Lifetime Lifetime cabinet warranty!!!!
Pricing example 10’ x 10’ layout Builder’s Choice Series
Call us today for a FREE in-home estimate and design!
We are also specialists in complete renovation services for all budgets.
implications in character development. “It’s fascinating to see how learning about your anatomy and the different ways you can use your body in performance really expand the scope of what you can do on stage,” he says. Gélinas also teaches frequently in the Ottawa area, working with the Orleans Young Players on improvisation, Shakespeare, and character development. While not everyone will want to become an actor, he says “these are skills you can use in many aspects of your life.” Enjoying his first time in Perth, Gélinas is relishing every opportunity to play as he approaches the final week of the Star-Spangled Girl’s run (the show closes on Aug. 4). “Audiences have been terrific, and even when they are a bit quiet, you can hear them listening to the dialogue, and then they turn around and give a standing ovation, so it’s been great having that interaction.” Come Aug. 4, Gélinas heads back to Ottawa and makes way for the Festival’s second show of the season, which asks what would happen if someone like Marilyn Monroe and Albert Einstein had a baby. The comedy by Leslie Stevens, The Marriage-Go-Round, features discounted previews beginning Aug. 9, and runs until Sept. 1. Anyone who saw The Star-Spangled Girl is entitled to a 15 per cent discount off the second show. All shows are at the Full Circle Theatre, 26 Craig Street. Tickets are available at www.classictheatre.ca or 1-877283-1283. Submitted by the Classic Theatre Festival.
-Solid Maple/Oak frame Shaker style. -Natural woodgrain interiors. -All metal drawer slides/hinges. - Custom sizes and layouts. -Lifetime cabinet warranty!!!!!
HWY 29 North Brockville
Connected to your community
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – Five teams of local businesses and residents faced off in the Beckwith Butcher Barbecue Cook-off July 20. The event served as a fundraiser for the Carleton Place & District Memorial Hospital Foundation. Above, cousins Sandy and Jennifer Botham get set to barbecue some brownies. Left, Jeremy Weese shows off a maple pecan pie he grilled. Below, the Carleton Place and District Chamber of Commerce team, from left, Pamela Landry, Jackie Kavanagh and Amber Hall prepare to grill peaches and pineapple. Bottom, the teams hard at work during the cook-off.
PART-TIME LEARNING STAY CONNECTED ON CAMPUS OR ONLINE.
Flexible learning options help you make the most of your spare time – whether you have a little or a lot.
PART-TIME ONLINE Study when and where you want.
PART-TIME ON CAMPUS Gain hands on experience evenings and weekends.
Sign up for fall programs today.
algonquinconnected.com/ccol R0012225262
THE EMC - 7 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
EDITORIAL
Connected to your community
Community – Almonte’s Herb Garden was a tranquil, but busy spot July 28 for the annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest. In addition to hearing demonstrations and visiting with vendors, guests were encouraged to stop and smell the flowers with a tour of the pretty gardens, right. Photo by KATHY BOTHAM
LE T TER TO THE EDITOR
Hillier insulting intelligence of constituents, says reader DEAR EDITOR: I was shocked to read the outrageous claims against Hydro One by our local MPP, Randy Hillier, published as a letter to the editor in last week’s (July 18) EMC. To begin with, he claims that “there is no way for anyone to check” the reading on their new electricity meter – the Smart Meter. Well, most of us have these meters and have seen the clear digital display. It is actually much easier to read than the old meters with the rotating dials. Remember those? Some of the dials rotated forward and others backwards, making it a real challenge to figure out which numbers the dials were pointing towards. With the new meters, by comparison, you simply go out and write down the numbers. If you wanted to know how much electricity you used between any two dates and times, for example,
you simply subtract the first reading from the second one. Most of us learned subtraction in grade school, Mr. Hillier. Mr. Hillier’s rambling letter continues with the claim that “Hydro One has shut down our low-cost electricity generators such as hydro and nuclear.” This statement is obviously untrue. What is true is that we have few opportunities to expand hydroelectric generation in this province. Nevertheless, most people have heard about the “Big Dig” tunnel under the city of Niagara Falls – one example of how Hydro One is working hard to find more clean and sustainable electricity for the citizens of Ontario. Why couldn’t Mr. Hillier acknowledge this major engineering achievement? See LETTER page 10
COMMENTARY
Move over for emergency vehicles Editorial – Long weekends are all about lazing by the pool or spending quality time at the cottage, but don’t be in a rush to get to your destination this Civic Holiday long weekend. The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) will once again be out in full force over this long weekend, targeting drivers who fail to wear seatbelts, are impaired or distracted, and for those who fail to move to the side of the road for emergency vehicles. Five people died over the 2012 Civic Holiday long weekend and OPP want to ensure those numbers aren’t repeated or increased. Boat patrol will also be done and police will be watching for those showing a disregard for public safety. The OPP recently ramped up its emergency responder campaign in response to Ontario’s Move Over law, which states that all motorists encountering a police, fire or ambulance vehicle (in the same direction of travel) with lights flashing, must pull over to the side of the road if it can be done safely. While this law is becoming more widely publicized and enforced, according to OPP Deputy Commissioner Larry Beechey, it isn’t new. It was actually introduced 10 years ago in 2003. In fact, he said that since 1989 five OPP officers have lost their lives while doing their jobs after being hit by approaching vehicles on the side of the road. That grace period to let motorists off with a warning is now over, say the OPP and those in violation of it could receive between a $400 to $1,200 fine and three demerit points, if convicted. Judging by those numbers, it’s something police want motorists to take very seriously.
Thunderstorm proved two things – how dangerous they could be and how generous people were Lifestyle – Thunderstorms in the country terrified Mother. Sadly, that fear was passed on to me. We crouched in corners, but never on an outside wall, and always away from the telephone that hung on the kitchen wall. If it was a really horrific storm, I often took to hiding under a bed. Storms that struck through the night were especially frightening. The lightning lit up the entire countryside, and in the blackness of the night, rolling thunder roared, sounding like a gigantic train careening through our fields. It was not unusual for Mother to get all of us children out of our beds in the dead of night at the first sound of thunder or a flash of lightning. Father of course, slept through the entire storm. Seeing Mother sitting on a chair, away from any window, the coal oil lamp lit on the bake table by the back door, did little to put my mind at ease. She sat with her purse clutched tightly in her arms, ready to make a dash outside should our old log house be struck by lightning. Where we would run to, I had no idea! The very thought of going outside
into the raging storm was almost as frightening as shaking like a leaf inside, waiting for what I was sure was a fiery end to our lives. Mother constantly compared country storms with those she remembered from New York. With the heavy sounds of the city, storms there passed almost unnoticed. And the day lightning hit the pole that held our clothesline and followed it to the end pole, Mother nearly collapsed. My sister Audrey, whom I thought took storms much too lightly, said we should be grateful that the clothesline was free standing and not attached to the corner of the house! I knew what she meant. And then one summer day, when we had gone through a particularly long dry spell, the sky in the west darkened and far off in the distance we could hear the rumble of thunder. We had finished our noon meal, and by the time we had redded up the kitchen, the storm was upon us. Father said he would just sit a spell. “No use going out in that rain,” he said, as he settled down in the rocking chair with Vice President & Regional Publisher Mike Mount [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 104
65 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, Ont. K7A 4T1. 613-283-3182 Toll-free 1-800-267-7936 Fax: 613-283-7480 Published weekly by: Record News Communications, A division of Performance Printing Ltd.
Regional General Manager Peter O’Leary [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 112 Group Publisher Duncan Weir [email protected] 613-283-3182, ext. 164 Regional Managing Editor Ryland Coyne [email protected]
Mary Cook’s Memories MARY COOK
the latest copy of the Family Herald and Weekly Star. “How can you sit there and read with that storm raging outside?” Mother wanted to know. Father never took his eyes off the paper. My brothers had absolutely no fear in a storm. In fact, it wasn’t unusual for them to stand at the kitchen window and watch the lightning streak out of the black clouds. Mother had settled in a chair against the inside wall between the kitchen and the downstairs bedroom, Audrey, busied herself with her embroidery work, and I was on a chair inches from Mother. The whole house shook with every clap of thunder, and the storm seemed News Editors: Laurie Weir, Joe Morin, Ashley Kulp REPORTERS: Howaida Sorour, Tara Gesner, Desmond Devoy, Kelly Kent, Jennifer Westendorp DISTRIBUTION: Lori Sommerdyk, 613-284-0124 ,ext. 27 CLASSIFIEDS/REGIONAL ROUNDUP: Fax: 613-283-5909 Judy Michaelis Email: [email protected] Lee Ann Gilligan Email: [email protected] Jennifer Coughlin Email: [email protected]
Member of: Ontario Community Newspapers Association, Canadian Community, Newspapers Association, Ontario Press Council, Association of Free Community Papers
THE EMC - 8 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
to hover right overhead for a very long time. I prayed it would soon go away, and follow the Bonnechere to another part of the valley. “Oh my God,” Emerson yelled. Everett yelled for Father to come quickly to the window looking out towards the west hill. Earl, the most timid of the three began to cry. I knew something terrible had happened. Father jumped from the rocker and ran to the west window; cautiously, Mother, Audrey and I followed. “The lightning,” Emerson stammered. “It hit the big maple on the hill,” Everett said. And underneath the tree, where 11 of our Holstein cows had gone for shelter, we saw what had happened. They looked like they had laid themselves down to rest in the summer heat. But I knew without asking what had happened. The cows were dead… killed by a lightning bolt that had struck the maple. I saw the stark horror on Father’s face, and Mother’s tear streaked cheeks, and I knew without a doubt that we would never recover the loss. ADVERTISING SALES: ADVERTISING SALES CO-ORDINATOR Andrea Harding SALES: Cheryl Johnston, Sharon Sinfield, Kathy Perreault, Liz Gray, Kevin Hoover, Jamie Rae-Gomes Email: [email protected] Fax: 613-283-9988 THE DEADLINE FOR DISPLAY ADVERTISING IS MONDAY 4:30 PM
What I saw next, once the storm had blown itself out, was Father and the brothers, walking behind the team of horses, pulling the double whiffle tree and heading to the west hill. One by one the dead Holsteins were dragged to the gravel pit and buried. The news of our loss spread quickly through the community of Northcote. Father said it could have been worse. Our young heifers were in the enclosure close to the barn, and two cows, for their own reasons had decided to stay at the bottom of the hill. And as always happened when tragedy struck in our farm community, one by one, neighbours responded. I saw them walking down our long lane leading a heifer or a cow over to our farm almost completely replacing our loss with a simple shake of a hand and a few words. That’s how things were done in the ‘30s. As well as our terrible loss, the lightning strike only confirmed in Mother’s mind that storms were not to be taken lightly, but treated as the real danger they could be, and sadly sometimes were. • Advertising rates and terms and conditions are according to the rate card in effect at time advertising published. • The advertiser agrees that the publisher shall not be liable for damages arising out of errors in advertisements beyond the amount charged for the space actually occupied by that portion of the advertisement in which the error occurred, whether such error is due to negligence of its servants or otherwise... and there shall be no liability for non-insertion of any advertisement beyond the amount charged for such advertisement. • The advertiser agrees that the copyright of all advertisements prepared by the Publisher be vested in the Publisher and that those advertisements cannot be reproduced without the permission of the Publisher. • The Publisher reserves the right to edit, revise or reject any advertisement.
Read us online at www.insideottawavalley.com
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Sharon Lightning blast Elkland in final to win sixth Gil Read memorial tourney Sports – Sharon Lake Simcoe Lightning made sure their first appearance at the Gil Read Memorial Fastpitch Tournament in Carp was a memorable one. Lightning, the defending champions of the Oshawa City and District Fastball League, completed an undefeated run at the sixth annual competition with an 11-4 trouncing of Elkland Thunderbellys in the tournament final played Sunday at Carp Fairgrounds. Sharon is located north of Newmarket in the Greater Toronto Area. Thunderbellys, who were making their second straight appearance in the Carp tournament, are based in the small village of Elkland in north-central Pennsylvania. Sharon, who topped the final standings with five wins and a tie in six games, took home $1,800 in prize money. Runners-up Elkland, who were edged by Toronto Gators, the eventual tournament winners in the semi-finals of last year’s Carp venture, claims $700. Despite the loss in the title game Thunderbellys were an impressive 5-1 in the event. Donnacona Blue Sox, from the Quebec City area and Kars Aces, the three-time defending champions of the Greater Ottawa Fastball League (GOFL) were semi-finalists. Blue Sox finished the tourney with a 3-2 mark while Kars went 2-2-1. Both clubs earned $250 shares of the prize pot. In their semi-final encounter Lightning left it late before earning their place in Sunday’s championship game. Sharon trailed Donnacona 3-1 going to the bottom of the seventh and final inning of their semifinal showdown. But a walk-off double by Todd Hamblin chased home the tying and winning runs. Gregg Garrity also had a crucial run batted in for the winners in their come-from-behind triumph. Brad Worsley, in relief of Garrity, was the winning pitcher. Patrice Leclerc was the hard luck loser for Blue Sox. In the final the teams were
tied 4-4 in the fourth inning. But Lake Simcoe finally wore out Thunderbellys’ pitching, scoring seven unanswered runs in the late going. Aaron Trude of Sharon was named the most valuable player in the championship contest. Garrity was the winning pitcher with relief help from Worsley. An overworked Josh Johnson absorbed the loss on the hill for the Pennsylvania side. Hours earlier Johnson was the hero of the moment for Elkland, turning in a stellar pitching performance in his team’s tight 2-1 semi-final victory over Kars. Chris Read, son of the late Gil Read, and his cousin Al Read, who plays for Carp I4C Victory, are the chief organizers of the annual venture. Monday morning Chris Read expressed thanks to everyone who supported the sixth tournament. “We had the best turnout ever,” he says, adding that the Friday night crowd and sales was the best Friday in tournament history, doubling anything accomplished in the past. “There were at least 300 in the stands for the final Sunday. It was fantastic,” Read states. “We had 12 very competitive teams. The out-of-town teams all told us they want to come back next year, so obviously we are pleased about that.” Read adds the home run derby Sunday was also a major success with a large contingent of fans on hand to watch. “Everyone – the teams and the fans – comes out to assist a worthwhile cause,” he observes. All proceeds from the tournament goes to the Gil Read Memorial Foundation which assists underprivileged youngsters who wish to play sports but who would not otherwise have the funds necessary to take part. The top area team in the sixth annual tournament was Fitzroy Harbour West Carleton Electric of GOFL. They finished the three-day event in fifth place with a 2-2-1 mark. Electric were eliminated at the quarterfinal
stage, losing 6-1 to Kars. Mitch Hardy of Aces spun a nifty two-hitter in Sunday morning’s match-up. Besides Kars and Fitzroy Harbour there were five other GOFL clubs involved in the Carp showdown. Host Carp I4C Victory was joined by Micksburg Twins, from the Upper Ottawa Valley, along with Stittsville 56ers, Manotick Taylor’s Blitz and Barrhaven Broadway Blues all from suburban Ottawa. Also in Sunday’s quarterfinals it was Sharon downing Napanee Junior Express 5-1 while Elkland got past Stittsville 5-3 and Donnacona doubled Micksburg 4-2. Busy Saturday Thunderbellys had a perfect Saturday to finish atop the eightteam playoff pool. The Pennsylvania side opened the day with a neat 5-0 triumph over another pre-tournament favourite, Donnacona. They followed that up with yet another shutout victory, blitzing Manotick 7-0. Johnson toed the rubber in both contests and rang up back-to-back shutouts. Thunderbellys topped the field by edging Stittsville 2-1 in an early evening showdown. A total of 14 games were played Saturday. Sharon claimed second seed in the playoff group by winning a pair of one-sided tilts and then tying Kars 3-3. In their first game Saturday morning the Lake Simcoe side blasted Napanee Senior Express 10-0. In their second outing, late in the afternoon, Lightning again hit double figures in an easy 10-3 jaunt against Barrhaven. Saturday night they had to settle for a 3-3 tie with Kars. In the round-robin games which were deadlocked after seven innings finished as ties with each team awarded a single point in the standings. Fitzroy Harbour concluded the round-robin in third position, posting two wins and tying Micksburg 5-5 in a night game Saturday. Earlier in the day Electric zapped local favourites Carp
7-0 as Victory failed to score for a second consecutive game. Donnacona grabbed fourth place in the playoff round with a 2-1 mark. After losing their first game to Elkland they rebounded with an 8-5 win over Stittsville in a noon hour clash Saturday. In a night game Blue Sox blasted Manotick 12-2. Micksburg grabbed fifth spot in the playoffs with a win and a pair of ties. Following a big win Friday they ended their morning start Saturday in a 3-3 tie with Napanee Junior Express. Their night game with Fitzroy also finished deadlocked. Perennial GOFL champion Kars was sixth following the round-robin with their 1-1-1 mark. Aces were edged 5-4 by Napanee Seniors Saturday evening. The final two playoff places went to Napanee Juniors and Stittsville. Junior Express was 1-1-1 following play Saturday. Their round-robin victory was an 8-1 whitewashing of hapless Carp who went 0-3 and managed just one run in three tournament contests. The 56ers made the quarterfinal mix despite dropping two of three round robin games. Stittsville won Friday before falling to Donnacona and Elkland in a very tough B Pool. Carp, Manotick, Barrhaven and Napanee Seniors were the four teams eliminated follow-
OPP works to improve awareness, reduce stigma about mental health issues and the workplace News – The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) has made significant progress in trying to mitigate the impact of operational stress injuries (OSI) on its workforce, detailing some of its recent initiatives in its third quarterly report to the Office of the Ontario Ombudsman. The OPP has officially joined the ‘Not Myself Today at Work’ national campaign developed by Partners for Mental Health (PMH). “By joining with PMH, the OPP is furthering awareness of mental health issues and reducing the stigma surrounding mental illness. Planning for the OPP’s province-wide ‘Not Myself Day at Work’ event is underway for the fall of 2013,”
says Commissioner Chris Lewis. Lewis and Ontario Provincial Police Association president Jim Christie recently jointly announced the launch of the OSI Working Group email address where members (current and former) and their families are encouraged to confidentially contact the working group to share their thoughts and experiences, both positive and negative, on issues associated with OSI in the workplace. The OPP recently mailed correspondence to the residences of all OPP members on a longer-term leave from the workplace, encouraging them to review the Ombudsman’s report ‘In the Line of Duty:
Investigation into how the Ontario Provincial Police and the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services have addressed operational stress injuries affecting police officers’. The letter also encourages these members to review the OPP’s quarterly reports to the Ombudsman (available on opp. ca) and reminds them of the continuing supports available to them while on leave through the internal and external Employee Assistance Program services. A number of other initiatives to address this issue were outlined in the OPP’s first two reports to the Ombudsman. Work on this initiative continues. THE EMC - 9 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
ing completion of round-robin play Saturday night. Carp and Manotick went winless while Blues and Napanee Seniors each managed one victory. Barrhaven triumphed over the Seniors 5-4 early Saturday afternoon while the Express edged Kars by the same score in an evening clash. No hitter Friday The highlight of opening night action on Friday was the pitching gem crafted by Micksburg hurler Corey Costello. He threw a no hitter against host Carp, leading the Twins to a 6-0 triumph in their tournament opener. Costello got plenty of run support, mainly via the long ball. Teammate Riley Hennessey blasted a pair of home runs while Joran Graham added a solo shot. Local fans did have a little to cheer about Friday however. Fitzroy rolled over Napanee Junior Express 7-3 thanks to a seven run explosion in the fourth inning. Napanee had been leading 3-0 until the wheels fell off. Andy Barber claimed the mound triumph. In the opening games of the competition, early Friday evening, Stittsville and Kars were winners. The 56ers edged GOFL league rival Manotick 1-0 with Darren Featherstone doing all of the damage. Featherstone was the winning pitcher and he accounted for the game’s only run with a solo homer.
Kars was paced by veteran Dan Jessiman who homered, doubled and drove in five runs. This marked the fourth year the tournament was held at Carp and for a third straight year the weather cooperated. None of the games were delayed despite a few minor showers Sunday. Until 2010 the competition was played at Carlington Park in west-central Ottawa. But facility rental costs skyrocketed in the city proper, prompting the organizing committee to seek another venue. They settled on Carp Fairgrounds, hoping to attract more fans and increase revenues. The financial results have improved every year since the event was relocated to West Carleton. The tournament’s namesake, the late Gil Read, led three men’s teams to the Canadian championships in 1993, 1995 and again in 1999. He also coached Team Ontario to gold medals at the 1997, 2001 and 2005 Canada Summer Games. Anyone interested in the Gil Read tournament or those wishing to make a donation to this worthwhile cause can reach Chris Read at 613-292-7379 or contact him by email at [email protected]. For additional information on the tournament and the Gil Read Memorial Foundation, visit the tournament website: www.gilreadmemorial.com.
R0012222992_0725
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Tay Valley reader in agreement with Hillier’s Hydro One assessment for Ontario Hydro any time soon. US President Obama has been playing the same game south of the border. Solyndra is only the highest-profile of 33 (and counting) failed or failing companies backed by Obama’s “green� initiatives. As Randy Hillier said, “the only way the Liberals could pay for their plan to pick winners, was by most everyone else becoming losers.� Obama’s fiascoes, not to mention our own history (remember Nortel?), show that governments’ ability to pick winners is a joke. Between the beautiful local countryside being pock marked with ugly solar panels, and wind turbines killing half a million birds a year (in the US alone!), it is time for some rational and fact-based discussion of the real costs (financial and environmental) of so-called “green� energy. David Colter Tay Valley
Reader disputes letter writer’s claims DEAR EDITOR The letter to the editor (July 25) from Wolfe Erlichman must surely have been a joke. Everything he said was totally wrong, so it must have been a joke. “Our children will thank us for doing the right thing.� I wonder how pleased they will be.
LETTER From page 8
As far as nuclear power is concerned, significant amounts of money have had to be spent on essential refurbishing of many of our reactor units. In addition, everyone can see the debt-retirement charge on our electricity bills – a monthly reminder of the huge cost overruns still haunting us from the original build-out of our nuclear-power stations. Hence, it is hardly accurate for Mr. Hillier to throw nuclear into the category of “low-cost.� Mr. Hillier is also claiming that we are being “soaked� on our electricity bills by renewable-energy generators, such as wind and solar. Again, the facts are to the contrary. A study by Navigant Consulting Ltd., reported last April in the Toronto Star, showed that the electricity portion of our bills is only about eight cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is less than half of the total bill. The rest of the bill is made up of delivery and regulatory charges, plus the debt-retirement charge mentioned above. Even within the electricity
Let’s see. We’re paying something in the order of $9 billion for the green energy program so far. It has connected thousands of mini producers all over the province which have to be connected to the power grid mostly from locations far from and in opposition to the flow from the big producers.
We are also paying 80 cents per KWH when the going rate is six cents a KWH. But, never mind that. During our latest heat wave, the windmills provided .01 per cent of the energy needed. To provide Mr. Erlichman’s utopia of 100 per cent green energy then would cost trillions of dollars.
Assuming that Canada’s population grows to 40 million by the time our thankful descendents will then owe – each and every person – about 225 million. I wonder how pleased they will be.
portion of the bill, Navigant showed that five out of the eight cents was due to a socalled global adjustment and only 17 per cent of that was due to renewables. The bulk of the global adjustment is for nuclear power (42 per cent) and natural-gas fired generation (26 per cent). In short, the global adjustment for renewables – all the hydro, wind, and solar in the province – adds less than one cent to our electricity costs. In contrast, the nuclear refurbishment is costing over two cents per kWh. Again, it seems that Mr. Hillier is twisting the facts. Mr. Hillier also seems to be forgetting the local people in every community in this province who are Hydro One employees. These people are working hard for us, keeping the lights on despite more frequent and more severe storms. Does Mr. Hillier begrudge them an extra cent on the “delivery� side of our electricity bills for all this extra work? From these examples and many other outrageous claims in Mr. Hillier’s letter, it seems
clear that he does not have a good grasp on this important file. While his letter is obsessive about costs, there is no mention of the most important factors for our electricity system, which are safety and reliability of supply. Think of the many disasters and failing infrastructure – in Canada and elsewhere – that we hear about almost daily. Does he not understand the need for regularly upgrading our electricity infrastructure to avoid the meltdowns, explosions, blackouts and spills that are happening elsewhere? It also seems clear that Mr. Hillier is seriously underestimating the constituents in this
riding. Not only is he underestimating our intelligence, he is also underestimating our commitment to a clean and sustainable electricity supply, which can only be achieved through renewables. Thoughtful people understand that you don’t get something for nothing and that quality of life is not measured solely in cents per kWh. Preservation of our clean air and water and what still remains of our natural environment: these things do come with some costs...and they are worth every penny of it.
TFSA
RRIF
HILLIER & ASSOCIATES FINANCIAL PLANNING R0012214725_0718
primarily wind and solar resources. The share associated with renewables has been increasing significantly and is expected to continue to do so.� The end result is exactly as Mr. Hillier explained: market prices for electricity are dropping and Ontario rates are going up and will continue to do so as long as we are signed on to this boondoggle. I agree with Mr. Erlichman that not subsidizing new nuclear facilities is good news. Solar, wind and other “renewable� sources should also not be subsidized. Then we would see the true cost of power generation. The government has a role in regulating, but not controlling energy production, marketing and consumption. As so perfectly illustrated by the former Ontario Hydro, government monopolies are rife with waste, corruption and patronage. Our children and grandchildren will not thank us for the Green Energy Act. I won’t be thanking my parents and grandparents
STEVE HILLIER CFP, CIM
Perth Office 22 North Street | 613-264-1064 | 1-800-263- 8074 Smiths Falls Office 49 Main Street East | 613-284-3737 [email protected] | www.hillierfinancial.com
Welcome Wagon for New Businesses and Executives Welcome Wagon has FREE gifts and resources for new business owners and new professionals with a special free package designed for your needs in the ďŹ rst 12 months. We come to you for: s RETAIL s PRODUCTS s SERVICES s STOREFRONT s HOME BASED s NEW PROFESSIONALS
s NEW MANAGER s NEW PRESIDENT s NEW #%/ s NEW OWNER s NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR s INCLUDES NON PROlT sector
R0011949165
bers are correct but do not tell the full story. The reason for these increases is government price setting. Hydro One buys most of its energy on contract. Another arm of the Ontario government, Ontario Power Generation (OPG), sets the prices paid to the nuclear facilities managed by (you guessed it!) OPG. What has happened is that market prices have gone down (due mainly to an increased supply of inexpensive nuclear energy!) and OPG increased the regulated price on nuclear-generated electricity. This difference is added to another Ontario government wonder, the global adjustment. This “adjustment� is passed on to Ontario ratepayers. (Please see monitoring report on the IESO-Administered Electricity Markets, May 2011 – October 2011), the latest such report to make comparisons among energy sources.) Quoting the same report, “six per cent [of the global adjustment] is attributable to renewable assets,
#ALL US DIRECTLY AT EXT OR www.welcomewagon.ca CELEBRATING 80 YEARS OF HELPING OUR COMMUNITY
Paul Corbeil Perth
Peter J. Nelson Perth
The treatment and prevention of diabetes is constantly evolving. At the Canadian Centre for Research on Diabetes, we believe that participating in clinical research is an essential way to help advancements in effective diabetes care. We are currently participating in a variety of clinical research trials for which we are seeking volunteers. In particular, we are looking for individuals who: Have Type 2 Diabetes and are over the age of 50 Are taking oral anti-diabetic medications or insulin Have had a heart attack or stroke Have high blood pressure or high cholesterol Are potentially looking to lose weight
R0011998223_0328
DEAR EDITOR I wholeheartedly agree with our MPP Randy Hillier’s assessment of Hydro One and the Ontario government’s politically-motivated “Green Energy Act� (letter to the editor – July 18. This debacle has, and will continue to, cost the ratepayers of Ontario. There’s no way around it; Hydro One is paying exorbitant subsidies (more than 80 cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) in some cases) to “renewable� energy producers. This electricity is, in turn, being sold for less than a dime per kWh. The surplus electricity – and there is plenty – is being sold to other jurisdictions for even less. The July 26 letter from Wolfe Erlichman is a mix of misinformation and wishful thinking. Allow me to start with his statement that nuclear power is responsible for 40 per cent of the rate increases as opposed to five per cent for so-called “renewable� energy. These num-
Study medications and diabetes supplies will be provided to participants free of charge. If you are interested in finding out more about this clinical research study, or about our research program in general, please contact Emily Knapp or Shelly at (613) 283-8582 or [email protected] or [email protected]
www.diabetesclinic.ca 218 Percy Street | Smiths Falls | Ontario THE EMC - 10 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Counties renews 9-1-1 service with OPP News – The following are highlights of the joint services committee of Leeds and Grenville and the counties council meetings held on July 24 and July 25 respectively. Counties council passed a bylaw to renew a 9-1-1 Public Emergency Reporting Services (PERS) contract with the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP). The current annual fee for the service, which includes the City of Brockville and the Town of Prescott, is $52,000. The 9-1-1 service cost to the counties is $38,500 annually with Brockville and Prescott being invoiced a total of $13,500. The counties have contracted the OPP for two consecutive three-year terms and fees have not increased over that time, a report to council stated. Counties injecting $400,000 into parkway bike path Counties council has approved a contribution of $400,000 for the second phase of the 1000 Islands Parkway Recreational Trail revitalization project. The contribution will be financed over a two-year period and is subject to another $600,000 being raised for the project’s completion. Work on the path by the St. Lawrence Parks Commission includes widening it to an accessible three metres and resurfacing. Federal and provincial funds of just under $1-million were used to complete 17.4-kilometres of the 36-kilometre path. The second phase will revitalize the remaining 18.6-kilometres of the trail. The total cost to complete the project is $1-million with partnerships forming a
vital funding component. A counties governance and finance committee report noted revitalizing the trail has economic spin-offs with visiting cyclists. It also provides a connection to nature and the waterfront and fulfills gas tax requirements. Trail systems were also identified as a priority in the Counties Integrated Community Sustainability Plan (ICSP). Emergency service hours reallocated The joint services committee has authorized Leeds Grenville Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to reallocate service hours between ambulance stations in Spencerville and Brockville to answer growing demand. The Spencerville station’s new hours of operation will be Monday to Friday from noon to 8 p.m. Previously Spencerville station’s hours of operation were from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. seven days a week. Brockville’s Station 1 will now operate a second vehicle seven days a week from Sunday to Saturday 11 a.m. to 11 p.m. An EMS service delivery review completed last year found a shortfall in ambulance coverage in the Brockville catchment area, which includes the townships of Front of Yonge, Elizabethtown-Kitley and Athens. Ambulance calls in this catchment area rose by four per cent from 2011 to 2012. The reallocation, with a start time to be announced, will assist with the increased volume, will provide support to meet the response time standard and will keep ambulances in their primary area of cover-
Social housing units to be sold The joint services committee instructed staff to apply for consent from the Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing (MMAH) to sell six detached family units in the Town of Prescott previously used for social housing. Ministerial consent is required under the Housing Services Act 2011. The homes are located on Roberta Crescent, Victory Road, Boundary Street and Churchill Road. All proceeds from the sale of these homes will be reinvested in the regeneration of public housing in Leeds and Grenville. The service level of the six units will be paused for up to a five-year period to allow Leeds Grenville to meet the increased demand for senior and older-adult housing. Upcoming meetings Committee of the Whole on Sept. 3; joint services committee on Sept. 4 and Sept. 18; and counties council on Sept. 19. The Committee of the Whole structure replaces governance and finance and public works committees and begins in September as a pilot project. All meetings begin at 9 a.m. in the council chambers, 25 Central Avenue West, Brockville, unless otherwise noted. Please note: Delegations are heard at committee meetings. Submitted by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville.
Elizabethtown-Kitley cultural mapping project begins News – The Heritage Elizabethtown-Kitley Committee is pleased to announce that it has begun a cultural mapping project of the municipality. Made possible by a provincial grant from the Creative Communities Prosperity Fund (CCPF) and support from the township, the project will help identify and map the community’s cultural assets for the purpose of building community, attracting visitors and encouraging economic opportunities in the area. The funding has enabled the committee to hire Lynne Clifford-Ward for six months to lead the cultural mapping project and they consider it a positive step into the township’s future. Culture can be described as “who we are and what we do.� Cultural mapping is a systematic process of identifying the community’s cultural resources and strengths. A community’s cultural vitality enhances the quality of life and quality of place and is one of
the four pillars of sustainability which includes environmental sustainability, economic prosperity and social equity. Cultural resources can be divided into six different themes, including cultural heritage; natural heritage; community cultural organizations; cultural spaces and facilities; creative cultural industries, and festivals and events. (For a more comprehensive list, please refer to the brochure or online.) Tracy Gayda, chairperson, and the Heritage ElizabethtownKitley Committee, asks the community’s help with this project by answering the fundamental question: what makes your neighbourhood and township a great place to live? Respondents’ information can be provided online, by email, by post and/or by attending workshops. (The time and locations of workshops will be announced soon.) Once the information is gathered, it will be assembled into a cultural inventory, plotted onto
FREE YOURSELF FROM HIGH HEATING COSTS
age. This is a pilot project and will be re-evaluated on an ongoing basis.
a Township map and made available to the public in early 2014. The Heritage ElizabethtownKitley Committee looks forward to hearing from you and values your contribution to this community building project. This information, once compiled, will help locate and describe the township’s cultural assets and contribute to making ElizabethtownKitley a great place to live and work, now and in the future. The cultural mapping form is available on the township website (www.ElizabethtownKitley.on.ca). Your e-lists can be sent to [email protected], with “Cultural Map List� as the subject line. Brochures can be picked up at township offices in New Dublin or Toledo, and other public locations. Please mail your completed form to 6544 New Dublin Road, RR 2, Addison, ON K0E 1AO and mark “Cultural Map List�. Submitted by the Township of Elizabethtown-Kitley.
R0012235503_0801
Sunbury Showroom 3769 Battersea Road, Sunbury
VISIT US AT THE LOMBARDY FAIR V R
AUGUST 2, 3, 4 & 5
www.fergusonsenergysystems.com
DON’T PAY FOR 6 MONTHS
The Smiths Falls Community Theatre Presents
P
a n n a y l l o
Script, Music & Lyrics by A.J. Harbison and Wayne Robert Scott Directed by Lynda Daniluk
Pollyanna’s cold and demanding Aunt Polly is not used to the kind of misadventures that Pollyanna gets into -- including her odd way of befriending total strangers with her infectious smile. Even when faced with adversity, Pollyannna has a secret weapon: a special legacy left to her by her father. Soon the entire town is playing an unusual game that Pollyanna lives by. Inspired by the classic best selling 1913 novel by Eleanor Porter, this musical features rag time tunes and a patriotic medley, taking audiences back to this charming period in America’s history.
Come and enjoy this heart-warming performance in the air-conditioned comfort of the Station Theatre 53 Victoria Avenue, Smiths Falls smithsfallstheatre.com
August 8, 9, 10, 16 & 17, at 7:30 pm Sunday Matinees August 11 & 18 at 2:00 pm =)918 ="*3.46 =-.1) "89)*38;.8- Group rates available for 15 or more for same performance - call for details
THE EMC - 11 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Produced by special arrangement with
- August 2013
Tickets available at: ="5*(.&16**8.3,7!977*11"8 "2.8-7&117(&7-431< =72.8-7+&1178-*&86* (42 &<5&1 $.7& &78*6(&6) =< -43* $.7& &78*6(&6) =88-*446
-496'*+46*5*6+462&3(*(&7-431< R0012214695/0725
REGIONAL NEWS
551 Hwy. 15 RR1 Lombardy, ON K0G 1L0 (613) 283-5318
Summertime
Community – The 18th annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest was held just outside of Almonte at the Herb Garden July 18. Above, executive chef Rehaad A. Ali, owner of Saffron & Chives Creative Catering, right, during the chef cook-off, while emcee Debbie Trenholm looks on. Left, a view of the Herb Garden’s labyrinth. Above right, Almonte author Elizabeth Hines signed copies of her book, ‘The Whole Person Well Being Equation’ during the event.
SPECIALS Be Fearless of the Weather and enjoy Summertime Golf Specials! Saturdays and Sundays after 11:00 a.m
18 Holes with Shared Power Cart $40!
Monday thru Friday after 10:00 a.m
18 Holes with Shared Power Cart $35! (August 5th included)
Golf the rest of the year as a member at 50% OFF! Please call 613-283-5318 to make a tee time. Visit us at www.lombardglen.com HST Extra – not valid with coupons, tournaments or other promotions.
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
SEE OUR FLYER IN TODAY’S PAPER*
R0012172507_TF
The recliners were just the beginning.
WE WANT YOU! TO EAT AT BIG BUSTER’S RESTAURANT SAVE
TS TS DRAFT oz 166
$
>120 1240 475 300 700 ✄
$ $ $ $
>60 480 475 300 300
S!
Rotary Collegiate Hall, located in the Collegiate Court Building (the former Smiths Falls High School)
People Attending Regular Games Special Games Bonanza Game Jackpot Game
ON GA
SAVE ON A WIDE SELECTION OF HOME FURNISHINGS AT ONCE-A-YEAR PRICING
CLIP & SAVE & ONLY 1 COUPON PER VISIT
Every Friday 7 P.M.
Come & Have Some Fun… the more people that attend will increase prizes.
A NIVERSARY AN
✄
Choose foods p r o d u c e d organically, locally and in season. Support your regional farmers and farming industry: buying locally and in season is better for the environment than buying foods that have been shipped hundreds of kilometers to your local market.
2.25
we invented the recliner back in the day, but a lot If you think that La-Z-Boy just makes “Dad chairs,” think again. Sure plus tables, rugs and more, we’re out to prove that has changed since then. With our wide range of sofas, sectionals, Sale, you’ll find savings that are great looking too. comfort can look as good as it feels. And during our Anniversary
4 Corners = 1 Line
Upgrade to Memory Foam Cushions See back for details.
CONNER CHAISE ROCKER RECLINER
H OP O E U N S E
H OP O E U N SE
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:00 AM–12:30 PM 504 Rideau Lake Rd. – $218,500 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:30 AM–12:30 PM 16 Kent St. – $139,500 ***JENNIFER AUNGER 613-285-5602
SAT AUG 3 & SUN AUG 4, 11:30 AM–12:30 PM 45 Golf Club Rd. –$239,000 MLS 083182803808800 ***BOB ARNOLD 613-223-7513
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:30 PM 2511 Rideau Ferry Road – $259,500 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
This Detached Model from $224,900
PURCHASE YOUR HOME ON THE NEWLY OPENED CODE CRES., SMITHS FALLS
0 S 10 RE AC
H OP O EN U SE
H OP O E U N S E
www.royallepage.ca/perth
H OP O E U N SE
H OP O E U N S E
US W LO LO BU GA FA UN B
H OP O E U N S E
Visit our listings at
Independently owned and operated brokerage
www.royallepage.ca/smithsfalls
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 11:00 AM–12:00 PM 20 Cty. Rd. 1, Toledo – $309,900 MLS#80182403412801 ***LINDA MCKENNA 613-485-0576
(24-hour service)
OPEN HOUSE EVERY SATURDAY & SUNDAY 1-2 PM
P NE R W IC E HI LA GH NA LA RK ND S
LI N ST EW IN G A 1 C 8 R E S
4 Antonio Way, Perthmore Glen – $299,900 ***JEFFREY WEIR 613-285-4467
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–3:00 PM 263 Yacht Club Rd., Rideau Ferry – $329,900 ***JEFFREY WEIR 613-285-4467
87 ML 16 S# 28
87 ML 43 S# 01
LI N ST EW IN G
346 Elliott Road, Tay Valley – $454,900 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
87 ML 74 S# 65
87 ML 78 S# 65
W FR AT ON ER T
20619 Hwy 7 – $565,000 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
# 0 LS 9 M 96 84
17 Rogers Road, Perth - $169,900 ***MARK LEE 613-812-1017
11 06 Otter Lake – $519,900 ***TINA McPHEE 613-285-5133
453 Station Rd., Port Elmsley – $349,000 ***BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
# 2 LS 4 M 02 88
289 Pine Lane, Bennett Lake Estates – $419,500 *** BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
828 Ashby Rd. – $264,900 ***MARK LEE 613-812-1017
+ S SE E U R O C H 0A 5
186 Little Silver Lake Rd. – $319,900 ***BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
LI N ST EW IN G
H OP O EN U SE
LI N ST EW IN G
142 Semier Lane, Tay Valley – $146,000 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
OC Q CU UI PA CK NC Y
5 Helen St., Smiths Falls – $104,900 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
10 Armstrong Dr. #402 – $174,500 *** TINA McPHEE 613-285-5133
0’ NT 95 RFRO TE
667 Churchill Rd. – $329,000 *** BRIAN CAVANAGH 613-812-0229
0 Rose Island – $189,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
H E IT G W RA A G
57 Salmon Side Rd. – $349,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
A EN AR GE OP LAR SH
126 Rideau Crt – $384,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
2 Bay St. N. – $369,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
WA
S H IT LS L SMFA
504 Thomas St. – $374,900 ***MICHELLE FOURNIER 613-812-8585
LI N ST EW IN G
H OP O E U N S E
NT
10 R9 – $369,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
ON ET E RL AC CA PL
LI N ST EW IN G
RO
SUNDAY AUGUST 4, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 1265 Conc 5, Bathurst – $221,000 MLS#869277 **IVAN HODGINS 613-812-0363
P NE R W IC E
S RM HS BD T 3 BA 2
F ER AT
EW E N RIC P
SUNDAY AUGUST 4, 12:00 PM–1:30 PM 14718 B Hwy 509 – $69,900 ***DOUG FORDE 613-285-5732
LI N ST EW IN G
New Location! In sales office at the end of Farrara Dr. More Homes Currently Being Built *Pauline Aunger ***Tina McPhee MANY MORE MODELS TO CHOOSE FROM **Bob Arnold
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 5150 Roger Stevens Dr. – $399,900 MLS#90100001504100 ***LINDA MCKENNA 613-485-0576
SATURDAY AUGUST 3, 1:00 PM–2:00 PM 2 R1 Bacchus Island Rd – $319,500 *PAULINE AUNGER 613-285-9158
H OP O E U N S E
R0012236584_0801
2 Wilson Street East, Perth
613-264-0123 1-800-552-7242 SETTLEMENT REALTY
BROKERAGE EACH OFFICE INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
OPEN HOUSE SUN AUGUST 4, 11 AM-12:30 PM
NEW LISTING – OPEN HOUSE SUN AUGUST 4, 12–2 PM
13 Drummond St. W., Perth $288,500 Glorious big house located in the heart of Heritage Perth! Built in the late 1800’s, this large family home holds a lot of original character & charm with many updates making it a wonderful family home. Main level features sweeping staircase at front foyer, large dining & living room areas with hardwood & pine floors, huge country-sized kitchen with moveable centre island, maple floors & convenient access to main floor laundry & powder room. Super-sized family room with gas fireplace & wonderful pine finished sunroom with skylights & access to carport & deck. Upper level has 4 good sized bedrooms, 2 full baths & access to great storage area above the family room. Forced air gas heat, central air, all newer windows, paved driveway, attached carport & separate garage, beautiful fenced back yard with deck. MLS# 092103005509600 Sheri Mahon-Fournier 613-812-1215 www.sherisells.ca
NEW LISTING
5 Lavinia Street, Smiths Falls $168,500 This 2 storey brickhome has been lovingly maintained over the years and is within walking distance to all amenities. Situated a half block from Victoria Park it offers a wonderful neighbourhood for the children and has a private back yard with a large deck for entertaining. Cathie McCabe 613-284-6263
NEW LISTING
WATERFRONT ACREAGE $389,000 180 acres of rolling land, hardwood forest and fields with 1445 ft. of gentle Clyde River frontage with an endless possibility of building sites. Roads and trails run around and thru the property so you can ride over, see and use it all. (3) Log remnants are located near the main gate if you wish to rebuild history. MLS# 094093401010900. Bob Ferguson (C) 613-812-8871 www.bobsperthhomes.ca
2851 Narrow’s Locks Rd. NOW $224,900 3 year old well constructed home located on lovely 2.66 Acre lot on paved road only minutes to Perth or Westport. This 1100 square foot 3 bedroom bungalow has a nice open concept living area including eat-up island & patio door in kitchen/dining area. 2 Windows and half wall to foyer highlight the living room. 3 Good sized bedrooms, 4 piece bath with soaker tub, corner shower & nice vanity with medicine & linen storage. Spacious hall with open rail to dry, bright, insulated but unfinished lower level with laundry hookups. Good closet & storage space on main level. Mostly covered front verandah & two level deck at rear. Very pretty lot, some clearing & clean-up still underway. Lots of parking & great view out over maple bush. 14x16 shed is perfect for lawn equipment. Move-in condition! MLS# 091191102031202. Sheri Mahon-Fournier 613-812-1215 www.sherisells.ca
Well maintained building fronting on the main street of heritage Town of Perth. 2000 sq ft of store front/office/retail and an additional 7000 sq ft perfect to convert to retail/ storage/ residential development. Its size and location make this building a unique opportunity for any business wanting to be in the downtown core. Offer Price $549,000 Call Paul Martin 613-264-1023
DRUMMOND/N. ELMSLEY
Perfect for commuters to Ottawa – private and country quiet with easy Highway 7 access. 3+2 bedroom bungalow with open concept main living area with patio doors to decking and above-ground pool. Walkout family room. $259,000 Call Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361
NEW PRICE $274,900 Great location between Perth & Carleton Place on quiet road. Living room is bright with vaulted ceilings, spacious kitchen with dining nook, propane furnace & air conditioning are newer. Lower level rec room has cozy Pacific energy wood stove. Survey available. 32x40 insulated workshop with high bay door. Paul Martin 613-264-0123
WATERFRONT – CHRISTIE LAKE
WATERFRONT – CHRISTIE LAKE
Superb sandy swimming waterfront! Huge docks, awesome views, impeccable and charming 3 bedroom cottage with privacy! This is one of THE nicest cottages I have seen – low maintenance for easy summer living, open concept for casual cottage entertaining. MLS # 091191402050000 $379,900. Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361
Charming and quaint little cottage on the Christie Lake North Shore Road. 215 feet of frontage on the water. Comes with pontoon boat and pop up trailer. Enjoy the views from outdoor deck or screened in porch. $149,000. Call Barbara Shepherd 613 326-1361. MLS # 091191601014400
MCDONALD’S CORNERS
OTTY LAKE
$699,900 This 1830’s stone home is situated on a private 81 acres with approximately 2460 feet of Mississippi River frontage. Beautiful river views from this 3218 square foot 3 bedroom, 2 bathroom farm house.
$575,000 Unique and exciting Otty Lake cottage situated on just under 400 feet of perfect lake frontage. The main cottage has a full dry boathouse underneath and is completely renovated. In addition there are four 10x10 foot cabins perfect for guests or sunset happy hour. Paul Martin 613-264-0123
WATERFRONT ACREAGE $389,000 94 acres with 3600 ft. of the Clyde Rver frontage and one of the most private & peaceful sites to build your dream home next to deep pools and rolling rapids. Trails run in and out along the meandering river deep in the woods. Great access from Concession Road thru the gate and down thru the entire property. MLS# 094093401010800. Bob Ferguson (C) 613-812-8871 www.bobsperthhomes.ca
REDUCED!! MUST SELL!!
Broker of Record 613-283-5435
613-283-8770 613-285-9129 www.cottagesunlimited.com S# 4 ML 955 87
NEW LISTING $259,900. 1070 Clancy Lane, Horseshoe Lake. Central Frontenac, Arden. 3 bdrms, 1 bth. 38 mins to Sharbot Lake. Year round home, Open concept Living, Kitchen, Deck across front and side, Well, Septic. Propane furnace. Wood burning FP. Steps down to waterfront. Well treed, sloping lot. Lot 106’x 208’. Call Grant Scharf today! 613-323-4862
REAL ESTATE
Sales Representative S INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
S# 6 ML 268 87
S
120 Lake Avenue, Carleton Place – $229,900
Carleton Place 613-253-0518 R0012239959/0801 Ottawa 613-596-5353
S# 3 ML 472 87
$165,000. Great starter home 15 minutes to Carleton Place. 2 bdrm, 1 bath bungalow sitting on one acre - great privacy! Open concept living area with modern kitchen. All appliances included. Drilled well and septic. Newer deck is a great place to sit and enjoy country living. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435
R0012239957_0801
metro-city realty ltd., Brokerage Independently Owned & Operated
www.barbaracouch.com
Sales Representative S# 6 ML 996 86 S# 1 ML 010 88
NEW LISTING $150,000. Little Silver Lake: 2 bdrm cottage with 100+ feet of waterfront. Great swimming. Gradual, rocky entrance. Deep enough to jump off the dock. Cozy summer getaway. Open-concept kitchen/living room. 2 pc bthrm. Large windows and deck overlooking the lake. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435.
S# 8 ML 804 87
$110,000. 195ft of waterfront clean, spring-fed Sunday Lake. 1.76 acres. Build a summer getaway or live year round. Rocky, sandy waterfront. Gets deep quickly. Great swimming. Lot is partly cleared down to water. Hydro on property. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435.
“DO YOU HAVE AN ISLAND PROPERTY THAT YOU WISH TO SELL?” GRANT HAS A BOAT AND CAN PROPERLY SERVICE YOUR LISTING!
Metro-city realty ltd Brokerage
D L O
$229,900. Excellent home for the growing family! Enjoy country living on 2.86 acres while being under 2kms from Heritage Perth. 4 bdrm 1.5 bath split level home. Oak floors and kitchen in open-concept main level. Large family room with woodstove. Spacious home and property. Janice Hastie-Waugh 613-283-5435
$159,900. 191 Beck Shore Rd, Mississippi Lake. West facing, Magnificent Sunsets. 4 bdr, 1 bth cottage. Leased land. Deeded sole use 15ft. waterfront across a low traffic road. Steps to water. 24’ dock. Entertainment size deck. EBB, wood stove. Enjoy waterfront w/ out waterfront prices. Easy commute to Ottawa. Call Grant Scharf today! 613-323-4862
Barbara Has Assisted over 3000 Families to Buy or Sell their Homes
613-253-0518
870 STANLEY ROAD, TAY VALLEY TWP
Supporter of the Children’s Miracle Network
141 CROMWELL CRES, DRUMMOND N/ELMSLEY
THE FEELING OF A COUNTRY YOU WILL BE WOWED BY THIS UR LANE WELCOMES YOU TO PRISTINE BUNG NESTLED BO ! W G! R E N IN THIS PRISTINE CUSTOM IN PRESTIGIOUS “PINE E A ATES N I T P EST BUNG NESTLED AMONGST ARBOUR ESTATES”,a quiet LIS TOWERING PINES. This neighborhood for early retirees peaceful setting is ideal for a to enjoy quiet evening walks. growing family or retiree who Fall in love with the eff designed enjoys privacy & evening walks Kit/expansive island & sunlit OPEN HOUSE OPEN HOUSE in a quiet neighborhood. An dining area which overlooks, SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 3:15-5 PM SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 1-3 PM exciting, sunlit open concept a chic gas FP in the charming country style oak Kit/Dining area is framed by a Lg picture window, ideal for any fam rm, while the spacious lvg offers, panoramic views of the landscape thru gourmet!. You’ll love the stylish, vaulted Lvg & amazing 32 Ft charming grilled windows. THE GRANDKIDS WILL LOVE LL Fam Rm. A GREAT DESIGN IDEAL FOR FAMILY FUN! THE CUSTOM TREE HOUSE! MLS#879397
$259,500
1568 TATLOCK ROAD, MISSISSIPPI MILLS
207 ASHTON CREEK ROAD, ASHTON STATION
COUNTRY ROADS TAKE ME HOME! This century farm house W NE ING! is at the center of this 90.94 Ac T “Story Book” setting that has LIS been a creative labor of love. This is a “ONE OF A KIND” rural setting w/ picturesque views of rolling fields, green pastures, wildflower gardens, clear blue skies, breathtaking sunsets & wildlife. This property offers serenity & seclusion often sought after but seldom found. It is a horse lovers dream come true w/ lg barn. A PERFECT SETTING FOR THE OUTDOOR ENTHUSIAST, WOODWORKER OR NATURE LOVER TO LET THEIR IMAGINATION SOAR!
A “ONE OF A KIND “HOME DESIGNED FOR THE BUYER WHO DEMANDS EXCELLENCE IN CONSTRUCTION. This home is majestic & deserving of its presence in the prestigious neighborhood of “Ashton Creek”. As if lifted from OPEN HOUSE the pages of “House & Home” the SUNDAY, AUGUST 4, 1-3 PM attention to detail hits the perfect note of chic, homey & intelligence. Decadent vaulted ceiling, abundance of natural light, stunning uninterrupted interior space & all the Bells & Whistles you can imagine make this home a work of art. FAB MEDIA RM GREAT FOR MOVIE NIGHT JUST BRING THE POPCORN! MLS#866631
$749,500
IVE UT EC ME! X E HO
$770,000
VIEW SLIDE SHOW AT WWW.BARBARACOUCH.COM
SOLD! SOLD! SOLD!
Broker of Record/Owner Office: 613-259-3033 www.lanarkliving.ca
SOLD
THE EMC - 15 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SOLD
266 Joe’s Lake Road, Joe’s Lake
R0012234376_0801
2569 Old Perth Road, Mississippi Mills
R0012233816_0801
REMAX AGENTS OUTSELL THE COMPETITION 3-1 ®
RIVERVIEW REALTY LTD.
NEW
123 DWYER LANE LANARK HIGHLANDS
3 season CoƩage w/100’ of swimmable frontage on Clyde River, 3 bed, 1 bath, screened porch, furnished. Boat & dock $149,900 Call Sheri D’Aoust: 613-812-9344
NEW
10 LAKESIDE LANE NEWBORO
456 ELLIOT RD , PERTH
Chic 1 yr new bungalow a few km from Perth – beauƟfully treed 1 3bed, 2 bath home level lot w/access acre lot! Open concept, 9Ō ceilings, to 6 lakes Spectacular views Plenty of stacked stone f/p, custom kitchen, full space for family & guests. $557,000. basemnt w/ walkout! $384,500. Call Call Rebecca Wissler: 613-264-9481 Jennifer Glazier 613-812-8114
NEW PRICE
OPEN HOUSES SATURDAY AUG 3RD
OPEN HOUSES SUNDAY AUG 4TH
26 SUNSET DRIVE, SMITHS FALLS SAT 11AM – 1PM Smiths Falls Golf Club Road Subdivision Home 3 Bed plus Den, Family Room, In-ground Pool, Privacy! $369,900. Host: Silvia Blanchard 613-294-3661
5066 MAHON RD, RIDEAU LAKES SUN 11:00AM – 1:00PM Gorgeous 3 Bd, 3 Bth, Georgian Saltbox style Home on 35+ acres. Deeded w/f access on Big Rideau Lk. $439,900. Host Silvia Blanchard: 613 294 3661
NEW
24 ROBERT RD, PERTH
Immaculate family home Many up149 CATS COVE TAY VALLEY STANLEYVILLE RIDEAU FERRY dates include windows, shingles, gas furnace. Gorgeous back yard! Amazing 4 bed older log home. 65 acres & ap- BeauƟful 1824 Historical home nes- Lakeside living at its finest. 4 bdrm, 2.5 value! $249,900. Call Jennifer Glazier prox 2300Ō frontage on Fall River. Pos- tled on 3.5 acres on the edge of Stan- bath side split on 215Ō of prime Big sibility of severing 3 lots. $359,000. leyville. A must see home! $329,000. Rideau waterfront. $629,000. 613-812-8114
5 DAINES PLACE ,PERTH SAT 1:00PM - 2:30 PM
3+1 Bed, 2 bath, Semi with many upgrades, great paƟo & deck overlooking landscaped yard. $172,900. Host Randy Cavanagh 613-464-1000
24 CHURCH ST PERTH SUN 1:00PM – 2:30 PM
MOTIVATED SELLER LEAVING PROVINCE. Renovated home. Open concept kitchen, formal liv/din, hdwd flrs & staircase. Det heated & cooled w/shop. $299,500 Host: Randy Cavanagh 613-464-1000
NEW
NEAR PERTH
CHRISTIE LAKE
Custom built split entry home w/ap2 bed coƩage with nice lake view & prox 1700sqŌ of living space. 3+1bds, good clean water. Take the short drive 2.5 bths. Finished lower level, lg deck to serenity and relaxaƟon. $199,900. & hot tub. $419,000.
PORTLAND
BLACK LAKE
CLOSE TO PERTH
Well maintained, furnished, 3 bed Great potenƟal for income. Lg 5 bed Black Lake coƩage with westerly “sun- house on 3 acre. AddiƟonal apartset” view. 190 Ō. of deep, clean water- ment currently rented + lg storage bdg. $349,900. front. $269,000.
D L O S
CHALOA ACRES SOUTH, PERTH
4 RICE ROAD, NEAR JASPER
2km to Perth! Charming home on 2.5 SUN 2:00PM – 4:00PM acres – deeded access to Jebb’s Creek/ BeauƟfully renovated 4 bedroom Century OƩy Lake! Many upgrades since 09 – Home on 100 acres plus barn. $498,500. Host Silvia Blanchard: 613-294-3661 call today! $324,900
LOWER RIDEAU LAKE
LANSDOWNE
Large 4 bed 2 bath home, eat-in kitch- 3+ bed, 1.5 bath bungalow on extra 3 bed open concept, ensuite, custom Updated 2 storey hobby farm on 96 acres w/det garage/wkshop & 7 stall en, livingrm; dining/family rm. Main large, well treed lot in Village of Port- cabinets, wood floors… barn. 3 beds. $359,900. level laundry, hdwd floors. $199,000. land. 2 blocks to the Rideau. $229,000
4bd, 3 bth home. Master w/ensuite & sauna, 2nd bed w/ensuite & balcony, hot tub, pool, bunkie, large lot. PERTH CONDO 2 bed condo unit w/ balcony & wonder- $639,900. ful views from 8th floor. Open & bright living area. In-ground pool. $154,900.
NEW PRICE
PATTERSON LAKE
A unique opportunity, 2 bed 1 bath coƩage + 7 private acres abuƫng HORSESHOE LAKE crown land waterfront on PaƩerson Grand view Horseshoe Bay - Big RideLake. $249,900. au Lk. 826 Ō front, 20.8 acres, R2000. $669,500.
NEW PRICE
HWY 7, CARLETON PLACE
Period home 4 bds, 3 bths, fam rm. Sits on 153 acres w/large outbuildings 418 RUTHERFORD SIDE RD & faciliƟes especially for horses. Move Private seƫng 15 mins from Perth! in condiƟon. $599,900. 3+1 bd brick bungalow on 3 acres– enjoy the perennial gardens. $239,900.
22 ROBERT RD, PERTH
PERTH
3 bed bungalow suitable for families, reƟrees, or 1st Ɵme Buyers Features updated kitchen, hwd floors, full basement has great potenƟal! $234,500.
Well cared for 3 bed 3 bath family home in a great locaƟon. Fully finished basement, nice private yard. $279,900.
INTERESTED IN A CAREER IN REAL ESTATE OR CHANGE OF LOCATION? CONTACT JOHN JONKMAN FOR DETAILS OF BECOMING A SUCCESSFUL SALES REPRESENTATIVE IN BEAUTIFUL HERITAGE PERTH, OR SCENIC WESTPORT OR GANANOQUE THOUSAND ISLANDS AREA 613-561-6464
Picturesque tranquil seƫng on the banks of the Fall River for this 4/5 bed beauƟful well maintained Victorian home, dbl garage. Modern ameniƟes. $310,000.
FALLBROOKE
WESTPORT AREA
PERTH
7 bd bungalow with panoramic views Tastefully renovated 3 bed, 1 bath of Black Creek, set on 191 acres, w/ family home in an ideal locaƟon. Det horse stable & paddock. $689,700. garage, nice yard. Move in ready! $244,900.
DREAMS FOR SALE - CHOOSE WISELY… CHOOSE THE EMC - 16 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
MABERLY
6 year-old one of kind Log Home by Great starter or reƟrement 2 bed 1 Kea on 3.64 acres. 3 beds/2 baths. LoŌ bath bungalow on private dbl lot. Master suite with W/I closet & ensuite Close to St Lawrence River. $148,500. $419,900, or rent at $1,900 /month
REAL ESTATE R0012239962_0801
We specialize in SOLD signs www.coldwellbankerhomes.ca
>ÀiÌÊ*>ViÊÈ£ÎÓxÎΣÇxÊUÊÌiÊÈ£ÎÓxÈxÈÇÇ
NEWING T LIS
NEWICE PR
240 Timberwood Drive Huge 2 acre treed lot, large 3+1 bdrm home, fully finished lower level, granite, 2 gas fireplaces, screened porch, awesome w/i closet.
f{]ääÊUÊÃÊnÇÇ{{ Jeff Wilson
ED. Y IMM PANC CU OC
2818 Conc. 3C On 5 acres, 3 bdrm with full lower level, walk-in from dbl. garage.
277 Joe’s Lake Rd
30 Hackberry Trail
4081 Wolfgrove Road
You still have time to enjoy the rest of the summer on Joe’s Lake. 2 bdrm & bunk house. 126 ft. of shoreline. Next to crown land.
Cardel “Gold Leaf” model town home with fenced yard, gas fireplace, central air, and many upgrades. Call today.
Take the worry out of buying a home with a brand new home with full Tarion new home warranty. Choose your colours and cabinet.
$160,000ÊUÊÃÊnÈÈn£È Robin Ferrill
fÎÓ{]ääÊUÊÃÊnxxÈn Gerry & Jason Coleman
EAT GR LUE A V
ND BRAEW N
NEWICE PR
$319,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{ÇäÓ John Coburn
Easy commute to the city from this brand new quality build. HW floors, kitchen island, huge deck, ensuite bath.
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇn{xn Jeff Wilson T N E M IRE ! RET LIVING
124 Lee Crescent This home has upgraded floors, windows, roof, sunroom & much more, natural gas heat, double garage, great location.
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{ÇÈÎ Jeff Wilson
S
DEN
R GA
302 Dean Ridge This development has the latest Bell “FIBE” hi-speed, great floor plan, huge foyer, easy l.level to finish, ensuite bath.
$339,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÓäÇ Jeff Wilson D N U RO IN G POOL
$217,900ÊUÊÃÊnÎx£Ç{ John Coburn
L CIA SPE ME! O H
EA TAK OK LO
239 Miguel Street 1863 Richmond Road
R0012236495_0801
HERITAGE WAY REALTY BROKERAGE – Independently owned and operated
This wonderful 2+1 bdrm raised bungalow boasts extra large foyer with access to rear covered porch and att. garage. Kitchen offers white cabinets. All appliances included. Fully finished lower lvl w/bedroom and 2 pc bath. Gas f/p in fam. rm. Walk to all amenities.
$309,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈäx{{ Marly Burke
7542 Hwy 15 Stone and brick bungalow on 15+ acres on the fringe of town. Sunken lvgrm boasts gas f/p and 12 ft. patio doors offering panoramic view of back gardens. Open concept kitchen, dining rm, sitting area. Major renovations completed in 2006. It’s amazing!
fxn]ääÊUÊÃÊnÈÎnnx Marly Burke
RM ME WA Y HO R T OUN
LEX
DUP
C
389 Dufferin Street Lovely row unit in quiet area of town. Open concept kitchen, livingroom 106 Mabel Crescent 59 Crampton Drive & dining area. Laminate & ceramic flring. Mbdrm has walk-in closet. Awesome gardens both in the front and rear yards of this two bedroom Always immaculate, executive bungalow w/all the upgrades you would Brand new c/air. Downsizing? Call today. townhome. Fenced yard, central air, finished lower level and much more expect. Fully finished on both levels, granite, h/w & more.
$269,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÎÓ Marly Burke
ER
fÓ£{]ääÊUÊÃÊnÇnÈÇ John Coburn
John Coburn Broker
Rhonda Brunke Sales Representative
237 Bova Road Beautiful three bdrm, 1 bath cottage on gorgeous Bennett Lake, northwest of Perth, ON. Plenty of privacy and breathtaking sunsets!
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇÓÇÈ Karen Duncan
Marly Burke Broker
THE EMC - 17 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
67 George Street
104 Barrach Street
Two 2 bedroom bungalow style units sitting on a 52.5x210” lot in Lanark Village. Includes 2 fridges, 2 stoves & a dishwasher.
Cozy village of Franktown is home to this fabulous Cape Cod, shows great, large principle rooms, oversized garage, loads of upgrades
$139,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈäÓ£È John Coburn E M LCO WE OME H
1075 Drummond Conc. 9A Well maintained bungalow on beautiful property with “across the road” access to Mississippi Lake. Double garage with one side converted to in-law suite or business office potential.
$277,900ÊUÊÃÊnÇ{n£Ó Karen Duncan
Carolyn Renwick Sales Representative
$329,900ÊUÊÃÊnÈÓÈäÇ Jeff Wilson
S
CRE
3A
1990 Ferguson Falls Road Renovated century farmhouse + 1 acre lot with storage building. Huge country kitchen, 2 woodstoves, newer bath and more.
$275,000ÊUÊÃÊnÇÇnä£ Robin Ferrill
Karen Duncan Sales Representative
THURSDAY AUGUST 1 6:30pm-7:30pm 310 Bristow Dr
Lisa Brennan-Trudel 613-285-9646
10 Polk Cres., Portland OPEN HOUSE SATURDAY AUG 3 10:00AM TO 12:00PM AND SUNDAY AUG 4 10:00AM TO 12:00PM. Nice home in quiet area close to all ammenites in the Village. 3+ bedroom, 3 bath home nice living area and family room. Large heated garage, level lot close to Big Rideau. $259,900 Your host Tom Burns 613-340-5364
Big Rideau Lake
Cranberry Lake
Bass Lake
Wonderful little 1 bdrm, 1 bath cottage. Extremely well maintained with beautiful stone fireplace. Very private lot with a wonderful lake view. Excellent boating and fishing (but not swimmable) $185,000
Welcome to McVeety island. 6.22 acres of privacy on half of this island. West facing with incredible sunsets. 2 bedroom, 1 bath, fully furnished. 2 separate guest cabins as well as a mainland property wtih dock and large garage. $549,000
Good clean waterfront, beautiful views in this 3 season cottage. A frame with 2 big bedrooms, nice living area, large deck overlooking the lake. Many upgrades, guest bunkie and more.$224,000
This wonderful cottage is on a large lot with mature trees and sloping to 119 feet of waterfront. Open kitchen overlooking sunken living area, high ceilings and glass front with lake view. Amazing screened porch to relax. $339,900
Big Rideau Lake
Upper Rideau Lake Walking distance to everything in the village of Westport. Beautifully updated 3 + 1 bedroom, 3 bath home. Seperate office/ den with it’s own enterance. Large walkout basement. Amazing gardens and rock terrace. Stunning views. $459,900
Otter Lake Large beautiful home just off Hwy 15. There are 6 great size bedrooms with 2 more in fully finished walkout basement and 5 total bathrooms. Custom kitchen, stone fireplace, games room, large deck facing the water, sand beach and a 2 car attached garage. All on 3+ acres List Price-$645,000
O S
S
Big Rideau Lake Five year old waterfront home with 700’ of shoreline. Immaculate bungalow with open concept kitchen and living area. Level well landscaped lot with great views. Oversized garage/shop and boathouse. Nice deck at water’s edge. List Price-$849,900
LD
LD
Beautiful Viceroy home with sunken living room. Large master bedroom with ensuite. Nice sitting room with deck overlooking the lake. Front deck 67’ x 10’ plus a deck close to water 16’ x 16’ with bunkie. A pleasure to view. $769,000
O
LD O
LD O
Bass Lake Year round home or cottage 10 minutes from Perth with 104ft of level waterfront and easy road access. Features open concept kitchen, dining and living area. 2 bedrooms and 4pc bath on main level. Large family room, detached garage, a must see! $439,900
S
Opinicon Lake Very private 3 bedroom, 1 1/2 bath cottage. Modern kitchen with eating area, large living room. Patio door leads to a covered deck on level lot with view. Nicely treed lot. $275,000
Big Rideau Lake
Big Rideau Lake
Killarney Island. The main part of this 3/4 acre island includes a beautiful Western Red Cedar panadode. 4 bed, 1 bath cottage with stunning wide plank flooring. Large outdoor entertaining area. Large boat port, Small island next door is included as well featuring a tent platform. List Price-$475,000
Fully furnished and equipped Lindal Log home and guest cottage on sloping lot with 178ft of waterfront. Home features a cherry kitchen and dining area, vaulted ceilings in living room wtih great lake views. Large loft area. Full basement, large deck, oversized garage and much List Price-$850,000
10:00am-12:00pm 10 Polk Cres
165 Tay Ridge Rd Tay Valley, Perth $119,900 MLS: 871238
868 Kitley Line 1 Rd $369,000 MLS: 849392
33 Catherine Street, SMITHS FALLS ON
59
101 Rideau Avenue Commercial Great Investment $575,000 MLS: 855482
$3
105 Rideau Ave., Smiths Falls $219,900 MLS: 869274
00
MLS # 869796 Very Unique Bungalow with large open concept Dining, Living Rm with Stone Gas Fireplace, beautiful hardwood floors. Eat in Kitchen, 4 pc bathroom with 3 Bedrooms all on one floor. Large basement partly finished with Family room, Sauna, Large Utility storage and workshop area. Economical Approximate costs, Heat $1,100, Hydro $800.00 Water $750 for last 12 Months. New Shingles & Carport 2009, New Boiler 2008.
669 MacPherson Road, R.R. #3 SMITHS FALLS ON MLS # 867523 Lovely well built energy efficient home with a quiet country setting close to Ottawa, Smiths Falls, Perth & Carleton Place. The Kitchen counter tops and Island are all Granite. Beautiful Ensuite with an Air jet Tub, & separate Walk-in Shower. Lovely Hardwood and Ceramic Floors.
1 Windsor Cres., Victoria Woods 87 Eric Hutcheson Rd., Smiths Falls $374,500 MLS: 875976 $269,900 MLS: 854634
THIS WEEKEND’S DUTY AGENT
Rideau Heartland Realty Brokerage 23 Beckwith Street North, Suite 203 Smiths Falls, ON K7A 2B2 R0012234549_0801
Marcella Best
613.283.7788 www.RIDEAUHEARTLAND.com N PR EW IC E
LIS NEW TIN G 6 ACRES! All stone bungalow-3 bdrms, 2 baths, craftsmanship & quality throughout master suite w. view of Otter Lake-52’x38’ garage/shop. A stunning home!
17 George St – $191,500 MLS® 874049
LE
DO
Bigger than is looks! 4 Bdrms, 2 full baths, full bsmt, hardwood floors, above ground pool.
TO
Older three bedroom home with loads of potential!
W FR ATE ON RT
W FR ATE ON RT
4788c Briton Houghton Bay Rd. – $584,500 MLS® 859989
203 Cty. Rd. 8 – $149,900 MLS® 872111
R TE OT AKE L
W FR ATE ON RT
Stunning stone home in subdivision with self contained in-law suite, master bdrm w. ensuite & walk-in closet-fantastic use of space with entertaining sized living area-on 2 acres.
TY TH OT , PE KE
M PE IN. T RT O H
3 bdrm bungalow, full basement w. 10x20 bonus room, large yard w. mature trees, great location near Victoria Park & downtown.
LA
Confederation log home, detached double garage, cathedral ceilings, pine floors, full unfinished basement just waiting for your ideas.
19B Basswood Cres. – $529,900 MLS® 871090 Lisa Brennan Trudel***
36 Abel St – $149,900 MLS® 879145
TE IVA ING PR ETT S
658 Stanley Rd – $264,900 MLS® 859610
N GI
Come by this evening and view this beautiful custom home!
W NE ICE PR
THURSDAY AUG 1, 6:30 PM-7:30 PM 310 Bristow Drive – $399,900 MLS® 859989 Lisa Brennan Trudel***
Sales Rep
N PR EW IC E
Each office is Independently owned and operated
. EC OW EX GAL N BU
O HO PEN US E
“Your Perfect Partner”
645 Hamilton Lane – $219,000 MLS® 874986
334 O3 Rd Otter Lake – $274,000 MLS® 878217
94 Bakers Rd. – $99,900 MLS® 874543
Now is your chance to own a piece of Otty Lake! Beautiful waterfront sunsets, quaint cottage - all you need for summer fun!
It’s not late, you can still enjoy summer on the lake! 3 bdrms, full septic, level lot, great swimming, fabulous view, easy access.
Why rent when you can buy? 2 bdrm home, newer kitchen, windows, furnace, oil tank and septic, midway between Brockville and Smiths Falls.
To Check out all of our listings go to www.rideauheartland.com
Bill Cheffins
THE EMC - 19 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Detroit’s decline should be put into perspective culminated in the embarrassment of bankruptcy. Not all is lost however. This week I’m adding my voice to the few in the media who have come to the defence of what was once among the richest, most successful cities on the continent. My wife Kathleen and I both have family in Michigan, including in Detroit. We know the city well. I have a cousin who lives in an old neighbourhood, north of downtown. Gary Hardy readily admits his is one of the few white faces on the street. But he gets along with his black neighbours, he staunchly defends his hometown and he refuses to buckle under and join the race to the suburbs. Gary’s father, my mother’s Uncle Jack, immigrated to Canada from England just before World War I. In the late 1920s he joined the rush of people who flooded into Detroit to take advantage of the city’s prosperity, built on the success of the automobile industry and in particular Henry Ford’s famous Model T. Uncle Jack worked at Ford’s massive River Rouge plant, then the largest factory complex in the world. He married a Windsor (Ontario) girl. Detroit and Windsor are twin cities. In fact Windsor has the distinction of being the only major Canadian city that lies south of the United States. Good times Jack Hardy became an American citizen. He served in the United States Army during the Second World War. After the war Detroit enjoyed more affluence as the auto industry boomed right into the 1950s and beyond. Tens of thousands of blacks migrated north to what was known world-wide as “the Motor City,� seeking jobs on the assembly lines and a better life. Detroit’s population
Reflections JEFF MAGUIRE
peaked at nearly two million. The community once had the highest rate of home ownership of any American city. In 1959 Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records. Detroit became the home of the famous “Motown Sound� created by artists such as the Miracles, Diana Ross and the Supremes, the Four Tops and yes, the Jackson Five! The name “Motown� threatened to topple the city’s familiar Motor City moniker. It was in part the decline of the automobile industry that ultimately led to the point Detroit reached two weeks ago. The car companies shifted operations to the suburbs or, in an effort to escape the influence of Detroit’s powerful unions, moved operations to the nation’s Sunbelt states or overseas. Then came the dominance of Japanese imports and the rise of other manufacturers worldwide. Still, Detroit’s plunge to despair can’t be blamed on the loss of the auto industry or Motown’s shift to California. Poor race relations, culminating in the deadly and destructive riots in the summer of 1967 along with a string of questionable local governments (and individual politicians) simply exacerbated the so-called “White Flight� and hastened the city’s decline. In the 1970s Detroit was best known as “the Murder Capital of the US� a stigma it continues to carry along with many other big cities including Chicago and Miami. In the 1980s it also became the “Arson Capital� of the country. Deliberately
set fires continue to plague Detroit. My late maternal grandmother, who lived in nearby Chatham, Ontario (Chatham is the hometown of both my wife and mother) started taking me to Detroit when I was a youngster. My summer visits to the once famous Hudson’s Department store, on downtown Woodward Avenue, were magical experiences for me. As an adult I’ve made countless visits to the Motor City, mainly to watch my beloved Detroit Tigers play baseball at venerable Tiger Stadium or the team’s new home, Comerica Park. In this area when people talk about Detroit it’s usually out of fear or pity. Most are terrified of the place, even though they may have simply passed through or never been there at all. Reputation is everything!
I’m not the least bit fearful of Detroit. I’ve never had a problem there, ever! That doesn’t mean I frequent the worst urban neighbourhoods. I don’t set myself up for trouble by visiting certain districts. I take the same precautions in any large city we visit. Despite the abandoned buildings, empty lots, burned out streetlights and discarded junk, which news stories on Detroit inevitably feature, the city has many desirable areas. The Renaissance Center complex, seven interconnecting skyscrapers which includes General Motors world headquarters, is a sparkling jewel downtown. Three major sports teams, the Tigers, the NHL Red Wings and the NFL Lions call downtown Detroit home. Comerica Park and Ford Field, the domed stadium where the Lion’s play football, share the same parking lots. Across from the new stadiums is the historic Fox Theatre, a restored venue at the heart of the city’s performing arts scene. Greektown, a vibrant commercial, entertainment and restaurant district is close by.
Although numbers in the city proper have declined, metropolitan Detroit with a population of 4.3 million ranked 12th among American cities in 2010. There is still much to recommend the region. Perhaps bankruptcy will be the catalyst for a revitalization which will raise Detroit’s stock? Forging a new identity helped save other American industrial centres, Pittsburgh for example. Replacing decaying lots with luxury condominiums and parks and demolishing empty factory buildings to allow for commercial and retail space has rejuvenated several US centres. An increase in the population downtown could lead to all kinds of good things and an increased tax base might even return Detroit to her former glory. It’s a tall order, but I am hopeful. The only place for Detroit to go is up! Closing note: In answer to the question I posed in last week’s column. Canada’s official summer sport is lacrosse. If you have any comments or questions for Jeff Maguire he can be reached by email at: jeffrey.maguire@rogers. com.
SCENIC CANAL DAY TOURS TOURS BEGIN MONDAY, JUNE 24th
R0012168737_0620
Lifestyle – As much as I would like to there is no denying the depth of Detroit’s decline. On July 18, staggering under the weight of as much as $20 billion in unpaid debt, the city surrendered. Officials filed the single, largest bankruptcy in American history. Newspaper writers and commentators list a number of reasons for a plunge which has now seen Detroit hit rock bottom. The reason for the bankruptcy is basic. A huge decline in the city’s industrial base, once keyed by the automobile and music industries, along with the flight of Detroit’s white population to safer suburban communities means the city does not have the tax base necessary to meet its financial obligations. America’s black citizens have traditionally supported the Democratic Party. Detroit, with a black population of 83 per cent, is no exception. But it was Michigan’s Republican Governor Rick Snyder who ultimately pushed control of Detroit’s financial mess into the hands of an emergency manager. The hope is that when the dust settles the city will be able to brush itself off and move forward. With significant employee pension issues involved that seems a long shot? Without a major revitalization, a dramatic program to make the downtown more livable, I don’t see recovery in the near future. People make city centres viable. That means boosting the population of Detroit’s inner city is vital. We’ve all heard the depressing statistics and seen the photo and video evidence. Tens of thousands of abandoned buildings, animals roaming at large in vacant lots, a huge breakdown of Detroit’s infrastructure, an alarming crime rate and the associated decline in the population. Ultimately it has
Fill your day with beautiful sights while traveling along a part of our historic Rideau Canal! Air conditioned coach for return comfort and light lunch on board.
SCHEDULE: Mondays: Merrickville To Ottawa Tuesdays: Ottawa To Merrickville Wednesdays: Merrickville To Westport Thursdays: Westport To Merrickville
89
$
95 /Person +HST
Licenced, Refreshments and Snacks Available on Board Offering charters Fridays to Sunday for your special day Adult Birthday Parties, Weddings, Anniversaries, Corporate Events
Group Discounts and Gift CertiďŹ cates Available!
www.rideaukingtours.com E-mail: [email protected]
Flyers, coupons deals and money saving tips all in one place!
Find, browse, share and favourite
View your favourite flyer items in detail, then add them to our new
and print!
New contests, money savings tips, top grocery deals and more in our
facebook.com/savedotca
THE EMC - 20 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
@saveca
Finding your next used car is as easy as pie.
D!
2. Choose the perfect vehicle
3. Buy your dream car.
The best way to find your next used car. The Car Buyers Network
THE EMC - 21 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Moroccan spiced chicken with quinoa and roasted peaches a flavourful meal Place peaches, cut side down on foil. Seal to form packet. Place on grill over medium-high heat. Grill for about 20 minutes, turning occasionally, or until peaches are quite soft. Let cool. Place chicken, skin side down, on greased grill over medium-high heat. Grill for 20 to 25 minutes, turning occasionally, or until juices run clear when chicken is pierced. Or when meat thermometer reaches 165°F (74°C). Peel grilled peaches; place in large bowl with packet juices lemon zest and half the lemon juice; mash with fork. Slice remaining peaches and add to bowl. Add cooked quinoa, nuts, mint and olive oil; stir to combine. Adjust seasoning and lemon juice, to taste. Divide among four plates and top each with a chicken thigh.
Ingredients • 2 tsp (10 mL) each ground turmeric and sweet paprika • 1-1/2 tsp (7 mL) each ground cumin and ground ginger • 1 tsp (5 mL) black pepper • 1 tsp (5 mL) cayenne pepper (optional) • 1/2 tsp (2 mL) each ground cinnamon and cardamom • 1/4 tsp (1 mL) Kosher salt • 6 cloves garlic, minced • 1 tbsp (15 mL) vegetable oil • 4 bone-in skin-on chicken thighs Nutritional information One serving Quinoa • Protein: 24.0 grams • 1 onion • Fat: 33.0 grams • 1-1/3 cups (325 mL) quinoa, well • Carbohydrates: 44.0 grams rinsed and drained • Calories: 555 • 2 bay leaves • Fibre: 7.0 grams • Kosher salt • Sodium: 250 mg • 5 peaches, halved and pitted • 1 tbsp (15 ml) vegetable oil • 2 lemons, zested and juiced • 1/4 cup (50 mL) almonds or hazelnuts • 1 cup (250 mL) fresh mint, torn • 2 tbsp (25 mL) extra-virgin olive oil • Freshly ground black pepper
Submitted photo
This Morroccan spiced chicken pairs well with quinoa and roasted peaches.
if ERE H W Even e been E LS E v ’ N u yo D DOW
R0011953548_TF
.CA
S U ON
FOR SALE Two bedroom ground level Condo for sale on Findlay St. in Carleton Place,walking distance to all emmenities. Lamenate and carpet flooring, includes fridge and stove. Well maintained. Please contact Kim for more info
613-229-8110
T N E V E
w1
icl h e v of
www.GotFog.ca
No
is t n e m y Pa n w o D The
Defogging / Solar Films / Screens Caulking / ReďŹ nishing + More For your Stefan Meinert FREE (613) 620-1230 ESTIMATE Call:
APPROVED l
E TURN
Cal
Preparation instructions In medium bowl, combine turmeric, paprika, cumin, ginger, black pepper, cayenne (if using), cinnamon, cardamom, salt, garlic and vegetable oil to make paste. Add chicken and coat well. Cover and refrigerate for at least two hours or overnight. Cut onion into quarters, leaving as much of the root end on as possible. In medium saucepan, combine quinoa, bay leaves and onion. Add 2-2/3 cups (650 mL) water, pinch of salt and bring to boil; reduce heat and simmer for 18 to 20 minutes or until tender. Let cool to room temperature. Discard bay leaves and onion. Toss two of the halved peaches with the remaining vegetable oil and pinch of salt. Tear off a large piece of foil.
You can be
ance MODELS n i F We ES and s "ANKRUPTCY DISCHARGED OR NOT MAK
How it works: #ALL OR APPLY ON LINE FOR free ,EARN THE DETAILS ON YOUR APPROVAL 0ICK A CAR AND DRIVE AWAY 4. It’s that easy!
s #REDIT PROPOSAL HELP s $IVORCE even if you Apply for a loan now have these s 3LOW PAY issues: LOW by phone and s .EW TO COUNTRY Payments We have receive up to $1,000.00 s 2EPOSSESSIONS HELPED as a down payment! s "AD CREDIT NO CREDIT thousands Apply now by phone or on line at thecarclub.ca of clients We Can
in ONTARIO and QUEBEC
ÎÎäÊ œœ`ˆiĂŠ À°]ĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠUÊ£‡nÇLJnĂ“nÂ‡ĂˆÂ™Ă‡Ă“
Many customers with less than perfect credit can qualify for rates as low as 4.99%, but can expect rates between 4.99% and 24.99%. Finance example $10000.00 ďŹ nanced over 48 months COB $1052.00, Monthly payment $230.25, TOTAL OBLIGATION $11052.00. $1000 down payment on us event. Apply for a pre-approved car loan and mention this ad and qualify for $1000.00 towards the purchase of a car at The Car Club. Rules are: The offer is not retro-active and applies only to customers who read and quote this ad before applying for a car loan. Offer expires 48 hours from the date this ad appears. Offer cannot be combined with any other specials or price offers on line or in print.
THE EMC - 22 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012232213.0801
Lifestyle – Influenced by a Moroccan tagine, this dish has lots of nuts and fruit and is very aromatic and flavourful. Preparation time: 45 minutes Cooking time: 45 minutes Marinating time: 2 hours Serves: 4
REGIONAL ROUND-UP Any community organization based in our circulation area wishing to list an event of community interest is invited to submit a description of 25 words or less in writing. Admissions or event costs, will not be included. Deadline is Monday at 4:30 p.m. prior to publication date. This service is provided free of charge. Events will be listed no more than two weeks in advance. Write, EMC, P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, Ont. K7A 4T1, or fax at 613-283-5909 or e-mail: [email protected] OR [email protected]. Items will be edited as necessary. Please include name, address and phone number. Summer Reading Club. Thurs. Aug 1 Lodge. Info. Janet 613-264-9139. & 8, 1 p.m. Crafts & activities, ages 4-12. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly), Library. 613-269-3326 to register. weight loss support group. Meetings every Summer Reading Club. Thurs. July 25 week. Info./location 613-838-4777. Baby Talk- Wednesday, Aug. 7 1:30-3 & Aug 1, 1 p.m. Crafts & activities, ages p.m. Ontario Early Years Centre. Breast- 4-12. Library. 613-269-3326 to register. feeding support available. RURAL BNI of Kemptville, meeting. Every Tuesday 6:45-8:30 a.m. Alumni Hall, PAKENHAM Kemptville College (613)863-4853. 4 hand euchre, Wednesday, AuGardener’s Market- each Saturday gust 7, 7:30 p.m. Montague Seniors Community Open House, Sunday, (July 28-Sept. 1). 9-noon. Kemptville. Hall, Rosedale. Good prizes, good food. Proceeds: Canadian Foodgrains Bank. St. August 4, 2-4 at St Andrew’s United (613)284-1074. Church, Pakenham, hosted by the PakenJohn’s United Church parking lot, 400 Beckwith and District Friendship ham Pastoral Charge. Contact 613-256Prescott St. 613-258-4526. Club will meet August 7, Centennial Hall Good Food for a Healthy Baby, Every 3130 or 613-256-6211. Musical Evening at Country View for BBQ Supper at 6 p.m. Musical enterTuesday, 11:30 am.-1:30 p.m at the Early tainment. Members should bring a cold Years Centre (33 Clothier St) Info: 613- Lodge featuring Clarence Bowes and Friends. Thursday, August 8, 7:30 PM. dish or dessert. Inquires 613-253-1433. 257-2779 ext 113 (or ext 100). Beer & Food Tasting, Wednesday AuKemptville and Area Walking Group- 4676 Dark’s Side Rd., Pakenham. Info; gust 7th, 7-9:30 PM. Legion Branch #231. Mon. July 29, Wed. July 31 and Fri. Aug. 613-624-5714. Sing-A-Long, BJ Hughes at the piano. 2314 Harlem Rd., Portland. Limited seat2, 9 a.m. Meet at North Grenville Muing. Brian Preston 613-272-3129/ August nicipal Centre. (613)258-4487. Sponsor: Wednesday August 7, 1:30 PM, Country View Lodge, 4676 Dark’s Side Rd., Paken- 2nd. Health Unit. Beer and Food Tasting- Portland LeKemptville and Area Walking Group- ham. Everyone welcome. gion, Br. 231. 2314 Harlem Rd. Aug. 7, Mon. Aug. 5, Wed. Aug. 7 and Fri. Aug. 9, 7-9:30 p.m. Limited seats. Brian 613-2729 a.m. Meet at North Grenville Municipal 3129 by Aug. 2 to reserve. Centre. (613)258-4487. Sponsor: Health PERTH Blood Donor Clinic, St James Major Unit. Catholic Church, 14608 Hwy 38, Sharbot Kemptville Cruise Night- Every Fri2013 Perth Garlic Festival, August Lake, Wednesday, Aug. 14, 3-6 p.m. day Night starting May 3-September 27. “Bolingbroke Cafe” (ABC Hall, 3166 Food Basics. 6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Rod Raf- 10 & 11, Perth Fair Grounds. Hosts: the County Rd 36) August 2, String Tease and Lions Club of Perth. Info: www.perthgarter 613-258-7567. www.Hwy43CarClub. Hermann Amberger (8-10 p.m.). licfestival.com com or [email protected] Community Clothing Co-operative, 2013 Perth Garlic Festival. Sat. Aug. Kemptville Cruise Night- Every FriPortland Community Hall. Open every 10, Sun. Aug. 11. Perth Fairgrounds. day Night starting May 3-September 27. Saturday 10 a.m.-2 p.m. every Wednesday Food Basics. 6:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. Rod Raf- Hosted by Lions Club of Perth. www. 1-3 p.m. perthgarlicfestival.com ter 613-258-7567. www.Hwy43CarClub. CPHC formally VON foot care clinAl-Anon Meetings. If you are livcom or [email protected] ic, every 1st Thursday of the month. WestNorth Grenville Toastmasters meet ing with or near a drinking problem. Evport Chiropractic Centre, 39 Bedford St., 1st, 3rd Thursday of every month at ery Thursday 8 p.m. St. James Anglican Westport. Appointments required. 613O’Farrell Financial Services, Boardroom Church, Drummond St. 613-267-4848, 342-3693, 1-800-465-7646 ext. 243. (292 County Rd 44) start time 7 p.m. 613-267-6039. Decoration Service, Franktown Public Classic Theatre Festival presents Learn communication and leadership Leslie Stevens’ comedy The Marriage-Go- Cemetery, Sunday, August 11, 2:30 p.m. skills. Guest speaker: Pastor Jill Trunbull. Please North Grenville Toastmasters meet Round, Aug. 9-Sept. 1, Wed.-Sat., 8 pm, 2 bring lawn chairs. Info: 613-283-8644. 1st, 3rd Thursday every month. O’Farrell pm matinees each Wed., Sat. & Sun. Full Dinner & Movie Night, Clayton Financial Services, Boardroom (292 Circle Theatre, 26 Craig Street. Tickets/ Community Hall, Linn Bower Lane, info.: www.classictheatre.ca, 1-877-283County Rd. 44). 7 p.m. Learn communiClayton, August 2. Dinner 5:00 - 6:30 pm. 1283. cation/leadership skills. Euchre, every Tuesday, 1 p.m. at Mc- Movie starts at 6:30 pm. Elgin United Church 2013 Summer Martin House, open to all adults, info: Concert Series. “Kelli Trottier” August 3. (613)267-5531. LANARK Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every 7:30 p.m. 613-273-3456 or 613-547-9519. Euchre- every Monday afternoon. Thursday, 9:30-11:30 a.m. at The Table, Euchre, every Thursday, 1:30 p.m. 190 Gore St E. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 1:30 p.m. South Elmsley Municipal Complex. Sponsor: Club 55. Refreshments. Legion Hall. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. 104 (or ext 100). Friends of Foley Mountain, Dinner Lanark Lodge Birthday Party (last Lunch. Prizes. Fitness Classes every Monday (except Thursday every month). 2 p.m. Hosted by & Auction, August 9, Westport Legion (County Rd. 10 near corner County Rd. holidays). 9:30-10:30 a.m. North Lanark recreation dept. Info. 613-267-4225. Parents and Children’s Group, ev- 43). Dinner: 5:30-7 PM (Tickets, MurCounty Community Health Centre. 613ery Tuesday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. at St James phy’s Bait Shop). Auction: 7-9:30 PM. 259-2182. Gigantic Yard Sale! Saturday, August Lanark Lodge Pub (3rd Thursday ev- Church (Beckwith and Harvey). Info: 3rd, 8 a.m. St. Mary’s Anglican Church, ery month). 2 p.m. Hosted by recreation 613-257-2779 ext 110 (or ext 100). Perth Garlic Festival, August 10-11. Brock St., Newboro. dept. Info. 613-267-4225. Job Search Resource Centre, job postWalking group, every Tuesday morn- Vendors, shows, garlic-tasting events, ening, 9 a.m. from the NLCCHA. Re- tertainment and more. Visit: www.perth- ings, computer and internet access, resume writing assistance, job search seminars and freshments, exercises/speaker after walk. garlicfestival.com Perth Old Tyme Fiddler’s Dance, employment counselling. Guthrie House, Heather 613-259-2182. Perth Legion Auditorium, 7:30 p.m. Au- 10 Perth St., Elgin. Mon.-Fri. 9-4. 613gust 9. Info: (613)259-2569 or (613)283- 359-1140. Karate and Cardio-Kickboxing in 8703. MERRICKVILLE Quilts on the Tay presented by the Port Elmsley. Karate- Wednesday and FriLanark County Quilters Guild, St John day evenings. Kickboxing- Thursday eveAug. 2- Chicken Dinner. Entertain- Catholic High School, 2066 Scotch Line nings. Visit www.portelmsley-karate.com ment: Elise & Company. Legion. Supper Rd. August 9 (12-5), 10 (10-5), 11 (10- or call 613-264-9063. Lanark County Archives 1920 Conc. 4). 6, music, 7-11. Rideau Trail Association, Saturday, 7, Drummond (former Drummond TownAug. 9- Ham Dinner. Entertainment: Sagebrush. Legion. Supper 6, music, 7-11. August 3, Hike. Level 2, 13 km. moderate ship Office). Every Friday and Saturday, 10 LEGO Club, Saturday, Aug. 3, 10-12. pace (3-5 hours). Meet at 9 a.m. Conlon a.m.-3 p.m. Info: 613-256-3130, (613)267Farm, Perth. Leader: Robert Groves, 613- 2232. Merrickville Library. Ages 4-12. New “Outdoor Adventurers” Full Make your Grapevine Wreath now, 259-3175. ([email protected]) Rideau Trail Association, Sunday, Day Nature Camp for ages 10-14 yr at while the vines are green/pliable. Beginning Again craft school, starting Aug. 1. August 11, Paddle Pike Lake. Level 1 ca- Foley Mountain Conservation Area. Grapevines provided. Call 613-269-4238. noe/kayak approx. 4 hours. Meet at 9 a.m. Tuesday, August 6, drop off 9 am at the Merrickville Canalfest, August 3-5. Conlon Farm. Leader: Bruce Gourley, Interpretive Centre, pick up 4 p.m. Info: Live music, craft show, silent auction, 613-283-5967 (brucegourley@sympatico. 613-273-3255. Outdoor Concert featuring fiddle, guiVoyageur Canoe rides, face painting, eco- ca) tar, keyboard and singing of Kyle Felhaver Sale! The Salvation Army Thrift fun, model boat show, kid’s activities and Store, 51 Foster St., Perth. Saturday, Au- and John Mitchell. Sun. Aug. 11, 2-4 p.m. more. Info: 613-283-3974. At the home of Ray & Kathy Lowe, ClayStoryTime, Fridays 10 a.m. Theme: gust 10th. See in store for details. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly). ton. Info./tickets: 613-256-9010 or 613Aug. 2, Toddler Time- Airplanes. MerMeets Thursday evenings at Lanark 253-2729. rickville Library. Info: 613-269-3326.
KEMPTVILLE
Euchre at Holy Name of Mary School Gym on Patterson St. in Almonte. Every Wed. 7 p.m. Prizes awarded and light lunch. Mills’ Seniors Services- Almonte, Trip to the Carleton Place Labyrinth & lunch out at Hing Wah’s Restaurant, Thursday, August 8. Call Seniors Services to reserve your seat on the bus 613-256-4700. Mississippi Valley Textile Museum, open Sundays from 1-4 p.m. for July and August plus regular hours from Tuesday to Saturday 10-4. Visit the permanent exhibit “Fabric of a Small Town”. Info: 613256-3754.
8th Annual Bridge Street Bazaar, Saturday August 3rd, 9 AM - 4 PM. Info: 613257-8049 or email [email protected] Adult Bereavement Group, Wednesday, August 7, 1:30-3:30 p.m Waterside Retirement Residence, 105 McNeely Rd., Carleton Place. Contact Rebecca Bowie 613-267-6400. Annual Decoration- Aug. 11. St. James Anglican Church Cemetery. Walk of the Cross 1:30, service 2:30 (rain or shine). Light refreshments to follow. Annual Decoration Sunday, August 11, St. James Anglican Church Cemetery, Carleton Place. Walk of the Cross at 1:30 PM, service at 2:30 PM. (rain or shine). Light refreshments to follow. Bible Study Group, Saturday, August 3 9:45 am-10:45 am. Bibles provided. Active discussions. 7th Day Adventist Church, 117 Victoria Street. info: Marta 613-259-5545 facekidscharity@yahoo. com Breakfast- 1st and 3rd Sunday of the month. After 9 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. masses at St. Mary’s- 28 Hawthorne. Sponsor: Knight of Columbus. Carleton Place Sunset Club meets every Wednesday, 1 p.m. Legion. Euchre, bid euchre, games, socializing. Third Wed. each month- short general meeting, noon. Potluck lunch/games follows. 613-2577483. Carleton Place/Beckwith Home Support lunch brunch for Beckwith residents at the township office, 2nd Wednesday of month. Bingo afterwards. Info: 613-2530733. Debtors Anonymous. If you are having problems with money or debt then we can help. 6:30 Tuesdays, St. James Hall, Bell and Edmund Street. 613-216-9008. Euchre, every 2nd, 3rd and 4th Monday of the month. 7:30 p.m. Legion. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. Bring your friends. Lunch/prizes. 613-253-6375. French Playgroup “Plaisirs D’Enfants”. Every Tuesday 9:30-11:30 a.m. Beckwith Community Hall (Black’s Corners). 613253-0008. Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every Thursday, 1-3 p.m. 30 Bennett Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 104 (or ext 100). Ladies Darts, every Tuesday starting 7:30 p.m. Legion. Sponsor: Ladies Auxiliary. Parents and Children’s Group every Monday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. 30 Bennett Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 107 (or ext 100). The August Valley Singles LunchSunday, August 11, 1 p.m. at Buster’s Bar & Grill. Info: Fay (613)256-8117 or Johanna (613)432-7622. Urban Forest Advisory Committee meeting. 7:30 p.m. Council Chambers Town Hall. Aug. 15.
THE EMC - 23 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
“Pond Life”, Thursday, August 8, Family Nature Program at Foley Mountain Conservation Area, starting at 1011:30 a.m. at the Group Camping Area. Info: 613-273-3255. Quilting- every Wednesday. 1 and 7 p.m. McDonalds Corners Rd. Hall. 613278-2943. Retired Teachers & Friends: Luncheon on Wednesday, August 7, 11:30 a.m. at The Cove Country Inn, Westport. To reserve phone 613-279-2098 by August 5 at noon. Rideau and District Old Tyme Fiddlers Assoc traditional old tyme fiddle and country music dance, Alfred Taylor Centre, 2300 Community Way, North Gower. Friday, August 9, 7:30-11:30 p.m. Tickets at the door. Info: 613-258-2258. Rideau Lakes Horticultural Society, Wednesday, August 7, 7:15 p.m. Portland Community Hall “Fall & Spring Garden Clean Up -Preventing Injuries” Sherry Larmour-Trode. Spaghetti Night- Aug. 2, 5-7 p.m. Legion, Br. 231, Portland. St. Paul’s Anglican Church Cemetery Zealand Memorial Service, August 11, 2 PM. Bring chairs. Service in Church if raining.
SMITHS FALLS Baby & Me Group, every Monday, 10-11:30 a.m. at the First Baptist Church (73 Beckwith St N) Info: 613-283-9307 (or 613-257-2779 ext 100). Civitan Bingo every Tuesday, Smiths Falls Civitan Hall. Start 7 p.m. Doors open 5:30 p.m. Canteen available. Proceeds to help fund charity and community projects. Duplicate Bridge, Tuesday, August 6, Legion, starting at 1 p.m. Partnership Terry Fagan 613-283-6393. EA- Emotions Anonymous- 12-step organization working toward recovery from emotional difficulties (marriage, children, grief, etc). Meetings (every Tuesday)- August 6, 7 p.m. Salvation Army Church (side door). (613)283-0960. Gambling Problem? There is help. Gamblers Anonymous, Tuesdays 7:30-9 p.m. 88 Cornelia St. 613-567-3271. Good Food for a Healthy Baby, every Tuesday, 1-3 p.m. at the CHC, 2 Gould Street. Info: 613-257-2779 ext 104 (or ext 100). Jitney on Thursdays, at 6:30 at Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club. “Let’s Pray” Prayer Line available, Tuesdays and Wednesdays, from 10 a.m.noon. (613)283-3485, (613)267-9780 evenings. Seventh Day Adventist Church, 333 Hwy 29 (just past the mall). Walk-ins welcome. Monday Night Euchre, Legion, 7 p.m. Parents and Children’s Group, every Thursday, 10 a.m.-12 p.m. at the first Baptist Church (73 Beckwith St N) Info: 613283-9307 (or 613-257-2779 ext 100). Pay as you play, Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club on Wednesdays, 7 p.m Come and try out this sport. Pollyanna performed by Smiths Falls Community Theatre Aug 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 at 7:30 pm and Aug 11, 18 at 2:00 pm. Tickets from $10-$20. Call 613-2830300. Smiths Falls Lawn Bowling Club, Jitney 6:30 on Mondays. Come and try it out. Susan Shirley Program, Parent Training courses- Mondays 6:30 p.m. Calvary Bible Church, 15 Beech St. 613-2051643. TOPS (Take Off Pounds Sensibly), weight loss support group. Meetings every week. Info./location 613-838-4777.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Windsor-built 1949 Ford now resides in Nova Scotia Lifestyle – The 1949 Ford was a new post-war car from the Ford Motor Company introduced in June 1948. It created an immediate sensation with its modern styling, independent front suspension, and parallel leaf rear springs. Over a million were built. Scott and Maryann Ritcey of Porters Lake, Nova Scotia, own a 1949 Ford Tudor sedan built in Windsor, Ontario, with Canadian serial number 0470H49-76324. Scott writes: “The car was purchased in 1980 at the Barrie swap meet in Ontario by a
friend of my dad’s and carried Ontario Historic Vehicle plate HVF.102. The vendor reportedly bought it from the estate of the original owner. “It came to Nova Scotia and we stored it winters in our garage. It went through a few more owners in the Maritimes until I saw it advertised and bought it from a man in North Sydney in 2009. The trip took over six hours each way and we took a U-Haul trailer and lots of hundred dollar bills. It was the first big road trip with our twin boys, Camaron and
Carter, who were only a yearand-a-half old.” Scott tracked down and talked to all the owners in the Maritimes since 1980 but also would like to contact the previous owners in Ontario. He contacted the MTO and received this reply: “The data you are requesting is not
available. Prior to 1984, all vehicle records were in paper and stored in boxes. When the computerized system was put in place, only active vehicles were moved over.” Scott continues: “The car is light green (originally Arabian Green, according to my Ford/Meteor parts manual) with only one repaint in 1994.
The odometer shows almost 75,000 miles and I believe that is original. She’s a solid car that runs and drives as it should. Original paint is on the interior, firewall, door jambs and sills. The seat covers and headliner have been replaced, along with a lot of chrome and stainless repaired or replaced. The drive train is the original 239 cubic inch flathead V8 with column-shift three-speed manual transmission. Brakes are original, unassisted, fourwheel drum, and other than dual exhausts, the car is original underneath.
“Our boys, now five, love riding in the ‘hot rod’ as they are up high and can see everything. And I am like a kid in a candy store, Bill, waiting to see the story of our old Ford in print.” I’m always looking for more stories. Email [email protected] or write Bill Sherk, 25 John St., P.O. Box 255, Leamington, ON N8H 3W2. Everyone whose story is published in this column will receive a free autographed copy of my latest book: “OLD CAR DETECTIVE FAVOURITE STORIES, 1925 to 1965.”
Bright Ideas Replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs (CFLs). A CFL uses only 25 per cent as much energy as an incandescent bulb and lasts 10 times longer. Submitted photos
Above, this is Scott and Maryann Ritcey’s 1949 Ford Tudor sedan with sun visor, twin spotlights, and fender skirts. Below, their twin boys take turns “driving” the ‘49 Ford.
4:19 PM It’s grandpa’s first time in this part of town. He doesn’t have any idea how he got here, how to get home or who he is.
5:45 PM You don’t know where he is either.
www.medicalert.ca • 1-800-668-1507
THE EMC - 24 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Come in this week and meet a special feline friend at LAWS This Week’s Pets and rub her body against your legs. She just wants to be loved!
Pepper Pepper is a stunningly beautiful black beauty. Pepper has been at LAWS since May when she was brought in with her litter of kittens
Items needed LAWS is currently desperately in need of a supply of Friskies’ pate style cat food, bleach and laundry soap. Please drop any donations off at the shelter on Glenview Road. Fiona Fiona is a young mother who raised her three kittens. She’s excited that they have all found good homes. Now it’s time for her. Fiona is a curious cat, loves to play with cat toys, but also lounging around is one of her favorite past times.
that she lovingly nursed until they were old enough to be on their own. She loves other cats but most of all she loves people. She’s been confined to LAWS since May and keeps her little paws crossed for the right person to pick her up.
This week’s featured pets Mourka Roxie Here is a very friendly brown, Happiness surrounds this peblack and white female tabby of tite little female beagle. From her about 20 months. Mourka is pres“smile” to her affectionate nature ently at the Pet Valu in Almonte awaiting someone to make her an addition to their family. Mourka would prefer to be the only feline vying for your attention but she Bernedette has been known to “share”. Bernedette is a gorgeous tortishell cat who also delivered a bunch of kittens. She was a fantastic mother. Bernedette is patiently waiting to see who comes to take her home. She loves to sing to you
Are you new to the neighbourhood? Had a baby? Planning a wedding? she exudes joy. She enjoys sharing the attention with other dogs and has made some great canine friends here at the shelter. Even though she has made several friends she is still waiting for a forever family to call her own. Have a treat? Roxie will love you forever! Please come by the shelter to meet this quiet little sweetheart. LAWS (Lanark Animal Welfare Society) is located on Glenview Road, just off Highway 43, about 2 kilometres west of Smiths Falls. The shelter is open Monday to Sunday from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Write to us at P.O. Box 156, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1 or contact us at 613283-9308, or email at shelter@ lanarkanimals.ca. Visit our website at www.lanarkanimals.ca. Please also check out www.AdoptADog.TV featuring some of our canines up for adoption. If you have lost a dog or cat please check our website or phone or visit the shelter. If you have found a dog or cat please visit our website to find the number of your local animal control officer.
2:41 AM You would tell them about your heart condition and your medication.
Charlie Charlie is a five-year-old surrender with long hair, mainly red and lovely greenish eyes. She has
Give Welcome Wagon a call
1-866-283-7583 Or visit us online at www.welcomewagon.ca
Remembrance Gift Shop Limited
GOING OUT OF BUSINESS After 63 years, the
Remembrance Gift Shop Limited is closing its doors!
% 50 Off All Regular Merchandise % and 60 Off All Christmas Merchandise Now
2:59 AM But you’re still unconscious.
Snoopy Snoopy is still chilling out at the Pet Value store in Smiths Falls. We cannot figure out why Snoopy has been there so long as she is a sweet little lady. Please visit her at the Smiths Falls location of the Pet Valu to fully appreciate what a welcome addition she would make to any home.
We have free gifts and information for you.
R0011948786_tf
a white mane, like a little lion and is declawed on her front feet. She loves to be brushed to help her look pretty. Charlie is ready to meet her new owner.
Holly and Ivy Holly and Ivy are two five-yearold sisters who are very attached to each other. The previous owner, unfortunately, could not take them to her new home. They are both declawed and a little fearful in their new, unknown environment. We think a quieter home with older children would suit them best. They will make great pets and still have a long life ahead of them.
Other specials include
Thank you to all our valued customers.
www.medicalert.ca • 1-800-668-1507
141 Bridge Street, Carleton Place
(613) 257-3931 THE EMC - 25 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012231879_0801
Lifestyle – LAWS is currently nearing capacity in the cat areas and are asking the public to come and see all the wonderful at the shelter who are awaiting their forever homes. The shelter is also seeking volunteer drivers to assist us with the transport and pick up of our animals who require regular veterinary visits. These drivers would be asked to pick up the appropriate animal at the shelter at 8 a.m. and drive the animal to the veterinarian for a drop off time of 8:15 a.m. The animal would be required to be picked up from the veterinarian at 3 p.m. the same day and brought back to the shelter. We are looking for assistance with this three days per week. If interested, please call the number listed below.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Thirsty days, thirsty cars: How to tell if your car is getting good fuel mileage Lifestyle – When travel season is peppered with a gas price increase or two, it’s no wonder more drivers don’t experience a matching spike in blood-pressure. These conditions tend to cause another spike: an increase in trips to the shop to see if the chariot hasn’t picked up a virus or some other malady leading to a case of gaseous guzzlyitis. Here’s a few ways to see
if your vehicle is delivering the appropriate fuel mileage without inconvenience. 1) Test it right. No matter how much gadgetry your instrument panel has, or what super-apps you’ve downloaded onto your smartphone, there is only one way to corBRIAN TURNER rectly calculate your vehicle’s fuel mileage. Fill it up, (stopping at the first click of trip odometer to zero, drive of fuel, refill, check the disthe pump nozzle), reset your as far as possible on that tank tance travelled and do the math. On-board mileage displays rely on too many variable and inaccurately measured parameters to equal the accuracy of the tank-to-tank test. If possible complete a mostly highway driving test for comparison against your daily mix of urban and higher speed commute. 2) Get the right ratings’ guide. NRCan has admitted that their current test isn’t as good as that used by the U.S. EPA. That’s why we’re realigning our tests to more closely align with the U.S method starting with the 2013 model year. If you log onto www.nrcan.gc.ca and click on the ‘fuel efficiency’ link you can find the ratings for your particular vehicle. Then take a web-stroll over to the US counterpart at www.fueleconomy.gov and find their ratings. Remember, the US posts in ‘miles per US gallon’, so you’ll have to add
Car Counsellor
20 per cent to get a ‘milesper-imperial-gallon rating, or bring up your favourite metric conversion calculator website to see some interesting comparisons. The EPA added a coldweather mode, an extreme and aggressive acceleration mode, and an air-conditioning load mode to their tests. Their ratings are almost always worse than ours, sometimes up to 20 per cent. It will be interesting to see if next year’s NRCan guide is any closer. 3) Improve your mileage on your own. Some of the best ways to improve fuel mileage either don’t cost a cent or involve relatively little money. Correct tire pressures, clean air filters, sub-120 kph speeds, smooth take-offs, anticipated stops, well-maintained vehicles, and empty trunks or cargo areas can all drastically increase fuel economy. 4) If it ain’t broke, no one’s likely to able to fix it. If your vehicle hasn’t got a check engine light on, or a noticeable driveability problem like hesitation, stalling, or misfire, there’s likely nothing to be mechanically/electronically repaired, tweaked, or reprogrammed to improve your fuel mileage. And as for mileage performance computer chips; they’re illegal,
and will void any engine or emission warranty still left on your auto, not to mention risking substantial emission regulation fines. The rest of the trinkets on the parts store shelf with advertisements bragging to deliver increased fuel economy are just so much hot air, so save your money. On Sunday, Aug. 4 the famous Automotion Car Show returns to the Blockhouse Island in Brockville from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Check the website (www.tisma.ca) for more details. And on the same day the Chelrod Car Club Show ‘n’ Shine parks at St. Stephen’s Parish in Chelsea (QC) from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. If you have any questions, opinions, or stories on anything automotive please drop me a line, (By email to [email protected] or directly to [email protected] listing ‘Question for the Car Counselor’ on the subject line or by post to Record News Communications, 5 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1). When using regular mail, please supply a phone number if you seek direct contact (due to volume I can’t always promise replies). Yours in service Brian Turner
In every FIVE children under 19,at least ONE struggles with their mental health. We want to change the way you THINK and TALK about children’s mental health.
mental health
mental menta t lh health lth
mental healtth
MY MENTAL HEALTH... mental health
YOUR STATE OF MIND ment health mental mental health
mental health
Every child’s mental health is important.
Photo by KELLY KENT
If you or anyone you know needs someone to listen, please contact: Children’s Mental Health Services of Hastings and Prince Edward Counties È£ÎÈÈΣääÊÊUÊÊÜÜÜ°V
Ã
«i°°V>
Community – The Carleton Place Farmers’ Market, in the new Market Square, remains a popular spot for area residents on Saturday mornings. recently, on July 13, the market was filled with a variety of stands, selling everything from jams and jellies, baked goods, to charcoal drawings, wooden toys and gardening supplies, shown above.
Services are confidential and free of charge.
Consider a gift to children in your estate, and change a child’s
life forever.
613.283.0570 ~ www.bigbrothersbigsisterslanark.ca ~ [email protected] THE EMC - 26 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Sign up for
It’s Free!
today
Start saving UP TO 90% Go to www.wagjag.com and click SIGN UP! Your Local EMC Community Newspaper
$29.95 FOR 4 KG OF BONELESS, SKINLESS CHICKEN BREASTS (A $65 VALUE)
Regular Price: $65.00 You Save: $35.05 $29.50 FOR 12 X 1 LB PACKS OF EXTRA LEAN GROUND CHICKEN (A $72 VALUE)
Discount:
$29.95 FOR 4 KG OF BREADED CHICKEN BREAST FILLETS (A $71 VALUE)
Regular Price: $71.00 You Save: $41.05 Discount:
58%
$24.95 FOR 24 PACKS OF CHICKEN HOT DOGS (AN $89 VALUE)
PICK UP YOUR WAGJAG GROCERY ORDER AT
$19 FOR 4 KG OF BREADED CHICKEN BURGERS (A $50 VALUE)
$29.95
$32.50 FOR 4 KG OF BONELESS CHICKEN BREAST BITES (AN $80 VALUE)
$32.50
$32.50 FOR 4 KG OF FULLY COOKED, BREADED CHICKEN WINGS (AN $80 VALUE)
$19
Get deals on your phone: R0012231311-0801
THE EMC - 27 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Jackman shines again in latest Wolverine film My Take MARK HASKINS
His wounds aren’t healing. He still manages to save Mariko, but Logan needs to find out what’s really going on if he and Mariko are going to survive. The Wolverine does everything right. It is full of action and violence with just a hint of romance and sadness, and a few sparsely but well placed one-liners. Mangold does a brilliant job of bringing the comic book action to life in larger-thanlife sequences that are only possible in a world with superheroes. He also balances the action with a story that truly highlights this often times tragic hero. This film really captures what this character is about. No one else is ever going to be able to take on this role. Hugh Jackman has made Wolverine all his own. He’s nailed the look, the delivery, the swagger, and the penchant for violence. He’s also nailed the sadness, the grief and the nobility. While I wasn’t very familiar with most of the cast I was impressed by them. Tao Okamoto falls into the role of Mariko with extreme grace. Rila Fukushima is perfect as Logan’s sidekick Yukio. Viper Svetlana Khodchenkova exudes both venom and evil. Hal Yamanouchi is fantastic as Yashida. Of course the big treat for me was seeing Famke Jannsen return as Jean Grey. It may have only been in Logan’s dreams, but she was still great. The Wolverine is awesome. ‘Nuff said. Mark Haskins’ column is a regular feature of the EMC.
Slow down, move over: OPP EMC News – The Lanark County Detachment of The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) wishes to remind drivers that emergency responders regularly face dangerous and difficult situations as they go about their daily duties serving and protecting our communities. Drivers must remember when passing a stopped emergency vehicle with its emergency lights activated, in the same direction of travel, either in a lane or on the shoulder of a road or highway, to slow down and pass with caution. If the road has two or more lanes you MUST move over into another lane, if it can be done in safety. Sections 159(2) and 159(3) of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act require all motorists approaching a stopped emergency vehicle to slow down and pass with caution. Drivers who fail to comply with this law are subject to the following penalties under the Highway Traffic Act. First offence: $400 to $2,000 fine plus three demerit points. Second offence (within five years): $1,000 to $4,000 fine plus possible jail time up to six months and a possible suspension of their drivers licence for up to two years. Submitted by the Ontario Provincial Police
Set your thermostat above room temperature in the summer and below room temperature in the winter. For each degree you adjust, you can save five per cent on your utility bill and one per cent on your energy use.
Imagine talking to all the people in
500,000
Town responds to AMO challenge for Haiti
By DIANN
S Staff Writer
Build a Mountain campaign success. celebrates
EMC News of Smiths Falls – The Town challenge when is up for the helping Haiti. it comes to In respons lenge issued e to a chalpresident of by Peter Hume, the Associa of Municipalities tion of Ontario (AMO) and tive directo AMO executown councir Pat Vanini, l committee committed at of the Wholeits Committee sion on Monda(COW) sesthe town makingy night to the minimum $100 Photo courtesy for Haiti indonation sought of JOHN GRAY of a devasta the aftermath Residents quake thatting 7.1 earthJan. 21 as may have noticed a curious several specia Central Americstruck the sight floatin hot air balloo l guests an nation g atop Smiths on Jan. 12. Connections n. During his ride, were invited to Falls on take a Realty Inc., John Gray, Smiths Falls broker of trip in the RE/MAX Dennis captured this picture record with Staples said Mayor sque view RE/MAX in support he of the town. of the initiati was By DIANN ve. He mentio E PINDER-MOS S that he had ned, however, “This is Well-known heard of some pheno Staff cartoo menal news commu Writer nist donate for the commu nities Orthopaedics EMC News s time to that ucts that had sending prodnities and Department LAWS. Smiths Falls – Perth and certainwe serve. We been collect it will be with potent or shelter items. will will ed a pleasur ly ial soon to welcom orthopaedic have the a second e candid e him with orthopaedic have open arms,� ates. He asked staff — Page 35 work with opportunity to geon to call he noted in if they had him.� “The recruit been on at their sur- press release. a The Perth hospital followi ment of that able to clarify whethe local physici and Smiths ans and would be r Falls ful recruitment ng a success- he’sDr. Mark Roberts the area can specialists to says would Distric t Hospit The responspossible. excited be a challen al ing process e from CAO Dr. Mark effort. like to acknow gof moving at the prospect Dr. Wayne Robert . I am delight Brown was ledge here. Intern ationa s, an Anderson 2009 ed based on that, and the OR by this announcemen “I was Medic al Graduate, will l extrem ely nursing staff who provide it is key to t as had seen, the news clips he UNITED impressed join the medenablin dynamic and with the hospita organiz ical staff at a staff, physici active ortho- continue to deliver g us to the Red Cross ations like WAY ans and admin-l paedic service Falls DistricPerth & Smiths istratio and Save the on our Childre ability to meet . n were seeking CAMPAIGN the needs of Dr. July, 2010. t Hospital in care n. The dedication donations to viding Roberts will be pro- patients in our area,� so they cash ently workin He is pres- sphereand the overall atmohip and knee hospita said g at London are proced joint Carter. l board chair Tim determine on site whatcould Health Scienc My family second to none. eral ures as part of a needed was es . genCentre, and University orthopaedic “Our screeni look forward I very much practic “Mone and trauma Hospital, London Ontari to relocat e, as in to the position has ng for this what theyy seems to be o. area and becom ing an orthop well as provide ing been nothare He has aedic a Brown stated. looking for,� less undergraduatereceived his ful part of such a wondeing office practice. clinic and we foundthan intense and A physici Councillor community,� r Mark to be and medical degrees Rob he said. “I referral will be require an ideal candid believe from Imperi ate to fulfill the agreed, saying he had Peters d to require College, al soned I can provide a sea- access his services. our from numer Goal: $370,000 heard ments. Ultima London inUniversity of and approach to patient ous to recruit their referrin s the United Raised to date: a physician, tely, tions “money is organizaKingdom. the easiest physician g doctor, Stabilizes program the process.� while incorpo must The additio $262,466 rating Dr. Peter n of a second as part of not see himself “I would suggest Roney, Chief the newest techniq some of orthop of Staff only aedic hospita 70.94% of goal the ues we supsurgeon special port the P&SFD my a long the donatio ty has will go nity. l but the commu says Dr. Robert H, n,� he said. way in stabiliz The Clinicto offer.� s will be “a the ing is a I believe Dr. Robert tremendous Surgery, Dr. al Chief of at orthopaedics program wonderful s If asset� every to the says addition to govern the Perth organization. Paul munic ipal and Smiths the hospital team “Dr. Robert Anderson Falls Distric and he donate ment in Ontari and his family t Hospital. comed additio s is a wel- hospita o d a minim The will l n has a make to the wonde um spent countle $100, hours in develo ss commu rful gain to our $44,00 that would result of “YOUR USED ping nity,� said in 0 of additio CAR SUPER Stepanuik, Todd Salesperson STORE� hospital presi- for Haiti, according nal aid to the AMO press 2007 FORD release. ! — Page 2
FEATURE
"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠĂŠ iÂŤi>Â˜Ă‰ >ÀÀ…>Ă›iÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ-ÂœĂ•ĂŒÂ…ĂŠUĂŠ"ĂŒĂŒ>Ăœ>ĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠ"Ă€Â?j>Â˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ >Â˜ÂœĂŒÂˆVÂŽĂŠUĂŠ >˜>ĂŒ>ĂŠUĂŠĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆĂŒĂŒĂƒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iÉ,ˆV…“œ˜`ĂŠUĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠĂ€Â˜ÂŤĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠUĂŠ,i˜vĂ€iĂœ Â?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>ViĂŠUĂŠ-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…ĂŠUĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ ˆ˜}ĂƒĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠUĂŠĂ€ÂœÂ˜ĂŒi˜>VĂŠUĂŠ iÂ?Â?iĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iĂŠUĂŠ+Ă•ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒiĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠUĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆĂ€Â?ˆ˜}ĂŠUĂŠ >“LiÂ?Â?vÂœĂ€`
OTTAWA VALLEY & KANATA GROUP
8 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 90,300 HOMES
29
OTTAWA VALLEY & BROCKVILLE GROUP 5 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 71,600 HOMES
21
$
20 words. Each additional word 0.55 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠÂ?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i]ĂŠ >˜>ĂŒ>]ĂŠ7iĂƒĂŒĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜]ĂŠ -ĂŒÂˆĂŒĂŒĂƒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?iÉ,ˆV…“œ˜`
.23
20 words. Each additional word 0.55 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠÂ?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i]ĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i
SMITHS FALLS GROUP 4 COMMUNITY NEWSPAPERS 43,300 HOMES
15
.60
20 words. Each additional word 0.50 cents
-Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ]ĂŠ*iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠ iÂ“ÂŤĂŒĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i] Â?Â“ÂœÂ˜ĂŒiÉ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi
or call
1-888-WORD ADS (1-888-967-3237) emcclassiďŹ ed.ca
CLASSIFIED THE EMC - 28 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
*Above rates are for residential ads. For commercial rates visit emcclassiďŹ ed.ca
R0011948881 0307 R0011948881_0307
MOVIE: The Wolverine STARRING: Hugh Jackman, Tao Okamoto, Rila Fukushima, Svetlana Khodchenkova, Famke Janssen and Hal Yamanouchi DIRECTOR: James Mangold RATING: PG EMC Entertainment The Wolverine is exactly how you do a movie about Wolverine. Exactly. After being forced to kill Jean Grey (Famke Janssen) Logan (Hugh Jackman) has gone into seclusion. He’s turned away from the world vowing to never hurt anyone again. Then again, it doesn’t matter if you turn away from the world because the world sometimes comes looking for you. Logan’s past comes for him in the form of a young woman named Yukio (Rila Fukushima). She has come on behalf of her adoptive grandfather, Yashida (Hal Yamanouchi), who’s dying and wishes to say goodbye to the man who once saved him. Somewhat reluctantly Logan agrees to fly to Japan and meet with the old man. During World War II Logan was a prisoner just outside Nagasaki when events led to him saving a young Japanese officer just as the bomb was dropped. Now Yashida wants to repay Logan by giving him the one thing he thinks Logan wants; his mortality. Yashida wants to transfer Logan’s amazing healing ability into himself thus extending his own life and allowing Logan to live a normal one. Logan turns down Yashida’s offer, but it appears not to matter as the old man passes soon after, and Logan prepares to go home. Then at the funeral the Yakuza make an attempt to kill Yashida’s granddaughter, Mariko (Tao Okamoto), and Logan is right in the thick of it again. Logan jumps into the fray, but something isn’t right.
KEEP YOUR EYE ON THE TEMP!
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Thousands to benefit from court ruling News – The Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association (DPCA) said thousands of Ontario seniors will benefit from a July 26 ruling by the Ontario Divisional Court that will suspend the Ontario government’s plan to delist and significantly cut funding for OHIP physiotherapy on Aug. 1. “This is a victory for the thousands of Ontario seniors who depend on OHIP-funded physiotherapy for their mobility, their independence and their well-being,” said DPCA executive director Tony Melles, which provides OHIP-funded physiotherapy. “During the proceedings, it became clear from the government’s own testimony that the government deliberately neglected to meet its responsibility – and its own process – in failing to provide us with the required minimum 45 days notice that it was drastically cutting funding.” In his ruling, Justice Thomas Lederer referred the matter to a three-judge panel, which on Aug. 21 will consider an application for a judicial review from DPCA on stopping the cuts altogether. The province’s 91 designated physiotherapy clinics can continue to provide OHIP physiotherapy to their patients. “This has been a stressful, difficult situation for thousands of seniors, patients, their families and dedicated physiotherapy workers,” said Melles. “There was absolutely no consultation prior to the government’s decision, although court documents show that plans had been underway for the past 12 months to delist physiotherapy from the OHIP schedule of benefits. Health Minister Deb Matthews met with us on March 28 of this year, and gave no indication that significant funding and regulatory changes were coming. On April 18, she made her announcement.” Melles pointed out that in its testimony, the government acknowledged that it spent $200-million on physiotherapy in the 12 months ended March 31, 2013, and was budgeting only $156-million for the current year. The Minister continues to portray the new funding level as an “increase.” The Justice’s decision is being celebrated by physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants across the province. More than 3,000 Ontario physiotherapy workers – including 1,000 physiotherapists – were set to lose their jobs this week, as a result of the government’s cuts. More than 35,000 Ontario seniors living in retirement homes, supportive housing, and their own homes, had already been notified that their physiotherapists would not be able to treat them after Aug. 1. Now, they’ll receive care at least until Aug. 21. Submitted by Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association.
Practise safe boating this holiday weekend News – Drinking and boating accounts for approximately 40 per cent of boating-related fatalities on Canadian waterways. To raise awareness and reduce alcohol related deaths, the Canadian Safe Boating Council (CSBC) is launching Operation Dry Water, an initiative to discourage this dangerous practice. With the summer boating season in high gear, the Aug. 3 long weekend is the perfect time to remind Canadian boaters about the risks of drinking and boating. Combined with sun, wind, waves and the rocking motion of the boat, the effects of alcohol on the water can be greatly increased. Operation Dry Water will focus on the potential risks of drinking and boating, and remedies that are currently in place to discourage it. Operation Dry Water is aimed at reducing the number of alcohol-related accidents and fatalities on the water while fostering a stronger and more visible deterrent to alcohol use while boating. The end goal? To achieve safer and more enjoyable recreational boating. For a 30-second public service announcement and additional information on boating safety, please visit www.csbc. ca. Submitted by the Canadian Safe Boating Council.
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – The 18th annual Ottawa Valley Midsummer Herbfest was held just outside of Almonte at the Herb Garden July 18. The day celebrated herbs and their uses in gardening, cooking and healthy living and featured a number of vendors, demonstrations and informative seminars. Each year, the Ottawa Valley Herb Association names a herb of the year and this year’s festival centered around the healing powers and culinary uses of elderberry. Left, Johvi Leeck with some beets, and above, Ann Dunlop shows some of her mixed media creations. R0012231301_0801
Mississippi Valley Conservation Authority is MOVING Along with this milestone event we are returning to the use of our full legal name, Mississippi Valley Conservation Authority (MVCA). Our new logo represents both our local identity and our connection with Conservation Ontario and all 36 conservation authorities across the Province. There will be a three day disruption in staff accessibility/service during our move between August 1 and August 6. The office will be open at the new location on August 7, 2013. Please note our new mailing address, phone and fax numbers, and office hours:
New Mailing Address 10970 Highway 7, Carleton Place, ON, K7C 3P1 New Phone number 613-253-0006 New Fax number 613-253-0122 New Office Hours 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. The MVCA website will remain the same www.mvc.on.ca as will staff email addresses (first initial and last name of the person – eg. [email protected])
U N F O R G E T TA B L E M O M E N T S
HAS ARRIVED come see our selection 66 Foster Street, Perth 613-267-4466 | www.burnsjewellers.com
R0012238820_0801
The “A” Team CHRISTIAN ALLAN 613-207-0834 NORENE ALLEN 613-812-0407 Sales Respresentatives
Should you have any questions about the relocation or service interruption, please contact the office at
613-259-2421. Home | Auto Commercial
www.crainschooley.on.ca | 1-800-267-7959 Carleton Place | Kemptville | Smiths Falls | Perth
2 Wilson Street East, Perth SETTLEMENT REALTY BROKERAGE EACH OFFICE INDEPENDENTLY OWNED & OPERATED
613-264-0123
THE EMC - 29 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Crain & Schooley Insurance is a trade name of Johnson Inc., a licensed insurance brokerage in Ontario. Personal lines home and auto insurance policies are primarily underwritten by Unifund Assurance Company (Unifund). Unifund and Johnson Inc. share common ownership.
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Forestry plays key role for all parties in proposed Algonquin settlement in partnership with Ontario and our neighbours to foster a sustainable forestry industry built on a foundation of economic prosperity, conservation and stewardship. This column is the fifth in a
By ROBERT POTTS
Lifestyle – The following is part of a series, provided by the Algonquins of Ontario. Forested areas have been integral to the Algonquin way of life since time immemorial. The proposed forestry chapter of the preliminary draft Agreement-in-Principle (AIP) recognizes the importance of the forest industry in the Algonquin Settlement Area to both the Algonquins of Ontario (AOO) and their neighbours. The cornerstone of this chapter is the commitment by the AOO and Ontario to work cooperatively to maintain support for the existing forest industry, while increasing Algonquin participation in, and benefits from the forestry sector. This commitment reflects the importance of forestry to the culture, economic stability and prosperity of the AOO. Through several proposed initiatives and collaborative partnerships, the preliminary draft AIP carves out more meaningful participation for the AOO within the forest industry. A number of proposed elements to be reflected in a final agreement are highlighted below. Economic development and training opportunities Key to the forestry chapter is the development of economic opportunities and supporting measures to increase Algonquin employment and participation in the forest industry throughout the settlement area, including in Algonquin Park. These initiatives include: • otifying the AOO of government contracts and job
of the preliminary draft AIP. For more information visit www. tanakiwin.com. Robert Potts is Principal Negotiator and Senior Legal Counsel for the Algonquins of Ontario.
Robert Potts opportunities related to forestry in Algonquin Park, • encouraging potential Algonquin employment, training and contract opportunities with Sustainable Forest License (SFL) holders, • the consideration of the potential for Algonquin benefits as a relevant factor when Ontario is evaluating tender bids or other government contracting procedures, • the provision of training opportunities by Ontario and the Algonquin Forestry Authority for the AOO in the forestry industry in Algonquin Park, including silviculture. Forestry management and planning A final agreement will also set out the nature and scope of Algonquin participation in forestry management and planning, including representation on planning teams, both inside and outside of Algonquin
Park. In addition, Ontario will appoint at a minimum one person nominated by the AOO to the board of directors of the Algonquin Forestry Authority for Algonquin Park. Ontario continues its commitment to consultation with the AOO on any new forestry policy initiatives within the settlement area, including the forestry tenure and pricing review. Moving forward The AOO, Ontario and representatives for SFLs located within the Algonquin Settlement Area have already begun working together to address forestry matters related to the Algonquin treaty negotiations as well as to collaboratively develop economic opportunities to enhance the competitiveness of the region. As we move forward towards a historic modern-day treaty, the AOO are committed to working
Learn how at:
Alcohol, boating make deadly combination Lifestyle – Ahh, boating! Skimming over the water with the wind in your hair. What a great way to spend a summer afternoon, especially with family and friends. A carefree atmosphere like this is just made to have fun and party. However, this partying should never include drinking alcohol. Mixing alcohol and boating can have tragic consequences. When the Canadian Safe Boating Council and SmartBoater. ca speak to Canadian boaters each year, there is no gentle way to say it. Being impaired while operating a boat can cost you thousands of dollars, or worse, turn a fun day into a deadly outing! Federal statutes dictate that, whether or not your craft is motorized, you can be charged with Impaired Operation of a vessel under the Criminal Code of Canada if your blood alcohol level exceeds the .08 threshold. That means you can be charged even if you are impaired while operating a canoe and a judge can, upon conviction, suspend your boating privileges, but it can get worse. Some provinces have enacted additional legislation to curb the practice of drinking and boating.
series providing insights into Algonquin history, the foundation for the land claim, elements of the preliminary draft AIP and next steps in the journey. The next column will focus on the heritage and culture component
In Ontario for example, Bill 209 amended the Highway Traffic Act to also apply to “anyone operating or having the care or control of a vessel.” As such, anyone found boating with a blood alcohol level above .05, face an on-the-spot drivers’ license suspension. That’s right! You can lose your automobile driver’s licence and should your blood alcohol concentration exceed .08, upon conviction an additional suspension of up to one year can be applied. If that’s not a sufficient deterrent, add the financial impact of court and legal fees, alternative transportation for the year (i.e. taxi, bus, train, etc.) and potential loss of employment if driving is an essential component of your job. But many impaired boaters are not stopped before something even worse happens. The Canadian Safe Boating Council completed a survey that identified in nearly 40 per cent of boating related deaths alcohol was a factor and 23 per cent of the cases involved alcohol above the legal limit. What increases the effects of alcohol while boating are sunshine and a boat’s natural rocking motion that can turn a simple ride into a dangerous
dunking. It only takes a large wake or wave, a quick change in the boat’s direction, or a ‘tippy canoe’ to result in someone falling overboard with tragic consequences. Navigating a boat takes coordination and your full concentration. Your decision making skills and ability to react suddenly to changes in condition and surroundings is compromised by alcohol. Your reaction time slows, your vision and judgement are affected and you are more willing to be reckless and take risks. Psychologists know that human nature has a way of rationalizing. “It can’t possibly happen to me” is often the thought. Whether that means “I’ll never be caught,” or “I’ll never be killed,” doesn’t matter. Neither of those things will happen if boaters stick to just boating on the water. Afterward, you can have a few drinks on shore and then stay put. It’s that simple – if you drink, don’t drive your boat. For more information on safe and responsible boating practices, visit Canada’s educational boating website www.smartboater.ca Submitted by the Canadian Safe Boating Council. THE EMC - 30 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
613-738-2646 R0012229681
REGIONAL NEWS
Connected to your community
SAFETY TIPS Home Escape Planning: If you are aware of someone living alone nearby, check with them to make sure they are safe. R0012228376_0801
Discover the...
Five Unique Venues ~ 20 Outstanding Shows
South S th Eastern E t Ontario O t i
Photos by KATHY BOTHAM
Community – The 155th edition of the Almonte Fair took place at the Almonte Fairgrounds July 19 to 21. Above, visitors packed the eventing ring to watch the cattle and horse shows. Below, participants show their prized animals during the 4H cattle show.
www.1000islandsplayhouse.com 2 Historic Waterfront Venues 185 South St., Gananoque 1-866-382-7020
Seniors, physiotherapy workers celebrate court’s decision to suspend cutbacks News – The Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association (DPCA) said thousands of Ontario seniors will benefit from a July 26 ruling by the Ontario Divisional Court that will suspend the Ontario government’s plan to delist and significantly cut funding for OHIP physiotherapy on Aug. 1. “This is a victory for the thousands of Ontario seniors who depend on OHIP-funded physiotherapy for their mobility, their independence and their well-being,” said DPCA executive director Tony Melles, which provides OHIP-funded physiotherapy. “During the proceedings, it became clear from the government’s own testimony that the government deliberately neglected to meet its responsibility – and its own process – in failing to provide us with the required minimum 45 days notice that it was drastically cutting funding.” In his ruling, Justice Thomas Lederer referred the matter to a three-judge panel, which on Aug. 21 will consider an application for a judicial review from DPCA on stopping the cuts altogether. The province’s 91 designated physiotherapy clinics can continue to provide OHIP physiotherapy to their patients. “This has been a stressful, difficult situation for thousands of seniors, patients, their families and dedicated physiotherapy workers,” said Melles. “There was absolutely no consultation prior to the government’s decision, although court documents show that plans had been underway for the past 12 months to delist physiotherapy from the OHIP schedule of benefits. Health Minister Deb Matthews met with us on March 28 of this year, and gave no indi-
cation that significant funding and regulatory changes were coming. On April 18, she made her announcement.” Melles pointed out that in its testimony, the government acknowledged that it spent $200-million on physiotherapy in the 12 months ended March 31, 2013, and was budgeting only $156-million for the current year. The Minister continues to portray the new funding level as an “increase.” The Justice’s decision is being celebrated by physiotherapists and physiotherapy assistants across the province. More than 3,000 Ontario physiotherapy workers – including 1,000 physiotherapists – were set to lose their jobs this week, as a result of the government’s cuts. More than 35,000 Ontario seniors living in retirement homes, supportive housing, and their own homes, had already been notified that their physiotherapists would not be able to treat them after Aug. 1. Now, they’ll receive care at least until Aug. 21. About designated physiotherapy clinics (DPCs) The province’s OHIP-funded designated physiotherapy clinics (DPCs) have provided high-quality, low-cost care to more than 150,000 Ontario seniors, children, social assistance recipients and disabled persons each year in community clinics, long-term care homes and retirement residences for almost 50 years. DPC physiotherapists provide high-quality, safe and effective treatment on a fee-for-service basis in Ontario for only $12.20 per treatment. Submitted by the Designated Physiotherapy Clinics Association.
Now Playing: THIRD FLOOR A Rom-Com with a Thriller Twist! July 5 – August 3 Coming Soon: THE 25TH ANNUAL PUTNAM COUNTY SPELLING BEE A Hilarious Musical Comedy August 2 – 31 THE POST MISTRESS A One Woman Musical August 16 – September 14 COLIN CARR – Cellist August 19 NO GREAT MISCHIEF A Sweeping Saga of Family Love September 13 - October 5
2013
PRICEDEX SOFTWARE SUMMER SERIES www.brockvilleartscentre.com
Box Office: 613-342-7122 Toll Free 1-877-342-7122 Online: bactickets.ca
THE ROY ORBISON STORY Starring Bernie Jessome August 7- 8 p.m.; August 8- 2 p.m. & 8 p.m.
TAKE ME HOME The music of John Denver August 21- 8 p.m.; August 22- 2 p.m. & 8 p.m.
MATTHEW GOOD October 21
RED GREEN October 23
GERRY DEE October 25
“30th Anniversary Season of Laughter & Music” MORRISBURG 1-877-550-3650 www.uppercanadaplayhouse.com Shakespeare on the banks of the St. Lawrence Kinsmen Amphitheatre Sandra S. Lawn Harbour, Prescott
613-925-5788 www.stlawrenceshakespeare.ca July 13 – August 17 MAID FOR A MUSKET – a brand new comedy by Lucia Frangione, with original music by Melissa Morris
July 17 – August 17 HAMLET – William Shakespeare’s classic tragedy for modern times. Please check our website for schedule of performances. SUNDAY SERIES 2 P.M. August 4 – Revelers Showcase August 11 – Bain & Bernard Comedy: Yorick Kidding Me! SATURDAY OCTOBER 19 – 8 P.M. at the Brockville Arts Centre “A Grand Night for Singing” The Music of Rodgers & Hammerstein
No Sex, Please, We’re British Classic farce by Alistair Foot & Anthony Marriott August 1-25 The Cemetery Club Heartwarming Comedy by Ivan Menchell September 5-29 Lucien By & Starring Marshall Button October 3-6 Vegas Knights Big band Tribute to the great Vegas Stars by Chris McHarge & Colin Stewart October 18-27 A Christmas Carol Musical & Magical Dickens Classic November 28-December 15
1000 Islands Theatre Experience proudly sponsored by… www.thegreatwaterway.com THE EMC - 31 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
South S th Eastern E t Ontario O t i
www.emcstlawrence.ca
No Administration Fees! No Hidden Costs! R0012231650/0801
Check out our full line up at
SMALL ENOUGH TO SAVE YOU TIME… LARGE ENOUGH TO SAVE YOU MONEY!
2013 Hyundai Elantra GLS
Product of Ontario Local – Arriving Daily
Cantaloupe
Join our E-News & Rewards Program 106 Wilson St. W. Perth 613.267.5409
www.foodsmiths.com
R0012239556_0801
BREA LAWRESON PLAYING FRIDAY AUG. 2ND 9PM–MIDNIGHT Reserve for our Greek night Tuesday, August 6th (formerly the Crown & Thistle) 71 Foster St., Perth Reserve at 613-267-4500 www.goldenarrowpub.com
22 RUSSELL ST. E., SMITHS FALLS www.therideauwinery.net
House Wines $ starting at
Includes on site fermentation Dress up your bottle with our custom labels!
The Perth and District Community Newspaper since 1834 2nd Section
www.insideottawavalley.com
Health unit confirms West Nile virus found in Perth By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
Photo by JASON CODE
Brent McLaren and his wife Shelley are pictured here during the Perth Kilt Run this year. Brent McLaren will compete this weekend at the World Town Crier Competition in Kingston.
Perth’s town crier hits the world stage By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
News – Perth’s Brent McLaren is preparing for the World Town Crier Competition this weekend in Kingston and he says he’s excited to be able to participate this
year. “I’ve never taken part in the worlds before but I have taken part in the Ontario (championships), nationals and invitationals,” he says. “There are 50 criers from around the world (coming
RETREAT… RENEW… REDEFINE.
30’S? 40’S? 50’S? OLDER??
www.abford.com bf d
4 DOOR, WHITE, AUTO, AIR, ONLY 44,515 KM
HWY 15, SMITHS FALLS 613-283-8200
to Kingston). Being held in His application was chosen in Kingston is close to home so we April as a successful candidate can get there without adding up a for the competition. lot of expenses. It also fits in a reThis is the first time the world ally good weekend because there championships have been held are not a lot of things happening See PERTH’S page P2 in Perth this weekend.”
News – West Nile virus has been confirmed in mosquitoes found in Perth. Leeds, Grenville and Lanark District Health Unit confirmed Monday that a pool of mosquitoes in one of its traps in Perth has tested positive for this disease that can spread to humans if bitten by an infected insect. West Nile can cause flu-like symptoms and can ultimately lead to death in persons typically over 50 years of age, who may have a compromised immune system. However, no positive human cases have been found this year, said Kim McCann, senior public health inspector, community health protection with the health unit. “There have been confirmed human cases in the past, not specifically in Perth, but in the health unit’s coverage area.” The health unit collects and tests mosquitoes it traps from various sites around Lanark, Leeds and Grenville during the summer months, between June and September. McCann says that this year is the first since 2003, that positive mosquitoes have been captured in one of their traps. “Several other municipalities in Ontario have also detected the presence of WNv in their mosquito population this summer. The LGLDHU will increase mosquito monitoring and testing in the Perth area over the next few weeks,” says McCann. This region is home to several different types of mosquitoes. The mosquito responsible for spreading the West Nile virus is commonly known as a container mosquito, she says. “It lives in warm, organic, sheltered standing water and it tends to feed primarily between dusk and dawn, and prefers to
feed on birds, but occasionally will feed on humans.” The best bet to keep the mosquito population from thriving on your property, is to clean regularly, areas where the insects are known to breed, such as in standing pools of water, old tires or areas where garbage may accumulate. The health unit also advises to apply mosquito repellents to exposed skin sparingly – an effective repellent contains 20 to 30 per cent DEET. Products with more than that level of DEET may cause side effects, particularly in children. For kids, use a repellent with between six and 10 per cent DEET. And for children under the age of two years, it’s recommended that they not be exposed to repellent at all. If you need to be outside after dusk, it’s recommended that long-sleeved clothing, pants with socks and shoes be worn to deter the effects of being bitten by infected mosquitoes. McCann says that the health unit has investigated a few sporadic cases of West Nile virus among residents over the last few years. “Most people will have no symptoms,” she says of people who have the virus. “Some develop mild flu-like illness with fever, headache and body aches, and occasionally have a mild rash or swollen lymph glands.” People who think they have West Nile virus infection should contact their health care provider. Animals like birds and horses are more susceptible to the West Nile virus and local veterinarian, Dr. Sarah Logan at the Perth Veterinary Clinic says to vaccinate horses against the disease. “Dogs and cats are not susceptible to West Nile,” she says, “but it’s wise to vaccinate horses against the disease.”
Keep everyone guessing and wondering how you stay so Tay River Reflections Medical Spa For more information or to book an appointment: young looking! We have searched the world over to bring the most Call: 613-264-0888 advanced medical esthetic Visit: www.tayriverreflections.com or technologies to Perth! 279 Canal Bank Road, Perth ON K7H 3M6
THE EMC - P1 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Find a place to call home
Ask your Sales Representative today!
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Perth’s town crier hits Kingston for world championship competition
“Selling Perth is really so simple. Almost everyone has heard of Perth.” BRENT MCLAREN TOWN CRIER
How they carry themselves, how they ring their bells, how they cry – it will all be judged. “We have to submit our cries to them and mine are all written. I’m constantly practicing them,” he says. “You have to have between 100 and 125 words. They give us topics, so the first one is that I have to sell Perth… that’s an easy sell. The second one is on Sir John A. Macdonald, and the third cry is ‘Why Kingston is not Canada’s capital.’” The judges will be listening for such
things as an added word, a missed word, if the voice cracks or is louder than it should be, or drops… “they’re judging every aspect of the cry from the moment you walk on (stage) to the moment you walk off.” It comes down to selling his community. “It’s an easy community to sell,” he says of Perth. “Selling Perth is really so simple. Almost everyone has heard of Perth.” Part of his Perth cry for this competition will be sharing that Perth is the wedding capital of eastern Ontario. “It’s a huge industry of this community. It’s hard to fathom how wide-ranging bringing in all these weddings is for this town. So I’m pushing this in a humourous sort of way how we’re the wedding capital of eastern Ontario.” Throughout his time in Kingston, he will be handing out bookmarks, pins, pamphlets, and postcards to entice people to visit Perth. Throughout the year, he and his wife, Shelley, do about 90 events. Some are birthday or anniversary events, but other times he’s at a bigger events representing the town. Perth’s Mayor John Fenik says he wishes McLaren the best of luck this weekend, on behalf of town council and the residents. “He’s a great asset and I’m proud that he’s competing at the world championships,” said Fenik. He does an amazing job at being the face of Perth.
We wish him the best of luck.” IN TRAINING McLaren has spent about 20 or more years doing musical theatre and performing and recitals. He trained as a singer at Queen’s University. Theatre is probably one of the furthest from McLaren’s thoughts right now as his life is keeping him busy, especially now that he’s the deacon at the St. Francis Roman Catholic Church, in Smiths Falls. “That will keep you very busy,” he says. It took five years of study, and McLaren says he was ordained two years ago. How did he make the leap of being a trained singer to becoming a deacon? “You sing in the church,” he says. “From a young boy, I came through the church music programs. So much of my early life was (spent) singing in church choirs, solos, and all of that work.” After he married, he became a music director at a church outside Almonte. Does he deliver the Sunday sermon with the same flair as he would a town cry? “I deliver the sermon with whatever flair is necessary. Sometimes, it’s as a town crier, sometimes it’s Santevia from Fiddler on the Roof. When you speak from the heart, or when you speak to motivate people, you have to use what you have to use.” People wonder if he carries his theatre
Child’s rescue from Tay Canal has happy ending From front page
“It turned out the best possible way it could have happened,” agreed Davidson. While Davidson was feeling somewhat stressed about the incident, her son remained stoic. “He was fine,” she said. “He didn’t cry. I cried. My chest really hurt with the adrenalin. He said he wanted to go home.”
The incident did not scare LeBlanc off of swimming however – that very evening, he was back swimming at his grandparents’ pool. But, in time, despite his best efforts to hide it, Jack did have a bit of a meltdown the next day. “He had the smallest little cut on his hand and he just lost it,” said Davidson. “We are not invincible.” Though LeBlanc now lives in Almonte with his new wife, with whom he is
expecting another child, he gives his ex a lot of credit. “For her to do that in the current… she’s a hero,” he said. “She did an amazing job.” LeBlanc is advising other parents to keep a close eye on their children near the water’s edge, especially in light of the recent heavy rains the area has seen. “Keep a closer eye because you never know,” said LeBlanc.
BEAVER HOMES & COTTAGES with over 100 customizable plans EARN
41,826
training into the church, but McLaren says it’s the opposite. “I probably carry more of my church training into the theatre,” he says. “The audience isn’t going anywhere on Sunday. They’re there because they want to be there. It’s very different.” He still does a lot of singing because
Township of Drummond/North Elmsley Community News
Community News Aug 2013 R.R.#5, 310 Port Elmsley Road, Perth, ON K7H 3C7 (613-267-6500) www.dnetownship.ca
Council/Committee of the Whole Aug. 6, CoW Meeting – 2:00 p.m. Aug. 13 Council Meeting 7:00 p.m. Aug. 20 no meeting scheduled Aug. 27 Cow & Council combined – starting at 1:00
BUILDING DEPARTMENT Reminding residents starting a project without a building permit may result in a $250 charge. Swimming Pool permit is required for any pool more than 18” deep. Fencing around pools is a requirement in this Township. Solar Projects anticipated weekend work schedules are posted on the Township website by Thursday of that week. Expect extended work hours during the month of August and residents are advised to use caution when approaching the entrances to the solar farms during this busy construction phase. After-hours contact regarding Solar concerns, please call 613-812-0469
FIRE PERMITS Reminding residents that all open air burning requires a Fire Permit. Permit applications are available at the Township office. Registered owner of the property must sign the permit application.
Municipal Office is closed
Monday, August 5th for the
Civic Holiday --
Landfill on Code Road is closed Monday, August 5th
MILES
No interruptions for Garbage or Recycling pickups
R0012228381_0801
Lindhill II 1300 Sq. Ft. $83,653
PERTH
MPAC Representative coming to Township Office
Planning to Build? Visit us at Perth Home Hardware Building Centre or at www.beaverhomesandcottages.ca TM
Home Owners
Highway #7 at Drummond St. West
613-267-4501
HOURS: Monday to Friday 7am - 6pm Saturday 8am - 6pm Sunday 10am - 5pm
THE EMC - P2 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
that’s a requirement through the liturgy and the work he does. McLaren studied theology through the Satellite Theological Education Program (STEP) at the University of Notre Dame. He also has a diploma in ministry from St. Francis Xavier University.
A representative from the Municipal Property Assessment Corporation will be in attendance at the Township Office on th Wednesday, August 28 to meet with residents and answer their questions.
PLANNING DEPARTMENT Committee of Adjustment Meeting No meeting scheduled for August. The Planning Department encourages all property owners and contractors to contact the Township early if planning projects on waterfront properties or on the Rideau system.
R0022239607_0801
From page P1
in Canada, and with Kingston’s rich heritage, there are some cries that McLaren has been honing to recognize that history. McLaren will have to be “in character” each day when in the public eye. “There is an elaborate judging system. Literally everything you do, all day, is judged,” he says. “But the actual determination of the winning cry is determined by a different set of judges.”
Wedding Bells for 2013? Marriage Licenses now available at the Township Office. Civil Marriage Ceremonies Officiate services are available by Drummond/North Elmsley Township staff either at the Township office or at an offsite location. For more information contact:613-267-6500 or email:
[email protected]
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT Hazardous Waste Materials can be taken to the Carleton Place Hazardous Waste Depot at 128 Patterson Crescent on Saturdays from 8 a.m. to noon. Check the Carleton Place website for details. Brush and Leaf Clippings can be taken to the Code Road Landfill Mon, Tues, Fri from 10-5 and Saturday 9-3 or access the Smiths Falls composting centre on Hwy 43 on Saturdays from 8-4. Check the Smiths Falls website for other details. Line Painting & Crack Sealing: Public Works and Environmental Services Department wishes to remind residents to drive cautiously this month as you can expect to see Line Painting and Crack Sealing activities taking place on our roads. Roadside Brushing continues through August and some delays can be expected. Waste Site: Summer Hours in effect. Mon., Tues. Fri. 10 a.m.- 5 p.m.; Sat. 9 a.m. - 3 p.m. Garbage and Recycling Pick-Up The Environmental Services Department wishes to remind people that garbage and recycling materials must be placed at curbside by 7am. on collection day. Should your recycling not be picked up by 6:00 p.m. on your collection day call 613-812-1255. Report Wolf Kills directly to the Municipal Office. During business hours, Monday – Friday 8:30 – 4:30 call 613-267-6500 after hours call 613-200-0769
R0012236481_0801
Municipal Connection www.perth.ca TOWN OF PERTH COMMITTEE OF ADJUSTMENT
Key Map
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING CONCERNING MINOR VARIANCE APPLICATION NUMBER D13-AC- 06/13
PLEASE TAKE NOTICE that the Perth Committee of Adjustment will hold a public hearing in accordance with Section 45 of the Planning Act, R.S.O. 1990, (as amended), on Friday, the 16th day of August, 2013, at 11:00 a.m., in the Town Hall, 80 Gore Street East, Perth, Ontario. THE PURPOSE of the application is to seek a reduction of the required minimum shoreline building setback and temporary relief from a required two lane entrance through a minor variance in accordance with the Planning Act, R.S.O., 1990, as amended. THE EFFECT of this application, if approved, would be to permit a reduced shoreline setback distance from 30m to 21 m to allow for construction of a log cabin to be used primarily as a storage building and temporary relief from the required two lane entrance to one lane for the permitted outfitters business. THE SUBJECT PROPERTY is located on the on the north side of Craig St. The site is described as Pt Lots 8 & 9 S Dewatteville St N Harvey ST, Pt Lot 8 S Harvey St. N Craig St, Pt former Sherbrooke St Plan 8828 as in Parts 1-3, 5 and 6 RP 27R 4588, and is muncipally known as 21 Craig St. THE KEY MAP below indicates the location of the lands subject to the application for permission. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION materials may be examined between 8:30 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. weekdays in the Planning Department at the Town Hall. Please call Michelle Mahon, Junior Planner at 613-267-3311 ext. 2252 in advance to ensure that Planning staff will be available to provide assistance. ALSO TAKE NOTICE that signed, written submissions shall be accepted by the Secretary-Treasurer prior to, or during the hearing and such submissions shall be available for inspection by any interested party. In addition, if a party, who is notified, does not attend the hearing, the Committee can proceed and the party is not entitled to any further notice of hearings.
CIVIC HOLIDAY CLOSURES:
A COPY OF THE DECISION will be mailed to those persons who attend or are represented at the hearing and those who have filed a written request with the Secretary for Notice of the Committee’s Decision. Dated at the Town of Perth This 24th day of July, 2013. Eric P. Cosens RPP, M. Sc. Director of Planning Town of Perth 80 Gore Street East Perth, Ontario K7H 1H9 Tel: (613) 267-3770 Fax: (613) 267-5635 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Land subject to application D13-AC-06/13
NEW DATE FOR FREDDY VETTE & THE FLAMES!
Please be advised that the Perth Town Hall will be closed on Monday, August 5th, 2013, in recognition of the Civic Holiday. Regular business hours will resume on Tuesday, August 6th, 2013. The Perth Visitor Information Centre will be open Monday, August 5th, 2013 on a modified schedule – between 10am and 6pm. The Perth & District Indoor Pool will also run on a modified schedule for the Civic Holiday. The schedule is as follows: ÿ Aquafit 11am to 12pm ÿ Lane Swim 12pm to 1pm ÿ Public Swim 1pm to 3pm The Perth Landfill Site will be closed Monday, August 5th and Tuesday, August 6th. It will re-open for business as usual on Wednesday, August 7th, 2013 at 8am.
CORPORATION OF THE TOWN OF PERTH: REQUEST FOR TENDERS VOICE OVER IP (VOIP) The Town of Perth is seeking bids from qualified respondents for equipment, installation and training for Voice Over IP (VOIP). Interested respondents must submit their bids in sealed envelopes to the Director of Protective Services no later than 12:00 noon on Friday August 23rd, 2013. Please contact Jim Connell at 613-267-3311 Extension 2226 for a copy of the RFP or visit the Town’s website at www.perth.ca for more details.
The show will go on! Friday, September 20th, 2013 at 8pm is the new date for the 50’s rock and roll band, FREDDY VETTE AND THE FLAMES! Come out to the Perth Legion (26 Beckwith St. East) and dance the night away to the most popular hits of the 50’s, all while supporting the Perth 200th Anniversary! This dance is a fundraiser for community celebrations during Perth’s anniversary year in 2016. A BBQ will be held prior to the show beside the Lounge, from 6-8pm. Doors open at 8pm, show starts at 8:30pm. Tickets are $25 in advance from either Town Hall or the Visitor Information Centre, or you can purchase with Paypal/debit/credit card through Shadowfax – 1-800-518-2729 or www.shadowfax.on.ca. Tickets can also be purchased at the door for $30. Community volunteers are welcomed to help assist with this event! For more information please contact Beth Peterkin at [email protected].
FREDDY VETTE & THE FLAMES – SEPT. 20th AT 8 PM
SAFETY TIPS Smoke Alarms: Test your smoke alarms. If a fire starts in your home while you are asleep, you want to know about it immediately. Some homes are equipped with electrically-connected smoke alarms that may not work when the power is out. Make sure your home has a battery-operated smoke alarm on every level. THE EMC - P3 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Man dies in hospital after shooting By STAFF
Photo by LAURIE WEIR
Big Splash News – The Perth Splash Pad committee received a cheque for $652 on Wednesday, July 24 from Barnabe’s Your Independent Grocer in Perth. Pictured (back, left to right) are Eric Borthwick of the splash pad committee, her son Ryan, who works at the grocery store, owner Matthew Barnabe, and Sue Doran and Riq Turner of the splash pad committee. In the front are Jade Borthwick, Presley Turner and mom Amanda Turner. In hiding is Zane Turner.
News – A 45-year-old Sharbot Lake area man has died in hospital after being shot by police last week at his home at Crotch Lake. The Special Investigations Unit stated in a press release early Monday afternoon, that during the interaction between OPP officers and a male at the residence, police firearms were discharged and the man was struck multiple times. He underwent surgery for his injuries at Kingston General Hospital, but died yesterday at 7:48 p.m. Sharbot Lake OPP stated that officers from its detachment attended to a call for service at a residence around 5 p.m. July 25, on Arden Road in Kennebec Township. When officers arrived, they were confronted by an armed male. Shots were fired. The male was taken to Kingston General Hospital where he died Sunday night. The SIU has assigned five investigators and two forensic investigators to probe the circumstances of this incident. At this time the SIU has designated two subject officers and six witness officers in relation to this incident. Anyone who may have information regarding this case is asked to contact the lead investigator at 416-622-1935 or 1-800-787-8529, ext. 1935. The SIU is an arm’s length agency that investigates reports involving police where there
has been death, serious injury or allegations of sexual assault. Under the Police Services Act, the Director of the SIU must consider whether an officer has committed a criminal offence in connection with the incident under investigation depending on the evidence, lay a criminal charge against the officer if appropriate or close the file without any charges being laid report the results of any investigations to the Attorney General.
PARK IT! Leave your car at home for a day, week or a month! Try walking or biking. If work is too far away to walk carpool. R0011948547_0314
Contact us at: ÂŁĂ‡Ă¤Ă“ĂŠÂ™ĂŒÂ…ĂŠ ˆ˜iĂŠ iVÂŽĂœÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂŠ,,›Ó]ĂŠ >Ă€Â?iĂŒÂœÂ˜ĂŠ*Â?>Vi]ĂŠ" ĂŠUĂŠ Ç ĂŠĂŽ*Ă“ i˜iĂ€>Â?ĂŠÂ˜ÂľĂ•ÂˆĂ€ÂˆiĂƒ\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“xLJ£xĂŽÂ™ĂŠÂœĂ€ĂŠÂŁÂ‡nää‡xĂŽx‡{xĂŽĂ“ *Ă•LÂ?ˆVĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽĂƒ\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“xLJ£nÂŁĂ¤ĂŠÂœĂ€ĂŠÂŁÂ‡nää‡xĂŽx‡{xĂŽ{ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽĂŠ>Ă€i>ĂŠVÂœ`iÂŽ [email protected]
SMITHS FALLS SMITHS FALLS R.R. #1 LOMBARDY ROAD
(613) 283-4411
SCHEDULED MEETING DATES 2013
The Meeting Dates are as follows: Tuesday August 13th, 2013 7:00 PM Council Reeve Richard Kidd Tuesday August 20th, 2013 6:00 PM Council Reeve Richard Kidd Thursdsay, August 15th, 2013 3:00 PM Beckwith Police Services Board
Detailed agendas for meetings are available for review on the Township website at www.twp.beckwith.on.ca or at the Township Office 24 hours prior to the meeting
LARGE ITEM PICK UP Any HOUSEHOLD garbage that does not meet the size limitation of 1.5 meters by 60 cm by 60 cm and/or exceeds 15 kg is considered a LARGE ITEM. Items that are not collectible in the regular garbage stream by virtue of their nature are still not collectible i. e. construction material, rocks, brush, household hazardous waste etc. Examples of large items include couches, televisions, mattresses, appliances, carpet etc. Items such as refrigerators, freezers, air conditioners, dehumidifiers contain coolant – these items must be drained and tagged by a licenced technician. Waste bundles (including Carpet) must be securely tied and must not exceed 1.5 m in length and 20 kg in weight. Each Large item must have 3 stickers affixed to it (additional tags may be purchased for $2 at the Township Office). Large Items must be set out at the curbside by 7:00am on the following days For those residents having regular garbage collection on Mondays: August 12th, 2013 September 9th, 2013 October 7th, 2013 For those residents having regular garbage collection on Tuesdays: August 13th, 2013 September 10th, 2013 October 8th, 2013
R0012229822_0801
WWW.TWP.BECKWITH.ON.CA THE EMC - P4 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
4/ /52 #534/-%23 s 4HE INFORMATION IN THIS AD REm ECTS THE INFORMATION AVAILABLE DURING ITS CONCEPTION )F DESPITE OUR VIGILANCE SOME ERRORS OCCURRED A NOTICE WILL BE PRINTED IN STORE &OR 2/.!DVANTAGES OFFER SEE DETAILS IN STORE ). 34/2% &).!.#).' 02/'2!- #/.$)4)/.3
4HE $ESJARDINS !CCORD $ l NANCING PROGRAM IS AVAILABLE WITH THE 2/.! 2/.! 6)3! $ESJARDINS AND 6)3! $ESJARDINS CREDIT CARDS ! MINIMUM PURCHASE OF BEFORE TAXES IS REQUIRED 9OU CAN APPLY FOR THE 2/.! CARD ON THE SAME DAY IN STORE 4HIS OFFER DOES NOT APPLY TO GIFT CARDS PURCHASES .OT AVAILABLE FOR ONLINE PURCHASES #ANNOT BE COMBINED WITH ANY OTHER OFFER WITH THE EXCEPTION OF !)2 -),%3¤ BONUS OFFERS ›4AXES APPLICABLE MUST BE PAID AT THE TIME OF PURCHASE 4HIS OFFER MAY END OR MAY BE CHANGED WITHOUT NOTICE
LOCAL NEWS
Perth CIBC celebrates half century with prudent party By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
TREE CARE
613-390-1991
R0012239438_0801
Business – The CIBC branch in Perth will be celebrating its 50th anniversary later this month. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce opened its doors on Gore Street in the downtown core back on Aug. 19, 1963. “It used to be right across from the apothecary,” at Herriott and Gore, recalled current branch manager Cathy McGlade during an interview at her Highway 7 office on Friday, July 26. “It’s now Lavender and Lace,” though when the bank moved location, another financial institution, the Standard Trust, moved in. “My understanding is that the town came to Perth because of the Silversmiths factory,” said McGlade. “The bank had that account.” More than two decades ago, the bank moved to its current location in the Perth Mews. “It took a lot of nerve for the branch manager of the time to pack up and move out here, when all of the other branches were downtown,” said McGlade. But, aside from convenience to the highway, and the prospect of residential development on the north side in years to come, there were other, more practical, reasons for wanting to leave downtown. “It had a basement that flooded every spring,” said McGlade, who has worked for CIBC, at the same branch, for 34 years. “You had to make sure that all of the records were up off of the floor.” While any move is stressful, this one, with literally a huge hoard of cash to be physically transferred, made moving day especially noteworthy. “Moving day was very exciting,” said McGlade. “We had security and police officers with sawed-off shotguns guarding the vault, as it was loaded onto the flat bed truck.” During the move, time was also of the essence – the bank closed its old doors at 6 p.m. on Friday, and had to be ready for the first customers on Monday morning, at the new location, while staff were “pretending you knew where everything was,” said McGlade. Amongst the many changes she has seen over the years has been the rise of women, including herself, to higher management positions within the financial field.
“The male side of it would have been the boss side of it (back then),” said McGlade. Now, however, “it’s 100 per cent female now.” Technology has changed how she first did her job. “When I first started at the branch, we looked at every cheque that people wrote,” said McGlade, to make sure that they weren’t stale dated, though she just missed having to make manual calculations in ledgers. “It went from very hands-on to now being done by machine.” The introduction of automated teller machines (ATMs) also showed her an interesting, caring, if misinformed, side of her customers. “It wasn’t until we came here that we got bank machines set up to use,” she said. “For a while, they (customers) were hesitant (to use them) because they felt it would cost the job of a teller. People would say, ‘No, I don’t want to cost you your job.’” Even now with some people only wanting to use virtual banking, when the virtual world comes crashing down, as it does sometimes, “bricks and mortar are still important,” she said with a smile, since customers still have somewhere, Photo by DESMOND DEVOY and someone, they can call upon for The CIBC branch at the Perth Mews off of Highway 7 will be celebrating its 50th anniversary on Aug. 19. help. McGlade was born in Perth, and attended both St. John Catholic High School and Perth and District Collegiate LANARK COUNTY Institute. After graduation, she went straight to working for the bank. She said she still loves working in her home town since, among other things, “it TRIMMING PRUNING REMOVAL PLANTING allowed me the time to walk to work and not have a second car. It gives you a bit Fully Insured • Free Estimates of fresh air to start your day.” WILL ELLIOTT Another walk she takes once a year R0012154368_0613 is the branch’s longest-running – no pun intended – charity sponsorship, the CIBC Run for the Cure, for the past 17 years. “I have walked or ran it for 15 of those years,” she said. The branch’s ongoing book drive is also popular with customers. “People come in to drop books, drop books, drop books,” she said excitedly, BUILT FOR LIFE.™ making the dropping motion. “And we just sell them, sell them, sell them.” The 50th anniversary celebrations will take place at the branch from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., and include balloons and birthday cake.
60-1880 Lawn Tractor in-store special
$
50" Hydrostatic Transmission Riding Mower
Photo by DESMOND DEVOY
Cathy McGlade is the branch manager of the CIBC branch in Perth, which is celebrating its 50th anniversary this month.
While quanities last.
Sorry No rains check
Come in and check out our store for other sizes and lawn tractors that are available.
Now available at
CANADIAN TIRE PERTH 45 DUFFERIN STREET, PERTH
613-267-3412 AUTO SERVICE 613-267-6705 `>ÞÊqÊÀ`>ÞÊÇ\ÎäÊ>°°\ääÊ«°°ÊUÊ->ÌÕÀ`>ÞÊÇ\ÎäÊ>°°È\ääÊ«°°ÊUÊ-Õ`>ÞÊ\ääÊ>°°x\ääÊ«°° THE EMC - P5 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Historic family-owned downtown business founded in 1973 [email protected]
Business – One of downtown Perth’s best-known businesses, The Mill Store, will be closing its doors forever this September. “This has been a family business for 40 years (and) I’ve been here 38 anda-half years and it was time to retire,� said owner Harry R. Hale during an interview in his office on Thursday, July 25, shortly after a bright red sign was posted in the store’s Foster Street window alerting customers that the business was to be wound up. “I’ve been working on this for six months.� Hale had tried to keep the store going without him, but to no avail. “I did have it up for sale (but) there was no interest,� said Hale. “I had a timeline that if there was no interest shown, I would proceed to shut down.� While the store is located in an historic downtown property, at a busy intersection with a lot of foot traffic, there were also aspects such as it being a big store with a lot of inventory that worked against it being sold. While the business was not in dire financial straits, the changing economic climate has been felt at his store. “The economics have changed over the years,� admitted Hale. “Certainly there is more competition from the big stores, and in my particular case, I’ve lost a lot of good Canadian suppliers,� who have gone out of business. His two sons were also not interested in taking over the family business. “This wasn’t it,� he said of his two grown sons, who now have lives of their own. “This didn’t sit with what they wanted.� The phone in Hale’s office has been ringing constantly, with orders taking a spike as the news spreads. His customers have also been coming to terms with the news. “Certainly (they are) disappointed to see the store going,� he said. “A lot of them are wondering where they will do their shopping for the merchandise we carried in the store.� While customers may wonder where they can get their wool from now on,
many have been sympathetic to Hale’s predicament. “I’ve known a lot of people for many years and they are happy for me,â€? said Hale. “It is bittersweet.â€? But wool and women’s fashions were not the only things on sale. Perth and Canada tourism items, as well as men’s fashions, like golf wear, were on display, as were items of our national pastime. “I got into hockey (at the store) six or seven years ago,â€? said Hale. “We brought it in‌you have to diversify.â€? He also pointed out that while they certainly carried the Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Montreal Canadiens, they also stocked Detroit Red Wings and Boston Bruins material. “Even in Ottawa it is hard to get some of those teams,â€? said Hale. Hale’s mother and father started the store in the September of 1973, while he started work in April of 1975 at the store, which had been a convenience store previously. “In the beginning, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, bus tours were a big attraction,â€? he recalled. “We would have several busses a week who would be doing a tour of eastern Ontario.â€? While one of his staffers will retire, his other two employees will be looking for new employment starting this fall. “I’ve had very dedicated staff, some of them have been with me for 22 years,â€? he said. One of his current staffers has been on the payroll for 19 years. “(They are) very dedicated, very helpful to the customers and the customers certainly appreciated coming in and seeing a familiar face.â€? As for his customers, “a lot have been in within the last week. Perth and area have been very supportive of the store,â€? he said, adding that they draw from beyond Lanark County, with regular customers from Ottawa and Kingston, and even as far away as New York and Pennsylvania. “Some of them I met 30 years ago and now they are bringing their grandchildren,â€? he said with a laugh. After the inventory runs out and everything is squared away, Hale
Photos by DESMOND DEVOY
Harry Hale, owner of The Mill Store in downtown Perth, poses in front of some of his hot selling yarn, one of his store’s go-to items for the past four decades. Below, a couple hits the pedestrian crossing button in front of the store. intends to do some travelling, hitting the Caribbean island nation of Antigua this fall, followed by a golfing trip to Florida. Outside of his office, more customers than would normally mill about on a
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
R0012236472_0801
By DESMOND DEVOY
Thursday morning click through the clothes racks, and examine the sales prices on tourist trinkets. As he stands up to leave his desk and return to the store floor, he stops at the top of his tiny flight of stairs and pauses.
“I’m not sure if I should say this,� he says. “My wife died four years ago, and she was very active part of the business. She was a great volunteer. She was a key part of this business.� Laura Hale was only 59.
-8);-1;21')46; )%674-1+; ;%/701-;,4-5;",203521;;/):; %'#-//-%0;
With Special Guests From Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* $* )** *% !%* * " "##&*#) * $ *( " *
; * " * *$* "$* " #*' ** $*$ *$* %#* " " *$*"$** #$"$* ;
$* #$%$****; ; "$*$% *$"***$* %*"*** $#*& *;! #$; ; 2245;23)1;;30;;;!,29;56%465;;30 ; ;256)4;!64))6; )46,;; )1)4%/;(0-55-21;; $* * ;24; ; "* *** %"* "$* 24;%6;6,);(224 ; //;%+)5;)8)16 ; ;;6%:;121 4)*71(%&/); ; ; %1(;-1*2; 21;-"71)5;%')&22.;%1(;4)8)4&1%21 '20;
now available! our fall sale 2013 catalogue Start your Fall shopping now Our 164-page catalogue features Women’s Outerwear, including the key looks for Fall--Berber jackets, duffle coats, pea jackets, and trench coats. It also features a wide selection of Fashion Bedding for everyone in the family including bedding sets, duvets, blankets, annel sheets and much more. Whether it’s for your home or family, you’ll ďŹ nd the brands and prices you want in our Fall Sale 2013 catalogue.
Pick-up your FREE copy at any Sears catalogue location or view it online at www.sears.ca/cataloguecentral For the closest pick-up location visit sears.ca/pickup THE EMC - P6 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Cornerstone Landing works to prevent youth homelessness
R0012233650_0801
to even greater risk once they are couchsurfing.” While more than 300,000 people are technically homeless in Canada, young people represent one third of those numbers. But it’s a different phenomenon for individuals who are still growing and finding themselves at the age of 16 or 17, out on their own without all the life skills they require. Experts say the keys for assisting homeless youth in the transition to adulthood are education and training. Cornerstone Landing works to keep the youth it supports in school, where they can access friends, community, and resources. The organization recently hired a long-time social justice organizer, Matthew Behrens, to work as the group’s part-time community coordinator. “A lot of at-risk young people would attend school if they had a more stable living environment, and Cornerstone’s Submitted photo
Cornerstone Landing board members Christine Campbell and Terrilee Kelford go over student surveys on youth homelessness, which reveal that the often hidden problem of young people without a permanent home is a growing problem in the area. If left on their own, these students become very vulnerable to the dangers of couch surfing (physical/sexual abuse and possible drug addiction), which in the past has led them to drop out of school.” Cornerstone recently launched a website (http://cornerstonelanding. com) detailing its work and upcoming activities, including a major fundraising dinner and dance Oct. 25 at the Civitan Hall. The group also conducted a June survey in area high schools to calculate raw numbers that will provide a snapshot of problems in Perth and surrounding communities. “While tabulating the responses to the survey, which we expect to release this
fall, we are struck by the experiences that lead to young people finding themselves without a safe, permanent home,” says Terrilee Kelford, one of the founders of the group and someone who has worked on the issue for over a dozen years. “Youth homelessness is sometimes a misleading term because people tend to blame the youth,” Kelford says. “Youth homelessness is usually an adult-created problem, the end result of dysfunctional families, drug or alcohol addiction, poverty, a lack of affordable housing, a traumatic experience that does not get dealt with in a caring manner, non-acceptance of lifestyle issues or sexual orientation, a whole range of issues that expose young people
THE TOWNSHIP OF LANARK HIGHLANDS
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
partnership is clear: you stay in school, we will support you,” he says. “It’s hard to imagine the daily stresses of the average teenager looking at an uncertain future. You suddenly add to that not having clean clothes, a place to shower or do your homework, or the precious gift of personal privacy, and you begin to understand the peril and that absolutely crushing feeling so many young people experience when it’s no longer safe for them to live with their family.” Cornerstone is looking for volunteers to help supply meals, provide rides to client appointments, assist with tutoring needs, and contribute to the costs of the organization. For more information on getting involved with or donating to Cornerstone Landing, visit http://cornerstonelanding. com, email info@cornerstonelanding. com or call (613) 267-3998. Submitted by Cornerstone Landing
R0021966773
News – One of the challenges facing many area young people this summer is what to do in Perth. Does one stay at home in the air conditioned comfort of a basement, or venture out to the family cottage? But a growing number of young people are coping with a more compelling reality: trying to find a safe place to lay down their heads at night. With warmer temperatures, that could be under a bridge in Stewart Park, a car parked in an out-of-the-way place, a simple tent in the bush. And while the problems of homelessness are most often associated with the rigors of cold winter weather, summertime is an equally dangerous time for individuals who cannot access a cooling area, proper hydration and nutrition, and daily comforts like a shower and a bed to ride out a heat wave or violent storm. Lanark County does not have an emergency youth shelter or public transit, so options for homeless youth are few and far between. While homelessness is more obvious in Ottawa or Toronto, rural youth homelessness is hidden away in a pattern of couch-surfing and other forms of precarious living. Perth’s Cornerstone Landing Emergency Residence is working to prevent youth homelessness by connecting with young people aged 16 to 24 at risk of losing the roof over their heads, introducing them to local services, and providing stabilizing supports for independent living, including rent supplements and gift certificates. “I work with at risk youth on a daily basis,” says Christine Campbell, a child and youth worker at Perth & District Collegiate Institute who chairs the board of Cornerstone. “There are times when a student will come to me and say that they are not able to live at home at this point. The reasons vary, but nine times out of 10 it is because there is something going on at home that prevents them from being there.
MUNICIPAL MATTERS
www.lanarkhighlands.ca a COUNCIL MEETING SCHEDULE
2nd Annual
CLASSIC CARS ON THE CLYDE Presented by the Township of Lanark Highlands
Sunday August 4th, 2013 10:00 am – 2:00 pm Clyde Memorial Park, Lanark
Committee Tuesday, August 6th, 2013 at 2:30 pm Tuesday, August 13th, 2013 at 2:30 pm (White Lake)
Council Tuesday, August 27th, 2013 at 7:00 pm
DID YOU KNOW? Recycling one glass bottle to make a new one saves enough energy to light a 100 watt bulb for four hours.
Contacts: Day – Ross Trimble 613-259-2398 ext. 222 Night – Brian Trimble 613-257-7029
KEEP IT GREEN – RECYCLING WORKS!
FIRE BAN IS LIFTED – PERMITS ARE REQUIRED THE EMC - P7 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
OPINION
Connected to your community
Wynne’s no-win situation
Editorial – Today, voters across the province will be casting judgment on the fate of Premier Kathleen Wynne’s Liberal government. It feels a little bit more like a poll is being taken across the province, like those annoying suppertime telephone polls except this one is binding. It may not be quite the referendum on Wynne that Progressive Conservative leader Tim Hudak is calling it, but neither is it something that can be ignored. Today, voters in London West, Windsor-Tecumseh, Etobicoke-Lakeshore, Scarborough-Guildwood, and in Ottawa South, will go to the polls to plug up some holes in the seats at Queen’s Park. As we have seen in past elections, like 1990, London is often a bellweather for the rest of the province. Very often, as goes London, so too goes the rest of Ontario, somewhat of a microcosm of enough of the province to be representative of it. Unlike by-elections held during a majority government’s mandate, which are often of little consequence to the balance of power, these votes will significantly alter the political landscape, depending on how well the opposition parties do. The Liberals’ hold on Toronto now looks iffy, but anything can happen in Ottawa, and the NDP and Tories could take seats away in London and Windsor, according to the polls. Remember that there was only one seat separating Dalton McGuinty from another majority government back in October of 2011. By tonight, that gap could grow wider. It is interesting to see just how many Liberal ministers, like Dwight Duncan, Laurel Broten, and Dalton McGuinty himself, have jumped ship rather than face what now seems like an inevitable meltdown for the Grits. Wynne has been stoic, but realistic about these battles. Campaigning in London West, she told the Toronto Star recently, “as you know, by-elections are tough for incumbent governments.” She may be preparing the embattled Liberals for even more bad
news come this evening after the polls close. Some have called her decision to have these elections in the dead of summer a cynical move to catch the voters unawares, but, even if she had held off until September, it still would have been viewed as a summer campaign, and those seats should be filled in time for the fall session, and to bring new MPPs up to speed. Damned if she does, damned if she doesn’t. Now, it’s not over yet, and Wynne can take solace with what she has seen in three other elections. The polls were way off in British Columbia this past May, returning Premier Christy Clark to office, to the surprise of everyone but her. In Alberta, the polls swung, under the radar, in the last two weeks of the campaign, enough to keep Alison Redford’s Progressive Conservatives in office. And even next door in Quebec, while Pauline Marois’ Parti Quebecois returned to power after nearly a decade in opposition, Jean Charest’s Liberals did not go into complete meltdown, as many had predicted. In many ways, Wynne has to take ownership of mistakes she didn’t make, promising change while, at the same time, not distancing herself too much from the premiership of ‘what’s-his-name’ from 2003 to 2012. Last September’s KitchenerWaterloo by-election, which saw a surprise win for the NDP in a seat not normally warm to the social democrats, was one of the bellweathers which likely hastened McGuinty’s departure (his first one). This time around, Wynne, just selected by her party as leader this past January, can’t cut and run like McGuinty did. And with a new cabinet sworn in this past winter, she can’t borrow a page from Prime Minister Stephen Harper and have a cabinet shuffle this early on. Even prorogation seems out. She is in an unfortunate position in many ways, Lifestyle - I have a love/ and while she appears to be personally friendly, hate relationship with our she may also, like former Prime Minister Kim stairs. Campbell, end up paying the price for the guy who Actually, that’s not true. I skipped out on the bill. have never loved them, and it would be more accurate to say I fear them more than hate them. Let’s just say I have a healthy respect for them. Since moving into our house almost 14 years 39 Gore Street East, Perth, ON, K7H 1H4 ago I have fallen down our stairs three times. I am T: 613-267-1100 • F: 613-267-3986 • www.insideottawavalley.com gifted, apparently. The first time was not long after we moved in. Vice President & Regional Publisher Mike Mount It was late. I subconsciously decided to go the fast [email protected] Sales Representative Kevin Hoover way down the stairs to make sure I’d turned out the 613-283-3182, ext. 104 [email protected] lights. “I’m okay!” I said. 613-267-1100 ext. 229 General Manager Peter O’Leary Later, in shock, I decided to try fainting in the [email protected] Managing Editor Ryland Coyne bathroom. 613-283-3182, ext. 112 [email protected] Good times! 613-283-3182, ext. 142 Group Publisher Duncan Weir That little trip resulted in a doctor visit, a [email protected] News Editor Laurie Weir scription for anti-inflammatories and a brand new 613-283-3182, ext. 164 [email protected] donut cushion thanks to a broken tailbone and an 613-267-1100, ext. 246 injured rotator cuff (I had braced for impact, which Distribution Kathy Farrell shoulders don’t appreciate.) 613-284-0124, ext. 22 Reporter Desmond Devoy The next episode was dramatic because it [email protected] Advertising Sales Co-ordinator Andrea Harding pened while I was carrying baby Girlchild. Fortu613-267-1100, ext. 226 [email protected] nately, I took the brunt of the fall (which didn’t 613-283-3182, ext. 169 involve most of the flight like the first time). Girlchild was alarmed but unhurt, and I escaped with a Publisher’s Liability: The advertiser agrees that the publisher shall Distribution Manager not be liable for any damages whatsoever arising from errors in few bruises and a reminder to pay attention on “the Lori Sommerdyk 613-284-0124 x27 advertisements beyond actual amount paid for space used by the stairs that hate me.” part of the advertisement containing the error. The publisher shall For distribution inquires in your area, or for the re-delivery of not be liable for non-insertion of any advertisement. the publisher I hasten to add here that it’s not as if I gallivant, a missed paper or flyer, please call 1-877-298-8288. will not knowingly publish any advertisement which is illegal, misleading or offensive. traipse or partake in tom foolery on these stairs, Distribution: 12,100 Homes Weekly it’s just that it’s an old house with a steep staircase Advertising Deadline - Monday 12 noon The contents of this newspaper are protected by copyright and may be used only for your personal non-commercial purposes. All other rights are reserved made of treads for, apparently, small-footed (not to Classified Deadline - Monday 12 noon and commercial use is prohibited. Permission to republish any material must be sought from the relevant copyright owner. mention sure-footed) people. Or perhaps mountain Editorial Deadline - Monday 12 noon goats. (For the moment let’s just ignore the fact I seem to be the only one who has trouble with the stairs, although many have commented on their steepness). The third (and lets’s hope final) time was a sleepy slip of the foot last autumn that found me careening down a half flight. That led to more Honourable Malcolm Cameron
Rip, scrape, sand and add grit
Member of the Baldwin-La Fontaine cabinet, leader of the Clear Grit Movement, champion of temperance and founder of the Courier.
The contents of this newspaper are protected by copyright and may be used only for your personal, non-commercial purposes. All other rights are reserved and commercial use is prohibited. Permission to republish any material must be sought from the relevant copyright owner.
quality time with the donut cushion, a lot of Advil and a busted (again) tailbone that has had quite enough of my shenanigans, thank you very much, and has not completely forgiven me. STEPHANIE GRAY Where am I going with this? Well, we decided to rip up the ancient carpeting on the stairs (only to discover an even more ancient green runner underneath). The weekend was spent ripping, tearing and pulling out enough nails and staples to warrant a call to a scrap heap, followed by scraping, more pulling of errant nails and staples, sanding, hole filling and, of course, vacuuming. That “distressed” look people pay hard-earned cash to achieve? We’ve got it in spades. Next comes the painting. Now, you might ask, is painting these treacherous (for me) stairs a wise move? Only time will tell. We hope it will be just pretty, and not pretty dramatic. Groom-boy picked up the paint for the treads the other day, and as I ran my finger over the splotch of colour they dab on the lid of the paint can, I panicked. “Groom-boy!” I said. “This doesn’t feel gritty! Didn’t you get the gritty stuff so I wouldn’t fall down the stairs?” Groom-boy is heading back to the store for paint grit. So, yes, if you come to our house (not recommended for anyone with dust allergies), then I am hopeful you will have traction on our vintage mountain-goat stairs. Personally, I hope to avoid having column fodder about my latest epic journey down the stairs, assuming I survive. For now, in addition to utilizing stair grit, I will continue to hold the railing, descend slowly and show the utmost respect for the stairs. Or maybe I should just tie the donut cushion to my bum as a preventive measure.
Past Deadline
Editorial Policy The Perth Courier welcomes letters to the editor. Senders must include their full name, complete address and a contact phone number. Addresses and phone numbers will not be published. We reserve the right to edit letters for space and content, both in print and online at www.insideottawavalley.com. To submit a letter to the editor, please email [email protected] or fax to 613-267-3986 or mail to: 39 Gore Street East, Perth, ON, K7H 1H4.
THE EMC - P8 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Town’s longest running race prepares for kick-off Aug. 28 at Perth Museum By TERRY O’HEARN
News – The Legion’s track and field program dates back to the early 1950s when Hydro Branch 277 in Toronto sponsored the former Canadian Olympic Training Plan. In 1957 the Royal Canadian Legion officially began to finance that training plan with clinics held in Toronto, to which athletes from each province were invited. Over the years many changes took place within the Legion and our government, but a national meet has been held since 1975, and funds have been allocated for camps since 1977. This year’s Legion Canadian Youth Track And Field Championships will be held from Aug. 7 to 12 in Langley, BC. The meet is held each year in association with Athletics Canada as a means to provide training and competition at the national level for young track and field athletes. The upcoming Glen Tay Block Race, which takes place on Thursday, Aug. 29 at 6 p.m., is considered part of the track and field program of this Legion branch. Current Ottawa Sports Awards chair Doug Scorrar and Legion branch member John Burke were competitors in the resurrected race of 1967, and both men had been part of the Legion track and field program during their high school years at Perth and District Collegiate Institute under the coaching of long-time race director Tom Graham. Scorrar went on to attend Ohio State University, where he held all running distance records from one to six miles. Other Perth athletes who benefitted from the program were current hammer throw star Sultana Frizell, and shot put specialist Jack Ongarato, who still holds Lanark County Interschool Athletic Association records.
Branch 244 News Days of Yore … From The Perth Courier, April 7, 1933: “Last week the Perth-UponTay Branch No. 244, of the Canadian Legion of the British Empire Service League received its charter from headquarters, with the names of the following charter members appearing thereon in the order named: Col. J.A. Hope, K.C., W.G. Blair, M.D., G.T. Kerr, W.E. Wright, B.L. Ferrier, G. Barrie, T.H. Gooten, A.M. Johnston, Arthur Brown, Louis Bassett, A.L. Code, M.J. Donoghue, C.V. Farmer, R.M. Hope, F.K. Hope, Garnet King, R. Mills, P. McParlan, W.E. Praskey, W.A. Relyea, Harold Travers and E.H. Wilson.” Did you know? In 1974 the Japanese soldier Hiroo Onoda emerged from the jungle on the Philipine island of Lubang, where he had been hiding for 30 years. Leaflets had been dropped several times over the years, which told Onoda and his companions the war was over, but Onoda was always suspicious. In 1974 a college dropout named Suzuki decided to search for Onoda, a Panda, and the Abominable Snowman. He found Onoda, but could not convince him the war was yet over. Suzuki left and returned with Onoda’s old commander, Major Taniguchi, who was finally Submitted photo able to convince Onoda to surrender. Jeffrey Brison of Kingston crosses the finish line with a winning time of 55:33 at the 2012 Legion sponsored Don’t forget our websites: www.rcl244. Glen Tay Block Race. This year’s event will be held on Aug. 29, the last Thursday of the month, at 6 p.m. Parom and www.hallofremembrance.ca. ticipants are asked to line up at the Perth Museum on Gore Street. Lest we forget.
Pre-owned Summer Sale
R0012219754_0801
at Mike Fair’s!
The summer heat has melted our prices and finance rates down so that you’re the winner with low payments AND we’ll also send you on a 7 DAY VACATION in your new vehicle.
CARS
SUVS
2013 Cadillac CTS AWD , black #P3784 ....................................................$38,926 2013 Chev Impala LS, #P3783 - grey.........................................................$18,926 2013 Chev Malibu LS, grey, #P3780 ..........................................................$19,926 2013 Chev Impala LT, silver, #P3779 ..........................................................$19,926 2013 Chev Corvette Convertible, red, #P3782 .........................................$54,926 2013 Chev Cruze LT Turbo, black, #P3762 ................................................$16,926 2011 Chev Cruze LT Turbo, blue, #12322A................................................$13,926 2011 Chev Cruze LS, black, #13215A .........................................................$12,926 2010 Mazda 3 GS, blue #13271A ...............................................................$17,326 2010 Ford Focus SEL, silver, auto, air, #13168B ........................................$12,926 2010 Chev Cobalt, blue, only 30,200km, #P3763.......................................$11,926 2010 Buick Lacrosse CXL, red, #13141A ..................................................$19,926 2009 Toyota Yaris, silver #P3785 ................................................................$10,926 2009 Chev Impala LS, silver, #P3751A.......................................................$10,926 2009 Chev Cobalt, gray, high km, #13120A..................................................$6,926 2008 Pontiac G5, Silver #13177A ..................................................................$8,926 2007 Chev Impala LS, silver, #P3777A.........................................................$9,526 2007 Pontiac G5, black #13323A ..................................................................$6,926 2006 Cadillac DTS, white, #13285A............................................................$10,926 2006 BMW 325i, auto, white, #13168A .......................................................$13,926
2013 GMC Terrain, white, AWD #P3778 .....................................................$26,926 2012 Chev Traverse AWD, silver, #P3761 ..................................................$26,726 2010 Chev Equinox FWD LT, mocha, #13219A..........................................$18,326 2009 Honda CRV, brown #13287A ..............................................................$17,926 2009 Hyundai Santa Fe, white #14003A ..................................................$15,226 2009 Chev Equinox AWD LT, leather, sunroof, V6, burgundy, #13253A ....$14,926 2009 Chev Equinox AWD LT, sunroof, silver, #P3773................................$13,926 2008 Nissan Pathfinder, grey #13276B ....................................................$16,926 2008 Dodge Caliber, silver, #13254A ............................................................$7,926 2007 Saturn Outlander AWD Blue #13337A ............................................$13,926 2007 Chev Trailblazer, Blue #P3729A ........................................................$9,926 2007 Chev Trailblazer 4x4, grey, #13100C ................................................$12,926
TRUCKS 2012 GMC Sierra 4x4, silver, ext. cab, leather, Nav. #14014A ...................$32,926 2011 Chev Avalanche 4x4, silver #P3788 .................................................$32,926 2008 Ford Ranger 4x2, blue #13101A .........................................................$9,926 2006 Chev Silverado, silver #13293B........................................................$14,926 2006 GMC Canyon, white, ext. cab, 4x2, #13182A .......................................$7,926 2005 Chev Silverado, crew, one ton diesel, beige, #13324A......................$18,926
All prices exclude HST, and license fee. 5.99% OAC for 2011 and newer models with $15,000 minimum financed, maximum 72 month term; other rates and terms available. 7 Day Vacation includes 7 nights of double occupancy accommodations in various locations in North, Central, and South America as well as Caribbean Islands - travel is not included. See dealer for other rates/terms and vehicle eligibility.
FOR PHOTOS AND MORE DETAILS ON THESE VEHICLES VISIT:
famousforfairness.ca 199 Lombard Street, Smiths Falls 613-283-3882 THE EMC - P9 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012239468_0801 R0012216466_0725
DELIVERING TO OVER 500,000 HOMES WEEKLY )1*5):
Ottawa East
www.EMConline.ca Details Available on Request
CONTACT YOUR LOCAL OFFICE Belleville Office Phone: 613-966-2034 Fax: 613-966-8747
Brockville Office Phone: 613-498-0305 Fax: 613-498-0307
Kemptville Office Phone: 613-258-3451 Fax: 613-258-0617
Kingston Office Phone: 613-546-8885 Fax: 613-546-3607
Kanata/Ottawa Office Phone: 613-723-5970 Fax: 613-723-1862
Perth Office Phone: 613-267-1100 Fax: 613-267-3986
Smiths Falls Office Phone: 613-283-3182 Fax: 613-283-9988
Arnprior Office Phone: 613-623-6571
Renfrew Office Phone: 613-432-3655 or 1-800-884-9195
THE EMC - P10 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0011948765_TF
COMPETITIVE PRICES: 7-/ Ê 1 *-/ ,-ÊUÊ," "Ê " / , - Ê " /" Ê*," --" -
*9Ê -Ê",Ê- ,* - /-Ê -ÊqÊÎx{Ê79°Ê{ÎÊ7°
613-283-5230
Scrap Vehicles Small Tin For Shredding Aluminum, Copper, Brass , Batteries fÊ/"*Ê " ,Êf
," 6 ÊqÊÓ{££Ê 9 Ê, °
“MOST PEOPLE TALK RECYCLING, WE DO IT”
USED
TIRES
USED
CLUES ACROSS 1. Baby or infant 5. Common Indian weaverbird 9. Walk 14. Shiite spiritual leader’s title 15. Mirish 16. Nostrils 17. Confiscate 18. Powder mineral 19. Moss, lace or banded stone 20. Doyle detective 23. New Rochelle college 24. “Case of the Ex” singer 25. Rays or devilfish 28. Cutting implements for sewing 33. Two-toed sloth 34. Lightly fry 35. Japanese apricot 36. Gargle 38. Consumed food 39. Swats 41. Doctors’ group 42. Baseball teams 44. Japanese waist pouch 45. Impaired by diminution 47. A fixed portion of food
TIRES
49. Gall 50. A block of soap or wax 51. Polite phrase for “What?” 58. Blackberry drupelets 59. Wild sheep of Northern Africa 60. River in Florence 61. Carried 62. Was visualized 63. Giant armadillo 64. Dwarf buffaloes 65. An account of events 66. Avery dark black CLUES DOWN 1. Morsels 2. Indian wet nurse 3. Cook a cake 4. Retired with honorary title 5. Conductor’s instrument 6. Manila hemp 7. Yellow portion of an egg 8. Curved support structure 9. Reasonings 10. Molten rocks 11. Hillside (Scot.) 12. Leases 13. Point midway between E and
USED
TIRES
SE 21. Mauna __, HI, volcano 22. Leave out 25. Wall painting 26. Colorful Japanese animation 27. Grandmothers 28. Fully satisfied 29. Billiards sticks 30. A citizen of Oman 31. Duplicate or copy 32. Municipality in Philippines 34. Mentally healthy 37. Capacities for work or activity 40. Able to read and write 43. Dark bluish black 46. Loudenville college 47. Seizure of property by force 48. Alias 50. Showing no mercy or pity 51. Sacred picture 52. Hungarian pen inventor 53. Hops kiln 54. Carbamide 55. Dull in color 56. Upon 57. Person, place or thing word 58. Sleeveless Arab garment
6G>:H"BVg'&$6eg'%
A>7G6"HZei'($DXi'(
6g^Zh!VX]VaaZc\ZVg^hZhi]VigZfj^gZhndjid]VkZi]Zjibdhi XdcÒYZcXZ^cndjgVW^a^i^Zh#HdbZhZa["XdcÒYZcXZVcY]VgYldg` VgZVaandjcZZYidhjXXZhh[jaaniVX`aZi]^hX]VaaZc\Z#
6fj^X`k^h^il^i][Vb^anXVcbV`Zndj[ZZagZ[gZh]ZYVcY gZcZlZY!A^WgV#I]ZgZ^hcdi]^c\a^`ZheZcY^c\i^bZl^i]i]ZdcZh ndjadkZid^begdkZndjgbddY#
I6JGJH"6eg'&$BVn'&
H8DGE>D"DXi')$Cdk''
IVjgjh!ndjXVcX]ddhZ[gdbVbdc\bVcneVi]h!Wjii]^hlZZ` ndjl^aa]VkZidXVgZ[jaani]^c`VWdjil]^X]lVnid\d#Di]Zgl^hZ ndjbVnZcYje]Vk^c\idWVX`igVX`VcYhiVgidkZg#
HXdge^d!XViX]jedchdbZdkZgYjZ]ZVai]hXgZZc^c\h#I]ZgZ]Vh cZkZgWZZcVWZiiZgi^bZid\Zii]ZhZi]^c\hYdcZ!VcYndjYdcÉi lVciidejindjg]ZVai]dci]ZWVX`WjgcZg#
<:B>C>"BVn''$?jc'&
H6<>II6G>JH"Cdk'($9ZX'&
<Zb^c^!jcaZhhndjX]Vc\Zndjga^cZd[i]^c`^c\!ndjbVn]VkZ igdjWaZ^ci]ZgdbVcXZYZeVgibZcii]^hlZZ`#NdjYdcÉi]VkZid WZVhbddi]deZgVidg!Wji_jhihlZZiZcndjghZci^bZcih#
HV\^iiVg^jh!i]ZgZ^hdcanhdbjX]eZghjVY^c\ndjXVcYd WZ[dgZndjbjhiaZidi]ZghX]ddhZi]Z^gdlceVi]h#6Y^[ÒXjai XdckZghVi^dc]VhndjhZXdcY"\jZhh^c\hdbZi]^c\#
86C8:G"?jc''$?ja''
86EG>8DGC"9ZX''$?Vc'%
8VcXZg!hdbZi^bZhndja^`ZWZ^c\i]ZXZciZgd[ViiZci^dc!VcY di]Zgi^bZhndjVgZXdciZciidWaZcY^cidi]ZWVX`\gdjcY#I]^h lZZ`ndjl^aa]VkZidZbWgVXZi]Zhedia^\]i#
9dhdbZi]^c\[dgndjghZa[i]^hlZZ`!8Veg^Xdgc#>iÉhV\ddYi^bZid igZVindjghZa[WZ[dgZndjbjhiYZkdiZbdgZd[ndjgi^bZiddi]Zgh ^ci]ZcZVg[jijgZ#
A:D"?ja'($6j\'(
6FJ6G>JH"?Vc'&$;ZW&-
AZd!V[iZgaZii^c\i]^c\hha^YZ[dgVl]^aZ!ndjl^aacZZYid\ZiV WZiiZg]VcYaZdcndjgÒcVcXZhi]^hlZZ`#>[ndj[ZZaVhi]dj\] i]^c\h]VkZ\diiZcdjid[Xdcigda!i]ZciVa`idVegd[Zhh^dcVa#
6fjVg^jh!hdbZi]^c\]VhWZZcdcndjgb^cYWjindj_jhiXVcÉi ejindjgÒc\Zgdc^i#;dg\ZiVWdji^i[dgVl]^aZ!VcYndj_jhibVn XdbZidVgZVa^oVi^dc#
K>G<D"6j\')$HZei''
E>H8:H";ZW&.$BVg'%
>hhjZhVildg`bVn]VkZndjXdciZbeaVi^c\VXVgZZgX]Vc\Z! K^g\d#7jindjbVnlVciid]daYd[[dcX]Vc\Zh[dgVa^iiaZl]^aZ adc\Zgjci^ai]^c\hhZiiaZYdlc#
;Zli]^c\hi]ViZhXVeZndjgcdi^XZi]^hlZZ`!E^hXZh#6alVnh YZiV^a"dg^ZciZY!ndjcZZYidÒ\jgZdji]dlidjhZi]Z ^c[dgbVi^dc#
=ZgZÉh=dl>iLdg`h/ HjYd`jejooaZhVgZ[dgbViiZYVhV.m.\g^Y!Wgd`ZcYdlc^cidc^cZ(m(WdmZh# IdhdakZVhjYd`j!i]ZcjbWZgh&i]gdj\].bjhiÒaaZVX]gdl!XdajbcVcY Wdm#:VX]cjbWZgXVcVeeZVgdcandcXZ^cZVX]gdl!XdajbcVcYWdm#NdjXVc Ò\jgZdjii]ZdgYZg^cl]^X]i]ZcjbWZghl^aaVeeZVgWnjh^c\i]ZcjbZg^X XajZhVagZVYnegdk^YZY^ci]ZWdmZh#I]ZbdgZcjbWZghndjcVbZ!i]ZZVh^Zg ^i\ZihidhdakZi]ZejooaZ THE EMC - 33 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
I]^hlZZ`h ejooaZVchlZgh ^ccZmilZZ`h ^hhjZ
0801
BUSINESS DIRECTORY Connecting People and Businesses! AIR CONDITIONING
G%%&&--.&)%"%&(&
FOR ALL YOUR AIR CONDITIONING NEEDS
Gilles Renaud Heating Ltd. /IL s 'AS s 0ROPANE
3339 Farmview Road Kinburn, Ontario K0A 2H0 !LL /IL 'AS &URNACES s /IL 4ANKS s 7ATER (EATERS (EPA !IR &ILTERS(UMIDIlERS s !IR #ONDITIONERS s AND MUCH MORE
2ICHARD 2ENAUD
4EL s &AX s #ONTRACTOR ARCHITECTURAL
HOUSE PLANS Registered Designer Ontario BCIN 29414 & 23889
Zane Williamson BSc
40 years Construction + Teaching -General contractor, all trades -Designer large general contractor -Retired, wide range of jobs including Energy Efficient, log & timber framed
Smiths Falls 613-283-5434 CARPENTRY
BLACKTOP
RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL ASPHALT MAINTENANCE AND PAVING
Slurry Seal Micro Paving UĂŠ Ă€>VÂŽĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?ˆ˜} UĂŠĂƒÂŤÂ…>Â?ĂŒĂŠ*>ĂŒV…ˆ˜}
613 259 2717 [email protected] CARPENTRY
613-812-2020 CARPENTRY SERVICES
Dave Stinson 613-259-3313 Carpenter/Handyman Renovations, Home Repair & Handyman Service Kitchen, Bathrooms, Decks, Installations and General Carpentry
DRYWALL CONTRACTOR
t3FQBJSTUPNPTUNBLFTPG NBKPSBQQMJBODFT FLAT RATE SERVICE NO MILEAGE CHARGE
* Geothermal Systems Commercial & Residential * Air ďŹ lters Commercial & Residential * Electric Motors * Variable Frequency Drives * Air source Heat Pumps (House & Pool) * Commercial Refrigeration AC & Chillers * Custom Built Electrical Panels * Steam HumidiďŹ ers * Motor Soft starts * Thermography * Air Balancing * Motor Controllers & PLC * Geothermal Supplies
46 YEARS EXPERIENCE
613-253-3557 CABINETRY/INTERIOR DESIGN
R.W. Tradesman Ltd. Building and Renovations Robert Wilson No job too small ~ We do it all FREE ESTIMATES
PHONE (613) 272-3179 (after 5 p.m.) 8ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽÂŽĂŠĂ“Ă‡Ă“Â‡Ă¤Ă¤Ă“Â™ĂŠĂŠ ĂŠÂĂˆÂŁĂŽÂŽĂŠnäӇÎÎÎÇ `Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â?iĂ€ÂœÂ˜ĂŒÂ…iĂ€Âˆ`i>Ă•J}“>ˆÂ?°Vœ“
3435 Roger Stevens Drive North Gower, ON
UĂŠ >ÀiÂ˜ĂŒĂ€ĂžĂŠUĂŠ*Â?ՓLˆ˜}ĂŠUĂŠ Â?iVĂŒĂ€ÂˆV>Â? UĂŠ``ÂˆĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â? UĂŠ iVÂŽĂƒĂŠUĂŠ ÂœVÂŽĂƒĂŠUĂŠ i˜ViĂƒĂŠUĂŠÂ?ÂœÂœĂ€ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ7ˆ˜`ÂœĂœĂƒĂŠUĂŠ ÂœÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ -ˆ`ˆ˜} Home Inspections
Interior design services available
Tel. (613) 272-3267 Cell: (613) 802-3269
www.thecabinetshopottawa.com
Manufacturers of kitchen and bath cabinets and countertops
REX ALUMINUM WAREHOUSE OPENING SOON ĂˆĂˆÂŁxĂŠ79ĂŠ{ĂŽ
Carpentry
Specializing In: Modular Homes, Renovations Decks & Energy EfďŹ cient Construction
[email protected]
" 9ĂŠĂŽĂŠĂŠ /-ĂŠ /
613-894-5211 CONSTRUCTION
Construction Ltd.
New Home Construction & Fall Renovations, Additions, Decks, Porches and Garages, etc. Ceramic, Hardwood & Laminate Flooring Kitchens, Bathroom & Basements
Pierre Viau
UĂŠÂ˜ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ Ă•ĂƒĂŒÂœÂ“ĂŠ ÂˆĂŒVÂ…iÂ˜Ăƒ UĂŠ``ÂˆĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠUĂŠ iVÂŽĂƒ UĂŠ7ˆ˜`ÂœĂœĂƒĂŠ>˜`ĂŠ ÂœÂœĂ€Ăƒ
CUSTOM BUILT HOMES... “More home for a lot less money�
FREE 51� with Depo
TV
sit
Buy a house for spring delivery and receive FREE stainless steel kitchen appliances: fridge, stove, dishwasher & microwave.
Kevin Morrow
4193 Maple Drive Lane, Verona ON
Frontenac Modular Home Sales
FARM IMPLEMENT REPAIRS CALL US FOR ALL YOUR BENDING~~SHEARING~~FABRICATING ~~WELDING Needs
FENCING
1-866-775-8268 www.frontenacmodularhomes.com
SINCE 1989
INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, RESIDENTIAL SALES, INSTALLATION & REPAIRS Chain Link, Wood, Vinyl, Ornamental Iron Do-It-Yourself Chain-link Kits in stock (4 colours) Unbeatable Price!
Dowcom Sheet Metal Ltd. 264 County Road 8, Toledo 613-275-1581
ÊÊÊÊʛ£Ê ÂˆĂƒĂŒĂ€ÂˆLĂ•ĂŒÂœĂ€ĂŠÂœvĂŠSTEEL SHINGLESĂŠÂ ÂˆviĂŒÂˆÂ“iĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒiiÂŽ
JENCON CONSTRUCTION For all your Concrete/Carpentry Needs
613-812-8554 (C) 613-285-0159 (C) 613-267-4253 (H) 613-359-5370 (H)
Grain wagon repairs rust patching/combine repairs
ĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠĂŠ, - / ĂŠ- ĂŠ fÓÇxĂŠvÂœĂ€ĂŠĂ“Ă¤Ă¤Â˝ĂŠ>Â˜ĂžĂŠVÂœÂ?ÂœĂ•Ă€ LAST SUMMER FOR STEEL ROOFING SAME PRICE AS ASPHALT! FREEĂŠĂŒĂ€ÂœĂ•}Â…ĂŠĂœÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂŠÂŤĂ•Ă€VÂ…>ĂƒiĂŠÂœvĂŠÂ˜iĂœĂŠĂ€ÂœÂœvtĂŠ 30% off /Ă€ÂœĂ•}Â…ĂƒtĂŠÂ Ă?°ÊnÉΣɣΎ
CONCRETE
Sap pan repair fabrication ", ]ĂŠ/* ]ĂŠ 9ĂŠEĂŠ, ĂŠ -1, ĂŠ" -ĂŠEĂŠ 8/ ,",ĂŠ-/1
" 3904 FREELAND ROAD, R.R. #1 PORTLAND, ONTARIO K0G 1V0
Alex Clayton Deborah Gervais, ARIDO ph - 613-489-2323 fax - 613-489-3720 email: [email protected]
CARPENTRY/ROOFING
G. D. Construction .EW (OMES s !DDITIONS 2OOlNG $ECKS
A&T APPLIANCES
APPLIANCE REPAIRS
WWW.KINGSCROSS.NET (613-271-0988 ex 3) [email protected] Sales & Service
,iÂ˜ĂŒÂ‡Â‡i˜ViĂŠEĂŠĂ•}iÀÊ,iÂ˜ĂŒ>Â?ĂƒĂŠUĂŠÂŁn™{ĂŠ ÂœĂ•Â˜ĂŒĂžĂŠ,Âœ>`]ĂŠĂ“ĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒ]ĂŠ Ă€ÂœVÂŽĂ›ÂˆÂ?Â?i 613-345-2406 | 1-800-203-2757 | www.burchelfencing.com
THE EMC - 34 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CARLETON PLACE AND SURROUNDING AREA
613-818-5641 [email protected] FULLY INSURED / FREE ESTIMATES
REACH OVER 43,000 HOMES EVERY WEEK! FOR AS LITTLE AS $39/WEEK Call: 613-283-3182 or 1-800-267-7936 extension 184 Fax: 613-283-9988 Email: [email protected] (Attention Cheryl) DEADLINE IS THURSDAY BY NOON
R0012239576_0801
BUSINESS DIRECTORY FOOT ORTHOTICS
FIREWOOD
FIREWOOD Kelly Shaw *iĂ€vÂœĂ€Â“>˜ViĂŠ"Ă€ĂŒÂ…ÂœĂŒÂˆVĂƒĂŠ Clinician
Do You Suffer From‌ Our performance diagnostic UĂŠÂœÂœĂŒĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś system will determine if poor foot UĂŠ ˜iiĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś function is causing pain or UĂŠ ÂœĂœĂŠ >VÂŽĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś UĂŠiiÂ?ĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜Âś discomfort in the rest of your body. UĂŠ-Â…ÂˆÂ˜ĂŠ-ÂŤÂ?ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒĂƒÂś No charge Assessment. Orthotics/Knee Braces covered by most health care plans.
Specializing in Custom Orthotics and Knee Bracing www.performancemedgroup.com 309 Park Street, Brockville 613-498-1661
HARDWOOD FLOORING
->˜`ˆ˜}ĂŠU-ĂŒ>ˆ˜ˆ˜} Â˜ĂƒĂŒ>Â?Â?>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠU,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€Ăƒ *>ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒi`ĂŠ7œœ`ĂŠÂ?ÂœÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ,ivÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…i`ĂŠ ˆŽiĂŠ iĂœtĂŠ
IF YOU WANT THE BEST CALL THE BEST! 40 YEARS EXPERIENCE Free Estimates Wally (613) 278-0699 Toll free 1-877-766-6601
MASONRY
MIXED HARDWOOD FOR SALE IN LENGTHS OR 16� ORDER NOW! GOING FAST! *We Purchase Standing Timber
HOME INSULATION
CLEAR CUT OR THINNING 26"-*5:803,t1":501%0--"3
Tel.: 613-258-5290 Cell: 613-229-0724 R.R. #3 Merrickville, ON K0G 1N0
UĂŠ-ÂŤĂ€>ĂžĂŠÂœ>“ÊUĂŠ Â?ÂœĂœÂ˜ĂŠ iÂ?Â?Ă•Â?ÂœĂƒiĂŠUĂŠ >Ăƒi“iÂ˜ĂŒĂƒĂŠUĂŠ7>Â?Â?Ăƒ UĂŠÂˆĂ€ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiÀÊUĂŠ/Â…iÀ“>Â?ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiÀÊUĂŠÂˆLiĂ€}Â?>ĂƒĂƒĂŠ >ĂŒĂŒĂƒ ĂŠU Ă€>ĂœÂ?ĂƒÂŤ>ViĂƒĂŠUĂŒĂŒÂˆVĂƒĂŠUĂŠ Ă€ÂˆÂ?Â?ĂŠEĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?ĂŠ,iĂŒĂ€ÂœwĂŒĂƒ &2%% %34)-!4%3 s 2%3)$%.4)!, s #/--%2#)!, s ).$5342)!, www.ComfortZoneInsulation.ca
ARLEN GAYLORD PERTH, ON 613-267-0066
UĂŠ-ÂŤĂ€>ĂžĂŠÂœ>“ UĂŠĂŒĂŒÂˆVĂŠ1ÂŤ}Ă€>`iĂƒ
613-843-1592 Toll Free 1-855-843-1592 www.insultech.ca
iÂ˜ĂŠ iÂˆĂŒVÂ…
Ă€iiĂŠ ĂƒĂŒÂˆÂ“>ĂŒiĂƒ
STORAGE
V ABO
Specializing in:
UĂŠ/Â…iÀ“>Â?ĂŠ >Ă€Ă€ÂˆiĂ€ UĂŠ VÂœ >ĂŒĂŒĂƒ
Custom Home Specialists
LL EA
UĂŠÂ˜ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠEĂŠ Ă?ĂŒiĂ€ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂŠ*>ÂˆÂ˜ĂŒÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ Ă€ĂžĂœ>Â?Â?ĂŠ Âœ>Ă€`ˆ˜}]ĂŠ/>ÂŤÂˆÂ˜}]ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ÂˆĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠ-ĂŒÂˆÂŤÂŤÂ?iĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€ĂŠ UĂŠÂ?Â?ĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒii` Ă•Â?Â?ĂžĂŠÂ˜ĂƒĂ•Ă€i`
UĂŠ7>ĂŒiĂ€ÂŤĂ€ÂœÂœvˆ˜} Specializing UĂŠ-ĂŒĂ€Ă•VĂŒĂ•Ă€>Â?ĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€Ăƒ in Foundation UĂŠĂŠÂœĂ•ĂƒiĂŠ iĂ›iÂ?ˆ˜}ĂŠĂŠ Restoration EĂŠ,>ÂˆĂƒÂˆÂ˜} UĂŠĂŠ œ˜VĂ€iĂŒiĂŠÂœĂ•Â˜`>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ĂƒĂŠĂŠ EĂŠĂŠ œ˜VĂ€iĂŒiĂŠ Â?ÂœVÂŽĂŠÂœĂ•Â˜`>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜Ăƒ
LAWN TRACTORS
CERTIFIED PROFESSIONAL 30 YEARS EXPERIENCE
For free estimates call
THE FOUNDATION SPECIALIST
INSULATION
MASONPRO +Ă•>Â?ÂˆĂŒĂžĂŠ7ÂœĂ€ÂŽÂ“>Â˜ĂƒÂ…ÂˆÂŤĂŠĂ•>Ă€>Â˜ĂŒii` ,i>ĂƒÂœÂ˜>LÂ?iĂŠ,>ĂŒiĂƒĂŠUĂŠĂ•Â?Â?ĂžĂŠÂ˜ĂƒĂ•Ă€i`
WET BASEMENT?
F
McKAY SHEET METAL EĂŠ,"" -ˆ˜ViÊ£™ÇÎ
UĂŠĂƒÂŤÂ…>Â?ĂŒĂŠ-…ˆ˜}Â?iĂƒĂŠUĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ĂŠ-…ˆ˜}Â?iĂƒĂŠUĂŠ,ˆLĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ĂŠ UĂŠÂ?>ĂŒĂŠ,œœw˜}ĂŠUĂŠ iVÂŽĂŠ7>ĂŒiÀÊ*Ă€ÂœÂœw˜} ,œœvĂŠ Âœ>ĂŒÂˆÂ˜}Ăƒ
(613) 259-5766 >�\ÊÓx™‡Î{Ó£ RR 2, Lanark, Ont.
Website: www.mckayroofing.ca
Tom Long Painting • Metal Roofs • Rusted and Faded Steel • Aluminum and Vinyl Siding • Also Roof Repairs
613-283-8475
4th Generation Experience TREE SERVICE
Family Tree Service
We pride ourselves on our professional services at reasonable prices. Licensed and Insured FREE Estimates UĂŠĂ•Â?Â?ĂŠ>Ă€LÂœĂ€ÂˆĂƒĂŒĂŠĂƒiĂ€Ă›ÂˆViĂƒ UĂŠ >ĂƒĂŒiÀÊ/Ă€iiĂŠ Â?ˆ“LiĂ€ĂŠÂœÂ˜ĂŠĂƒÂˆĂŒi UĂŠ-ÂŤiVˆ>Â?ÂˆĂ˘ÂˆÂ˜}ĂŠÂˆÂ˜ĂŠ`>˜}iĂ€ÂœĂ•ĂƒĂŠĂŒĂ€iiĂŠĂ€iÂ“ÂœĂ›>Â? UĂŠ-ĂŒÂœĂ€Â“ĂŠ >“>}i UĂŠ>ĂƒĂŒĂŠĂ€Âˆi˜`Â?ĂžĂŠĂƒiĂ€Ă›ÂˆVi UĂŠ-iÂ˜ÂˆÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ ÂˆĂƒVÂœĂ•Â˜ĂŒ
16621 Highway #7 Across from Hinton Dodge Chrysler
Perth Various sizes available Call for details 613-267-1559 Business hours www.perthstorage.ca
WELDING
BELL’S Machining, Welding & Hydraulics
"vwVi\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡Ă“Ă‡n‡äÎ{nĂŠĂŠ iÂ?Â?\ĂŠĂˆÂŁĂŽÂ‡n£Ó‡Î£n{
WELL DRILLING 613-267-1965
+++ ""(# $ $ %#
7iÂ?`ˆ˜}ĂŠEĂŠ iĂŒ>Â?ĂŠ>LĂ€ÂˆV>ĂŒÂˆÂœÂ˜ ÂÂ?Ă•Â“ÂˆÂ˜Ă•Â“ĂŠEĂŠ-ĂŒ>ˆ˜Â?iĂƒĂƒĂŠ-ĂŒiiÂ?ÂŽ Ăž`Ă€>Ă•Â?ˆVĂŠ-Ă•ÂŤÂŤÂ?ˆiĂƒĂŠ UĂŠ*Ă€ÂœÂŤiÂ?Â?iÀÊEĂŠ-ÂŽi}ĂŠ,iÂŤ>ÂˆĂ€ ÂœLˆÂ?iĂŠ7iÂ?`ˆ˜}ĂŠ UĂŠÂˆĂ€iĂœÂœÂœ`ĂŠ*Ă€ÂœViĂƒĂƒÂœĂ€ĂƒĂŠ Óä{{ĂŠ,Âœ}iĂ€ĂƒĂŠ,`°Ê *iĂ€ĂŒÂ…]ĂŠ" ĂŠĂŠ ÇÊ£*™
Water
WINDOWS & DOORS
Well Drilling *Ă€iĂƒĂƒĂ•Ă€iĂŠĂ€ÂœĂ•ĂŒÂˆÂ˜}
Wilf Hall & Sons 613-278-2933
Winston King 613-267-1565
WINDOWS & DOORS Sales Associate
1-888-878-2969 Cell 613-223-5082 www.wilfhallandsons.com V œ˜>Â?`ĂƒĂŠ ÂœĂ€Â˜iĂ€Ăƒ
THE EMC - 35 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
at xnĂŠLLÂœĂŒĂŒĂŠ-ĂŒÂ°] -Â“ÂˆĂŒÂ…ĂƒĂŠ>Â?Â?Ăƒ
613-283-2211 s r
r
REACH OVER 43,000 HOMES EVERY WEEK! FOR AS LITTLE AS $39/WEEK Call: 613-283-3182 or 1-800-267-7936 extension 184 Fax: 613-283-9988 Email: [email protected] (Attention Cheryl) DEADLINE IS THURSDAY BY NOON
ANNIVERSARY
BIRTHDAY
T hank you!
HAPPY 40TH ANNIVERSARY Dad and Mom Wayne and Noreen 50th Anniversary Celebration Saturday August 10, 2013 North Grenville Municipal Centre 1 – 4 pm The family of Margaret and Aaron Scott wish to invite you to join them as they celebrate 50 years of marriage. It is Marg and Aaron’s wish that there be no gifts but if you would like to make a donation to the Parkinson’s Society, there will be an opportunity to do so.
HAPPY 60TH WEDDING ANNIVERSARY Mom & Dad (Pauline and Norman Hall) From all your family COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
Love Tommy, Christina and Riley, Melissa, Darcy and Kaitlyn Amanda and Laurie Trevor, Erin, Hunter and Hayden
HAPPY 70TH ANNIVERSARY Stan and Shirley Young (Married August 5, 1943) Much love and best wishes from all your family. Friends are invited to join us in a celebration gathering in honor of our parents. Sunday August 11, 2013 2-4 PM Perthshire Community Centre 27 Lally Lane, Perth Best Wishes only. BIRTHDAY
25TH WEDDING ANNIVERSARY Tom and Colleen Webb Formerly of Perth, will be celebrating their 25th Anniversary Tuesday, August 6. They will be in Perth celebrating their special day with family. They now reside in Ohio. COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
HAPPY 80TH BIRTHDAY August 2, 2013 Jim Crain With love Marguerite and family COMING MARRIAGE
COMING MARRIAGE
BIRTHDAY
On behalf of the Sylvania Lodge Campers Association we would like to thank the following organizaions for the prize donations for our Annual Kids Fishing Derby: Dairy Queen, Perth; Tim Horton’s, Hwy 7, Perth; McDonalds Restaurant, Perth; Giant Tiger, Perth; Canadian Tire, Smiths Falls; Hill General Store, McDonalds Corners.
BIRTHDAY
Have You Met Our Brother? He is the Bestest Brother Ever There is no other like our brother Regardless of time or weather he is there Either building, towing, repairing Our brother stops and gives a helping hand We are proud to call you our Brother. HAPPY 50th BIRTHDAY ARNOLD GIPSON August 1, 1963 Debbie, Cindy, Penny, Jo-Anne, Yvonne, Lisa
HAPPY “3rd” BIRTHDAY to Mya Joan Truelove Aug. 7th, 2013 Love Grammie and Grampie Truelove (Sue and Terry) xoxo
ENGAGEMENT
ENGAGEMENT
Ain’t it nifty Look who���s fifty HAPPY BIRTHDAY Ryan Tate! IN MEMORIAM
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Surrounded by close family and friends, Mark Lafreniere, son of Louis and Linda Lafreniere will be taking the hand of Angela Laming, daughter of Gerald and Claire Laming. An outdoor gathering will take place August 3rd, 2013, 3:00 p.m., in Carleton Place with their children Damian and Dominique by their sides.
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Sharon and Terry O’Keefe (Almonte) are pleased to announce the forthcoming marriage of their son Sean, to Samantha McKenzie (Lynn Lake, Manitoba) daughter of Colleen McKenzie. The marriage will take place September 21, 2013 in Beausejour, Manitoba. Congratulations Sean and Sam from the O’Keefe, Robertson and McKenzie families. Looking forward to the celebration!
Preece/Hulan Alivia is thrilled to announce the forthcoming marriage of her Mommy and Daddy, Brittany Preece to Craig Hulan taking place on August 17, 2013, 5 p.m. at the Heritage House Museum, Smiths Falls. A reception will follow at the Curling Club, also in Smiths Falls. Friends and family are welcome to join. THE EMC - 36 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
BELL-SCHARF Joe and Linda Bell along with Kevin and Debbie Scharf are pleased to announce the engagement of their daughter and son Tracy Bell to Shawn Scharf. A Fall wedding is planned
WEDDING Homestyle Ceremonies. Choose your location and have a meaningful relationship-based ceremony designed just for you. Judie Diamond, 613-375-6772. [email protected] www.judiediamond.ca
FLEMING, Donald- In loving memory of a dear brother, brother-in-law and uncle who passed away July 28, 2012. A little tribute small and tender, Just to say we still remember. Forever in our hearts, Brothers, Sisters, Sisterin-laws, Nieces and Nephews.
COMING MARRIAGE
Kayla Christine Morrison graduated on
June 17, 2013
FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE McDougall/Green Proud parents Heather McDougall, Hal McDougall (Donna) and Deb and John Green are pleased to announce the unionization of Jamie and Nicolas. Wedding vows will be exchanged on Saturday, August 31st, 2013 at 3 p.m., at the Smiths Falls Golf and Country Club. Reception to follow at 8pm.
PAMELA FLATT Holly and Dave are pleased to announce the graduation of their daughter Pam from Conestoga College in Kitchener. Pam graduated with a diploma in the Hearing Instrument Specialist Program. Pam is currently employed at Capital Audiology in Kanata and Almonte. Congratulations Pam We are so proud of you Love Mom, Dad and Megan
GRADUATION Doug and Marion Walker are proud to announce the graduation of their son Michael from Algonquin College with the Advanced Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology. Michael is the younger brother of Catie from Calgary, Alberta, the youngest grandson of Marjorie and the late Howard Walker of Lombardy and the late Art and Mary Doyle of Smiths Falls. Mike has accepted an Inspector position with the IBI Group of Ottawa. Well done Mike.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Congratulations for receiving with honours, your Bachelor’s Degree of Applied Science in Kinesiology from the University of Guelph. Also receiving a diploma in Fitness and Health Promotion from the Humber Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning. You did it! We are all so proud of you. Good luck in your future endeavors. With love and admiration from your family.
ANNOUNCEMENT ANNOUNCEMENT
RETIREMENT
RETIREMENT
KELFORD-WATSON REUNION Saturday August 10 Noon-6 p.m. Robertson Lake Park, Lavant, ON Potluck 4:30 p.m. Bring family photos and lawnchair
CARD OF THANKS
CARD OF THANKS
CONGRATULATIONS Stephanie Lee James Daughter of Jo-Anne and the late David sister of Laura and granddaughter of Jackie and Paul Smith Graduated on June 11, 2013 from Guelph University with a Bachelor of Applied Science, Honour Program degree. She will be attending Queens University in September for her Bachelor of Education. Your family is so proud of you! IN MEMORIAM
The family of Frank (Francis Roland) Bresee would like to thank family, friends and neighbours for all their donations, cards, flowers, food and visitation at the funeral home. We would also like to thank at this time, the Westport and Rideau Lakes volunteer personnel, Dr. Roberts, all the home care support as well as Nurses and Doctors at Ottawa Civic, Perth and Smiths Falls and Kingston General Hospitals. Rideau Ferry Retirement Home and Kingston Extendicare provided the best care for Frank. Thanks also to the Lions Club Members for the use of the mobility bus. The family would also like to thank the honorary and active pall bearers, Minister Mary Wright, organist Jan Neal, soloist Mike Freeman, Dave, Roger and staff at Scotland Funeral Home and the support of the Newboro United Church and all its members for meals the day of the visitation and funeral. All the support of these people plus all of Frank’s past friends has made this grieving time a little easier. The Bresee family
MURRAY - In memory of Michele, who passed away July 31, 2012. I’m sad today. Love Aunt Mel
PYNDUS, Peter- Who passed away on August 17, 1974. We often think of days gone by When we were all together, A shadow o’er our lives has cast, Our loved one gone forever. Always in our heart..... Kay and Jennie
IN MEMORIAM ROBBINS- In loving memory of our dearest parents Leon and Aurelia, sister Leona, brothers Sanford and Arnold. We miss you now, Our hearts are sore. As time goes by we miss you more. Those loving smiles, your gentle faces, No one else can take your places. Lovingly remembered always, Vivian, Pauline and Joyce.
Memorial Celebration for Helen Marie Young (nee Coughlin) Friends and family are invited to share the life and their memories of this wonderful woman. Toledo Legion Hall Thursday, August 8, 2013 6-10 p.m.
A Celebration of Life Richard A. Salt This is an invitation to join family and friends to celebrate the life of Richard Salt. A man who lived life to the fullest giving back through working with the students at PDCI for 32 years as well as to his community for 42 years in a variety of ways, until he moved out west with his wife Margaret in search of new adventures! Always quick to lend a hand and to play a joke, ‘Tricky Dicky” was a well-respected educator who was known for his firm hand yet fairness in class, the numerous sports teams he coached to championships and his contributions to the Men’s Twilight league at the Perth Golf course. His teaching, guidance, laughter and love will be greatly missed. Please join us on August 7th from 2pm – 4pm at the Links O’ Tay Golf Course for some light refreshments, some stories and some laughter, just what Dad would have wanted!
THE EMC - 37 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CLASSIFIED DEADLINE CHANGE
CL431057_0725
PIERMAN/BROWN FORTHCOMING MARRIAGE Don and Kelly Pierman together with Doug and Mary Brown are thrilled to announce the engagement and forthcoming marriage of their children, Sarah and Mike. The wedding will take place on Saturday, August 17, 2013 in Picton, Ontario.
Due to the Civic Holiday (August 5) the EMC Classified Advertising Deadline for the August 8 issue will be Friday, August 2, 4 pm
1-888-967-3237 (613) 283-3182
RIDING INTO RETIREMENT! August 1, 2013 Congratulations Diane, from Brooke, the kids and all the gang at Christie Lake! IN MEMORIAM THOM, MargaretIn memory of Aunt Margaret who passed away August 6th, 2004. Memories are forever..... Lovingly remembered by Marjorie and family
CARD OF THANKS
Ronald Yuill Message of Thanks The Yuill Family, Caroline, Brian and Darleen, wish to thank the following individuals and institutions for the care of Ron throughout his final, and most difficult times. First, for the excellent care provided by our family practitioner, Dr. Stephen Walker, we wish to extend a heartfelt ‘Thanks’. Ron had great admiration for Dr. Walker over the many years he received support and aide, and, to the end, that respect and faith never faltered. And of course, for coordinating our meetings with the good doctor, a profound ‘Thank You’ to his assistant, Nurse Bev McNeely. We would also like to extend a thank you to all the doctors and nurses who cared for Ron during his extended stay in the Carleton Place and District Hospital, as well as to the doctors and nurses who cared for Ron during recent stays in Almonte Hospital. In addition, we would like to thank members of the CCAC team who enabled Ron to stay home up to and including his time of passing. Specifically, Lisa, Case Manager, Sara and Amanda, Home Nurses, Ruth and Judy, primary Support Workers assigned to Ron’s care. Finally, a warm ‘Thank You’ to Reg Gamble and all the staff of the CR Gamble Funeral Home for ensuring that Ron’s and his family’s wishes were met in the final act of care for Ron. For those who gave flowers, donations and brought food to the family, we are very appreciative. Thanks to the Pallbearers and to the friends and family who extended condolences. Ron’s life was enriched by you all and his family has been humbled by the depth of your caring.
DEATH NOTICE
DEATH NOTICE
Moore Donna Christine Moore
Surrounded by her family, Donna passed away in hospital in Perth following a courageous battle with cancer on Tuesday July 23rd, 2013 at the age of 61 years. She was the cherished wife of Bill, dear mother and grandmother of Jodi (Kevin) Dowdall and their family Tyler, Bradie and Reid and Karen (Brad) Dowdall and their family Blayre and Landon; devoted aunt to her many nieces, nephews, great nieces and great nephews. She will be sadly missed by sisters Dianne (Murray) Gilpin and Heather (Earl) Gemmill, brothers-in-law Arnold Martin and Francis Wallace, her mother-inlaw Marion (Blair) Moore, brother-inlaw Neil (Gail) Moore, sister-in-law Pat (Paul) Dowdall, all her family and many friends. Donna was predeceased by her parents Margaret (MacLellan) and Arthur Cobb and brothers and sisters Ellen, Murray and Frank Cobb, Phyllis (Francis) Wallace and Betty (Bill) Buffam and her father-in-law Harry Moore. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St W., Perth on Friday July 26th, 2013 from 2:00 to 4:00 and 6:00 to 8:00 P.M. Funeral service was held in the Chapel Saturday at 10:00 A.M. Interment, Zealand Anglican Cemetery. In remembrance, contributions to Cystic Fibrosis Foundation would be appreciated.. Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
DEATH NOTICE
DEATH NOTICE
Perkins
(Died July 27, 2013) Peacefully in hospital, Carleton Place on Saturday, July 27, 2013, in his 95th year. Loving husband of the late Edie. Proud father of the late Peter (Les) and David (Kelly). Dear grandpa of Adam (Nelly) and Megan. Brother of Betty Krasa and the late Bryant (Betty Ann). Private family arrangements at Lance’s request. Donations to the Salvation Army would be appreciated. Special thanks to Dr. Scott Higham, staff at Carleton Place Hospital, Belleville General Hospital and the Bridge Street Retirement Residence, Belleville. Arrangements in the care of the Alan R. Barker Funeral Home, 19 McArthur Avenue, Carleton Place. (613) 257-3113. www.barkerfh.com
65 Lorne St., P.O. Box 158 Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4T1
Hours Mon.-Thurs. 8 am-5 pm Fri. 8 am-4:30 pm
DEADLINE Monday 4:30 p.m. (exceptions apply due to statutory holidays) CONTACT US TO PLACE YOUR SOCIAL NOTE OR CLASSIFIED AD
(613) 283-7936 or
1-888-WORD ADS (1-888-967-3237)
Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
Boles Thomas J. Boles
(Retired Constable Smiths Falls Police Service) Tom passed away peacefully at Rosebridge Manor Easton’s Corners on Saturday, July 27, 2013 at the age of 85. Beloved husband of Evelyn Boles (Inwood-Duffy) and predeceased by his first wife Marion St. Pierre. Loved father of Darwin (Lisa) Boles and step-father of Dianne Duffy, Brian Duffy (Janice McVeety), Michelle McRae (Aldo Galletta) and Stephen (Shenda) Duffy. Sadly missed by his grandchildren Aaron, Lauren, Kristen, Christopher, Jared, Kyle, Brett and Jessica and great-grandchildren Isabella and Valentina. Dear brother of Edith (Gerald) Harris, Locinda Crawford and Roderick (Gertie) Crawford. Brother-in-law of Terry (Helen) St. Pierre, Donald St. Pierre and Marlene (Kilbourne) Crawford. Predeceased by brothers Kilbourne and Gerald Crawford and sister-in-law Lola Crawford. Fondly remembered by many nieces, nephews, cousins extended family and friends. Family and friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 112 Beckwith St. N., Smiths Falls, on Monday, July 29, 2013 from 6 to 8 p.m. Funeral service was held in the chapel on Tuesday at 11:00 a.m. Interment, Crawford Cemetery, McDonald’s Corners. In memory of Tom, donations to the Alzheimer’s Society of Lanark County would be appreciated.
DEATH NOTICE
Lance
Leanore Perkins
Leanore (Ireton) Perkins peacefully at Lanark Lodge, July 23, 2013. Leanore was predeceased by her beloved husband Christopher in 2000. Cherished mother of Eleanor (Bill) Paul, Bob (Gwen) Perkins and Arthur (Corinne) Perkins. Special grandmother of Linda (Paul) Leese, Heather (Rodney) Payne, Dave (Kathleen) Paul, Jason (Carrie) Perkins, Jenn (Cam) Pritchett, Amy (Matt) MacKenzie, Angela (Mike) Gemmill. Proud Great-Grandmother of Karl and Shawn Leese, Colton and Hayden Pritchett, Bryson and Caden Payne and Wyatt MacKenzie. Loved sister of Irene Cameron. Predeceased by her sister Lois Cassidy and her brother Harry Ireton. Survived by brother-in-law George Perkins and sisters-in-law Verna Perkins and Lillian Balfour. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St. W. Perth, on Thursday, July 25th, 2013 from 2:00 to 4:00 and 6:00 to 8:00P.M. Funeral service was held in St. Stephens Church, Brooke, Friday at 2:00P.M. Interment, St. Stephens Cemetery. In remembrance, contributions to G.W.M. Hospital Foundation or St. Stephen’s Cemetery would be appreciated. Our thanks to the Lanark Lodge staff, nurses, Dr. Tyrrell for their wonderful care of our mother during the past few years.
DEATH NOTICE
CARD OF THANKS
MILLSON, Bradley Ross
Age 43 years, Volunteer Firefighter with Enniskillen Station 5, Authorized Nuclear Operator with OPG, Pickering - Passed away suddenly as the result of an accident on Tuesday July 23, 2013. Beloved husband and best friend of Sherry. Adored Daddy of Lillie and Gregory. Dear son of Nancy & Bill Millson. Loving brother of Valerie (Steve) Jansen and Bart (Maureen) Millson. Dear son in law of Bill & Dianne Beuerman and brother in law of Raube (Bonnie) Beuerman, Ann Marie Pupulin and Mark (Paula) Beuerman. Cherished uncle of Travis, Hannah, Colin, Ellen, Quinn, Tyler, Kane, Brittney, Courtney, Kyle, Arick, Alexis, Christopher, Will & Arianna. Visitation will be held at NORTHCUTT ELLIOTT FUNERAL HOME, 53 Division St. N, Bowmanville on Sunday July 28th from 2 - 4 pm and on Monday from 2 - 4 & 7 - 9 pm. A Funeral Service will be held at TYRONE UNITED CHURCH, on Tuesday July 30th at 11 am. Interment Bethesda Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, Memorial Donations may be made to Enniskillen United Church, a Charity of your Choice or a fund towards a Memorial in Brad’s name. www.northcuttelliott.com McLEAN, Peggy - At the age of 83, Smiths Falls, passed away on July 23, 2013. A private burial was held. Survived by husband Russell McLean, daughters Jane Bejder (Leif) and Valerie McLean and loving friend Scottie. Predeceased by son Michael.
LUNAN, John “Jack” Russell In Kemptville on Thursday, July 25, 2013, John Lunan of Kemptville, age 91. Loving husband of the late Jean Elizabeth (Bette) Lunan (nee Denovan). Much loved father of Janet Sears (Carl), Jennifer Johnston (Arnie), Cathy Besharah (Peter) and Rob Lunan (Monika) all of Kemptville. Sadly missed by his grandchildren Christine, Sylvia, Alex and Sonja and great-grandchildren Meika, Tanner, Tyson, Niko and Roeg. Predeceased by grandson Simon. Visitation will be held at North Grenville Community Church, 2659 Concession Road, Kemptville on Thursday, August 1, 2013 from 10 am to 11 am, followed by Memorial Service at 11 am. Interment at Kirk Hill Cemetery. Those who wish may make memorial donations to North Grenville Community Church or a charity of choice.
THE EMC - 38 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Kenneth March 25, 1934–December 27, 2012 In memory of Kenneth Bellfountaine who passed away in Calgary, Alberta, December 27, 2012. A Celebration of Life will be held at the Royal Canadian Legion Br. 240, Almonte on August 8, 2013, 3 p.m. Ken is the late husband of Wanda Barker, brother-in-law to Faye Barker of Perth and Ian Barker of Almonte. Ken served with the Royal Canadian Dragoons in Petawawa in the 1950s, 56th RECCE Sqn. in Egypt in 1957, Fort Garry Horse 1962-1965 in Germany and retired in 1976 as a Warrant Officer with the Lord Strathcona’s Horse (RC) in Calgary after 25 years of Military service. He then worked with Toronto Dominion Bank for 23 years retiring to travel extensively with Wanda.
IN MEMORIAM
mcgarryfamily.ca 613-258-2435
McMunn Jeffrey Keith McMunn
Following a courageous battle with cancer, on Sunday, July 28th, 2013 surrounded by the love of his family Jeffrey K. McMunn at the age of 47. He will be sadly missed by his son Dustin McMunn and his daughter Taylor Brankin. He was the cherished son of Keith McMunn and was predeceased by his loving mother Kathleen E. (Playfair) McMunn in 2001. Loved brother and uncle of Allan (Lori) and their children Andrew and Elizabeth, Julie (Gary) and their children Brittany, Chelsea and Darcy Bingley and his brother Brian McMunn. He will be fondly remembered by all his friends and family. Friends were received at the Blair & Son Funeral Home, 15 Gore St. W. Perth on Wednesday, July 31st, 2013 from 2:00 to 5:00 and 6:00 to 8:00 P.M. Funeral service will be held in the Chapel on Thursday at 10:30 A.M. In remembrance, contributions to the Great War Memorial Hospital Foundation or the Canadian Cancer Society would be appreciated. Blair & Son Funeral Home, Perth (613) 267-3765 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
Blair & Son Funeral Home, Smiths Falls (613) 283-2800 to send your condolences or for further information visit www.blairandson.com
BELLFOUNTAINE
MANSON, Catharine – July 29, 2005. In our hearts you will always live Your love, your voice and your smile Are forever imprinted In our minds. Love you always. Larry, Melissa, Gillian, Matthew
GAULT – Wayne - August 5, 2003 & Anna May 22, 2004 Mom & Dad/Mapa & Pa. Though it’s been 10 years now since you were taken away, the memories are still strong and we wish you were here today. We can’t see nor touch you so we know you’re not here, but we’ve still got the past and in our hearts you’re still near. ~ Miss you deeply! Forever in our hearts. Love Always, Rob, Sam, Joanne, Dixon, Braeden and Bryson
2008 - Dohler, Mary Ann 2009 - Houston, Mary Margaret Rose August 5th 1970 - Robinson, Bessie 1986 - Houston, Mabel Alice 1991 - O’Reilly, Catherine Ann ‘Katie’ 1994 - Dohler, Carl Michael 1999 - McCurdy, Stephanie Lynn 2003 - New, Lloyd Fowler August 6th 1980 - Doolan, Muriel Frances 1984 - Rath, James Herbert ‘Herb’ 1992 - Skuffham, Edna Mary ‘Pat’ 2011 - Morgan, Jean Patricia 2011 - Hildreth, Laurence Glen August 7th 1974 - Reid, Audrey Zella 1984 - Halpenny, Isaac Edwin 1984 - Waddell, Jeanette Mary 2006 - Acheson, Samuel Robert ‘Bert’
OBITUARY
OBITUARY
McNEILL – In loving memory of a dear husband and father, James, who passed away on August 2, 2008. Dear Jim, you are forever in our hearts. Wife Claire and family
ELLIOTT, Lois E. – In loving memory of our Mom who passed away August 2, 2007. Though we cannot see you, we know you are near. We feel you around us and you wipe away our tears. Our hearts are filled with ache, as we miss you each day. But knowing the Lord is holding you, helps us smile today. Your resting place we visit and place flowers there with care. We turn and blow you kisses and walk away with only memories to share. We miss you Mom. Remembering and loving you forever Mom.
SADLER - In loving memory of a dear Mother and Grandmother, Iva Margaret Sadler, who passed away August 2, 1988. No one knows the heartaches, Only those who have lost can tell Of the grief that’s born together For the one we loved so well. Lovingly remembered by the family
DEVITT, Robert (Bob) – In loving memory of a dear husband, father and grandfather who passed away July 31, 2006. Time speeds on, Seven years have passed Since death its gloom, its shadow cast Within our home, where all seemed bright, And took from us a shining light, We miss that light and ever will, His vacant place there is none can fill. Down here we mourn, but not in vain, For up in Heaven we will meet again. Always in our thoughts and sadly missed, Lorena, Crystal, John, Meredith and Bailey
MITCHELL, Colleen – Born May 23, 1974, Perth, ON., passed away on July 21, 2013, with friends at her side following a brave and valiant battle with cancer. Her determination and positive attitude throughout was truly symbolic of who she really was. Beloved daughter to her parents, Francis and Florence Mitchell, sister to Paul Mitchell (Sylvie), and loving Aunt to Frankie and Josephine. Colleen will also be sadly missed by her loving family including her cousins Deborah (Shane), Mike (Alex) and many more. Colleen’s wonderful and dedicated friends should be commended for their constant help and support; immeasurable gratitude to Lynne Prevost and Roy Rivers (Sarnia), Michelle Vandermoer and Shannon Sengbusch (London), Krista Larouche (Lombardy), as well as her faithful Labrador Diesel. We will miss her infectious smile, witty humour and loving heart. She has been taken from us too soon and will be dearly missed. Do not stand at my grave and weep. In those quiet moments in the still of the night, Remember to rejoice and celebrate life. Do not stand at my grave and weep, I am not there; I do not sleep. I am a thousand winds that blow, I am the diamond glints on snow, I am the sunlight on ripened grain, I am the gentle autumn rain. When you awaken in the morning’s hush, I am the swift uplifting rush. Of quiet birds in circled flight, I am the soft stars that shine at night. You will hear my gentle voice and remember to rejoice, Never give up your fight and remember to always celebrate life. ~ Author unknown ~
Old Fashion Gospel Camp Meeting. Sponsor: Land of Canaan Ministries. August 2, 7 PM, August 3, 4, 10 AM, 2 PM, 7 PM, August 5, 10 AM. Long Sault Woodland Day/Use Area, 15175 Long Sault Pkwy, Ingleside, ON. Food and refreshments a v a i l a b l e . Info:613-345-2901.
Cedar (white), quality lumber, most sizes, decking, T&G, channel rustic. Also huge bundles of cedar slabs ($45) and large bags of shavings ($35). www.scoutenwhitecedar.ca (613)283-3629.
There’s Hippies Up The Line! You’ll laugh. You’ll cry. You’ll stand up and shout Hallelujah! Reserve now for Stone Fence Theatre’s new musical comedy by Ish Theilheimer and Johanna Zomers. Opens July 16, with shows in Eganville, Barry’s Bay and Killaloe. www.stonefence.ca 613-628-6600Toll-Free 1-866-310-1004.
Disability Products. Buy and Sell stair lifts, scooters, bath lifts, patient lifts, hospital beds, etc. Call Silver Cross Ottawa (613)231-3549.
Estate Sale- Round oak table/extension, 4 arrowback chairs $400; minibar, cherrywood $250; TV FOR SALE cabinet, maple $100; oak sofa table $100; recliner 1997 28’ Travelaire 5th $75. 613-259-2685. Wheel camper with tipout, good condition, Findlay Condor cook$5,700; 1989 Chev 1 ton stove, white enamel, with dump, commercially certi- warming closet and water fied, $2,650. reservoire, good firebox 613-314-9327. and grates. Asking $250. Call 613-253-0470. 2787 Stagecoach Rd., Osgoode, 821-4498, apart- Kid’s ATV, like new, askment fridge, air ing $250. Call conditioner, exercise walk- 613-253-0470. er, pictures, radio, TV. Must be sold. Lumber- Board & Batten, 1x10 in eight and ten ft. 4 Winter tires mounted on lengths at 80 cents per lin. rims. Tire size; P205/70 ft. Battens 20 cents per lin. R15 950. Tires in good ft. Also will cut to suit. Cuscondition, rims 2 years tom portable sawmilling old. Total cost, $50. Call available. (613)283-7334. 613-269-4082. Pine Lumber Sale All brands of used appli- ontariowidelumber.com ances sold (or repaired at 1x6 pine v-joint, wain your place or ours) with scotting $0.45 a liner foot, warranty and free delivery. 2x8 round log $0.99 a linWe also sell new parts for er foot, pine wood flooring most appliances. George $1.258 liner foot, 1x8 Peters Appliances, #3756 square log siding $0.59 a Hwy. 43, Smiths Falls (be- liner foot. Pine casing 1x3 tween Perth and Smiths $0.39 liner foot, many sizFalls). (613)283-8634. es and products available 613.292.9211 Apples, cider and apple products. Smyths Apple Queen size electric bed, 1 Orchard, 613-652-2477. year old, new mattress. Updates, specials and cou- Paid $8,000 will sell for $5,000. Call pons at www.smythsapples.com. 613-284-4669. Open daily 9-5. Also check Stair lift, Savaria Stair us out on Facebook! Glide, 7 step, working orBrand New Mattress Sale- der, all parts included. 200+ Beds in Stock. More Best offer. 613-257-7514. Quality Less Money. Quality Used Appliances STEEL BUILDINGS/METAL Sold with Warranty. Best BUILDINGS Up to 60% 30x40, 40x60, Price in Town! Dan Peters OFF! Sales- 3768 Hwy 43 West, 50x80, 60x100, 80x100 Smiths Falls. Open Tues- sell for balance owed! Call: day-Sunday 10 a.m.-5 1 - 8 0 0 - 4 5 7 - 2 2 0 6 p.m. Delivery Available. Af- www.crownsteelbuildter Hours Appointments ings.ca Available 613-284-1234. Vintage 1978 Honda Bristol Guitar with Tric CB550 motorbike, new styrofoam case. Brand tires, chain and brakes, new, $300. Call asking $1,000 o.b.o.; Cougar bowrider boat, motor 613-485-6776. and trailer, $500 o.b.o. Canvas canoe, wooden 613-283-4291. loading ramps, wheelbarrel with steel wheel, James FIREWOOD Brothers stove, wood box, filing cabinet (3 drawers), 100% Hardwood, cut and pool table and cues, new, split, 1 year old, hand large shop vac, shot-gun piled, delivered, no debris, shell loader, beaver traps. 14 and 16”. Summer spe613-259-5206. cials! Call 613-257-5095.
COMING EVENTS
KENNETH MOIR December 1959 - August 2009 In loving memory Yours was no ordinary life, but a life well lived and well loved and your memory offers comfort, with the enduring love we will keep alive in our hearts. We will remember the happiest moments filled with joy, and find solace in the many ways you have touched so many lives. In every heart you touched, in every life you changed, in every thought you inspired, your love lives on. Your voice still echoes, your life still inspires, your light still shines... and always will. We are blessed to have been a part of your life. Mom and Dad Darlene, David, Brittany and Brooke, Jenn
Corner whirlpool tub sold by Home Hardware, made by Maax with pump, apron and taps, seldom used, $500. Automatic washer and dryer by Frigidaire, stacking or side-by-side, $100 for the set. Contact 613-264-0205.
COMING EVENTS
Buy with confidence Reliable and affordable used vehicles Financing O.A.C.
613-267-7484
5 Generations of firewood sales, all hardwood, cut and split. Volume discount. Outdoor furnace wood also available. 613-253-8006.
www.rthomsonauto.com
MUSIC MUSIC
Firewood- Cut, split and delivered or picked up. Dry seasoned hardwood or softwood from $50/face cord. Phone Greg Knops (613)658-3358, cell (613)340-1045.
Certified piano technician, with Piano Technician’s Guild, extensive experience with tuning, repairing and rebuilding. Contact Grant Pattingale at 613-284-8333, 1-877-742-6648 or www.piano4u.ca
FIREWOOD All hardwood $85/face cord
Piano Tuner Technician for all your piano needs. Call Lionel Pauze. 1(613)278-2017.
Softwood mixed
$65/face cord Also outdoor furnace wood available & Campfire Wood Delivery available Details(613)285-1547
FIREWOOD
cut, split and delivered $330/cord Outdoor furnace wood available We deliver year ‘round. Prompt delivery
FOR SALE
R.D. EATON FARMS & EXCAVATING
s "ACKHOE AND %XCAVATOR s ,ANDCLEARING s ,ANDSCAPING s $ITCHING s 3EPTIC 3YSTEMS s 4RUCKING 275-2453 OR 802-2491
CENTRAL BOILER OUTDOOR W ES WOOD FURNACES
5,990 0
$
Delivery Del eliivery and maintenance package included included. ed Limited time offer. Instant rebates up to $1,000. THE
FURNACE BROKER
Godfrey, ON 613-374-2566
FIREWOOD! UÊ7iÊBuy/Sell Ê -Ì>`}Ê/LiÀ UÊ ÌÊ i>À} UÊ-iiVÌÊ>ÀÛiÃÌ} UÊ>À`Ü`ÊÝ UÊn½ÊÀÊ£È½Ê i}Ì
à UÊ£È»Ê ÕÌÊEÊ-«Ì
PLEASE CALL 613-259-2222 FOR PRICING COMING EVENTS
ANTIQUES & COLLECTIBLES Antiques for sale, visit our barn full of antiques. 3654 Hwy 29 North at Cedar Hill Road, Pakenham. Info: 613-794-5634 or 613-256-8937.
Hunter Safety/Canadian Fire-arms Courses and exams throughout the year. Held once a month at Carp. Call Wenda Cochran 613-256-2409.
613-267-5772
CL415120
OBITUARY
also our way of saying “thank you” to the many families who have shown confidence in us since we came to Almonte in 1973. Some families are unable to visit this book on the anniversary of the death of those they love. For this reason we are proud to publish these names weekly as our way of saying…“We Remember”.
COMING EVENTS
{ÓÓä{ÈÚ/
August 1st 1971 - Morrow, Agnes 1993 - Jeeves, Norman Rorke 2004 - McCarthy, Sean John 2006 - O’Brien, Mary Francis 2009 - Harrison, Ross Edgar August 2nd 1970 - Munro, Mary Catherine 1975 - Paterson, Clarke George 1986 - Williams, Gwillym James 1988 - Sadler, Iva Margaret 1993 - Deugo, Douglas Bruce 1979 - Munro, Gilbert George 2008 - Toogood, David John August 3rd 2004 - Blackburn, Lloyd Irvine 2011 - Garland, Arthur Peter August 4th 1971 - Wark, Laurence N. 1972 - Ingram, W. J. 1974 - Julian, Bertram Archibald ‘Bert’ 1987 - Stanley, Ross Nicol 2007 - Toogood, Alice
IN MEMORIAM
AUGUST
“WE REMEMBER” Just inside the main entrance of the C.R. Gamble Funeral Home is a book of remembrance. Each day we turn a page in the book. The names of those we have served are inscribed on that date along with the year in which they passed away. It is our way of honouring and remembering a life that was lived. It is
IN MEMORIAM
COMING EVENTS
Hunter Safety/Canadian Fire-arms Courses, Carp, September 20, 21 & 22. Call Wenda Cochran 613-256-2409.
WANTED Retired Senior has dire need for old car batteries. Making cannon balls. Will pickup. (613)258-6254. Two 225/70R15, truck tires. 613-267-6268.
light Call
VEHICLES 1979 RX7 Rotary, $6,500 firm. Rust free, stored 18 years, new tires, wheels, brakes, exhaust, rad, battery, new interior. Have all original parts. Special edition, #41 of 500 Canadian specials. 613-777-5498. 2000 CRV Honda- Red, good condition, certified. $3,850. Call 613-267-8768. 2002 Ford F150 4x4, extend-a-cab, 4.6 litres, 185,000 km, tonneau cover, box liner, $5,500. 613-283-6139. 2005 GMC 1/2 ton 1500 Series, 128,000 km, comes with certified and E-test. No rust. $9,000. 613-797-1950. 2005 Grand Am. 103,000 kms. Really good condition. $4,500 o.b.o. 613-284-4669. 2005 Pontiac Grand-Am. 4 door, automatic, certified and e-tested, $2,700. Call 613-267-4803. Assortment of used tires, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16.5. Summers, all-season and snows. Also used car parts. Gord 613-257-2498. Sedona EX full size 7 seat van, silver, 2 years old, 54,000 km, heated front seats, back up camera, remote start, tow hitch, small dent right front fender, $17,000 o.b.o. 613-284-1976.
MARINE 1 14ft. Fiberglass fishing boat. Comes with a new 8-horse, 4-stroke, Mercury outboard motor. Also comes with trailer and extras. $3,500 firm. Excellent condition. 613-283-8107. CLR455156
IN MEMORIAM
FARM
FARM
Waterfront Cottages Fully outfitted 2 and 3 bedroom Clean lake Sandy Beach, Quiet, Relaxing Great fishing www.whitecedars.ca 613-649-2255
1963 Neufeld tractor 460, 60 h.p. diesel, p.s., loader, p.t.o. $3,000. 613-272-2525.
New price $15,950. 685 Case International tractor, 70 h.p., 4 WD, with cab, only 3,600 hrs, #2255 Case loader 8’ wide, 8’ grader, tires 75-80%. LoDairy herd person re- cation outside Maberly. quired. 613-258-9189 or Call 613-724-9096. Email: [email protected]
VEHICLES VEHICLES
Windows not functioning? Computer running slow? Viruses, malware, blue screen? Come into Staples today for a Total Repair service.
23 WHELAN STREET, WESTPORT
2010 Toyota Tacoma Ext Cab 4x4
No upcharges, no hidden fees.
FOR SALE
Staples SMITHS FALLS 613-283-3200 ext 236 FOR SALE
Staples 302 Colonnade Dr. KEMPTVILLE 613-258-5900
5spd 41km White CL433473_0801
FOR SALE
FOR SALE
Network ADVERTISING LOOKING FOR NEW BUSINESS and added revenue? Promote your company in Community Newspapers across Ontario right here in these Network Classified Ads or in business card-sized ads in hundreds of wellread newspapers. Let us show you how. Ask about our referral program. Ontario Community Newspapers Association. Contact Carol at 905639-5718 or Toll-Free 1-800-387-7982 ext. 229. www.networkclassified.org
CAREER TRAINING
HEALTH
1 in 5 Canadians will experience a mental health issue in their lifetime Mental Health Helpline 1-866-531-2600 www.MentalHealthHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Mental Health Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter
PART-TIME JOBS - Make your own schedule, sell chocolate bars to make $$$, decide where and when you sell, start and stop when you want. Tel: 1-800-383-3589. www.chocolatdeluxe.com
MORTGAGES $$$ 1st, 2nd, 3rd MORTGAGES Debt Consolidation, Refinancing, R e n o v a t i o n s , Ta x A r r e a r s , n o CMHC fees. $50K you pay $208.33/ month (OAC). No income, bad credit, power of sale stopped!! BETTER OPTION MORTGAGES, CALL TODAY Toll-Free 1-800-282-1169, www.mortgageontario.com (LIC# 10969).
613-259-2222 – Shop & Mobile Service
2728 Drummond Conc. 9A, Balderson
FOR SALE
FOR SALE
NH 256 rake; JD 2350 FWD loader; Ford 5000 loader; MF 135 diesel; Case compact FWD loader backhoe. 613-223-6026.
Packaged Wood Shavings 3 cu.ft. Bale -----------100 gallon Rubbermaid Stock Tanks $120. (613)253-5238 www.littleironhorsefarm.com
TOM’S CUSTOM AIRLESS PAINTING Specializing in roof barn & aluminum/ vinyl siding painting *30 years experience. *Screw nailing and roof repairs. Insured and Bonded Free Estimates (613)283-8475
EMC Classifieds Get Results! FARM
PATTEMORE
CL426496_0620
TIRE & REPAIR Steve Pattemore Athens, Ontario Specializing in Farm Tires
Tandem Hay Wagon, has new flat bed. Diesel Farm tractor, 45 HP. Husqvarna chainsaw, leather horse collars, lawn mower. 613-283-8231.
613-924-2225
WANTED
#1 HIGH SPEED INTERNET $32.95/Month
WA N T E D : O L D T U B E A U D I O EQUIPMENT. 40 years or older. Amplifiers, Stereo, Recording and Theatre Sound Equipment. Hammond organs. Any condition, no floor model consoles. Call Toll-Free 1-800-9470393 / 519-853-2157.
TRUE PSYCHICS! For Answers call now 24/7 Toll Free 1-877-3423036; Mobile #4486; http://www.true psychics.ca.
Absolutely no ports are blocked Unlimited Downloading Up to 11Mbps Download 800Kbps Upload
DATING SER9ICE. Long-term/shortterm relationships, free to try! 1-877297-9883. Talk with single ladies. Call #7878 or 1-888-534-6984. Talk now! 1-866-311-9640 or #5015. Meet local single ladies. 1-877-804-5381. (18+)
FINANCIAL SERVICES
www.acanac.ca or CALL TOLL-FREE: 1-866-281-3538 SAWMILLS from only $4,897 - MAKE MONEY SA9E MONEY with your own bandmill - Cut lumber any dimension. In stock ready to ship. FREE Info D9D: www.NorwoodSawmills.com/400OT 1-800-566-6899 Ext:400OT.
Guaranteed 40hr. Work Week + Overtime
Excellent Benefits Package Must be able to have extended stays away from home. Up to 6 months. Must have valid AZ, DZ, 5, 3, or 1 with airbrake license and have previous commercial driving experience. Apply at: www.sperryrail.com/ careers and then choose the FastTRACK Application. LAIDLAW CARRIERS 9AN DI9ISION requires experienced AZ licensed drivers to run the U.S. Premium mileage rate. Home weekly. New equipment. Also hiring Owner Operators. 1-800-263-8267
WORLD CLASS CRUISING CLOSE TO HOME! Summer Cruise Specials On Selected Cruise Dates of 3 and 6 Nights SAVE $100 pp / $200 pp Phone Now For Details CRUISES INCLUDE: SHORE E;CURSIONS GREAT MEALS NIGHTLY ENTERTAINMENT AND MUCH MORE… StLawrenceCruiseLines.com
Paid Travel Lodging 4 Weeks 9acation
VACATION/TRAVEL
AZ, DZ, 5, 3 or 1 w/ Airbrake
Meal Allowance
CL431177_0801
ALWAYS THE THIRD WHEEL at summer parties, BBQ’s and family gatherings? Always at home alone? CALL MISTY RI9ER INTRODUCTIONS TODAY! (613)257-3531, www.mistyriverintros.com. No computer required.
AN ALBERTA OILFIELD Company is hiring dozer and excavator operators. Lodging and meals provided. Drug testing required. Call (780) 723-5051 Edson, Alta.
MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION RATED #2 FOR AT-HOME JOBS
EMPLOYMENT OPPS.
s #OMPLETE (YDRAULIC Supplies & Service s $IESEL Engine 2EBUILDING s 7ELDING
New tractor parts- 1000s parts, specializing in engine rebuild kits, clutches. Super savings. Service manuals. Our 39th year. Brighton. www. diamondfarmtractorparts.com 613-475-1771, 1-800-481-1353.
For more information contact your local newspaper.
HELP WANTED
ENROLL TODAY! www.canscribe.com 1.800.466.1535 [email protected]
s All Mechanical Repairs: Cars, Trucks, Trailers & Heavy Equipment s #OMPLETE #UMMINS #!4 %NGINE $IAGNOSTIC 2EPAIR s !IR #ONDITIONING s 4RANSMISSION Final Drives, Differentials
FARM
ADVERTISE ACROSS ONTARIO OR ACROSS THE COUNTRY!
DRIVERS WANTED
Student loans and financing options Graduates aged 19 - 72 years young! High graduate employment rate
E&S AUTOMOTIVE
Staples CARLETON PLACE 613-253-2400 ext 236
613-273-9200
VEHICLES
FARM
Want to talk to someone about gambling problems? Ontario Problem Gambling Helpline 1-888-230-3505 www.ProblemGamblingHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Ontario Problem Gambling Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter FINANCIAL WORRIES? Consolidate into one monthly payment including credit cards, taxes, collection agencies, garnishments. Stop harassing phone calls. 1-877-9770304. 24 hours Services bilingues. [email protected] MoneyProvider.com. $500 Loan and +. No Credit Refused. Fast, Easy, 100% Secure. 1-877-776-1660.
Have you become addicted to prescription medication? Drug Alcohol Helpline 1-800-565-8603 www.DrugAndAlcoholHelpline.ca Also ¿nd us at: Drug and Alcohol Helpline on Facebook or @ConnexOntario on Twitter
253 Ontario Street, Kingston, Ontario (TICO # 2168740)
STEEL BUILDINGS
BUSINESS OPPS.
STEEL BUILDINGS/METAL BUILDINGS 60% OFF! 20x28, 30x40, 40x62, 45x90, 50x120, 60x150, 80x100 sell for balance owed! Call 1-800-457-2206 www.crownsteelbuildings.ca
MAKE MONEY save lives. Work from home. No selling. Turnkey business. Invest after installation. Small initial investment. 20 hours a month. Guaranteed 100% investment return. 1-855-933-3555; www.locationfirstvending.com.
STEEL BUILDING - SIZZLING SUMMER S A9 I N G S E9ENT! 20;22 $4,188. 25;24 $4,598. 30;36 $6,876. 32;44$8,700. 40;52 $12,990. 47;70 $17,100. One end wall included. Pioneer Steel 1-800668-5422. www.pioneersteel.ca
Connect with Ontarians – extend your business reach! www.networkclassified.org THE EMC - 40 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
TOLL-FREE 1-800-267-7868
1 bedroom apartment on 2nd floor, quiet secured building in downtown Perth. Heat, water, fridge and stove included. $630 per month. References reSt. Jean’s Farrier Ser- quired 613-267-4844 9 a.m.-4 p.m. vice. 613-283-1198.
2 bedroom condo. Carleton Place. 2 levels, 4 appliances, gas fireplace, $975/month plus heat & hydro. Available September 1. No pets, Call evenings after 7 pm. 613-257-5198
Wanted to buy, horses, colts and ponies, all types. Contact Bob Perkins at (613)342-6030.
2 bedroom furnished home with access to Otter Lake. Utilities included. No pets. $985/mth. 613-283-8387.
Annual Toledo Ride-AThon is back. Save the date for Oct. 19!!!! Saddle up and check out www.saddleupintoledo.com
PETS
1 bedroom apt., Perth. Centrally located. Close to Algonquin college. Includes heat, water, fridge, stove. Non-smoking. No pets. $642/mth. Available Sept. 1. 613-257-2338.
Doggie Bed & Breakfast. In-home kennels, grooming, fenced activity park, nature walks. Lorna (613)200-1952 or (613)264-2203.
1 bedroom. Central Smiths Falls, ground floor, heat, hydro, water, fridge, stove, parking included. Ideal single/couple. $875/month. Non-smoker. 613-283-4204.
Pyrenees pups, purebred (no papers), ready to go, 3 females, 3 males. Reasonably priced. 613-258-9189. Set your dog free with a Dogwatch Hidden Fence System. Service and installation of any system. 1(800)647-3307. www.dogwatchontario.ca
MORTGAGES Mortgage Solutions Purchases, Consolidations, Construction. Lower than bank posted rates (OAC) On-Site Private Funds for credit issues, discharged bankrupts and BFS without proven income. Chase Financial 1-613-384-1301 Chase Financial o/b 835289 Ontario Inc. Brokerage License #10876
2 Bedroom Mobile home, 1 km from Perth, 4 appliances included, heat & hy1 bedroom upstairs apt. dro extra. $750/month. Central location, Carleton Available immediately. Place. Fridge and stove in- 613-278-0620. cluded. First and last months rent and good ref- 2 bedroom quiet 11 unit erences required. $650 adult building. Hardwood, plus heat and hydro. No ceramic, new bathroom reno., upstairs, non-smokpets. 613-257-4627. ing, no dogs. Heated $795. 1/2 double, 3 bedrooms, Aug. 1. 613-285-4001, Smiths Falls. First/last 613-283-0921. rent. Tenant pays heat (gas) + hydro. No pets. 2 bedroom split level apt. Newly renovated. Perth. Available Aug. 1. In$900/month. Available im- cludes gas heat, fridge, mediately. References re- stove, hot water, laundry, parking, yard. Hydro extra. quired. 613-283-7665. Some electric heat. 2 bedroom, 2nd floor $700/mth. 613-267-6666. apartment, downtown Perth. Includes: fridge, 3 bedroom home, Smiths stove, hot water, parking Falls. Fridge, stove, heat hydro included. and yard. $625/month and plus hydro (electric heat). $1,200/month. Call Perry Available September 1. 613-284-4191 at Weagle Realty Ltd. Brokerage. 613-267-6666. 2 Bedroom Apartment, $950/month, all inclusive. Call 613-283-7497. 2 bedroom apartment in Perth, fridge and stove in-
COMMERCIAL RENT cluded, $795 plus hydro. Carleton Place, commercial space for rent, available Feb 2014, 760 sq. ft. $665 plus utilities. Good location, 154 Beckwith St. Carleton Place, 613-257-5711. Perth- Storefront or office in small downtown stripmall with off-street parking. Approx., 730 sq. ft. with possible/additional storage space. $475/monthly + GST and hydro. 613-267-4935. Prime Commercial Space for lease in downtown Perth, corner of Gore St., and Foster St. 950 sq. ft., large windows for displays and light. Call 613-267-6115.
Call 613-267-6115. 2 bedroom apartment in Smiths Falls, fridge, stove, washer and dryer included. $825 plus heat and hydro. Call 613-267-6115. 2 bedroom apt. Available Sept. 1st. Edgetown Apts., Kemptville. References required. 613-264-8439. 2 bedroom apt. for rent. 41 Sunset Blvd Perth, Ont. Available July 1st/2013. Call Bud at 613-267-0567. 2 bedroom apts., Perth. New appliances. Recently renovated. Downtown. Hydro extra. $800/mth. Jill (613)552-0035.
2 bedroom condo apartment, $990/month plus Store front retail space. hydro, available immediExcellent location, down- ately, pet free. 15 Findley town Carleton Place, near Ave., Carleton Place. Very town hall. 613-867-1905. clean. 613-451-3451.
PETS
2 bedroom half house, 60 Victoria Ave., Smiths Falls, off street parking, no pets, $750/month plus utilities. 613-283-2266.
PETS
FOR RENT Carleton Place, apartment downtown, stairs, first/last month rent, references, no smoking, no pets. 613-867-1905.
Perth- 2 bedroom apartment. Stove, fridge, washer and dryer. Parking, electric heat, no pets, 4 unit building, west end. $ 8 7 5 / m o n t h . Code Apartments. Smiths 613-267-3534. Falls. Spacious, bright, 2 bedroom in clean, quiet, Perth, 2 bedroom bungaadult building. Fridge, low with attached garage stove, parking, laundry fa- on Cul de sac, 4 applianccilities. (613)283-7779. es, heat, water, lawn care included. $1,300/month. Colonel By Luxury adult 613-223-8287. apartments. Close to County Fair Mall in Perth. Available immediSmiths Falls. Air condi- ately. 2 bedroom aparttioning, exercise room, ment in security building. party room, library and $650/month plus utilities. 613-283-7000. elevator. 613-283-9650.
FOR RENT
PERSONAL
Studio furnished loft apt. Rideau Ferry. Ideal for 1. Alcoholics Anonymous Utilities included. BBQ, (613)284-2696. balcony, deck & dock available. $880/mth. Available Aug. 1. Are you concerned about someone’s drinking? 613-267-2091. There is help available for Two bedroom apartment in you in AL-ANON/Alateen. 613-284-6100, Frankville. $750 plus hydro. Call 272-3105, Available immediately. Call 257-3138, 203-3713, 826-2566, 613-213-1772. 283-5038.
STORAGE
Overeaters Anonymous 613-264-5158
Franktown area. Single car garage. $100/mth. Loft True Psychics $75/mth. 613-283-8387. For Answers CALL NOW Toll FREE Storage, 8’x20’, 8’ high, 24/7 160 sq. ft., Kemptville. 1-877-342-3032 Mobile: www.truepsyPerth- bright 2 bedroom $ 6 0 / m o n t h . #4486 chics.ca secure apt., balcony. Close 613-658-3459. to pool. Parking, laundry on site. No dogs. Available REAL ESTATE LOST & FOUND Sept. 1. 613-267-6940.
Downtown Perth- Large 1 bedroom apt. Laundry facilities. Water included. Quiet building. Nonsmoking. $650/mth. September 1. Perth, near downtown, 2+ 613-264-0464. bedrooms. Heat, hydro included, no pets, Fairly new, large, 3 bed- $ 8 9 0 / m o n t h . room house in Kemptville, 613-267-4935. hydro, gas, water included. $1,300/month. Perth small 2 br house 15 613-258-7931. min from town. Quiet rural setting. $750/mo utilities Furnished bedroom in pri- (about $200) extra. vate home, Perth, for em- Call/text 613-390-0767 ployed professional. Share email [email protected] kitchen/living space with owner. Parking, laundry, Room for rent in Carleton wireless, heat included. No Place, walking distance to pets. No smoking. shopping, hospital and $ 4 5 0 / m o n t h . schools. Non-smoker. 613-326-0518. 613-257-2544.
In the country, minutes from Perth. Spacious totally renovated 2 bedroom unit, $750/month plus utilities. Available immedi3 bedroom house fur- ately. First and last renished. Mississippi Lake, quired. Danielle Carleton Place. Sept.-June. 613-464-3506. $1,100/mth. plus utilities. 613-257-7334. Kemptville- 2 bedroom upstairs apt. Available 3 bedroom rowhouse, just Aug. 1. No pets. First, last, outside of Perth, references required. $925/month plus utilities. $850/mth. includes heat, First, last and references hydro, fridge, stove, parkrequired. 613-278-1604. ing. 613-989-2058. 3 Bedroom Semi Detached Large newly renovated 1 house for rent in Perth. bedroom apartment near Close to schools and downtown Perth. Fridge, downtown. Available Sep- stove, washer, dryer intember 1. Includes Fridge, cluded. $725 plus heat and Stove, Washer, Dryer and hydro. Call 613-267-6115. Dishwasher. Parking available. $900/month plus Maintenance free 2 bedutilities. For more info. room condo for rent, Please call 613-264-8419. Kemptville. Green space. Hardwood floors, ceramic 3 bedroom semi-de- tile, granite and stainless tached house, Carleton steel appliances. Laundry Place. Available immedi- facilities and water includately. Fridge and stove in- ed. $1,300/mth. plus cluded. Recently utilities. 613-229-5564. renovated. $1125 plus heat & hydro. Good refer- Merrickville, 1 bedroom ences required plus 1st apartment, $850/month inand last months rent. No cludes utilities, dishwashpets. 613-257-4627. er, washer and dryer. Brand new apartment. $900/month + utilities, 2 613-889-3017. bedroom apt. in Perth near the hospital, fridge, stove, Merrickville- large 2 bedlaundry room, references, room 2nd floor apt. Nicely 1st & last, view at decorated. Parking, stove, www.mls.ca MLS# fridge, heat, water includ868851, 613-200-1000. ed. $800/mth. plus hydro. First/last required. Almonte, 151 Reserve, 2 Available Sept. 1. bedroom apartment, se- 613-283-0746. cure heritage building, available September. $790 Perth, 2 bdrm apt. Bright plus utilities, all amenities, roomy, quiet, adult, parking, no pets, smoke-free building. No 613-257-5711. dogs. Fridge, stove, laundry facility, parking. Almonte- 2 bedroom up- $765/mth + hydro. Oct stairs apt. $700/mth. plus 1st. 613-298-5429. hydro and water. 613-256-3611. Perth, 2 bedroom apartment, $700/month. Plus Apartment for Rent in Ri- hydro. Clean, secure builddeau Ferry. Big Bedroom, ing. Parking, coin laundry Hardwood floors, Wood facility. Seniors welcome. burning stove. Spacious 613-925-3046. Gardens, lots of parking and storage. Available Perth- 2 bedroom Sept 1, 2013. $800/month. Hydro not included. apartment, $775/mth. Available immediately. Wendy 613-867-0134. First/last required. Ashley Chase Luxury Please call Adult apartments over- 613-283-9650. looking the Tay River, near downtown Perth. Air con- Perth, 2 bedroom apartditioning, exercise room, ment, available immediateentertainment room, li- ly, $700 plus utilities, brary, elevator. 613-267-4831 after 5 p.m. 613-267-6980. Perth. 2 bedroom apartCarleton Place, Spacious ment, fridge and stove, 2 bedroom apt. quiet, non laundry facilities. Smoke smokers only, no pets, and pet free. Parking. October 1. first and last. Available 613-267-5651. $900.00 613-407-5983. Perth, 2 bedroom apartment in quiet security building. Well looked after. Fridge, stove, parking, balcony. Laundry in building. $795/month plus hydro. No dogs. (613)349-9377.
3 bedroom house. Older home. Very good condition. Situated on 3.78 acres. South of Kemptville. Financing available OAC. $169,500. Rent to own possible. Dave 613-989-5451. 4 bedroom house, village of Dacre (off Hwy. 132)double lot (put together). Asking $250,000. Electrical toilets. Small wood shed. 613-326-1626.
Small plastic, Plano fishing tackle tray with several lour’s for trout fishing. Last time seen, Tuesday, July 16, public boat ramp by Waterways Campgrounds. May have fallen out of boat on the way home along the McCann Rd., or the Narrow Lock Rd, or the Clear Lake Rd., to Chaffey’s Locks. If found please call 613-359-5047.
VACATION/COTTAGES Waterfront cottages, excellent fishing, sandy beach, miles of boating. $525/week. Relaxing affordable family fun. Singleton Lake Family Campground. w w w. s i n g l e t o n l a k e . c a 1-855-887-3230
HELP WANTED Canadian Guide Dogs for the Blind, Manotick, requires fulltime housekeeper. Overnights required up to one month at time, cooking & housework. Driver’s license essential. Resumes by email [email protected] or fax to 613-692-0650 by August 9, 2013. No calls please.
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
DRIVERS REQUIRED Access Taxi requires Full and Part-Time drivers for Smiths Falls Should be familiar with streets and surrounding roads. Top of the industry remuneration paid. Excellent supplemental income for semi-retired and retired persons. Please call Brett
at 613-283-5555.
Country Home for sale on 2.72 acres. Private sale. To VACATION/COTTAGES view at: or Room for rent in Smiths www.hpgardner.com Falls. No pets. Available contact: 3 bedroom cottage, plumbAugust 1. $500/month. [email protected] ing, swimming, fishing, 613-283-5882 between 7 Mississippi Lake. July and a.m.-4 p.m. REAL ESTATE August $800/week. Available from July 20 to SERVICES Shamrock Apartments, mid-October. 613-257-3485 Perth, 1 bedroom, 80 Acres of Plowed [email protected] $630/month includes heat. Farmland for sale. Located Hydro extra. No smoking, Richmond/ North Gower no pets. 613-264-8380. REAL ESTATE area. $19,000. per Acre or best offer. 613-880-0494SERVICES Smiths Falls- 1 bed- or 613-489-2001 room apartment, $915/month. Available October 1st. Heat and Gerry Hudson hydro included. Please call 613-283-9650. Kingston 613-449-1668 Smiths Falls. 1 bedroom apartment, ground floor, centrally located, available immediately. No pets. No smoking. Call Graham 613-283-0865. Smiths Falls- 1 bedroom apt. Great location, behind Food Basic’s, near schools. Fridge, stove, $650/plus. Available Sept. 1st. 613-284-4603, e-mail [email protected] Smiths Falls. 2 bedroom apt. 2nd floor. Adults only. No smoking, no pets. Available immediately. Graham (613)283-0865. Smiths Falls, 2 bedroom in heritage stone building. $895/month. Heat, hydro, fridge, stove, washer and dryer included. Available August 1. 613-283-9650. Smiths Falls. Bachelor apartment, available May 1, no pets, no smoking, single female preferred. Call Graham 613-283-0865. Smiths Falls- Carssridge Apartments, 2 b e d r o o m , $1055/month. Available Sept. 1st. Heat, hydro, cable included. Please call 613-283-9650 Smiths Falls- Furnished, 2 bedroom, appliances, cable included. Walking distance downtown/hospital, Quiet working person, $725 plus electrical. Parking (one car), freshly painted. 613-812-2400. Smiths Falls, large 2 bedroom apt. Fridge, stove, heat, hydro, parking and laundry included. $850/month. Call Perry 613-284-4191 at Weagle Realty Ltd. Brokerage. Smiths Falls. Toulon Place Apartments. 2 bedroom $880/month. Also, 1 bedroom, $790/month. Available October 1st. Heat and hydro included. First/last required. Please call 613-283-9650.
Sales Representative Rideau Town and Country Realty Ltd, Brokerage
613-273-5000 Live your Dream: Cottage rental business. 14 furnished, waterfront units. Gorgeous 7 room home, sandy beach, 10 rental boats. $760,000 OAC**MLS Country-Wooded: 1 1/2 acres, stream-side lot. $14,700 with $1000 down OAC. Westport: Bobs Lake, pristine waterfront of 754’. 4.5 acre treed estate. 3 bedroom 4 season bungalow and large garage. $345,000. MLS. Lucrative family operated taxi business: 4 licensed cars. $110,000. Merrickville: Charming early Canadian 8 room home near canal. Needs work. $119,000.
VACATION/COTTAGES
Indoor storage of all sizes Outdoor storage also available 613-285-5507 Smiths Falls 613-264-0213 Perth
FOR RENT
For rent on Bass Lake, fully equipped 2 bedroom home, dock, great swimming. $800/week starting August 3. For more info call 613-283-6761. Quiet Adult Campground. All services, near Merrickville, Ontario. Rideau River, Petangue, tennis, fishing, telephone. $1,200 per season. 613-269-4664.
Absolutely Beautiful
1&2 bedroom apartments
$174,000
Secure 50’s Plus Building Carleton Place No Smoking No Pets $700.00 and up Seniors’ Discounts
Call 613-720-9860 or 613-823-1694 0425.CLR430551
THE EMC - 41 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
REAL ESTATE
FOR SALE
CL433608_0801
BATES – In loving memory of Sidney Roo, March 1, 1991 - August 1, 2012. A million times I’ve needed you, A million time I’ve cried, If love could have saved you, You never would have died. Things we feel most deeply, Are the hardest things to say, My dearest one, I loved you, In a very special way. If I could have one lifetime wish, One dream that could come true, Carleton Place, 2 bedroom lower duplex. 4 apI’d pray to God with all my heart, pliances, pleasant For yesterday and you. neighbourhood. $800/mth. plus heat and hydro. Missing you, Available Oct. 1. ReferencMummy es. 613-256-4476.
FOR RENT
CL434365_TF
FOR RENT
Two bedroom ground level Condo for sale on Findlay St. in Carleton Place,walking distance to all emmenities. Lamenate and carpet flooring, includes fridge and stove. Well maintained.
Please contact Kim for more info
613-229-8110
HOUSE PARENT FOR MALE YOUTH RESIDENCE Live-in position available for an active, enthusiastic person to work with male youth. Also Available: Full-time staff to work on floor. A Must: Work Independently Self Motivated Driver’s License and car BROCKVILLE & SHANLY AREA Fax resume to: 613-498-2905 or send to: Woodcock Youth Centre 3923 County Road 26 RR2, Brockville Ont. K6V 5T2 email: [email protected] No Phone Calls.
CL424714_0801
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Rideau Community Health Services is a non-profit, fully accredited organization that offers primary health care with an emphasis on illness prevention, health promotion, health education and community development. As part of our health promotion activities, and in partnership with the school and community agencies, we currently offer a 5 day per week after school program at Duncan J Schoular Public School in Smiths Falls for children aged 7 to 11.
WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATOR Full-Time / Non-Union Reporting directly to the Superintendent of Water & Wastewater, the successful candidate will apply his/her knowledge of water treatment processes and equipment to perform all regular and non-routine water treatment plant operations, and maintenance including lab and clerical work. The Smiths Falls Water Treatment Plant is a Class 4 facility with advanced treatment. The Smiths Falls Water Treatment Plant consists of five full-time staff including the Superintendent, Compliance Coordinator, and three Plant Operators.
We are hiring 3 people for the following position: After-School Program Leader – September 2013-May 2014, 15 hours per week Please check our website for details and where to submit your resume. www.RideauCHS.ca
Position Overview: UÊ*iÀvÀÊÀÕÌiÊ>`ÊÀÕÌiÊÌ>ÃÃÊÜÌ
ÊÞÊ}iiÀ>ÊÃÕ«iÀÛð UÊ ÕÃÌÊÃÌ>ÞÊÕ«Ì`>ÌiÊÊVÕÀÀiÌÊ`ÕÃÌÀÞÊ«À>VÌViÃ]Ê " ÊÀi}Õ>ÌÃÊ>`Êi}Ã>ÌÊÕÃ}Ê>ÊÀiÃÕÀViÃÊ>Û>>Li° UÊ ÌÀÊ>Ê«>ÌÊ«iÀ>ÌÃÊ>`ÊÀiVÀ`Ê`>Ì>ÊvÀÊVÌÀÊÀÊiÌiÀÃ]Ê}>Õ}iÃÊ>`ÊÀiVÀ`}ÊV
>ÀÌÊÀi>`}ð Report malfunctions and unusual trends or conditions to supervisor. UÊ*iÀvÀÊ>ÊÀÕÌiÊ>Ìi>ViÊÊiµÕ«iÌ]Ê>`ÊÀÕÌiÊÀi«>ÀÊÜÀ° UÊ*>ÀÌV«>ÌiÊÊÀÌ>Ì>Ê«À>ÀÞÊV>Ê`ÕÌiÃÊÓ{ÉÇ®Ê>ÃÊÜiÊ>VÌÊ>ÃÊL>VÕ«ÊV>° UÊ*iÀvÀÊ«>ÌÊ>Ìi>ViÊ`ÕÌiÃÊÜÌ
ÊÃV«iÊvÊ>LÌÞÊ>`ÊÜÌ
Ê>««À«À>ÌiÊÃÕ«iÀÛð UÊ*iÀvÀÊ>ÊÜÀÊÊ>VVÀ`>ViÊÜÌ
ÊV>Ê>`Ê«ÀÛV>ÊÀi}Õ>ÌÃÊ>`ÊÃÌ>ÌÕÌiÃ]Ê>`ÊÊV«>ViÊÜÌ
departmental safety devices and equipment.
Rideau Community Health Services is funded by the South East Local Health Integration Network.
Minimum Qualifications: UÊ*ÃÌÃiV`>ÀÞÊi`ÕV>ÌÊÊ ÛÀiÌ>Ê-ÌÕ`iÃÊÀÊiµÕÛ>iÌÊ>`ÊÀi>Ìi`ÊiÝ«iÀiVi° UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÀÛ`iÊ>ÌÊÜÊVÃÌÊ>Ê À>Ê,iVÀ`ÃÊV
iVÊ UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÃÃiÃÃÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê>Ê ÃÌÀÞÊvÊ ÛÀiÌÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ"«iÀ>ÌÀÊ iÀÌwV>ÌiÊ>ÃÊ>Ê7>ÌiÀÊ/Ài>ÌiÌ Plant Operator. UÊ ÕÃÌÊ«ÃÃiÃÃÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê>ÊÛ>`Ê"Ì>ÀÊ ÀÛiÀÊ ViÃi° UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊ>LiÊÌÊ>««ÞÊ>`Û>Vi`ÊÜi`}iÊvÊÜ>ÌiÀÊÌÀi>ÌiÌÊ«ÀViÃÃiÃÊÌÊÌ
iÊiÝÃÌ}ÊÃÞÃÌiÃ]ÊiµÕ«iÌÊ>` facilities. UÊ ÕÃÌÊ
>ÛiÊÃ`ÊL>V}ÀÕ`ÊÊ>LÀ>ÌÀÞÊÃÃÊ>ÃÊÌ
iÞÊ>««ÞÊÌÊ>Ê`À}ÊÜ>ÌiÀÊ«>Ì UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊÌÀ>i`ÊÊ wi`Ê-«>Vi]Ê>`ÊÕÃiÊ>`ÊVÌ>iÌÊvÊ>Ê
>â>À`ÕÃÊV
iV>ÃÊÕÃi`°Ê ÕÃÌÊLiÊÌÀ>i`ÊÊÌ
i ÊÊÊÕÃiÊvÊ>ÊÃ>viÌÞÊiµÕ«iÌ]ÊVÕ`}Ê- ½Ã]ÊÝÞ}iÊ`iÌiVÌÊiÌiÀ]ÊLÜiÀ]ÊÀiëÀ>ÌÀÊiÌV° UÊ ÕÃÌÊLiÊ>LiÊÌÊÕÃiÊL>ÃVÊëÀi>`Ã
iiÌÊ>`ÊÜÀ`Ê«ÀViÃÃ}ÊV«ÕÌiÀÊ«À}À>Ã]Ê>}ÊÜÌ
Ê>LÌÞÊÌÊi>ÀÊÌÊ«iÀ>Ìi ÊÊÊ* ½ÃÊ>`Ê- ÊÌÊÌÀÊ>`Ê>Ì>Ê«iÀ>Ìð UÊ Ý«iVÌi`ÊÌÊ>V
iÛiÊ >ÃÃÊ6Ê iÀÌwV>ÌÊÜÌ
Ê>Ê>VVi«Ì>LiÊ«iÀ`ÊvÊi«ÞiÌ° UÊ Ý«iVÌi`ÊÌÊ>VVi«ÌÊ"«iÀ>ÌÀÊÊ
>À}iÊ`iÃ}>Ì° Desired Qualifications UÊ7À}ÊÜi`}iÊvÊ-ÕÀViÊ7>ÌiÀÊ*ÀÌiVÌ UÊ7À}ÊÜi`}iÊvÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ+Õ>ÌÞÊ >>}iiÌÊ-ÞÃÌià UÊ >V}ÀÕ`ÊÊiiVÌÀV>Ê>`ÊÀÊiV
>V>ÊÀi«>ÀÃ UÊ ÃÌÀÞÊvÊÌ
iÊ ÛÀiÌÊ >ÃÃÊÎÊ À}Ê7>ÌiÀÊ/Ài>ÌiÌÊ iÀÌwV>Ìi +Õ>wi`ÊV>``>ÌiÃÊ>ÀiÊÛÌi`ÊÌÊÃÕLÌÊÌ
iÀÊÀiÃÕiÊV«iÌiÊÜÌ
ÊÀiviÀiViÃÊ>`ÊVÛiÀ}ÊiÌÌiÀ®ÊÊVw`iViÊ«ÀÀÊ to 12 noon Tuesday August 13th, 2013. Human Resources Coordinator Town of Smiths Falls 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, ON K7A 2B8 Email: [email protected]
Big Brothers Big Sisters of Lanark County
Big Brothers Big Sisters provides one on one and small group mentoring programs to children ages 6 through 16 in Lanark County. Programs focus on building self esteem, encouraging healthy lifestyle choices, positively impacting the effects of bullying, and increasing success at school. Working with key community partners, including Rideau Community Health Services and TYPS Almonte, the agency is currently looking for an After School Program Coordinator. Please visit the agency website for a full position description. After School Program Coordinator, Lanark County Position Purpose: To bring social service agencies, funders and community partners together to ensure that children in Lanark County have free access to after school programs that offer physical activity, healthy food choices, sports and recreation, and mentoring opportunities in a safe and fun environment. Full position posting details are available at www.bigbrothersbigsisterslanark.ca. Applications to all positions listed above will be accepted until August 14th at 9:00 a.m. CL433583_0801
CL433758_0801
The Town of Smiths Falls is an equal opportunity employer. Accessibility accommodations are available for all parts of the recruitment process. Applicants need to make their needs known in advance. Only those under consideration will be contacted. Information is collected for the purpose of job selection under the authority of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
BROCKVILLE GENERAL HOSPITAL Our Mission: To provide an excellent patient experience – guided by the people we serve, delivered by people who care. Brockville General Hospital is a fully accredited multi-site facility providing Acute Care, Complex Continuing Care, Rehabilitation, Palliative Care and Mental Health services. We are situated along the beautiful St. Lawrence River in the heart of the famous Thousand Islands. We are presently recruiting for a FULL-TIME PROGRAM MANAGER - INPATIENT MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES. Key Qualifications: U Baccalaureate degree in Nursing with current registration in good standing with the College of Nurses of Ontario. Master’s Degree is preferred. U Minimum of 5 years clinical experience in psychiatric / mental health nursing preferably in an in-patient setting; Management experience required. Please send your resume on or before August 12, 2013 to Human Resources, Brockville General Hospital, 75 Charles Street, Brockville, ON K6V 1S8 fax: 613-345-8305 email: [email protected]. To learn more about the Hospital and other exciting career opportunities visit the ‘Careers’ section of our website: www.bgh-on.ca/Careers.htm We thank all applicants for their expressed interest; however, only applicants selected for an interview will be contacted.
www.bgh-on.ca THE EMC - 42 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CL424713_0801
CL433764_0801
The Corporation of the Town of Smiths Falls is a progressive separated municipality with the population of approximately 8,800 within the County of Lanark in eastern Ontario. Located at the Heart of the Rideau Canal the Province of Ontario’s only UNESCO World Heritage site, Sensational Smiths Falls is just a short distance from Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto, Ontario as well as the United States, Canada border. The Town provides a mix of urban and recreational lifestyles offering a high quality of life for its residents.
HELP WANTED
Due to continued growth in our new state-of-the-art facility, A & B Ford Sales Ltd. in Perth seeks the following:
Automotive Sales Consultants
Experience is an asset but not necessary. • Must be able to communicate well with people and assist with their automotive needs • Self motivated with a great attitude • Adaptability and a team player • Must be comfortable using all tools available to you including email, database and phone • Must be able to work some nights and weekends • Desire to exceed customer expectations • Valid drivers license. Please drop off your resume in person today to the attention of Jason Munro, Sales Manager A & B Ford Sales Ltd. 31 Dufferin St., Perth Or by email to: [email protected]
We thank all applicants however, only successful candidates will be contacted
HELP WANTED
We are currently looking to fill the following position:
Executive Director A full job description for this position is available on our website at http://www.ovfht.ca/careers. Qualifications/Experience t.BTUFST%FHSFFJO)FBMUIDBSFPS#VTJOFTT"ENJOJTUSBUJPOPSFRVJWBMFOU t.JOJNVNPGÜWF ZFBSTQSPHSFTTJWFNBOBHFNFOUFYQFSJFODFJO B1SJNBSZ)FBMUI$BSFPS$PNNVOJUZ)FBMUI$BSFTFUUJOH JODMVEJOH BTTPDJBUFEGVOEJOHBOE1&.T t,OPXMFEHFBOEVOEFSTUBOEJOHPGDPNNVOJUZTFSWJDFJTTVFT t&YQFSJFODFEFWFMPQJOHDPNNVOJUZQBSUOFSTIJQTBOEDPPSEJOBUJOHBOE GBDJMJUBUJOHUIFFòPSUTPGNBOZTUBLFIPMEFST 1MFBTF FNBJM VT ZPVS SFTVNF XJUI B MFUUFS PG JOUFOU EFNPOTUSBUJOH ZPVS FYQFSJFODFJOUIFBCPWFBSFBT UP[email protected] by Friday, August 16, 2013. Only candidates selected for an interview will be contacted.
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Canadian Guide Dogs for the Blind, Manotick, requires one person to cover kennels 7-11:30 am Saturdays and Sundays, for one year. Experience with dogs; valid driver’s license. Fax resume 613-692-0650 or e-mail [email protected] by August 9, 2013. No calls please.
Full-Time Live-in Manager, small retirement home, Winchester. Cooking, cleaning, assisting 9 seniors. Must be mature, reliable, responsible, caring. Salary and accommodations (3+ bedroom apartment) Training provided. Call 613-774-3391.
HELP WANTED-LOCAL PEOPLE NEEDED!!! Simple & Flexible Online Work. 100% Genuine Opportunity. F/T & P/T. Internet Needed. Very Easy...No Experience Required. Income is Guaranteed! ww.ezComputerWork.com
Mature, reliable adult needed for occasional dog/house sitting in South Mountain area. Nice place, well behaved dogs. 2 character references required. Pays well. Food of choice provided. Please call 613-989-9942.
Gourmet Restaurant, Carleton Place looking for experienced part-time cook, waitress and cashier. Breakfast, lunch, dinner. Available days, evenings and weekends. Call France 613-257-2887.
Local lawn and garden business looking for help. Seasonal- now until end of November. Carleton Place, 613-257-5621, leave message. Person to work cleaning horse barn, 2 hours per day, 2 or 3 days per week, Mature, experienced Almonte/Carleton Place server needed. Flexible area 613-256-4252. schedule. Part-time/Fulltime. Apply by resume at: Waitress wanted. Please 73 Bridge St., Carleton apply at Centennial ResPlace or call taurant in Pakenham. 613-257-1500. 613-624-5413
Experienced heavy duty cleaners needed for Perth and Smiths Falls. Must be available evenings. Parttime hours only. Please email [email protected]
HELP WANTED First Baptist Church Smiths Falls is seeking a part-time Coordinator of Child and Youth Ministries. For further information refer to the Canadian Baptist of Ontario and Quebec website under Jobswww.baptist.ca or email: [email protected]
HELP WANTED!!! $28.00/HOUR. Undercover Shoppers Needed To Judge Retail And Dining Establishments. Genuine Opportunity. PT/FT. Experience Not Required. If You Can Shop-You Are Qualified! www.MyShopperJobs.com
HELP WANTED
Help Wanted! Make $1000 weekly mailing brochures from home! No experience required. Start immediately! www.TheMailingHub.com
HELP WANTED
WORK OPPORTUNITIES & TRAVEL Childcare positions in United States, air fare, medical, etc provided. Childcare in Holland, New Zealand, Australia, Spain, England, China, etc. Different benefits apply. Hotel jobs in England. Teach in South Korea, air fare, medical etc provided. Part-time office help re- Apply at: 902-422-1455. quired. $12/hour. Carleton Email: [email protected]. Fax resume: patico.ca (613)257-3630.
HELP WANTED
WORK WANTED Sweatergang Companions provides lifestyle assistance to seniors in Lanark Country. Companionship, Organized outings, transportation and so much more! Christine 613-284-9975. You’ll be
LD FOR SOSALE on the
CLASSIFIEDS
Certified Mason. 12 years experience. Chimney repair, restoration, parging, repointing. Brick, block and stone. Small/big job specialist. Free estimates. 613-250-0290. Interlocking brick, roofing and cedar-rail fencing. 20 years experience. You set the price, and I’ll do the work. It’s that simple!! Call Robert 613-206-1897.
EMC Classifieds Get Results!
WORK WANTED
Babysitter needed. Must be flexible. In my home Smiths Falls. Experience with toddlers. Call for an interview. 613-883-2227.
“A1� Handyman with halfton truck. Dump hauling, wood splitting, driveway sealing, moving, tree removal, eaves trough cleaning, carpentry, siding, painting, roofing, general maintenance. Call Kevin 613-253-4764.
*excavation *backhoe *landscaping *loader rental *topsoil, sand & gravel (613)283-9271
HELP WANTED
Are you a Registered Nurse commuting to Ottawa, Brockville or further?
Job Posting
Position: General Manager, Seaway Reports to: Group Publisher Location: Kingston, ON
We have the perfect Part Time opportunity for you!
Overview: Reporting into the Group Publisher, the General Manager, Seaway will be responsible for the Seaway Region (Brighton, Belleville, Kingston and Brockville). Successful candidate will lead our Sales teams, represent Metroland in the Community and meet company standards for profitability and editorial excellence.
The Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital is a two site acute care facility serving a catchment area of 44,000 residents of Perth and Smiths Falls and surrounding area. We are a fully accredited Hospital that delivers a broad range of primary and secondary services and currently seeking:
Duties & Responsibilities • Develop, implement and manage strategies to meet and exceed YTD performance goals and objectives as well as maximize market potential in all business segments/divisions. • Develop and execute aggressive sales and marketing strategies across all Seaway divisions, in a very competitive region, through existing leadership and sta. • To assist the Regional Publisher in the management of the divisions to achieve the operating plan including financial, editorial, circulation and administrative budgets/plans by implementing management controls which monitor performance and by taking corrective action when area of non-performance is identified. • Assist the Regional Publisher in the development of strategic plans that clearly identifies objectives, strategies, priorities and new innovative opportunities for each division. • To maximize community and reader involvement through timely and accurate reporting of news happenings in a style and manner that adheres to Editorial standards. • To monitor the distribution system to ensure accurate and timely delivery of company products and inserts. • Identifies and develops new business opportunities to attain and exceed revenue targets. • To maintain a high level of awareness of the Division in the community by maintaining contact with readers, community leaders, associations, and through Division promotions and by participating in community events. • To ensure that all staďŹƒng levels meet short and long-term needs of the divisions and that fair and eective performance measures are assigned and employees are motivated to achieve and/or exceed their assigned goals and objectives utilizing sound management tools and practices. • Promotes a cooperative and harmonious working climate which will be conducive to maximum morale, productivity, and eďŹƒciency/eectiveness. • Support Corporate Sales with local sales activity.
PART-TIME & CASUAL REGISTERED NURSES UÊ / -6 Ê , Ê1 /UÊ ÊÉÊ-1, Ê UÊ" -/ /, UÊ"* ,/ Ê,"" Ê1 /-
Qualifications/Competencies/Experience: Building Eective Teams * Conflict Management * Dealing with Ambiguity * Developing Direct Reports & Others Directing Others * Innovation Management * Managerial Courage * Managing Vision & Purpose * Political Savvy * Strategic Thinking • Strong planning skills required in order to develop strategic plans to increase revenueproduction opportunities. • Must be “results-orientedâ€?. • Experience with and understanding of Metroland internet strategies. • Strong and proven project management skills. • Excellent communication and interpersonal skills are needed in leadership role with sta to motivate and clearly indicate goals and performance requirements across many divisions within a large geographic footprint. • Must also be able to communicate well in the community as the primary representative of the divisions. • Strong knowledge of the Company’s products, services, circulation and demographics in order to properly develop strategies that increase the divisions growth and revenues. • Creative and innovative thinker who can analyze and develop new solutions or approaches. • 5-7 years relevant experience including direct management experience of community newspaper(s). • College or University degree/diploma or equivalent experience. Please be advised that this is a concurrent internal and external posting and that further consideration will be given to only those candidates who have clearly demonstrated the competencies required for the position. Interested and qualified candidates should forward their resume and cover letter to the attention of Karen Pogue no later than Monday July 29th, 2013 to [email protected]. CL431036_0725
QualiďŹ ed applicants are invited to send a resume and letter of application, in conďŹ dence, to: Human Resources Department Perth and Smiths Falls District Hospital 60 Cornelia St. West, Smiths Falls, Ontario K7A 2H9 Email: [email protected] Fax: (613) 283-0520 www.psfdh.on.ca We appreciate your interest, however only candidates under consideration will be contacted.
COUNTY OF RENFREW Employment Opportunities
BONNECHERE MANOR Long Term Care Home Bonnechere Manor, a safe and caring community to live, work, and enjoy life.
FOOD SERVICE WORKER/COOK Part Time Under the direction of the Food Service Supervisor or designate, this position performs both the roles of the Cook and the Food Service Worker. The Cook is responsible for the production of high quality food in a sanitary environment. The Food Service Worker is responsible for all aspects of the delivery of food service ensuring high standards in a sanitary environment. Consistent with the Mission and Philosophy of Bonnechere Manor, this position contributes to the efficient operation of the Dietary department within an interdisciplinary resident-focused team. Qualifications: x Certificate - Level “Cook 1� (Junior Cook) course recognized by the Canadian Society of Nutrition Management. x Certificate – Food Safety Awareness Program, as approved by a Public Health Unit x Must display departmental and position competencies of Personal Sensitivity/Empathy, Flexibility/Adaptability, Teamwork, Accuracy & Thoroughness and Efficiency Compensation: $23.71 - $24.03 per hour (Cook rate); $22.01 - $22.48 per hour (Food Service Worker rate) For complete job descriptions and qualifications, please see the County of Renfrew website at http://www.countyofrenfrew.on.ca/departments/human-resources/unionized-job-descriptions/
Please send your resume stating Competition #13-71 by 4:00 p.m., Thursday, August 8, 2013 to: Human Resources, County of Renfrew 9 International Drive, Pembroke, ON K8A 6W5 EMAIL: [email protected] (in MS Word or pdf format) Thank you for your interest, however, only applicants considered for an interview will be contacted. CLR457110
THE EMC - 43 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
HELP WANTED
Experience the excitement of the aerospace industry in a rural setting!
Grass cutters, landscapers as well as tree planters (3 positions)
CL433779_0801
For over 60 years, Magellan Aerospace, Haley has been producing magnesium and aluminum castings for the aerospace industry.
Qualifications: Post-secondary education, preferably with a major in Office Administration or equivalent. Skills: Excellent interpersonal, written and verbal skills. Proficient in the use of software; including MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel and other spreadsheet systems. We thank all applicants, but only those invited to an interview will be contacted. Qualified applicants should submit their resume in confidence to:
No telephone inquiries please
Fax resume: 613-283-6715 HELP WANTED
STUDENTS WANTED
Inserter, Casual Part Time- Smiths Falls DistribuƟon Center FUNCTIONS - Li ing flyers from pallets, and placing them on a feeder to insert flyers into newspapers. - Inser ng flyers into newspapers. - Jog and strap bundles once inser on of required flyers is completed. - Load completed bundles onto pallets. - Other du es may include, but are not limited to, cleaning of general work area and warehouse.
Now Accepting Resumes for: UÊ >ÀÌi`iÀ UÊ-iÀÛiÀà UÊÃÌÃÉÃÌiÃÃià UÊ Ã UÊ Ã
Ü>Ã
iÀÃ ««ÞÊÊ«iÀÃÊÜÌ
ÊÀiÃÕi IÊ Ê«
iÊV>ÃÊ«i>Ãi
Join a Winning and Successful Team
Magellan Aerospace, Haley 634 Magnesium Road Haley, Ontario Canada K0J 1Y0 Fax: (613-432-0743) Email: [email protected]
Mowing Service- Flail mower for over grown weeds and grass, bush hog for rough areas, sickle bar for pastures and hay fields. 613-229-2231. [email protected]
xÎÊiÀÀÌÌÊ-Ì°]Ê*iÀÌ
ÊUÊÈ£ÎÓÈÇ£Îä{
REQUIREMENTS - Must be 15 years old. - Physically able to li 5-25 lbs. - Standing for extended periods of me. - Con nual rota on of wrist, back and shoulders. - Mo vated self starter. - Reliable team worker. - Shi s are weekend 7:30am-3:30pm and MondayWednesday a er 3:30pm.
CL431039/0725
Temporary Divisional Office Clerk
M&K Renovations looking for jobs: Siding, decking, fencing, drywall, painting, laminated floors, windows, doors. Call Mike for quote, 613-259-2446.
FIDDLEHEADS BAR & GRILL
CL433274_0725
Located in the heart of the Ottawa Valley west of Renfrew, we have an immediate opening for a:
The right individual would work for the winter for our snowplowing business and would continue full-time employment in the spring.
WORK WANTED
Interested applicants should forward their resume via email to [email protected], or drop it off in person at 65 Lorne Street, Smiths Falls Ontario.
CLR457444
We appreciate the interest of all candidates, only candidates selected for a interview will be contacted. No telephone calls please.
GREYLEITH
Job Posting Sales Coordinator – Arnprior or Renfrew Metroland East Arnprior Renfrew
Greyleith Construction Limited is now part of the Cruickshank group of companies has an opening in our Carleton Place location for a:
WHAT WE NEED YOU TO DO • Use your sales skills to actively prospect and develop new business. • Consult with clients/ sales team regularly to maintain and grow existing relationships. • Generate compelling and creative proposals that address and solve customer/sales team problems. • Be competitive and driven to consistently achieve and exceed monthly sales targets. • Leverage market relationships and increase overall revenues. • Supervise, support and train staff. • Coordination and development of supplements, features and digital. ABOUT YOU • You are knowledgeable about sales advertising, strategies and concepts; a minimum of 5 years advertising experience is preferred. In general, prior media advertising experience would be an asset. • 5 years outside sales consulting experience with a history of providing solution oriented sales presentations. • Can illustrate a proven track record of delivering on goals and maintaining a high closing ratio. • Supervisory skills, the ability to motivate a sales team. • Working and reliable automobile, proof of insurance and a clean driving record. Looking for your next career challenge? If so, Metroland Media Group is the place to be! Interested candidates are requested to forward their resume and cover letter to [email protected] by August 2nd, 2013
Perth Home Hardware Building Centre currently has the following job opportunity:
Operations Manager – Structures (Bridges) The position is responsible for providing direction and guidance to the Greyleith Structures division. Qualifications Post-secondary degree or diploma in construction/engineering is an asset Minimum 10 years related structural (bridges) construction experience and 3 years in a management role Strong knowledge of local, provincial workplace compliance regulations, ordinances and legislation Developed problem solving and analytical skills Knowledge of job costing and basic financial principles Understanding fundamentals of contracts and experience managing subcontractors under the terms of a contract Proficient in related computer applications including MS Office Commitment to a safe work environment Responsibilities Establish and monitor performance, delivery and quality standards to ensure client satisfaction and company compliance Implement strategic initiatives pertaining to the business group Ensure processes in place to maintain efficient/effective use of resource and timely/cost effective completion of contractual commitments Coordinate tender process and responsible for all aspects of project administration Demonstrate leadership – provide guidance, instruction and direction to members of the business unit Perform duties compliant with Health and Safety protocols to ensure a safe work environment To apply, please send your resume and cover letter in confidence to: [email protected] by August 14, 2013 Cruickshank thanks all applicants
www.cruickshankgroup.com
Metroland is an equal opportunity employer. We thank all applicants for their interest; however only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Job Category - Sales
FULL TIME PLUMBING, ELECTRICAL & APPLIANCE SUPERVISOR As a member of our Home Team, you will provide courteous and efficient service to customers advising on appropriate merchandise and related items; processing transactions and quotes using retail sales software; inventory management; general housekeeping, building and merchandising creative displays and staying current with trends in the industry. The successful candidate will have: Ê UÊ-Õ«iÀÛÃ]Ê`ÀiVÌÊ>`ÊÌÀ>}ÊvÊÌ
iÊ*ÕL}]Ê Electrical and Appliance team. Ê UÊ/
iÊ>LÌÞÊÌÊÜÀÊ>ÊyiÝLiÊÃV
i`ÕiÊVÕ`} weekends, evenings and holidays. Ê UÊÀi`ÞÊ>`Ê
i«vÕÊ>ÌÌÌÕ`iÊÌÜ>À`ÊVÕÃÌiÀÃ°Ê Ê UÊ ÝViiÌÊVÕV>ÌÊÃð Ê UÊ7}iÃÃÊÌÊi>À° Ê UÊ`Ê>Ì
i>ÌV>ÊÃð Ê UÊ*ÀÀÊÀiÌ>ÊiÝ«iÀiVi° Ê UÊ Ài>ÌÛiÊ>LÌiÃÊvÀÊ>}Ê>ÌÌÀ>VÌÛi in-store displays. CL433763_0801
THE OPPORTUNITY Metroland East is looking for a high-energy, experienced Sales person to support and drive sales in our Renfrew and Arnprior Region. Reporting to the Publisher, you will be responsible for supervision of a Sales Teams, training and development of that team and new members, hold regular sales meetings with your team and maintain and grow the retail business. You will be building onto what is already a large and productive pre-existing book of business.
CL415487
Job Title: Division: Location:
7iÊ vviÀÊ V«iÌÌÛiÊ Ã>>ÀÞÊ >`Ê }Ài>ÌÊ ÜÀ}Ê conditions. If you are interested in becoming a part of our Home Team, please visit our store located at ££xÊ ÀÕ`Ê -Ì°Ê 7°Ê *iÀÌ
Ê "Ì>ÀÊ ÌÊ ÃÕLÌÊ ÞÕÀÊ application accompanied by your resume to the attention of Erin Shelly. Email: [email protected] Closing date for all applicants is Friday August 9, 2013
CL431034_0725
THE EMC - 44 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
WORK WANTED
CL425834/tf
CL420715_0307 74475/111
BUILDING AND REPAIRS Heritage Stone, Brick and Block Footings, Foundations, Concrete Finishing, Log Chinking and Chimney Sweeping Will go anywhere! PAUL WARRINGTON 268-2394
HOME IMPROVEMENTS No job too small! Free estimates • Home Renovations • Plumbing Repairs • Painting/cleanup • Concrete work Doug Morley 257-7177
PAUL’S MASONRY
HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
Ed Widenmaier for over 25 years. Free estimates, Reasonable rates. Commercial and Residential Owner operated. 613-267-3205
Job Posting Job Title: Division: Location:
HELP WANTED
The Town of Smiths Falls is currently looking for an on-call (spare) Crossing Guard to fill absences. The successful candidate must be able to attend crossings with short notice and be available for the month of September 2013.
WHAT WE NEED YOU TO DO • Use your sales skills to actively prospect and develop new business. • Consult with clients/ sales team regularly to maintain and grow existing relationships. • Generate compelling and creative proposals that address and solve customer/sales team problems. • Be competitive and driven to consistently achieve and exceed monthly sales targets. • Leverage market relationships and increase overall revenues. • Supervise, support and train sta. • Coordination and development of supplements, features and digital.
Primary Purpose: To escort school children across a roadway safely at designated school crossing locations. Qualifications: t (PPEDPNNVOJDBUJPOTLJMMT t 3FBDUTBGFMZBOERVJDLMZUPUSBĂłDDPOEJUJPOT t "CMFUPEJTQMBZBTDIPPMDSPTTJOHTUPQTJHO XFJHIUVQUPQPVOET JOBO VQSJHIUQPTJUJPOTPUIBUJUJTWJTJCMFUPWFIJDVMBSUSBĂłDBQQSPBDIJOHGSPN each direction, and extend the other arm out parallel for one minute POBGSFRVFOUCBTJT t .VTUCFBCMFUPQFSGPSNDSPTTJOHEVUJFTJOBMMXFBUIFSDPOEJUJPOT t 4VDDFTTGVMBQQMJDBOUNVTUPCUBJOBOBDDFQUBCMF$SJNJOBM3FDPSE$IFDL 7VMOFSBCMF4FDUPS DFSUJĂśDBUF NOTE: On-call crossing guards will be given priority status for filling vacancies JO$SPTTJOH(VBSEQPTJUJPOT CL429493_0725
Qualified candidates may submit a resume in confidence to: ,JN.JTLFMMZ )VNBO3FTPVSDFT$PPSEJOBUPS Town of Smiths Falls P.O. Box 695, 77 Beckwith Street North 4NJUIT'BMMT 0/,"5 Fax: Email : [email protected] No later than 12 noon on Thursday August 8th, 2013 We thank all those who apply, but advise that only those applicants selected for an interview will be contacted. RĂŠsumes will be protected pursuant to the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and will be used only for the purpose of this employment competition.
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
Professional & Reliable Movers - 2 Men & 17’ Cube $95/hr, 2 Men & 16’ Refrigerated Cube Van $95 hr + Fuel Surcharge, 3 Men & 25’ Moving Van $125/hr -Call to Book your Move 613-284-8281.
Antiques, power tools, electronics, snowblower, generator, and other great stuff. 2978 Beckwith 9th Line, 6.5 km west of Black’s Corners. Sunday, August 4, 9-2.
Roger’s Affordable Handyman Service. Reasonable rates. Indoor/outdoor jobs, painting included. Call (613)267-1183.
Sales Coordinator – Ottawa Region Metroland East Ottawa
THE OPPORTUNITY Metroland East is looking for a high-energy, experienced Sales person to support and drive sales in our Ottawa Region. Reporting to the Publisher, you will be responsible for supervision of a Sales Teams, training and development of that team and new members, hold regular sales meetings with your team and maintain and grow the retail business. You will be building onto what is already a large and productive pre-existing book of business.
Town of Smiths Falls Requires an On Call School Crossing Guard
WORK WANTED
DRIVEWAY SEALING
CL421155_0620
NEED A ROOF? Experienced, professional roofer with 11 yrs experience. Metal shingles, steel or asphalt. Call Kelly or Steve @ Madawaska Landscaping & Construction 613-623-7836. FREE ESTIMATES. Work Guaranteed.
HELP WANTED
WORK WANTED
WORK WANTED
August 3, 8 a.m. Glasswear, furnishing, carpet, books, backpack’s, brief cases, Africana, clothes. 447 Joseph St., Carleton Send A Load to the dump, Place. cheap. Clean up clutter, garage sale leftovers or August 9 & 10 , Wayside leaf and yard waste. Drive, Perth. Carvings, 613-256-4613. sports equipment, toys, books, videos, bunk-beds, housewares, glassCLEANING / JANITORIAL misc. ware, tools, some collectibles. Every Working Mother & Father needs a housewife. Each home is custom Garage Sale- 36 Smith priced in the presence of Rd, Oxford Station. Aug 3, the owner to ensure my 4 & 5th. 8 am-3 pm. cleaning will meet your Couch, dining set, rocker, needs & budget. card table, framed fine art prints, trade show display, 613-219-7277. direct vent propane stove Tess’ Home Cleaning. Re- with chimney, printers, liable, honest, hardwork- photocopier/fax, colour ing. Attention to detail. printer, data projector, silCustomized to fit specific ver plate, horse brasses, needs. Please call or email clothing, jewellery, videos, [email protected] glass and china, toys and 613-297-0731. more!!
BUSINESS SERVICES Steve’s Roofing 14 years experience, Excellent workmanship, 10 year written warranty, Call Steve for a free estimate 613-552-9471.
ABOUT YOU • You are knowledgeable about sales advertising, strategies and concepts; a minimum of 5 years advertising experience is preferred. In general, prior media advertising experience would be an asset. • 5 years outside sales consulting experience with a history of providing solution oriented sales presentations. • Can illustrate a proven track record of delivering on goals and maintaining a high closing ratio. • Supervisory skills, the ability to motivate a sales team. • Working and reliable automobile, proof of insurance and a clean driving record.
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
Looking for your next career challenge? If so, Metroland Media Group is the place to be! Interested candidates are requested to forward their resume and cover letter to [email protected] by August 2nd, 2013 Metroland is an equal opportunity employer. We thank all applicants for their interest; however only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Job Category - Sales CL431035_0725
Tay Valley Township is seeking a casual/part-time Truck Driver/ Operator. Reporting to the Public Works Manager, the Truck Driver/ Operator will operate all light equipment as required to fulfill assigned duties including trucks and snow plows on an as needed basis. The Truck Driver/Operator will also perform other related duties on an as needed basis. A detailed job description is available by contacting the undersigned or by visiting www.tayvalleytwp.ca.
JOB RESPONSIBILITIES: The ideal employee will: • Possess a strong mechanical aptitude • Have strong production and workflow skills • Be able to work unsupervised • Demonstrate a high level of flexibility • Be highly self-motivated • Ability to troubleshoot • Working knowledge of inserting equipment • Be available for ALL shifts
As the preferred candidate you will have exceptional customer service skills and have a solid understanding of safety rules and the use of personal protective equipment. The successful candidate will have working experience in a related area, be able to work with minimal supervision, and be willing to participate in training. Demonstrated experience working with the public is a requirement. You must possess excellent communication skills, strong time management and organizational skills, and a proficiency in English, written and spoken. A Class D driver’s license with a “Z� endorsement is a requirement.
SPECIFIC DUTIES: • Operate Inserting machines ie. setup, adjustments etc. • Assist in planning pre-insert packages • Meet production goals • Respond to deadlines • Ensure quality standards are met • Provide training to part-time sta where required • Maintenance • Other duties as requires
Tay Valley Township Attn: Chief Administrative Officer 217 Harper Road Perth, ON K7H 3C6 or e-mail: [email protected]
CL433516_0801
Qualified candidates are invited to submit a covering letter and resume clearly marked “Casual/Part-Time Truck Driver/Operator� prior to 12:00 noon August 9th, 2013 to:
CL431013/0718
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: • Grade 12 diploma • 2-4 years production experience in high volume shop Please send resume to [email protected] or drop o to 65 Lorne Street.
The wage rate is $20.25 per hour (based on 2013 rates).
We thank all applicants for their interest and only those selected for an interview will be contacted. Personal information collected from applications is collected under the authority of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, and will be used to determine qualifications for employment. Questions about the collection of Information should be directed to the Clerk at the address indicated above. THE EMC - 45 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Eastern Ontario’s Largest Indoor Flea Market 150 booths Open Every Sunday All Year 8am-4pm Hwy. #31 – 2 kms north of 401
Mchaffies Flea Market HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
" -ĂŠUĂŠ" -ĂŠUĂŠ" Opportunities in Perth, Prescott, Brockville and Kingston PLEASE APPLY IMMEDIATELY! (Numerous Positions Available)
General Labourers starting at $10.25 - $16.00 per hour If you are an employer looking for skilled trades people call Manpower today! - Candidates must be a self-starter, someone with initiative and able to work well independently and also in team environment. - Shifts for laborer roles are as follows: rotating 12 hours, 8 hour mad rotation, wkds, 8 hour days must be able to work all shifts - WHIMS Training required. - All positions require a criminal record check.
CL251911_0719
TRUCK DRIVER/OPERATOR CASUAL/PART-TIME
JOB SUMMARY: To lead and assist in operations on the Distribution floor, including coordinating the staging and inserting of flyers on the night shift using inserting machines and evaluation of performance levels to ensure a smooth and eďŹƒcient workflow for both the EMC’s and lettershop jobs.
JOB REQUIREMENTS: • Working knowledge of flyer distribution as well as a working knowledge of inserting equipment • Ability to learn and understand production requirements • Ability to learn and apply departmental rules and procedures • Good communication and leadership skills • Flexibility in both hours and job requirements, depending on customers needs.
CL421042
Inserting Machine Operator Trainee Distribution Metroland Media- Formerly Performance Printing
Huge yard sale, Sylvania Lodge, Dalhousie Lake. August 4, 9-4, rain date August 5. Tools, handsaws, household goods, bike rack for car.
Yard sale, 288 Poole Drive, Trillium Estates, Perth, Saturday, August 3, Large Multi-family Yard Sale! Aug 3rd, 4th, and 5th 8 a.m. 8:00 a.m., 1140 Elm Grove Road, Perth. Rideau Ferry Abracadabra...The great- Road to Elm Grove Road est moving out sale, last and follow the signs. call. Whatever is left must Loads of collectable’s, go. Please come back household items, baby once again to 5719 Log- clothes and toys, furniture, gers Way, Vydon Acres. 6 like new mobility scooter, km in from Galetta Side hospital bed. Something Road. 613-623-1545 Sat- for everyone, rain or shine. urday August 3, Sunday August 4, 9-5. Murray’s Furniture & Flea Market. Open 6 Days a week. Closed Mondays. Almonte Antique Market, 525 High St., Carleton 26 Mill St. in historic Place. 613-253-1804. Andowntown Almonte. tiques, Toys, Collectibles, 613-256-1511. 36 ven- Jewellery & More. dors. Open daily 10-5.
Job Posting Job Title: Department: Company:
Garage sale- everything must go! 2672 River Rd., South, Kemptville. Aug. 3, 8-2. Assortment of household and garage items.
Please call Manpower or email: T: 1-613-342-0250 [email protected] www.manpower.com
Retail Shop for Sale Have you ever dreamed of opening your own Shop? Excellent opportunity to take over a successful Gift Shop In Historical Downtown Almonte. Complete Turn Key Opportunity.
CL424722_0801
Canadian Tire in Smiths Falls
Let’s get started
UÊÊ >``>ÌiÊÕÃÌÊ
>ÛiÊÃÌÀ}Ê VÕV>ÌÊÃÃ UÊÊ iÊ>LiÊÌÊÜÀÊÊ>ÊÌi>ÊÀiÌi`Ê iÛÀiÌ UÊÊ-ÌÀ}Ê`>}ÃÌVÊ>`ÊiiVÌÀV>Ê ÃÃÊ>Ê>ÃÃiÌ
Developmental Services of Leeds & Grenville www.developmentalservices.com is accepting applications for a
Community Support Worker (7 – 14 hrs/wk) (part-time Contract)
Please submit resume by August 9, 2013 to: Executive Director, DSLG, P.O. Box 1688, Brockville, ON K6V 6K8 Fax or email: (613) 345-1685/ [email protected]
CL424721_0801
Developmental Services of Leeds and Grenville is looking for an enthusiastic individual to provide adults participating in Community Connections with meaningful leisure, recreational and community outings. The successful candidate will participate in planning various activities and learning opportunities that are inclusive, flexible and allow for individual choice. Scheduled hours are 7 – 14 hrs per week and include “on-call” availability. Education and Qualifications required:
-
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
Visit our Bids and Tender website to register and download tender documents. http://bids.leedsgrenville.com CSS-2013-05T: Foundation Repairs CSS-2013-06T: Roof Replacement/ Repairs CSS-2013-07T: Installation of Emergency Generator CSS-2013-08T: Solar HWT Relief Valves CSS-2013-09T: Elevator Hand/Guard Rails CSS-2013-10T: Basement Window Replacement CSS-2013-11T: Accessible Entrances CSS-2013-12T: Bathroom/ Kitchen Upgrades CSS-2013-13T: Electrical Panel Replacement CSS-2013-14T: Common Area Flooring Replacement CSS-2013-15T: Drainage Improvements CSS-2013-16T: Apartment Building Window Cleaning CSS-2013-24T: Lift TSSA Directive 249/11 Tender closings: 11:00 a.m. EST, Tuesday, August 27, 2013. Mandatory site meetings are scheduled for August 13 and 14, 2013. Please refer to the individual tender package for details. Inquiries deadline is August 20, 2013. Tender documents are available from the website or by contacting CSS Admin Services at 613-342-3840 ext. 2117. Lowest or any tender is not necessarily accepted.
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
As the cornerstone of 3M’s success in today's increasingly complex market, innovation is reflected in the thousands of new products we make and sell. It is personified in the creativity and commitment of our employees and energizes the atmosphere of our manufacturing plants and offices located in more than 60 countries around the world. 3M operates manufacturing sites in Eastern Ontario within the communities of Perth and Brockville. We are currently looking for contract production operators to be considered for placement within these locations on short notice…
Contract Production Operators • Perth & Brockville
You will be a member of our manufacturing group and an active member of a flexible team of workers responsible for the daily production of quality products and continuous improvements throughout 3M Canada's Eastern Ontario manufacturing facilities. You will operate and maintain production equipment, be responsible for material handling and production reporting, and maintain a safe work environment. You must have a high school diploma and factory production experience. The ability to operate a forklift is a definite asset. Working along with the rest of 3M's manufacturing team, you will work to understand and exceed 3M customer expectations. We are looking for reliable individuals who are fast learners with a strong attention to detail and excellent time management skills. Ref #PTH-MNF for Perth opportunities or Ref #BKV-MNF for Brockville opportunities These positions are contract work opportunities and will be hired through a third-party agency; candidates will not be eligible for 3M Canada benefits. To apply for these positions, please send your resume and cover letter by e-mail, quoting the specific reference number in the subject line, to:
[email protected] Candidates must be legally employable in Canada to be considered for employment. For assistance with accommodation issues regarding the submission of your resume, please contact 3M Canada Human Resources. We thank all applicants in advance; however, only those under consideration will be contacted. 3M Canada is committed to Employment Equity and welcomes applications from women and men, including members of visible minorities, Aboriginal peoples, and persons with disabilities.
www.3M.ca AUCTIONS
FARM AND HOUSEHOLD AUCTION SALE TENDERS
TENDERS
TENDER NOTICE
Please submit resume to: Ron Speck Auto Service Manager 10 Ferrara Drive, Smiths Falls
DSW or CYW diploma, or degree in a related field 1 year practical experience with individuals who have a developmental disability in a community setting CPI, CPR and First Aid training excellent oral and written communication skills valid Ontario Driver’s licence.
Temporary Closure of Safford Road The United Counties of Leeds and Grenville along with the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry are proposing to close Safford Road for the replacement of the Black Creek Culverts commencing August 6, 2013. The work will be carried out by Cruickshank Construction Ltd. and the road will remain closed until approximately Friday, August 23, 2013. Additional information can be obtained on our website at Live, News & Events or by contacting Les Shepherd, P.Eng., Leeds Grenville at 613-342-3840 ext. 2412 or Ben deHaan, P.Eng., Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry at 613-932-1515.
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
HELP WANTED
CAREER OPPORTUNITY
Saturday August 3, 8 a.m-1 p.m. Toys, clothes, antiques, household items, sporting goods, fresh baked goodies! 42 Russell St., East, Smiths Falls
Saturday, August 3, 8-1, 307 Thomas St., Kemptville. Photo frames, graduation gowns, clothes, fax machine, scanner, glassware, lanPerth- 16 Alvin St. Sat. terns, bicycling apparel, Aug. 3. 8 a.m. etc, etc. 613-267-7230. Saturday, August 3, 8-2, Saturday, Aug. 3, 7 26 McLean Blvd., Perth. a.m.-2 p.m. 760 Rosedale Antiques, good furniture, Road South, Smiths Falls. quality Chinese wool rug, (Not too far from Mon- 500 sq. ft. of vintage metal shingles, plus more. tague Centennial Hall).
TENDERS
Call Debora for Details 613-291-2931 HELP WANTED
MY SELF STORAGE GARAGE SALE and storage Auction August 17th. 8:00 am til 4:00pm. Looking to sell you stuff or products? $35 per storage unit to set up in. Give us a call or stop by for more info 613-253-5550.333 Townline Road East Carleton Place K7C 3S2
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
TENDER Construction - Asphalt Milling/ Removal, Grading, Hot Mix Paving and Misc. Concrete & Rehabilitation Works CONTRACT # 13-PSG-008 Sealed Tenders will be received in envelopes clearly marked as to contents by the Town Clerk at her office in the Town Hall, 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, Ontario, until 11:00 am local time on Thursday, August 15th, 2013, @ 11:00 a.m. For the 2013 Construction -2013-PSG-008 Asphalt Milling/Removal, Grading, Hot Mix Paving, Miscellaneous Concrete & Rehabilitation Work. Specifications and Form of Tender may be obtained from the Clerk’s office. Tenders will be opened in Public at 11:05 a.m. on Thursday, August 15, 2013, in the Council Chambers at the Town Hall, 77 Beckwith Street North, Smiths Falls, Ontario. Questions regarding this Tender may be directed to Vanessa Bernicky at the Engineering Department (tel: 613-283-4124 extension 1147). The lowest or any Tender will not necessarily be accepted (see Acceptance of Tender portion of document). AMENDMENTS TO BIDS SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED OR ACCEPTED
THE EMC - 46 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Saturday, August 10th 9:30 a.m. To be held on site at civic #12015 Cassbridge Rd. South of Winchester From the town of Winchester, travel south on Highway 31 approx. 5km to Cassbridge. Turn west, travel approx. 3km or from the village of Williamsburg travel North on Hwy. 31 approx. 10 kms to Cassbridge Rd. Turn west, travel approx 3km. Watch for signs. Tractors, Farm Machinery, Grain Bin, New Riding Mower, Tools, Household Effects and More. Owner and Auctioneer not responsible for loss or accident. Note: Plan to attend this quality auction for everything is in extra clean cond. With all machinery having been bought new on the farm and always stored inside. Sale Order: 9:30 a.m. starting with household effects, machinery sells at 12 noon sharp, plan to attend on time this is a 3.5 hr. Auction only. Terms: Cash or good cheque with proper I.D. Prop: Mr. Hugh Coons Auctioneers and Sale Managers: Peter Ross Auction Harold Bell Services Ltd. Winchester ON Ingleside ON 613-448-3161 613-537-8862 www.theauctionfever.com for full listing
CL431067_0801
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
AUCTION SALE August 3rd, 2013 9:30 AM sharp To be held at our home located at 3624 Farmview Rd., Kinburn, Ontario. We will be offering for sale items from the recently sold home of John and Dianne Lawson, Pakenham, items from the recently sold home of Mary Szabo, Kanata as well as items from a number of individual consignors. Antique Armoire; Contemporary furniture; Piano; Freezer; Collectables; Old Bottles; Assorted new and used tools; Antique Portraits and Pictures; Generator; Lawn and garden tools etc. etc. Everything is in good condition and must sell. Please plan to attend. Terms: Cash or Cheque with ID Refreshments Auctioneer: John J. O’Neill 613-832-2503 www.oneillsauctions.ca Owners or Auctioneer not responsible in case of loss or accident day of sale
CL431156_0725
CL434703_0711
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY
6 Days a week (Mon.Sat.), 90% household articles, moving. Starts July 25, 9-1 PM. Saturday’s 9-4 PM. 150 Sarah St., Carleton Place.
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
to be held at Hands Auction Hall, Perth Ontario 3 miles east of Perth on County Rd # 10 K7H 3C3 on Wed., Aug. 21/13 @ 5 pm - Preview @ 4pm
AUCTIONS
Welcoming firearms and sports related items for this auction. Please call our home office at 613-267-6027 in advance to book your space. Check out our website for updates.
AUCTIONS
Terms: Cash, Cheque, Debit, Visa, M/C - Catering
AUCTION SALE FOR MR. MARCEL PARENT & MRS. CAROLE FORTIN AUGUST 10, 2013 @ 10:00 AM SHARP! PREVIEW @ 9:00 AM #2215 HWY #2 JOHNSTOWN, ON Mr. Parent & Mrs. Fortin have sold the property & will be offering the following up at auction. Artwork, Collectibles & Antique furniture such as a beautiful secretary appraised by the “Keno Brothersâ€?, Macey’s sectional bookcases, bronze sculptures, 1860’s artwork in chalk by “Phillipsâ€?, old original oils on canvas, 1874 “The Graphicâ€?, many other very early copyright books, garden tractors, tools, modern household etc‌ Auctioneer’s Note: It is a pleasure to be able to bring such quality items to auction; items in excellent condition, showing pride of ownership. Please join us by the beautiful scenic St. Lawrence River for some old time auction fun! For a more detailed list w/ photos go to www.theauctionfever.com Auctioneer or Owner not responsible for lost, stolen, Damaged articles, Accidents day of sale. Canteen. Terms: Cash or Chq w/ Photo I.D. as is. No Buyers Premium All announcements day of sale takes precedence over all printed matter. To book your sale call:
EDUCATION & TRAINING
EDUCATION & TRAINING
EDUCATION & TRAINING
Lo o k f or Summe r Work? Trying to Find that F u ll-Time Ca reer? CL43338_0725
WE CAN HELP! + Fr "%$ ! self-mark& ! %'##"$& % av &$"' Emplo) !& !&$ "' $ "%Servic%! %to #%&'!&%*!%' $ "% + "%$%'##"$& %av )$$"'! ' % " ! ! "&" ' !" ! ' $ "# " ' " ! ' " " Drop in or Call!
' !# "
&Monday to Friday: 8:30 am to 4 pm
' !
&ednesdays: 10 am to 7 pm
' $! ee!
on the web: cesperth.ca 40 Sunset Boulevard Suite 102 Perth, Ontario, K7H 2Y4 Phone: 613-267-1381 Fax: 613-267-1806
Community Employment Services
Funded by the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, and in part by the Government of Canada.
Classifieds get results. 283-3182 Toll-free 1-888-9673237 1-888WORD ADS
ESTATE AUCTION SALE OF PROPERTY 3396 Stagecoach Rd, Osgoode, ON 2 km East of Osgoode village on Osgoode Main St and then right on Stagecoach Rd., 1 km South. Watch for Auction Signs. Saturday, August 24 at 10:00 am (Property sells at 12 noon) To settle the estate of the late Joseph McEwan the following will be sold: This property of approx 97 acres consists of approx 70 acres of crop land and approx 27 acres of bush. The farm fronts on Stagecoach Rd to the East but has a 66’ deeded right of way onto 2nd Line Rd to the West, across the road from Osgoode village. Situated on the property is an older 2 storey frame house, barn and out buildings. An Excellent Rural Property! Terms on Real Estate – Selling in “as is� condition. Property will be sold subject to a reasonable reserve bid. $100,000 down (by certified cheque or bank draft) on day of sale with balance due upon closing. Home inspections are the responsibility of potential buyers and must be completed prior to the auction. For more information contact the auctioneers. Property Open House – Sunday, August 11 from 1–3pm Also selling on August 24 starting at 10 am – some machinery, vehicle, farm related items and some antique furniture. See www.theauctionfever.com for more detailed listing. Terms – Cash or Cheque with Proper ID Auctioneers James and Hill Auction Service Ltd Carson Hill Stewart James (613) 821-2946 (613) 445-3269 Owners and Auctioneers not responsible for accidents.
THE EMC - 47 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CL431062_0801
ANNUAL HUNTING & SPORTING GOODS CONSIGNMENT AUCTION
CL424709_0801
CAREER DEVELOPMENT
CANADIAN ADVERTISING FOUNDATION
623 Arnprior 692 Manotick 256 Almonte 257-253 C. Place 258 Kemptville 259 Lanark 267-264-326 Perth 268 Maberly 269 Merrickville 273 Westport 272 Portland 275 Toledo 278 McDonald’s Corners 279 Sharbot Lake 283-284 Smiths Falls 342-345382-498 Brockville 359 Elgin 382 Gananoque 448 Chesterville 479 Ompah 489 N. Gower 624 Pakenham 774 Winchester 838 Richmond, Munster 924 Athens 926 North Augusta 928 Delta 989 South Mountain
AUCTIONS
CL431108_0801
Advertising serves by informing.
Saturday, August 3, 8-4, 154 Old Kingston Rd., Rideau Ferry. Downsizing. Sewing and craft supplies, tools, lifejackets, fishing gear, lawn furniture, antiques, and much more.
AUCTIONS
Guide to EMC Area Telephone Exchanges
Auctioneers & Qualified Appraisers JIM & TREVOR HANDS: THE VOICES OF EXPERIENCE Phone: (613) 267-6027 or (613) 267-1335 www.jimhandsauction.com
REAL ESTATE & HOUSEHOLD AUCTION For Don & Debbie Frizell at 65 Merrick St., Smiths Falls, ON K7A 4R7 on Sat., Aug. 10/13 @ 10 am Property to be auctioned @ 11 am
CL431107_0801
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
~ Affordable Split Level in Established Neighbourhood ~ Walking distance to shopping, restaurants, park & scenic Rideau Canal. Step up to main level’s open living/dining area w/ access to front deck over single car garage. Bright eat-in kitchen w/ plenty of storage opens onto back deck for easy outdoor entertaining. 4 pc bath, 3 bedrooms w/ 2 pc ensuite off master, completes main level. Step down to rec room, office & laundry/utility room housing approx. 2 yr. old gas furnace, rented hot water tank & 100 amp service. Central Air. On town water & sewer. Taxes $2970.00 (+/-). For private viewing, terms & conditions, please call our office at 613-267-6027. Set of 4 pressback chairs. 2 pc. leather sofa set. Oak curved glass china cabinet. Oak & 2 maple chest of drawers (1 Vilas). 2 oak matching chest of drawers. Queen & double beds. Oak washstand. Modern washstand. Maple rocker. Loveseat. Wicker chair. Kitchen table. 3 pc. oak kitchen set. Maple hutch. Metal shelf. Night stand. Metal/glass coffee & end table set. Wooden toy box. Book shelf. Child’s bench. Horizontal file cabinet. 5 pc patio set. Panasonic 47� projection, 20� & 36� color TVs. 2 DVD & VCR players. Portable stereo. Qty of DVDs & CDs. Bear collection. Collector plates. Beatle collection. Sm Coke & Pepsi collection. Pepsi fridge. Good collection of hockey memorabilia. Stools. Cast iron pot. Lg collection of coffee table, reference, collectors, sports & comic books. Qty of modern togs. Qty of serving, fancy, everyday dishes (4 sets). Cocoa set. Cups & saucers. Partial toilet set. Pots & pans. Pictures & frames. Area rugs. Elect fireplace heater. Portable dishwasher. Kenmore smooth top 30� elect stove. 2 door fridge. Gas BBQ. 5 cu ft chest freezer. Troma front load washing machine (like new). Kenmore dryer. Dehumidifier. Upright vacuum & many other articles too numerous to mention. Terms on chattels: Cash, Cheque, Debit, Visa, M/C Catering
Auctioneers & Qualified Appraisers JIM & TREVOR HANDS: THE VOICES OF EXPERIENCE Phone: (613) 267-6027 or (613) 267-1335 www.jimhandsauction.com
GARAGE SALE/ FLEA MARKET
STREET FLEAAAnAndnndMARKET d Now: Now N oow w: w:
C HRISTMAS S HOPPE !
Ye ar Ro un d
HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY! HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY! HUGE HUGE HUGE VARIETY!
Huge Indoor! Showroom
LARGE SELECTION OF QUALITY FURNITURE
and Outdoor Building!
r"/5*26&4r$0--&$5*#-&4r500-4r410354.&.03#*-*"r r"11-*"/$&4r,*5$)&/8"3&r'63/*563&r .6$).6$).03& NEW HOURS!
Open 7 Days a Week 9am to 4pm tTUSFFUøFBNBSLFU!IPUNBJMDPN 5 MILES SOUTH OF SMITHS FALLS CORNER OF HWY 15 & BAY ROAD AUCTIONS
AUCTIONS
UPCOMING AUCTIONS
Photos by KELLY KENT
“Call or email to Book Your Auction Today� OPEN HOUSE FOR UPCOMING REAL ESTATE AUCTION 6330 Rothbourne Rd, Carp for the Estate of Dave Doran Open House Dates: Friday August 2 2013 (4 PM - 7 PM) & Saturday August 3 2013 (1 PM - 4 PM) To Sell by Public Auction Saturday August 24 2013. Chattel Auction Starts at 10 am (Preview from 9am) including Motorcycles, Tools, Firearms & More. Real Estate will be sold at 1 PM SHARP! Home Complete, quiet, well treed Lot, Full Detached Workshop (One Car Garage with Loft), Spacious Back Deck. OPEN HOUSE FOR UPCOMING REAL ESTATE AUCTION 304 Kelly Jordan Road,Smiths Falls (Montague Township) Open House Date: Sunday August 4 2013 (1 PM - 4 PM) 2 + Bedroom Detached Home a very private cul de sac. Spacious Well Landscaped lot with Large Detached Single Car Garage with Loft & Separate Workshop. Open Concept Dining Room & Kitchen with Plenty of Cupboard Space, Spacious Family Room with Wood Burning Fireplace with Insert & Fan. 3 Season Enclosed Sunroom off the Livingroom overlooking the large Private backyard. 2 Bathrooms. This Property is fully Wheelchair Accessible.
Community –Farmers’ markets throughout the area continue to do brisk business on the weekends, offering a variety of fresh produce, entertainment and unique creations to customers. Above, musicians provide some background music to those gathered at the Almonte Farmers’ Market on July 13. Left, local vendors feature wooden crafts as well as homemade preserves and jams at the Carleton Place Farmers’ Market.
Put physiotherapy changes on hold, Clark tells health minister HELP WANTED
HELP WANTED
News – Looming cuts to physiotherapy services for seniors, in particular those in long-term care and retirement residences, should be put on hold until the impact can be fully measured, said Leeds-Grenville MPP Steve Clark. Clark, who has received letters from dozens of seniors across the riding and petitions signed by many more, has written to Health and Long-Term Care Minister Deb Matthews asking that she delay the changes, which take effect Aug. 1. “Seniors are calling and writing to me because they’re worried about what’s going to happen to the physiotherapy they depend on come Aug. 1,� said Clark. “I’m shocked that the minister has implemented such dramatic change in service without any consultation. No wonder there is so much confusion in the community.� In his letter, Clark wrote: “These changes, I believe, will see a reduction in service for Ontario seniors and have serious consequences on their long-term health. Beyond the impact on the health and well-being of seniors in my riding, your plan will inevitably add costs to the health-care system resulting from increased falls and other consequences of
HELP WANTED
DAN PETERS AUCTION
UPCOMING AUCTIONS
“Call or email to Book Your Auction Today� Friday August 2, 2013 & Saturday August 3, 2013 - Open House, 6330 Rothbourne Drive - Carp, Ontario. Friday August 2 (4-7 PM) & Saturday August 3 (1-4 PM) To Show the Real Estate. Real Estate will sell by Public Auction Saturday August 24, 2013 at 1 PM SHARP! Sunday August 4, 2013- Open House (1-4 PM). 304 Kelly Jordan Road, Smiths Falls (Montague Township). Real Estate to Sell by Live Auction Monday August 19, 2013 at 6 PM SHARP! Fully Landscaped 1 Acre Lot. Own Cheaper than Renting! Thursday August 8, 2013- Night Consignment Auction. Auction Starts at 5 PM (Preview from 4 PM). 182 Glenview Road, Smiths Falls. 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee, 6cyl., fully loaded. Sunday August 11, 2013 - Estate Auction for Bill Monovan. 2880 Rideau Ferry Road, (between Perth & Rideau Ferry). Auction Starts at 10 am (Preview from 9 am). Antique combination china cabinet, loveseats, drop leaf end table, teak table & 6 chairs with matching buffet, antique bowed front dresser with harp mirror, double bedroom set, assorted rocker recliners, oak office chair, loveseat hide a bed, exercise bike, triple leg Duncan Phyfe drop leaf table, bench, trunks, air conditioner, garden hose, wood sled, tool box, assorted hand tools, extension ladder, wheel barrow, BBQ, binnoculars, horse bells, horse brass, competition awards, large Swiss bell, quality hardcover books, nail keg, assorted canes, selection of road maps, brass bookends, horse blanket set, antique glass & china & more! WHAT WE DO: Auctions, Appraisals, Brand New Bed Sales, Moving & Trucking Services.
CL431087_0801
DAN PETERS AUCTION
Dan Peters CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser Amanda Todd CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser (613) 284-8281 or Auction Hall (613) 284-1234 email: [email protected] Website: www.danpetersauction.com
Job PosĆ&#x;ng Job Title: Department: Division:
Assistant Editor Editorial Metroland East
JOB SUMMARY: Metroland Media is seeking an Assistant Editor for its Kingston Heritage EMC and Frontenac Gaze e EMC. Du es will include assigning news and features, copy edi ng, headline wri ng, layout of pages and proofreading. Some wri ng and photography will be required as well as uploading content to the web. The successful candidate will be confident, mo vated, and flexible, have strong news judgment and understand the importance of deadlines. Excellent communica on, organiza onal and interpersonal skills are needed in this role. The candidate must also be willing to professionally represent the company in the community. Proficiency in Adobe InDesign and Photoshop is required. QualificaĆ&#x;ons: • college or university degree/diploma in journalism or relevant experience, • at least five years experience in journalism, preferably most of which has been in an edi ng func on, • detail-oriented with superior wri ng, edi ng, and page layout skills, • a commitment to quality and the ability to manage a mul tude of tasks, • ability to work independently and as part of a team, • have the ability to assign and/or delegate work eec vely to ensure standards are met in terms of content and deadlines.
OnStar partners with AMBER Alert program
Interested and qualified candidates should submit their resume by 5 p.m. August 12th, 2013.. Ryland Coyne Regional Managing Editor E-mail: [email protected] Job Category: Media
CL431086_0801
Dan Peters CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser Amanda Todd CPPA Auctioneer & Certified Appraiser (613) 284-8281 or Auction Hall (613) 284-1234 email: [email protected] Website: www.danpetersauction.com
reduced physio treatment.� Clark spoke out against the cuts to physiotherapy services for seniors during the debate on the government’s budget at Queen’s Park and has also launched a petition against the plan. He also wrote to the Health Minister to condemn the move shortly after she made the announcement in April. “Everyone recognizes that we need to spend our health-care dollars wisely,� said Clark. “But I’m not going to stand by quietly and see frontline care and treatment sacrificed to pay for the waste and mismanagement of the McGuintyWynne government.� Clark noted he’s met with seniors, long-term care operators and physiotherapists who have told him that oneon-one physio treatment is a critical factor in improving patients’ mobility and quality of life. “While the government claims this short-sighted cut is going to save $44 million, I believe the loss of these treatments for frail and elderly patients is going to end up costing the health-care system much more,� said Clark. Submitted by the office of LeedsGrenville MPP Steve Clark.
THE EMC - 48 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
News – The provincial AMBER Alert program, led by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) is adding another partner to our list to help quickly locate missing or abducted children in Ontario. The OPP has an arrangement with OnStar, one of the world’s leading in-vehicle safety and security services to help police quickly locate a missing child. “The more partnerships and investigative tools available, the greater chance we have to save the precious life of a
child in Ontario. Swift, coordinated action and widespread communication is vital to the success of this very important program,� stated OPP Commissioner Chris Lewis. Now when an AMBER Alert is issued, OnStar will be able to share the alert information with the company’s more than 430,000 Canadian subscribers. In 2012, five AMBER Alerts were issued in Ontario that resulted in eight safely recovered children.
LOCAL NEWS
Barns, farms and wicked chefs return for fun-filled event
Notice to Creditors and Others
Submitted photo
Tickets are on sale for a gala event to be held at EcoTay, 942 Scotch Line on Saturday, Aug. 24. The event is a fundraiser for The Table Community Food Centre. at The Table, will be preparing her famous burgers with lamb supplied by Windblest Farms. If you have been missing her former restaurant in Perth, the Hungry Planet, be sure to come sample her wares. Mike McKenzie, owner of the highly successful Seed to Sausage in Sharbot Lake will be bringing a sampler of his charcuterie made from local meats. Andrew Chatham, who lives in Perth and is catering chef for the Whalesbone, promises a fresh Nova Scotia surprise on ice.
Joanne Edwards, chef at The Cove in Westport, will be creating something spectacular with fresh summer vegetables. Rideau’s Ferry’s Jesse Denton, chef at Ottawa’s Sante, will be working with pork from Miller’s Bay Farm and Campton Farm. Gita Seaton, daughter of Harper residents Jackie and Joni, is chef/owner of the Nouveau Palais in Montreal. She will have local goat from Parks Family on her plate. Kyle Woods from the Masonry
THE EMC - P11 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Restaurant and Market, a new restaurant in Perth, will be cooking with local beef. David Dempsey, Judy’s brother, will be preparing a dish with chicken from Jameshaven Farms. Two local cheese makers– Back 40 and Milkhouse Farm and Dairy will serve their ewe’s milk cheeses. They will also be serving goat’s milk cheeses from Clarmell on the Rideau. Kricklewood Farms will be supplying See GALA page P12
All persons having claims against the Estate of Anne Margaret Kelly, late of the Township of Elizabethtown/Kitley, in the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville, who died in the Township of Elizabethtown/Kitley on or about the 8th day of June, 2013 are required to file proof of same with the undersigned on or before the 27th day of August, 2013. After that date, the Estate Trustee will proceed to distribute the estate, having regard only to the claims of which she shall have notice. DATED at Perth, Ontario this 12th day of July, 2013 R0012214463/0718
News - The Table Community Food Centre in Perth invites everyone to the second annual Barns, Farms and Wicked Chefs, a summer gala featuring local fare in a beautiful country setting. This fundraiser will showcase the fine chefs and farmers of Lanark County, feature local craft beers and the well-made wines of Prince Edward County. Strolling from one delectable food station to another, diners will be accompanied by live, summery music. Expect to meet old friends and new people. As one diner last year said, “Even line-ups at the Food Booths were fun! “Dress will be country elegant (which means anything goes!). The gala will be held on the lawns and in the restored barns of EcoTay, 942 Scotch Line on Saturday, Aug. 24, 5:30 to 10 p.m. Visit their website for directions at www.ecotay.com. Order your ticket early: last year was a sell-out event. Tickets will be sold in advance only at $100 per person with a $70 tax receipt. Alcohol will be sold separately. Tickets are available from Tickets Please at 39 Foster St. in Perth, (613) 485-6434 or via www.ticketsplease.ca To get a feel for the evening, check out the pictures and highlights from our magical 2012 event at http://thetbbs. com/barns-farms-and-wicked-chefs/. An appreciative guest said, “One of the best events I attended last year (if not, the best) was the fund-raising ‘fête champêtre’ conceived, organized and realized by Perth’s The Table.” Barns Farms and Wicked Chefs will once again be a feast of Lanark County flavours featuring chefs with local connections, each with a station in a different area of the EcoTay site. Judy Dempsey, who for the past two years has been community chef
S. Craig Halpenny BARKER WILLSON PROFESSIONAL CORPORATION 31 Foster Street Perth, ON K7H 1R8 Solicitors for the Estate Trustee
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Gala event to support local food centre From page SF11 people in our area living on low incomes ca/sharethehealth or #sharethehealth to
to enjoy the good food revolution, to have enough healthy food. Last year 1741 people benefited from our programs. We are working with local gardeners and producers to purchase as much local food as possible for our own kitchen and food bank, and we have made local food a focus of this fundraiser. We are not alone. As part of the Share the Health project at Community Food Centres Canada, proceeds from five lively community events will be used to buy produce from environmentally sustainable, small local farms for use in meals, hampers and kitchens at three Community Food Centres across Ontario: The Stop CFC in Toronto, The Table CFC in Perth and The Local CFC in Stratford. We see it as a win for farmers, a win for the environment, and a win for low-income communities. Farmers need a fair price, low-income families need fair access, and we all benefit from a healthy and fair food system. Visit www.cfccanada.
learn more. Live music for the evening will begin with our featured jazz band, The Tim Murray Quartet. They combine modern jazz tunes with reminiscences of old, creating an intimate and enthusiastic ambiance. Tim Murray on piano, Charley Gordon on trumpet, and Ann Downey on bass will be joined by guest drummer David Pontello. Over the course of the evening diners will hear from String Tease (Dave Pollard, Dawson Willsey, Chuck Gobeil, and Carolyn Avery) who were recently described as one of the best local folk/ roots, and Ghost Pipes (Asher Jesionka, Ali McCormick, and Spartan Rubacha) who play a tasty mix of folk and roots music that will make you yearn for simpler times. Stayed tuned for news of other acts as we get closer to the event. Come join us on Aug. 24 for a wonderful evening of food and music, knowing that you are supporting good food for all.
The Table’s community chef Judy Dempsey will be serving up some great eats during the fundraising gala event at the end of the month. Submitted photo
R0012228379_0801
R0012228378_0801
cold-pressed sunflower oil. As the date approaches we will source seasonal fruits and vegetables from a variety of local farmers. But the garlic for the event will all come from the abundant 8,000 square foot garden of The Table! To finish the meal there will be fine chocolate by Ludwig Ratzinger and elegant desserts prepared by Temple’s Sugar Bush. Perth Brewery and Kichesippi Beer Company will each have a craft beer on tap. We will offer fine wines from nearby Prince Edward County. Sandra and Al of Coutts Coffee in Perth’s Codes Mill will pour a blend of their locally roasted coffee created especially for the event. The Table Community Food Centre at 190 Gore Street in Perth is a place where community members come together to access, grow, prepare, share and advocate for good food. Most of our programs are aimed at helping the
HOME OF THE WEEK K. James
Construction
* family-friendly Sunday worship service each week at 10:30 am * Stewart Park Community Event (free music, cotton candy, burgers) on Sunday, August 18 (rain date August 25) from 6-8 pm * North Street Band fundraiser concert on the evening of Friday, September 6 at 7 pm 21 D’Arcy Street, Perth, ON, K7H 2T9, 613-267-2023
613-267-0233
A Biblically faithful, Gospel sharing parish in the Anglican Church in North America
General Contractor - Kevin James Perth, Ont.
Services & Sunday School at 10:00 a.m. each Sunday Nursery available Mid-week Bible Studies Info: Rev. Dave Kemp, Pastor 613- 257-5490 www.eternalhopechurch.ca Come worship with us at
Û°ÊvÊ£ÎnÓÇÎÓÊ"Ì°ÊV°
iÜÊiÃÊUÊ iÀV>Ê Õ`}ÃÊ UÊ,iÛ>ÌÃÊUÊ µÕ«iÌÊ,iÌ>Ã UÊ-i«ÌVÊÃÌ>>ÌÃ *,"* ,/9Ê /
117 Victoria St., Carleton Place
Call Darwin Code www.codeconstruction.ca
St. James Anglican St. Andrew’s Church, Perth Presbyterian Church
COME AND JOIN US AT:
Glad Tidings Pentecostal Church We purpose to love God and love people Rev. Lewis Massarelli 10:00 a.m. Morning worship 160 Wayside Dr., RR 6, Perth, ON Church: 613-267-3295 See Web page for details of programs - www.gtpcperth.com
Nursery available. Please check the website for info on youth group, Bible studies and other ministries. www.pccweb.ca/standrewsperth Audio loop system 613-267-2481 Office (Fridays 9am-Noon) 613-267-4213 A warm welcome to all!
St. Paul’s United Church 25 Gore Street West Minister: Rev. Camille Lipsett Director of Music: Brad Mills, B.Mus., A.R.C.C.O
Sunday, Aug. 4th Time of Worship: 10 a.m. 613-267-2973
/ÜÊ-ÌÀiÞÊNÊÊ-µÊÌ\ÊÓÎäxÊõ°ÊvÌÊÉÊõ°Ê i`ÀÃ\Ê{Ê >Ì
ÀÃ\ÊÓÊ >À>}iÊ>Ài>\Ê{Î{Êõ°ÊvÌÊÉÊõ°Ê
381819
Worship Service: Sundays at 10 a.m.
613-267-6115 Plan# W3859
JOHN ERVIN
Special Features: `i>Ê
iÊÜÌ
ÊÞÊÎÓ½Êv>V>`iÊvÀÊ>ÀÀÜÊÌ°ÊÀÌÊiÌÀÞÊ«iÊÌÊ ÌÜÊiÛiÃ°Ê ÛiÞÊÛ}ÊÀÊÜÌ
Ê>LÕ`>ÌÊÜ`ÜÃÊÊÌ
iÊÀi>ÀÊ>`Ê }>ÃÊwÀi«>ViÊÃ
>Ài`ÊÜÌ
ÊÌ
iÊÌV
i]Ê«>ÀÌVÕ>ÀÞÊÜÌ
ÊÌ
iÊi>ÀLÞÊ Ã>`ÉÕV
ÊVÕÌiÀ°Ê >À}iÊ«>ÌÀÞÊ«ÀÛ`i`ÊÊÌ
iÊÌV
i°Ê1ÌÌÞÊ ÀÊVÕ`}ÊV«iÌiÊ>Õ`ÀÞÊv>VÌiÃÊ>`ÊiÕ}
Êë>ViÊvÀÊ>Ê vÀiiâiÀ°Ê >ÃÌiÀÊÃÕÌiÊÜÌ
Ê>À}iÊVÃiÌÊ>`ÊV«iÌiÊ«ÀÛ>ÌiÊL>Ì
À°Ê /
ÀiiÊ>À}iÊÃiV`>ÀÞÊLi`Àð
Classic Lines
Malloch Construction iÜÊiÃÊUÊ``ÌÃ ,vÃÊUÊ iVÃ ,iÛ>ÌÃ ,,ÊÈ]Ê*iÀÌ
]Ê"Ì>À
613-264-8150 Cell: 613-812-6677 >Ý\ÊÈ£ÎÓÈ{nÈn
• Cottage Work • Roofing • Replacement Windows • Siding
www.stpauls-uc-perth.org THE EMC - P12 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
CARPENTRY New construction, renovations, roofing & additions
613-267-2512 RR 3, Perth, Ont
12,000 homes EVERY WEEK
Custom Homes/Commercial and Residential Renovations
Paul Coutts 613-267-6585 Fax: 613-267-7869
More home & cottage plans are available at Perth Home Hardware Building Centre
Reach almost
CONSTRUCTION 436762
St Augustines Anglican: Richardson & County Rd. 10 Eucharist: 2nd and 4th Sundays in July and August, 11am
Drummond & North Sts. Organist: Ann Savage
278193
Drummond & Harvey St. 613-267-1163 Canon Christine Piper Please join us! Through July and August, a Eucharist with gladsome hymns is offered at 9:15am
277997
3 GREAT REASONS TO JOIN US THIS SUMMER!
PERTH PLANING MILL SUPPLY 25 Lanark Road, Perth, ON
FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, PERTH “A Church in the heart of Perth with a heart for Perth”
Energy Efficient Custom Homes & Renovations
436020
Area churches invite you to worship with them this week
for as little as $25 per week or $49 per week with this ad size. Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected]
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Jazz Age for Great Gatsby-themed fundraiser drive-in movie night Entertainment – From killer box office to killer cars, this year’s cruise and movie night will certainly be worthy of a novel. In fact, the movie being shown, is based on a novel, arguably the ‘great American novel,� The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1925), and, yes, it does involve a car crash or two. The Leonardo di Caprio, Tobey Maguire epic will be screened on Thursday, Aug. 8, with gates open at 6:30 p.m., at the Port Elmsley drive-in in Drummond/North Elmsley Township, in partnership with the antique classic car show. “We’ve been doing it for quite a few
years now,â€? said Andy Holdham, the event organizer. “We run the gate and that goes to the club and it pays for the film. The owner makes money from the canteen.â€? For the last two or three years, they have just broken even, but good weather and a good showing should remedy that, especially with prices like $10 for a carload. “If a car comes and they shove people in the trunk, that’s fine‌ we encourage it!â€? said Holdham with a laugh. “When we were kids we used to do that.â€? There will also be ’50s, ’60s, and ’70s music played, with door prizes and a 50/50 draw just before the start of the movie at sunset. The proceeds of the 50/50 draw go to Camp Quality, a
summer camp for youth battling cancer. “We’ve been a major sponsor of them for many years,� said Holdham. “We give them a fair bit of money every year.� While the event is a chance to give to a worthy cause, it is also a good way for local car enthusiasts to share their love of their vehicles. “It’s a chance for people with their old collector cars to chat and (it’s) for
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
Sail into Portland for navy event News – Come on down to Portland this Saturday, Aug. 3, for the annual chicken barbecue that starts at 4:30 p.m. at the Community Hall, followed by free music in Hanna Park, courtesy of Rideau Realty and The Carousel, from 6 to 8 p.m. The talented group, King of the Swingers, featuring Portland’s own Marty Crapper of Country Roads and his friends, will provide great summertime entertainment! At 7 p.m. in great Navy tradition, guests can watch the Admiral Sir Charles Kingsmill Sail Past and Salute. Admiral Kingsmill was the founder of the Canadian Navy and a cottager on the Big Rideau at his beloved Grindstone Island. He died on Grindstone Island, and while it had been his wish to be buried there, this was not permissible, so his neighbours formed a flotilla to escort him to the village. He was buried
in the Emmanuel Anglican cemetery south of Portland along Highway 15. To commemorate the Admiral, the sail past and salute re-enacts the salute to the flotilla as it sails by. Come on down, enjoy some barbecued chicken and dessert, listen to the music, or bring your boat and be part of the flotilla, which will form up at 6:30 p.m. along Greenwoods for the sail past and salute. Just look for all the boats gathering on the water and join in!
LOCAL BUSINESSES ADVERTISING
Reach almost 12,000 Homes and Businesses Every Week for only $25 per week with this ad size. Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected] CONSTRUCTION
Letter To the Editor, While driving to Perth from Westport last week, I could not believe my eyes when a car approaching the Scotch Line (County Road 10) from the Otty Lake side road actually stopped at the stop sign. Wonders will never cease. Jim Mullville R.R. 2 Westport
Correction
STORE CLOSING SALE ALL INVENTORY 50% OFF R0012238902_0801
Traffic stop initiates driver double take
Fashions, Accessories & Vintage Racks, Mannequins, Displays
Bulldozer, Backhoe and Truck Rentals with Operator Gravel & Fill, Sand, Clean Stone, Topsoil, Crushed Limestone Products
16129 Hwy. 7, East of Perth UĂŠ613-267-1280 Head OfďŹ ce: G. Tackaberry & Sons Const. Co. Ltd. ĂŒÂ…iÂ˜Ăƒ]ĂŠ"Â˜ĂŒ>Ă€ÂˆÂœĂŠUĂŠ613-924-2634
AUTOMOTIVE PERFORMANCE
COMPUTERS :HKDYHPRYHGWR *RUH6WUHHW: 3HUWK21 &RPSXWHU6DOHV 6HUYLFH 9LUXV5HPRYDO 7U\RXU+HOSGHVN6HUYLFH 6HUYLFHWR )UHHFRQVXOWDWLRQ &DOOXVIRUGHWDLOV
CONSTRUCTION
8 6/" -ĂŠUĂŠ- */ ĂŠ-9-/ -ĂŠUĂŠ," ĂŠ 1 ĂŠ 69ĂŠ +1* /ĂŠ, / -ĂŠ /,1 ĂŠUĂŠ," ĂŠ 8 6/" ->˜`ʇÊÀ>Ă›iÂ?ʇÊ/ÂœÂŤĂŠ-œˆÂ?ʇÊ Ă€Ă•ĂƒÂ…i`ĂŠ,ÂœVÂŽĂŠÂ‡ĂŠÂˆÂ?Â?
613-268-2308 ,°,°›£Ê >LiÀ�Þ]Ê äÊÓ äÊ>�\ 613-268-2466
DENTISTS
Everything Must Go! 40 Gore St. E., Perth
The Crossroads Tearoom from Balderson will be moving to this location this Fall. A Clinic For
HEARING ASSESSMENT will be held at
ROYAL CANADIAN LEGION BRANCH 244, PERTH 26 Beckwith Street East
Friday, August 9, 2013
1 to 4 pm
We Service All Makes & Models Mechanical, Accessories & Tires 390152
The Great War Memorial Hospital provided six $1,000 bursaries to two local high schools: Perth and District Collegiate Institute and St. John Catholic High School. Each received three bursaries of $1,000 each for students continuing their education. The Perth Courier apologizes for the error.
Class A Mechanics • Hwy. 7, Perth, ON 613-267-2901 www.perthmotors.ca
ADVERTISING
12,000
Paul Dunlop Hearing Aid Specialist
Home and Business Every Week for as little as $29 per week with this ad size.
Dispenser for Ontario Ministry of Health Veteran Affairs If unable to attend, please contact for an appointment
Call Kevin Hoover at The Perth Courier/EMC
â–
(and 2nd Friday of every month)
R0011952735_0801
Carbon Monoxide Alarms: Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that can be deadly. This toxic gas is a by-product of the incomplete combustion of fuels such as natural gas, oil, gasoline or wood.
have chosen movies with a car theme, including the very obvious Disney choice, Cars (2006), the Steve McQueen classic Bullit (1968), and American Graffiti (1973). “Usually, it is a movie with great old cars,� said Holdham, and in keeping with the Great Gatsby theme, there will be cars from the 1920s parked there too, though Holdham, a resident of Manotick, will bring his own 1937 Chevrolet.
A weekly directory of
Planning to develop or redevelop WATERFRONT PROPERTY? We will save you time and frustration while getting the approvals you need. 613-264-9600 [email protected] www.zanderplan.com
the fun of it and to relive the old drive-in days,� said Holdham. Even with the hard rain we have seen in the area of late, Holdham was optimistic that it would be clear skies for this year’s showing. “If it is a sunny day, we would hope to get 100 cars or more if we could,� he said. “It’s hard for me to predict because for the last few years it’s been raining.� In the past, Holdham and his friends
R0012216962_0718
613-283-7421 31 William Street East, Smiths Falls, ON
613-267-1100 x229 [email protected]
THE EMC - P13 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
16621 Hwy. 7, across from Hinton Pontiac (Perth) Various sizes available, call for details. 613-267-1559 Business hours
613-267-1965
www.bellsmachining.com
Welding & Metal Fabrication (Aluminum & Stainless Steel) Hydraulic Supplies • Propeller & Skeg Repair Mobile Welding • Firewood Processors 2044 Rogers Rd., Perth, ON K7H 1P9
R0012066418_0502
BELL’S
Machining, Welding & Hydraulics
Rideau Ferry Regatta preparations coming down to the finish line Sports – With less than three weeks to go before the Aug. 17-18 Rideau Ferry Regatta, last-minute preparations, like putting the finishing touches on the cardboard boats, are underway. Organizers of the regatta are this week shipping these boats out to the townships and towns whose politicians are competing in the cardboard boat race. Township staff are then expected to decorate their vessels with flamboyance. Parks Canada last week installed the docks that will be used in the hot pits and this week, Rideau Ferry Harbour Marine is expected to bring another set of docks to the Rideau Ferry Conservation Authority property. These docks were bought by the Rideau Ferry Yacht Club and though they needed repair volunteers were happy to double the 2011 dock capacity. The regatta, by the way, is still looking for more volunteers. Any high school student wanting to accumulate some hours to those required for graduation and for that matter, anyone else who is interested in contributing their time to a worthwhile community cause is asked to call Scott Cameron at 613-283-9107. The Rideau Ferry Regatta is Drummond North Elmsley’s biggest event of the year. It is also the only antique and classic race boat show on the Rideau waterway.
For those interested in building a canoe, there is one spot left for this bargain at the regatta. Four teams of four will be competing in the canoe build, which starts the Saturday of the event and by Sunday at noon, they will be in the water racing. For $100, you get instructions on how to build the canoe, on site of course, and all the material needed for the seaworthy vessel. And you get bragging rights if you win the event. It is part of the regatta’s attempt to re-introduce boat building to the area. Three teams, an Ottawa family, Smiths Falls firefighters, and YAK, Perth’s Youth Action Committee are already part of the event. For those interested, call John Kessel at 613-2672091. There’s no better bargain around. Anyone wanting to sell raffle tickets for a canoe built by the instructors is also asked to call Kessel. Seven Rideau Lakes marinas are also frantically finishing their sea-flea building in preparation for the event. The Sea-Flea Challenge is the brainchild of John McLaughlin, owner of Rideau Ferry Harbour Marine. It’s a competition among the marinas to build the best sea flea at the regatta. These small but amazingly fast little boats will be on display and in the water for the regatta.
Photo by JOHN KESSEL
Submitted by the Rideau Ferry Regatta Jim Graff, Perth councillor; Pat Foster, a regatta board member; Shawn Merriman, DNE building inspector organizing committee. and Scott Cameron, vice commodore of the RFYC are putting together a cardboard boat for the races.
Special Olympians converge on Conlon Farm for annual soccer tournament By LAURIE WEIR [email protected]
Sports – Perth’s Knights of Columbus have been helping to host the annual Special Olympians soccer tournament for five years now. Grand Knight Pat Loftus says he didn’t realize how much work went into the tournament but adds that he doesn’t regret a single moment – or the
Tired of sitting at home looking out the window? Read Regional Round-up and EMC ads every week for ideas.
approximately $3,000 that goes towards hosting such an event. “It’s when they give you a hug at the end of the day; seeing their smiles and hearing their thanks, that’s why we do it,” said Loftus. “It’s pretty amazing to see them all lined up for a hug.” On Saturday, Aug. 10, there will be 10 teams from as far away as Toronto, Ottawa, Peterborough, as well as a team
from Perth, who will play for three divisional championship trophies. All participants will receive medals for their play as well. The day begins at Conlon Farm at 8 a.m. and opening ceremonies at 8:30 a.m. with special guests, the Knights of Columbus Honour Guard. Loftus adds that Mayor John Fenik may also be available, as he has been in the past for this event. Father Brian
McNally will also be in attendance. “The players will be piped onto the playing field by a local piper and this is a really fun part for them all,” notes Loftus. “All participants will parade around the soccer field carrying their flag or team banner… it’s something to see and they all have a great time doing it.” A barbecue lunch of hotdogs and burgers will be available, and will be
free for all participants and their parents or caregivers. Oranges and water will also be provided for participants. “Everyone is welcome to come and watch the action,” says Loftus. “It’s free for all – even the participants and parents/caregivers..” Money is raised for this tournament by draws for prizes which the Knights of Columbus hold during the July 1 celebrations in town.
WANTED!
ELITE Junior ‘B’ Hockey Players The NEW Perth Junior “B” Hockey Club is hosting a FREE Agent Camp - Friday, August 16 thru Sunday, August 18, 2013 at the Smiths Falls Memorial Arena. We are seeking players for our 2013-14 Eastern Ontario Junior “B” Hockey League Team. $100 per player to attend (2 practices, 2 games, jersey, lunch provided). You MUST be highly coachable, physically fit, MENTALLY tough and born between 1994-1997 (17-20 years old) to qualify. ONLY those seriously committed to competing for an EOJHL Championship need apply. Application Deadline: Wednesday, August 14, 2013. To apply, please visit www.BlueWingsCamp.com and complete the “Player Profile” on site. For a FREE Information Kit, sent to you on request, email Michael McLean at: [email protected] (ONLY 7 spots left.) R0012227351_0725
THE EMC - P14 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SPORTS
Archery aims for big results this weekend
Submitted photos
30th anniversary tournament
Sports – The James D. Canuel Memorial Soccer Tournament, hosted by the Perth United Soccer Club was held on the weekend. Founded in the remembrance of James Canuel, the tournament is played on the last weekend of July at Conlon Farm. The tournament is open to recreational teams and it has divisions for men’s, women’s and old timers’ teams. This year, the Perth Roc team earned the championship. To the left, Mrs. Canuel has some fun at the soccer pitch.
78% OFF!
$1999 $9999 79% OFF! 66% OFF!
$3499 50% OFF!
$1999 $2999 UP TO 71% OFF! 83% OFF!
$999
1L ClassIIc saucepan with cover. List: $92.00.
1L ClassIIc casserole with cover. List: $99.00.
74% OFF!
Our 10pc ClassIIc cookware set features our latest revolutionary improvement on our flagship product. 18/10 stainless steel construction and a new encapsulated bottom pad that’s safe for all stovetops including induction. Set includes: 1.5L & 3L saucepans, 5L Dutch oven, 4L saute pan, 20cm & 24cm fry pan, and 4 covers. List: $779.00.
$19999
Sports – Archers are aiming for some big prizes as the third annual 3D P&P Archery’s Charity Shoot for the Great War Memorial Hospital will take place this weekend, Aug. 3 and 4 just outside Perth. Ted Ladelpha, owner/operator of P&P Archery, and host of the event, says there are some 150 archers ready to take part in the two-day shoot that takes place on his property, located at 16904 Highway 7. Here, there are 32 life-like targets scattered throughout the wooded area. This event has donated $6,000 to the local hospital. “It’s been well supported,” he said. “From the participants to the sponsors, and we have some really big prizes this year, including a kayak and bows.” Some $1,200 in prizes are up for grabs to division winners for both men and women shooters. Tickets for special draws and raffles will also be available. Saturday night, participants can enjoy barbecued steak dinner and will have chance to take part in some novelty shoots. Camping is also available and camp fires are permitted (depending on the weather). There will also be a canteen on site. Visit www.pandparchery.ca or call 613-297-5306 for more information.
1L Fusion5 sauté pan with cover and lifetime warranty. $149.99.
14L ClassIIc stock pot with cover. $313.00.
20pc Belmont flatware set. List: $89.99.
6pc non-stick knife set. List: $99.99.
Stainless steel beer barrel. 500ml. $19.99.
Stainless steel Nature Trust pan with enviro-friendly ceramic coating, PFOA and PTFE Free. Safe for induction stovetops. 20cm/8” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $139.99. Now $39.99! 24cm/9.5” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $159.99. Now $44.99! 28cm/11” Nature Trust fry pan. List: $179.99. Now $59.99!
$2499 JULY 31ST TO AUGUST 11TH ONLY AT:
PERTH Perth Home Hardware Building Centre 115 Drummond St. West
Information & dealers: 1-800-A NEW-POT or www.paderno.com. Not all locations open Sunday. Quantities limited, please be early. Sale items may not be exactly as shown. THE EMC - P15 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
SPORTS
Connected to your community
Big Rideau brings big challenges and big fish to the scales this year Sports - Renegade Bass, the leader in live release bass tournament fishing in Canada, announced the results of the third and fourth event qualifiers of the 2013 tournament season presented by Ranger Boats, Orleans Boat World & Sports and Evinrude BRP Motors. Rideau Ferry Harbour played host to 73 of Canada’s elite fishing teams on July 20 and 21. Teams were competing for over $17,000 in cash and prizes each day. Unsettled weather for
the weekend brought an added challenge as thunderstorms and a major cold front brought an end to the high humidity making for drastically different fishing conditions. Saturday saw only one team, Paul Shibata and Craig Lister tip the scales over 18 pounds and that trend continued into Sunday with the team of Lenny Devos and Jeff Desloges being the only team to cross the 18 pound mark. “We worked hard for this
win! We knew with changing weather conditions the bites might come slower and we were very focused on making sure that when we got bit, we didn’t miss any fish.” said G. Loomis and Lowrance Electronics Pro Paul Shibata. “We didn’t have an extensive pre-fish and relied heavily on our Lowrance electronics to locate areas we knew had the right mix to hold some bigger fish.” Big Rideau Lake is known for delivering on some big
weights in tournaments but both Saturday and Sunday proved to be frustrating and challenging. The same held true for Triton Boats/Hunter’s Bay Marine, Quantum Fishing Pros, Lenny Devos and Jeff Desloges, perennial favourites to win on Big Rideau. Devos and Desloges had a disappointing Saturday but rallied hard for the win on Sunday. “Based on our previous day, we knew what not to do and on Sunday decided to go with the
opposite strategy,” said Devos, Ultra Pro and VOK fishing pro. “We covered a lot of water to focus almost exclusively on large weed beds that were holding a significant baitfish population. We figured out quickly that the largemouth were keying on these baitfish and from then on it was just a matter of being patient and waiting for the bigger fish to eat our jigs.” In Renegade Bass Tour competition, anglers are also vying for high weights in hopes
of qualifying for the Renegade Bass Classic, the Canadian elite championship of bass fishing. The 2013 Renegade Bass Classic XVIII takes place Sept. 7 and 8 on Lake St. Francis and anglers could win a fully rigged Ranger bass boat and Evinrude BRP motor valued at over $50,000 – the sport’s biggest award in Canada. For full results please visit the Renegade Bass website: www.renegadebass.com Submitted by Renegade Bass
ONTARIO ENERGY BOARD NOTICE TO CUSTOMERS OF ENBRIDGE GAS DISTRIBUTION INC. Enbridge Gas Distribution Inc. has applied to change its rates. Learn more. Have your say. Enbridge has applied to the Ontario Energy Board with a 5-year rate plan. The plan would decrease rates in 2014 and then increase them in 2015 and 2016. The annual bill decrease for an average residential customer is $3 in 2014 followed by increases of $12 in 2015 and $27 in 2016. The bill changes in 2017 and 2018 will be filed with the Board at a later date. The rate plan is proposed to begin on January 1, 2014. Other customers, including businesses, may be affected as well. THE ONTARIO ENERGY BOARD IS HOLDING A PUBLIC HEARING The Ontario Energy Board (OEB) will hold a public hearing to consider Enbridge’s request. We will question the company on its case for its rate plan. We will also hear arguments from individuals and from groups that represent residential and business customers. At the end of this hearing, the OEB will decide on the rate plan. The OEB is an independent and impartial public agency. We make decisions that serve the public interest. Our goal is to promote a financially viable and efficient energy sector that provides you with reliable energy services at a reasonable cost.
Photo by LAURIE WEIR
Some of the tools of the trade were on deck last weekend as the Renegade Bass series landed on the shores of the Big Rideau at Rideau Ferry. The Lanark County Plowmen’s Association hosts the
Biggest Little Plowing Match in Eastern Ontario
Celebrating the 10th Anniversary of IPM 2003
2013 Lanark County Plowing Match at the Farm of Mel & Stuart Hammond Jason & Amanda O’Connell #9961 Cavanagh Road, Carleton Place
Lanark County 4-H Regional Judging Competition Directors Plowing Class Machinery Displays, Canteen 4-H Plowing Club Achievement 10 a.m.
PRIVACY If you write a letter of comment or sign up to observe the hearing, your name and the content of your letter or the documents you file with the OEB will be put on the public record and the OEB website. However, your personal telephone number, home address and email address will be removed. If you are a business, all your information will remain public. If you apply to become an intervenor, all information will be public.
Admission: $2.00
Saturday, August 17, 2013
This rate hearing will be held under section 36 of the Ontario Energy Board Act, 1998, S.O. 1998 c.15 (Schedule B). R0012238908_0801
Admission: $5 each Information regarding Program / Exhibit Space contact Barb Dowdall (613) 257-1637 or [email protected]
LEARN MORE These proposed charges relate to Enbridge’s distribution services. Our file number for this case is EB-2012-0459. To learn more about this hearing, find instructions on how to file letters or become an intervenor, or to access any document related to this case please enter that file number at the OEB website: www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/notice. You can also phone our Consumer Relations Centre at 1-877-632-2727 with any questions. ORAL VS. WRITTEN HEARINGS There are two types of OEB hearings – oral and written. The Board intends to hold an oral hearing on this matter.
Friday, August 16, 2013
PANCAKE BREAKFAST 7 am - 9 am Horse & Tractor Plowing Classes, Antique Exhibits & Demonstrations, Ladies Exhibits, Canteen, Craft Sales, Media & Municipal Plowing, Musical Entertainment (Bowes Brothers) >À`iÊ/À>VÌÀÊ*ÕʣʫÊUÊ ÃÃÃë«Ê-µÕ>ÀiÃ
BE INFORMED AND HAVE YOUR SAY You have the right to information regarding this application and to be involved in the process. You can: • Review Enbridge’s application on the OEB’s website now. • Sign up to observe the proceeding by receiving OEB documents related to the hearing. • File a letter with your comments, which will be considered during the hearing. • Become an active participant (called an intervenor). Apply by August 17, 2013 or the hearing will go ahead without you and you will not receive any further notice of the proceeding. • At the end of the process, review the OEB’s decision and its reasons on our website.
Ontario Energy Board
Come Join in the Fun – Something for Everyone. Bring Your Lawn Chairs THE EMC - P16 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
Commission de l’énergie de l’Ontario
LOCAL NEWS
Connected to your community
Beveridges Lock traffic down over last year Weather threatens men’s night By DESMOND DEVOY [email protected]
News – The number of boats using the Beveridges Lock to get to the Tay Canal from the Rideau Canal is down from last year. Only 12 boats made the journey in May, with 52 boats on the water in June. “While these numbers are down from last year, this lock station sees significant fluctuations in traffic,” wrote Genevieve Patenaude, a media relations officer with Parks Canada, based in Gatineau, Quebec, in an email exchange last week. “Boat traffic at Beveridges Lock station is low throughout the season in
comparison to other lock stations but more so during the shoulder seasons.” While the numbers are down from last year, “May traffic is actually up 33 per cent from 2011, when rain and cold temperatures also made for a late start to the season. That year, overall there were only nine boats in May.” From May 17 to June 20, and again from Sept. 3 to Oct. 14, Beveridges will not be manned and boaters will be asked to pre-book lockage by calling 613-3595377 at least 48 hours in advance. Patenaude also offered that the price of gas may also be having an affect on the number of boats on the water. “For example, in 2011, media reported that at $1.45 a litre at local marinas,
some boaters altered their boating habits,” she wrote. “Since 2011, the price of gas has risen approximately 12 per cent or higher in some areas. Parks Canada remains optimistic that the July boating traffic will start to improve and our team looks forward to welcoming boaters and canal users to Beveridges, the gateway to Perth.” Patenaude also added that the months of May and June “constitute the slower part of the season on the Rideau Canal, including at Beveridges Lock, with July and August our peak months… For 2013, the temperatures, the wet spring weather, and high water flows may have been factors that impacted outdoor activities.”
Boat tours return to the Tay Canal News - The recent arrival of guided boat tours on the Tay Canal this summer has revived a tradition – and popular entertainment – that dates back to the Perth area’s late 1800s. This week, Tay Canal Tours announced the official commencement of their scheduled tours based out of Perth, operating along this historic waterway. The canal was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007, with the Rideau Canal system. The narrated tours will visit some of the area’s most important historic sites, through pristine countryside and the Tay Marsh, in Drummond/North Elmsley Township (optionally, longer tours are available to the Beveridges Lock, on Lower Rideau Lake). Amongst the historic spots viewed along the way are the site of the last fatal
duel in Upper Canada, the original 1834 Tay Canal and its towpath, and the route taken by the first settlers to the 1816 Perth Military Settlement. The tour includes an extensive visit to the ‘provincially significant’ Tay Marsh, noted for its range of wildlife, including the black tern (species of special concern). The Classic 24 foot tour boat, ‘Blue Goose’, will provide two tours daily, at 10 a.m. and 1 p.m., on Friday, Saturday and Sunday. For the present, the twoand-a-half-hour tours leave from the docks at Last Duel Park, on Craig Street, in Perth. Reservations are required. In addition to scheduled tours, custom and package outings will be offered for special occasions, such as birthdays, anniversaries, and family visits, on the Tay or Rideau system, or area lakes.
Tay Canal Tours is an enterprise of local citizens aimed at providing a means by which residents and visitors may enjoy and learn about the historic Tay River and Canal – a little-known jewel in the Perth and Drummond/North Elmsley Township community. Further information on the tours is available at www.taycanaltours.com, or by telephone at (613) 264-0094.
Sports - The July 23, Tuesday Men’s Twilight Golf was sponsored by Hinton Dodge Chrysler. There were 75 golfers to play a four man best ball game. The weather threatened with a bit of thunder and a sprinkle of rain, but the golf gods were with us and we avoided lightening and heavy rains. Skip Patterson, Brad Hasler, Al Morrison and Mike Brankin scored a 33 on the front. Kevin Kinch, Bob Maidment, Steve Dier and Peter Donnelly combined for a 34 on the
back. Long drives were by Gord Buchan, Skip Patterson, Pat Capello and Len Bolton. Greg Howard took home the entry to the Burns Jewelers draw and Rob Geroux took home the Lanark Landing gift certificate. The march to Vegas continued with a total of 15 names drawn for the competition for a seat on the plane. Ray Kilpatrick was the ultimate winner and he will be heading for a golf adventure in Las Vegas this October. Submitted by Bob Burch
WANTED!
ELITE Junior ‘B’ Hockey Players The NEW Perth Junior “B” Hockey Club is hosting a FREE Agent Camp - Friday, August 16 thru Sunday, August 18, 2013 at the Smiths Falls Memorial Arena. We are seeking players for our 2013-14 Eastern Ontario Junior “B” Hockey League Team. $100 per player to attend (2 practices, 2 games, jersey, lunch provided). You MUST be highly coachable, physically fit, MENTALLY tough and born between 1994-1997 (17-20 years old) to qualify. ONLY those seriously committed to competing for an EOJHL Championship need apply. Application Deadline: Wednesday, August 14, 2013. To apply, please visit www.BlueWingsCamp.com and complete the “Player Profile” on site. For a FREE Information Kit, sent to you on request, email Michael McLean at: [email protected] (ONLY 7 spots left.) R0012224545/0725
Submitted by Tay Canal Tours
PARK IT! Leave your car at home for a day, week or a month! Try walking or biking. If work is too far away to walk carpool.
SALES. SERVICE. EXPERIENCE.
FUTURE SHOP CORRECTION NOTICE
NEWSPAPER RETRACTION FOR THE FUTURE SHOP JULY 26 CORPORATE FLYER In the July 26 flyer, Popup page 1, the 39"/29" Philips PFL2908 Series Smart LED TV (39PFL2908 / 29PFL4908) (WebCode: 10248838 / 10248839) were advertised as being Skype-enabled when they DO NOT have this feature, as previously advertised.
Pontoon Boats
We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused our valued customers.
Ompah, On
We have a great selection of South Bay Pontoon Boats
Sunday, August 4 2 pm
From the 400 Fishing Series to the 700 Luxury Series, we have one for you!
Bring your lawnchair Rain or Shine
NOTICE TO CREDITORS AND OTHERS
Big pitch Perth Royals pitcher Austin Ritz throws for a strike during the sixth inning of a game against the Kanata Cubs at the Lower Kinsmen Diamond in Kanata on July 24 during the Junior Provincial Little League Tournament held July 23 to 27. The Cubs went on to win the game 23-6. The eight-team tournament included teams from Windsor, Oakville, Port Arthur, Kemptville, Nepean and south Ottawa. The winner of the tournament will advance to the Canadian championship in Lethbridge, Alberta.
Call Today for a water test and prices “WE FINANCE”
After that date the Estate will be distributed having regard only to the claims of which the undersigned shall then have had notice. DATED at Perth, this 23rd day of July, 2013. WOODWARK STEVENS IRETON Barristers and Solicitors 7 Gore Street West, Perth, Ontario K7H 2L6 Solicitors for the Estate Trustee
R0012240029_0801
Photo by BLAIR EDWARDS
In the Estate of Robert Duncan Birse, deceased. All persons having claims against the Estate of the above named deceased, late of the Town of Perth, in the County of Lanark, who died on the 12th day of July, 2013, are required to file proof of the same with the undersigned on or before the 5th day of September, 2013.
THE EMC - P17 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
613.659.3520 6 13.6 659.3520 R0012082203_0509
[email protected] 515-1000 Islands Parkway Leeds & 1000 Islands K0E 1L0
LOCAL NEWS
BarnDoor Productions begins climb of The 39 Steps
Something to YAK about
Events – BarnDoor Productions, Perth’s original community theatre, is beginning the climb up toward its 19th season and that climb begins with auditions for their fall production, The 39 Steps. The 39 Steps is the longest running Broadway play of the 2000s, called “riotous and marvellous” by the New York Post and “Theater at its finest” by the New York Times. It has also been called “Where Hitchock meet hilarious”, a brilliantly inventive, tongue-in-cheek homage to Hitchcock movies, murder mysteries and the British Empire. It also has a special Canadian connection. The play is based on Alfred Hitchcock’s 1935 movie, which is, in turn, based on John Buchan’s 1915 book. John Buchan is better known in this country as Lord Tweedsmuir, the 15th Governor General of Canada! Adapted by British actor/playwright Patrick Barlow, the play began life in a regional theatre in England before moving into the West End and Broadway, winning two Tony Awards, the Olivier Award and the Drama Desk Award and running for over 1100 performances on Broadway. What makes the show special is that the nearly 200 characters in the play are played by only four performers! One actor plays the central role of Richard Hannay,
Above, Perth Rotary Club donated $5,000 to the YAK group to fund their Homework Help program. Pictured are Jannel Bigras - YAK’s summer camp coordinator; Tanis Cowan - YAK’s executive director; Heather Baird Willis College placement student; Amanda Barnes - YAK youth member; Brianna Bienias - YAK youth member; David Batchelor - Perth Rotary Club’s president; Jim Peden - Rotary Club member and YAK board member; John Shiedler - Rotary Club member and YAK board member; Dan Lapointe - YAK’s after school coordinator. Youth Action Kommittee executive director Tanis Cowan presents Rick Mallette of Lombardy with his $500 first place winnings after his duck was the first to cross the finish line in the great YAK Duck Race on Sunday, July 21 during the Stewart Park Festival.
an earnest young man from “the Canadas”; the one female plays the two principal female roles; and two energetic and versatile men play all the other roles in a whirlwind of silly accents and rapid hat changes. The show makes no attempt to hide its theatricality: a few sets pieces and props are all that are required to portray scenes from fog-shrouded London to the Scottish Highlands, from a speeding train to a high-speed car chase. The result is a laughriot the New York Post called “The best show on Broadway!” Auditions for BarnDoor Productions’ The 39 Steps will be held on Monday, Aug. 12, beginning at 7 p.m. These are open auditions; all are welcome and no preparation is required. Simply show up and have a good time. The audition will be in the lobby of the Full Circle Theatre, 26 Craig St., Perth. If you want to be part of some of the best fun you can have on stage, if you’re up for a creative challenge such as doesn’t often come along for community theatre and if you want to get involved (or re-involved) with the community theatre that has been raising the bar, production after production, since their first show in 1995, come out for the auditions for The 39 Steps. You never know where they might lead!
FIND YOUR
PERFECT MATCH! Why use HomeFinder.ca? t MJTUJOHTUPCSPXTFGSPN t BHFOUTUPDPOOFDUXJUI t0GGFSTUIFCFTUEFNPHSBQIJDBOE MPDBMJOGP t/PUJGJDBUJPOTXIFOOFXIPNFTBSF BWBJMBCMFUIBUNFFUZPVSDSJUFSJB t'PMMPXBMJTUJOHBOEHFUVQEBUFT QSJDFDIBOHFT PQFOIPVTF TPME
t'MFYJCMFTFBSDIQBSBNFUFST t"EWBODFENBQQJOHUFDIOPMPHJFT
a division of Metroland Media Group Ltd. THE EMC - P18 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
R0012167191
• BLUETOOTH® WITH USB • 6-SPEED AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION • AIR CONDITIONING • POWER WINDOWS & LOCKS • BEST-IN-CLASS REAR SEAT LEGROOM♠
154 0% 2.7% @
FOR 84 MONTHS‡
INFORMATIONAL APR
$0 DOWN PAYMENT. TAXES NOT INCLUDED. OFFERS INCLUDE FREIGHT, PDI & LEVIES. PURCHASE PRICE $25,495* INCLUDES $2,500 CASH CREDIT♦♦
VEHICLE PRICING IS NOW EASIER TO UNDERSTAND BECAUSE ALL OUR PRICES INCLUDE FREIGHT, PDI AND MANDATORY GOVERNMENT LEVIES. Prices do not include applicable taxes and PPSA. Consumers may be required to pay up to $799 for Dealer fees.***
ONTARIOCHEVROLETDEALERS.COM
For the latest information, visit us at chevrolet.ca, drop by your local Chevrolet Dealer or call us at 1-800-GM-DRIVE. *Offer applies to the purchase of 2013 Chevrolet (Silverado 1500 LS Ext. Cab 2WD G-BBQT/Cruze LS G-BBP8/Cruze LS+ 1SB/Equinox LS FWD G-BBQG). ‡0% purchase financing offered by GMCL for 72//84/84 months on 2013 Chevrolet (Silverado 1500
LS Ext. Cab 2WD G-BBQT/Cruze LS G-BBP8/Equinox LS FWD G-BBQG). O.A.C by RBC Royal Bank/TD Auto Finance Services/Scotiabank. Rates from other lenders will vary. Example: $10,000 at 0%/2.71%/0%/2.7% APR, monthly payment is $138.89/$150.64/$119.05/$130.79 for 72/72/84/84 months. Cost of borrowing is $0/$846.08/$0/$986.36, total obligation is $10,000/$10,846.08 /$10,000/$10,986.36. Down payment and/or trade may be required. Monthly/Bi-weekly payment and cost of borrowing will vary depending on amount borrowed and down payment/trade. Monthly/Bi-weekly payments based on a purchase price of $25,795/$13,995/$27,995 with $0 down payment. ♦$7,500 is a manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive) for 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Ext. & Crew Cab and is reflected in offers in this advertisement. Other cash credits available on most models. See dealer for details. ♦♦$2,500/$2,000/$2,250/$2,500/$2,500 is a manufacturer to dealer delivery credit (tax exclusive) for 2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Crew Cab/2013 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Ext. Cab/2013 Chevrolet Cruze LS 1SA/2013 Chevrolet Cruze LS 1SB/2013 Chevrolet Equinox LS and is reflected in offers in this advertisement. Such credit is available only for cash purchase and by selecting lease or finance offers, consumers are foregoing such credit which will result in higher effective interest rates. Other cash credits available on most models. See dealer for details. */‡/♦/♦♦/***Freight & PDI ($1,600/$1,550/$1,550/$1,550), registration, air and tire levies and OMVIC fees included. Insurance, licence, PPSA, dealer fees and applicable taxes not included. Offers apply as indicated to 2013 new or demonstrator models of the vehicle equipped as described. Offers apply to qualified retail customers in the Ontario Chevrolet Dealer Marketing Association area only (including Outaouais). Dealers are free to set individual prices. Quantities limited, dealer order or trade may be required. Limited time offers which may not be combined with other offers. GMCL may modify, extend or terminate offers in whole or in part at any time without notice. Conditions and limitations apply. See dealer for details. ▲Based on latest available competitive information at time of printing. ®Bluetooth is a registered trademark of Bluetooth SIG Inc. +Based on WardsAuto.com 2012 Upper Small segment, excluding Hybrid and Diesel powertrains. Standard 10 airbags, ABS, traction control and StabiliTrak®. ♠Comparison based on 2012 Wards segmentation: Middle/Cross Utility Vehicle and latest competitive data available and based on the maximum legroom available. Excludes other GM brands. ††2013 Silverado 1500 LT Ext. Cab 2WD with PDJ & S80, MSRP with freight, PDI & levies $38,844. 2013 Cruze LTZ, MSRP with freight, PDI & levies $28,139. Dealers are free to set individual prices. ¥Offer only valid from July 3, 2013 to September 30, 2013 (the “Program Period”) to retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a Chevrolet Aveo, Cobalt, Cavalier, Optra, Saturn Ion, Astra, S-Series will receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, lease or factory order of an eligible new 2013 Chevrolet Sonic or Cruze. Retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a Chevrolet Equinox, Tracker or Saturn Vue will receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, lease or factory order of an eligible new 2013 Chevrolet Equinox. Only one (1) credit may be applied per eligible vehicle sale. Offer is transferable to a family member living in the same household (proof of address required). This offer may not be redeemed for cash and may not be combined with certain other consumer incentives available on GM vehicles. The $1,000 credit includes HST/GST/QST/PST as applicable by province. As part of the transaction, dealer will request current vehicle registration and/or insurance to prove ownership. GMCL reserves the right to amend or terminate this offer, in whole or in part, at any time without prior notice. Void where prohibited by law. Additional conditions and limitations apply. See your GM dealer for details. ¥¥Offer only valid from July 3, 2013 to September 30, 2013 (the “Program Period”) to retail customers resident in Canada who own or are currently leasing (during the Program Period) a GM or competitor pickup truck to receive a $1,000 credit towards the purchase, finance or lease of an eligible new 2013 Model Year Chevrolet Silverado Light Duty, Chevrolet Heavy Duty, GMC Sierra Light Duty, GMC Sierra Heavy Duty, or Chevrolet Avalanche. Only one (1) credit may be applied per eligible vehicle sale. Offer is transferable to a family member living in the same household (proof of address required). This offer may not be redeemed for cash and may not be combined with certain other consumer incentives available on GM vehicles. The $1,000 credit includes HST/GST/QST/PST as applicable by province. As part of the transaction, dealer will request current vehicle registration and/or insurance to prove ownership. GMCL reserves the right to amend or terminate this offer, in whole or in part, at any time without prior notice. Void where prohibited by law. Additional conditions and limitations apply. See your GM dealer for details.
THE EMC - P19 - Thursday, August 1, 2013
The Good Food Store
|
i don't know
|
Ashtanga Vinyasa, Bikram, and Hatha Vidya are styles of what?
|
Types of Yoga | Hatha yoga, Ashtanga, Bikram, Iyengar and more... | DoYogaWithMe.com
release endorphins that improve your mood
and so much more...
Now that you know some of the benefits of doing yoga, we begin our list of yoga styles below with classical hatha yoga . As you move down the list it goes from vigorous, flow-style classes to the more relaxing passive classes, finishing with restorative yoga. You will also find a list some of our most popular yoga videos at the bottom of each style.
Hatha Yoga
Hatha is a general category that includes most yoga styles. It is an old system that includes the practice of asanas (yoga postures) and pranayama (breathing exercises) , which help bring peace to the mind and body, preparing the body for deeper spiritual practices such as meditation.
Today, the term hatha is used in such a broad way that it is difficult to know what a particular hatha class will be like. In most cases, however, it will be relatively gentle, slow and great for beginners or students who prefer a more relaxed style where they hold poses longer. It can vary a lot, so it is a good idea to call the studio before attending the class.
Popular hatha classes include:
Hatha Yoga to Release the Lower Back - David Procyshyn (subscriber-only video)
Vinyasa
Like hatha, vinyasa is a general term that describes many different styles of yoga. It essentially means movement synchronized with breath and is a vigorous style based on a rapid flow through sun salutations. You may also see a vinyasa class referred to as a flow class, which refers to the continuous flow from one posture to the next.
Popular vinyasa yoga classes include:
Sun Salutations III - Tracey Noseworthy
Ashtanga Yoga
Ashtanga is a system of yoga that was brought to the modern world by Sri K. Pattabhi Jois. If you attend an ashtanga class at a studio you will be led nonstop through one or more of the ashtanga series, while being encouraged to breathe as you move from pose to pose. Each series is a set sequence of asanas, always in the same order. It is typically fast-paced, vigorous and physically challenging.
There are six series in total, increasing in difficulty as you move from the primary series on. Even though a typical class moves quite quickly, most Ashtanga studios offer Mysore-style classes, which allow students to work at their own pace and to be assessed by senior instructors.
Popular ashtanga classes include:
Ashtanga Yoga For Beginners - Jenni Pritchard
Power Yoga
Power yoga is used to describe a vigorous, vinyasa-style yoga. It originally closely resembled ashtanga and was an attempt to make ashtanga more accessible to Western students. It differs, however, in that it is not a set series of poses, but rather allows the instructor freedom to teach what they want.
Two American yogis, Beryl Bender Birch and Bryan Kest, both of whom studied with Sri K. Pattabhi Jois, are most often credited with inventing power yoga. Power yoga's popularity has spread around the world and is now taught in most studios. Because the style can vary, it is recommended that you consult with the studio or individual instructor before attending a class.
Popular power yoga classes include:
Power Yoga For Motivation - Tracy Noseworthy
Bikram Yoga
One thing you can be sure of when you attend a Bikram class is consistency. Outside of the instructor, a Bikram class is the same no matter where you go, consisting of the same, copyrighted twenty-six postures and two breathing techniques, in the same order for ninety minutes, in a room heated to 105°F (40.6°C), with a humidity of 40%.
You can also be certain that you will sweat; the room is hot and the class challenges you both physically and mentally. Founded by Bikram Choudhury, this form of hot yoga is meant to flush toxins, manage weight and allow students to move more deeply into poses.
Jivamukti Yoga
David Life and Sharon Gannon created jivamukti yoga in 1984, and since then have studied with a number of teachers, including Swami Nirmalananda and Sri K. Pattabhi Jois. Their classes resemble ashtanga in the vinyasa-style flow through asanas. Each class begins with a standardized warm-up sequence unique to jivamukti and often teachers will incorporate weekly themes, chanting, meditation, readings and affirmations.
Iyengar Yoga
The trademark of iyengar is the intense focus on the subtleties of each posture. B.K.S. Iyengar teaches his classes from his home in Pune, India and has become one of the most influential gurus of our time. In a typical iyengar class, poses are held much longer than in other schools of yoga, in an effort to pay closer attention to the precise musculoskeletal alignment within each asana. Another trademark of iyengar is the use of props, such as blocks, belts, bolsters, chairs and blankets, which are used to accommodate injuries, tightness or structural imbalances, as well as teach the student how to move into a posture properly.
Anusara Yoga
The anusara style is a new system of hatha that teaches a set of Universal Principles of Alignment that underlie all yoga postures, while encouraging flowing with grace and following your heart. Founded by John Friend, the practice of anusara is broadly categorized into three parts, known as the Three A's. They include attitude, alignment and action.
Sivananda Yoga
Sivananda is a form of hatha founded by Swami Sivananda and brought to the west by Swami Vishnu-devananda. A class typically begins with Savasana (relaxation pose), kapalabhati and anuloma viloma, followed by a few rounds of surya namaskara. The class then moves through Sivananda's twelve asanas, which together are designed to increase strength and flexibility of the spine. Chanting and meditation can also be a part of a full-length class.
Vishnu-devananda later founded the International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers, summerizing Sivananda's system into five main principles: proper exercise (asanas); proper breathing (pranayama); proper relaxation (savasana); proper diet (vegetarian); and positive thinking (vedanta) and meditation (dhyana).
Viniyoga
Viniyoga refers to an approach to yoga that adapts the various means and methods of practice to the unique condition, needs and interests of the individual. Created by T.K.V. Desikachar, the goal is to give the practitioner the tools to individualize and actualize the process of self-discovery and personal transformation.
Kundalini Yoga
Kundalini incorporates repeated movements or exercises, dynamic breathing techniques, chanting, meditation and mantras. Each specific kundalini exercise, referred to as a kriya, is a movement that is often repeated and is synchronized with the breath. The practice is designed to awaken the energy at the base of the spine in order to draw it upward through each of the seven chakras.
Brought to the west by Yogi Bhajan, this form of yoga looks and feels quite different than any other, due to its focus on repetitive, enhanced breathing and the movement of energy through the body.
Kundalini For the Solar Plexis - Dawn Rabey
Yin Yoga
Yin yoga is a slow-paced style in which poses are held for five minutes or longer. Even though it is passive, yin yoga can be quite challenging due to the long holds, particularly if your body is not used to it. The purpose is to apply moderate stress to the connective tissue - the tendons, fascia and ligaments - with the aim of increasing circulation in the joints and improving flexibility.
It was founded and first taught in the U.S. in the late 1970s by martial arts expert and Taoist yoga teacher Paulie Zink. Yin-style is now begin taught across North America and in Europe, due in large part to two of the more prominent instructors, Paul Grilley and Sarah Powers.
Yin Yoga For the Hips and Hamstrings - Sarah Jane Steele
Integrative Yoga Therapy (IYT)
Integrative yoga therapy brings together asanas, pranayama, mudra, yoga nidra , mantra and meditation into a complete package where they can be utilized for therapy. Founded by Joseph Le Page in 1993, IYT was an attempt to create a training program with the focus on yoga as a healing art, and has designed programs specifically for medical and mainstream wellness settings, including hospital and rehabilitation centres.
Restorative Yoga
Restorative is a gentle, relaxing, passive style that allows students to relax and release the body into a gentle stretch that is held for as long as 10 minutes. This style makes use of a wide range of props, including bolsters, blocks, straps and blankets. The intention is to provide support within each pose, making it easier to completely leg go.
|
Yoga
|
The American 1893 Nix v Hedden court case determined (and still), for US customs taxation purposes, based on conventional usage, what to be a vegetable and not a fruit?
|
What Are the Differences Between Bikram and Ashtanga? | POPSUGAR Fitness
What Are the Differences Between Bikram and Ashtanga?
More Than Just Heated Yoga: Bikram vs. Ashtanga
November 13, 2013
by Lizzie Fuhr
75 Shares
New to the world of yoga? If you've been researching a physical practice with weight-loss potential, the two practices you've heard about are Bikram and Ashtanga. While these two yoga styles absolutely have some similarities, like the 90-minute class time and a predetermined sequence, there are also some undeniable differences.
The Class Structure
In any Bikram class you attend in the world, you will move through 26 poses and two breathing exercises — most times this sequence is repeated twice, and your teacher has strict instructions not to adjust you. Depending on who you talk to, there are four or six series in Ashtanga, but the vast majority of practitioners will take a primary series class, while more advanced yogis will take a secondary series class that includes a ton of inversions, twists, and challenging balancing poses. In Ashtanga, you can expect your teacher to come over at least once to give you a hands-on adjustment and move you deeper into a pose.
The Heat
Both classes are hot, but the means by which this heat is built is very different. In Bikram, the room itself is the source of the heat. Every Bikram studio is heated to 105 degrees with 40 percent humidity. While some people find the heat debilitating, Bikram enthusiasts love the heat and find the temperature of the room to have cathartic benefits for the body and spirit. In Ashtanga, there's a great emphasis on building your own agni, internal fire. Moving through Sun Salutations builds internal heat and gets your heart pumping. Throughout class, each Vinyasa , a short series of movements that links the sequence together, connects the poses to keep your heart rate up and your body warm and prepped for difficult poses. In short, Ashtanga heats you from the inside out, and Bikram from the outside in.
The Flow
In a Bikram class, there are short breaks as you transition from pose to pose. With a room so hot, breaks are essential, and sometimes drinking water in the middle of a Bikram is necessary. Oppositely, the vast majority of Ashtanga instructors urge students to hydrate before class. When you sip on water in the middle of practice, it's putting out that internal fire you've worked so hard to build. In an Ashtanga practice, things are always flowing and moving with nonstop movement. During the 90-minute class, the only time you will break is when you take Savasana and rest.
The Gear
For both practices, you'll need a high-quality mat, but most Bikram students like to bring a large towel along too. When the room is so hot, all that sweat can be problematic for your practice. Make sure you don't slip and slide all over the place and either bring a special yoga towel or a beach towel to class. If you're concerned about the heat, don't be shy about showing skin. Bikram yogis are often wearing sports bras, tiny shorts, and in some cases, even an active bathing-suit top!
The situation is a little different in Ashtanga. Having a hand towel nearby can be helpful if you're concerned about sweating, but you'll want to wear a little bit more clothing – especially when it comes to your pants. You'll want to rock longer pants that help soak up a little of your sweat. These will also come in handy when you move into poses like Crow that require a little skin-on-skin contact.
The Verdict
Both styles offer rigorous physical classes that can give your whole body a killer workout. If you're not sure which of these practices will suit your needs, try both! From here, you can make an informed decision for yourself.
|
i don't know
|
Traditionally made of paper over a wooden frame what is a Japanese 'shoji'?
|
eShoji.com: What is Shoji?
What is Shoji?
Back to "How To"
What is Shoji?
When you hear the word 'shoji' (pronounce 'show-jee'), probably many people here in the U.S. imagine a freestanding wood frame screen with translucent 'rice paper' on it . In modern Japan, shoji means wooden sliding doors with translucent paper on . These doors slide on wood tracks very smoothly and quietly, work as a room divider or window coverings.
The original concept of shoji was born in China, and was imported into Japan sometime between 7 th to 8 th centuries. The word 'shoji' indicates 'something to obstruct' in both Chinese and Japanese. At that time, it meant everything used as a room partition, including freestanding screen and fixed panel with paper or fabric on. So those freestanding shoji screens in the U.S. aren't too far off from the origin of 'shoji'.
By 12 th century, shoji had evolved into something unique to Japan, the sliding doors with paper on. The paper is translucent and is called 'shoji paper'. Sometimes people call it 'rice paper' (since it sounds 'oriental'?), but shoji paper really has nothing to do with rice.
Traditionally shoji paper (washi) was made of Japanese mulberry tree called 'Kozo' or shrubs called 'Mitsumata' and 'Ganpi'. The paper was scarce and valuable because it was all natural and hand-made, until manufacturing of shoji paper began in late 1800s. The use of synthetic and chemical fiber started around 1960s, making the paper very affordable.
What made shoji so great and popular, has a lot to do with what the shoji paper does. Because of its rough texture, this paper refracts and diffuses lights. The paper throw a nice soft glow even on the hottest summer day. When privacy is needed, you can close doors without making the room too dark. Sound can be still heard, but all you can see from the other side is just a silhouette....
How does the sliding system work? Top rails run between corner posts that support beams. Bottom rail lies on the floor, sticking about a half inch. There are deep grooves in the top rail and shallow grooves in the bottom. Grooves are slightly narrower than the door stile thickness. The top and bottom of the doors are cut with a matching L-shape tenon, and they slide along the groove smoothly. The doors are so light you can open it with one finger. The doors can stay opened or closed, depending on the privacy level you want. If you need a one big room for a gathering, doors can be taken off the rails and put away. This sliding shoji door and track system worked so well in traditional Japanese house, because a house used to have only one large room with no permanent walls, in the old times. Talking about an open concept floor plan!
Another important element of shoji is the lattice work, or 'kumiko' (translates 'woven'). The clever structure of shoji only need minimal amount of material (wood and paper) and yet pull out each material's possible strength to a maximum. Since wood pieces are inter-woven, they become a lot stronger and sturdier. Simple geometric pattern actually stabilize outer wood frame and also keep the paper tension. It is something that seems to have only aesthetic value but it is actually the core of strength and functionality. Because of kumiko, shoji is delicate, beautiful, light, and strong.
So in conclusion, besides its aesthetic role, shoji is a temporary room divider, a privacy screen and a light diffuser. Shoji in Japan kept changing with new technology and materials, and people always found a new way to apply it. Shoji in America (or any other places) can get even more creative, without all the traditions and rules. It will be really interesting to see what kind of new shoji is coming out, since Asian decor is hot in the interior design world today.
Categories
|
Sliding door
|
What word prefixes business, room, case, and down to produce four other words?
|
Tategu - Japanese Doors and Windows
"Thanks. I enjoy your magazine very much."
Eric Lane, West Hills, California
Sukiya Living Magazine (JOJG)
Tategu
The word tategu refers to the doors and windows of a Japanese house. Shoji screens are fairly well known in the West, but in the traditional Japanese house there are other equally important types of doors and window treatments. Examples would include fusuma doors, amado shutters, sudare bamboo blinds, byobu partitions, ranma transoms, and built-in pocket doors.
A special Japanese craftsman known as a tategu-ya builds and installs all of these movable elements. His job requires exceptional precision as well as artistic sensibility. As a "sub-contractor" the tategu-ya is an often overlooked member of the homebuilding team, but anyone who is truely familiar with a Japanese house knows how important the tategu-ya is.
JOJG publishes regular articles about Japanese interior design and the various door systems used in Japanese homes. Some of the articles include cultural and historical details, but most of the articles strive to help readers bring the mood of Sukiya Living into their own living environments. Posted below are a few sample "Tategu" articles for your review:
---------------------------------------------------------------
SHOJI SCREENS This article outlines various details about shoji doors, including how a shoji screen is made and how shoji are used in traditional homes. Did you know that shoji screens are NOT made of rice paper? Read this article to learn more.
RANMA Ranma transoms are carved wooden boards that are installed in the wall above fusuma doors and shoji sliding doors. Ranma come in many different styles. This article describes the various types of ranma that are used in Japanese houses.
YUKIMI SHOJI This article by woodworker Craig Klucina profiles his technique of taking Japanese shoji and adapting it to Western double-hung windows. His concept is a great way to add a touch of Japanese interior design to your Western home.
JAPANESE INTERIOR DESIGN SUDARE Sudare bamboo blinds provide shade to sunny window openings in Japanese houses. Made of thin reeds, sudare are one of the easiest Japanese window treatments to use in Western-style rooms.
JAPANESE SCREENS This article is titled "Byobu." It is about the free-standing folding screens that are sometimes used as room partitions in Japanese house design.
SHITAJI MADO Japanese tea buildings often showcase beautiful windows with built-in bamboo lattices. It is a charming feature of Japanese room design. This article explains where to purchase the lattices and how to install them.
WHAT ARE FUSUMA DOORS? There are two main types of traditional Japanese doors: fusuma and shoji. This article examines fusuma and explains why they are such important elements in Japanese timber frame homes.
---------------------------------------
|
i don't know
|
What was salvaged from HMS Lutine after it sank in 1799 and is still used on the main underwriting floor at Lloyd's of London? Compass; Captain's desk; Bell; or Globe?
|
bYTEBoss maritimequest_shipwreck_database_copyright_michael_w_pocock_2005
Open document | View with Google Docs | Download document | Copyright abuse
Content preview
Abbreviations. Shipyards. Locations. Database. Perim Island, Yemen. Fire brokout five hours after battle with RIN Torricelli.. A malfunftion in a torpedo caused the fire, she was grounded to . avoid sinking but was a total looss. 28 mi NE of. Bougie (Bejaia), Algeria. Depth Charges. Gunfire. Was on maiden voyage. Commissioned Oct.10, 1942. Survivors PU by HMS Antelope. Uarsciek. Petard G-56 (HMS DD). Vasilissa Olga D-15. (Greek DD). South of Malta. 22 mi W of. Castellabate, Italy. 6mi of the NE coast of . San Salvador Island. Bahamas. 144mi E of. Great Abaco Island. Bahamas. Elmiranda. UC-30. UB-71. SC-632. E-9 (HMS Sub). Yolo, California. Wescott D-47 / I47 (HMS). Acteon. France. (Vichy). Wescott D-47 / I-47 (HMS). Attacked the U-boat with depth charges but the boat got away. Greer was the first US warship to engage an enemy vessel . in WW2. . Sirehei. Sunk as blockship, location unknown. Sisapon. Sjo. Skipjack J-38. Skudd III. Legion (HMS). Maori (HMS). Sikh (HMS). Isaac Sweers (HNLMS). Slavol. 243mi ENE of. Alexandria, Egypt. Slemdal. HG-84. Sailed from London, stopped at Portsmouth on 17th missing after. Route UK - Melbourne. Empire Sun. Logician. Arduity. Eleonora Maersk. Statesman. Peisander. San Victorio. Fort Qu' Appelle. Barrdale. Damaged by Catalina and could not submerge, Lamerton was . dispatched from convoy HG-75 and sunk sub by gunfire. Depth Charge /. Gunfire. Hyacinth K-84. (HMS Corvette). Off Jaffa, Palestine. Thought to have been sunk by a mine.. Fratelli Bandiera. Surrendered to the Allies. Galilei. 314mi NE of . Jan Mayen Island. Lamerton L-88. (HMS DD). and RAF Catalina. E of the Azores. Al Dana. Orion. Lee S Overman. Jeremiah M Daily. Morrison R Waite. Utmost N-19. (HMS Sub). Utmost N-19. Groppo. (RIN Torpedo Boat). Traveller N-48. P-222. Damaged by U-703 on Sept. 20 at 74.11N - 02.00W 314mi NE of . Jan Mayen Island taken in tow by HMS Ashanti G-51 . but a snow storm caused her back to break amidships and she . sank quickly. 35 crewmen were rescued unknown number killed. in total 82 crewmen were killed but it is not clear how many died. from the torpedo attack and how many were killed when she sank. Sona. Poole, England. Sunk during air raid. Southampton (83). 225mi ESE of. Malta. Fires in the engine room caused the ship to be abandoned and . scuttled by HMS Orion (85) and HMS Gloucester (62). Southern Floe. Southern Flower. Kolombangara . (Battle of). St Louis CL-49. San Francisco CA-38. Salt Lake City CA-25. Helena CL-50. Boise CL-47. Sail from Malta for Gibraltar. Last contact was with HMS P-34 on Oct. 27. Thought to have been mined on or about Oct. 27. Perseus N-36. Moonstone T-90. (HMS Trawler). World war 2. 10mi E of. Aden, Yemen. Jarnes Stove. Galilei. (RIN Sub). 14mi S of. Aden, Yemen. Falmouth L-34. (HMS Sloop). Gulf of Oman. Friendly. Fire (Torpedo). 123mi SE of. Crete. U-1022. 40mi E of. Reykjavik, Iceland. Southern Pride. off Sierra Leone. Southsea. Southwold L-10. 3mi E of. Valletta, Malta. Spartan (95). 3mi ESE of. Anzio, Italy. Hit by a HS-293A glider bomb. 151mi NE of. Aberdeen, Scotland. Spercheios. Ex-Noble Nora, on loan to Greece from Royal Navy at time of loss. Sphinx J-69. 17mi N of. Kinnairds Head, Scotland. Wreck washed up on shore and was sold for scrap. Spider Boy. Spikenhead K-198. 552mi S of. Reykjavik, Iceland. 3mi S of . Isle of Capri, Italy. off Sword Beach. Normandy, France. off . Dunkirk, France. 40 mi E of Cape Tereberski. Thames Ironworks & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd.. Blackwall, London, England. Blackwall, London, England. Built as Mooltan in 1860 for P & O. Sailed from Newcastle-on-Tyne for Valparaiso, Chile. Sailed from Gibraltar for Naples, last message sent Dec. 7. Possibly sunk by Fortunale (RIN Torpedo Boat) on Dec. 12 in . Bay of Naples. P-48. Ardito. Ardenta. Audace. (RIN Torpdeo Boats). Gulf of Tunis. NW of Zembra Island. P-311. Sailed from Malta for Operation Principle, last message sent Dec. 31. Between Malta and Sardinia. off Pendeen. England. NW Lands End. England. 6mi NW Trevose Head. Cornwall, England. 60mi NW Trevose Head . Cornwall, England. 34mi NW Trevose Head . Cornwall, England. 32mi NW Trevose Head. Cornwall, England. LCM-229. LCM-231. LCM-241. LCM-281. LCM-316. LCM-319. LCM-330. LCM-335. LCM-337. LCM-338. LCM-345. LCM-346. LCM-348. LCM-355. LCM-357. LCM-377. LCM-251. LCM-382. LCM-383. LCM-408. LCM-409. LCM-419. LCM-421. LCM-425. RAF Catalina's. 262 sqdn.. S of Cape Town. South Africa. South Atlantic. LCA-1149. LCA-1150. LCA-1151. LCA-1155. LCA-1156. LCA-1213. LCA-1215. LCA-1216. LCM-113. LCM-145. LCM-146. LCM-148. LCM-127. LCM-128. LCM-165. LCM-168. LCM-180. LCM-191. Captured in Bordeaux, France and renamed Mercator II . and later UIT-22 . Was en route to Japan at time of loss.. 31 Germans and 12 Italian crewmen on board. 900mi off Ascension Island. Sanguenay. Off Brazil. Only survivor was Poon Lim who was not rescued until . April 5, 1943, giving him the record for the longest survival . at sea on a raft (133 days). 5 others were seen on another raft by him but were never found. Ambleve. Motor Boat. E of Borneo. 02.20S - 119.50E. 06.00S - 106.45E. Towed to Haifax became a total loss. w/ Aegean Captain. A-1. Delfin. A-8. Lake Bizerta. A-4. Esturgeon. LST-916. Off Okinawa. Aircraft . Sank in tow 2 cables N.E. of 56 Buoy off Yarmouth. Sank in tow . Sank on 4th . Asosean Maru. Gunfire / . Torpedo. Voyager (HMAS DD). Voyager. Edward R Baird Jr. Isabel B Wiley. Jacob M Haskell. Samuel C Mengel. Texel. Winneconne. Astronomer. Survivors PU 15 hours later by Lima (Portuguse DD). but the chief engineer died on board of his injuries. Charles C Pinckney. Ruben Dario. Italian Assault Craft. Shore Batteries. Flying Bomb. One man torpedo. Damaged by mine June 8 and towed to Bay of Seine, There bombed by . aircraft and sunk. Wreck scrapped in 1960. Morris DD-417. Out of action for the rest of the war, scrapped in 1949. TB-13. Arethusa. Giacinto Pullino. Submarine. (not U-boat). Muscat Harbor. E Coast of Arabia. Dainty H-53. Tobruk Harbor, Libya. Degaussing Ship. Console Generale. Liuzzi. Depth Charges /. Scuttling. Collins' wife, 2 of his 3 children, his wifes brother and his wife and . 3 kids all killed James Brown, president of Collins Line lost his . 2 daughters and 1 son along with his sons wife and 2 grandchildren . (none of the 109 women and children survived) Sister ship Pacific also . sunk. Stier (HSK). 19 survived the battle but 4 died in the lifeboat. It took 31 days . before the survivors reached Brazil. Scuttled after heavy bomb damage. Francesco Stucco. Giuseppe La Masa. Angelo Bassini. Agostino Bertani. Raised and sunk as target Aug. 16, 1921. Bayern. Raised and scrapped 1934. Made port and repaired at Kiel. Calcium. Box Hill. Cardita. Manchester Citizen. Cap Padaran. Sailing Barge. Sludge Vessel. Hopper Barge. Cable Ship. Spritsail Barge. Dredger . Steam Barge. Steamboat. Motor Barge. Dredger. Woolston, Southampton, England. Vosper Thornycroft (1966). VT Group. First yard at Chiswick later moved to Southampton. Merged with Vosper & Co in 1966. Damaged by torpedo and then shelled. Abandoned.. Capt. And a British radio officer taken POW by U-160. Survivors made land next day.. Werck sunk Aug. 6 by RIN Enrico Tazzoli. Ship was a derelict which had been damaged by U-160 on Aug. 4 . and abandoned by crew.. Seehund Midget Sub. (DKM). Hayburn Wyke FY-139. Bari, Italy. Atlantis . Aux minelayer. Doggerbank. (Schiff 53). Mouyassar. Burning hulk found but crew missing . (all 3 from Texas Father, Son and friend). Esmond. Calgarolite. Henry Woodall. Empire Caribou. City of Shanghai. Nankin. Kitty's Brook. Tringa. Tartar Prince. D-2. Clan Feasier. U-167. LCT-35. LCT-36. Founded in 1867, bankrupt in 1879. 1882 renamed Schiff und Maschinenbau Germania, sold to . Friedrick Krupp in 1896, renamed Friedrick Krupp Germaniawerft in 1902. 6mi N of. Cape d' Antifer, France. Ville de Lille. Le Havre Roads, France. Afton. 29mi NNW of. Fishguard, Wales. Aline. 25mi WSW of. La Coubre Point, France. Alma Jeanne. 34mi W of. La Rochelle, France. Argos. 40mi W of. La Rochelle, France. 9mi S of. Castletown, Isle of Man. Reached Liverpool, repaired at Belfast. Desire Louise. En route Malta to Gibraltar, scuttled by her crew. Crew and 100 passengers interned by Vichy French. Later the wreck is hit by a torpedo from the . Italian submarine Aradam. John R Williams. Damaged by torpedo from U-456 on Apr. 30 at 73.09N - 32.45E. N of Murmamsk. Then attacked on May 2 and hit by torpedo . from Z-24 at 72.05N - 35.02E scuttled by HMS Foresight H-68 . 440 survivors PU by HMS Gossamer J-63 and 400 to HMS Harrier . Shutter Rock. Lundy Island. Total loss, scrapped on site. Survivors PU by HMS Gossamer J-63. Carrying 700 from Dunkirk. Capsized wreck sunk by HMS Sheldrake on May 30. Some survivors PU by HMS Gossamer J-63. German Aircraft. JU-88. Unknown number of survivors PU by Russian motor boats . and then transferred to HMS Hussar J-82. Ferraris. Andrew G Curtin. U-716. Survivors PU by HMS Inconstant H-49. PTC-39. First Carrier. Container. Mohammed Poda only death. Acor. Sea Master. Norlina. U-88. possible. NW of Ireland. Suevic. Awa Maru. Almiranta de Honduras. Cape Gloucester, New Britain . near Tuluv Island Papua New Guinea. Culver Y-87. UJ-128 (DKM Sub chaser). Aircraft and mine. UJ-116. UJ-118. (DKM Sub chasers). Thunderbolt N-25. Cicogna (RIN Corvette). Turbulent N-98. 25mi NNW Trevose Head. Cornwall, England. 20mi NE Trevose Head. Cornwall, England. 15mi NW Trevose Head, . Cornwall, England. 12mi NNW Pendeen. England. 10mi NW St Ives. Cornwall, England. 10mi ENE Trevose Head. Cornwall, England. Annapolis, Md. 139mi ENE of. Great Abaco Island, Bahamas. Kastor. 98mi E of. Tobago Island. Trinidad and Tobago. 385mi NE of. Georgetown, Guyana. Bay of Seine . 7mi NW Le Havre. France. Bay of Seine. France. Bay of Seine 15mi . W Cape d' Antifer. France. 6mi ESE of Beachy Head. England. 67mi SW St Catherines Light. Isle of Wight. 5mi ESE Dartmouth. England. 3/4 mi S St Anthony Lighthouse. 1.5mi S Dodman Point. 14mi ESE Berry Head. 14mi SE Beachy Head,. England. after collision with Anyo Maru #15. Wasdale. left over mine from ww2. I-41. 260mi N of. Natal, Brazil. Other sources indicate sunk bu Austrian CR Helgoland. Tropic (Brit SS). 1.5mi NW of Loch Ranza. Isle of Arran. Tigris N-63. Damaged beyond repair, survivors PU by USS Ralph Talbot DD-390 . which then scuttled the ship w/ torpedoes. Yugure. Wakaba. West Portal. SC-118. Rodney (HMS). and Brit DD's. Communication problem (Great Story). Survivor CW Kuykendall. Off Mindoro, Philippines. Between Borneo and . Sulawesi (Celebes). Rabaul. New Britain. Contractor. Umvuma. Empire Day. Empire Crusader. Giuseppe Sirtori. Giovanni Acerbi. Vincenzo Giordano. Survivors PU by HMAS Parramatta. HG-76. Hannover. N of Kola Peninsula. N of North Cape. 26mi SSE of Batticaloa, . Ceylon (Sri Lanka). 6mi WNW Ushant. France. At the mouth of the River Gironde. France. off Gironde Estuary. off LaPallice. France. 100mi WNW Cape Villano. Spain. Richard W Suessens DE-342. YMS-14. Fairy (HMS). 14mi SE Berry Head. England. 20mi E of Berry Head. England. 25mi NW Le Havre. France. off Start Point. England. SW of Portland. England. SW of Scilly Islands. Manacles off Cornwall. England. 10mi SE Beachy Head. England. 11mi E of Beachy Head. England. 12mi N of Ushant. France. 12mi SSEoff Eddystone Lighthouse. Cornwall, England. Gaw-Quan-Sin. (Brit SS). Built as Nederland in 1881. Engine fire. Disabled. Fraserburgh Lifeboat. Lifeboat. Fraserburgh, UK. 12mi SW Portland Bill. England. 14mi NW Ild Vierge. France. 14mi SE Start Point. Devon, England. 15mi E Barffeur. 15mi N of Cherbourg. France. 16mi N Ushant. France. 16mi SW Casquets. 17mi E of Ramsgate. 18mi off Berry Head, Devon. 1mi W of Smith's Knoll Lightship. 20 mi E of the Lizard. 20mi N Alderney. Channel Islands. 20mi NW Ushant. France. 20mi SW St Catherines Point. Isle of Wight. 25mi SW of the Lizard. 28mi S Penzance. 2mi off Calais. France. 2mi S Dodman Point. 30mi S of the Lizard. Austrian Sub. Yazuv Sultan Selim. (Ex SMS Goben). (Turk BB). Midilli (ex SMS Breslau). (Turk CR). Midilli. (ex SMS Breslau). Poulo Condor. aka Johan Van Oldenbarnevelt-sd. taken in tow sank 29th 250mi W of Gibraltar. 300mi E of Sandy Hook, NJ. Outbound from New York, rammed by Celtic, returned to NY for repairs. Both ships owned by White Star Line. Jeremiah van Rensselaer. Ernest Reyer. Mont Agel. Bellevue. Daphne. Chuyo. Commercial. Latouche Traville (FS). Cruiser. U-33. San Jacinto (SS). SC-187. Capto. Norwegian SS. 11mi N Cape Charles Lightvessel. Virginia. SC-60. Kawakaze (IJN DD). Eumaeus. Mercia. Jalarajan. Empire Surf. Salerno. Salmon Pool. Mersington Court. North Cornwall. Mancunium. Six crewmen and a civil on Cochino enginer were killed . rescuing the crew of USS Cochino SS-345. Destroyed by Austrian ships. Sources differ on incident one indicates sunk by attack off Cattaro by . Austrian aircraft beached and scuttled while another has her . torpedoed south of Durazzo, Albania by Austrain Destroyers. Had sunk before on Oct. 15, 1908. A/C. BF. Former USS PC-482. Fernebo. NE of Gromer. Excellent. City of Pensacola. Chakla. LCA-803. LCA-808. LCA-809. LCA-810. LCA-812. LCA-814. LCA-815. LCA-821. LCA-825. LCA-827. LCA-835. LCA-849. LCA-853. LCA-857. LCA-859. LCA-860. LCA-867. LCA-869. LCA-870. LCA-871. LCA-879. LCA-881. LCA-886. LCA-900. LCA-903. LCA-911. LCA-913. LCA-914. LCA-918. LCA-919. LCA-920. LCA-929. LCA-933. LCA-946. LCA-949. LCA-958. LCA-978. LCA-984. LCA-998. LCA-999. LCA-1000. Notre Dame Bay. Newfoundland. Off Sandy Hook, NJ. Meteor (German Raider). Moray Firth. St Briac. St Donats. St Goran. St Issey W-25. St Cathan FY-234. Hebe (Dutch SS). Cantieri Riuniti dell' Adratico (CRDA). Monfalcone, Italy. Cantieri Riuniti dell' Adratico (CRDA). Trieste, Italy. Cantiere Navale Triestino (CANT). Trieste, Italy. Laura C. 2 mi W of. Melitio de Porto Salvo, Italy. Sub was en route to Japan with a load of German hi-tech equipment. S of Formosa. I-34. I-52. NE of Jipang, Malaysia. (Island of Borneo). OB-269. NNE Rockall. UC-37. Carlyle. 5 miles W Armen. Goosebridge. F-4 SS-23. (Skate). Operation Infafuate. Walcheren, Holland. Lost between Nov. 2 - 5, 1944. Operation Infatuate. LCA-723. LCA-726. LCA-783. LCA-790. LCA-865. LCA-813. LCA-841. Off Holland. LCA-845. E of Leith, Scotland. Waterlogged and sank. LCA-848. LCA-1112. LCA-1161. LCA-1188. LCA-1211. LCA-1304. LCA-1329. Fell off LST. LCA-1346. LCA-1396. LCA-1393. LCA-1433. Captain Nathaniel . B Palmer. Carl G Barth. I-177. E of Brisbane, Australia. Country. Indonesia. (Dutch East Indies). Uliasers Island. (Ambonia Island). Seram. (Ceram). Selat Makasar. (Makasar Strait). Kokusei Maru. Higane Maru. Hiyori Maru. Ugo Maru. Oyo Maru. Yaku. Tottori Maru. Sakura Maru. Nanmei Maru 5. Sagara maru. Yoko Maru. Kachisan Maru. Daishin Maru. Udo Maru. Hokko Maru. Nikko Maru. Matsue Maru. Matsuwa. Hiburi. Natori. Manei Maru. Nanshin Maru 19. Aracasan Maru. Shuttle Boat 833. Sub Chaser 42. Sub Chaser 113. Sub Chaser 117. Sub Chaser 4. Sub Chaser 114. Daizen Maru. Hatsutaka. Kohoku Maru. Shonan. Yoshida Maru 1. Yuzan Maru 2. Hino Maru 3. Choyo Maru. Tokai Maru 4. Transport 138. Yaei Maru. Shibazono Maru. Toyokuni Maru. Nichirei Maru. Hokuroku Maru. Wales Maru. Bizen Maru. Kyodo Maru 36. Tanshin Maru. Shun Yuan. Hokki Maru. Ejiri Maru. Sub Chaser 37. Tamon Maru 6. Ataka Maru. Hino Maru 1. Zuiho Maru. Shinko Maru 1. Engen Maru. Taiyoku Maru. Manko Maru. Okinoyama Maru. Minesweeper 3. Hizen Maru. Kamitsu Maru. Shoko Maru. Eiryu Maru. Yamagiku Maru. Hinoki Maru. Maru. Yuho Maru. Rashin Maru. Hisashima Maru. Banshu Maru 33. Tonei Maru. Kinkasan Maru. Konei Maru. Kayo Maru. Tatsuaki Maru. Aisakasan Maru. Chinkai Maru. Tateyama Maru. Sub Chaser 13. Fukuei Maru. Hoko Maru. Atlantic Maru. Hashidate. Tokushima Maru. Awaji Maru. Mayassan Maru. Shuyo Maru. Fukuju Maru. Clyde Maru. Shoju Maru. Kashimasan Maru. Havre Maru. Sonan Maru 2. Transport 12. Transport 104. Hakutetsu Maru 7. Nichiran Maru. Seattle Maru. Hyakufuku Maru. Kogi Maru. Eizan Maru. Unkai Maru 5. Unyo Maru 3. Taihosan Maru. Tatsutake Maru. Kinai Maru. Nijtaka Maru. Setai Maru. Ryokai Maru. Toyo Maru 5. Toyo Maru 8. Kimishima Maru. Keishin Maru. Mogamigawa Maru. Maebashi Maru. Soyo Maru. Fukkai Maru. Taijan Maru. Nanyo Maru. Horei Maru. I-183. Shirane Maru. Anbo Maru. Chikuzen Maru. Kotohirasan Maru. Unakai Maru 1. Teian Maru. Fukushu Maru. Terushima Maru. Taifuku Maru. Tagonoura Maru. Sub Chaser 34. Tsuyama maru. Atlas Maru. Hanburg Maru. Tokyo Maru. Atsuta Maru. Akama Maru. Thames Maru. Shiga Maru. Mayachi Maru. Renzan Maru. Koa Maru. Fuyo. Ryuyo Maru. Teiko Maru. Shinryu Maru. Ashizuri. Takasaki. Teikon Maru. Kogane Maru. Kenkoku Maru. Koryo Maru. Tango Maru. Kiyo Maru. Ryusei Maru. Nittai Maru. Nichinan Maru. Choi Maru. Anshu Maru. Shioya . Koan Maru. Shiroganesan Maru. Eishin Maru. Teiyo Maru. Otaka. Teia maru. Onoe Maru. Yuri Maru. Heiwa Maru. Iki. Shiranesan Maru. Kurasaki. Toryu Maru. Rekizan Maru. Eiju Maru. Kyoko Maru. Okuyo Maru. Tenpei Maru. Janbi Maru. Koshu Maru. Zuisho Maru. Nansei Maru. Taketoyo Maru. Toko Maru. Horai Maru 7. Nikkai Maru. Kuretake. Shinyu Maru. Yamagata Maru. Asanagi Maru. Nichinan Maru 2. Batopaha Maru. Ogura Maru 2. Mizuho Maru. Takasago Maru 7. Yoshida Maru 3. Fukurei Maru. Seinan Maru. Minesweeper 27. Katsura Maru 2. Jnbu Maru. Banshu Maru 7. Erimo. Kamogawa Maru. Asahi. Ganges Maru. Oregon Maru. Wakanoura Maru. Shofuku. Shinsei Maru 6. Chikugo Maru. Eishi Maru. Shuntai Maru. Ariake Matu. Goyo Maru. Ronsan Maru. Chiya Maru. Toei Maru. Eika Maru. Gyoten Maru. Fukuyama Maru. Yamashimo Maru. Echizen Maru. Nasusan Maru. 6-240. Kennichi Maru. Nikkin Maru. Taiun Maru 2. Takatori Maru 1. Asukazan Maru. Yamaoka Maru. Dori Maru. Roko Maru. Tsukushi Maru. Joshu Maru. Oita Maru. Toun Maru. Wakatake Maru. Tatsuju Maru. Kogen Maru. Matsumoto Maru. tatsuta Maru. RO-30. Shoka Maru. Ohio Maru. Banshu Maru 2. Hasshu Maru. Meiten Maru. Sub Chaser 30. Saishu Maru. USA Maru. Ryua Maru. Ryoyo Maru. Miyazaki Maru. Banei Maru 2. Transport 15. Shuri Maru. Mikamisan Maru. Kamishika Maru. Shoei Maru 6. Issei Maru. Mikura. Minesweeper 39. Shinsho Maru. Hachian Maru. Kuwayama Maru. Toen Maru. Yoneyama maru. Muko Maru. Tatsuno Maru. Kikizuki Maru. Sainei Maru. Gyoku Maru. Koetsu Maru. Chidori. Minesweeper 15. Kiso Maru. Yamato Maru. Shini Maru. Azuma Maru. Koshin Maru. Odatsuki Maru. Chojo Maru. Taibu Maru. Toyohi Maru. Konsan Maru. Kamo Maru. Wakatama Maru. Keito Maru. Kaisei Maru. Fuji Maru 3. Nase Maru. Nikko Maru II. Juzan Maru. Nomi. Hakuju Maru. Saitsu Maru. Takunan Maru. Transport 105. Banshu Maru 31. Jinyo Maru. Fukuyo Maru. Usuki Maru. Nissho Maru 2. Transport 146. Miho Maru. Minesweeper 20. Koun Maru 2. Holland Maru. Teifuku Maru. Momoha Maru. Noborikawa Maru. Yowa Maru. Shiriya . Hshoyo Maru. Argun Maru. Delogoa Maru. Nachisan Maru. Nasami . Odate. Shinyo Maru 5. Shokyu Maru. Calcutta Maru. Taiei Maru. Taigen Maru. I-164. Amakasu Maru 1. Omi Maru. Kiriha Maru. Chuwa Maru. Uzan Maru. Kongosan Maru. Hirotama Maru. Sanraku Maru. Isuzu Maru. I-182. Ryotoku Maru. Yamashiro Maru. Hiro Maru. Toyohara Maru. Kurohime Maru. Kusuyama Maru. Toyo Maru 2. Shotoku Maru. Nichiwa Maru. Fukuei Maru 2. Tamon Maru 5. Masaki Maru 2. Bergall SS-320. Gar SS-206. Lizardfish SS-. Muskallunge SS. Runner SS-476. Passenger Cargo. MTB**. LST. Light Cruiser. Sub Chaser. Ex Sub Tender. Passenger-Cargo. Ex Net Tender. Ex Gunboat. Old Destroyer. Ex Net tender. Passenger Cargo . Cargo . Passenger cargo. Ex Light Cruiser. Misc Auxiliary. Sub Cahser. Survey Ship. Aircraft Ferry. Passenger-Crago. Ex Water Carrier. MTB** Tender. Coastal Minelayer. Coast Defense . Vessel-112. Sapporo Maru-11. JANAC gives date as Jan. 29. Minesweeper-22. Minesweeper-102. Minesweeper-12. Coast Defense . Vessel-144. Transport-151. Bluejack SS-326. Cabezon SS-334. Cabrilla SS-288. Cero SS-225. Cobia SS-245. Cod SS-224. Crevalle SS-291. Croaker SS-246. Finback SS-230. Flying Fish SS-229.
Interpreting for Medical Students The Interpreter
In these slides Following automation means used
EXPORT. IMPORT. R. MACEDONIA - IMPORT BY ECONOMIC
4th Grade Reading Vocabulary 1.4 (1Q) Know common
Germany, Education, Disability, oh my! Fabulous
* Small Business: An Entrepreneur's Plan Copyrigh
Quarter 4. Quarter 3. Quarter 2. Quarter 1. Annua
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition,
Public Law II The Road to the Charter 1968: Trud
* Fluorescence microscopy Principle and practic
New Year 2014. New Year 2013. New Year 2012. New
March 25, 2008 Access to Justice Ian Greene Canad
Sheet3. Post-Approval. Pre-Approval. # of attende
Chapter 9 Agricultural Transformation and Rural D
Standards. Quantities. Tenderer to complete. Item
* * * * * * * * Professional Learning Community E
* MATHERON No l, Jean-Paul N 23/01/1842 Gr ou
ALL. Food and beverages purchased for off-premise
William Shakespeare Of Pens and Swords The Biogr
|
Bell
|
The French-English word billet-doux refers to a?
|
Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4 - Documents
Documents
Share Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4
Embed
<iframe src="http://docslide.us/embed/treasure-and-world-coin-auction-4.html" width="750" height="600" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no" style="border:1px solid #CCC; border-width:1px; margin-bottom:5px; max-width: 100%;" allowfullscreen> </iframe> <div style="margin-bottom:5px"> <strong> <a href="http://docslide.us/documents/treasure-and-world-coin-auction-4.html" title="Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4" target="_blank">Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4</a></div>
size(px)
Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4
by daniel-frank-sedwick-llc
Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC. Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4 November 2008
Download Treasure and World Coin Auction # 4
Transcript
1 DANIEL FRANK SEDWICK, LLC presents MAIL-BID TREASURE AUCTION #4 closing Thursday, November 6, 2008, at 5:00 p.m. EST Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC P.O. Box 1964 Winter Park, FL 32790 U.S.A. (407) 975-3325 • Fax (407) 975-3327 www.SedwickCoins.com Special email bidding address: [email protected] Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC staff: Dan Sedwick, Augi García, Patty Sedwick and Cori Sedwick Downing (special thanks to Alan Workman for his assistance) Daniel Frank Sedwick, licensed Florida auctioneer #AU3635, AB2592 © Copyright Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC, 2008. All rights reserved.
2 TERMS AND CONDITIONS 1) This is a traditional “mail bid” auction, meaning that all items will be sold to the highest bidder and bids will be accepted up to the closing date and time. Bids may be submitted by mail, phone, fax, email, or in person. We cannot be responsible for errors in your bidding or the loss or delay of any bids that do not reach us by the closing date and time. All bids submitted will be considered in U.S. dollars. 2) All bids submitted are considered MINIMUM bids, and bidders are advised to provide allowable percentage increases to indicate MAXIMUM bids. In the case of tie MAXIMUM bids, we award the lot to the bidder with the highest MINIMUM bid. If there is no tie, then the high bidder will win the lot at his MINIMUM bid OR at the next increment above the second-highest MAXIMUM bid. Note that bids will NOT be reduced below a bidder’s MINIMUM bid. 3) A winning bid is considered a formal contract between the buyer and the consignor. By submitting his bid, the winning bidder agrees to purchase the lot(s) he/she has won and further agrees to pay the Buyer’s Premium and any shipping, sales tax, customs duties, or other surcharges involved in delivering the lot(s) to the buyer. Winning bidders will be notified immediately after the sale with an invoice reflecting the total amount due and shall remit payment within two weeks of notification. We reserve the right to re-open the lots to second- and third- (etc.) highest bidders if we have not received paymentafter two weeks. Title to each lot does not pass until the item has been paid for in full. Any late payments (one month past invoice date) will be assessed an accrued interest charge of 1½% per month. 4) All lots will be sent to winning bidders via U.S. Mail when the invoice has been paid in full unless other arrangements are made. All domestic shipments will carry full insurance, but foreign shipments are sent at the buyer’s risk (insurance available in some cases). 5) A Buyer’s Premium of 19% will be added to the winning bid for the total purchase price before any applicable tax or surcharges. Winning bidders who pay by cash, check, money order, wire transfer or direct deposit are eligible for a reduction of the Buyer’s Premium by 4% (net 15%). Winning bidders who pay by credit card (not through PayPal) are eligible for a reduction of the Buyer’s Premium by 1% (net 18%). 6) Acceptable forms of payment are cash, check, money order, wire transfer, direct deposit, PayPal, Visa/MC (payments by American Express and Discover can be made via PayPal). All payments by check or money order should be made payable to Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC. Payments by direct deposit or wire transfer should be made to the Daniel Frank Sedwick LLC Operating Account, Bank of America account #898013725092, ABA #026009593, SWIFT code BOFAUS6S. Payments by PayPal should be made to [email protected]. All payments shall be in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank. 7) New bidders who do not have established credit with us must supply references and/or a 25% deposit. Credit cards are acceptable in lieu of a deposit. Your deposit will be refunded if your bids are unsuccessful, but if you are a winning bidder, your deposit will be applied to your purchase. Any bidders with an overdue balance with Daniel Frank Sedwick or Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC must complete payment of their previous balance before their bids will be accepted. 8) You may opt for “either/or” bids and/or total budgets on your bid sheet. “Either/or” bids are used when you want just one (or whatever number you specify) of two or more lots but it does not matter which of those lots you get.
3 Total-budget bids are used when you are bidding on more lots than you expect to win and do not wish to spend more than a specified amount. Mail-bid sales are uniquely flexible for these situations. 9) Most lots are unreserved, but some lots do have a reserve or minimum bid assigned by the consignor. Any reserve will be at or below the stated low estimate. All estimates are given in U.S. dollars. 10) Even when there is not a reserve, bidders are advised that Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC is an active dealer in this material and will buy any and all items at a wholesale level; therefore, any bids below reasonable wholesale will not be considered. Furthermore we reserve the right to reject any bids that we have reason to believe are not submitted in good faith. 11) All items are guaranteed genuine and as described. Returns will NOT be accepted UNLESS there was an error in the listing. (Note that grading and estimation of corrosion are subjective and differences of opinion cannot be considered errors.) Any returns must be agreed upon BEFORE shipment back to us, and any applicable refunds will be made immediately upon receipt of the returned item(s). We must receive all returns in unaltered condition no later than one month after the sale. Any refunds for returns paid for by credit card will be subject to a 3% return fee. 12) Lots may be inspected at our private office in Winter Park by appointment only during our office hours of Monday through Friday, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. High-quality photos of all items are viewable on our website 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 13) Florida sales tax (6% to 7.5%, depending on your county) will be added to all purchases of items that are NOT coins or bullion. Coins and bullion are also taxed if the total coin and/or bullion purchase is less than $500. 14) The winning bidder pays for all costs of shipping or delivery of his/her lots. In some cases special delivery must be arranged between the consignor and the winning bidder. There are no surcharges for packing or handling in this sale.
4 ORDER OF SALE closing Thursday, November 6, 2008, at 5:00 p.m. EST Section Lots Pages Biography ............................................................................................................................ 6 Shipwreck histories............................................................................................................. 7-19 Gold cobs by mint ....................................................................................... 1-34 ............... 20-23 World gold coins by country ...................................................................... 35-113 ........... 24-34 Shipwreck ingots and other bullion .......................................................... 114-170 ......... 35-56 Shipwreck silver coins ................................................................................ 171-625 ......... 57-126 Medals pertaining to ships and shipwrecks ............................................. 626-634 ......... 126-128 Silver cobs (Mexico, Lima and Potosí) ...................................................... 635-769 ......... 129-143 Other silver cobs ......................................................................................... 770-805 ......... 143-148 World silver coins by country .................................................................... 806-847 ......... 149-155 Artifacts (shipwreck) .................................................................................. 848-1003 ....... 156-180 Artifacts (non-shipwreck) .......................................................................... 1004-1065 ..... 181-193 Media (documents, fine art, books and catalogs) .................................... 1066-1163 ..... 193-206 A note about the order: As the world’s leading purveyors of New World cobs and shipwreck coins, we have always separated and highlighted our cob and shipwreck offerings from the rest of what we sell. To cater to our established clientele, we have preserved that arrangement in our auctions as well, with the usual cobs presented in order of establishment of each mint (the rare and unusual mints at the end) and the shipwreck coins, ingots and artifacts presented in chronological order by wreck. REFERENCES CITED In the description for each lot we supply one or more numbers in reference to acknowledged publications in the field where possible. References used in this catalog include the following: Cay = Cayón’s Las monedas españolas del tremis al euro del 411 a nuestros días (2005). CT = Calicó’s Numismática española (2008), formerly by Calicó and Trigo (9 previous editions). DM = Delmonte’s The Silver Benelux (1967). FR = Friedberg’s Gold Coins of the World, 7th edition (2003). FS = Frank Sedwick’s Gold Coinage of Gran Colombia (1991). KM = Krause-Mishler’s Standard Catalog of World Coins, various editions, including Spain, Portugal and the New World. N = Nesmith’s The Coinage of the First Mint of the Americas at Mexico City 1536-1572 ( 1955). RL = Restrepo’s and Lasser’s books on Colombian cobs, including Macuquinas de Colombia (1998), The Cob Coinage of Colombia (2000), and Monedas de Colombia (2006). S = Sedwick’s The Practical Book of Cobs, 4th edition (2007). Sp = Spink’s (formerly Seaby’s) Coins of England and the United Kingdom, 41st edition (2006). A NOTE ABOUT PHOTOS Coin photos in this catalog are generally shown at actual size, with the exception of large lots, which are typically reduced, as are most artifacts and media.
5 DANIEL FRANK SEDWICK, LLC presents TREASURE AUCTION #4 A Mail-Bid Sale, closing November 6, 2008 We are proud to offer the world’s ONLY auctions dedicated exclusively to TREASURE! And the timing could not be better. In a world where the economy is more vague than ever, there is no longer a good “feel” for what the dollar should be worth, what a gallon of gas should cost, even what the value of an ounce of gold should be. The stock market is more volatile than ever, and even the once “safe” investment of real estate is iffy at best. Collectibles, however, are on fire, posting record prices at even the most recent auctions around the world, mostly because collectibles are valued by quality and scarcity rather than anything speculative. Within the collectibles field, there is nothing hotter right now than treasure items like shipwreck coins, silver and gold ingots and artifacts from shipwrecks, even miscellaneous coins and antiques from colonial days or later. Longtime collectors are parting with some of the best material we’ve ever seen. Naturally even the most anxious sellers want to get top dollar, and they know the best way is to consign to specialized auctions with high-quality catalogs and maximum online visibility. Our dedicated treasure auctions are finally filling this long-neglected niche. We receive consignments daily and even have a backlog for our spring 2009 auction already. Our consignors know that we expertly research every lot and present the lots in fully illustrated catalogs and on a dynamic website whose traffic rankings are increasing daily. Our newest addition is secure online bidding through Sixbid.com. We still offer the personal touch and are happy to assist any and all callers, but many bidders prefer to send their bids quietly and confidentially via email or fax. Because of the Sixbid format, we have had to modify our “min/max” bidding system, so now you must give a starting bid and tell us what percent increase (if any) you will allow to reach your top bid. We still give precedence to the highest starting bids (not order received) and only offer bid-reduction from your maximum allowance. This current sale features several important, not-to-be-missed offerings: • The “Golden Fleece wreck” (ca. 1550) Research Collection of Mexican Charles-Joanna coins (including a specimen of the famous 3 reales), plus the largest selection of gold “finger” bars and silver “splash” ingots ever offered from this wreck • A NEW and exclusive wreck: The “Wild Horse River wreck” (ca. 1620) from the Río de la Plata off Uruguay (silver cobs and artifacts, including gemstone rings) • A substantial offering of rare countermarked Brazilian coins and some artifacts from the Sacramento (1668) • Certified shipwreck Dutch gold ducats in some of the highest grades we have ever seen • The “Fort Capron treasure” of U.S. gold coins lost at sea off Florida in 1857, plus a gold bar and nuggets and dust and several gold and silver coins from other popular U.S. wrecks like the S.S. Central America (1857) and the S.S. Republic (1865) • A collection of Spanish colonial bust-type 8 escudos from the late 1700s and early 1800s, probably the fastest- rising coins on the market today • A huge cincuentín (50 reales)—the largest Spanish coin ever minted—struck in Segovia, Spain • No less than THREE specimens of the very rare and highly sought 1732 Mexican pillar dollar, long considered the first official “dollar” of the United States • Large selections from the most popular treasure wrecks like Atocha (1622), Consolación (1681), 1715 Fleet and Rooswijk (1739), including many choice 1715-Fleet gold cobs • A significant offering of important documents and ephemera, plus the Tom Sebring collection of treasure books This sale is poised to be our best ever by far, and we look forward to your participation to make that possible!
6 BIOGRAPHY The Tom Sebring Treasure Library GRADING and DESCRIPTIVE TERMS Coins From best to worst, UNC is Uncirculated, AU is Almost Uncirculated, XF is Extra Fine, VF is Very Fine, F is Fine, VG is Very Good, and G is Good, with Fair and Poor below that. (“About” or “A” means the coin is just shy of the indicated grade. “Mint State” refers to lustrous, choice UNC coins.) We do not always assign numismatic grades to sea-salvage and land-burial coins, which were usually Uncirculated (or close to it) before the effects of corrosion and/or cleaning. Corrosion is usually assessed, from least to most, as follows: none, minimal, light, moderate, and heavy. Also note that we sometimes use the abbreviations E for escudos and R for reales in the listings for Spanish and Spanish colonial items. Books We use several standard terms in our book descriptions, as follows: HC = Hard cover SC = Soft cover DJ = Dust jacket Ed = Edition pp = Pages ex lib = Ex-library (with stampings and/or card-holders pasted in) Our book grading is very similar to the coin grades above, with top condition indicated as “mint” or “new,” then “Very Fine” (VF) for not new but unread (or very slightly read) condition, then “Fine” (F) for slightly used, “Very Good” (VG) for moderately used, and “Good” (G) for well-used condition. Any significant damage is separately noted, as opposed to including it in the grade. In this auction we are proud to present Part I of the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Parts II and III will be auctioned in our 2009 sales. Tom is a longtime collector of shipwreck coins and artifacts and the books relating to them. This interest was stimulated in 1968 with the purchase of a silver eight-reales cob from the 1715 Fleet wrecks and a copy of Kip Wagner’s book Pieces of Eight. Over a period of many years, Tom assembled a comprehensive collection of coins from over eighty different wrecks, and in the process he avidly sought out relevant books and auction catalogs. He is proud of the fact that there is not a single book in his collection that he has not read from cover to cover! Using the research from these books, Tom has written over seventy articles for various numismatic publications, and in 1987 he authored one of the most highly regarded books in the field of shipwreck collecting: Treasure Tales—Shipwrecks and Salvage. Tom’s collection of shipwreck coins and artifacts was sold in January of 2004. Tom is now putting his collection of books and auction catalogs up for auction in the hopes that other collectors will enjoy them as much as he has.
7 SHIPWRECK (AND HOARD) HISTORIES Throughout this catalog we offer coins and artifacts from dozens of different shipwrecks and hoards—“treasure” in the truest sense. While we did not want to break up the flow of the catalog in the listings, we do want to offer a bit of history behind each wreck concerned, so we present the histories on the next several pages in chronological order. Note that this time there are a number of “unidentified” wrecks in the catalog for which we simply have no further information. Please feel free to contact us for more information about any of these wrecks or about shipwrecks or treasure in general. Flor do Mar, sunk in 1511 off Sumatra, Indonesia In 1511 the Portuguese Viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque was sent to the strategic town of Malacca (in modern-day Malaysia) to claim it for Portugal—which he did—but on the return voyage to India, his ship Flor do Mar was wrecked in a storm, sending spoils from the victory (including a reported 60 tons of gold) to the seabed. Modern searches for the wreck (which sank to a depth of over 100 feet) have been unsuccessful, with the exception of some finds by Robert Marx, like the jade artifacts in this sale. “Tumbaga wreck,” sunk ca. 1528 off Grand Bahama Island Before there were coins, before there were Spanish Treasure Fleets, and even before there were any kind of colonies on the Spanish Main, the conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men discovered treasure in the form of Native-American gold and silver artifacts. While it is a shame these artifacts no longer exist, at least their one-time presence is confirmed by what have become known as “tumbaga” bars: a group of more than 200 silver and gold ingots discovered in the remains of an unidentified ca.-1528 shipwreck off Grand Bahama Island. The artifacts that comprised these bars were apparently lumped together in two piles—one for gold-colored artifacts and the other for silver-colored artifacts—with great amounts of impurities (predominantly copper) in each pile. The piles were then melted as much as possible (not thoroughly) and poured into crude molds that in some cases were no more than depressions in the sand. The resulting ingots, called “tumbaga” bars, were then stamped with four types of markings: 1. Assayer, most in the form of BV with “~” over the B and “o” over the V, but others include MS and INo /DeCBA, whose names are still unknown (also note that some bars that do not bear any of these assayer markings may have assayer-marks incorporated into their fineness or serial marks). 2. Fineness, marked in Roman numerals (but in various forms) as a percentage of 2400. 3. Serial number, usually in the form of the letter R followed by Roman numerals (some possibly incorporated into the fineness markings, as for assayers above). 4. Tax stamp, part of a circular seal whose legend (pieced together) reads CAROLVS QVINTVS IMPERATOR for Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Each bar is described in detail in the 1993 book Tumbaga Silver for Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, by Douglas Armstrong, a professional conservator hired by the salvage company to clean and preserve all the silver “tumbaga” bars. A new publication in the works by Agustín García-Barneche should soon shed more light on the history and manufacture of these ingots. “Golden Fleece wreck,” sunk ca. 1550 in the northern Caribbean This wreck was nicknamed for a royal stamping (“Golden Fleece”) on several of the gold “finger” bars (ingots) it yielded. Except for a handful of extremely rare Santo Domingo pieces, all the coins from this wreck were Mexican Carlos-Juana silver coins (all assayers prior to S), including several rarities, the most important being three specimens of the Rincón “Early Series” 8 reales of 1538, the very first 8 reales ever struck in the New World (the best of which achieved a record in 2006 for the highest amount ever paid at auction for a Spanish colonial coin: $373,750!). To date the finders of the wreck have not identified the wreck or disclosed its exact location, but they have gone on record stating it was in international waters in the northern Caribbean. Though it was a relatively small find (a few thousand coins at most), it has been the primary source for Mexican Carlos-Juana coins on the market since the mid-1990s. Perhaps more impressive than the coins from this wreck are the few dozen gold and silver ingots it has yielded, all of which have entered the market exclusively through Daniel Frank Sedwick. The varying purities of these bars are reminiscent of the “tumbaga” bars (see above), although the later gold ingots seem to have been cast in somewhat standard shapes (“fingers”) and sizes. The silver ingots from this wreck, popularly known as “splashes,” were simply poured onto the ground, leaving a round, flat mound of silver that was subsequently stamped with a tax stamp (in the form of a crowned C for King Charles I) and/or a fineness in the usual block Roman numerals in parts per 2400, much like the karat system we use today. The gold ingots also show a fineness marking (but no tax stamps or other markings) in parts per 24, with a dot being a quarter karat. Silver or gold, many of the ingots from this wreck were cut into two or more parts, presumably to divide into separate accounts. We believe these “Golden Fleece wreck” ingots are the only known examples made in the colonies between the “tumbaga” period of the 1520s and the specimens found on the 1554 Fleet at Padre Island, Texas. (Note: the few gold bars recovered from the Texas wrecks were marked with the same punches as some of the gold bars from this slightly later wreck.) Spanish 1554 Fleet sunk off Padre Island, Texas The 1554 Fleet consisted of four caravels, the San Andrés, the Santa María de Yciar, the San Estéban, and the Espíritu Santo, all but the first of which foundered off what is now Padre Island in a violent storm. There were many immediate survivors, but natives killed nearly all of them. Much of the treasure was salvaged soon afterward by the Spanish. In the 1960s two of the ships were rediscovered and salvaged by an out-of-state company, causing
8 controversy by removing what Texans thought should belong to their State. (The third wreck-site was apparently obliterated by a dredging operation in the late 1940s on what is known as the Mansfield Cut, a manmade inlet.) The State of Texas conducted its own excavations on the two sites in the 1970s. The 1554 Fleet wrecks have yielded almost exclusively Mexican coinage of Carlos- Juana (up to and including assayer S), some of which still washes up on the beaches of Padre Island. Even when found on the beach, these coins are illegal to own in Texas, which has declared them all to be the property of the State, but they do trade freely elsewhere. Uncleaned specimens (mostly beach finds) are distinctively rusty in color and therefore are usually distinguishable from coins from the “Golden Fleece wreck” above. Unidentified ca.-1554 wreck in the northern Caribbean As mentioned above, one ship escaped the 1554-Fleet disaster, the San Andrés, but it was damaged and only barely made it into Havana harbor. Its treasure was safely offloaded onto other vessels for the journey through the Bahama Channel and up the Straits of Florida and back to Spain, but archival records in Spain indicate that not all of the treasure from the San Andrés made it there. In addition to a documented loss off Portugal, there is some evidence that these ships were hit by another storm and lost somewhere in the northern Caribbean, at least one of them hitting the east coast of Florida and being salvaged by the Ais Indians. A few coins found on the east coast of Florida (particularly in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral) in recent decades seem to confirm this. Archival records also indicate that some of the treasure from the San Andrés was brought to and left at Puerto Rico to be retrieved later in the 1550s. The material we are seeing on the market today (coins, ingots and some artifacts like plates with markings) is identical to what was found off Texas, so it MUST have come from the same 1554 shipment originally, and is therefore most likely the part that was offloaded from the San Andrés in Havana. Because the salvagers say the source is somewhere off the Dominican Republic, it may have more to do with the part that was left in Puerto Rico than with the losses in the Bahama Channel. Santiago, sunk in 1585 on the Bassas da India atoll between Mozambique and Madagascar (east of Africa) This relatively obscure wreck sank on a reef at night due to pilot error, following which the captain and crew absconded with the one useable lifeboat, leaving some 400 or more passengers to perish on the wreck. The Santiago was found again and salvaged in the late 1970s by Ernest Erich Klaar and eventually yielded thousands of silver cobs (marketed in the 1980s) of both Spain and Spanish America (particularly the mints of Seville and Mexico). This shipwreck is also numismatically notable as one of only two wrecks (along with the Atocha of 1622) to have produced the extremely rare cobs of the Panama mint. Unidentified (presumably Spanish) wreck of ca. 1590 off the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico Salvaged surreptitiously by Florida divers, this wreck yielded Philip II cobs of Mexico, Lima and Potosí, some in remarkably good condition. Many of this wreck’s coins are recognizable by their jagged, truncated edges (from corrosion) with pristine interior details. Without consideration of that characteristic pattern of corrosion, the coins from this wreck can pass for Atocha (1622) coins, which is how many of them were successfully sold with fraudulent Atocha certificates in the 1990s. “Rill Cove wreck,” sunk ca. 1618 off Cornwall, England The name and nationality of the ship are unknown and even the date of sinking is not certain—all we know is that records of its local salvage began in 1618. After re-discovery of the wreck by Ken Simpson and Mike Hall in 1975, eventually some 3,000 coins were recovered and sold, all silver cobs, mostly Mexican, but also from Potosí and Spain. Most of the coins are thin from corrosion but with dark toning on fields to enhance details. “Wild Horse River wreck,” sunk ca. 1620 in the Río de la Plata off Colonia, Uruguay Somewhere in the River Plate opposite Buenos Aires is a remote beach where beautiful wild horses run free next to untold treasures just past the river bank. Quietly, local fisherman and salvagers over the years have brought up some of these treasures, which appear to be from a Spanish ship that sank without a trace. The River Plate (a literal translation of the Spanish name) was known to Europeans since 1516 and was even visited by Sir Francis Drake in 1578 early in his circumnavigation of the globe. Not long after that, in 1580, the colony of Buenos Aires took hold on the south side of the River Plate, and colonization slowly increased as Spain sought to limit Portugal’s expansion of Brazil’s frontiers to the north. Eventually the area that we now call Uruguay on the north side of the river became a zone of contention between the rival colonial empires. In fact the city of Colonia (whose full name is Colonia del Sacramento) was originally a Portuguese fort (built in 1680). Trade between the rival colonies was forbidden until 1602, when for a period of six years the Spanish crown authorized trade with Brazil, but only in commodities like food and clothing—no precious metals or slaves. Of course the Spanish colonists took advantage of the contact with the Portuguese and soon began to buy and trade slaves to resell in Potosí (overland via Cordoba to the northwest). All evidence indicates that this “Wild Horse River Wreck” is from this early period of unofficial commerce in the River Plate (no earlier than about 1605, but possibly as late as 1620). So far it has yielded only a few silver coins, gemstone rings and mostly small iron artifacts, all in incredibly well-preserved condition due to lack of salinity and the muddy composition of the riverbed. But metal detector readings indicate massive metallic deposits at the bottom of crevices in the mud, just out of reach for now. What will be found? Slave shackles? Chests of gold and silver? Only time will tell.
9 Atocha, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida Arguably the most famous of all Spanish galleons salvaged in our time, the Atocha was the almiranta (the Admiral’s ship, effectively the rear guard of any Spanish convoy) of the 1622 Fleet, which left Havana several weeks late and ran afoul of a hurricane. Eight of the 28-ship fleet were lost, wrecked on the reefs between the Dry Tortugas and the Florida Keys or sunk in deeper water. Five people survived the sinking of the Atocha and were rescued by another vessel, but the wreck itself was scattered after another hurricane hit the site exactly one month later. The Spanish were never able to salvage what was one of the richest galleons ever to sail. The cargo of the Atocha did not see light again until 1971, when the first coins were found by the now-famous salvager Mel Fisher and his divers, who recovered the bulk of the treasure in 1985 and thereby unleashed the largest supply of silver cobs and ingots the market has ever seen. Well over 100,000 shield-type cobs were found in all denominations above the half real, the great majority of them from Potosí, as were also the approximately 1,000 silver ingots (most the size of bread loaves). A handful of gold cobs (1 and 2 escudos only) were also recovered, mostly from mainland Spanish mints, but also a few from Colombia—officially the first gold coins ever struck in the New World. The Atocha was also the source for most (if not all) of the first silver cobs struck in Colombia, as well as a few early coins from Mexico, Lima, Spain and even Panama. Even more significant were the many gold ingots, jewelry items, emeralds and other artifacts. Because of Mel Fisher’s huge publicity and because much of the treasure was distributed to investors at high ratios compared to their investment amounts, the coins from the Atocha have always sold for much more—anywhere from 2 times to 10 times—than their non-salvage counterparts, even in the numismatic market. (The “glamour market” in tourist areas, by contrast, elevates these coins to as much as twenty times their base numismatic value!) Individually numbered certificates with photos of each coin are critical to the retention of an Atocha coin’s enhanced value. Accompanying barcode tags with the coins also make it possible to replace lost certificates through a database system at the Fisher operation in Key West. Each certificate (with some exceptions) also specifies the coin’s Grade, from 1 (highest) to 4 (lowest), a highly subjective evaluation of corrosive damage and overall quality. Most Atocha silver coins are also recognizable by their shiny brightness, the result of a somewhat controversial cleaning and polishing process catering more to jewelry demand than to serious numismatists. Santa Margarita, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida From the same hurricane-stricken 1622 Fleet as the Atocha (above), the Santa Margarita sank on a reef within sight of the Atocha and was found in 1626 by Spanish salvagers, who recovered only roughly half its treasure. The other half was found by Mel Fisher and company in 1980. Margarita’s treasures were similar to those found on the Atocha, yet with fewer coins in comparatively worse condition overall (yet not as harshly cleaned). As with Atocha coins, original Fisher certificates are critical to the premium value for these coins, which is on par with Atocha coins. “Dry Tortugas wreck,” sunk ca. 1622 off the Dry Tortugas, west of Key West, Florida Presumably a sister-ship to the Atocha and Santa Margarita of the 1622 Fleet (above), discovered in 1989 and reworked in 1991 by Seahawk Deep Ocean Technology, among whose finds were numerous gold bars (but no silver bars) and about 1,200 heavily eroded silver cobs (similar in composition to the Atocha finds), all picked from the ocean floor by a robot. Cannons and other artifacts expected on a typical galleon, however, were suspiciously absent. The bulk of the treasure was eventually sold to a store/museum in Key West that later went bankrupt. Years later, by order of a bankruptcy court, it all turned up at auction, where nearly all of the treasure was re-purchased by some of the former principals of Seahawk for a new museum. Campen, sunk in 1627 off the Isle of Wight, England The East Indiaman Campen was part of a seven-ship fleet that encountered a heavy storm off the Isle of Wight in October of 1627. Seeking safety in the Solent north of the island, four of the ships attempted to navigate through the Needles rocks at the island’s westernmost tip and two of them—the Campen and the Vliegende Draecke (“Flying Dragon”)—sank nearby. Soon after, all of the latter ship’s cargo was saved, but only a couple thousand silver coins were recovered from the Campen, leaving about 8,000 coins to be found in our time. Most of these silver coins, recovered by divers beginning in June of 1979, were Dutch “lion” daalders, but they also included a few cobs, which are very rarely seen on the market today. “Lucayan Beach wreck,” sunk ca. 1628 off Grand Bahama Island Since the accidental discovery in 1964 of around 10,000 silver cobs (dated up to and including 1628) in 10 feet of water just 1,300 yards from the Lucayan Beach Hotel, the mystery of identifying the lost vessel has never been solved. Because of the date, popular opinion associates the wreck with the taking of the Spanish 1628 Fleet in Matanzas Bay, Cuba, by the Dutch pirate and national hero Piet Heyn, who reported losing two of the vessels on the way back to Europe. Three names proposed for the ship(s) by various sellers over the years were the Van Lynden, the Santa Gertrude (or Gertrudis) and the Romario, with scant evidence to support any of the attributions. Spanish archival research uncovered a new name—Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, sunk in that general area in 1624, but a quick check of auction catalogs confirms that some of the recovered coins were clearly dated later than that. A more recent (1990s) recovery off the Lucayan Beach turned up similar material, but no further clues as to the ship’s (or ships’) identity. Practically all of the coins have been Mexican 8 and 4
10 reales of the assayer-D period, some in quite nice condition and a few with clear dates, which of course are rare. Expect to pay a modest premium for specimens in white clamshell boxes produced by Spink & Son (London) in the 1960s for a promotion that capped off years of disagreements between the salvagers, their backers and the Bahamian government. “Panama hoard,” lost ca. 1629 in Porto Bello, Panama In the early 1990s the numismatic market began to hear about a massive find of 4,500 early Potosí cobs (practically all 8 and 4 reales) in fabulous condition—in fact, totally uncorroded but with telltale orange clay on what were otherwise Mint State (or nearly so) surfaces. Soon this hoard took on many different names as the stories emerged: “Panama hoard,” “Camino Real Trail hoard,” and, curiously, “Mule Train hoard” (based on a rumor that the hoard was lost when a mule that was carrying the treasure fell over a cliff). The most believable story we have heard (albeit the least romantic) is that the hoard was found stashed in the wall of a house that was torn down in 1977. The political atmosphere under General Noriega kept most of the coins in hiding until the 1990s. The latest date on the coins in this hoard is 1629, but in order to allow enough time for the coins to travel from Potosí to Porto Bello the date of the hoard is sometimes given as 1630. Concepción, sunk in 1641 off the northeast coast of Hispaniola The Concepción was one of the most significant Spanish wrecks of all time, serving the Spanish with a loss of over 100 tons of silver and gold treasure. The almiranta of a 21-ship fleet, the Concepción was already in poor repair when the Europe-bound fleet encountered a storm in September, leaving her disabled and navigating under makeshift sails amid disagreement among its pilots about their location. Weeks later, she grounded on a reef in an area now named the Silver Shoals, just east of another shoal known as the Abrojos, which the pilots were trying to avoid. After another storm hit the wrecked ship and the admiral and officers left in the ship’s only longboat, the remaining crew resorted to building rafts from the ship’s timbers. Survivors’ accounts pointed to drowning, starvation and even sharks for the approximately 300 casualties. In the fallout that ensued, none of the survivors could report the wreck’s location with accuracy, so it sat undisturbed until New England’s William Phipps found it in 1687 and brought home tons of silver and some gold, to the delight of his English backers. The Concepción was found again in 1978 by Burt Webber, Jr., whose divers recovered some 60,000 silver cobs, mostly Mexican 8 and 4 reales, but also some Potosí and rare Colombian cobs (including more from the Cartagena mint than had been found on any other shipwreck). Unlike the Maravillas of just 15 years later, the Concepción did not yield any gold cobs in our time, and any significant artifacts found were retained by the government of the Dominican Republic, who oversaw the salvage. The bulk of the silver cobs found on the Concepción were heavily promoted, even in department stores. The site is still worked from time to time with limited success. Capitana (Jesús María de la Limpia Concepción), sunk in 1654 off Chanduy, Ecuador This wreck was the largest loss ever experienced by the Spanish South Seas (Pacific) Fleet, of which the Jesus María de la Limpia Concepción was the capitana (“captain’s ship” or lead vessel) in 1654. Official records reported the loss of 3 million pesos of silver (2,212 ingots, 216 chests of coins, and 22 boxes of wrought silver), augmented to a total of as much as 10 million pesos when contraband and private consignments were taken into account. By comparison, the entire annual silver production in Peru at that time was only about 6-7 million pesos! Obviously overloaded, technically the Capitana sank due to pilot error, which drove the ship onto the reefs south of the peninsula known as Punta Santa Elena, a geographic feature the pilot thought he had cleared. Twenty people died in the disaster. For eight years afterward, Spanish salvagers officially recovered over 3 million pesos of coins and bullion (with probably much more recovered off the record), leaving only an unreachable lower section for divers to find in our time. Ironically, the main salvager of the Capitana in the 1650s and early 1660s was none other than the ship’s silvermaster, Bernardo de Campos, whose fault it was that the ship was overloaded with contraband in the first place. The wreck was rediscovered in the mid-1990s and salvaged (completely, according to some) in 1997. After a 50-50 split with the Ecuadorian government in 1998, investors placed most of their half of the more than 5,000 coins recovered up for sale at auction in 1999. Almost exclusively Potosí 8 and 4 reales, the coins were a healthy mix of countermarked issues of 1649-1652, transitional issues of 1652, and post-transitional pillars-and-waves cobs of 1653- 1654, many in excellent condition and expertly conserved. As an interesting footnote, the very coins salvaged from the Capitana by the Spanish in 1654 were lost again on the Maravillas wreck of 1656 (see next), and some of those coins salvaged from the Maravillas were lost again in the wreck of the salvage vessel Madama do Brasil off Gorda Cay (Bahamas) in 1657. Furthering Spain’s woes was the destruction of another treasure fleet in 1657 by English marauders (fresh from a victory in the Bay of Cádiz) off Santa Cruz on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Maravillas, sunk in 1656 off Grand Bahama Island As the almiranta of the homebound Spanish fleet in January of 1656, the Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas was officially filled with over five million pesos of treasure (and probably much more in contraband, as was usually the case). That treasure included much of the silver salvaged from the South Seas Fleet’s Capitana of 1654 that wrecked on Chanduy Reef off Ecuador (see above). The ill-fated treasure sank once again when the Maravillas unexpectedly ran into shallow water and was subsequently rammed by one of the other ships of its fleet, forcing the captain to try to
11 ground the Maravillas on a nearby reef on Little Bahama Bank off Grand Bahama Island. In the ensuing chaos, exacerbated by strong winds, most of the 650 people on board died in the night, and the wreckage scattered. Spanish salvagers soon recovered almost half a million pesos of treasure, followed by more recoveries over the next several decades, yet with over half of the official cargo still unfound. The first re-discovery of the Maravillas in the twentieth century was by Robert Marx and his company Seafinders in 1972, whose finds were featured in an auction by Schulman in New York in 1974. Included among the coins in this sale were some previously unknown Cartagena silver cobs of 1655 and countermarked Potosí coinage of 1649-1651 and 1652 transitionals, in addition to many Mexican silver cobs and a few Bogotá cob 2 escudos. The second big salvage effort on the Maravillas was by Herbert Humphreys and his company Marex in the late 1980s and early 1990s, resulting in two big sales by Christie’s (London) in 1992 and 1993, featuring many Bogotá cob 2 escudos, in addition to more Mexico and Potosí silver cobs and several important artifacts. The most recent sale of Maravillas finds, presumably from one of the many salvage efforts from the 1970s and 1980s, took place in California in 2005, again with a good quantity of Bogotá cob 2 escudos. The wreck area is still being searched today, but officially the Bahamian government has not granted any leases on the site since the early 1990s. It is possible the bulk of the treasure is still to be found. Vergulde Draeck (“Gilt Dragon”), sunk in 1656 off Western Australia Much has been written about the loss and salvage of this Dutch East India Company trading vessel (known as an East Indiaman), which some consider to be Australia’s counterpart to Florida’s 1715 Fleet in terms of availability of reasonably priced cobs for collectors. In contrast to the Spanish treasure wrecks, however, the Vergulde Draeck carried only a modest amount of just silver cobs (eight chests totaling 45,950 coins), mostly Mexican but also some cobs from Potosí and Spain as well as some Colombian rarities. The ship was on its way from the Netherlands to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta, Indonesia) when suddenly it found itself wrecked on a reef some three miles from land in the early morning hours of April 28, 1656. Only 75 of the 193 people on board were able to reach the shore, and seven of them soon left in the ship’s pinnace to seek help in Batavia. When authorities there learned of the wreck, several attempts were made to rescue the other survivors and, more important, the eight chests of treasure, but no sign of the wreck or survivors was ever found. The wreck remained undiscovered until 1963 when spear-fishermen stumbled upon it and began to recover coins and artifacts. Salvage efforts to date, mostly under the supervision of the Western Australian Museum, whose certificates often accompany the coins (and carry a small premium), have yielded only about half of the total coins officially recorded to be on board this ship. San Miguel el Arcángel (“Jupiter wreck”), sunk in 1659 off Jupiter Inlet, east coast of Florida As well known as this wreck has become among the Florida treasure community and shipwreck collectors around the world, surprisingly little has been written about it, and not one major auction has been dedicated to its finds. The San Miguel was not a big treasure galleon in a huge convoy; rather, she was a lone aviso, a smaller ship for carrying letters and other communications quickly back to Spain. But unlike most avisos, the San Miguel did end up carrying some important treasure, as it was in the right time and place to take on samples of the unauthorized “Star of Lima” coinage of 1659 for the King to see. In October the San Miguel encountered a hurricane off the southeast coast of Florida, grounded on a sandbar, and broke apart rapidly, leaving only 34 survivors among the 121 people originally on board. Those survivors were all quickly captured by natives (Ais) and therefore had no opportunity to salvage the scattered wreck. Today only parts of the wreck of the San Miguel have been found, discovered by lifeguard Peter Leo in 1987, in about 10 to 20 feet of water and under as much as 20 feet of sand. Salvage is ongoing. Besides a couple of gold ingots and one large silver ingot, the yield to date has been modest, mostly low-end silver cobs of Mexico and Potosí, plus a good amount of the rare 1659 “Star of Lima” silver coinage, but also a couple Bogotá gold cobs and some rare Cartagena silver cobs, all sold through various dealers and private transactions. If the hull of the ship is ever found, as the salvagers think it will be, the market may finally see some of the gold cobs of the “Star of Lima” issue of 1659. Sacramento, sunk in 1668 off Bay of All Saints, Bahia, Brazil The lead vessel of a 50-ship annual convoy between Lisbon, Portugal, and Bahia, Brazil, the Sacramento hit a sandbar at night and sank in a squall on May 5, 1668, sending some 400 people to their grave. Official Brazilian government salvage on the wreck took place beginning in 1976, at some point involving the famed salvager Robert Marx. Because it was chiefly a military vessel and coming from Portugal to Brazil, the Sacramento was carrying just a few consumer goods (like textiles) and not any significant amount of coins. Nevertheless, what little from the salvaging of this ship has reached collectors has been almost exclusively Portuguese silver coins with Brazilian countermarks from 1663, but a few Spanish colonial cobs (also countermarked) have surfaced as well, in addition to a few small artifacts. Unidentified wreck of ca. 1671 sunk in Seville Harbor, Spain The city of Seville is situated on the Guadalquivir River, about 50 miles inland from the ocean port of Cádiz, where treasure from the New World arrived on sea-going galleons. From there the treasure went on to Seville, up the river by boat. Sometime in 1671 it is believed one of these boats outside Seville sank, or at least its treasure was lost there somehow in the river, for in the mid-1990s a large hoard of obviously salvaged silver cob 8 and 4 reales of Potosí, none dated later than 1671, and mostly in decent condition, began to emerge from markets in Spain without provenance but reportedly found in Seville Harbor during the installation of a fiber- optic cable across the river. It should be noted that the same type of coins (with characteristics identical to those from the Seville wreck) have been sold in recent years as having come from the so-called “Señorita de Santa Cristina” of 1672 off Cádiz, but we can find no record of this ship or its salvage.
12 Consolación (“Isla de Muerto shipwreck”), sunk in 1681 off Santa Clara Island, Ecuador When salvage first began on this wreck in 1997, it was initially believed to be the Santa Cruz and later called El Salvador y San José, sunk in August of 1680; but research by Robert Marx after the main find in subsequent years confirmed its proper name and illuminated its fascinating history. Intended to be part of the Spanish “South Seas Fleet” of 1681, which left Lima’s port of Callao in April, the Consolación apparently was delayed and ended up traveling alone. At the Gulf of Guayaquil, off modern-day Ecuador, the Consolación encountered English pirates, led by Bartholomew Sharpe, who forced the Spanish galleon to sink on a reef off Santa Clara Island (later nicknamed “Isla de Muerto,” or Dead Man’s Island). Before the pirates could get to the ship, the crew set fire to her and tried to escape to the nearby island without success. Angered by their inability to seize the valuable cargo of the Consolación, Sharpe’s men killed the Spaniards and tried in vain to recover the treasure through the efforts of local fishermen. Spanish attempts after that were also fruitless, so the treasure of the Consolación sat undisturbed until our time. When vast amounts of silver coins were found in the area starting in the 1990s, eventually under agreement between local entrepreneurs Roberto Aguirre and Carlos Saavedra (“ROBCAR”) and the government of Ecuador in 1997, the exact name and history of the wreck were unknown, and about 8,000 of the coins (all Potosí silver cobs) were subsequently sold at auction by Spink New York in December 2001 as simply “Treasures from the ‘Isla de Muerto.’” Most of the coins offered were of low quality and poorly preserved but came with individually numbered photo-certificates. Later, after the provenance had been properly researched, and using better conservation methods, a Florida syndicate arranged to have ongoing finds from this wreck permanently encapsulated in hard-plastic holders by the authentication and grading firm ANACS, with the wreck provenance clearly stated inside the “slab”; more recent offerings have bypassed this encapsulation. Ongoing salvage efforts have good reason to be hopeful, as the manifest of the Consolación stated the value of her registered cargo as 146,000 pesos in silver coins in addition to silver and gold ingots, plus an even higher sum in contraband, according to custom. “Porto Bello wreck,” sunk in 1681 off Porto Bello, Panama According to Robert Marx, a storm in 1681 sank three ships of the Spanish Caribbean Fleet: Chaperón (sunk in the mouth of the Chagres River), Boticaria (sunk off Isla de Naranjas), and an unidentified galleon (sunk off Punta de Brujas). Other reference articles, probably in error, give the date of the disaster as 1682. Despite these attributions, there is still some confusion about which wrecksite belongs to which ship of the Fleet, and as a result, the sources of finds from these wrecks tend to be referred to by location (like “Porto Bello wreck”) or simply as “1681 Fleet.” Joanna, sunk in 1682 off South Africa An English East Indiaman on her way to Surat on the west coast of India, the Joanna separated from her convoy and sank in rough seas on a reef off the southernmost tip of South Africa on June 8, 1682, sending 10 people to their death. Eventually, 104 survivors reached the Dutch colony of Cape Town, from which a salvage party was soon dispatched. The Joanna’s cargo consisted of 70 chests of silver coins, of which the salvage party reported having recovered only about 28,000 guilders’ worth. In 1982 the wreck was re-discovered by a group of South African divers led by Gavin Clackworthy, who brought up silver ingots (discs) and more than 23,000 silver cobs, most of them Mexican 4 and 8 reales of Charles II in generally low grade, but a few showing bold, formerly very rare dates 1679-1681. Over the past two decades, these cobs have entered the market from both private dealers and auctions, but always in relatively small quantities at a time. Almost all the coins are in very worn condition, usually thin and nearly featureless, but without the heavy encrustation and pitting that characterize Caribbean finds. Sunken city of Port Royal, Jamaica (submerged by earthquake in 1694) As a notorious pirate hangout in the 17th century, Port Royal’s famous bars and brothels became repositories for much of the looted treasure of the Caribbean. But in 1692 an earthquake sent most of the city plunging into the sea, and it never fully recovered. What was left of Port Royal became a British Naval station for years afterward and it was continually racked by hurricanes (in 1721, 1726, 1744, and 1951), fires (in 1703 and 1815), and even another earthquake (in 1907). In the period of 1965 to 1968, the famous salvager Robert Marx dove the sunken city and recovered more than two million small artifacts (many lost AFTER 1692), some of which have appeared in the treasure market from time to time. “Pasay hoard,” lost circa 1700 in the Philippines In February of 2005, while digging a hole for a septic tank at a residence in Pasay City, workers uncovered a Chinese stoneware jar at a depth of about five feet. Inside the jar were 400- 500 silver cob coins, mostly Mexican 8 reales of Charles II, all in very high grade and dating to the very late 1600s. These coins are recognizable for very odd shapes but with sharp points and bright- white surfaces, their crude design details belying the fact that they were technically uncirculated. Merestein, sunk in 1702 off South Africa This Dutch East Indiaman was outbound when she tried to put into Saldanha Bay to alleviate rampant scurvy on board the ship. On April 3, 1702, she hit reefs on the southwest point of Jutten Island and within hours was smashed to pieces. Only 99 of the 200 people aboard the Merestein survived. On board the Merestein were several chests of silver coins for trade in the East Indies, for which immediate salvage plans were undertaken. But Jutten Island is no easy dive, and all attempts were abandoned until modern times. The wreck was re-found and salvaged in the early 1970s, yielding almost exclusively Dutch silver ducatoons from the 1600s. The number of coins found in the 1970s was around 15,000 and is believed to be nowhere near all of the treasure that was lost. Association, sunk in 1707 off the Scilly Isles, southwest of England The sinking of this ship and four others in a fleet of 21 returning from the Mediterranean was one of the worst British naval disasters of all time. The Association sank on October 22 under
13 stormy conditions after what can only be described as guesswork navigation that led the ships straight onto the rocks of the Scilly Isles, where as many as 2,000 sailors lost their lives as a result. The admiral of the fleet, Sir Cloudisley Shovell, whose ten chests of personal wealth (in addition to several others) were rumored to be aboard the Association, was one of the casualties of the sinking, although legend has it he reached shore alive, only to be murdered there by a local woman for a ring on his finger. The wrecksite was located in 1967 by British Navy divers, touching off a frenzy of activity on the site for years to come. Cannons and a few coins were raised in the 1960s, but it was not till 1973 that a significant amount of coins were found (8,000 in that year alone). These coins, mostly British silver and gold but also many Spanish and Spanish-American silver cobs, were sold at auction beginning in 1969 and into the early 1970s. The cobs presented an eclectic mix, mostly 8 reales from the 1650s forward (even a “Royal” presentation issue from 1676), but from nearly all mints (especially Lima and Potosí), some even left in as-found conglomerate form combined with British coins. It is interesting to note that parts of this wreck, like others in the area, were flattened hard to the muddy sea floor by huge boulders that still roll around with the currents, making for dangerous and difficult salvage. Feversham, sunk in 1711 off Nova Scotia, Canada The Feversham was on its way north with three other ships from New York to Quebec with provisions and cash to assist a British campaign against the French when all four ships sank on and around Scatarie Island off Cape Breton in a storm on October 7, 1711. About 100 people died in the disaster, while the remaining 49 survivors were able to bribe a passing French fisherman to take them to New York for 200 pounds. Apparently no one—British or French—was able to salvage anything from the wreck in its time. In 1968 the wrecksite of the Feversham was rediscovered by a group of divers led by famous Canadian salvager Alex Storm, whose recoveries were sold privately to a “highly-reputable Canadian institution” in 1972. In the mid-1980s the Feversham was salvaged again by a new group of divers. The Feversham’s numismatic yield was small (in comparison with Spanish galleon treasures), but quite important as a cross-section of coinage in circulation in New York at the time. Mostly it was Spanish American silver cobs and Massachusetts Bay Colony shillings, many of the former with rare, weight-adjustment plugs to bring them up to standard. A small group of gold cobs—almost entirely Bogotá 2 escudos, virtually identical to those from the Spanish 1715 Fleet— was found in later salvage efforts. An abundance of auctions offered these coins from 1989 through 1999. DeLiefde, sunk in 1711 off the Shetland Islands, north of Scotland During the War of Spanish Succession it was deemed safer to take the northern route around Scotland than to skirt French coasts in the English Channel, but in so doing the Dutch East Indiaman DeLiefde wrecked on a reef in the Out Skerries due to faulty navigation under overcast skies, leaving only one survivor to tell the tale. Prompt salvage attempts by the VOC to recover the cargo of silver and gold coins turned up nothing—looting by locals was greatly suspected. Modern expeditions in the 1960s, however, located the ship and yielded upwards of 4000 coins (mostly silver “rider” ducatoons and gold ducats) in 1966-1968, many of which were sold at auction by Glendining (London) in 1969. 1715 Fleet, east coast of Florida The Spanish 1715-Fleet disaster was probably the greatest to befall any of the Spanish treasure fleets in terms of casualties and money, with reports of a loss of 14 million pesos (plus an equal or greater amount in contraband) and as many as 1,000 or more lives. The modern salvage of this fleet, begun in the early 1960s and ongoing today, has been the largest single source of gold cobs ever in the numismatic market, turning former rarities and unknown issues into collectible and popular (albeit still expensive) commodities. In typical fashion, the 1715 Fleet was a case of overloaded Spanish galleons foundering in a hurricane after delayed departure, but on a larger scale than anything before. The principal elements of the fleet, known as the Nueva España (New Spain, i.e., Mexico) Fleet, had gone to Veracruz in Mexico to deliver mercury (an essential substance in the refining of silver cobs), sell merchandise, and pick up quantities of Mexican-minted bars and cobs. An unfortunate series of complications kept the fleet in Veracruz for two whole years before it could rendezvous in Havana with the vessels of the Tierra Firme (Mainland) Fleet, bearing the Peruvian and Colombian treasure brought from Panama and Cartagena. After still more delays in Havana, what was ultimately a 12- or 13-ship convoy (depending on which account you prefer) did not manage to depart for Spain until July 24, 1715, well into hurricane season. The trip back to Spain was to be routine: up the coast of Florida on the Gulf Stream, which gradually turns outward into and across the Atlantic at about the location where the fleet was lost. On the thirtieth of July, the fleet encountered a hurricane, driving the ships shoreward. Some of the ships sank in deep water, some broke up in shallower water, and others ran aground close to the beach, while a lone vessel, the tag-along French ship Grifón, sailed onward without incident. Hundreds of the crew and passengers lost their lives while other hundreds of survivors improvised a camp on shore to await aid from the Spanish fort at St. Augustine, to which a party was sent. Ultimately news of the disaster reached Havana, whence salvage ships were dispatched to the scene. The Spaniards undertook salvage operations for several years with the help of Indians and recovered nearly half of the vast treasure (at least the registered part) from the holds of ships whose remains rested in water sufficiently shallow for breath-holding divers. Gradually the salvagers enlarged their encampment and built a storehouse on the spit of dune land just behind the beach that bordered a jungle. In 1716, a flotilla of British freebooters under Henry Jennings appeared on the scene, raided the storehouse, and carried off some 350,000 pesos of the treasure to Jamaica. The
14 Spaniards, however, resumed operations until they could salvage no more and quit in 1719. The rest of the treasure remained on the ocean floor until our time. Modern salvage on the 1715 Fleet began in the late 1950s, when local resident Kip Wagner found a piece of eight on the beach after a hurricane and decided to pursue the source. With the help of a 1774 chart and an army-surplus metal detector, he located the original Spanish salvage camp and unearthed coins and artifacts. Then using a rented airplane to spot the underwater wrecksite from the air and check the location again by boat, Kip found the source of the coins and soon formed a team of divers and associates backed by a salvage permit from the State of Florida. All of this took place over a period of years before it evolved into the Real Eight Company, the origin of whose name is obvious. To salvage the wreck, the Real Eight divers originally used a dredge and suction apparatus; only later did they adopt the use of a propwash-blower (known as a “mailbox”) developed by their subcontractor, Mel Fisher. Eventually they found gold jewels, Chinese porcelain, silverware, gold and silver ingots, and as many as 10,000 gold cobs of the Mexico, Peru and Colombia mints; and, mostly in encrusted clusters, well over 100,000 silver cobs of all denominations. The salvaged coins were all cobs, both gold (Mexico, Bogotá, Lima, and Cuzco) and silver (mostly Mexico but also some Lima and Potosí), minted primarily between 1711 and 1715, although numerous earlier dates were represented too, some of the dates extending well back into the 1600s. Many of the dates and types of the 1700-1715 period had been either rare or unknown prior to the salvage of the 1715 Fleet. The gold coins, as can be expected, have been generally pristine, as have been some of the silver coins, but most silver cobs from the 1715 Fleet are at least somewhat corroded, some no more than thin, featureless slivers. Every denomination of cob made in silver and gold, with the exception of the quarter real (which was not minted past the very early 1600s), has been found on the 1715 Fleet, as well as several different denominations of round “Royal” presentation issues. Promotions of the coins by Real Eight and others have spanned the decades, in addition to auctions by Henry Christensen (1964); Parke- Bernet Galleries (1967) and Sotheby Parke Bernet (1973); the Schulman Coin and Mint (1972 and 1974); Bowers and Ruddy Galleries (1977); and even the U.S. Customs Service (2003). The demand for these coins over the years has steadily risen while the supply of new finds has dwindled. As the salvage operation on the 1715 Fleet reached diminishing returns, some associates (like Mel Fisher) headed for Key West and other areas to search for new wrecks. Do not believe, however, that the 1715-Fleet search is over. Since as many as five or six of the twelve or thirteen galleons remain undiscovered, search areas are still leased from the state, and even the old wreck sites continue to relinquish a few coins to an insatiable numismatic market. Even the beaches themselves yield fabulous finds (one gold “Royal” 8 escudos—a six-figure bonanza in our day—was found on the beach by a metal detectorist in 1989), especially after direct- hit hurricanes like Frances and Jeanne, which devastated the treasure beaches in rapid succession in the summer of 2004. Much of the finds stays in the hands of locals throughout the State of Florida— divers, beachcombers, and old-time collectors who love their cobs and sell only when they must. The one collector who never sells is also the one with the largest collection of them all, the museum of the State of Florida. Spain lost it all to America, whence it came. Despite a wealth of publications pertaining to the 1715 Fleet with names of the ships and the known locations of some of the wrecks, there is no universal agreement as to the identity of the vessel at each wrecksite. In many cases, in fact, it is possible that separate wrecksites represent different parts of the same ship. As a result, salvagers over the decades have resorted to nicknames for the sites based on landmarks, local individuals, and even features from the wrecks themselves, such as (from north to south): “Pines” (Sebastian), “Cabin” (Wabasso), “Cannon” (Wabasso), “Corrigans” (Vero Beach), “Rio Mar” (Vero Beach), “Sandy Point” (Vero Beach), “Wedge” (Fort Pierce), and “Colored Beach” (Fort Pierce). (Case in point: In this very catalog you will see items alternately certified as from the “Corrigans site” and the “Regla site,” which are one and the same.) Traditionally the range of sites extends from south of Fort Pierce up to just south of Melbourne in the north, but rumors of 1715-Fleet finds as far north as Cape Canaveral, New Smyrna Beach and even Fernandina Beach (near Jacksonville) may have merit. Regardless of the exact site of origin, a great majority of the coins are sold simply as “1715 Fleet.” Slot ter Hooge, sunk in 1724 off Porto Santo, Madeira Islands This East Indiaman, whose Dutch name means “Castle of Hooge” (a place in modern-day Belgium), was outbound to Batavia (Jakarta) with a load of three tons of silver ingots (15 chests) plus four chests of silver coins, three of which contained nothing but Mexican cobs. Blown off course by a storm, the Slot ter Hooge wrecked on November 19 off Porto Santo Island in the Madeira Islands (northwest of Africa), to the demise of some 221 people on board (only 33 survived). More than half the treasure was salvaged over the next ten years by the famous English inventor John Lethbridge, but the rest was forgotten until our time. In 1974 the wreck was rediscovered by the well-known salvager Robert Sténuit, who recovered many silver ingots and coins, mostly Dutch ducatoons but also some Mexican 8-reales cobs. Akerendam, sunk in 1725 off the coast of Norway Separated from her two companion vessels in a heavy storm, the East Indiaman Akerendam foundered off the northern point of Runde Island off the west coast of Norway on March 8, with no survivors among the 200 people on board. Throughout the next several months, five of the 19 chests of coins aboard the Akerendam were recovered, and one of those five had opened up, scattering coins over the wrecksite. No more was found, and the site was forgotten until Norwegian amateur divers rediscovered it in 1972 and brought up almost 40,000 gold and silver coins, with another 16,000 or so found the next year. Ultimately the coins were split between the divers and the Norwegian and Dutch governments, and the divers’ portion was offered as a whole at auction in 1978, following which the coins were largely assembled into leather-bound promotional sets (each consisting of up to 23 silver coins and one gold coin). In total, over 10,000 New World silver cobs were found (no gold), nearly all Mexican, in average condition (but typically crude strikes). Chameau, sunk in 1725 off Nova Scotia, Canada This French man-of-war was attempting to reach Louisburg harbor with a consignment of troops and coins for the French colony when a storm sent her onto the rocks of Cape Breton
15 instead, killing all on board. The main wrecksite was never found until 1961, when Alex Storm spotted cannons on the seabed and led a successful salvage expedition on the site in 1965, yielding many French silver ecus and gold Louis d’ors. 1733 Fleet, Florida Keys Much like the 1715-Fleet disaster mentioned above, the 1733 Fleet was another entire Spanish convoy (except for one ship) lost in a hurricane off Florida. However, the lesser severity of the 1733 hurricane (which struck the fleet on July 15) and the shallowness of the wrecksites in the Keys made for many survivors and even left four ships in good enough condition to be re-floated and sent back to Havana. A highly successful salvage effort by the Spanish soon commenced, bringing up even more than the 12 million pesos of precious cargo listed on the Fleet’s manifest (thanks to the usual contraband). The wrecks themselves are spread across 80 miles, from north of Key Largo down to south of Duck Key, and include the following galleons (note there is not universal agreement as to which wrecksite pertains to each galleon, and each name is a contemporaneous abbreviation or nickname): El Pópulo, El Infante, San José, El Rubí (the capitana), Chávez, Herrera, Tres Puentes, San Pedro, El Terri (also spelled Lerri or Herri), San Francisco, El Gallo Indiano (the almiranta), Las Angustias, El Sueco de Arizón, San Fernando, and San Ignacio. This last ship, San Ignacio, is believed to be the source of many silver coins (and even some gold coins) found in a reef area off Deer Key known as “Coffins Patch,” the south westernmost of all the 1733-Fleet wrecksites. In addition, many other related sites are known, mostly the wrecks of tag-along ships that accompanied the fleet proper. The first and arguably most famous of the wrecks of the 1733 Fleet to be located in modern times was the capitana El Rubí, which was discovered in 1948 and salvaged principally in the 1950s by Art McKee, whose Sunken Treasure Museum on Plantation Key housed his finds for all to see. Throughout the next several decades, however, the wrecksites in the Keys became a virtual free-for-all, with many disputes and confrontations, until the government created the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary in 1990. The removal of artifacts from any of the sites is prohibited today. In contrast to the 1715 Fleet, and because of the extensive Spanish salvage in the 1730s, the finds by modern divers have been modest, especially in gold coins, of which there are far more fakes on the market than genuine specimens. Nevertheless, the 1733 Fleet has been a significant source for some of the rare Mexican milled “pillar dollars” of 1732-1733 as well as the transitional “klippe”- type coins of 1733. Vliegenthart, sunk in 1735 off Zeeland, the Netherlands The East Indiaman Vliegenthart (“Flying Hart” in Dutch) had just departed Rammekens for the East Indies when the deadly combination of a northeast gale, a spring tide and pilot error sent her into a sand bank behind her sister-ship Anna Catharina. The latter ship broke apart in the storm while the Vliegenthart, damaged and firing her cannons in distress, slipped off the bank and sank in 10 fathoms of water. All hands on both ships were lost. Contemporaneous salvage under contract with the Dutch East India Company was unsuccessful, but it did provide a piece of evidence—a secret map—that did not emerge from obscurity until 1977. Stemming from that, divers employed by the former London attorney Rex Cowan discovered the wreck in 1981, and in 1983 they found their first coins, one of three chests of Mexican silver and Dutch gold coins (totaling 67,000 guilders or dollar-sized units) for the East India trade aboard the Vliegenthart. The second chest was smashed on the seabed and its contents partially salvaged, while the third chest, intact like the first, came up in 1992. The divers also recovered several smaller boxes of large Dutch silver coins known as “ducatoons,” illegally exported and therefore contraband. Among the silver coins found were thousands of Mexican cobs, predominantly 8 reales, many with clear dates in the early 1730s and in excellent condition. Rooswijk, sunk in 1739 off southeast England Off the southeastern tip of England, just north of the Straits of Dover, the sea hides a most unusual feature known as the Goodwin Sands, where sandbanks appear and disappear unpredictably and move with the tides. Many ships over the centuries have sunk here and silted over, and occasionally one of the wrecks will surface and be discovered. Such is the case with the Rooswijk, a Dutch East Indiaman that foundered on the Goodwin Sands in a storm on December 19, 1739, with all hands and 30 chests of treasure, virtually gone without a trace. By chance in December 2004, the sands that had swallowed the wreck of the Rooswijk parted and allowed diver Ken Welling to retrieve two complete chests and hundreds of silver bars. Operating in secrecy, salvage continued in 2005 under the direction of Rex Cowan (in agreement with the Dutch and British governments) and is ongoing today. So far, several hundred Mexican silver cobs of the 1720s and early 1730s and transitional “klippes” of 1733-1734, as well as many more hundreds of “pillar dollars” and a smattering of cobs from other mints, have hit the market from this wreck, mostly through auction. Princess Louisa, sunk in 1743 off the Cape Verde Islands, west of Africa Laden with 20 chests (69,760 ounces) of Spanish silver, the East Indiaman Princess Louisa fell victim to surprise currents and inaccurate charts and struck a reef and sank off Isla de Maio in the early morning hours of April 18. Forty-two of the 116 people aboard floated to safety on the nearby island, but nothing on the ship could be saved. Contemporaneous salvage never came to fruition. In 1998 and 1999 the wrecksite was located and salvaged
16 by the Arqueonautas firm, whose finds from this wreck have been largely marketed by a Houston coin and jewelry dealer ever since, though some coins were also sold at auction in 2000-2001. Most of the coins were New World silver cobs from all the mints that were operating in the early 1700s (including rare Bogotá cobs), predominantly minors (smaller than 8 reales), in average condition, with quite a few preserved in as-found multiple-coin clusters. Nuestra Señora de los Milagros, sunk in 1741 off the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico This merchant nao, whose nickname was El Matancero (due to the fact that she was built at Matanzas, Cuba), hit rocks and was smashed to pieces in minutes on February 22, 1741, near Acumal, Quintana Roo. The Milagros was not a treasure wreck but did yield some 200,000 small artifacts to divers with CEDAM (Mexican Underwater Exploration Society) and Robert Marx in the late 1950s. Hollandia, sunk in 1743 off the Scilly Isles, southwest of England Blown off course on her way to the East Indies, the Hollandia struck Gunner Rock and sank in about 110 feet of water about 1½ miles east of it on July 13, 1743. There were no survivors. The first sign of the wreck came in 1971, when divers under Rex Cowan located the wrecksite and within a couple years salvaged more than 35,000 silver coins among the nearly 130,000 guilders (dollar-sized units) recorded to be on board the Hollandia. A great majority of the coins were Mexican “pillar dollars,” but there were also some silver cobs, including the scarce Mexican transitional “klippes” of 1733-1734 and a few Guatemala cobs, in mixed condition. Reijgersdaal, sunk in 1747 off South Africa More popularly known in the U.S. as Reygersdahl, this typical East Indiaman was carrying eight chests of silver coins (nearly 30,000 coins) when she sank on October 25, 1747, between Robben and Dassen Islands. After four-and-a-half months at sea, the crew had anchored there to fetch rock rabbits (“dassies,” for which Dassen Island was named) and other fresh food to relieve massive illness on board the ship, on which some 125 had died and 83 were incapacitated out of 297 people; but in the face of a gale, the anchor-line snapped and the ship foundered on the rocks. Only 20 survived the sinking, and only one incomplete chest of coins was recovered. The area was deemed too dangerous to attempt contemporaneous salvage. Beginning in 1979, modern salvage divers on the wrecksite recovered thousands of coins (as many as 15,000 by the early 1980s, when protective legislation was enacted in South Africa), mostly in near pristine condition, which have been sold in various auctions and private offerings ever since. A great majority of the coins from this wreck are Mexican pillar dollars (in excellent condition), but it also yielded a few hundred New World silver cobs, including Guatemala cobs, which are rarely seen from shipwrecks. “Ronson wreck,” sunk(?) ca. 1750 off Manhattan (New York City) This unidentified ship was discovered at 197 Water Street (two blocks from the East River) in lower Manhattan (New York City) and named for the owner of the site, Howard Ronson (also known as the “Water Street wreck”). Its excavation for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1982 showed that the ship was a mid-eighteenth-century British frigate—in fact, the only known British trading vessel from that era ever to be salvaged in North America. With three masts, about 100 feet long and 25 feet wide and at least 200 tons, this ship was probably built in Virginia or the Carolinas between 1710 and 1720 and used in the tobacco trade between the Chesapeake and England in the early 1700s before being buried in Manhattan for reasons unknown around 1750. Only the bow of the ship was preserved and can now be seen at the Mariner’s Museum in Newport News, Virginia. For more information, we recommend this website: http://ina.tamu.edu/ waterstreet/waterstreet.htm Nuestra Señora de la Luz, sunk in 1752 off Montevideo, Uruguay Like the Capitana (1654) and 1733 Fleet, this wreck is a case for modern salvage of Spanish wrecks where all or most of the registered cargo was found in its own time, for contraband was always a factor and was generally abandoned if the ship did not make its destination. The Luz left Buenos Aires in the summer of 1752 with a load of money bound for Spain and had just stopped in Montevideo for provisioning when a strong storm swept her into the coastline, spreading wreckage over a wide area and killing all on board. While over 90% of the treasure on board was recovered soon afterward, the powder-hold was never found, and as it turns out, that is where some 200,000 pesos (according to later reports) of contraband had been stored. In April 1992, divers working under Rubén Collado began to recover gold coins on a wrecksite in the Río de la Plata, and soon it became clear the wreck in question had to be from 1751 or 1752, as none of the coins was dated later than 1751. The finds, which were split with the Uruguayan government and then sold at auction in New York and Montevideo, consisted of mostly milled (bust-type) 8 escudos from the new mint at Santiago, Chile. Also in these auctions were 95 gold cobs and 353 silver cobs, the former mostly Lima 8 and 4 escudos (but also some Bogotá 2 escudos), and the latter mostly 8 and 4 reales from Potosí (with several more gold and silver cob sold privately). The gold, of course, is pristine, but the silver coins all show at least moderate corrosion. Geldermalsen (“Nanking Cargo”), sunk in 1752 in the South China Sea The Geldermalsen was a Dutch East India Company ship returning to Amsterdam with a cargo of over 160,000 porcelains and 145 gold ingots (in addition to tea and textiles) when she hit a reef and sank on January 3, 1752. In 1985 the wreck was found by Michael Hatcher, and the salvaged material was sold at auction by Christie’s Amsterdam in 1986 as the famous “Nanking Cargo.” Bredenhof, sunk in 1753 off Mozambique The Bredenhof was a Dutch East Indiaman headed to India with 14 barrels of copper “duits” (penny-like coins), 29 chests of silver bars, and one chest of gold ducats. On June 6, 1753, about 13 miles from the eastern coast of Africa and 120 miles south of the Portuguese settlement of Mozambique, the Bredenhof found herself in difficult currents and struck a reef. Amazingly, among the first items jettisoned to try to raise the ship off the reef were some of the chests of silver bars! The gold was taken by the ship’s
17 officers, some of whom survived the trip to Mozambique, but the silver bars and copper coins were lost until modern times, despite salvage attempts in the 1750s. In 1986 divers found the wreck, which yielded hundreds of silver ingots and thousands of copper coins, all sold at auction by Christie’s Amsterdam that same year. Dodington, sunk in 1755 off Port Elizabeth, South Africa (also “Clive of India treasure”) This shipwreck presents an amazing tale of survival and buried treasure, with a modern twist. Following the customary East India route, the Dodington outpaced her consorts and therefore was alone when her pilot followed an erroneous chart too closely and in the middle of the night she suddenly struck rocks and sank off present-day Bird Island off the east coast of South Africa. Of 270 people on board, 23 made it to the island, where they subsisted mostly on seagull eggs for over seven months while the ship’s carpenter crafted a rescue vessel. Meanwhile, at least a couple of the 10 chests of silver coins and the one chest of wrought silver on board the ship were recovered and buried, and the fate of each of those chests is not thoroughly known. There was also a chest of gold coins on behalf of the English military hero Lord Clive— more about that later. The survivors set off for Delagoa (Mozambique) and left behind an island that later became known for treasure-hunters and ghost stories. In the summer of 1977 the wreck of the Dodington was discovered by South African divers, who proceeded to bring up cannon and coins but no gold. In the early to mid-1990s the wreck was revisited by another set of divers and yielded more silver coins and a smattering of gold, but nowhere near the 653+ ounces recorded to be in the chest when it was loaded onto the Dodington in 1755. What is believed to be the actual Clive’s gold (by composition and total weight) was supposedly recovered a few years later in a different area entirely, reportedly in the wreckage of a pirate ship somewhat further along the East India route. Nobody knows why Clive’s chest of gold was not on the Dodington site. Either it was found by the survivors and buried on Bird Island to be picked up or absconded with later, or it was salvaged and taken away later in the eighteenth century. Because the link could not be proven entirely, and due to a protracted legal battle with the government of South Africa, this last group of gold coins was sold at auction in 2000 as simply the “Clive of India Treasure.” The composition of the silver-coin finds from the Dodington was mostly Mexican “pillar dollars” but with a good amount of Potosí and Lima cobs (predominantly smaller denominations) as well, mostly sea-worn and at least moderately corroded, sold through dealers and smaller auctions in the U.S. and Australia. The gold was all Portuguese/Brazilian. Auguste, sunk in 1761 off Nova Scotia, Canada After the end of the Seven Years’ War between England and France in 1759, French officers and aristocrats in Canada were sent from Quebec back to France in ships such as the Auguste. In stormy conditions and damaged by fire, the Auguste struck a sand bar on November 15 and subsequently sank in Aspy Bay off Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Only 7 of the 121 on board survived, and the wealth of the passengers was lost until our time. To date, well over a thousand coins of various nationalities have been found, along with many important artifacts. Royal George, sunk in 1782 off Spithead, England Flagship of the British Royal Navy, the Royal George was the largest ship in the world when she was first launched in 1756. Among other distinctions, this ship took part in the American Revolutionary War. In 1782, while anchored at Spithead and heeled over slightly for repairs before sailing again, the Royal George suddenly flooded and sank in 65 feet of water, drowning hundreds of people on board, a national disaster of epic proportion. Salvage began right away, but only fifteen cannons were saved. Twenty-eight more cannons were hauled up in 1834. A more extensive salvage operation in 1839-1843 brought up the rest of the guns and even recovered most of the ship’s timbers. The bronze guns and timbers were then used to make small “relics” (replica cannons and small books with wooden covers, among other items), which are valuable souvenirs today. Cazador, sunk in 1784 off New Orleans, Louisiana The Cazador was a Spanish brig of war headed from Vera Cruz, Mexico, to New Orleans under the direction of Captain Gabriel de Campos y Piñeda. Her cargo of some 450,000 pesos of newly minted silver coins was meant to stabilize the fragile economy in the Spanish possession of Louisiana, which had suffered from the use of French paper currency. The fact that the coins never arrived probably hastened the decision to cede the colony to Napoleon in 1800, soon after which Louisiana was sold to the fledgling United States of America for $15 million. Nobody knows how the Cazador was lost, and no evidence of the ship was found until 1993, when a fishing crew led by Captain Jerry Murphy snagged their net on something about 50 miles south of New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico. When the net was brought up, it spilled out hundreds of silver coins onto the deck of Jerry’s boat, aptly named Mistake. Shortly thereafter, the fishermen obtained the rights to the find and began recoveries under the name of Grumpy Inc. Faithful Steward, sunk in 1785 off Delaware The Faithful Steward was traveling from Ireland to Philadelphia with wealthy passengers and their belongings when suddenly, near Indian River inlet, she found herself in shallow water at night and in high seas, a deadly combination. She was run aground, dismasted, and by the next night had broken to pieces. Those who could not swim to shore (only 100 yards away) were killed, some 68 people in all. Local residents flocked to the beach to loot dead bodies and whatever valuables they could find. Even though the Faithful Steward was not a treasure ship per se, there were some 400 barrels of copper and gold coins on board, and those coins have been turning up on the beach for centuries now, hence the local nickname of “Coin Beach” for the 1-mile stretch north of the Indian River inlet. Halsewell, sunk in 1786 near St. Albans Head, Dorset, England A British East Indiaman outbound to India, the Halsewell hit bad weather in the English Channel and was blown onto the cliffs on the Dorset coast. She was battered to pieces as minority survivors scrambled into caves and up the cliffs. Local dive teams have salvaged coins and small artifacts from the Halsewell in recent years, but not in any significant quantities.
18 Hartwell, sunk in 1787 off the Cape Verde Islands, west of Africa On her maiden voyage to China, the British East Indiaman Hartwell was heavily laden with silver when mutiny broke out on board. After quelling the fight, the captain headed to the Cape Verde Islands to offload the mutineers. Exhausted from the mutiny, the weary sailors ran the ship into a reef off the Island of Boavista, losing the ship entirely. Fortunately all hands were saved. Salvage by the British East India Company 1788-1791 yielded nearly half of the approximately 200,000 ounces of silver cargo on board the Hartwell. Pirates at the time recovered another 40,000 coins. The wrecksite was found again and salvaged by Afrimar in 1994-1996 and Arqueonautas in 1996-1999, providing the market with Spanish colonial bust-type 8 reales in generally poor condition. Piedmont (“Lyme Bay wreck”), sunk in 1795 in Lyme Bay, south of England One of a huge fleet of 300 ships on their way to the West Indies to suppress a French uprising, the Piedmont was forced into Lyme Bay during a hurricane on November 18, 1795, that scattered and sank the ships of the fleet all along the Dorset coast. The Piedmont and five other ships (Aeolus, Catherine, Golden Grove, Thomas and Venus) broke apart on Chesil Beach and came to be known collectively as the “Lyme Bay wrecks.” An estimated 1,000 men lost their lives in the disaster, including well over a hundred from the Piedmont alone. In the early 1980s, the wrecks were salvaged by divers Selwyn Williams and Les and Julia C. Kent, who discovered many silver cobs of the late 1600s on the wrecksite of the Piedmont. It is presumed that the coins had been captured or recovered from a seventeenth-century wreck and stored in the vaults of the Bank of England for about a century before being transported and subsequently lost again. These coins are usually recognizable by their uniformly dark-gray color, a bit sea-worn but not overly corroded. A significant group of extremely rare Colombian silver cobs from the Piedmont (but not identified as such) was offered at auction in 1995. Leocadia, sunk in 1800 off Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador This wreck, salvaged periodically in the late twentieth century, typically yielded portrait (bust) 8 reales from Lima, Peru, but more recent work in 2001 brought up a handful of small silver cobs of the mid- to late 1700s mostly from the Potosí mint. These were probably from a small, private purse and not part of the more than 2 million pesos of registered silver and gold cargo aboard the Leocadia when she departed Paita, Peru, bound for Panama in a convoy of merchant vessels. On November 16, 1800, the Leocadia struck a shoal and broke apart 100 yards from the beach at Punta Santa Elena, with a loss of over 140 lives in the disaster. Within the next year the Spanish salvaged about 90 percent of the registered treasure, leaving more than 200,000 pesos (not to mention the expected contraband) behind to tempt divers in our time. Judging from the paucity of coins from this ship on the open market, we may assume that many more are still to be found. “Pitch Barrel wreck,” sunk off Bermuda in the early 1800s One of the most tantalizing treasure stories told by famous salvager Art McKee relates how he was approached by a man who knew of a wreck and offered Art cash if he would salvage the wreck without recording its location or identity. Art agreed and soon found himself working a coral-encrusted wreck full of cannons. The only treasure yielded up by this unidentified wreck, however, was a barrel-shaped mass of coral filled with black pitch and over 1600 doubloons (bust-type 8 escudos). The finder gave Art a handful of the coins for his museum but melted the rest, thereby making “Pitch Barrel wreck” 8 escudos (with official McKee certificates) some of the rarest shipwreck gold coins ever. The latest date we have seen on these coins is 1808, and as early as 1784. Athenienne, sunk in 1806 off Sicily The British Naval ship Athenienne was traveling from Gibraltar to Malta when she suddenly struck the fabled “Esquerques” reef some 80 miles from Sicily (Italy) and sank on October 20, 1806. Over a hundred survivors made it to Sicily in longboats, but many more hundreds perished in the wreck. Modern salvage of the Athenienne in the 1970s produced about 4,000 Spanish colonial silver bust-type 8 reales (about 10 percent of the total believed to be on board), of which only about 500 were more than just featureless slivers. Lady Burgess, sunk in 1806 off the Cape Verde Islands, west of Africa An outbound British East Indiaman with a cargo of general merchandise, the Lady Burgess found herself separated from her fleet and hit a reef in the Cape Verde Islands on April 20, 1806. In the ensuing chaos, 52 of the 180 people on board the ship perished. Inasmuch as she was not a treasure ship, the Lady Burgess was not salvaged in her own time and was therefore untouched when the salvage company Arqueonautas located her remains in 1999 and recovered a modicum of Spanish silver bust-type 8 reales and British gold guineas that had been among private specie on board the ship. Admiral Gardner, sunk in 1809 off the southeast coast of England Along with her sister-ship Britannia, the English East Indiaman Admiral Gardner was outbound with an immense cargo (48 tons!) of copper coins for circulation in India when both ships sank in a storm on the Goodwin Sands on January 24, 1809. Ten lives were lost, as was all the cargo. The coins were recovered in modern times, literally a million of them packed in wax inside wooden barrels. Cabalva, sunk in 1818 near Mauritius in the Indian Ocean A 1200-ton British East Indiaman on her way to India, the Cabalva struck on a reef in the Cargados Carajos (also known as the Shoals of St. Brandon) and quickly broke apart. After hauling themselves up on the dry reefs and islets, the officers and crew of the ship began plundering the cargo and even established a temporary “Beer Island,” where the ample rations of rescued alcohol were being consumed at a great rate over the course of three weeks, much to the horror of the other survivors. Upon their eventual rescue,
19 the crew expressed regret in having to leave Beer Island, where plenty of stockpiled booze had to be left behind. In 1985 divers located the site of the Cabalva and recovered many Spanish bust- type 8 reales. Spring of Whitby, sunk in 1824 off Wabasso, Florida This wreck has been and probably will always be shrouded in mystery, as we have definite proof of her sinking near Vero Beach (the evidence being a bronze bell with her name and 1801 date of manufacture recovered in 1965), yet admiralty records show she plied the Baltic trade in the extreme northern Atlantic at least until 1826. The material from the wrecksite, on the other hand, being Spanish silver bust-type coins, indicates a date of sinking of 1824. Could piracy have been involved? S.S. Folcon, sunk in 1851off Newfoundland, Canada The Folcon was carrying recalled coins from St. John’s, Newfoundland, to Halifax, Nova Scotia, when she sank en route in the spring of 1851. The wrecksite was located in 1971 by salvager Marcel Robillard, who recovered some 7,976 coins. Santo Andre, sunk in 1856 off the Cape Verde Islands, west of Africa The Santo Andre was a Spanish “galera” that sank on July 25, 1856, on Rifona Reef off Boavista Island in the Cape Verde Islands. The wrecksite was salvaged in our time beginning in 1993 and ending in 1996, yielding many Spanish and French silver coins and small artifacts. S.S. Central America, sunk in 1857 in deep water off North Carolina Sunk in a hurricane on September 12, 1857, the mail steamer Central America took with her more than 400 lives and over three tons of gold. The wreck lay undisturbed until 1986, when Tommy Thompson and his Columbus-America Discovery Group located the ship in 8500 feet of water. After 10 years of legal struggles, the salvagers were awarded about 92 percent of the treasure, with most of the rest going to insurance companies who had paid the claim when the ship sank. Widely touted as the greatest treasure ever found, the gold from the Central America has been very heavily promoted and cleverly marketed. “Fort Capron treasure,” lost in the surf near Ft. Pierce, Florida, in 1857 During the Third Seminole Indian War in Florida, Major Jeremiah Dashiell was sent from Charleston by ship to pay federal troops at Fort Capron (present-day Ft. Pierce). Foolishly ignoring warnings about heavy seas but concerned about troop morale if he did not deliver the money as promised, Dashiell placed his pistol and the $23,000 payroll in silver and gold coins into a dinghy to carry it to shore but soon watched the small boat capsize, sending it all down to the sea floor. The coins were not seen again until 1963, when two young boys by the name of Gordy and Ashley were lobster-fishing in the area and stumbled upon the treasure (they even found Dashiell’s pistol). Such a find of dozens of gold coins could not be kept secret, and soon the State of Florida tracked them down and seized the coins. After nine years of litigation, the coins were finally returned to Gordy and Ashley, who proceeded to sell them through local dealers along with their amazing story. S.S. Republic, sunk in 1865 in deep water off Savannah, Georgia Originally christened the Tennessee (which is how she was identified in our time), the sidewheel steamer Republic was carrying some $400,000 in specie from New York to New Orleans when she sank in a hurricane about 100 miles offshore on October 25, 1865. One of many deep targets located by the salvage company Odyssey, the site of the Republic was salvaged by submersible craft beginning in 2003. In addition to gold and silver coins of the Civil War-era United States, Odyssey found the ship’s bell with part of the name Tennessee, confirming the ship’s identity and launching a massive, ongoing promotional campaign for coins and artifacts from the wreck. General Abbatucci, sunk in 1869 off Corsica Traveling from Marseilles, France, to Civitavecchia, Italy, with high dignitaries and papal guards, the General Abbatucci was laden with specie and lavish birthday gifts for Pope Pius IX when she collided with the Norwegian barquentine Edward Hwidt and sank within two hours off the island of Corsica, southeast of France. There were only 54 survivors. In 1996 the wrecksite was located and worked remotely by Blue Water Recoveries at a depth of about 8,000 feet. Even though the main cargo of the ship was not found, the salvage did yield jewelry and coins in addition to some small artifacts, all sold at auction by Christie’s (London) in 1997. Douro, sunk in 1882 off Cape Finisterre, Spain The British Royal Mail Steamer Douro was en route to England from Portugal when she collided with the Spanish steamship Yrurac Bat and sank in the early morning hours of April 2, 1882, in deep water off the northwest coast of Spain. All but six people on board survived, but the ship and its cargo of tens of thousands of gold coins were a total loss. The wreck was found and salvaged in 1995 by Sverker Hallstrom and Nigel Pickford using a remote-operated vehicle (ROV) at a depth of 1,500 feet. The cargo of gold coins, mostly British sovereigns was sold at auction by Spink (London) in 1996. S.S. Florizel, sunk in 1918 off Newfoundland, Canada Caught in a snowstorm, the luxury liner Florizel ran aground off Horn’s Head and sank on February 27, 1918. Over the course of three days, 93 people died as rescue attempts failed. In 1973 salvager Marcel Robillard located the wrecksite and brought up several artifacts and many silver and copper coins.
20 GOLD COBS Mexico City, Mexico 1. 8 escudos, (17)13J. S-M30. KM-57.1. 27.1 grams. Full but slightly doubled shield, date also doubled, full cross with one flat spot, AXF. From the 1715 Fleet, with Mel Fisher/Walt Holzworth certificate, and from the famous “carpet of gold” of 1964 pictured in Weller’s book Dreamweaver. Estimate: $7,500 - $11,000 2. 8 escudos, (1)713J. S-M30. KM-57.1. 26.8 grams. Bold full shield and oXMJ (slightly doubled), full but off-center cross, clear bottom half of date, AU or better. From the 1715 Fleet, with Sedwick photo-certificate from 2001. Estimate: $7,000 - $10,000 3. 8 escudos, 1714J. S-M30. KM-57.2. 26.7 grams. Choice bold date and crown, full shield and cross but some flatness, otherwise at least XF. From the 1715 Fleet, with Fisher tag and photo- certificate #4293, plus original Cobb Coin Co. plastic tag dated 1987. Estimate: $9,000 - $13,500 4. 8 escudos, 1714J. S-M30. KM-57.2. 26.9 grams. Very bold full cross, choice full crown and date, full oMJ, nearly full shield, Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $8,000 - $12,000 5. 8 escudos, 1715J. S-M30. KM-57.2. 26.9 grams. Bold full crown, shield, oMJ, and denomination, plus very clear bottom half of date, full but slightly weak cross, lightly polished XF+. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $10,000 - $15,000 6. 8 escudos, (1715)J. S-M30. KM-57.2. 26.9 grams. Choice Mint State, excellent full shield and cross, nice yellow color and well centered. From the 1715 Fleet, with Sedwick photo-certificate from 2004. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000
21 7. 4 escudos, 1713J, encapsulated PCGS AU-55. S-M30. KM- 55.1. Unquestionably Mint State, with 100 percent full and bold date (rare thus) and oXM mintmark, nearly full cross, some peripheral flatness with file marks as made, the struck-up parts as bold as they come, lovely gold color. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000 8. 2 escudos, 17(14)J. S-M30. KM-53.2. 6.7 grams. Interesting oblong shape, choice cross, Mint State. With 2006 Sedwick photo- certificate. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 9. 2 escudos, (1715)(J). S-M30. KM-53.2. 6.7 grams. Choice full cross, off-center shield side enabling most of crown and part of king’s name to be visible, Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 10. 1 escudo, (1712)J. S-M30. KM-51.2. 3.3 grams. Full cross (style of 1711-13), full oMJ (which pinpoints it to 1712, the only year prior to 1714 that oM was used instead of oM), nearly AU. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 11. 1 escudo, (1713?)(J). S-M30. KM-51.1. 3.3 grams. Lustrous Mint State, off-center cross (style of 1711-13), most of shield with full denomination I (vertically) to right. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $1,350 - $2,000 Lima, Peru 12. 8 escudos, 1710H. S-L25a. KM-38.2. 26.8 grams. Choice full cross and pillars (both well centered), lots of legend including king’s name, plus small bits of white coral here and there, AU, better date. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $9,000 - $13,500 13. 8 escudos, 1711M. S-L28. KM-38.2. 26.9 grams. Choice full cross and pillars (especially bold waves), much legend (full king’s name), AU with bits of gray and white coral all over. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $8,000 - $12,000 14. 8 escudos, 1712M. S-L28. KM-38.2. 27.0 grams. Lustrous Mint State, choice full cross and pillars, bold full second date in legend, one the best specimens possible. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $9,500 - $13,500
22 15. 8 escudos, 1712M. S-L28. KM-38.2. 26.8 grams. Lightly polished VF with small parts of edge affected by former mounting, but nice strike (full inner details with no doubling and most of legends visible), lemon-yellow color. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $7,000 - $10,000 16. 4 escudos, 1750R. S-L31. KM-A47. 13.4 grams. Choice Mint State with traces of luster, full cross and pillars, two mintmarks and two dates, king’s ordinal VI in legend. From the Nuestra Señora de la Luz (1752). Estimate: $9,000 - $13,500 17. 2 escudos, 1700H. S-L25. KM-29. 6.7 grams. Mint State, choice full cross and pillars, bold date, much legend, attractive orange color, rare. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $7,000 - $10,000 18. 2 escudos, 1711M, encapsulated PCGS AU-58. S-L28. KM- 36. Well centered on a round planchet, the inner details (cross- lions-castles and pillars-and-waves) perfectly struck and fully Mint State, most of the legends visible, small patch of tan encrustation near edge, just a super piece all around, worthy of the best collections. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $7,500 - $11,000 Bogotá, Colombia 19. 2 escudos, 1635A. S-B20. KM-4.1. 6.7 grams. Full 5 of date, bold full king’s ordinal IIII, full shield and cross, part of edge crude, close to Mint State. From the ca.-1636 “Mesuno hoard” in Colombia, with 2004 Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 20. 2 escudos, 1655R. S-B21. KM-4.1. 6.7 grams. Crude planchet but with clear date and assayer, nearly full cross and shield, bold king’s name PHIL-, AU with sediment in crevices. From the Maravillas (1656). Estimate: $2,000 - $2,500 21. 2 escudos, Charles II, assayer not visible. CT-Type 38. KM- 14.1. 6.7 grams. Round flan, full cross, AXF with peripheral flatness, earlier style than most. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 22. 2 escudos, 1704, no assayer. S-B24. KM-14.2. 6.7 grams. Big, octagonal planchet with bold full date (very rare thus), choice full cross, nearly full shield, Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet, with generic certificate. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 23. 2 escudos, 1712, no assayer. S-B24. KM-14.2. 6.7 grams. Full date enhanced by large area of white coral on top of dark staining, unusually full crown above shield, AU with sharp edges. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $2,800 - $3,900 24. 2 escudos, 1714, no assayer. S-B24. KM-14.2. 6.8 grams. Rare with bold full date, full cross, well-centered shield (oversized as usual), lustrous Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet, with Sedwick photo-certificate from 1998 and photocopied Real Eight Co. certificate. Estimate: $2,800 - $3,900 25. 2 escudos, posthumous Charles II, no assayer. S-B24. KM- 14.2. 6.8 grams. Very choice full cross and most of shield on a small, thick planchet, very lustrous Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,500
23 26. 2 escudos, posthumous Charles II, no assayer. S-B24. KM- 14.2. 6.7 grams. Choice full cross, nicely detailed shield, lustrous Mint State. From the 1715 Fleet, with generic certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 27. 2 escudos, 1734M. S-B26. KM-17.2. 6.7 grams. Broad flan with full (small cross), very bold full date (rare thus), full shield with F to left and M to right, AXF with frosty fields. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 28. 2 escudos, 1740/39M. S-B26. KM-17.2. 6.8 grams. Bold 0/9 of date (scarce overdate), broad flan with full cross, choice full shield with bold F to left, weak but certain M to right, toned XF+. Estimate: $1,800 - $2,700 29. 1 escudo, 1735?(M). S-B26. KM-unlisted (cf. 22). 3.4 grams. Choice Mint State with clear 73 of date (first digit non-existent and last digit weak, rare no matter what it is), full shield, tiny full cross, much legend for the type, bits of sediment in crevices (hence possibly salvaged). Estimate: $1,750 - $2,500 Seville, Spain 31. 4 escudos, Philip IV, assayer R (1640s?). CT-Type 26. Cay- Type 126. 13.6 grams. Bold full cross and shield, bold denomination •IIII• to right and tiny S-R to left, AU with sediment in crevices. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 32. 2 escudos, 1619, assayer not visible (D or G). CT-48. Cay- Type 81. 6.7 grams. Most of date visible, full cross and crown, bold denomination II (horizontal), crudely struck from rusty dies, technically AU, with sediment in crevices, possibly salvaged (same type as from the Atocha!). Estimate: $1,300 - $2,000 33. 2 escudos, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, mounted in 18K necklace bezel with diamonds and gold chain. 36.2 grams with chain. Full shield, full but off-center cross, VF, nice yellow color, the mounting a cut above the norm. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 34. 1 escudo, 1623, assayer not visible (C or D). CT-Type 46. Cay-Type 120. 3.4 grams. Big flan with full cross and shield (the latter off-center), much legend (most of PHILIPPVS), clear date (rare), AU. Estimate: $1,400 - $2,100 Barcelona, Spain 30. 1 escudo, 1672, no assayer, Cayón Plate Coin. CT-171. Cay- Type 63 (this coin). 3.3 grams. Full date (rare), full cross and shield, king’s name CAR- in legend, AXF but with edge damaged from mounting. Plate Coin in Cayón, which oddly does not list this date for this mint (a simple omission). Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250
24 WORLD GOLD COINS Brazil 35. 4000 reis, Peter II, 1700. KM-98. FR-21. 8.0 grams. Crowned shield on obverse, cross on reverse, lustrous AXF with patch of red-orange toning, briefly minted and popular type, not a rare coin but unique as from this wreck (only one recovered). From the R.M.S. Douro (1882), with Spink catalog and original Spink lot card (lot #1) as well as unique certificate and European format video about the wreck. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 Chile Colonial bust-type 36. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles III, 1788DA. CT-248. KM-27. 27.0 grams. Slightly off-center AXF with a modicum of minor (natural) planchet flaws, pretty red toning. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 37. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV transitional (bust of Charles III, ordinal IV), 1790DA. CT-147. KM-42. 26.8 grams. Nice AXF with minor rim-ding and planchet lamination on wreath, attractively toned but some fields lightly cleaned. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 38. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1792DA. CT-151. KM-54. 26.8 grams. VF+, weak bust, slightly crude rim, lemon-yellow color. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 39. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1795DA. CT-154. KM-54. 26.9 grams. Lightly cleaned XF with some original luster, a few stray marks, weak centers, crude edge. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 40. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1796DA. CT-155. KM-54. 26.9 grams. Crude edge and weak centers, otherwise nice VF+. Estimate: $900 - $1,350
25 41. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1798DA. CT-157. KM-54. 26.8 grams. Nicely toned VF+, no problems. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 42. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1800JA. CT-160. KM-54. 26.8 grams. Lightly toned VF+ with old scratches on face and shield. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 43. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1802JJ. CT-163. KM-54. 24.9 grams. AXF with lots of sediment in crevices on reverse, the obverse fields lightly cleaned, attractive toning, slightly underweight, possibly from light filing around edge (to make it perfectly round for a bezel) but with the milled edge expertly re- applied. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 44. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1804FJ. CT-166. KM-54. 26.7 grams. Lustrous XF with laminations on shield, slightly crude rim. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 45. Santiago, 8 escudos, Charles IV (bust of Charles III), 1807FJ. CT-171. KM-54. 26.9 grams. Lightly cleaned XF on obverse, lustrous AU reverse. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 46. Santiago, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII transitional (“Admiral’s bust”), 1809FJ. CT-113. KM-72. 26.9 grams. Off-center but attractively lustrous XF with odd engrailing on bust (reverse impression of a rim?), possibly a rare error. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250
26 47. Santiago, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1812FJ. CT-118. KM-78. 27.1 grams. Lustrous AU, slightly off- center, with minor laminations on reverse. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 48. Santiago, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1813/2FJ. CT-119. KM-78. 26.6 grams. Attractively toned and lustrous AXF with lamination on top of head, minor adjustment marks on crown. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 49. Santiago, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1816FJ. CT-124. KM-78. 26.9 grams. Off-center obverse with scratch in field, minor natural flaws on reverse, lightly toned XF. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 50. Santiago, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1817FJ. CT-127. KM-78. 26.9 grams. Bold XF with weak centers, nice toning. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 Republic 51. Santiago, 8 escudos, 1851LA. KM-105. FR-41. 27.0 grams. AXF with minor contact marks and small lamination to left of CHILE. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 Colombia Colonial bust-type 52. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles III, 1773JS. CT-124. KM-50.2. 26.9 grams. Lustrous XF with multiple scratches and weak strike, orange staining on reverse (possibly salvaged). Estimate: $800 - $1,200
27 53. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1791SF. CT-69. KM-62.2. 27.0 grams. Lustrous and attractive XF+, lightly cleaned, curiously with white coral-like encrustation in crevices so perhaps it is salvaged. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 54. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1793JF. CT-71. KM-62.2. 26.9 grams. Nice AXF with slightly weak centers, attractively toned legends. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 55. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1795JF. CT-74. KM-62.2. 26.8 grams. VF with sediment in crevices, just a little crude (as made). Estimate: $900 - $1,350 56. Bogotá, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1796JJ. CT-126. KM-62.1. 26.6 grams. Gorgeous AU, very lustrous and starting to tone. Estimate: $1,350 - $2,000 57. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1798JF. CT-77. KM-62.2. 26.9 grams. Nice red toning on reverse, off-center obverse, XF. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 58. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1800JF. CT-79. KM-62.2. 27.0 grams. Lustrous XF+ with good rims, no problems, sediment in crevices that could indicate salvage. Estimate: $1,100 - $1,650
28 59. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1802JF. CT-81. KM-62.2. 26.9 grams. Choice, lustrous reverse, slightly crude obverse (a few minor laminations), net XF+. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 60. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1803JF. CT-82. KM-62.2. 26.9 grams. XF with weak centers, nice red toning in legends. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 61. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1805JT. CT-86. KM-62.2. 27.0 grams. AU- with scratches on obverse, subtle rosy toning. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 62. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1806JF. CT-87. KM-62.2. 26.6 grams. Curiously out of round but nice rims, toned XF+, slightly weak across the middle. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 63. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1807JF. CT-90. KM-62.2. 26.9 grams. Choice XF, nicely toned, no problems. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 64. Popayán, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1808JF. CT-91. KM-62.2. 26.7 grams. Deeply toned around letters, AXF, small lamination on reverse. Estimate: $900 - $1,350
29 65. Popayán, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1809JF. CT-65. KM-66.2 26.7 grams. Beautifully toned XF with weak bust and outside shield, nice obverse rim but reverse off- center and with small ding. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 66. Popayán, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1811JF. CT-69. KM-66.2 27.0 grams. Highly lustrous AU+ (very close to Mint State) with central adjustment marks, subtle toning, a very flashy and attractive specimen. Estimate: $1,350 - $2,000 67. Popayán, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1812JF. CT-71. KM-66.2 26.8 grams. Choice XF with beautiful red toning. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 68. Popayán, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1818FM. CT-81. KM-66.2 26.8 grams. Lustrous XF+, weak bust, slightly out of round. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 69. Popayán, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII (bust of Charles IV), 1819FM. CT-82. KM-66.2 27.1 grams. Bold XF+ with lustrous reverse, natural flaws in hair. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 70. Bogotá, 8 escudos, 1833RS. KM-82.1. FS-6. 27.0 grams. Lustrous XF, nicely struck and attractively toned. Estimate: $800 - $1,200
30 71. Bogotá, 16 pesos, 1838RS. KM-94.1. FS-18. 26.7 grams. Nice VF+ with subtle toning, minor planchet flaw on G of BOGOTÁ. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 Great Britain 72. London, England, “rose” guinea, 1764. SP-3726. KM-598. 8.2 grams. Very rare provenance and scarce date, sea-worn AVF with part of shield weak, good bust, slightly shaved around edge, but all details clear (the “rose” designation referring to the shape of the shield, as distinguished from the later “spade” type under the same king). From the Faithful Steward (1785). Estimate: $500 - $750 73. Promotional set of two shipwreck sovereigns (1852 and 1876) and one modern (1997). SP-3852C, 3856A and 4271. KM-736.1, 752 and 943. Nice set with examples of each of the different sovereign designs that dominated the finds from this wreck: the 1852 with crowned arms in wreath and the 1876 with mounted St. Michael slaying the dragon on the reverse. Both coins are choice XF and lustrous. The 1997 specimen is a Proof, with the same reverse design as the 1876 but of course with Elizabeth II instead of Victoria on the obverse. From the R.M.S. Douro (1882), in a limited (#19/200) promotional leatherette box marked “Sovereigns of the Sea,” with small booklet. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 74. London, England, sovereign, 1855. SP-3852C. KM-736.1. 7.9 grams. XF obverse, lustrous AU reverse, no problems, desirable provenance. From the R.M.S. Douro (1882), with Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $375 - $550 India (Portuguese) 75. Cochim, 1 pardau São Tome (360 reais), João III (1521- 1557). FR-551. 3.2 grams. Very rare early product of the Portuguese influence in India and especially so as from a shipwreck, with obvious evidence of salvage (sea-worn details, a few small bends and scratches), but with bold denomination oI to left and C mintmark to right of shield, S-T flanking the St. Thomas on the reverse, full crown, VF for actual wear. From an unidentified 1500s Portuguese wreck in the Indian Ocean. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 Mexico Colonial bust-type 76. Mexico City, 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1805TH. CT-60. KM- 159. 26.9 grams. Choice XF+, very boldly struck and lightly toned, no problems Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250
31 77. Mexico City, 8 escudos, Ferdinand VII transitional (“armored” bust), 1811/0HJ. CT-47. KM-160. 26.9 grams. Choice XF with gorgeous red toning all over. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 Republic 78. Mexico City, “hand on book” 8 escudos, 1824JM. KM-383.9. FR-64. 26.9 grams. AXF with faint adjustment marks in center, some luster. Estimate: $1,350 - $2,000 79. Guanajuato, “hand on book” 8 escudos, 1850PF. KM-383.7. FR-72. 26.9 grams. XF/AU, very flashy and lustrous. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Netherlands (United) 80. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-63. KM-7. FR- 285. Exceptional grade, highly lustrous, but knight’s head flat (typically a weak area on these coins) and with scratches below his foot. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $900 - $1,350 81. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-63. KM-7. FR- 285. Exceptional grade, good strike except for knight’s head. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $900 - $1,350 82. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-62. KM-7. FR- 285. Choice high grade, perfect detail on head, off-center obverse, slight wrinkle in flan. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $800 - $1,200 83. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-62. KM-7. FR- 285. Choice grade (smooth fields), knight’s head flat, weak area near edge, subtle red toning. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $800 - $1,200 84. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated ICG MS-62. KM-7. FR- 285. Choice grade, very lustrous, nice yellow color, knight’s head decent. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $800 - $1,200 85. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-61. KM-7. FR- 285. Lustrous high grade, fully detailed head, weak spot near edge. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $700 - $1,000
32 86. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-61. KM-7. FR- 285. Very lustrous high grade, full detail on head, part of edge weak. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $700 - $1,000 87. Utrecht, ducat, 1724, encapsulated NGC MS-61. KM-7. FR- 285. Not as choice as most, knight’s head and other areas very weak, subtle red toning. From the Akerendam (1725). Estimate: $700 - $1,000 88. Utrecht, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-64. KM-7. FR- 285. Extreme high grade with incredible luster, fully detailed head, probably the best specimen we have ever seen. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 89. Utrecht, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-63. KM-7. FR- 285. Exceptional grade with lots of luster, knight’s head not fully detailed, otherwise choice. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $900 - $1,350 90. Utrecht, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-62. KM-7. FR- 285. Choice high grade with nice, lustrous fields, decent knight’s head. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $800 - $1,200 91. Utrecht, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-62. KM-7. FR- 285. Much more muted luster, knight’s head flat. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $800 - $1,200 92. Utrecht, ducat, 1729, encapsulated ICG AU-50. KM-7. FR- 285. Choice high grade with frosty luster, full knight’s head, minor weak spots near center that slabber mistook for wear. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $600 - $900 93. Westfriesland, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-64. KM- 93. FR-295. Extreme high grade and typically very flashy and prooflike, also well struck for this mint (no flat spots), possibly the best we have ever seen. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 94. Westfriesland, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-64. KM- 93. FR-295. Extreme high grade, highly lustrous and prooflike, nice strike. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 95. Westfriesland, ducat, 1729, encapsulated NGC MS-63. KM- 93. FR-295. Same condition and quality as last but lower number in slab. From the Vliegenthart (1735). Estimate: $900 - $1,350 96. Westfriesland, ducat, 1729, Mint State. KM-93. FR-295. Same condition and quality as last but housed in removable custom display case (not from a third-party grader). From the Vliegenthart (1735), with attractive hard-plastic display case printed with “THE SUNKEN TREASURE FROM THE VLIEGENTHART” above and “This gold ducat was recovered from the wreck of the Dutch East Indiaman VLIEGENTHART which sank off the coast of Zeeland on the third of February 1735” below the coin. Estimate: $700 - $1,000
33 Peru Colonial bust-type 97. Lima, bust 8 escudos, Charles III, 1784MI. CT-41. KM-82.1. 26.8 grams. AXF with lots of minor marks and laminations, rosy toning here and there, scarce and desirable shipwreck provenance. From the “Pitch Barrel wreck,” with hand-signed Karen McKee photo-certificate. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 98. Lima, bust 8 escudos, Charles IV, 1794IJ. CT-11. KM-101. 26.8 grams. Lustrous AU with slightly crude edge, nice yellow color, desirable shipwreck provenance. From the “Pitch Barrel wreck,” with hand-signed Karen McKee photo-certificate. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Spain 99. Seville, double excelente, Ferdinand-Isabel, eight-pointed star at top, S with dots above and below at bottom. CT-69. FR- 129. 7.0 grams. XF with nice portraits and shield, bold legends, subtle toning. Estimate: $1,850 - $2,750 100. Seville, 8 escudos, 1712M (M at top right). CT-172. Cay- 9936. 26.3 grams. Rare shipwreck provenance, crudely sea-worn (lots of minor nicks) but with all details visible, basically the same design as for cobs but on a full, round, milled planchet, slightly off-center, VF or so for actual wear. From the 1715 Fleet. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 101. Cádiz, bust 2 escudos, Ferdinand VII, 1813CJ. CT-151. Cay-16229. 6.7 grams. Scarce mint, VF+ with large (old) scratch on shield. Estimate: $200 - $300 102. Seville, bust ½ escudo, Ferdinand VI, 1753PJ, encapsulated NGC XF-40 “Eliasberg.” CT-266. Cay-10670. Pedigreed to the Eliasberg collection, with photo-grade certificate #1839009-013. Estimate: $325 - $500 103. Madrid, bust ½ escudo, Charles III, 1787DV. CT-779. Cay- 12199. 1.8 grams. Lustrous AU-, starting to tone. Estimate: $250 - $375 104. Madrid, bust ½ escudo, Charles III, 1788M. CT-781. Cay- 12202. 1.7 grams. Choice AU, lustrous and problem-free. Estimate: $250 - $375
34 United States of America 105. San Francisco, $20, 1855-S. KM-74.1. 33.4 grams. At least AU details with nick on cheek and “saltwater effect” (microscopically porous surfaces), some luster remaining, scarce and desirable provenance (far rarer than the S.S. Central America [1857] or S.S. Republic [1865]). From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $3,250 - $5,000 106. Philadelphia, $10, 1850, large date. KM-66.2. 16.6 grams. Lustrous AU with subtle rainbow toning, very nicely preserved for its (rare) provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 107. Philadelphia, $10, 1854, encapsulated NGC AU-55. KM- 66.2. Lustrous UNC with several small marks (net AU), desirable provenance and packaging. From the S.S. Republic (1865), with mahogany promotional box, booklet, DVD and certificate #5055497-011. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500 108. Philadelphia, $10, 1879. KM-102. 16.7 grams. XF details but very pronounced “shipwreck effect” (pitted and polished from the sand and sea), interesting provenance that could be linked to a specific wreck with proper research. Found on the beach near Sandy Hook, NJ. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 109. Philadelphia, $5, 1847. KM-69. 8.4 grams. Toned AU with some staining and a large patch of white coral encrustation, rare provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 110. Philadelphia, $2½, 1852. KM-72. 4.2 grams. Lustrous AU+ with subtle toning, rare provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $600 - $900 111. Philadelphia, $1, 1853. KM-73. 1.7 grams. Lustrous Mint State, very nicely preserved, rare provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $500 - $750 112. Philadelphia, $1, 1854. KM-73. 1.7 grams. Nice AU, rare provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 113. Philadelphia, $1, 1856, slanted 5. KM-86. 1.6 grams. Nice AU, rare provenance. From the “Fort Capron treasure” of 1857 (AKA “Gordy-Ashley gold”), with Indian River Coin Co. letter of authenticity. Estimate: $500 - $750 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
35 SHIPWRECK INGOTS AND OTHER BULLION GOLD “Golden Fleece wreck,” sunk ca. 1550 in the northern Caribbean 114. Long, flat bar #46, 17¼K, cut at one end. 1039 grams, 8¼” x 1¼” x ½”. While most people refer to these ingots as “finger” bars, to distinguish them from rectangular bricks that most people associate with ingots, this particular piece is hardly finger-like at all, as it is broad and flat and long. It bears fineness markings XVII• in three places, mostly covered with white, wormy coral but also with some rusty orange sediment, otherwise bright, lustrous gold, very straight and even, one end round but the other end broken (not chiseled at all), with coral in the crevices. Estimate: $38,500 - $57,500 115. Long bar #37, 16¼K, cut at one end. 716 grams, 7-3/4" x 1" x 3/4". A bit more finger-like, this bar is still rather long but more typical in width, with vast amounts of white and brown coral covering the surface (lustrous gold color where exposed) and obscuring what we guess to be three fineness markings XVI•, one end round and the other end half chiseled, half broken. Estimate: $25,000 - $37,500
36 116. Wide bar #45, 17¼K, cut at one end. 670 grams, 6" x 1¼” x ½”. A shorter bar, just as wide and flat as #46 two lots up, same fineness marked as XVII• in three places (closer together), about half the surface covered in white coral and some coppery stains, one end round and the other crudely broken (not chiseled), very yellow in color. (We know what you are thinking, but we checked and it is NOT the other half of bar #46, even though they are the same shape and fineness. In fact, none of the cut ingots from this wreck have matched up with others, which is to be expected because cutting and dividing them was necessary to put them into DIFFERENT shipments.) Estimate: $25,000 - $37,500 117. Long bar #36, 16¼K, cut at one end. 641 grams, 7" x 1" x ½”. A long, fat “finger” with somewhat unevenly rounded bottom with three fineness markings XV•, that side mostly clean but the flat side mostly covered with white coral, one end round and the other end crudely broken (only slightly chiseled). Estimate: $22,000 - $33,000 “Wild Horse River wreck,” sunk ca. 1620 off Uruguay 118. Lot of five natural gold nuggets. 18.0 grams total. These are all more or less typical placer nuggets found in the early days of colonial regime, the biggest of the lot somewhat football shaped, with lots of crevices containing dark sediment, the others of more irregular (generally elongated) shape, one even with the appearance of having been “pinched” off the end of a small bar. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 Found in a colonial area of Panama (early 1600s) 119. Natural gold nugget. 4.3 grams. Odd-shaped placer nugget with lots of crevices. Estimate: $200 - $300 120. Natural gold nugget. 3.2 grams. Odd shape, but most of surface smooth. Estimate: $150 - $225 121. Natural gold nugget. 2.8 grams. Fairly compact, with most of surface smooth, some crevices. Estimate: $125 - $185
37 Atocha, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida 122. Long bar #61, 21¼K, owner “EN RADA” (Peña-Randa), cut at one end. 26.8 oz (troy), 7½” x 1¼” x 3/8". This is the most beautiful gold bar we have ever seen! All the markings are very full and well detailed, including fineness XXI• three times, four tax stamps, and, best and boldest of all, the famous “EN RADA” mark twice, which was recently shown to stand for the name Peña-Randa, a well-known family in Colombia that was involved in gold production. In its original “EN RADA” interpretation, this mark was popularized by treasure writer Ernie Richards, whose publishing house En Rada Publications has released many useful treasure texts over the years. As Spanish gold ingots go, this one is very wide and flat, and it is typically cut at one end, the other end with tiny, pinched- off “bite” where the Spanish assayer excised his sample for testing. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-GB61. Estimate: $40,000 - $60,000 1715 Fleet, east coast of Florida 123. Small “finger” bar marked with fineness XX: (20½K) and tally mark(?) VII. 116.0 grams, about 3½” x ½” x 3/8". Cute little ingot, smooth and well-formed, very small but well-marked (just no tax stamps, so possibly contraband), approximately equivalent to four 8 escudos and one 2 escudos in about the same fineness as the coins. From the June, 2003, US Treasury sale, with photo- certificate, auction catalog, promotional flyer (in which this very bar is pictured) and news articles. Estimate: $7,000 - $10,000
38 S.S. Central America, sunk in 1857 off North Carolina 124. California Gold Rush assay ingot #701, Kellogg & Humbert, .911 fine. 43.39 oz, about 3-3/4" x 1-3/4" x 5/8". When it comes to shipwreck ingots, our specialty is Spanish bars, but to most U.S. numismatists the assay ingots from the California Gold Rush are far more valuable. Each of the bars from this wreck is pictured in Q. David Bowers’ book A California Gold Rush History (2002), which shows this particular bar on page 433 as having some orange staining that was later removed by a conservation professional, leaving the bar bright and beautiful as it is now. The markings on it read “No 701 / KELLOGG & HUMBERT ASSAYERS / 43.39 Oz / 911 FINE / $817.12”, with “701” stamped on the back as well, two small assay cuts in opposite corners. (Kellogg & Humbert were well-known and highly regarded assayers in San Francisco who were responsible for the production of millions of dollars’ worth of gold coins and untold millions in gold bars like this one, which were regularly shipped from California to New York and London by way of Panama.) A neatly rectangular ingot, rare as one of just over 400 bars recovered, each of them an ephemeral piece of American history that probably would have been melted down in its own time, had it not been lost on one of the most financially disastrous U.S. shipwrecks of all time. Housed in a custom Plexiglas case with a small promotional “treasure chest” box and special, oversized edition of Bowers’ book. Estimate: $125,000 - $175,000 125. Lot of natural gold flakes and dust in original auction packaging. 31.4 grams. A healthy serving of gold dust and small flakes straight from the gold-rush days, one of the few lots from the Sotheby’s auction that did not go to promoters who encapsulated them in 1.5-gram increments. With Sotheby’s auction-lot sticker #577 and blue-cloth drawstring pouch. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500
39 130. Small natural nuggets in Collectors Universe capsule and promotional wooden box. 0.5 gram. Same promotional packaging as the above but instead of flakes or dust this is six distinct (but tiny) natural nuggets. With promotional box printed with DESTINATION: NEW YORK and housing a certificate and display materials, the capsule (#5788) printed with “California Gold Rush / Nuggets .5 grams [sic] / S.S. Central America 1857.” Estimate: $150 - $225 126. Lot of natural gold flakes and dust in original auction packaging. 30.3 grams. As above but larger flakes, slightly less weight overall. With Sotheby’s auction-lot sticker #321. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 127. Lot of natural gold nuggets, flakes and dust in original auction packaging. 20.3 grams. In addition to the flakes and ample dust like in the above lots, this lot also has at least three good-sized nuggets, which were singled out by promoters to sell at higher prices (hence a higher estimate for this lot). With Sotheby’s auction-lot sticker #279. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 128. Pinch of gold dust in Collectors Universe capsule. 1.5 grams. As mentioned above, the big lots of dust in the original Sotheby’s auction were largely bought up by promoters who separated out the nuggets and divided the small flakes and dust into 1.5-gram “pinches” like this one to market in wooden boxes with certificates and snazzy promotional dressings. This lot has bigger flakes than most, but the original box was not retained. With certificate and display materials from promotion, the capsule (#4541) printed with “California Gold Rush / Pinch 1.5 grams / S.S. Central America 1857.” Estimate: $300 - $450 129. Pinch of gold dust in Collectors Universe capsule and promotional wooden box. 1.5 grams. As above but no flakes, just dust. With promotional box printed with DESTINATION: NEW YORK and housing a certificate and display materials, the capsule (#4709) printed with “California Gold Rush / Pinch 1.5 grams / S.S. Central America 1857,” even including the gold foil seal for the outside (scarce complete package). Estimate: $300 - $450 131. Single natural nugget in Collectors Universe capsule and promotional wooden box. 0.5 gram. Same as above (same promotional packaging too) but rare as a single, larger nugget. With promotional box printed with DESTINATION: NEW YORK and housing a certificate and display materials, the capsule (#1544) printed with “California Gold Rush / Nuggets .5 grams [sic] / S.S. Central America 1857,” even including the gold foil seal for the outside (scarce complete package). Estimate: $150 - $225 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
40 SILVER “Tumbaga wreck,” sunk ca. 1528 off Grand Bahama Island 132. Bar #M-143, 1430/2400 fine, two tax stamps, serial RC and assayer B~Vo. 15.62 lb (av.), 11.5 x 28 x 3 cm. A large and very neatly formed rectangular ingot with very clear RC, B~Vo, and fineness IVCCCCXXX, the tax stamps small but certain, the texture of the marked side like the surface of a basketball, the other side striated and a little bubbly as made. With Sedwick photo-certificate M-143 and Armstrong book Tumbaga Silver for Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000 133. Bar #M-18, 970/2400 fine, two tax stamps, serial RCXXX and assayer B~Vo. 5.19 lb (av.), about 8 x 18 x 2 cm. Popular small “half brick” with two clear tax stamps (each about half visible) to left of assayer and above serial number RCXXX and fineness 9CCCCLXX (which is abnormally low and is not reflected in the color of the bar), the other side actually more interesting with very bubbly surface that shows a flake of pure copper inside one of the bubbles! Accompanied by the Armstrong book mentioned above and a copy of the Frank Sedwick Price List of November-December 1995, in which these bars were first offered. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000 134. Bar #M-49, 720/2400 fine, serial number RCXXX. 5.01 lb (av.), about 8 x 18 x 2 cm. Small “half brick” like the above but with much weaker markings due to corrosion, nice gold color all over (indicative of its low fineness?). With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500
41
42 135. Bar #M-57, 1550/2400 fine, one tax stamp. 3.28 lb (av.), 6 x 23 x 1 cm. Oddly narrow, small bar with bold IV@L (fineness) in center with S’s above and below, very noticeable diagonal “bite” in corner, somewhat crude, both as made and from moderate corrosion, relatively high fineness for a “tumbaga” bar. With Sedwick photo-certificate and accompanied by the Armstrong book mentioned above. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 “Golden Fleece wreck,” sunk ca. 1550 in the northern Caribbean 136. Thick disk #AC, two tax stamps, fineness IIUCCCLX (2360/2400). 1276 grams, 5½” in diameter and up to 1½” thick. One of the best-marked ingots we have ever seen from this wreck, with the fineness in four parts very deeply impressed, the two tax stamps less so but still clear, mostly smooth and thin but with portion near edge raised and knobby, no corrosion but some natural bubbles from original casting. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 137. Thick, irregular disk #AI, two tax stamps, bold fineness IIUCCCXL (2340/2400). 1028 grams, 5" in diameter and up to 1" thick. Very bold fineness markings in four parts as on last lot, with two nearly complete tax stamps above and below, a fairly compact (thick) disk with irregular surfaces (but not corroded) and pieces of edge sliced off (assayer’s bites?). Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800
43
44
45 138. Irregular disk #AG, two tax stamps, two fineness markings IIUCCCLX (2360/2400). 1004 grams, 5" in diameter and ½” thick. Another very well-marked ingot but the fineness markings smaller, less deep, and arranged in pairs on either side of center, the ingot therefore pre-designed to be cut in half, the bold finenesses in four parts above circular tax stamps, minimal corrosion, fairly smooth and even as these ingots go, and with a small slice in the edge (assayer’s bite?). Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 139. Thick disk #AE, partial second pour, four partial tax stamps. 1696 grams, 6" in diameter and 3/4" thick. A very heavy disk with several layers on the bottom (from several pourings?), one nearly complete tax stamp on top and three partials (one over top of another), no fineness, light corrosion only. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 140. Thin disk #AB, two tax stamps, one full. 1065 grams, 7" in diameter and ¼” thick. A very broad, round, thin ingot with mostly smooth surfaces (just a few raised knobs), one tax stamp complete and the other full but weak, light corrosion only. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500
46 141. Thick disk #AA, two partial tax stamps. 1727 grams, 6" in diameter and up to 1½” thick. Very thick and heavy ingot with large knob on top, the tax stamps only partially visible, minimal corrosion but some rusty deposits. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 142. Irregular disk #AD, two partial tax stamps. 1581 grams, 5½” in diameter and up to 3/4" thick. Irregular in shape but mostly smooth top (knobs in one area near edge), the two tax stamps faint but certain, minimally corroded. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 143. Thin disk with notch #AH, two full tax stamps and fineness IIUCCCL (2350/2400). 815 grams, 6" in diameter and ¼” thick. A very well-marked ingot with fineness in three parts near center, the two tax stamps (one very bold and beautiful) near the edge, with square-cut notch chiseled from edge (too much to be an assayer’s bite), smooth surfaces with only two small knobs, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $800 - $1,200
47
48 144. Thin disk #AF, two tax stamps. 753 grams, 6" in diameter and ¼” thick. Broad, round, thin ingot with smooth surfaces (six very small knobs), one tax stamp full, the other partial, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 145. Small, round disk #AK, two tax stamps. 439 grams, 3¼” in diameter and 3/8" thick. Smaller than all the above but very even and smooth (no knobs but one small sprue on edge) and attractive, both tax stamps clear (one almost full) near edge. Estimate: $750 - $1,100
49 146. Cut half of large disk #AJ, two tax stamps. 892 grams, roughly 7¼” x 2½” x ½” Half of a large, thin disk, its cut edge halfway chiseled and broken from there, with bent edge, one nearly full tax stamp and part of another, not much corrosion but many stress fractures from the bending and breaking. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 147. Small, irregular cut of thin disk #AL, one full tax stamp and part of another, fineness IIUCCC(?) (23??/2400). 263 grams, roughly 3" in diameter and ¼” thick. This is a curious piece, as it is highly irregular in shape (but evenly thin) and one of the edge-cuts has bisected a tax stamp, the other stamp quite full and clear next to the fineness in four parts, light corrosion only. Estimate: $600 - $900
50 148. Small, triangular cut from thin disk #AM, one tax stamp, fineness IIUCCCL (2350/2400). 279 grams, roughly 3¼” x 3" x ¼”. A neater cut than the above and with only one tax stamp (full) partially overstamped by the fineness in three parts, minimal corrosion, two cuts and one break, evenly thin. Estimate: $600 - $900 Unidentified ca.-1554 wreck in the northern Caribbean 151. Lot of six small, coin-like cuts from “splash” ingots (“plata corriente”). 7 to 18 grams each. Small and very coin-like broken- off pieces that must have been used as 2- and 4-reales coins (why else would anyone make such small pieces?), one thick but the others thin, lightly corroded. Estimate: $250 - $375 152. Lot of two medium, coin-like cuts from “splash” ingots (“plata corriente”). 28 grams and 27 grams. These two pieces are sure to be a hit because each one is almost precisely the weight of an 8 reales, which is no doubt what they were broken off to make, one clearly the outer edge of a thin, round “splash” but the other one very irregular in thickness and edge, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $250 - $375 149. Coin-like cut from a “splash” ingot (“plata corriente”). 43 grams, roughly 1" x 1½” x ¼”. Very irregular broken-off piece, no markings but no corrosion, very coin-like in size and weight. Estimate: $350 - $525 1 5 0 . C o i n - like cut from a “splash” ingot (“plata corriente”). 42 grams, roughly 1½” square and ¼” thick. L-shaped edge piece, broken off around a bubble (hence the shape), also with a bubble inside the edge, coin-like in size and weight, no corrosion. Estimate: $350 - $525 153. Lot of two medium, coin-like cuts from “splash” ingots (“plata corriente”). 25 grams and 18 grams. Like the last lot except that neither piece is quite the right weight for an 8 reales, very irregular in thickness (almost look like shiny meteorites), not much corrosion. Estimate: $250 - $375
51 Atocha, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida 154. Huge “quinto” bar #799, fineness 2300/2400, Class Factor 1.0 (choice), listed on ship’s manifest (bar #346). 76 lb 3.84 oz (troy), 35 x 12.8 x 8.2 cm. This is one of the most impressive Atocha bars we have ever seen, with many, many clear markings and some great additional history. To start with, you can easily see four of the Philip IV tax seals with king’s name and ordinal in legend and S outside the lions and castles, but in addition there are two other seals in the form of a Philip monogram, one with a legend that shows POTOSI and the other without legend. As usual, there is also a very deeply impressed manifest number CCCXLVI (346) and fineness IIUCCC with large box to the right of it that has the mark of assayer “Mexia,” whose double-scoop “bite” is quite prominent in the center. Perhaps the most mysterious mark is a double-triangle cipher near the edge. Best of all, however, is the clear 1622 date with oP before it, which along with a big A elsewhere on the bar indicates that it was cast in 1622 in Potosí specifically for the crown, one of a shipment of 133 such bars representing the king’s fifth (“quinto”) going back to Spain. Imagine owning something that once belonged to the King of Spain! Clearly one of the best bars found, this piece deserves to hit a premium price-level. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-S799 with lab datasheet and 5x7 black and white photo of the bar (same shot as the reduced one used for the certificate), plus September 26, 1987, auction brochure from when the bar was exhibited at Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas, and finally with a 27-page translation and explanation of the manifest listing of this bar by Homer Lyon, Jr. Estimate: $25,000 - $35,000
52 155. Small bar #842, fineness 2230/2400, Class Factor 1.0 (choice), listed on ship’s manifest (bar #3541). 19 lb, 10.08 oz (troy), 33.5 x 10.6 x 3 cm. This is a rare “flat” bar, about the same width as the typical loaves but only about 1" tall, and it has a wealth of markings: at least four tax stamps, manifest number IIIUDXLI (3541), fineness IIUCCXXX (2330), and partial assayer-mark (also a small “bite” in the center), plus a 1621 date and a huge, incuse R (meaning unknown) cut over an old, small D. Light corrosion only, worth a premium not only for its great markings but also for its compact size. With Fisher hologram certificate #85A-S842. Estimate: $8,000 - $10,000 156. Small bar #950, fineness 2380/2400, Class Factor 0.6. 16 lb. 6.4 oz (troy), 34.7 x 6.5 x 3.3 cm. Another rare, small bar from this wreck, only this one is not flat but rectangular in cross section, with clear fineness and incuse “fence” and V marks but no manifest number or tax stamps or date (hence the low Class Factor), still worth a premium for its compactness. With Fisher certificate #85A-950 (photo missing). Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000
53 157. Small bar #846, fineness 2380/2400, Class Factor 0.6. 18 lb, 5.44 oz, 35.5 x 7 x 3.9 cm. Same as last but without the “fence” mark and slightly more corroded. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-S846 plus original 1986 division printout and letter, and copy of signature page from 1985 contract. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 1715 Fleet, east coast of Florida 158. Disc-shaped “splash” with cross marking. 376 grams, about 3¼” in diameter and 3/8" thick in center. This is a most intriguing object. It bears no stamps (so it is almost certainly contraband), but on one high point there appears a cross and part of a lion, as if a Mexican cob 2 reales was only partially melted right in that spot, leading us to believe this whole ingot was made from melted-down coins. It has a lot of gold color, however, so we suspect it is not the same purity as the coins. From our source it appears it was brought up in the Real Eight days. Estimate: $750 - $1,100
54 159. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 951.2 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. This lot and the next seven are eight slices of a entire “cake” of contraband ingots that were smuggled in the bottom of a cask (so the story goes), each one now dark and uncleaned (gunmetal gray in color) with its weight marked on top in black ink, and each one slightly different in exact weight and shape and texture (hence cast separately), presented here in order of decreasing weights. With Sinclair certificate #20. Estimate: $600 - $900 160. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 831.3 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #17. Estimate: $600 - $900 161. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 814.6 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #18. Estimate: $600 - $900 162. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 813.3 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #22. Estimate: $600 - $900 163. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 782.8 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #24. Estimate: $600 - $900 164. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 780.6 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #19. Estimate: $600 - $900 165. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 770.0 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #23. Estimate: $600 - $900 166. Unmarked contraband “wedge” ingot. 747.5 grams, roughly 2½” in diameter (extrapolated) and 2" tall. As above. With Sinclair certificate #21. Estimate: $600 - $900
55 Rooswijk, sunk in 1739 southeast of England 167. Neatly formed bar, marked with A (Amsterdam) and VOC (Dutch East India Co.) and billy goat (assayer/foundry mark), plugged in bottom. 75 oz (troy), 6¼” x 1½” x 1¼”. Silver ingots from the Dutch East India Co. (VOC) are some of the most well- executed bars, each one almost perfectly rectangular and meticulously marked. Because they were so evenly formed, they fit snugly into treasure chests, which probably had advantages in their own time but for us translated into less space for air and water to intrude and corrode them on shipwreck sites. These Rooswijk bars (this lot and next) are among the best we have seen, both completely corrosion- free (unlike most of the others on the market) and with all the markings 100 percent bold and not off the edge. Those markings are as follows: A for Amsterdam (the VOC chamber that owned this ship); VOC monogram; and a beautifully detailed billy goat in a cartouche, which stood for the foundry or assayer (as yet unidentified) who made or assayed the bar. The billy goat mark is so well defined that you can even see its eyes and the blades of grass below its hooves. This particular specimen is additionally fascinating for the fact that it shows a weight-adjusting plug in the usual depression at one end of the bar. With original certificate from the divers. Estimate: $3,500 - $4,750 168. Neatly formed bar, marked with A (Amsterdam) and VOC (Dutch East India Co.) and billy goat (assayer/foundry mark). 75 oz (troy), 6¼” x 1½” x 1¼”. As above (same choice markings and condition) but without plug at end, that end clipped and its depression filled with orange sediment instead. Note that while the above lot needed extra silver to bring it up to 75 oz (which appeared to be the standard), this ingot needed to have excess silver removed. With original certificate from the divers. Estimate: $3,500 - $4,750
56 COPPER Carnbrea Castle, sunk in 1829 off the Isle of Wight, England 169. Tile ingot, heavily patinated. 14 lb, 12" x 9" x ½”. This copper tile is the only item we have ever seen recovered from this English East Indiaman wreck sunk in Chale Bay, Isle of Wight, England, on July 5, 1829. About 80 percent of its cargo of some 5700+ pieces of copper was recovered in 1834, but apparently it was forgotten until modern times, when several more pieces of copper were found at the site. Most of the copper was being shipped in “tile” form, like this one, weighing 14, 28 and even 56 pounds each. These tiles are all perfect rectangles, very flat and even, this one with lots of “flow lines” as made, but also beautifully covered with light green patination and even some patches of orange sediment. There do not appear to be any markings, although each tile is supposed to have a B on each side. With photo-certificate. Estimate: $250 - $375 Benamain, sunk in 1890 off Wales 170. Well-formed ingot. 16 lb, roughly 11½” x 2½” x 2½”. It is hard to describe the shape of this well-formed ingot: More or less oblong but technically eight-sided and sloping from the flat top (showing metal flow) down to the marked side with two demi-cylindrical indentations running laterally. The markings (raised) are “V&S” (standing for the manufacturer Vivian & Son) and “A” (not sure what that stands for). The whole ingot is in great shape, a lovely muted copper color and uncorroded. It is the first ingot we have offered from this wreck (though others have been on the market), which sank in 1890 off the coast of Wales and was salvaged 100 years later. With 1993 certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $300 - $450
57 SHIPWRECK COINS (all silver except where noted) Unidentified ca.-240 BC Phoenician wreck off the coast of Lebanon Ancient Egypt 171. Tetradrachm, Ptolemy II (285-246 BC), Sidon mint (struck ca. 266-265 BC). 13.43 grams. Typically thick and chunky planchet, full eagle and off-center portrait of previous ruler Ptolemy I, lightly toned AXF. Estimate: $200 - $300 172. Tetradrachm, Ptolemy II (285-246 BC), Sidon mint (struck ca. 266-265 BC). 13.36 grams. Same as last lot but with small piece of edge broken off and repaired, slightly better portrait. Estimate: $100 - $150 Unidentified Tang Dynasty wreck (ca. 221 BC) China 173. Bronze “knife” coin, Warring States period (475-221 BC). 27.0 grams. Rare with six Chinese characters on one side (most have only three to five), clear details behind lovely patina. With Bob Marx certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 174. Lot of 3 bronze coins, 1 “spade” type and 2 round, holed “cash” type, Warring States period (475- 221 BC). Spade: 23.0 grams; cash: 5 to 8 grams each. All three coins with Chinese characters on one side peeking through dense but attractive green and tan patina, very solid and obviously salvaged. With Bob Marx certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 175. Lot of 3 bronze coins, 1 “spade” type and 2 round, holed “cash” type, Warring States period (475- 221 BC). Spade: 23.0 grams; cash: 5 to 8 grams each. As above, same condition and types. With Bob Marx certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75
58 Unidentified ca.-1405 wreck China 176. Two cast bronze cash coins, one in a silver necklace. Coin and chain 12.0 grams; single coin 3.0 grams. Simple bronze coins with Chinese characters on one side, square hole through middle, dating to the Sung Dynasty (960-1279) but lost on a Ming Dynasty wreck, both coins dark and lightly corroded, one of them custom mounted as a pendant with a 24" sterling silver chain. With small promo-certificate. Estimate: $35 - $50 “Golden Fleece wreck,” sunk ca. 1550 in the northern Caribbean Special Research Collection of Charles-Joanna silver coins of Mexico 179. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Latin), “PLVS” in rhomboid panel. S-M1. KM-16. 13.5 grams. Uncorroded VF, slightly crude but full legends, toned fields, Nesmith 6d. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 180. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Latin), with “LVSV” in oval panel. S-M1. KM-16. 13.4 grams. Perfect pillars side, excellent shield side with a touch of corrosion on part of edge, AU details with nice toning, variant of Nesmith 6c with no P in motto (possibly unique), also with the assayer-mark R crafted out of a P punch with separate diagonal leg. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 178. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Latin), “PLVS” in oval panel. S-M1. KM-16. 13.6 grams. Bold and uncorroded XF-AU with near-perfect details all over (full legends), nicely toned, like Nesmith 6a but lions WITH tongues and IOhANA in legend, a stunning specimen. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 177. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Gothic). S-M1. KM-16. 13.6 grams. Superb, uncorroded AXF with lovely rich toning, full legends, all details clear, a perfect study coin for the expert (unlisted in Nesmith). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500
59 181. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Latin), “PLVSV” in oval panel. S-M1. KM-16. 12.3 grams. Incredible Mint State specimen, with toned and lustrous surfaces (no corrosion), perfect full legends, Nesmith 6, an innocuous edge- split its only flaw. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 182. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P over partially erased R below pillars, oval panel. S-M4. KM-16. 13.4 grams. Choice AU details all over with full legends and inner designs, 100 percent corrosion-free and beautiful. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 183. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P over erased R below pillars, “PLVSV” in oval panel. S-M4. KM-16. 13.3 grams. Choice full shield and pillars, most of legends, small spots of corrosion and flatness in periphery only, toned around details. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 184. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P below pillars, “PLVS” in rhomboid panel. S-M4. KM-16. 13.2 grams. Nice full shield and pillars, much legend, very minor corrosion and dark toning. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 185. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to left, dotted circles, panel leaning left. S-M4. KM-17. 12.8 grams. Full planchet with great details and full legends, touch of corrosion around edge only, nicely toned, Nesmith 21 (“no example known”). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 186. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to left, dotted circles, panel leaning left. S-M4. KM-17. 12.6 grams. Same as above but slightly cruder (a bit more corrosion and some flat spots). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500
60 187. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, plain circles, panel leaning left. S-M4. KM-17. 13.3 grams. Choice coin with AU details, no corrosion (some appended silver), full legends, nice toning, variant with small, open circles for ornaments except inside the panel, which has single dotted circles flanking the motto, also interesting error with G in REG punched over an X (faint but certain—see next lot for a clearer example). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 188. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, plain circles, panel leaning left. S-M4. KM-17. 13.6 grams. As above except that circles in corners of panel are dotted as well, uncorroded XF details, nearly full legends, nice toning, same G/X error in REG as on last lot (very clear on this example, and oddly not the same die). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 189. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, plain circles (all open), panel leaning left. S-M4. KM-17. 13.3 grams. Richly toned with XF details, nearly full legends, just a touch of corrosion above pillars. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 190. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, plain circles (all open), panel leaning right. S-M4. KM-17. 13.4 grams. Beautiful XF details with nice toning, full legends, no corrosion, unlisted obverse but reverse is Nesmith 26a. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 191. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer F/P to right. S-M3. KM-17. 13.6 grams. Superb specimen with full legends and inner details, uncorroded AU, nicely toned, and a very rare assayer (clearly punched over P), Nesmith 16. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500 192. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer F to left. S-M3. KM-unlisted. 13.5 grams. Full details (legends and interior) with a trace of corrosion and flatness, toned all over, near AU, very rare with assayer to left (unlisted in all references, including KM). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500
61 193. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer G below pillars, M/F to right. S-M2. KM-16. 13.3 grams. Beautiful XF details, full legends and interiors, no corrosion, nicely toned, Nesmith 11, rare and curious issue with mintmark M punched over assayer F. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 194. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Early Series,” assayer G below pillars, choice. S-M2. KM-16. 13.6 grams. Choice, uncorroded XF+ with rich toning all over, some weak areas (but not flat), obverse unlisted but reverse is Nesmith 11. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500 196. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Gothic). S-M1. KM-10. 7.1 grams. Choice XF details all over, full legends, no corrosion or flatness (just a small edge-split), beautiful rich toning, exceptional specimen of a very rare issue. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 197. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Gothic). S-M1. KM-10. 5.3 grams. Darkly toned all over (uncleaned) but with practically no corrosion, XF details, most of legends visible, very rare. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 195. Charles-Joanna, 3 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R, waves below pillars, Latin M’s. S-M1. KM-unlisted. 8.7 grams. One of the utmost classic rarities of colonial numismatics, this odd denomination was an early and very brief experiment before the minting of 4 reales, which it greatly resembles. This particular specimen is even rarer by virtue of the fact that below the pillars appeared a series of waves (like on the “Late Series” that began in 1542), although this coin is corroded in just that spot (yet confirmed by the unique design of the central panel, featuring an attempt at a three-dimensional “ribbon” effect, per Nesmith 5). There is also a spot of corrosion at top-left on the shield side (Nesmith 5a variant with single-dot stops in legend), but the rest of the coin is well struck and well detailed, also nicely toned. This is probably the first 3 reales we have ever offered and only the second one with waves that we have ever seen. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $10,000 - $15,000
62 198. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer R (Latin). S-M1. KM-10. 6.6 grams. Choice XF details all over, minor doubling, no corrosion, nearly full legends, nicely toned, extremely rare. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 199. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to left, dotted circles. S-M4 KM-11. 6.7 grams. Bold details (uncorroded XF), deeply toned, full legends, Nesmith 20. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 200. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, plain circles inside panel leaning left. S-M4 KM-11. 6.6 grams. Richly brown-toned XF, no corrosion, full legends, choice and beautiful, Nesmith 25b but with lions and castles in proper quadrants. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 201. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right, diamonds inside panel leaning right. S-M4 KM-11. 6.6 grams. Choice AU details all over, no corrosion, full legends, toned fields, some minor doubling. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 202. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer F to right. S-M3. KM-11. 6.7 grams. Full legends, choice inner details (XF), no corrosion, rich toning, choice specimen of a rare assayer (Nesmith 15). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 203. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer G below pillars. S-M2. KM-10. 6.5 grams. Choice bold pillars side, very minor corrosion on shield side, full legends, rich brown toning, variant of Nesmith 10c with diamonds for stops in legend. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 204. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” no mintmark or assayer (G). S-M5. KM-18. 13.6 grams. Very rare error with empty spaces flanking shield, no corrosion (XF details) but some minor flat spots, full legends, deep toning. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $7,000 - $10,000
63 205. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” oMo to left, oGo to right, king’s name as CHAROLVS. S-M5. KM-18. 13.3 grams. Typically large flan with much legend, no corrosion but some flat spots, XF details, nicely toned. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $600 - $900 206. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” R to left, M to right. S-M7. KM-18. 13.3 grams. Choice full flan with bold legends and perfect inner details, pillars side off-center, deeply toned, no corrosion, XF details, rare assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 207. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, R to right. S-M7. KM-18. 13.6 grams. Bold full details on both sides, no corrosion, nice toning, slightly doubled pillars, AU details, rare assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 208. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, A to right. S-M6. KM-18. 12.9 grams. Superb bold AU details, full legends, no corrosion, nice toning, top-notch specimen of a scarce assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 209. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” A to left, M to right. S-M6. KM-18. 13.2 grams. Choice specimen with full legends and inner details (uncorroded XF), rich toning, scarce assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 210. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, “I” (L) to right. S-M9. KM-18. 12.9 grams. Superb specimen with full XF details all over, no corrosion, beautiful dark toning, rare “error” that is really just a broken letter-punch. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected] Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
64 211. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” “I” (L) to left, M to right. S-M9. KM-18. 13.7 grams. Full legends and inner details, no corrosion, spots of orange sediment, broken letter-punch as above (rare). From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $600 - $900 212. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, upside- down G to right. S-M5. KM-unlisted (cf. 12). 6.6 grams. Big, round planchet with full legends, no corrosion but some weak areas, deeply toned, rare assayer error. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $600 - $900 213. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, G to right, cross-topped circle ornaments. S-M5. KM-12. 6.7 grams. Exceptional quality with 100 percent full details (legends and interiors), no corrosion, beautifully toned, with unique ornaments in legends. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $500 - $750 214. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” G to left, oM to right. S-M5. KM-12. 6.5 grams. Choice specimen with full XF details all over, no corrosion, deeply toned. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $350 - $525 215. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” oM to left, G to right. S-M5. KM-12. 6.7 grams. Broad planchet, full legends, AU details, no corrosion but some flat spots, nice toning. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $350 - $525 216. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, R to right. S-M7. KM-12. 6.9 grams. Nice inner details (XF), most of legends, no corrosion, darkly toned, rare assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $600 - $900 217. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” A to left, M to right. S-M6. KM-12. 6.6 grams. Choice bold details (AU), no corrosion, full legends, scarce assayer. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 218. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, A to right. S-M6. KM-12. 6.7 grams. Darkly toned Mint State (no corrosion), choice full details, scarce assayer, but with hairline edge- split. From the “Golden Fleece wreck” Research Collection, with special certificate. Estimate: $500 - $750
65 1554 Fleet, Padre Island, Texas Mexico City, Mexico 219. Charles-Joanna, 2 reales, “Early Series,” assayer P to right. S-M4. KM-11. 4.0 grams. Lightly corroded and with traces of rusty oxidation that characterizes coins from this wreck, full legends and inner details. Estimate: $350 - $525 220. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, G to right, king’s name as CHAROLVS. S-M5. KM-18. 10.3 grams. Full details despite some pits from corrosion, dark toning, nice full legends. Estimate: $300 - $450 221. Charles-Joanna, 4 reales, “Late Series,” M to left, A to right. S-M6. KM-18. 11.1 grams. Choice specimen with full details (XF), minimal corrosion, nice light toning, scarce assayer. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Santiago, sunk in 1585 east of Africa Mexico City, Mexico 222. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer O (oMO to right). S-M11. KM-36. 12.5 grams. Full shield and cross, much legend, darkly toned fields, light corrosion here and there. With photocopy of an old account of the wreck “Loss of the Portuguese Vessel St. James” (Remarkable Shipwrecks, by R. Thomas [1836]). Estimate: $200 - $300 Unidentified ca.-1590 wreck off the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico Mexico City, Mexico 223. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer O (oMO to left). S-M11. KM-43. 25.8 grams. Solid specimen with full shield and cross, full oMO and denomination 8, uncorroded except for pitting in legends, scarce early 8 reales that was once regarded as that mint’s first “dollar” coin. Estimate: $500 - $750 224. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer F. S-M12. KM-43. 13.1 grams. Full cross and shield, high grade but distractingly toned, corroded only in periphery. Estimate: $150 - $225 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
66 Lima, Peru 225. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer oD (P-4 to left, *-oD to right). S-L4. KM-11. 12.4 grams. Broad, round planchet with full details (nice full shield and cross and crown), mostly toned, no corrosion. Estimate: $200 - $300 Potosí, Bolivia 226. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (2nd period “Great Module”). S-P6. KM-5.1. 24.2 grams. Huge flan with full shield and cross, much legend, clear assayer, but lightly corroded all over and a little silvery from cleaning. Estimate: $250 - $375 “Rill Cove wreck,” sunk ca. 1618 off Cornwall, England Mexico City, Mexico 227. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer F. S-M15. KM-44.1. 25.4 grams. Choice full cross, full but lightly corroded shield, nicely toned. Estimate: $200 - $300 228. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer F. S-M15. KM-44.1. 19.1 grams. Bold cross and shield, full oMF and 8, toned and lightly corroded all over. With generic certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 Lima, Peru 229. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer oD (*-8 to left, P-oD to right). S-L4. KM-14.1. 16.5 grams. Discernible details against dark backgrounds, moderately corroded. With generic certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 “Wild Horse River wreck,” sunk ca. 1620 off Uruguay Potosí, Bolivia 230. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (5th period), borders of x’s. S-P14. KM-5.1. 27.1 grams. Full cross and shield, bold P-B, clear borders of x’s, 100 percent corrosion-free (VF), with hints of golden toning. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $250 - $375
67 231. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer curved-leg R. S-P15. KM- 10. 26.6 grams. Beautiful full cross and shield, 100 percent corrosion-free (VF+), choice golden toning, slightly crude edge. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 232. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer not visible (curved-leg R). S-P15. KM-10. 26.9 grams. Lustrous AU with no corrosion at all, full cross and shield and crown, weak assayer, silvery. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 233. Cob 1 real, Philip II, assayer not visible (style of 4th-period B). S-P12. KM-2.2. 3.2 grams. Good full cross and shield, nicely toned, no corrosion (VF). With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 234. Cob 1 real, Philip II or III, assayer not visible (style of 5th-period B). 3.3 grams. Full cross and shield, no corrosion but some flat spots (Fine), traces of gold toning in crevices. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 Spain 235. Cob 1 real, 1597, assayer not visible (B). CT-676. Cay- 3566. 3.3 grams. Rare with clear date above nice full cross, no corrosion (Fine+), full crown above off-center shield. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 Atocha, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida Mexico City, Mexico 236. Cob 8 reales, 1610F, Grade 1 (estimated). S-M17. KM- 44.3. 24.4 grams. Very rare with bottom half of date visible, bold full oMF and choice full shield and cross (large planchet), minimal corrosion, nicely toned, certificate missing but replaceable. With Fisher insert-card #262645. Estimate: $500 - $750 237. Cob 8 reales, 1621D, Grade 1. S-M18. KM-44.3. 26.7 grams. Exceptionally bold details (date, oMD, 8, shield and cross, all full), no corrosion, typically silvery surfaces, lightly toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-147575. Estimate: $2,200 - $3,300 238. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer D/F?, Grade 3. S-M18. KM-44.3. 19.8 grams. Smallish flan but with nice clear oMD (the D possibly over an F, which would make it 1618) and shield and 8 and cross, light to moderate corrosion all over but also nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #105218. Estimate: $200 - $300
68 239. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer D, Grade 1. S-M18 or M18a. 26.1 grams. Typical barrel-shaped planchet of uneven thickness, choice full shield and cross, no corrosion, weak but certain assayer. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-156177. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 240. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer D, Grade 3. S-M18 or M18a. 23.5 grams. Thick but odd-shaped flan with weak but discernible oMD, good cross, light to moderate corrosion. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-134943. Estimate: $150 - $225 241. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, no Grade on certificate (Grade-2 or 3 quality). 24.4 grams. Large, thick flan with nearly full shield and cross, light to moderate corrosion, possible partial date. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-105003. Estimate: $200 - $300 242. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer F, Grade 1. S-M12. KM-36. 13.5 grams. Choice, uncorroded specimen with full shield and cross, much bold legend, typically highly polished. With Fisher photo- certificate #ML-291871. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 243. Cob 4 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer D, Grade 2. S-M18 or M18a. 10.6 grams. Odd shape from worn-away edges, clear oM, good cross and shield. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-221799. Estimate: $300 - $450 244. Cob 2 reales, Philip II or III, assayer F, Grade 1. 6.8 grams. Choice full cross and shield, clear oMF, no corrosion but flat spot near edge. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-117731. Estimate: $600 - $900 245. Cob 1 real, Philip II, assayer not visible, Grade 3. KM-26. 1.7 grams. Extremely rare denomination for this wreck, on a large round planchet but with about a quarter missing from corrosion, still with most of shield and cross, very silvery. With Fisher photo- certificate #95A-0392-1. Estimate: $300 - $450 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
69 246. Cob 1 real, Philip III, assayer not visible, Grade 1. KM- 27.1. 3.3 grams. Extremely rare denomination for this wreck, also nice with full shield and cross, no corrosion, slightly odd shape. With Fisher photo-certificate #95A-1091. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 Potosí, Bolivia 247. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (4th period), Grade 1. S- P12. KM-5.1. 26.6 grams. Huge flan with choice details (full shield and cross and P-B), minimal corrosion, no toning. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-267005. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 248. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B/S/L?, Grade 1. S-P6. KM- 5.1. 26.1 grams. Thick, round planchet with choice full details, corroded near part of edge, dull silver color from cleaning, probably from the ca.-1590 wreck off the Yucatan but with counterfeit Fisher Atocha certificate. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-215377. Estimate: $200 - $300 249. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer RL, Grade 1. S-P13. KM- 5.1. 24.3 grams. Large, round flan with great bold details (full shield and cross, clear mintmark-assayer), lightly corroded and highly polished but nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 208072. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 250. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer B (5th period), Grade 2 (Grade-1 quality). S-P14. KM-10. 26.5 grams. Very rare issue with king’s ordinal III visible, full P-B, good but partially flat shield and cross, light corrosion. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 161811. Estimate: $275 - $425 251. Cob 8 reales, Philip II or III, assayer not visible (style of 5th-period B), Grade 2 (Grade-1 quality). 26.7 grams. Full shield and cross, no corrosion (hence under-graded) but slightly crude strike. With Fisher photo-certificate #86A-134320. Estimate: $200 - $300 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
70 252. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer R (curved leg), Grade 2 (choice Grade-1 quality). S-P15. KM-10. 26.0 grams. Very choice full cross and shield, clear P-R, king’s ordinal III, no corrosion, the epitome of a Grade-1 coin yet inexplicably given a 2 on the certificate. With Fisher photo-certificate #CH4-82-4142. Estimate: $275 - $425 253. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer R (curved leg), Grade 2. S-P15. KM-10. 24.4 grams. Broad flan with full shield and cross, clear assayer, king’s ordinal III, light corrosion, crude edge. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-125470. Estimate: $200 - $300 254. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer C, Grade 2 (Grade-3 quality). S-P16. KM-10. 24.0 grams. Crude specimen (corroded, oblong planchet) but with reasonably clear assayer (rare) below bold mintmark. With old Fisher certificate #SR-1161. Estimate: $200 - $300 255. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer Q, Grade 2. S-P17. KM- 10. 21.7 grams. Bold full assayer and cross, crude edge due to corrosion. With Fisher certificate #H1317. Estimate: $300 - $450 256. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer M, no Grade on certificate (Grade-1 quality). S-P18. KM-10. 23.6 grams. Choice full cross, bold P-M, light corrosion near edge only. With Fisher photo- certificate #85A-103639. Estimate: $350 - $525 257. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer M, Grade 2. S-P18. KM- 10. 24.0 grams. Large flan with full cross and crown and shield, light corrosion, toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-161105. Estimate: $225 - $350 258. Cob 8 reales, 1618PAL, Grade 1. S-P20. KM-10. 25.6 grams. Rare one-year assayer, bold bottom half of date, choice full shield, full but doubled (and lightly corroded) cross, much legend, typically polished but nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 163127. Estimate: $1,350 - $2,000
71 259. Cob 8 reales, (1618)PAL, Grade 1. S-P20. KM-10. 26.6 grams. Rare assayer (very full and bold), choice full shield and cross, no corrosion, polished but toned. With Fisher photo- certificate #85A-231314. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 260. Cob 8 reales, (1)61(8)T/PAL, Grade 2. S-P21. KM-10. 23.2 grams. Very rare over-assayer (100 percent full on this coin), good full shield and cross, slightly corroded edge, squarish planchet. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-237536. Estimate: $600 - $900 261. Cob 8 reales, 1618, assayer not visible, Grade 2. S-P20 or P21. KM-10. 24.8 grams. Round coin with clear bottom half of date, full cross, full but weak shield, some corrosion. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-117046. Estimate: $275 - $425 262. Cob 8 reales, (161)9T, Grade 1. S-P21. KM-10. 26.8 grams. Full 9 of date, great full cross and shield, light corrosion only, silvery. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-214874. Estimate: $400 - $600 263. Cob 8 reales, 1619T, Grade 2. S-P21. KM-10. 25.2 grams. Full date but very crude planchet with much flatness and an edge- split. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-153602. Estimate: $275 - $425 264. Cob 8 reales, (1)61(?)T, upper half of shield transposed, no Grade on certificate (Grade-2 quality). S-P21. KM-10. 24.1 grams. Scarce error, full shield and P-T, good full cross, some corrosion but nice toning. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 245010. Estimate: $225 - $350 265. Cob 8 reales, 1620T, Grade 2. S-P21. KM-10. 26.1 grams. Bold full date at 5 o’clock in the legend (rare), good full shield and cross, very light corrosion only. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-201533. Estimate: $600 - $900 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
72 266. Cob 8 reales, 1(6)20T, upper half of shield transposed, Grade 2. S-P21. KM-10. 22.7 grams. Bold bottom half of 20 of date, full but corroded cross and shield, crude strike. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-187129. Estimate: $275 - $425 267. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, (162)0T, mintmark “q”, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 1. S-P21. KM-10. 26.5 grams. Choice full shield and cross, bold 0 of date (erroneously called 1618 on the certificate), no corrosion, rather nice all over. With Fisher photo- certificate #H-1060. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 268. Cob 8 reales, 16(??)T, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 1. S-P21 or P21a. 26.9 grams. Bold 6 of date, full shield and cross, minimal corrosion. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 116643. Estimate: $350 - $525 269. Cob 8 reales, (1)621T, upper half of shield transposed, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 1. S-P21 or P21a. 26.6 grams. Full 62 of date with certain final digit 1, full but doubled shield, off-center cross, light corrosion only. With Fisher photo- certificate #85A-105739. Estimate: $400 - $600 270. Cob 8 reales, 1621T, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 2. S-P21 or P21a. 22.2 grams. Full but weak date and shield and cross due to moderate corrosion all over. With Fisher photo- certificate #86A-192563. Estimate: $250 - $375 271. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer T, mintmark “q”, Grade 1. S-P21 or P21a. 26.5 grams. Exceptional specimen with full and uncorroded cross and shield. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-267618. Estimate: $600 - $900 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
73 272. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer T?, rare error with king’s name and ordinal on reverse, Grade 2. S-P21 or P21a. 26.1 grams. Very crude, large planchet with full but doubled shield and cross, periphery shows king’s name and ordinal (probably due to a flipover double-strike). With Fisher photo-certificate #85A- 113743. Estimate: $300 - $450 273. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, 16(??)T, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 2. S-P21 or P21a. 24.7 grams. First two digits of date visible at about 8 o’clock, full shield and cross, light corrosion only. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-180938. Estimate: $225 - $350 274. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, Grade 1 (estimated). 26.0 grams. Good full shield and cross (both slightly doubled), minimal corrosion, certificate missing but replaceable. With Fisher insert-card #210522. Estimate: $250 - $375 275. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, Grade 2 (estimated). 23.9 grams. Decent full shield and cross despite light corrosion, no certificate or insert-card. Estimate: $100 - $150 276. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, no Grade on certificate (Grade-4 quality). 12.4 grams. Good full shield despite heavy corrosion, valuable for its certificate. With old (original signatures) Fisher photo-certificate #2544. Estimate: $400 - $600 277. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, no Grade on certificate (Grade-4 quality). 12.6 grams. Heavily corroded but with barely recognizable shield and cross (darkly toned), valuable for its certificate. With old (original signatures) Fisher photo-certificate #3766. Estimate: $300 - $450 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
74 278. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, no Grade on certificate (Grade-4 quality). 13.4 grams. Heavily corroded but with barely recognizable shield and cross (darkly toned), valuable for its certificate. With old (original signatures) Fisher photo-certificate #3539. Estimate: $300 - $450 281. Cob 4 reales, Philip III, assayer M/Q, Grade 1. S-P18. KM- 9. 12.3 grams. Very bold M/Q (scarce over-assayer), nice full shield and cross, no corrosion, nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-118711. Estimate: $400 - $600 282. Cob 4 reales, Philip III, assayer not visible, Grade 1. KM- 9. 12.4 grams. Good full shield, slightly weak full cross, peripheries flat, minimal corrosion. With Fisher photo-certificate #118579. Estimate: $350 - $525 283. Cob 4 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer T, struck from 2- reales die, Grade 3 (Grade-2 quality). S-P21 or P21a. 13.0 grams. Unique error with clear denomination “z” (two) to right of full shield, bold P-T to left, full but lightly corroded cross. With Fisher photo-certificate #264280. Estimate: $400 - $600 284. Cob 4 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, no Grade on certificate (Grade-4 quality). 6.0 grams. Dark and heavily corroded, barely recognizable, valuable for its certificate. With old (original signatures) Fisher photo-certificate #2225. Estimate: $300 - $450 279. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer L/B, Research Collection PLATE COIN #56. S-P9. KM-4.2. 13.4 grams. Very choice specimen of a scarce early issue, but perhaps most valuable for being one of only 64 coins in the famous Research Collection (237 coins in all) to have been photographed in the catalog (first Plate Coin we have seen on the market in many years). Typically large, round flan with full inner details and legends, no corrosion at all, particularly choice shield and crown, but cross full and nice as well. With special Fisher photo-certificate #236096 and a personal letter from original owner of the Research Collection, Marisha Wagner Moran, plus a copy of the 1988 Christie’s (New York) catalog of the Research Collection. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 280. Cob 4 reales, Philip II, assayer RL, Grade 1, choice. S- P13. KM-4.2. 12.5 grams. Large flan with choice full shield and cross, clear assayer, no corrosion, polished but nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-189906. Estimate: $700 - $1,000
75 285. Cob 2 reales, Philip II, assayer B (1st period, “Lima style”), Grade 1. S-P4. KM-3.2. 6.1 grams. Typically large, round planchet with fine details, minimal corrosion but well worn. With Fisher photo-certificate #94A-3581. Estimate: $650 - $975 286. Cob 2 reales, Philip II, assayer not visible (style of 4th- period B), Grade 2. S-P12. KM-3.2. 6.3 grams. Big planchet with no corrosion at all but very worn, some nice details. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-128051. Estimate: $350 - $475 287. Cob 2 reales, Philip II, assayer not visible (style of 5th- period B), Grade 3 (Grade-1 quality). S-P14. KM-3.2. 6.4 grams. Good full cross, no corrosion, darkly toned around edge, inexplicably under-graded. With Fisher certificate #127347 (insert- card missing). Estimate: $350 - $525 288. Cob 2 reales, Philip III, assayer R (curved leg), Grade 2 (Grade-1 quality). S-P15. KM-8. 6.3 grams. Choice detail (excellent full cross and shield), crude edge (as made), no corrosion, nicely toned. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-127631 (insert- card missing). Estimate: $350 - $525 289. Cob 2 reales, 1617PAL (mule), Grade 3. S-P20. KM-8. 4.7 grams. Very rare (but known) muling of 1617 reverse with 1618 obverse, the “ANO 1617” and assayer PAL weak but full and certain, also full cross and shield, lightly corroded all over. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-144172. Estimate: $350 - $525 290. Uncleaned clump of two coins (8 reales and 2 reales). 27.7 grams. The 8 reales is attributable to Potosí but the 2 reales is not attributable, both coins covered in thick encrustation and oxidation that is mostly black but also contains pretty green and white elements, very rare as nearly all Atocha coins are cleaned and separated in the Fisher process. With Fisher photo-certificate #CH04-CL-024. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Cartagena, Colombia 291. Cob 8 reales, 1622A, Grade 2 (Grade-1 quality). S-C2. KM-3.2. 24.1 grams. Nice specimen of a very rare issue, the assayer bold and the date discernible (bottoms of all four digits), also good full shield and cross (the latter slightly doubled, XF details), very little corrosion (only around the edge), so the Grade on the certificate in inexplicable. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-237444. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250
76 292. Cob 4 reales, (1622A), Grade 3. S-C2. KM-2.3. 10.4 grams. Very rare issue, the RN mintmark clear to left of full shield (assayer A to right not visible), full cross, lightly to moderately corroded all over (hence the Grade). With Fisher photo-certificate #86A-109123. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Santa Margarita, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida Mexico City, Mexico 293. Cob 2 reales, 1617/6F, Grade 4 (estimated). S-M17. KM- unlisted (cf. 32.2). 1.1 grams. Awful coin (corroded so thin that it is permeated with tiny holes all over) but remarkably with FULL date 1617 that even shows a clear overdate 7/6 (very rare, as even the clean 1617 is unlisted in all references), the whole cross there too, plus some of the shield and oMF, but regrettably the insert- card and Fisher certificate are missing. Estimate: $75 - $110 Potosí, Bolivia 294. Cob 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (1st period, “Lima style”), Grade 1. S-P4. KM-3.2. 27.2 grams. Very choice specimen (probably the best 8 reales we have ever seen from this wreck, and also an interesting early issue), huge planchet with full legends and crown and perfect inner data (especially well-detailed shield and cross), and not a lick of corrosion, in fact hard to believe it is even sea-salvage! With Fisher photo-certificate #8680. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 295. Cob 8 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer not visible, quadrants of cross transposed, Grade 3. 18.5 grams. Choice full cross-lions- castles but shield side heavily corroded, lightly toned. With original Fisher photo-certificate #9103. Estimate: $150 - $225 296. Cob 2 reales, Philip III, assayer not visible, Grade 1. KM- 8. 5.4 grams. Good full cross, full shield with some corrosion (one large pit), full PHILIPPVS III in legend, nice dark toning, certificate missing but replaceable. With Fisher insert-card #5802. Estimate: $350 - $525 “Dry Tortugas wreck,” sunk ca. 1622 off the Dry Tortugas, west of Key West, Florida Mexico City, Mexico 297. Cob 4 reales, Philip III or IV, assayer D. S-M18 or M18a. 10.8 grams. Worn but not too corroded (one of the better specimens from this wreck), with clear oMD, most of shield and cross. With Seahawk certificate #2507.0063. Estimate: $200 - $300 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
77 Campen, sunk in 1627 off the Isle of Wight, England Netherlands (United) 298. Westfriesland, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1615. DM- 836. 25.1 grams. Nice specimen with clear date, full lion and knight, minimal corrosion. With certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 299. Utrecht, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1617. DM-843. 26.8 grams. Very high grade and lustrous (would be Mint State except for scratches from salvage), full inner details, part of legend a bit weak (like the mintmark), but full and bold date. With certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 300. Utrecht, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1626. DM-843. 24.8 grams. Bold full legends and date, good inner details, just a little corroded all over, lightly toned. With original certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $150 - $225 301. Zeeland, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1627. DM- unlisted. 26.7 grams. High grade but crude (lots of stress marks in planchet plus some salvage marks), full date, lustrous, rare date (unlisted). With certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 302. Holland mint, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), undated type. DM-829. 26.4 grams. Worn (VG or so) but not corroded, clear details, a bit scarcer and desirable as the first official coinage of the independent Netherlands. Estimate: $90 - $135 303. Utrecht, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), date not visible. 17.3 grams. Corroded but with nice lion, most of legend. With certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
78 304. Uncertain mint, half “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1616. 13.1 grams. Choice high grade with nice lion, lustrous, full date, no corrosion (some marks), full date but mintmark indecipherable, rare denomination. With certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 305. Utrecht, half “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1626. DM- 878. 12.9 grams. Excellent detail, full date, most of legend (mintmark weak), slight wavy flan with a few marks, lightly toned, rare denomination. With certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 “Lucayan Beach wreck,” sunk ca. 1628 off Grand Bahama Island Mexico City, Mexico 306. Cob 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer D. S-M18a. KM-38. 13.0 grams. Nice full cross, off-center shield, no corrosion but very crude edge (as made) with flat part upturned, nicely toned, scarce with classic promotional box. With small certificate and white clamshell box from 1960s Spink promotion. Estimate: $150 - $225 307. Cob 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer D. S-M18a. KM-38. 11.2 grams. Round flan with clear oMD, most of cross and shield, lightly pitted all over. With Sedwick/Howard certificate from 1992. Estimate: $125 - $185 Concepción, sunk in 1641 off Hispaniola Mexico City, Mexico 308. Cob 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (P). S-M19. KM- 45. 23.5 grams. Curious shape (leaning barrel), full shield and cross, minimal corrosion but peripheral flatness, nicely toned. With hand- signed Burt Webber certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 309. Cob 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer P. S-M19. KM-45. 13.0 grams. Choice full cross, full shield on a squarish flan, nicely toned, no corrosion. With Blanchard wallet-type certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
79 Potosí, Bolivia 310. Cob 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer TR (1630s). S-P27. KM- 19a. 23.6 grams. Weak but certain P-TR, choice full shield and cross, no corrosion, crude edge with split. With original insert- card #55850 and certificate hand-signed by Burt Webber (1981). Estimate: $150 - $225 311. Cob 2 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible. KM-17b. 7.0 grams. Choice full cross, nearly full shield, minimal corrosion (oddly overweight), darkly toned. With Blanchard wallet-type certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 313. Cob 8 reales, 1654E, rotated 4 in date. S-P37a. KM-21. 21.6 grams. Unique error (very striking and obvious) visible below full motto PLV-SVL-TRA on a rather decent pillars side, the cross side full but corroded, all nicely toned. Estimate: $300 - $450 Capitana, sunk in 1654 off Chanduy, Ecuador Potosí, Bolivia 312. Cob 4 reales, (1651-2)E, unidentified crowned countermark on cross. S-P36. KM-17b. 7.3 grams. Thin coin with lots of good detail, just not the date or the countermark, particularly good cross, king’s ordinal IIII in legend, nicely toned. With Atlantic Treasure Coins photo-certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 Maravillas, sunk in 1656 off Grand Bahama Island Mexico City, Mexico 314. Cob 8 reales, 1655(P). S-M19. KM-45. 22.7 grams. Bold full date (some encrustation on final digit), good full cross and shield, peripheries corroded. With MAREX certificate #91-8R-801. Estimate: $300 - $450 315. Cob 8 reales, (1)655P. S-M19. KM-45. 19.7 grams. Moderately corroded all over but with clear date and oMP, shield and cross. With MAREX certificate #91-8R-4359. Estimate: $150 - $225
80 319. Cob 8 reales, 1653E, •PH• above pillars, four-digit date below cross. S-P37a. KM-21. 22.5 grams. Scarce early date- variant, good full cross and pillars, not too much corrosion, two clear dates and mintmarks and assayers. Pedigreed to the Craig Whitford auction of April 1995, with cut-out lot information and photo from the catalog and with ANAAB photo-certificate #AB2425. Estimate: $150 - $225 320. Cob 8 reales, 1653E, •PH• above pillars. S-P37a. KM-21. 22.6 grams. Good full cross, full pillars-and-waves, three bold mintmarks, two assayers, weak date, minimal corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $150 - $225 Cartagena, Colombia 321. Cob 8 reales, (1655)S, Plate Coin in The Practical Book of Cobs (3rd edition). S-C4. KM-7.2. 15.5 grams. Very rare one-year issue (very few specimens known, almost all from shipwrecks), this with full and bold mintmark-assayer C-S to right and denomination VIII (vertically) to left of nearly full shield, the pillars side heavily corroded, all nicely brown-toned. With special Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 316. Cob 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer P. S-M19. KM-38. 13.1 grams. Choice, uncorroded specimen with bold oMP, nearly full shield and cross, well centered on a compact flan, nicely toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 317. Cob 1 real, Philip IV, assayer P. S-M19. KM-28. 1.9 grams. Very rare denomination from this wreck, with most of cross and shield in evidence to confirm it, albeit somewhat corroded and flat. With MAREX insert-card and certificate #90-2R-0037, which both refer to this coin in error as a 2 reales. Estimate: $200 - $300 Potosí, Bolivia 318. Cob 8 reales, (1)650(O), with crowned-L countermark. S- P35. KM-19b. 19.8 grams. Decent cross side with clear date and full countermark, pretty red toning, but shield side completely corroded and thin. With MAREX sticker #91-8R-1315, but certificate missing. Estimate: $75 - $110 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
81 325. Cob 8 reales, 1653P. S-M19. KM-45. 25.8 grams. Full bold date and oMP, good full cross, nearly full crown and shield, no corrosion, spots of toning. With Downie (Australia) auction-lot tag. Estimate: $200 - $300 326. Cob 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer P (1650s). S-M19. KM-45. 23.0 grams. Full oMP and denomination 8, nearly full cross and shield, some flatness and heavy corrosion here and there but mostly solid, toned. With photocopy of data on the wreck. Estimate: $125 - $185 Potosí, Bolivia 327. Cob 8 reales, 1652E (post-transitional). S-P37a. KM-21. 23.2 grams. Well detailed (three dates, 1•PH•6, bold pillars and waves, full cross) and nicely toned on an odd-shaped planchet with light corrosion. With Downie (Australia) auction-lot tag. Estimate: $200 - $300 Bogotá, Colombia 323. Cob 4 reales, (1650s), assayer not visible. S-B7. KM-10.1. 4.0 grams. Nice full shield with full denomination IIII to right, corroded pillars side (the pillars themselves oddly prominent, however), thin, richly toned, rare issue. With Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 Vergulde Draeck (“Gilt Dragon”), sunk in 1656 off Western Australia Mexico City, Mexico 324. Cob 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (1620s). KM- 45. 26.2 grams. Scarce early type for this wreck, with clear mintmark oM and full shield, most of cross, no corrosion but much flatness, richly toned all over, valuable certificate. With Western Australian Museum certificate and tag #10252. Estimate: $150 - $225 322. Cob 4 reales, 1655(S). S-C4. KM-10.2. 13.1 grams. Choice specimen of an extremely rare one-year issue, with bold full pillars and PLVS VLTRA (the TR of which is clearly punched over an old LT), full but doubled shield, clear 16 and bottoms of 55 of date in legend, minimal corrosion, nicely toned. With Lou Ullian certificate. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500
82 Potosí, Bolivia 330. Cob 8 reales, 1658E. S-P37a. KM-21. 26.9 grams. Very choice specimen with full cross and pillars, three dates, two mintmarks and assayers, choice full crown, king’s ordinal IIII, nicely toned and practically corrosion-free. Estimate: $300 - $450 Sacramento, sunk in 1668 off Bay of All Saints, Bahia, Brazil Mexico City, Mexico 331. Cob 8 reales, 1654P, with crowned “600” (600 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. S-M19. KM-45. 20.9 grams. Bold full countermark on full cross, full shield with bold oMP, weak date, toned, light corrosion only, rare. Estimate: $250 - $375 Potosí, Bolivia 332. Cob 8 reales, 1660E, with crowned “600” (600 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. S-P37a. KM-21. 22.2 grams. Choice full countermark, good cross with date below, pillars side heavily corroded, nicely toned, rare. Estimate: $250 - $375 Seville, Spain 328. Cob 8 reales, 1597B, with “Golden Fleece” countermark of Brabant, Spanish Netherlands (1652-1672). CT-254. Cay- Type 69. 25.1 grams. A very rare coin on many levels: First of all, dated Spanish cobs of Philip II are rare and valuable, and it is very unusual (if not unique) to see one with the Brabant countermark (value of 48 pattars); but perhaps the most unusual thing of all is that this coin found its way onto a ship and was subsequently lost at sea and found in our time! The quality is also rather nice, as it shows a full shield, full cross, full countermark, bold S-VIII and weak B to left and full date 1597 to right, plus lots of legend (including the king’s ordinal II), but there is some corrosion and one large edge-split, still nicely toned. While the Vergulde Draeck provenance makes sense, there is no supporting documentation from the Western Australian Museum, which could scarcely have missed a unique piece like this. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 San Miguel el Arcangel (“Jupiter wreck”), sunk in 1659 off Jupiter, Florida Mexico City, Mexico 329. Cob 8 reales, 1657P. S-M19. KM-45. 26.2 grams. Rare with clear date, full oMP, full shield and cross, no bad corrosion but some wear, odd-shaped flan, lightly toned all over. With small Sedwick certificate from 2001. Estimate: $250 - $375
83 333. Cob 8 reales, 1664E, with crowned “600” (600 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. S-P37a. KM-21. 21.0 grams. Nice cross side with full countermark, bold king’s ordinal IIII, also full pillars and waves and crown, two dates, lightly corroded and toned, rare. Estimate: $300 - $450 Segovia, Spain 334. Milled 8 reales, Philip IV, date not visible, assayer R or BR, with crowned “600” (600 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. CT-Type 124. Cay-Type 108. 14.9 grams. Very rare combination, the countermark weak due to corrosion, which also obliterated the date and assayer, but the cross and shield and crown are all still decent and nicely toned. Estimate: $250 - $375 Portugal 335. 400 reis, Evora, John IV, with crowned “S00” (500 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 13.5 grams. Rare mint (E’s in quadrants of cross) and choice specimen from this wreck, with all details clear, nicely toned, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $600 - $900 336. 400 reis, Lisbon, John IV, with crowned “500” (500 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 13.5 grams. Choice full countermark, bold full cross and shield, nice large flan, attractively toned, minimal corrosion, denomination flat. Estimate: $300 - $450 337. 400 reis, Lisbon, John IV, with crowned “S00” (500 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 17.5 grams. Bold full countermark, good cross and shield and crown, full denomination, much legend, thin from corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $300 - $450 338. 400 reis, Porto, John IV, with crowned “S00” (500 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 15.8 grams. Scarce mint (P’s in quadrants of cross), choice full details and countermark, minimal corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $350 - $525 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
84 339. 200 reis, Evora, John IV, with crowned “2S0” (250 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 7.3 grams. Rare mint (E’s in quadrants of cross), choice bold cross and full countermark, shield side full but a little corroded, nicely toned. Estimate: $200 - $300 340. 200 reis, Lisbon, John IV, with crowned “250” (250 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 7.6 grams. Choice full countermark, bold cross, full shield and crown, light corrosion, good toning. Estimate: $150 - $225 341. 200 reis, Lisbon, John IV, with crowned “2S0” (250 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 7.1 grams. Very deep countermark on a good full cross, doubled shield and crown, minimal corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $150 - $225 342. 200 reis, Porto, John IV, with crowned “2S0” (250 reis, 1663) countermark of Brazil on cross. 7.9 grams. Scarce mint (P’s in quadrants of cross), very deep and bold countermark, full cross and crown and shield, some corrosion, nice toning. Estimate: $150 - $225 Unidentified ca.-1671 wreck in Seville Harbor, Spain Potosí, Bolivia 343. Cob 4 reales, 1670(E). S-P37b. KM-25. 13.0 grams. Nice full cross, good pillars, two dates, three mintmarks, minimal corrosion, toned. Estimate: $150 - $225 344. Cob 4 reales, 1670E. S-P37b. KM-25. 10.0 grams. Darkly toned, with decent pillars and cross, bold date and mintmark, large edge-crack. Estimate: $135 - $200Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
85 Consolación, sunk in 1681 off Santa Clara Island, Ecuador Potosí, Bolivia 345. Cob 8 reales, 1664E. S-P37a. KM-21. 25.3 grams. Bold waves, three mintmarks, three partial dates, crude strike (flatness) and some wear, partially toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 346. Cob 8 reales, 1671E. S-P37b. KM-26. 25.6 grams. Two bold mintmarks, nearly full cross, crude pillars, not much corrosion but some flatness, partially toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 347. Cob 8 reales, 1672E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.3 grams. Two dates, decent cross and pillars (the latter slightly doubled), moderately sea-worn, brown-toned. Estimate: $90 - $135 348. Cob 8 reales, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-26. 21.4 grams. Big flan with good full cross and crown, corroded pillars, silvery. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7023. Estimate: $75 - $110 349. Cob 8 reales, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.1 grams. Two clear dates and mintmarks, most of cross and pillars, silvery and corroded. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7022. Estimate: $90 - $135 350. Cob 8 reales, 1675E. S-P37b. KM-26. 21.8 grams. Big flan with one full date and parts of two others, full cross and pillars- and-waves, toned and lightly corroded, edge-split. Estimate: $80 - $120
86 351. Cob 8 reales, 1675E. S-P37b. KM-26. 18.6 grams. Full cross, bold date between pillars, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7024. Estimate: $100 - $150 352. Cob 8 reales, 1676E. S-P37b. KM-26. 14.2 grams. Good full pillars with bold date, crude cross, thin and worn from corrosion, toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 353. Cob 8 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-26. 19.6 grams. Big flan with choice full pillars, full but crude cross, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7026. Estimate: $100 - $150 354. Cob 8 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.7 grams. Good but off-center pillars-and-waves, nearly full cross, two assayers, moderately corroded. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7027. Estimate: $90 - $135 355. Cob 8 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-26. 19.3 grams. Full but off-center cross, bold waves, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7030. Estimate: $90 - $135 356. Cob 8 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.9 grams. Good but off-center cross, two bold assayers, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate# 7028. Estimate: $80 - $120 357. Cob 8 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-26. 17.5 grams. Full 1677 date in legend, double struck and very sea-worn with edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7029. Estimate: $75 - $110 358. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 21.3 grams. Nice full cross with bold date below, clear date between pillars also, three assayers, some corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7036. Estimate: $135 - $200
87 359. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 16.0 grams. Two dates, full but crude pillars, off-center cross, moderate corrosion, toned. Estimate: $110 - $165 360. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 17.2 grams. Two dates and assayers, good full cross, moderate corrosion, large edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7038. Estimate: $110 - $165 361. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 19.6 grams. Bold date in legend, crude strike with lots of flatness, some sea-wear, toned, edge-split. Estimate: $110 - $165 362. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 16.8 grams. Bold date below full cross, king’s name in legend, pillars side corroded. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7031. Estimate: $100 - $150 363. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 16.3 grams. Good cross, bold denomination and mintmark, sea-worn. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7037. Estimate: $90 - $135 364. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.6 grams. Two pillars-side dates, bold denomination, good but off-center cross, corroded and sea-worn. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7127. Estimate: $90 - $135 365. Cob 8 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-26. 20.9 grams. Clear E- 78-P above waves, one bold pillar, full but weak cross, corroded and sea-worn, with spots of toning. Estimate: $90 - $135 366. Cob 8 reales, 1678(E). S-P37b. KM-26. 15.1 grams. Bold date and waves, two mintmarks, heavily sea-worn, richly toned. Estimate: $90 - $135
88 367. Cob 8 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-26. 19.6 grams. Bold pillars- and-waves with clear date, second date below cross, C to right, light corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7045. Estimate: $135 - $200 368. Cob 8 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-26. 15.6 grams. Bold pillars with two mintmarks and assayers, clear date, full cross with third assayer to right, rather sea-worn but richly toned. Estimate: $110 - $165 369. Cob 8 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-26. 19.2 grams. Nice but off-center cross, full pillars, three mintmarks, two assayers, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7048. Estimate: $110 - $165 370. Cob 8 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-26. 20.7 grams. Two assayers, bold cross and pillars-and-waves, two dates, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7040. Estimate: $110 - $165 371. Cob 8 reales, 1679V/C. S-P39. KM-26. 21.1 grams. Scarce over-assayer (clear on pillars side), bold waves, full but off-center cross, two bold mintmarks, moderate corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7047. Estimate: $120 - $180 372. Cob 8 reales, 1679V/C. S-P39. KM-26. 18.2 grams. Big flan with bold over-assayer on both sides (scarce), bold mintmark, moderate corrosion, two edge-splits. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7051. Estimate: $120 - $180 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
89 373. Cob 8 reales, 1679V, mintmark and assayer transposed. S- P39. KM-26. 20.9 grams. Very rare error with V at upper left and bottom right, good full waves, much corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7042. Estimate: $135 - $200 374. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 20.4 grams. Much bold detail including date below cross, doubled pillars, some corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7135. Estimate: $135 - $200 375. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 19.8 grams. Full but off-center cross with king’s name in legend, bold full pillars-and- waves, two dates, moderate corrosion and edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7052. Estimate: $120 - $180 376. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 14.4 grams. Good but off-center cross, bold pillars, two assayers, sea-worn and corroded. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7046. Estimate: $110 - $165 377. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 20.5 grams. Big flan with bold full cross and pillars despite corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7044. Estimate: $110 - $165 378. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 19.1 grams. Full cross, full but corroded pillars, two assayers. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7043. Estimate: $100 - $150 379. Cob 8 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-26. 18.3 grams. Full cross and pillars but heavily sea-worn, nicely toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 380. Cob 8 reales, 1679, assayer not visible. S-P38 or P39. KM- 26. 20.8 grams. Good full cross and pillars, bold date but assayer too weak to discern, sea-worn but nicely toned. Estimate: $150 - $225
90 381. Cob 8 reales, 1680V. S-P39. KM-26. 18.1 grams. Big flan with nice full cross and pillars-and-waves, bold king’s name CAR- , corroded but well detailed. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7054. Estimate: $135 - $200 382. Cob 8 reales, 1680V. S-P39. KM-26. 22.1 grams. Large planchet with nearly full pillars detail, full cross, CAR- of king’s name in legend, sea-worn but nicely toned. Estimate: $135 - $200 383. Encrusted cob 8 reales. 25.9 grams. Cross side heavily encrusted with small bits of brownish shell (very attractive), pillars side more exposed but still uncleaned, solid coin inside. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7056. Estimate: $100 - $150 384. Encrusted cob 8 reales. 22.5 grams. Most of cross visible underneath a veneer of brown-gray encrustation, the coin itself still solid. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7055. Estimate: $90 - $135 385. Encrusted cob 8 reales. 19.8 grams. Thin coin with sandy tan encrustation all over, one black spot. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7057. Estimate: $75 - $110 386. Encrusted clump of three cobs, two 8 reales and one 1 real. 64 grams. Two big coins practically side by side, the 1 real hidden within encrustation of white and green shell bits covering all, the coin surfaces dark and crystallized. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7150. Estimate: $200 - $300 387. Clump of three cobs, one 8 reales and two 1 reales. 34 grams. One big 8 reales with two small 1 reales peeking from behind, the face of the 8 reales cleaned and with pillars and waves and 1674 date clear, the backsides all encrusted (dark gray), one small pebble and part of a shell. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7151. Estimate: $200 - $300
91 388. Cob 4 reales, 1677E, with denomination 4 in retrograde. S-P37b. KM-25. 7.3 grams. Rare error, the “backwards” 4 above the (full) cross only, good pillars-and-waves, weak date, sea-worn, edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #3219. Estimate: $110 - $165 389. Cob 4 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-25. 9.1 grams. One full pillar, good but off-center cross with full 4 (normal) above, much flatness but little corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7058. Estimate: $110 - $165 390. Cob 4 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-25. 12.2 grams. Unusually thick flan with full cross and pillars, bold 8 of date, no corrosion but some flatness, nicely toned. Estimate: $110 - $165 391. Cob 4 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-25. 10.3 grams. Full cross with bold E to right and 4 above, crude pillars with bold date, corroded, with blue-green sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7061. Estimate: $100 - $150 392. Cob 4 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-25. 7.9 grams. Full pillars with bold date, bold cross, thin from corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7059. Estimate: $100 - $150 393. Cob 4 reales, 1678(E). S-P37b. KM-25. 8.9 grams. One bold pillar plus bold waves, cross, mintmark and denomination, otherwise sea-worn or flat. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7060. Estimate: $100 - $150 394. Cob 4 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-25. 9.3 grams. Crude planchet but with full assayer (rare), two dates, full cross, moderate corrosion, edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7066. Estimate: $120 - $180 395. Cob 4 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-25. 8.4 grams. Round flan with clear date and assayer (rare), good but off-center cross, bold waves, king’s name (CA)ROL(VS) in legend, sea-worn, nicely toned. Estimate: $100 - $150
92 396. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 11.0 grams. Choice pillars-side details (bold date and assayer), good cross, light corrosion with green-blue sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7068. Estimate: $115 - $175 397. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 8.5 grams. Good cross and pillars, two assayers, sea-worn, with green-blue sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7073. Estimate: $110 - $165 398. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 11.4 grams. Big flan with full cross and pillars, moderate corrosion, odd edge-split. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7067. Estimate: $100 - $150 399. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 8.9 grams. Good full cross, smoothly sea-worn around edge. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7071. Estimate: $100 - $150 400. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 7.7 grams. Choice full pillars and waves, good cross, but thin from corrosion and wear. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7064. Estimate: $100 - $150 401. Cob 4 reales, 1679V. S-P39. KM-25. 9.1 grams. Full pillars, good cross, typically sea-worn but not bad. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7062. Estimate: $100 - $150 402. Cob 4 reales, 1679, assayer not visible. S-P38 or P39. KM- 25. 7.0 grams. Bold cross and mintmark, full pillars-and-waves but thin and sea-worn. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7065. Estimate: $90 - $135 403. Cob 4 reales, 1680V. S-P39. KM-25. 8.5 grams. Very large, thin flan with choice full details (100 percent full and finely detailed waves), full cross, full 1680 in legend, crude edge, corroded. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7074. Estimate: $115 - $175
93 404. Cob 2 reales, 1664E. S-P37a. KM-24. 4.5 grams. Full cross, bold pillars and waves, lightly corroded with blue-green sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7077. Estimate: $80 - $120 405. Cob 2 reales, 1670E. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.2 grams. Nice full cross and pillars, brown toning in crevices, edge-split. Estimate: $80 - $120 406. Cob 2 reales, 1673E. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.5 grams. Two dates, good pillars, POTOSI in legend, thin from corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7078. Estimate: $60 - $90 407. Cob 2 reales, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.2 grams. Good cross and pillars, thin from corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7079. Estimate: $70 - $100 408. Cob 2 reales, 1675E. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.6 grams. Two assayers, decent cross, nice pillars, minimal corrosion, green-blue sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7081. Estimate: $80 - $120 409. Cob 2 reales, 1675E. S-P37b. KM-24. 5.0 grams. Full 1675 date in legend, bold pillars, not much corrosion but some flatness. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7080. Estimate: $70 - $100 410. Cob 2 reales, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.4 grams. Two clear dates, bold mintmark, full but doubled cross, crude edge, green-blue sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7082. Estimate: $80 - $120 411. Cob 2 reales, 1678E. S-P37b. KM-24. 7.6 grams. Bold date between pillars, bold waves, bold assayer to right of cross, crude edge with flat periphery, not much corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7084. Estimate: $80 - $120 412. Cob 2 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-24. 4.7 grams. Bold date and assayer and denomination, some flatness but not much corrosion, scarce. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7086. Estimate: $75 - $110
94 413. Cob 2 reales, 1679C. S-P38. KM-24. 3.6 grams. Broad flan, scarce, with bold date and mintmark, two assayers, some flatness and thinning. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7085. Estimate: $75 - $110 414. Lot of one 2 reales and one 1 real, Philip IV. 2.5 and 2.1 grams. Two worn and only partially attributable cobs, the 2R pillars-and- waves assayer E, the 1R shield-type 1640s. Estimate: $60 - $90 415. Cob 1 real, (1651-2)E. S-P36. KM-12b. 2.2 grams. Choice details (cross and shield), odd shape, toned, minimal corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7088. Estimate: $50 - $75 416. Cob 1 real, 1655E. S-P37a. KM-13. 3.6 grams. Good cross, off-center pillars-and-waves with clear date, no corrosion but some flatness. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7109. Estimate: $50 - $75 417. Cob 1 real, 1659E. S-P37a. KM-13. 2.5 grams. Nice central details with peripheral flatness, good crown, no corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7110. Estimate: $50 - $75 418. Cob 1 real, 1661E. S-P37a. KM-13. 3.0 grams. Choice full details on a large flan, off-center pillars, full PHILIPPVS, no corrosion, nice toning. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7089. Estimate: $60 - $90 419. Cob 1 real, 1662E. S-P37a. KM-13. 3.4 grams. Nice full cross, bold waves, two dates and assayers, minimal corrosion, blue-green sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7090. Estimate: $50 - $75 420. Cob 1 real, 1663E. S-P37a. KM-13. 4.1 grams. Choice full pillars side, cross corroded, two dates. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7091. Estimate: $50 - $75 421. Cob 1 real, 1665E. S-P37a. KM-13. 1.8 grams. Full pillars and cross, thin from corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7092. Estimate: $50 - $75 422. Cob 1 real, 1666E. S-P37a. KM-13. 2.7 grams. Cute teardrop shape with full cross above clear date, king’s ordinal IIII, one full pillar, light corrosion, nice detail. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7093. Estimate: $50 - $75 423. Cob 1 real, 1668E. S-P37b. KM-23. 1.9 grams. Nice cross, choice pillars with bold date and two assayers, thin but with good detail and rainbow toning on fields. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7112. Estimate: $50 - $75
95 424. Cob 1 real, 1669E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.2 grams. Good cross, one bold pillar, no corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7094. Estimate: $50 - $75 425. Cob 1 real, 1669E. S-P37b. KM-23. 3.2 grams. Awesome bold date between pillars, crude cross, no corrosion but peripheral flatness. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7114. Estimate: $50 - $75 426. Cob 1 real, 1669E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.7 grams. Good centers, some corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7113. Estimate: $50 - $75 427. Cob 1 real, 1670E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.9 grams. Good full pillars, good cross, curiously oversized denomination I (probably taken from the letter punches for 2R legends), light corrosion only. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7096. Estimate: $60 - $90 428. Cob 1 real, 1670E. S-P37b. KM-23. 1.7 grams. Two dates, good centers, thin from sea-wear. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7095. Estimate: $50 - $75 429. Cob 1 real, 1672E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.4 grams. Choice full date between pillars, second date below good cross, no corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7098. Estimate: $60 - $90 430. Cob 1 real, 1673(E). S-P37b. KM-23. 3.0 grams. Attractive turnip shape with good cross and one pillar, two dates, no corrosion but flat spots near edge. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7099. Estimate: $60 - $90 431. Cob 1 real, 1673E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.4 grams. Good cross and date between pillars, light corrosion and peripheral flatness. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7100. Estimate: $50 - $75 432. Cob 1 real, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-23. 27 grams. Off-center pillars with bold date, nice but incomplete cross with pretty crown at top, no corrosion but part of edge flat. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7102. Estimate: $50 - $75 433. Cob 1 real, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-23. 3.2 grams. Good cross, nice pillars with bold date, light corrosion, blue-green sediment in crevices. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7103. Estimate: $50 - $75 434. Cob 1 real, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-23. 3.9 grams. Choice pillars side (perfectly centered and well detailed), full but corroded cross, two dates and mintmarks and assayers. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7115. Estimate: $50 - $75 435. Cob 1 real, 1674E. S-P37b. KM-23. 3.6 grams. Good detail on both sides despite one-third flatness near edge, three mintmarks, no corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7101. Estimate: $50 - $75 436. Cob 1 real, 1676E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.9 grams. Bold pillars and centers, particularly choice date and assayer, no corrosion but some peripheral flatness. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7104. Estimate: $50 - $75 437. Cob 1 real, 1677E. S-P37b. KM-23. 3.7 grams. Two dates, bold waves, doubled pillars, crude cross, light corrosion. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7106. Estimate: $50 - $75
96 438. Cob 1 real, 1679C. S-P38. KM-23. 2.7 grams. Choice but off-center cross, one bold pillar with bold date and assayer, slightly crude edge with flat spot, no corrosion, scarce. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7107. Estimate: $60 - $90 439. Cob 1 real, 1679C. S-P38. KM-23. 1.8 grams. Full pillars with bold date, clear assayer, two mintmarks, no corrosion, scarce. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #7117. Estimate: $60 - $90 440. Large clump with iron object and 1 real cob. 255 grams. At first glance this appears to be a pretty but low-value “EO” (encrusted object), but upon closer examination you can see a fully encrusted cob clinging to an extremity of the odd-shaped artifact, lots of shells and pebbles appended, mostly orange but one greenish protrusion that could indicate cuprous contents. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #7152. Estimate: $200 - $300 Joanna, sunk in 1682 off South Africa Potosí, Bolivia 441. Cob 8 reales, 1664(E). S-P37a. KM-21. 23.3 grams. Big flan with full cross and pillars, two dates (1664 in legend) but all somewhat corroded and with patchy toning, scarce early specimen from this wreck. With generic certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 Merestein, sunk in 1702 off South Africa Netherlands (Habsburg) 442. Zwolle, schelling, 1600s. 4.1 grams. Small, thin coin (attribution incomplete) with crowned arms on obverse, two-headed eagle on reverse, some legend visible, mostly darkly toned and worn but no corrosion. With Pearson photo-certificate #08418. Estimate: $100 - $150 Netherlands (United) 443. Westfriesland, schelling, 1600s. 3.8 grams. Bold details, especially the legends, nicely contrasting toning, no corrosion, different design than the above lot (attribution incomplete). With Pearson photo-certificate #08417. Estimate: $100 - $150 Association, sunk in 1707 off the Scilly Isles, southwest of England Lima, Peru 444. Cob 8 reales, 1695R. S-L12. KM-24. 25.9 grams. Good full cross with date below, full but lightly corroded pillars-side detail (second date, full mintmark and assayer), solid coin, attractively rainbow-toned. With World Treasure Books (Martin Pritchard) photo-certificate. Estimate: $275 - $425
97 Great Britain 445. Clump of four British silver coins: One crown, one halfcrown and two sixpences. 57 grams. Beautiful clump with vivid orange encrustation around the coins, which are arranged in two offset stacks and have been judiciously cleaned to expose just enough details to show that the crown is Charles II, the halfcrown is William III, the two sixpences with partial dates, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $300 - $450 446. Lot of two English coins of William III (1694-1702): London, crown, 169?; Exeter, sixpence, 1697. 24.7 and 2.8 grams. The crown is corroded and sea-worn and silvery but at least somewhat recognizable; the sixpence is relatively uncorroded but worn and wrinkled, with mostly readable details and toned. Estimate: $75 - $110 447. York, England, sixpence, William III, 1697. SP-3536. KM- 484.17. 2.9 grams. Bold king’s bust with mintmark Y below, lightly toned, some wear but not much corrosion. With Terry Hiron photo- certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 Multiple mints 448. Clump of two coins: Lima, Peru, cob 8 reales 1685 and Great Britain half crown of William III. 44 grams. Just a two- coin stack, but with lots of impacted dark-brown mud between the coins and rare as a mix of two totally different coins, both of them in rather decent condition, the 8 reales in fact with bold date and assayer (rather valuable in its own right), a small but interesting display. Estimate: $350 - $525 Feversham, sunk in 1711 off Nova Scotia, Canada Mexico City, Mexico 449. Cob 8 reales, Philip III, assayer F. KM-44.1. 24.5 grams. Thick and solid with surface corrosion only, bold full shield, full but weak cross, well centered, no toning, one of the nicer specimens from this tough wreck. With photocopy of history of wreck from Christie’s auction. Estimate: $175 - $275 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
98 DeLiefde, sunk in 1711 off the Shetland Islands, north of Scotland Netherlands (United) 450. Gelderland, “rider” ducatoon, 1674. DM-1009. 27.9 grams. Large coin but with significant surface corrosion, dark spots near center, date barely visible at top of reverse. With generic Ponterio certificate from 1993. Estimate: $75 - $110 451. Zwolle, “rider” ducatoon, 1682. DM-1042. 31.9 grams. Solid coin with full legends, full but worn inner details (knight on horse, arms), lightly toned, no corrosion, rare date in reference books. With generic Ponterio certificate from 1993. Estimate: $90 - $135 452. Utrecht, “rider” ducatoon, 1711. DM-1031. 32.2 grams. Very choice specimen with full and bold details all over, minute traces of corrosion, lightly toned. With generic Ponterio certificate from 1993. Estimate: $200 - $300 1715 Fleet, east coast of Florida Mexico City, Mexico 453. Cob 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (ca. 1650). S- M19. KM-45. 14.2 grams. Very early coin for this wreck, and not in the best shape in the world (heavily corroded and with upturned edge), yet with nearly full cross and shield, richly toned. With Real Eight Co. certificate signed by Bob Johnson. Estimate: $60 - $90 454. Cob 8 reales, Charles II. KM-46. 26.9 grams. Curious coin with large bubble-hole in metal (as made), bold shield, full cross, no corrosion but quite worn. Reportedly from the “Cabin wreck” site. Estimate: $100 - $150 455. Cob 8 reales, (1)711(J). S-M22. KM-47. 17.8 grams. Clear date (scarce), full oMJ and shield and cross but all quite sea-worn, lightly toned, part of edge crude. With Cobb Coin Co. (Fisher) photo-certificate #CB81-017. Estimate: $125 - $185
99 456. Cob 8 reales, 1711?(J). S-M22. KM-47. 24.8 grams. Bottom half of date only (not certain), good cross, patchy toning and encrustation but no corrosion. Estimate: $90 - $135 457. Cob 8 reales, 1713?(J), encrusted. S-M22. KM-47. 25.9 grams. Loaded with green, white and brown encrustation and shell bits, but judiciously cleaned off where the date appears, showing a clear 171 and possibly the bottom of a 3, rare like this. Estimate: $125 - $185 458. Cob 8 reales, 1714(J). S-M22. KM-47. 21.6 grams. Bold date (scarce), some cross and crown and shield but mostly corroded, silvery, interesting shape. Estimate: $200 - $300 459. Cob 8 reales, 1714J. S-M22. KM-47. 24.3 grams. Bold date but with last digit incomplete and not 100 percent certain, also full oMJ, not much corrosion but significant flatness (cross nearly blank), nicely toned. With hand-signed Frank Sedwick letter of authenticity from 1994 (a collectible in its own right!). Estimate: $150 - $225 460. Cob 8 reales, (17)14?J. S-M22. KM-47. 24.5 grams. Partial date (uncertain, possibly earlier), choice full cross and crown, full oMJ and shield, minimal corrosion. Estimate: $125 - $185 461. Cob 8 reales, 1715(J). S-M22. KM-47. 26.1 grams. Very desirable coin with 100 percent full and bold date (rare thus), bold oM, great cross, no corrosion at all, nicely toned. Estimate: $500 - $750 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
100 462. Cob 8 reales, 171(4 or 5)J. S-M22. KM-47. 26.8 grams. Solid but mostly flat coin with clear partial date, neater style begun in 1714, no corrosion, some toning. Estimate: $90 - $135 463. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer J, with Real Eight pedigree and extensive paperwork. S-M22. KM-47. 26.9 grams. Good specimen with bold oMJ, nearly full shield, minimal corrosion but some flatness and wear, some toning, desirable for the paperwork from Kip Wagner and the Real Eight Co. that has accompanied it since it was found in the 1960s. With hand-written and hand-signed letter on Real Eight stationery dated 1962 from Kip Wagner, stating “I personally chose this coin for you…,” plus a hand-written letter from 1967 by the coin’s former owner (written in Mexico), plus two “boilerplate” letters from Harry Cannon of Real Eight and Robert Nesmith of Foul Anchor Archives that discuss how and when the coins of the 1715 Fleet were made. Estimate: $200 - $300 464. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 26.8 grams. Thick and solid coin, dark and uncleaned, with mintmark oM and most of shield visible, nearly full cross, no corrosion but deep nick where date would be. With curious original cardboard holder with handwriting as follows: “Found by Kip Wagner, Sebastian, Florida / Found 1966 from Spanish Treasure Ships sunk 1715 / Minted 1692 [sic] OMJ Mexico 8 reales.” Estimate: $75 - $110 465. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer J. S-M22. KM-47. 25.1 grams. Bold oM and choice full shield of a smaller variety than usual, good full cross, toned and only partially corroded on part of edge. Estimate: $100 - $150 466. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer J. S-M22. KM-47. 25.4 grams. Same small-shield variant as above (fully visible), full but weak J, good full cross, darkly toned all over, no corrosion. Estimate: $125 - $185 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
101 467. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible (J). S-M22. KM- 47. 26.5 grams. Same small-shield variant as above (nearly full) on an elongated flan with nearly full shield, full denomination •8•, full cross, darkly toned, no corrosion but one patch of green encrustation near edge. With original Real Eight Co. sales receipt from the 1960s. Estimate: $150 - $225 468. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, oMJ. S-M22. KM-47. 22.2 grams. Long rectangular flan with bold oMJ, most of shield and cross, light to moderate corrosion, nice packaging. In large, blue leatherette folio (diploma style) with small booklet and certificate stating its origin as Nuestra Señora del Carmen y San Antonio signed by Roger Miklos of Nomad Treasure Seekers. Estimate: $150 - $225 469. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 26.7 grams. Totally corrosion-free (see pedigree) but with much peripheral flatness, good cross, most of shield, nicely toned, rectangular flan. From John Durham’s “Bulldozer Bonanza,” with West Bay Trading Co. certificate and letter from John Durham explaining his find. Estimate: $200 - $300 470. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 25.7 grams. Very thick, solid planchet with most of cross and shield, no corrosion but lots of peripheral flatness, nice packaging. In large, blue leatherette folio (diploma style) with small booklet and certificate stating its origin as Nuestra Señora del Carmen y San Antonio signed by Roger Miklos of Nomad Treasure Seekers. Estimate: $150 - $225 471. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 26.9 grams. Choice full shield of a cruder, earlier type (possibly assayer L instead of the usual J), bold denomination 8, solid and uncorroded and with nicely contrasting toning but cross oddly doubled (somewhat scarce for this issue). With Real Eight Co. certificate #M5143. Estimate: $125 - $185 472. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 24.0 grams. Rectangular flan with full shield and cross, light corrosion, darkly toned. With small certificate hand-signed by Mel Fisher and Rupe Gates. Estimate: $100 - $150
102 473. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-47. 25.4 grams. Interestingly rhomboid-shaped flan with decent cross, most of shield, minimal corrosion but typically worn and darkly toned. Estimate: $90 - $135 474. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, with crystallized cloth appended. KM-47. 27.1 grams. Large, round coin with most of cross visible on one side, the shield side almost completely covered with the original tan canvas bag that held these coins, now crystallized and solid, a rare and highly desirable relic. With Sedwick certificate from 2002. Estimate: $200 - $300 475. Cob 8 reales, Philip V?, assayer not visible, encrusted. 25.2 grams. Most of cross visible underneath a veneer of brown and green encrustation with tiny shell bits, scarce and desirable. With small, hand-signed Mel Fisher certificate from 1967. Estimate: $200 - $300 476. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, with shells appended. KM-47. 26.7 grams. Rectangular coin with significant bands (on both sides) of pieces of shells encrusted onto the dark surfaces, something you rarely see these days as most found coins are totally cleaned. Estimate: $150 - $225 477. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, thickly encrusted. KM-47. 29.3 grams. Long flan with decent cross peeking out from behind a “mountain” of white coral encrustation, an even larger mound on the other side, scarce thus. Estimate: $150 - $225 478. Cob 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, with thick encrustation KM-47. 27.8 grams. Sandy white encrustation graces the rim of this coin on both sides, the coin itself with clear shield and cross (very solid), scarce to see them uncleaned like this. With Sedwick certificate from 2003. Estimate: $150 - $225 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
103 479. Clump of two cobs, one 8 reales and one 4 reales. 42.2 grams. Two solid and well-detailed cobs sandwiched together with shield-sides out, their dark surfaces in stark contrast with the surrounding bright-white coral encrustation that binds them, quite a nice display and rare to see in today’s market. With Sedwick certificate from 2002. Estimate: $300 - $450 480. Cob 4 reales, (1)713(J). S-M22. KM-40. 12.8 grams. Choice, uncorroded specimen on an elongated flan with bold date, good full cross, richly toned, scarce and very desirable in this condition. With 2001 Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $250 - $375 481. Cob 4 reales, (17)14(J). S-M22. KM-40. 10.8 grams. Very bold full 14 of date but rest of coin flat and corroded, no toning. Pedigreed to an unspecified Richard Long auction. Estimate: $125 - $185 482. Cob 4 reales, Philip V, assayer J. S-M22. KM-40. 12.9 grams. Choice, uncorroded specimen (see pedigree) with bold full assayer, good but off-center shield and cross, beautifully toned, curiously blunted points. From John Durham’s “Bulldozer Bonanza,” with letter from John Durham explaining his find. Estimate: $175 - $275 483. Cob 4 reales, Philip V?, assayer not visible, thickly encrusted. 22.0 grams. The barrel-shape of the coin is recognizable but there are no visible details because it is totally uncleaned, with dark-orange, tan and white encrustation over the whole surface (but thick toward one end), a nice display that is rare to see today. Estimate: $150 - $225 484. Lot of three cob 4 reales, all Philip V, assayer J where visible. S-M22. KM-40. 12.1, 11.9 and 11.5 grams. Three corroded but solid specimens (uncleaned), one a very rusty brown, one with natural hole in center, decent details on each. Estimate: $100 - $150 485. Cob 1 real, (1)657(P). S-M19. KM-unlisted. 1.4 grams. Extremely rare unlisted date (very clear on this piece), good full cross, nice top-left corner of shield, a little thin from corrosion but nicely toned, very early for the Fleet. With Pearson certificate #06- 2072. Estimate: $75 - $110 486. Cob 1 real, Philip V, assayer J. S-M22. KM-30. 3.2 grams. Bold details (nearly full shield, oMJ, off-center cross) despite very dark color with brownish encrustation in crevices, solid and corrosion-free. Estimate: $50 - $75
104 487. Cob 1 real, Philip V, assayer not visible, mounted in silver-wire bezel for pendant. KM-30. 3.7 grams. Decent but corroded coin (most of cross and shield) inside simple bezel, ready to wear. Estimate: $75 - $110 488. Lot of four cob 1 reales, all Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-30. 3.1, 3.0, 2.1 and 1.8 grams. One rectangular and corrosion-free with nice details, one lightly corroded with full cross, and the other two somewhat corroded and encrusted, nice lot for cleaning and putting into jewelry. Estimate: $100 - $150 489. Cob ½ real, (16)91(L). S-M21. KM-unlisted. 2.1 grams. Very clear date that is extremely rare (unlisted) to left of full crown, crude cross with flatness but no corrosion, interesting barrel-shaped flan, darkly toned. Estimate: $200 - $300 490. Cob ½ real, 1709J. S-M22. KM-24. 1.7 grams. Rare with full date, bold oM, most of monogram and cross, lightly corroded. From the “Corrigans” site. Estimate: $125 - $185 491. Cob ½ real, Philip V, assayer not visible. KM-24. 1.7 grams. Nice full cross, nearly full monogram, large teardrop-shaped flan, darkly toned, no corrosion. Estimate: $50 - $75 492. Cob ½ real, Philip V?, assayer not visible. 0.5 gram. Good cross despite heavy corrosion that obliterated the monogram side and made the coin thin. With Real Eight Co. certificate #M9463. Estimate: $50 - $75 493. Cob denomination set of 8-4-2-1 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, in classic wooden box. 25.1, 12.8, 6.5 and 3.1 grams. Four decent coins (the 4 reales choice but with crude edge as made) with nearly full crosses and shields, but best part is the burgundy velvet- lined hinged box with clasp and a plaque on top that shows a ship and says “Original Silver Cob Coins Recovered From The Spanish Treasure Fleet Sunk During A Hurricane In 1715 Off Florida’s East Coast,” a promotional item of unknown vintage that we have seen a few times but always at a premium. With promotional wooden box and plaque, also each coin with a Sedwick certificate from 2001. Estimate: $350 - $525
105 494. Cob denomination set of 8-4-2-1-½ reales, Philip V, assayer J where visible. 25.9, 13.1, 2.9, 2.8 and 1.6 grams. A complete set, nicely matched in terms of quality, each coin with minor corrosion if any, the ½R with oMJ visible, the 1R, 2R and 8R with denomination visible, the 1R with king’s name visible, and all five with good crosses, especially the 4R and ½R, an increasingly hard set to put together these days. Estimate: $350 - $525 Lima, Peru 495. Cob 8 reales, 1700H. S-L15. KM-24. 18.7 grams. Moderately to heavily corroded but with full waves and one pillar, clear date and mintmark, good but very off-center cross with assayer to right. Estimate: $100 - $150 496. Cob 1 real, 1706R. S-L16. KM-31. 3.0 grams. Nice full cross with part of king’s name in legend, excellent full pillars and crown, two assayers, no corrosion but some dark staining, scarce. With Sedwick certificate from 2004. Estimate: $75 - $110 Potosí, Bolivia 497. Cob 8 reales, 1701F, posthumous Charles II. S-P42. KM- 26. 26.1 grams. Very choice specimen with two dates (possible 1/0 between pillars, which would be unique), full POTOSI in legend, three mintmarks, 1½ assayers, interesting shape, no corrosion, hairline edge-split, full cross and pillars-and-waves, even with part of king’s name in legend, really exceptional quality for both the issue (which is scarce) and the provenance. Estimate: $300 - $450 498. Cob 8 reales, Philip V?, completely cocooned in coral. 25.6 grams. A really cool artifact, the coin totally cover with whitish coral with pink and green highlights, with just enough of the pillars side peeking through to identify the mint and part of the date (early 1700s), could be cleaned to show details but then you would lose the unique encrustation. Estimate: $200 - $300 499. Cob 2 reales, 1708Y. S-P43a. KM-29. 6.2 grams. Full cross and pillars, two dates, clear assayer, solid coin with some surface corrosion and encrustation, patchy toning, slightly warped flan. With generic Cobb Coin Co. (Fisher) certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 500. Cob 1 real, 1658E, scarce from this wreck. S-P37a. KM- 13. 2.1 grams. Nice full pillars-and-waves, full cross, all three dates and mintmarks and assayers, lightly corroded (crystallized), no toning, scarce early specimen from this wreck. Estimate: $50 - $75
106 Bogotá, Colombia 501. Cob ¼ real, Philip IV, assayer P (late 1620s). S-B4. KM-unlisted. 0.7 gram. Probably the rarest silver cob ever found on the Fleet, this small, early coin is one of only a small handful of Colombian ¼R cobs in existence (this particular one, with assayer P, is unique), and is literally the only ¼R cob of any mint we have seen from the Fleet! The assayer P to the right of the full castle is bold, and the lion on the other side is full but slightly off-center, all lightly corroded but well detailed for such a small coin. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Uncertain mints 502. Large clump of coral and coins. 271 grams. This item and the next two are something you just DO NOT see any more: original, rocky, shell-encrusted clumps from the Real Eight days! This first one is massive, with at least six coins cocooned in a white, brown and green matrix that shows a lot of wormy pits and at least one big shell piece. Back in the 1960s when the coins were not so valuable, these clumps were more highly prized as “sea art,” but these days the temptation to tear them apart and possibly find a rare date or type makes clumps like this quite rare. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 503. Large clump of coral and coins. 173 grams. As above, with at least six coins and lots of rocky matrix. Estimate: $600 - $900 504. Large clump of coral and coins. 179 grams. This clump (like the above) shows at least two coins (but who knows what else lurks inside the matrix!) and the reverse impression of a coin on the outside. Estimate: $600 - $900
107 Slot ter Hooge, sunk in 1724 off the Madeira Islands Netherlands (United) 505. Utrecht, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1617. DM-843. 26.1 grams. Very choice, lustrous, high grade specimen with bold full date, good lion, much legend, light corrosion here and there, some toning, rare provenance. With 1983 certificate signed by Robert Sténuit. Estimate: $250 - $375 Chameau, sunk in 1725 off Nova Scotia, Canada France 506. Mint uncertain, ecu, 1725. 17.0 grams. Typical specimen from this wreck with heavily corroded obverse (where the mintmark would appear, below the bust of the king) but decent reverse with bold date, uncleaned and encrusted, lots of pretty green and white color. With Frank and Daniel Sedwick certificate from 1993. Estimate: $60 - $90 1733 Fleet, Florida Keys Mexico City, Mexico 507. Cob 8 reales, (173)0G/R. S-M25. KM-47a. 22.7 grams. Bold oMG/R (scarce over-assayer), nice partial shield, full but corroded cross, thick and solid coin, nicely toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #58. Estimate: $200 - $300 508. Cob 8 reales, 1731F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.1 grams. Full and bold date and mintmark, full but corroded cross, oblong-shaped flan, moderate corrosion all over, good toning. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #176. Estimate: $200 - $300 509. Cob 8 reales, 1731F. S-M26. KM-47a. 22.2 grams. Full 731 of date with pitting on the 3 that makes it look a lot like a G, most of cross, moderate corrosion, nicely toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #97. Estimate: $200 - $300 510. Cob 8 reales, (1)732/1F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.4 grams. Bold date with clear 2/1 overdate, full oMF, good full cross, most of shield, some corrosion, nicely toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #124. Estimate: $225 - $350
108 511. Cob 8 reales, 1732/1F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.0 grams. Full date with clear overdate, odd elongated shape, good cross (nearly full), some corrosion, well toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #79. Estimate: $200 - $300 512. Cob 8 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-47a. 25.9 grams. Very choice full date, good cross, very solid and uncorroded, lightly toned. With Fisher/Sinclair photo-certificate #95A-6616 from 1985. Estimate: $250 - $375 513. Cob 8 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.3 grams. Very bold full date, good but incomplete cross and shield, light corrosion only, well toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #61. Estimate: $250 - $375 514. Cob 8 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-47a. 19.1 grams. Good full date, full oMF, most of cross and shield, some corrosion, nicely toned, attractive rhomboid shape. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #63. Estimate: $200 - $300 515. Cob 8 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-47a. 22.3 grams. Nice full date, weak but uncorroded shield, cross side heavily corroded, some toning. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #56. Estimate: $150 - $225 516. Cob 8 reales, 1733F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.2 grams. Virtually full date (probably 3/2) and oMF, good but off-center cross, corroded only around the edge, compact flan (thick), nicely toned, scarce final year of Mexican cobs. With Frank Sedwick letter of authenticity from 1995. Estimate: $250 - $375 517. Cob 8 reales, 173?F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.6 grams. Nice full cross, full oMF, clear partial date, good but off-center shield, light corrosion only, well toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #62. Estimate: $150 - $225
109 518. Cob 8 reales, 173?F. S-M26. KM-47a. 24.0 grams. Bold 17 of date, full oMF, nice shield-side surface but cross side totally corroded, lightly toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #53. Estimate: $125 - $185 519. Cob 8 reales, 173?F. S-M26. KM-47a. 21.9 grams. Bold full oMF and 173 of date, smallish flan with full but corroded cross, uncorroded shield, toned in crevices. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #54. Estimate: $125 - $185 520. Cob 8 reales, 17(3?)F. S-M26. KM-47a. 23.8 grams. Awesome cross (full and uncorroded), clear oMF despite moderate pitting on shield side, nicely toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #70. Estimate: $125 - $185 521. Cob 8 reales, 17(3?)F. S-M26. KM-47a. 20.0 grams. Decent but off-center shield, full but weak cross, lightly corroded all over, toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #86. Estimate: $125 - $185 522. Cob 8 reales “blackie” (completely sulfided). 19.0 grams. Just a black, thick lump (with little bits of white shells) that you sometimes see from the 1733 Fleet, no details visible and not much chance of getting any if cleaned, so best left as a unique artifact as found in the ocean. Estimate: $50 - $75 523. Cob 4 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-40a. 13.2 grams. Very thick and squarish with bold full date and mintmark, good cross and off- center shield, no corrosion but some appended “horn silver” (dark spots), desirable for the fact that the obverse and reverse axes are aligned (lending itself well for a pendant). Estimate: $150 - $225 524. Cob 4 reales, 1732F. S-M26. KM-40a. 11.9 grams. Full date and oMF, small and thick, full but lightly corroded cross, some dark spots. From the San José site, with Sedwick certificate from 1996. Estimate: $125 - $185 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
110 525. Klippe 8 reales, 1733F. S-M27. KM-48. 16.8 grams. Early type with single-letter assayer (weak but certain oMF to left), clear date, full 8 to right, nice full crown, most of cross and shield, moderately corroded but quite competent and scarce, richly toned. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #93. Estimate: $300 - $450 526. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1732F. CT-774. KM-103. 18.0 grams. Very corroded and sea-worn, with important details (like date and assayer) barely discernible (but certain), nicely toned, rare first year of pillar dollars. With Tom Gurr certificate #5096. Estimate: $400 - $600 Vliegenthart, sunk in 1735 off Zeeland, the Netherlands Mexico City, Mexico 529. Cob 8 reales, 1731/0F. S-M26. KM-47a. 24.8 grams. Full and choice date with clear overdate, full oMF, good but off-center cross, minimal corrosion, flat around edge. With color certificate from the salvagers and clipped newspaper article. Estimate: $200 - $300 527. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1733F, mintmark oM. CT-775. KM-103. 26.4 grams. Choice Mint State details, practically no corrosion, smooth and satiny surfaces with nice toning, slightly off-center strike, one of the nicest specimens we have seen from this source. Also scarcer single-letter assayer. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #9. Estimate: $2,500 - $3,750 528. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1733F, mintmark oM. CT-775. KM-103. 25.6 grams. Mint State with weak spot in center of shield, virtually no corrosion, slightly uneven toning, another scarce beauty like the above but not quite as choice. From the “Coffins Patch” site, with salvager’s certificate #21. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000
111 Netherlands (Spanish) 530. Brabant, portrait ducatoon, Philip V, 1703. DM-354b. 32.4 grams. One of the choicest shipwreck silver coins we have ever seen, practically Mint State and 100 percent corrosion-free, near- perfect strike (just some faint adjustment marks on top of shield), attractively toned, and a scarce type, especially from this wreck. Estimate: $500 - $750 Netherlands (United) 531. Gelderland, “rider” ducatoon, 1734. DM-963. 32.1 grams. Totally corrosion-free and with all details perfectly clear and beautiful (XF), no toning except for bits in crevices. With color certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $275 - $425 Rooswijk, sunk in 1739 southeast of England Mexico City, Mexico 532. Cob 8 reales, Charles II, date not visible. KM-46. 26.7 grams. Good cross, most of crown and shield, some flatness but no corrosion, scarce early coin from this wreck. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $100 - $150 533. Cob 8 reales, 1729R. S-M24. KM-47a. 26.3 grams. Choice full date and oMR, nearly full cross, most of shield, no corrosion but some wear (or weak strike), nicely toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $225 - $350 534. Cob 8 reales, 1729R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.7 grams. Full date and oMR, nearly full shield and cross, no corrosion but with odd filing marks all over, well toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 535. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.9 grams. Bold 100 percent date and oMR, good cross and shield (incomplete), no corrosion or toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $225 - $350
112 536. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 26.4 grams. Good full cross, full and bold date and oMR, most of shield, no corrosion, a little silvery. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $225 - $350 537. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 26.3 grams. Nice full date and oMR, nearly full cross, much crown and shield, no corrosion, some dark toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $225 - $350 538. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 26.6 grams. Nice full cross, full date, bold oMR, most of shield and crown, no corrosion, part of edge crude, nicely toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 539. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.8 grams. Interesting shape, nice full cross, full date and oMR, nearly full but doubled shield, no corrosion, lightly toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 540. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.1 grams. Very bold full date and oMR, choice full cross, some corrosion around edge, nicely toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 541. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.5 grams. Good full cross, most of shield, full but weak date, full oMR, no corrosion, some toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 542. Cob 8 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 25.7 grams. Large and somewhat odd-shaped flan with full date, bold oM, good cross (slightly doubled), nice upper-left quadrant of shield, no corrosion, some toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300
113 543. Cob 8 reales, (1)730R. S-M24. KM-47a. 26.6 grams. Clear 30 of date, bold oM, nearly full shield and cross on an elongated flan, no corrosion but some dark encrustation. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 544. Cob 4 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-40a. 12.7 grams. Full date, bold oM, good but off-center cross, minor corrosion and expected flatness, thick flan, nicely toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $175 - $275 545. Cob 4 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-40a. 13.3 grams. Interesting shape, nice full cross, full but weak date and oMR, no corrosion, patchy toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $175 - $275 546. Cob 4 reales, 1730R. S-M24. KM-40a. 12.8 grams. Bold cross, full date, weak shield, no corrosion, lightly toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $175 - $275 547. Klippe 8 reales, 1733F. S-M27. KM-48. 25.5 grams. Choice full date and oMF (scarce early type with single-letter assayer), well-detailed full shield and off-center cross, slightly crude edge (cob-style flan), no corrosion, beautiful contrasting toning on fields. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $600 - $900 548. Klippe 8 reales, 1733MF. S-M28. KM-48. 26.3 grams. Super specimen with all important details full and bold (date, assayer, mintmark, denomination, even the king’s name in the legend), plus choice full cross, shield and crown, no corrosion, darkly toned fields, just about the best you can get without going into ultra-high grades. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 549. Klippe 8 reales, 1734/3MF. S-M28. KM-48. 26.0 grams. Nearly perfectly square, with ALL details full and nice (only the tops of some letters in the legend missing), AU details except for some pre-wreck scuffing (possibly large-scale adjustment marks from the mint), nicely toned, no corrosion, scarce second (and final) year of this ephemeral type. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $750 - $1,100
114 550. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1732F. CT-774. KM-103. 26.4 grams. A rather nice example of one of the classics of colonial numismatics, the very rare first year of production of “Spanish milled dollars” and considered by many to be the unofficial first dollar of the United States. This coin shows full details on both sides with practically no corrosion and wear, close to AU (just a small weak spot in the centers) and nicely toned, easily passable for non-salvage. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000 551. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1732F. CT-774. KM-103. 23.9 grams. Another specimen of the very rare first date of pillar dollars, this one with light corrosion over most surfaces and some areas of severe sea-wear but with all details clear, XF details, attractively toned. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 554. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1736MF. CT-780. KM-103. 26.4 grams. AU details, uncorroded shield side with slick satin surfaces, pillars side with hint of corrosion, richly toned, beautiful strike. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 555. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1737MF. CT-781. KM-103. 26.2 grams. Slightly off-center strike but choice details (AU), no corrosion, nice toning. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 553. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1735MF. CT-779. KM-103. 26.1 grams. Choice for salvage, near AU details and nice strike, attractively toned, faint veneer of corrosion. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 552. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1733MF. CT-776. KM-103. 25.7 grams. Beautiful specimen of the rare second year of pillar dollars, with just a hint of corrosion all over but very nice contrast from toning, all details clear and high grade (AU details), nice rims, faint adjustment marks on shield. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500
115 556. Pillar 4 reales, Philip V, 1735MF. CT-1049. KM-94. 12.5 grams. Scarce coin with choice XF details against a deeply toned background, very light corrosion all over, nice strike. With original but generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $250 - $375 Hollandia, sunk in 1743 off the Scilly Isles, southwest of England Mexico City, Mexico 557. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1738MF, mounted in sterling silver bezel for pendant. CT-783. KM-103. 26.0 grams. Typical specimen from this wreck with moderate corrosion and wear but most details discernible (date very weak), mounted in the 1970s with “TREASURE FROM ‘HOLLANDIA’ SUNK 1743 sterling silver” printed around the outside. With generic Cowan certificate with original signatures. Estimate: $150 - $225 558. Pillar 8 reales, Philip V, 1739MF. CT-787. KM- 25.8 grams. Bold XF details despite light corrosion and a plethora of marks from salvage, including one large rim-nick, nicely toned and actually better than most from this wreck. With Professional Numismatists Guild photo-certificate #8860 from 1980 signed by (Dr.) G.W. Vogt. Estimate: $150 - $225 559. Pillar 4 reales, Philip V, 174/30MF. CT-1056. KM-94. 13.3 grams. Choice Mint State details, no corrosion, but regrettably with a few nicks from salvage on the pillars side, lightly toned and lustrous, scarce overdate. With generic Cowan certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 560. Pillar 4 reales, Philip V, 174/30MF. CT-1056. KM-94. 8.5 grams. Light to moderate corrosion (and a bit thin) but with nice details (AXF), lightly toned, scarce overdate. With generic certificate from Calhoun’s Collectors Society, Inc. Estimate: $75 - $110 Netherlands (United) 561. Gelderland, “rider” ducatoon, 1732. DM-unlisted. 17.1 grams. Scarce early date for this wreck (also rare as unlisted in Delmonte), with full details despite corrosion and wear, attractively toned. Estimate: $75 - $110 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
116 562. Overijssel, “rider” ducatoon, 1742. KM-80. DM-1036. 32.5 grams. Very choice specimen with Mint State details, no corrosion, attractively toned, classic pedigree. With lot envelope from Sotheby- Parke-Bernet (New York) auction of 1972. Estimate: $200 - $300 563. Overijssel, “rider” ducatoon, 1742. KM-80. DM-1036. 32.3 grams. As above, same quality and pedigree, but covered with tiny nicks here and there. With lot envelope from Sotheby-Parke-Bernet (New York) auction of 1972. Estimate: $150 - $225 Princess Louisa, sunk in 1743 off the Cape Verde Islands Lima, Peru 564. Cob 1 real, 1726M. S-L20b. KM-31. 2.0 grams. Typically crude, small planchet but with clear date and one nice lion, light corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $50 - $75 565. Cob 1 real, 1741/0V. S-L22. KM-31a. 2.8 grams. Two clear dates but (rare) overdate only between pillars, one full assayer, off-center cross, light corrosion, nicely toned. Estimate: $75 - $110 Uncertain mints 566. Clump of seven cobs and one pillar dollar. 47.7 grams. Small but beautiful display with coins and many pebbles clustered around a worn pillar dollar, some orange-white coral. With Sedwick/ Arqueonautas certificate #MAI-006/98/CC/109 and custom cardboard box. Estimate: $600 - $900 567. Clump of five cobs. 32.0 grams. Small but very attractive cluster that contains coins from several different New World mints (a Mexican 1 real, shield-side out, a Lima 2 reales, cross-side out, and a Potosí 4 reales with 1737 date visible, plus two other cobs too buried to discern) in addition to small pebbles and orange and white encrustation, very impressive and attractive, and very scarce with such a mix of coins. With generic certificate and pedigreed to the Sedwick Treasure Auction #1, with original lot-tag. Estimate: $400 - $600 Unidentified ca.-1744 wreck off Peru Lima, Peru 568. Cob 1 real, 1743V. S-L22. KM-31a. 2.6 grams. Bold date, clear assayer, nice cross, practically no corrosion, rather good specimen from this “unofficial” wreck. Estimate: $60 - $90
117 Reijgersdaal, sunk in 1747 off South Africa Mexico City, Mexico 569. Pillar 8 reales, 1739MF. CT-787. KM-103. 25.5 grams. Nice XF details with light corrosion only on part of edge, beautifully toned. With generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $225 - $350 570. Pillar 8 reales, 1742MF. CT-793. KM-103. 25.8 grams. Choice and nearly corrosion-free pillars side, lightly corroded shield side, net XF details, attractively toned. With generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $300 - $450 571. Pillar 8 reales, 1744MF. CT-797. KM-103. 25.5 grams. Choice shield side, very lightly corroded pillars (net XF), pretty toning and nice strike, better date. With generic certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $300 - $450 Nuestra Señora de la Luz, sunk in 1752 off Montevideo, Uruguay Potosí, Bolivia 572. Cob 8 reales, 1750E. S-P51. KM-40. 25.9 grams. One of the nicest specimens ever recovered from this wreck, with very choice, full and bold cross, one full pillar, two dates, three assayers (scarce), nicely toned, no corrosion. With 1999 Collado photo-certificate #310-P. Estimate: $350 - $525 573. Cob 4 reales, 1751q. S-P52. KM-39. 10.3 grams. Good full cross, bold date, well-centered strike, light to moderate corrosion all over, nicely toned. With 1997 Almeida photo-certificate #970039. Estimate: $200 - $300 Bredenhof, sunk in 1753 off Mozambique Dutch East India Company 574. Clump of five copper duits (1752) and lots of encrustation. 69.0 grams. A lovely display with five coins jutting out at all angles from a rocky black matrix that also shows the reverse impressions of two more coins. One of the coins shows a perfectly full castle, VOC monogram and 1752 date. With 2003 Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $225 - $350 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
118 Bredenhof (1753) and others Dutch and British East India Comapnies 575. Copper coins from three different sources: Dutch East India Co. duit 1752 from the Bredenhof (1753); Dutch East India Co. duit 1790 from the “Galle Harbor treasure”; and English East India Co. XX cash 1808 from the Admiral Gardner. 9.1, 2.9 and 2.6 grams. Three attractive, albeit inexpensive, copper coins from shipwrecks, the two duits with a tiny bit of corrosion but the XX cash nearly pristine. The Bredenhof coin with original certificate from the salvagers and the “Galle Harbor” coin with generic letter. Estimate: $50 - $75 Dodington, sunk in 1755 off South Africa Potosí, Bolivia 576. Cob 8 reales, 1751q, mounted in 14K gold bezel for pendant. S-P52. KM-40. 28.9 grams. Crudely worn on cross side and pitted on pillars side, as is typical for this wreck, with bold denomination, two full mintmarks, two partial dates, one choice pillar, richly toned. With 1998(?) photo-certificate from Treasure Island at the Mirage (Las Vegas). Estimate: $250 - $375 577. Cob 8 reales, 1752q. S-P52. KM-40. 24.5 grams. Choice full pillars with bold date, bold and full but sea-worn cross (as is typical). With original certificate #108 from the salvager (1996). Estimate: $200 - $300 Auguste, sunk in 1761 off Nova Scotia, Canada France 578. Limoges, ecu, 1726-I KM-486.10. 27.8 grams. Nice details but typically weak bust (mostly worn), attractive reverse, black and brown toning, no corrosion. With Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 Cazador, sunk in 1784 off Louisiana Mexico City, Mexico 579. Bust 8 reales, Charles III, 1783FF. CT-933. KM-106.2. 24.7 grams. Choice specimen with full XF details, no corrosion, part of edge slightly crude (as made), some dark spots on bust. With original Grumpy partnership certificate #17104. Estimate: $150 - $225
119 580. Bust 8 reales, Charles III, 1783FF. CT-933. KM-106.2. 24.9 grams. Nice obverse, lightly corroded reverse with toned spot in middle, otherwise whitish. With original Grumpy partnership certificate #16862. Estimate: $100 - $150 Uncertain mints 581. Half-cut of a Spanish colonial bust 8 reales of Charles III. 11.6 grams. Unique item, cut in half before the wreck, this half of the cut unfortunately without date or assayer or mintmark, lightly corroded all over but quite rare and valuable as an example of a true colonial-era “4 bits.” Estimate: $500 - $750 582. Uncleaned clump of three bust 8 reales. 64 grams. A fallen stack, the three coins offset by no more than ¼”, all sea-worn and with only a few details visible (king’s ordinal III is clear), a fair amount of attractive brown and green encrustation, better than just three plain, generic coins from the half million that were found. With Grumpy Partnership certificate. Estimate: $225 - $350 Halsewell, sunk in 1786 off the south of England Potosí, Bolivia 583. Bust 8 reales, Charles III, 1780PR. CT-982. KM-55. 23.0 grams. Nicely detailed (VF or so) despite light to moderate corrosion, very scarce wreck. In custom plastic jewelry box and with salvager’s certificate #8R-030. Estimate: $125 - $185 Piedmont, sunk in 1795 off the south of England Potosí, Bolivia 584. Cob 8 reales, 1673E, 3 dates. S-P37b. KM-26. 24.8 grams. Three clear dates (bold 1673 in legend), rare thus, also good cross and pillars, two assayers, nicely toned, minimal corrosion but some flatness. Estimate: $250 - $375
120 Santa Leocadia, sunk in 1800 off Punta Santa Elena, Ecuador Lima, Peru 585. Pillar 2 reales, Charles III, 1766JM. CT-Type 134. KM-62. 3.8 grams. First pillar minor we have heard of from this wreck (so must be very rare), corroded pillars side but shield side beautiful. Estimate: $75 - $110 586. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1796IJ. CT-651. KM-97. 22.4 grams. Light corrosion all over (VF details), scarce from this wreck (which heretofore has yielded only 1800s), subtly toned. Estimate: $150 - $225 587. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1798I(J). CT-653. KM-97. 25.4 grams. Another scarce date from this wreck, this one also lightly corroded but better (XF) details, with a little toning. Estimate: $150 - $225 588. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 25.8 grams. Choice AU details with bare hint of corrosion, lightly toned. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $135 - $200 589. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 25.5 grams. Nice AU details, virtually no corrosion, grayish color. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $120 - $180 590. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 25.1 grams. Trace of corrosion, near AU details, grayish color. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $110 - $165 591. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 25.1 grams. Trace of corrosion, near AU details, grayish color. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $110 - $165 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
121 592. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 23.9 grams. Light corrosion all over, but all details quite clear (net VF), starting to tone colorfully. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 593. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 23.6 grams. Off-center strike, light corrosion, weak date, still with decent (VF) details, no toning. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 594. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1800IJ. CT-655. KM-97. 25.9 grams. Dark and crusty as found (uncleaned, colorful), some corrosion (edge not 100 percent intact), probably VF details. Estimate: $100 - $150 595. Clump of twenty-nine(+/-) bust 8 reales. 771 grams. One of the biggest and prettiest coin clumps we have ever seen, a fallen stack of eroded coins covered with bright white coral on one side, the other side with all the coins visible and patinated around their edges in contrast with whitish-tan encrustation here and there, very impressive and substantial. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 596. Choice clump of two bust 8 reales and a snail shell. 82 grams. A curious display that sits well with one partially cleaned coin (well preserved, with full bust and bold date) upright in front, the shell in back, and the second coin (fully encrusted) in between, with lots of pebbles and greenish encrustation all over. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $350 - $525 597. Clump of three bust 8 reales. 82 grams. An offset stack, with the facing side of the offset coin on top fully cleaned and showing a choice reverse, the other two coins probably in slightly worse condition but nicely encrusted with green, white and black colors. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $250 - $375
122 598. Clump of two bust 8 reales. 48 grams. Two offset coins, back to back, the top one fully cleaned and only lightly corroded (fully detailed), the bottom one dark and heavily corroded on the bust side but with nice reverse showing behind the better coin. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 599. Clump of two bust 8 reales. 55 grams. An “encrustation sandwich” with two decent coins (only lightly corroded), one cleaned with reverse out, the other uncleaned with obverse out (full date visible), attractive debris including part of a snail shell. With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 600. Clump of two bust 8 reales. 58 grams. Two coins at a slight angle, the top one fully cleaned (VF details, lightly corroded) and with clear date, the bottom coin fully encrusted with small bits of shells (green and white). With Sedwick photo-certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 601. Clump of two bust 8 reales (uncleaned). 54 grams. Fully encrusted pair of coins at a slight angle, with lots of tiny bits of shell and debris, gray-green color, the coins fairly solid but probably not as well-preserved as some of the above. With Sedwick photo- certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 602. Bust 1 real, Charles III, 1773JM. CT-1490. KM-75. 2.5 grams. Rare early minor from this wreck, moderately corroded all over but all details clear (Fine), lightly toned. Estimate: $50 - $75 603. Bust 1 real, Charles IV, 1798IJ. CT-1104. KM-94. 2.0 grams. Moderate corrosion, off-center reverse, all details clear (Fine), rare from this wreck. Estimate: $50 - $75 604. Bust ½ real, Charles IV, 1792IJ. CT-1246. KM-93. 1.3 grams. Choice, well-detailed early bust (style unique to this mint), light corrosion only, rare from this wreck. Estimate: $50 - $75 Potosí, Bolivia 605. Bust 2 reales, Charles III, 1785PR. CT-1403. KM-53. 5.8 grams. Rare from this wreck (as a minor, non-Lima, and earlier than 1800), half of reverse and all of obverse lightly corroded but all details clear (Fine), toned fields. Estimate: $75 - $110
123 Athenienne, sunk in 1806 off Sicily Mexico City, Mexico 606. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1802FT. CT-698. KM-109. 26.9 grams. Beautifully old-toned XF with no corrosion but rim-bruise and old slash across the king’s neck from ear to throat, scarce provenance. Estimate: $225 - $350 Lady Burgess, sunk in 1806 off the Cape Verde Islands Seville, Spain 607. Bust 8 reales, Charles IV, 1802CN. CT-777. Cay-13938. 26.0 grams. Choice XF details, faint hint of corrosion, nicely toned, scarce issue. NOTE: See lot #1078 in this sale for a handwritten account of the shipwreck by a surviving passenger. Estimate: $100 - $150 609. Lot of ten copper XX cash, 1808, cleaned. KM-321. Average 9 grams per coin. As above but one coin less. Estimate: $200 - $300 610. Lot of ten copper XX cash, 1808, cleaned. KM-321. Average 9 grams per coin. As above. Estimate: $200 - $300 Admiral Gardner, sunk in 1809 southeast of England British East India Company 608. Lot of eleven copper XX cash, 1808, cleaned. KM-321. Average 9 grams per coin. All coins perfect or nearly so (AU-UNC details), whitish copper color, larger and scarcer than the ubiquitous X cash. Estimate: $225 - $350
124 611. Lot of three copper XX cash, 1808, toned. KM-321. 9.2, 9.0 and 8.9 grams. Nearly pristine coins (no corrosion, high grade), two a natural copper color but the third actually bluish. Estimate: $100 - $150 612. Lot of two copper XX cash, 1808, uncleaned. KM-321. 8.9 and 8.8 grams. Both coins encrusted, one with significant areas of tan sediment and green oxidation, the other one green and rusty brown, both probably uncorroded underneath. Estimate: $75 - $110 613. Stack of ten copper X cash, 1808. KM-319. 50.0 grams. A very tight stack of well-preserved coins held together by sturdy encrustation on one side, some details visible on the end coins. With small Sedwick certificate from 2003. Estimate: $100 - $150 614. Lot of ten copper X cash, 1808, cleaned. KM-319. 4.5 to 4.6 grams each. Ten pristine coins (or nearly so), all frosty light copper in color, no corrosion. Estimate: $100 - $150 615. Presentation set of eight copper X cash, 1808, in wooden display-box. KM-319. Average 4.5 grams per coin. Each coin only partially cleaned (dark and dusty) but without corrosion, housed in plastic capsules inside a hinged wooden box without any kind of printing or plaque (so usable for other coins if desired). Estimate: $80 - $120 616. Lot of four copper X cash, 1808, two uncleaned and two partially cleaned. KM-319. 4.4 to 4.7 grams each. The two clean ones are pristine, and one of the encrusted ones appears to be in perfect condition underneath the blue-green and brown (one raised spot is shiny), but the other encrusted one (big patches of raised brown sediment against green surfaces) is slightly bent. Estimate: $50 - $75 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
125 Unidentified 1800s wreck off Africa Uncertain mints 617. Clump of Spanish or Spanish colonial bust 8 reales of Ferdinand VII. 152 grams. As clusters go, this is an absolutely beautiful specimen, with white and pink coral tinged with green over at least 80 percent of the surfaces, most of the coins well eroded but with FERDIN visible on the top coin, just a shame there is not more known about its provenance. With Sedwick certificate from 2003. Estimate: $250 - $375 Cabalva, sunk in 1818 in the Indian Ocean Madrid, Spain 618. Bust 8 reales, Ferdinand VII, 1815GJ. CT-504. Cay-15953. 22.6 grams. Moderate corrosion but all details clear (Fine), scarce issue and provenance. With original certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $100 - $150 S.S. Folcon, sunk in 1851 off Newfoundland, Canada Great Britain 619. London, England, copper half penny, George I, 1723. SP- 3660. KM-557. 8.1 grams. Quite worn (Good) but negligible corrosion, some dark tone, scarce provenance. With hand-signed Robillard photo-certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 620. London, England, copper half penny, George III, 1806. SP-3781. KM-662. 8.8 grams. Nice details despite wear (About Fine) but no corrosion, dark toning, scarce provenance. With hand- signed Robillard photo-certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 S.S. Central America, sunk in 1857 off North Carolina Santiago, Chile 621. 50 centavos, 1853, encapsulated PCGS “Certified”. KM- 128. Eagle on obverse, arms in wreath on reverse, lustrous XF with veneer of corrosion on less than half the surface, highly promoted shipwreck. Estimate: $350 - $525 622. 50 centavos, 1855, encapsulated PCGS “Certified”. KM- 128. As above, no corrosion but stained VF, popular wreck. Estimate: $350 - $525
126 S.S. Republic, sunk in 1865 off Georgia United States of America 623. New Orleans, 50 cents, 1856-O, encapsulated NGC “shipwreck effect,” with promotional packaging. KM-A68. AU details with small part of surface lustrous but most of it matte (what they call “shipwreck effect”), desirable provenance and packaging. With hinged mahogany display box containing certificate (#1793907-130), booklet and DVD. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 624. New Orleans, 50 cents, 1861-O, encapsulated NGC “shipwreck effect,” with promotional packaging. KM-A68. AU details, some luster but mostly matte (“shipwreck effect”), desirable provenance and packaging. With hinged mahogany display box containing certificate (#1797949-218), booklet and DVD. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 S.S. Florizel, sunk in 1918 off Newfoundland, Canada Great Britain 625. London, England, copper half penny, Victoria, 1853. SP- 3949. KM-726. 9.0 grams. Fine details, no corrosion, very scarce provenance. With hand-signed Robillard photo-certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 MEDALS RELATING TO SHIPWRECKS AND TREASURE 626. Great Britain, silver medal commemorating the salvaging of the Concepción by William Phips in 1687. 55.4 grams, actual size 54.5 mm. A rare and highly sought large medal, presumably made from the very same silver recovered from the Spanish galleon wreck by the famous New Englander William Phips, who later received a knighthood for this service to the crown. Polished VF with commensurate amount of marks (nothing serious), the portraits of James II and Mary particularly bold, with salvage scene on reverse and 1687 date in exergue. Estimate: $500 - $750 627. Spain, bronze medal commemorating the marriage of King Louis I to Louisa Isabel (daughter of the Duke of Orleans) in 1721. 39.6 grams. Large and beautifully engraved piece with bust of the Duke of Orleans on the obverse, clasped hands above an altar on the reverse, date in Roman numerals in exergue, struck three years before Louis I became king (and died in the same year), chocolate brown, near AU. Pedigreed to Ponterio auction #112 (April, 2001), with lot-tag. Estimate: $200 - $300
127 628. Great Britain, bronze “Admiral Vernon” medal (1741), Porto Bello and Cartagena. Betts #303. 12.5 grams. The enmity between the Spanish and the British in the 18th century is the stuff of legend, marking the point in time at which the role of dominant naval power and American overlord switched from one to the other. It was a time of tremendous British pride, and in true form the various victories were commemorated with medals. The copper medals struck for Vernon, like this one, were so popular and abundant that they were literally circulated as coins and heavily worn. This particular piece (a rare type) shows Vernon personally humbling the Spanish Fleet commander at Cartagena, Admiral Don Blas de Leso, on the obverse and six ships attacking Port Bello on the reverse, with legends THE SPANISH PRIDE PULLD DOWN BY ADMIRAL VERNON and WHO TOOK PORTO BELLO WITH SIX SHIPS ONLY, with date NOV 2, 1739 in exergue (referring to the date of the Porto Bello capture). The irony of this particular issue is the fact that Don Blas did not capitulate to Vernon as pictured and in fact escaped, a cowardly act that further riled the British public and (yep, you guessed it!) led to more propaganda in the form of more medals. About Fine, a little grainy, chocolate brown color. Estimate: $150 - $225 629. Mexico, Empire of Iturbide, silver half-dollar-sized proclamation medal, 1822. 16.6 grams. Richly toned obverse with crowned eagle on cactus, reverse showing INAUGURACION DE AGUSTIN. PRIMER LIBERADOR DE MEXICO. JULIO 21 DE 1822, AVF overall, no problems. Estimate: $90 - $135 630. Great Britain, steel restrike of a German medal commemorating the sinking of the Lusitania in 1916. 76.1 grams. We have had a number of these in our auctions, but each one has gotten more money than the last, so they must be popular. The original medals, depicting on the obverse a skeletal Cunard agent selling tickets and the sinking of the ship on the reverse, were unabashed propaganda by the Germans (who torpedoed and sank the Lusitania) to show the folly of sending hapless passengers to their death in dangerous waters during wartime; but soon afterward the British realized they could portray the Germans as heartless barbarians by striking medals with the very same design! This specimen is in perfect condition save for some small spots of rust. Estimate: $150 - $225 631. Silver 5-oz medal struck from silver recovered from the Atocha (1622) for the 1988 Florida United Numismatists annual coin convention. 2½” in diameter. By 1988 Mel Fisher’s fabulous find was in full promotional mode, and some of the hundreds of silver bars recovered were in such poor condition that it made sense to melt them down and turn them into commemorative medals like this one (the much more insidious replica coins and jewelry came later). These medals were made and marketed by the late coin dealer Brian Beardsley of Worldwide Ventures. The design consists of a picture of the ship above ATOCHA SILVER on the obverse and the State of Florida with an alligator, two dolphins and a flamingo on the reverse, the legends reading FIVE TROY OUNCES / LOST 1622 DISCOVERED 1985 and FLORIDA UNITED NUMISMATISTS / JAN 7-10, 1988. Many of these medals were subsequently melted and therefore they are somewhat scarce today. Gem Proof condition. With wooden box engraved with a ship and TREASURE OF THE ATOCHA / 1622-1985, plus Beardsley certificate #078 (limited to 1000 pieces). Estimate: $125 - $185 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
128 632. Silver 5-oz medal struck from silver recovered from the Atocha (1622) for the 1988 Florida United Numismatists annual coin convention. 2½” in diameter. As above but without the wooden box and certificate, housed in a sized-to-fit plastic capsule. Estimate: $75 - $110 633. Set of four gold-layered base-metal medals struck in 1992 to commemorate the 500th anniversary of Columbus’ discovery of the Americas. Each medal 1½” in diameter and 31 grams. Four gilded medals depicting Columbus, Isabella, the Santa María, and three caravels on the obverse (each with crowned-500 logo on reverse), all lustrous Mint State (as protected by plastic capsules, part of the “Official Caravel Collection” authorized by the government of Spain’s Quincentennial Commission in 1992. Housed in a custom wooden display box (desktop or wall-hanging), with small brochure. Estimate: $75 - $110 634. Silver 8-oz medal commemorating the 375th anniversary of the sinking of the Atocha in 1622, struck in 1997. 3½” in diameter. Another item made from melted-down ingots from the Atocha, this larger piece shows the ship with “The 375th ANNIVERSARY OF 1622 FLEET” on the obverse and “Nuestra Señora de Atocha / Lost at Sea off of Key West September, 1622 / Treasure Recovered 1975 - 1985 / Struck in 8 troy ounces of silver, this 375th Anniversary Proof combines historic Atocha Silver, recovered from the wreck, with pure .999 fine silver” on the reverse. The edge is marked with the number 005, presumably from a limited issue of 1000 pieces, housed in a sized-to-fit hard-plastic capsule. Gem Proof. Estimate: $150 - $225 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
129 SILVER COBS OF MEXICO CITY, MEXICO Charles-Joanna,”Late Series” (waves below pillars) 635. 2 reales, assayer L to left, mintmark M to right. S-M9a. KM-12. 6.4 grams. Full legends and nice inner details but holed near edge, AVF, no toning. Estimate: $90 - $135 636. 1 real, mintmark oM to left, assayer oG to right, king’s name as CHAROLVS. S-M5. KM-9. 3.2 grams. Rare with small o’s above mintmark and assayer (Nesmith 36 but with different legend), full legends and good inner details, AVF, nicely toned. Estimate: $125 - $185 637. 1 real, assayer O/L to left, mintmark oM to right. S-M10, KM-9. 3.3 grams. Clear over-assayer (fairly common), much legend and nice crown but some flatness and doubling, Fine with verdigris. Estimate: $80 - $120 638. 1 real, assayer O to left, mintmark oM to right. S-M10, KM-9. 3.3 grams. Choice full pillars and shield, some legend, nicely toned VF. Estimate: $90 - $135 639. 1 real, mintmark oM to left, assayer O to right. S-M10, KM-9. 3.3 grams. Bold legends, full shield and pillars, AVF with spots of brown. Estimate: $80 - $120 640. 1 real, mintmark oM to left, assayer O to right. S-M10, KM-9. 3.4 grams. Parts of legend very bold, interiors doubled, nicely toned VF. Estimate: $70 - $100 641. Lot of three 1 reales of assayers L and O (where visible). KM-9. 3.2, 3.1 and 2.8 grams. Each with good full pillars and shield, one with damaged edge, one polished and holed, none worse than Fine. Estimate: $135 - $200 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
130 Shield-type 642. 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer D (1630s). S-M18a. KM-45. 26.7 grams. Big, fat, barrel-shaped flan with full but weak shield and cross (whose ends are distinctive for the 1630s), bold and big oM, lightly toned Fine. Estimate: $90 - $135 643. 8 reales, 1652/1/0/49P, with chopmarks as from circulation in the Orient. S-M19. KM-45. 27.6 grams. Scarce overdate with fairly clear digits (the 5/4 more so than the rest), bold full oMP and denomination 8, full but weak shield and cross, at least five chopmarks of different sizes, Fine with brown sediment in crevices. With Frank Sedwick letter of authenticity from 1994. Estimate: $150 - $225 644. 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer P (ca. 1652), with chopmarks as from circulation in the Orient. S-M19. KM-45. 26.7 grams. Big, thick flan with full oMP, 8, cross and shield, just a few small chopmarks, spotty rainbow toning, Fine+. Estimate: $75 - $110 645. 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (ca. 1652), cut down and chopmarked as from circulation in the Orient. S-M19. KM- 45. 20.1 grams. Whereas the last two lots received only a few chops, this specimen got hit hard, with each merchant along the way testing the silver by means of partially cutting, enabling pieces to break off over time. About 3/4 of the coin remains, with most of the shield and cross in evidence, darkly toned Fine. Estimate: $60 - $90 646. 8 reales, 165(?)(P), cut down and chopmarked as from circulation in the Orient. S-M19. KM-45. 14.2 grams. As above but with only about half the coin remaining, with partial date and cross, upper half of shield, remarkably high grade (AXF), with green spots. Estimate: $60 - $90 647. 8 reales, Philip IV or Charles II, assayer not visible. 26.6 grams. Most of cross, top of denomination, but typically crude and with lots of flatness around the edge, toned Fine. Estimate: $60 - $90
131 648. 8 reales, Charles II, assayer not visible. KM-46 26.1 grams. Very curious shape (a long rhombus with distinct points) with most of cross and shield but otherwise flat, whitish in color, could not have seen much circulation but net VF for grade. From the “Pasay hoard” (Philippines). Estimate: $175 - $275 649. 8 reales, 1716?J. S-M22. KM-47. 27.0 grams. Odd shape, with full oMJ and cross, most of shield, very weak date that could be rare, Fine+ with tan sediment in crevices. Estimate: $150 - $225 650. 8 reales, Louis I?, assayer D/J? (1724?), with unidentified countermarks. S-M23. KM-49. 26.6 grams. Interesting shape, bold oMD with the assayer clearly punched over something that should be J but looks more like G, good full cross with two countermarks (one just a circle and the other with a character inside), nicely toned Fine with flat peripheries, potentially quite rare. Estimate: $75 - $110 651. 8 reales, Philip V or Louis I, assayer D. 27.2 grams. Bold assayer, full cross, nearly full shield, very crude About Fine, toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 652. 8 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, with chopmarks as from circulation in the Orient. KM-47. 26.4 grams. Odd coin with 100 percent full crown and one full lion of atypical design, nicely toned Fine with flat spots. Estimate: $75 - $110 653. 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer P (ca. 1652), with chopmarks and test cuts as from circulation in the Orient. S-M19. KM-38. 12.7 grams. Good full cross, full shield and oMP, crude edge, attractive chops, Fine with toning on fields. Estimate: $60 - $90 654. 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (ca. 1652), with chopmarks and test cuts as from circulation in the Orient. S- M19. KM-38. 12.5 grams. Roundish flan with nearly full cross and shield, one test cut rather deep, crude Fine. Estimate: $60 - $90
132 655. 4 reales, Philip IV or Charles II, assayer not visible, shield side struck from 8- reales die. 13.9 grams. Partial shield that is obviously oversized in comparison to the cross, crude strike, lightly toned About Fine with green spots. Estimate: $50 - $75 656. Lot of two 4 reales of Philip IV or Charles II, assayers not visible. 10.7 and 10.4 grams. One roundish and thick and the other odd-shaped, both About Fine with nearly full cross and shield. Estimate: $100 - $150 657. 2 reales, Philip II, assayer O. S-M11. KM-31. 6.9 grams. Typically nice details (full shield and cross, some flatness) on a round, thin planchet with bold assayer, some legend (most of crown), toned VF. Estimate: $120 - $180 658. 2 reales, Philip V, assayer not visible, with chopmarks as from circulation in the Orient. KM-35. 6.4 grams. Roundish flan with nearly full cross (one nice lion) and shield (well detailed), several tiny chops (scarce on minors), AVF. From the “Fukien Find,” with small certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 659. 2 reales, 1731/0F. S-M26. KM-35a. 6.8 grams. Full but weak date, bold oM, nearly full crown and cross, toned AVF. Estimate: $60 - $90 660. Lot of two 1 reales of Philip II, assayer O. S-M11. KM-26. 3.5 and 3.2 grams. One with oM to left and O to right (crude VF with nice cross and shield) and one with O to left and oM to right (nice AVF, richly toned). Estimate: $110 - $165 661. ½ real, Philip III, assayer F-oD. S-M14a. KM-unlisted. 1.6 grams. Rare issue with two assayers, F above and to the left of the monogram, oD below (mintmark oM at upper right barely visible), choice full cross, full crown, most of monogram, richly toned VF with slightly crude edge. Estimate: $175 - $275 662. ½ real, Philip IV, assayer P, partial date. S-M19. KM-22. 1.5 grams. Several digits of date partially visible (not 100 percent decipherable), full oMP, nice full cross, Fine with flat spots. Estimate: $50 - $75 663. ½ real, Charles II, assayer L. S-M21. KM-23. 1.6 grams. Odd shape, full oML, most of monogram, nearly full cross, AVF. Estimate: $50 - $75
133 SILVER COBS OF LIMA, PERU Shield-type 664. 1 real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (*-I to left, P•D to right). S-L4. KM-7. 3.2 grams. Nice VF with full inner details, king’s name in legend, full crown, spots of encrustation. Estimate: $100 - $150 665. 1 real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (*-I to left, P•D to right). S-L4. KM-7. 3.0 grams. Beautifully rainbow-toned AVF with full inner details). Estimate: $100 - $150 666. 1 real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (*-I to left, P•D to right). S-L4. KM-7. 3.1 grams. Choice full shield and cross and crown, Fine, but holed near edge. Estimate: $60 - $90 667. 1 real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (*-I to left). S- L4. KM-7. 3.5 grams. Nice full shield with bold *-I to left but flat to right, full but corroded cross, darkly toned Fine+ Estimate: $100 - $150 668. ¼ real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (P-* flanking castle). S-L4. KM-2. 0.7 gram. Choice XF with nearly full legends, great inner details, nicely toned, but holed near edge. Estimate: $100 - $150 669. ¼ real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (P to left of castle). S-L4. KM-2. 0.9 gram. Broad flan with much legend, clear inner details despite flatness, otherwise Fine. Estimate: $50 - $75 670. ¼ real, Philip II, assayer Diego de la Torre (*-P flanking castle, * to right of lion). S-L4. KM-2. 0.7 gram. Richly toned AXF, some flatness, smallish flan. Estimate: $50 - $75 “Star of Lima” type 671. ½ real, (1659). S-L5. KM- unlisted. 1.5 grams. Distinctive style of monogram and crown (both nearly full), choice full cross, toned VF (possibly salvaged), extremely rare type that was unknown until just a few years ago. Estimate: $350 - $525 Pillars-and-waves type 672. Lot of three 2 reales of the 1740s, assayer V. S-L22. KM- 30A. 6.1, 5.4 and 5.3 grams. Dates only partially visible, two salvaged (VF details) and one non-salvage (Fine). Estimate: $110 - $165 673. 1 real, 1684V. S-L6. KM-20. 2.4 grams. Two bold mintmarks, good full cross and one full pillars, two weak dates, richly toned VF. Estimate: $50 - $75 674. 1 real, 1689V. S-L8. KM-20. 2.6 grams. Richly toned AVF with flat spots, decent cross, one full pillar, two bold mintmarks. Estimate: $50 - $75 675. 1 real, 1694M. S-L11. KM-20. 3.3 grams. Large, crude planchet with full pillars and cross, lots of legend, three dates and mintmarks, darkly toned. Estimate: $75 - $110
134 676. Lot of two 1 reales of Charles II, 1685R and 1686R. S-L7. KM-20. 3.7 and 2.3 grams. The 1685 choice, with full cross and pillars, two dates, three mintmarks and assayers, lightly toned AVF; the 1686 with bold cross and pillars, richly toned AVF with flat peripheries. Estimate: $125 - $185 677. Lot of two 1 reales of Philip V, 1718M and 1720M. S-L20. KM-31. 3.0 and 2.9 grams. Both coins richly toned Fine with full crosses, clear dates and mintmarks and assayers, the 1718 with slightly crude edge. Estimate: $80 - $120 678. Lot of two ½R of Charles II: 1695 and date not visible. KM-22. 1.5 and 1.4 grams. The 1695 salvaged (Fine+ with good cross and monogram and clear date) and the other coin non-salvage About Fine with nice full cross and monogram, incomplete date. Estimate: $75 - $110 679. ½ real, 1704. S-L15a. KM-30. 1.3 grams. Full monogram and date, decent cross, About Fine. Estimate: $40 - $60 680. ½ real, 1714/3. S-L20. KM-30. 1.4 grams. Full monogram, bold date with clear 4/3 (scarce), most of cross, Fine with weak spots. Estimate: $40 - $60 681. ½ real, 1718, holed. S-L20. KM-30. 1.7 grams. Bold full date, nearly full monogram and cross, Fine with dark toning in crevices. Estimate: $40 - $60 682. ½ real, 1735(N). S-L21. KM-30a. 1.2 grams. Salvaged (net Fine details), bold date, most of cross, toned. Estimate: $40 - $60 683. ½ real, 1737N. S-L21. KM-30a. 1.6 grams. Full date and monogram with L to left and N to right, nearly full cross with crude planchet flaw, attractively toned Fine. Estimate: $40 - $60 684. ½ real, 1737N, overweight. S-L21. KM-30a. 2.1 grams. Bold 7 of date, most of monogram and cross, crude Fine, overweight. Estimate: $30 - $45 685. ½ real, 1738N. S-L21. KM-30a. 1.3 grams. Nice but off-center strike with nearly full cross, full monogram with bold N and date, attractively toned VF. Estimate: $40 - $60 686. ½ real, 1745V. S-L22. KM-30a. 1.8 grams. Clear date below and bold V to right of full but flat monogram, nearly full cross with second date below, toned About Fine. Estimate: $40 - $60 687. ½ real, 1746(V). S-L22. KM-30a. 1.2 grams. Full cross and monogram and date, deeply toned Fine. Estimate: $40 - $60 688. Lot of five ½R of Philip V, various dates (where visible). KM-30a. 1.2 to 1.8 grams each. Mostly good crosses and monograms, About Fine to VF+, only one salvaged. Estimate: $100 - $150
135 SILVER COBS OF POTOSI, BOLIVIA 692. 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (4th period). S-P12. KM-5.1. 27.2 grams. Odd shape, bold assayer, good full shield and cross, nicely toned VF. Estimate: $250 - $375 693. 8 reales, Philip II, assayer RL. S-P13. KM-5.1. 26.5 grams. Bold full shield and cross, full assayer, oddly whitish (no toning). Estimate: $75 - $110 695. 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer •P, denomination as “oIIII”, quadrants of cross transposed. S-P23. 25.8 grams. Good full shield and cross with orange sediment in crevices, full P•P and denomination o-IIII (unique error), VF. From the ca.-1629 “Panama hoard.” Estimate: $200 - $300 694. 8 reales, 16ZIII (1623), assayer T. S-P22a. KM-19. 26.9 grams. Clear ZIII of date in legend (very rare), full cross and shield, full P+T and denomination oVIII, bold king’s ordinal IIII in legend, non-toned Fine. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 Shield-type 689. 8 reales, Philip II, assayer B (3rd period). S-P10. KM-5.1. 26.3 grams. Beautiful full shield, full but slightly doubled cross, much legend, lightly toned AVF. Estimate: $150 - $225 690. 8 reales, Philip II, assayer A. S-P11. KM-5.1. 26.4 grams. Bold full shield and cross, clear assayer and denomination, much legend, VF. Estimate: $200 - $300 691. 8 reales, Philip II, assayer A. S-P11. KM-5.1. 26.3 grams. Darkly toned AVF with full shield and cross, bold P-A and denomination. Estimate: $150 - $225
136 696. 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer T (early 1630s). S-P26. KM- 19a. 27.5 grams. Good full shield and cross for the era, full P-T, AVF with flat spots. Estimate: $150 - $225 697. 8 reales, 1636TR. S-P27. KM-19a. 27.1 grams. Clear bottoms of 36 of date (rare), weak but certain assayer, bold denomination •8•, otherwise crude and doubled, toned About Fine with flat spots. Estimate: $150 - $225 698. 4 reales, Philip III, assayer R (curved leg). S-P15. KM-9. 13.3 grams. Broad planchet with good full shield and cross, weak assayer, non-toned VF. Estimate: $120 - $180 699. 4 reales, Philip III, assayer Q. S-P17. KM-9. 13.6 grams. Excellent full shield, full but slightly doubled cross, bold assayer, silvery XF (high grade). Estimate: $125 - $185 700. 4 reales, 16ZIII (1623), assayer T, quadrants of cross transposed. S-P22a. KM-unlisted. 13.4 grams. Clear III of date (very rare, especially on this denomination), choice full shield and cross, richly toned VF, with large hole near edge at end of cross. Estimate: $600 - $900 701. 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer T (mid- to late 1620s). KM-17a. 12.9 grams. Choice but off-center shield, very off-center cross, high grade (XF), with orange sediment on fields, full P-T, parts of edge crude. From the ca.-1629 “Panama hoard,” with pamphlet that describes it as the “Porto Bello hoard.” Estimate: $150 - $225 702. 4 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible (mid- to late 1620s). KM-17a. 13.3 grams. Odd shape, uneven thickness, nice full cross, good but incomplete shield, nicely toned AVF with hole near edge at top of cross. Estimate: $60 - $90 703. 2 reales, Philip III, assayer Q/C. S-P17. KM-8. 6.6 grams. Full P-Q with clear Q/C (scarce), full but weak shield, off-center cross, Fine. Estimate: $125 - $185
137 704. Lot of two cobs of Philip IV: one 2 reales assayer T and one 1 real assayer O. 6.8 and 3.4 grams. The 2 reales with very bold denomination “Z,” clear P-T, full but crude cross, AVF with encrustation; the 1 real with nice full cross, P-O to right, Fine. Estimate: $100 - $150 705. 1 real, Philip II, assayer A. S-P11. KM-2.2. 3.1 grams. Cute coin with full and very well-detailed shield and cross, particularly nice borders of dots, AVF. Estimate: $60 - $90 706. Lot of two 1 reales of Philip II: assayer A/B; and assayer not visible (4th-period B?). KM-2.2. 4.4 and 3.1 grams. The A/B very clear and with good cross and legend but abraded; the other coin crude but with most of cross and shield; both Fine. Estimate: $100 - $150 707. 1 real, (16)25P, upper half of shield transposed. S-P23. KM-unlisted. 3.3 grams. Extremely rare and possibly unique with full 5 of date and most of the 2 (the 1625 date unconfirmed in any denomination), bold cross, nearly full shield, expectedly crude but bold, toned Fine. Estimate: $200 - $300 708. 1 real, assayer O with no dot (1650-1). S-P35. KM-12b. 2.7 grams. Full cross, off-center shield with full P-O to left, rare (but not unique) without the dot in center, toned AVF. Estimate: $50 - $75 709. 1 real, (16)51E. S-P36. KM-12b. 2.5 grams. Odd shape (thin and broad), with incomplete but beautifully detailed shield and cross, full 51 of date (rare), most of crown, E to right, attractively toned VF with flat spots. Estimate: $100 - $150 710. Lot of three 1 reales, Philip IV, with partial dates (late 1620s-1630s). KM-12a. 3.3, 3.1 and 2.4 grams. Generally good crosses and shields, albeit typically crude, F-VF, two of them toned. Estimate: $90 - $135 711. ½ real, Philip II, assayer M, Plate Coin #37 in Sellschopp. S-P2. KM-1.2. 1.4 grams. Broad, thin flan with weak centers, bold P to left and M below monogram, nearly full legend and crown, crudely toned Fine, scarce assayer, desirable pedigree. From the Sellschopp collection, photographed in his 1971 book Acuñaciones de las cecas de Lima, La Plata y Potosí. Estimate: $100 - $150 712. ½ real, Philip III, assayer Q. S-P17. KM-6.1. 1.5 grams. P to left and Q to right of full monogram below full crown, full but slightly crude cross, Fine with toned fields. Estimate: $50 - $75 713. Lot of two ½ reales of Philip III: assayer M (Plate Coin #386 in Sellschopp) and no assayer. 2.0 and 1.0 grams. The scarce M specimen with bold assayer to left of full monogram (no mintmark) is choice, richly toned VF with great full cross; the other coin is crude from salvage, broad but thin, VG details. Assayer-M specimen pedigreed to the Sellschopp collection, photographed in his 1971 book Acuñaciones de las cecas de Lima, La Plata y Potosí. Estimate: $100 - $150
138 714. ¼ real, Philip IV (ca. 1630). KM-unlisted. 0.6 gram. Very rare issue with castle style that began around 1630, thereby making this officially the last cob ¼ real issue of the mint, the castle on this specimen very full and clear, the lion on the other side corroded but distinctively small, salvaged VF (net). Estimate: $50 - $75 1652 transitionals 715. Lot of two 1 reales of different Types. S-P37. 3.3 and 2.2 grams. One coin a McLean Type II (corroded and whitish from salvage, details clear but off-center), the other McLean Type VI (oversized flan cut down and rounded, off-center strike, crude encrustation but good details), both more or less scarce. Estimate: $100 - $150 Pillars-and-waves type 716. 8 reales, 1665E, with “Golden Fleece” countermark of Brabant, Spanish Netherlands (1652-1672). S-P37a. KM-21. 26.7 grams. Very large flan with full cross, full but mostly flat pillars- and-waves, two choice crowns, but best feature is the 100 percent full and clear countermark (AU details), which is scarce, the rest of the coin toned Fine. Pedigreed to the Morris Geiger collection and accompanied by the January, 2002, issue of NI Bulletin (Numismatics International) which features an article by Herman Blanton about this countermark. Estimate: $300 - $450 717. 8 reales, 1669E. S-P37b. KM-26. 25.5 grams. Pillars side curiously off-center so much that you can see how the area past the legend ends (surprisingly non-circular), which also enables you to see a bold date in the legend that inexplicably appears as simply “66,” the rest of coin decent, with bold E to right and 669 date below full cross, bold waves, Fine with patchy toning, minor edge- split. Estimate: $250 - $375 718. 8 reales, 1691VR, encapsulated NGC VF-30. S-P40. KM- 26. Choice strike with full pillars-and-waves, full but slightly off- center cross, two dates, three mintmarks, beautifully toned. Estimate: $600 - $900 719. 8 reales, 1701F, posthumous Charles II. S-P43. KM-26. 26.7 grams. Solid, chunky coin with full cross and pillars, bold denomination, clear date and assayer, VF with flat spots, whitish color, scarce. Estimate: $250 - $375 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
139 720. 8 reales, 1701Y, posthumous Charles II. S-P43. KM-26. 27.0 grams. Choice bold date above very bold waves, nice full cross, toned VF with crude hole near edge. Estimate: $200 - $300 721. 8 reales, 1723Y. S-P43a. KM-31. 25.7 grams. Rare date (clear between pillars), typically very crude planchet (uneven thickness), two assayers, Fine with extensive flatness and patchy toning. Estimate: $200 - $300 722. 8 reales, 1753C/q, encapsulated NGC VF-30. S-P53. KM- 40. Choice round coin (typically thick and chunky) with bold full cross, full pillars-and-waves, two assayers (one full, with clear over- assayer), two dates, three assayers, king’s ordinal VI in legend, exceptional quality for the type. Estimate: $400 - $600 723. 8 reales, 1763/2V-Y. S-P57. KM-unlisted. 26.9 grams. Roundish, chunky flan with bold full cross and pillars, bold date with clear 3/2 overdate (unique and unlisted, first we have ever heard of), full assayer Y, lightly toned AVF. Estimate: $150 - $225 724. 8 reales, 1764V-(Y), with loop for pendant soldered to top. S-P57. KM-45. 27.2 grams. Bold date and denomination between full pillars, good full cross, Fine with flat peripheries, ready to wear but also decent for a collection if you have the mount professionally removed. Estimate: $125 - $185 725. 8 reales, 1770(V)-Y. S-P57. KM-45. 26.1 grams. This poor coin! The denomination and date are bold and speak to its authenticity, but the rest of the coin shows unexplained damage (filing, hammering, bending, etc.), otherwise Fine and nicely toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 726. 8 reales, 1771V-(Y). S-P57. KM-45. 26.5 grams. Bold cross, two full assayers (both V) and bold denomination, typically crude but nicely toned Fine+. Estimate: $125 - $185 727. 2 reales, 1658E. S-P37a. KM-16. 8.6 grams. Choice cross, one full pillar, VF with flat spots and patchy toning, overweight flan. Estimate: $100 - $150
140 728. 2 reales, 1664E. S-P37a. KM-16. 6.3 grams. Broad flan with full 1664 date in legend, full pillars-and-waves and cross, Fine with patchy toning and flat spots. Estimate: $175 - $275 729. 2 reales, 1676E, large 6 in date. S-P37b. KM-24. 4.6 grams. Bold full pillars with curious (4R-sized?) 6 in date, one nice castle and bold assayer on cross side, AXF with significant flat area at edge, spot of verdigris, low weight as made. Estimate: $75 - $110 730. 2 reales, 1729M. S-P44. KM-29a. 7.1 grams. Broad flan with good full cross and pillars, two dates and assayers, three mintmarks, a bit worn (Fine) but with contrasting toning on fields. Estimate: $100 - $150 731. 2 reales, 1749q. S-P50a. KM-38. 6.4 grams. Squarish flan with nice full cross, good pillars, two dates and mintmarks, Fine with good contrast. Estimate: $100 - $150 732. 2 reales, 1753C/q. S-P53. KM-38. 6.8 grams. Rare over-assayer (clearest to right of cross, but bits of it visible in other two places as well), nearly full pillars, typically crude and chunky, non-toned Fine. Estimate: $100 - $150 733. 2 reales, 1762(V-Y), cut into pomegranate shape. S-P57. KM-43. 5.4 grams. Curious (but not mint-made) shape with hole at top and obviously worn a lot over the centuries (VG+), bold date and denomination. Estimate: $75 - $110 734. 2 reales, 1767(V-Y). S-P57. KM-43. 5.4 grams. Especially bold denomination, nearly full cross with C of king’s name, nicely toned VF+ but typically crude. Estimate: $100 - $150 735. 2 reales, 1772(V)-Y. S-P57. KM-43. 6.4 grams. Fascinating shape (looks like an “onion” bottle), with lots of detail for the era (full cross, bold denomination), and beautifully rainbow toned, VF for wear. Estimate: $75 - $110 736. 1 real, 1653E, •PH• above pillars. S-P37a. KM-13. 2.9 grams. Excellent detail (full cross and pillars), two dates and assayers, three mintmarks, nicely toned Fine. Estimate: $60 - $90 737. 1 real, 1656E. S-P37a. KM-13. 3.9 grams. Nearly full cross, bold king’s ordinal IIII, two pillars-side dates, Fine with much flatness, toned in crevices. Estimate: $40 - $60 738. 1 real, 1673E. S-P37b. KM-23. 2.7 grams. Curiously off- center cross with significant area beyond crown, nice full pillars with full 1673 date in legend, richly toned Fine+. Estimate: $50 - $75
141 739. 1 real, 1681V. S-P39. KM-23. 3.2 grams. Off-center cross with area beyond legend like on the last lot, good pillars-and-waves, nicely toned Fine+. Estimate: $50 - $75 740. 1 real, 1691VR, with El Salvador countermark (Type V, 1869). S-P40. KM-23. 2.1 grams. Very low grade (Good or less, typical of coins with this countermark) but with clear date and richly toned, the countermark itself crudely doubled. Estimate: $50 - $75 741. 1 real, 1696VR. S-P40. KM-23. 2.9 grams. Choice full pillars side with bold date and two assayers, Fine for wear, but cross side nearly flat (Fair), with spots of verdigris, effectively a one-sided coin. Estimate: $50 - $75 745. 1 real, 1733YA. S-P45. KM-28a. 2.9 grams. Full pillars, bold date and assayer (scarce), crude and off-center cross, toned Fine. Estimate: $50 - $75 746. 1 real, 1756q, choice but holed. S-P54. KM-37. 2.3 grams. Very bold strike with choice full cross and full date, curiously rectangular flan (possibly trimmed), holed at top near edge, richly toned Fine+. Estimate: $50 - $75 747. 1 real, 1771/0V-(Y). S-P57. KM-42. 3.1 grams. Clear overdate (scarce) on pillars side, bold but incomplete cross, typically crude VF. Estimate: $60 - $90 742. 1 real, 1697CH. S-P41. KM-23. 3.4 grams. Choice full cross and pillars, bold full CH monogram (rare and highly sought one-year assayer), toned AVF with flat spots and crude hole at edge. Estimate: $75 - $110 743. 1 real, 1700F. S-P42. KM-23. 3.7 grams. Good cross and pillars, crude edge, nicely toned AVF, two partial dates and clear F (scarce). Estimate: $50 - $75 744. 1 real, 1732YA. S-P45. KM-28a. 2.8 grams. Nice full pillars and cross, weak but certain date, one full assayer (scarce) and parts of two others, nicely toned Fine+. Estimate: $50 - $75 748. Lot of three 1 reales of different kings (1658E, 1694VR, 1727Y). 3.6, 2.5 and 1.7 grams. The 1658 with clear date, nearly full cross, crudely toned AVF with much flatness; the 1694 small but with full pillars side (VF), flat cross side (Fair), toned; and the 1727 with two dates but otherwise crude, lightly toned Fine. Estimate: $75 - $110
142 749. ½ real, 1657. S-P37a. KM-B12. 1.4 grams. Full date in legend (rare), nice monogram but flat below, nice borders of dots, toned AVF with flat spots. Estimate: $75 - $110 750. ½ real, 1663. S-P37a. KM-B12. 1.2 grams. Full 663 date (rare) below nearly full monogram, off-center cross, deeply toned VF with flat peripheries, possibly salvaged. Estimate: $35 - $50 751. ½ real, 1673. S-P37b. KM-22. 1.3 grams. Good full monogram and cross, salvaged VF. Estimate: $35 - $50 752. ½ real, 1674. S-P37b. KM-22. 1.2 grams. Odd shape, bold 74 of date below most of monogram, most of cross with POT(OSI) in legend, darkly toned Fine (possibly salvaged). Estimate: $35 - $50 753. ½ real, 1675/4. S-P37b. KM-unlisted. 0.8 gram. Full 675 date with clear 5/4 (rare, unlisted overdate) below about half of off- center monogram with (CARO)LVS II in legend, choice full cross, thin Fine with toning in crevices. Estimate: $40 - $60 754. ½ real, 1675. S-P37b. KM-22. 0.8 gram. Dark (salvaged) Fine with full 675 date below nearly full monogram, incomplete cross, a little wrinkled. Estimate: $35 - $50 755. ½ real, 1676. S-P37b. KM-22. 0.9 gram. Bold 67 and weak final 6 of date, full monogram, nearly full cross, lightly corroded (salvaged) AVF. Estimate: $35 - $50 756. ½ real, 1678. KM-22. 1.4 grams. Choice full cross, bold 678 date (which is rare), below nearly full monogram, nicely toned AVF. Estimate: $50 - $75 757. ½ real, 1687. S-P40. KM-22. 1.6 grams. Bold monogram and 87 of date, good full cross, big flan with sharp point, salvaged VF. Estimate: $35 - $50 758. Lot of two ½ reales of Charles II: 1690 and 1691?. S-P40. KM-22. 2.1 and 1.8 grams. The 1690 with full date, most of monogram and cross, lightly toned Fine with flat spots; the other coin with choice full monogram but weak (uncertain) date, choice cross, toned VF but crudely holed. Estimate: $60 - $90 759. ½ real, 1692. S-P40. KM-22. 2.0 grams. Big, round flan with full monogram and cross, two bold 92 dates (one below monogram and the other in the cross-side legend), Fine+ with sediment on fields and flat peripheries, scarce date. Estimate: $50 - $75 760. ½ real, 1696. S-P40. KM-22. 2.3 grams. Choice bold monogram, good cross on an elongated planchet, AVF with contrasting toning. Estimate: $35 - $50 761. ½ real, 1697. KM-22. 1.6 grams. Full cross and date, nearly full monogram, VF with part of edge crude. Estimate: $40 - $60 762. ½ real, 1729. S-P44. KM-27a. 1.3 grams. Cute onion-shaped flan with bold 9 of date, nearly full cross and monogram, crude strike and toning, technically AVF. Estimate: $35 - $50
143 763. ½ real, 1731. S-P45. KM-27a. 1.2 grams. Very choice full monogram with bold 73 of date below, also choice full cross, toned VF, crude edge (as made). Estimate: $50 - $75 764. ½ real, 1733. KM-27a. 1.6 grams. Nearly full cross and monogram with clear date, Fine with flat spots. Estimate: $35 - $50 765. ½ real, 1736. S-P46. KM-27a. 1.2 grams. Full and bold date, good cross, monogram flat, otherwise toned AVF. Estimate: $35 - $50 766. Lot of two ½ reales of Philip V: 1734/4 and 1737. S-P46. KM-27a. 1.7 and 1.2 grams. The 1734 with bold 44 (new 4 punched over offset old 4), off-center strike, non-toned AVF with much flatness; the 1737 with good monogram and cross and date, lightly toned AVF. Estimate: $60 - $90 767. ½ real, 1749. S-P50a. KM-36. 1.5 grams. Bold D of monogram, clear date, most of cross, typically crude flan, toned AVF with flat spots. Estimate: $35 - $50 768. ½ real, 1753. KM-36. 1.3 grams. Bold 53 of date (scarce), good cross, bold D of monogram, Fine with hole near edge. Estimate: $40 - $60 769. ½ real, 1758. S-P54. KM-36. 1.7 grams. Bold 58 date (scarce), most of cross, monogram flat, otherwise Fine, toned. Estimate: $35 - $50 SILVER (and copper) COBS FROM OTHER MINTS Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Ferdinand-Isabel 770. Copper 4 maravedís, struck in Seville, Spain. CT-638. Cay- 2513. 7.9 grams. Rare early issue struck in Spain specifically for use in the New World, with S’s flanking an anchor-shaped crowned F on obverse and crowned Y (for Ysabel) and crowned F (for Ferdinand) on reverse, Gothic legends, dark-toned About Fine. Estimate: $300 - $450 771. Copper 4 maravedís, struck in Seville, Spain. CT-638. Cay- 2513. 5.2 grams. Rare, as above but with bolder legends and higher grade (AVF) but with pitting and edge-split. Estimate: $200 - $300 772. Copper 2 maravedís, struck in Burgos, Spain. CT-533. Cay- 2446. 3.0 grams. Rare, as above but smaller denomination and different mint (oBo flanking the F), somewhat encrusted Fine with good legends, edge-split. Estimate: $150 - $225
144 Charles-Joanna 773. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer F to left, denomination oIIII to right. S-SD1. KM-46. 3.2 grams. Darkly toned About Fine with bold F and P, full crowned pillars, full IOHANA in legend, much flatness. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $35 - $50 774. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer oF to left, denomination oIIII to right. S-SD1. KM-46. 3.3 grams. Full inner details, dark-toned Fine with flatness. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $35 - $50 775. Study collection of nine different copper 4 maravedís, all with mintmark S-P, assayer F or oF, denomination oIIII or 4, with rare and useful book on the topic. S-SD1. 2.2 to 4.0 grams each. Average grade of Fine, a couple with splits, but all attributable by Estrella number, none with countermarks, a great way (especially with the book) to start a collection in this fascinating series that will become scarcer as the famous Jamaican hoard of 1973 continues to dwindle. Accompanied by the book Monedas Dominicanas (1979) by Estrella. Estimate: $400 - $600 776. Lot of two copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer F to left, denomination oIIII. S-SD1. KM-46. 4.2 and 2.8 grams. One large and thin and encrusted, the other small and thick and worn (also dark), both with attributable details. Both from a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 777. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer oF to left, denomination oIIII to right, with key countermark on obverse (2 maravedís, 1577). S-SD1. KM-46. 2.8 grams. Full key countermark on obverse (scarce, applied in Santo Domingo to denote a devaluation from 4 maravedís to 2 maravedís), full oF, rest of coin weak from pitting, net grade Fine, with edge-split, nice copper color. Estimate: $75 - $110
145 778. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer (oF) to left, denomination oIIII to right, with key countermark on reverse (2 maravedís, 1577). S-SD1. KM-46. 4.0 grams. Large, cupped flan with some good detail despite pitting and wear, the scarce key countermark fully visible, dark orange Fine with edge-split. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 779. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer F to left, denomination 4 to right, with S countermark on obverse (1/11 real, Jamaica, 1581-1582). S-SD1. KM-43. 3.6 grams. Very rare with full and bold S countermark (which stands for Santiago, the original Spanish name for the island of Jamaica, to which the governor brought in coins from Santo Domingo for circulation at the rate of 1/11 real after he had purchased them for 1/25 real each), also with nearly full legends, lightly pitted Fine, nice color. Estimate: $200 - $300 780. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer and denomination not visible, with S countermark on obverse (1/11 real, Jamaica, 1581-1582) and anchor countermark on reverse (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616). S-SD1. 2.4 grams. Very rare with bold S countermark (as above but smaller) AND full anchor countermark, but rest of coin corroded and nearly devoid of readable details. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 781. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer oF to left, denomination oIIII to right, with key (2 maravedís, 1577) and anchor (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) countermarks on obverse. S-SD1. KM-46. 3.6 grams. Scarce with full key overstruck by partial anchor, bold oF and P, some legend, dark Fine with edge- split. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 782. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer oF to left, denomination to right not visible, key (2 maravedís, 1577) and anchor (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) countermarks on reverse. S-SD1. 3.6 grams. Scarce with full key overstruck by top of anchor, bold P to right of full pillars, dark and slightly cupped Fine with some green encrustation, edge-split. Estimate: $75 - $110 783. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer and denomination not visible, with key (2 maravedís, 1577) and anchor (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) countermarks on reverse. S-SD1. 3.4 grams. Scarce with full (but encrusted) key overstruck by top of partial anchor whose flukes warped the coin, bold S, much legend (early Gothic style), Fine or so but mostly encrusted with heavy green patina. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 784. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer F to left, denomination 4 to right, with anchor countermark (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) on reverse. S-SD1. KM-43. 2.6 grams. Nice specimen with full anchor countermark and full inner details, some legend, lightly pitted Fine, nice copper color, edge-split. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150
146 785. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer to left (not visible), denomination IIII to right, with anchor countermark (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) on obverse. S-SD1. KM-46. 2.6 grams. Choice full anchor, good full pillars, only About Fine but with light sediment in crevices highlighting the details. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 786. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark S-P, assayer oF to left, denomination oIIII to right, with anchor countermark (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) on reverse. S-SD1. KM-46. 3.8 grams. Clear partial countermark, nice inner details (especially clear mintmark and pillars), Fine+ with part of edge crude (as made), nice copper color. Estimate: $75 - $110 787. Copper 4 maravedís, mintmark not visible, assayer F to left, denomination to right not visible, with anchor countermark (1/7 real, Jamaica, 1611-1616) on obverse. S-SD1. 3.2 grams. Nearly full countermark on large patch of green encrustation, bold legends (early Gothic style), About Fine. From a hoard found in Jamaica in 1973, with small Sedwick certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 Panama City, Panama Colombia Shield-type 789. Bogotá, 8 reales, (1)627, assayer not visible, mintmark NR to left, quadrants of cross transposed. KM-3.3. 26.6 grams. Very rare first date of regular production, the 627 full and clear, nice full shield and crown with clear NR mintmark to left above flat spot where assayer should be, denomination VIII (vertically) to right, full but doubled cross, big thick planchet, AVF but lightly pitted in places. Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500 788. 4 reales, Philip II, assayer oB to left not visible, with denomination as “III”. S-AP4. KM-unlisted. 3.3 grams. Extremely rare issue, one of only about 50 specimens of any denomination known from this mint, but especially rare denomination and rarer still with error denomination, which is boldly visible below the all-important and equally bold AP mintmark to the right of the full shield below nearly full crown. The cross on the other side is full, too, but double-struck, with some bold legend. Grade is only Fine, with some flatness (particularly where the oB assayer would appear to the left of the shield), but unlike most Panama cobs, this one is non-salvage and very solid, also quite round and thick. Plate Coin #4R.5B in Jorge Proctor’s book The Forgotten Mint of Colonial Panama (2005), the one-and-only reference work on this rare and exciting issue. Estimate: $4,000 - $6,000 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
147 Guatemala City, Guatemala 795. 8 reales, (17)34 or 44(J), with Guatemala Type II countermark (1839). S-G1. KM-6. 26.4 grams. Choice Fine with nice details and attractive toning, bold 4 of date, but rest of date off the flan, full countermark on globes, two full crowns, holed twice near edges. Estimate: $100 - $150 Spain 796. Seville, 8 reales, Philip II, assayer C. CT-236. Cay-3947. 26.8 grams. Thick flan with choice full shield and cross, most of crown, bold denomination oVIII to right, clear assayer C (scarce) at about 4 o’clock outside tressure, richly toned VF. Estimate: $150 - $225 797. Seville?, 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible. 27.3 grams. Crude planchet as usual, with most of shield, off-center cross, bold king’s ordinal IIII in legend, toned Fine. Estimate: $60 - $90 790. Cartagena, 8 reales, (16)3(0)E, mintmark RN to left. S- C3. KM-3.4. 27.3 grams. Choice, high-grade specimen (lustrous AU) with incredibly bold and well-detailed full shield and cross, also full RNE (which appears to be punched over NER) to left and VIII to right, clear 3 of date but rest determined from style, which against the last lot shows the typical contrast in quality between the two mints, the smaller and somewhat temporary Cartagena mint producing much better coins, rare. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 Pillars-and-waves type 791. Bogotá, ½ real, (1)662. S-B7. KM-8. 1.8 grams. Good full cross with bold full 2 of date preceded by two clear 6’s, the monogram side messier, Fine with filed edges, rare. Estimate: $125 - $185 792. Bogotá, ¼ real, Philip IV, (1651). S-B7. KM-A7. 0.9 gram. Very rare denomination, its date attributable by style of lion and castle, choice AVF specimen with nice full castle, good but slightly off-center lion, attractively toned. Estimate: $400 - $600 793. Bogotá, ¼ real, Philip IV, (1652). S-B7. KM-A7. 1.0 gram. Very rare denomination (as above), with full castle, off-center lion, lightly toned and slightly grainy Fine. Estimate: $400 - $600 794. Bogotá, ¼ real, Philip IV, (1652). S-B7. KM-A7. 0.8 gram. Same as above (very rare), but the castle off-center too and lower grade (About Fine with flatness). Estimate: $300 - $450 798. Seville?, 8 reales, Philip IV, assayer not visible. 26.8 grams. Slightly more regular planchet than usual but crude strike, still with most of shield and cross, and decent grade (AVF) where it isn’t flat, curiously with two small, circular, unidentified countermarks (one on each side) consisting of rays around a central figure. Estimate: $60 - $90
148 799. Seville, 8 reales, Charles II, assayer S (1680). CT-425. Cay- 7585. 25.7 grams. Typically very crude strike and planchet (with natural bubble-hole as made), but with certain assayer S (rare) to left of shield, one nice lion in full cross, toned Fine or so. Estimate: $90 - $135 800. Lot of one 8 reales and one 4 reales, probably Seville, Philip IV. 22.6 and 12.8 grams. Both rather crude, VG-AVF but with flat areas, some toning, possible assayer R on the 8 reales. Estimate: $90 - $135 801. Seville, 4 reales, Philip II, assayer B. CT-Type 270. Cay- Type 61. 13.4 grams. Uneven thickness, full crown and shield with faint B to left, good cross with especially nice lions, toned AVF with two small edge-splits. Estimate: $75 - $110 802. Toledo, 2 reales, Philip III, assayer C, OMNIVM variety. CT-Type 128. Cay-Type 58. 6.7 grams. Full shield with clear C to left, bold denomination II to right, full but doubled cross with O of OMNIVM in legend (Philip II’s modest way of saying he was king of the whole world), lightly toned and slightly grainy Fine. Estimate: $50 - $75 803. Segovia, 1 real, Philip II, assayer oD to right. CT-651. Cay- 3507. 3.3 grams. Very broad flan with much legend (bold PHILIP), full crown, especially nice shield and wonderful full cross, assayer oD to right (not to be confused with Diego de la Torre of Lima, Peru), richly toned AVF. Estimate: $100 - $150 804. Seville, ½ real, Philip IV, assayer D (1627). CT-1213. Cay- 5611. 1.6 grams. Choice full monogram with bold •D• to left and •S• to right, nearly full crown, good but off-center cross, attractively toned AVF. Estimate: $40 - $60 805. Lot of four copper 4 maravedís, various mints, Philip III and IV, all with mid-1600s countermarks. CT-Type 399. 3.0 to 5.7 grams each. These coins are fascinating and under-studied. In this lot alone you see no fewer than a dozen different countermarks (in the form of dates or denominations and mintmarks) from various monetary reforms in the mid-1600s. Average grade here is Fine, and one is thin from salvage, but most of the countermarks are clear. One with clear 1655 countermark found on Chesil Beach near Abbotsbury, England. Estimate: $100 - $150Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
149 WORLD SILVER COINS Bolivia Colonial bust-type 806. Potosí, 4 reales, Charles III, 1778PR. CT-1182. KM-54. 12.8 grams. Richly toned Fine with some weak areas, nice aspect. Estimate: $80 - $120 807. Lot of two Potosí ¼ reales of Charles IV: 1799 and 179?. CT-1415. KM-82. 0.9 and 0.7 gram. Both lightly toned AVF with nice detail, last digit of date too weak to read on one of them. Estimate: $75 - $110 Republic 808. Potosí, 8 soles, 1845-R. KM-103. 26.8 grams. Lustrous AU, starting to tone beautifully. Estimate: $150 - $225 Central American Republic 809. Guatemala, 8 reales, 1835M. KM-4. 26.9 grams. Near AU (almost full leaves), choice toning, just a few very minor rim-bumps. Estimate: $400 - $600 Colombia 810. Lot of two Bogotá ¼ reales of Ferdinand VI, no mintmark or assayer. CT-unlisted. KM-unlisted. 0.9 and 0.8 gram. Scarce type that generally does not appear in references but is attributed by Restrepo to this mint in his book Monedas de Colombia 1619- 2006 by logically matching the castle and lion die-punches to 8 reales of the period (as is done for cob ¼ reales). Both coins show clear details on both sides, toned, Fine to VF. Estimate: $75 - $110 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
150 Cuba 811. Study collection of Spanish bust 2 reales with lattice countermarks (1841), eleven different examples, with rare book on the topic. 5.3 to 5.7 grams each. The lattice countermark of Cuba was applied to Spanish coins that had been brought to Cuba by merchants in the early 1800s, when the fall of other colonial areas to independence resulted in severe coin shortages in Cuba. The problem was that the mainland Spanish coins were of lower value, and the merchants were circulating them for much more than their value in Spain. To alleviate the problem, all the coins were recalled and stamped with this mark to denote a lower value. These coins are not rare, but are interesting to study, and we hope this small collection and the book that accompanies it will be the start of a new collection for someone. Grades range from holed VG to nice Fine, host-coin dates of 1782-1828, Charles III through Ferdinand VII, mints of Cádiz, Madrid and Seville. (NOTE: The often-referenced attribution of these countermarks to Trinidad refers to the province in Cuba, not the island off South America.) Accompanied by the book El Resello de las Pesetas Sevillanas by the Museo Numismático of the Banco Nacional de Cuba (1987). Estimate: $500 - $750 Great Britain 813. London, England, “long cross” penny (1247-1272), Henry III. 1.6 grams. Particularly choice specimen with well-detailed king’s portrait and full cross, whose design extends all the way to the edge in order to prevent clipping, VF+ with light sediment on fields. With small certificate from Littleton Coin Co. Estimate: $90 - $135 814. London, England, half crown, 1746, with LIMA below bust of George II. SP-3695A. KM-584.3. 14.8 grams. Popular issue made from silver captured by Commodore Anson on a plundering South Seas voyage in 1740-1744, this specimen choice AXF, beautifully toned. Estimate: $300 - $450 815. London, England, half crown, 1746, with LIMA below bust of George II, with engraved memorial on reverse. SP-3695A. KM-584.3. 14.8 grams. As above but lower grade (toned AVF) and with inscription on reverse fields that reads “In Memy of Wm F. Damant Died 22d, / Decr 1822 Aged 22,” also with heavy mount marks on reverse edge as probably worn as a pin. Estimate: $125 - $185 816. London, England, sixpence, 1746, with LIMA below bust of George II. SP-3710A. KM-582.3. 2.9 grams. As above but two denominations lower, toned AVF, no problems. Estimate: $75 - $110 Curaçao 812. Dutch administration (1818), 3 reaal (1/5 cut of a Spanish colonial bust 8 reales). KM-28. 4.4 grams. Cute pie-shaped cut with scalloped edge and very deep and bold countermark (XF), the host coin a nicely toned Fine but without any identifying data, popular as one of the few affordable West Indies “cuts and countermarks.” Estimate: $250 - $375
151 Guatemala 820. Mexico City, lot of four 1 reales of Philip V: 1737MF, 1739MF, 1741MF and 1743M. 3.0 to 3.1 grams each. None worse than Fine and generally well detailed and nicely toned. Estimate: $100 - $150 821. Mexico City, 1 real, Ferdinand VI, 1750/49M. CT-unlisted. KM-unlisted. 3.3 grams. Rare overdate (R3 in Gilboy, 11 to 25 pieces known), nicely toned AVF with some old scratches that could be adjustment marks. Estimate: $75 - $110 822. Mexico City, ½ real, Philip V, 1746M. 1871 KM-66. 1.7 grams. Lustrous XF+, o of mintmark re-punched, die-crack across 6 of date that makes it look like an overdate. Estimate: $60 - $90 Colonial bust-type 823. Mexico City, 8 reales, Charles III, 1788FM. CT-942. KM- 106.2a. 26.8 grams. Non-toned VF with long, old scratch on neck. Estimate: $100 - $150 817. Guatemala City, 8 reales, Ferdinand VI, 1758J. CT-293. KM-18. 26.9 grams. Richly toned VF+, beautiful strike for this mint, rare and desirable. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 Mexico Colonial pillar-type 818. Mexico City, 8 reales, Charles III, 1760MM, with chopmarks as from circulation in the Orient. CT-884. KM-105. 26.9 grams. Lustrous XF, the tiny chopmarks less a distraction so much as additional artwork on an already beautiful design. Estimate: $200 - $300 819. Mexico City, 8 reales, Charles III, 1770FM/F. CT-unlisted. KM-105. 26.7 grams. Very rare over-assayer (R5 in Gilboy, 1-3 known!), XF with some weak areas and part of edge crude. Estimate: $350 - $525 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
152 824. Mexico City, 8 reales, Charles IV, 1793FM, encapsulated PCI MS-61 Proof Like. CT-686. KM-109. Very flashy, with frosty bust (hence the “Proof Like”), no toning, one of the highest-grade specimens we have ever offered. Estimate: $300 - $450 825. Mexico City, 8 reales, Charles IV, 1799FM. CT-694. KM- 109. 26.9 grams. Competent VF with dark toning near rim, slightly weak bust. Estimate: $100 - $150 826. Mexico City, 1 real, Charles III, 1780FF/M. CT-unlisted. KM-78.2. 3.3 grams. Scarce over-assayer, rainbow-toned VF+, very nice. Estimate: $60 - $90 827. Mexico City, ½ real, Charles IV, 1800FM. CT-1294. KM- 72. 1.7 grams. Richly toned and somewhat lustrous XF, no problems. Estimate: $30 - $45 828. Mexico City, ½ real, Charles IV, 1801FM. CT-1295. KM- 72. 1.7 grams. Scarce assayer for date, lustrous (cleaned) XF, starting to tone colorfully. Estimate: $50 - $75 War for Independence 829. Oaxaca/SUD, copper 8 reales, 1813, with Morelos countermark. CT-579. KM-265.4. 27.0 grams. Dark and typically crude host (Fine with flatness, last digit of date weak), nearly full Morelos countermark (VF). Estimate: $50 - $75 Republic 830. “Starter collection” of cap-and-rays ½ reales, 25 different dates/mints. Each coin is housed in a cardboard “flip” with the previous owner’s attributions (dates, mints, assayers and varieties) handwritten on the flip, which we have left intact so that the new owner can do the same with his future additions to the collection, each coin here at least VF (most AU or BU), dated from 1825 to 1868, mostly Mexico City but some other mints (Culiacán, Guadalajara, Guanajuato and Zacatecas), mostly nicely toned and problem-free. Estimate: $250 - $375 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
153 Netherlands (United) 831. Campen, “lion” daalder (leeuwendaalder), 1664. DM-862. 27.3 grams. Beautifully detailed full lion, some bold legend, very weak date, lightly toned VF. Estimate: $100 - $150 Peru Colonial bust-type 834. Lima, 2 reales, Charles IV, 1802IJ. CT-949. KM-95. 6.1 grams. Toned Fine, competent for grade. Estimate: $35 - $50 Netherlands West Indies 832. Utrecht, ¼ gulden, 1794. KM-2. 2.6 grams. Attractive 1- real-sized coin with crowned arms, denomination and W (to denote West Indies) on obverse, standing figure on reverse above 1794 date in exergue, nicely toned AXF. Estimate: $125 - $185 Panama 833. Panama City, 25 centésimos, 1904. KM-4. 12.5 grams. Half- dollar-sized coin with Balboa on obverse and arms on reverse, lustrous AU with subtle rainbow toning, nick in field in front of face. It is interesting to note that over a third of the mintage of this coin’s larger cousin, the 50 centésimos, was melted in 1931 to make new 1 Balboa coins at the San Francisco mint. Estimate: $50 - $75 Philippines (Spanish) 835. Peso, crowned Y•II• countermark (1834-1837) on a Lima, Peru (Republic), 8 reales of 1834. CT-451. KM- 28.6 grams. AVF with lots of contrast, the countermark standing for Isabel II of Spain. Estimate: $60 - $90 Spain 836. Granada, 2 reales, Ferdinand-Isabel, mintmark oGo to right of shield, assayer R and circle on reverse. CT-238. Cay- Type 18. 6.7 grams. Nice full flan with nearly full legends (king’s and queen’s names prominent), choice inner details, toned XF+ with evidence of salvage, hairline edge-split. Estimate: $150 - $225
154 837. Toledo, 2 reales, Ferdinand-Isabel, mintmark T to left of shield, assayer M to right of arrows. CT-278. Cay-2787. 6.9 grams. Perfectly round and evenly struck, with full legends and inner details, lightly toned VF+ with edge-split. Estimate: $100 - $150 838. Granada, 1 real, Ferdinand-Isabel, mintmark G below arrows, assayer T-T flanking shield. CT-319. Cay-Type 17. 3.2 grams. Choice full Gothic legends and full crown, nice full shield, reverse a little weaker, overall AVF with light toning. Estimate: $60 - $90 839. Seville, 1 real, Ferdinand-Isabel, mintmark S to left and * below arrows. CT-unlisted. Cay-Type 17. 3.2 grams. Full flan with all details including legends, AVF with minor flat spots, patchy toning. Possibly scarce, considering that myriad varieties are listed in the references yet not this one exactly. Estimate: $100 - $150 841. Seville, lot of two 1 reales of Ferdinand-Isabel, different varieties. 3.5 and 3.2 grams. Larger one with bold S mintmark to right of arrows, slightly wrinkled and polished AVF with large old scratch; smaller one a choice and lustrous AU with some old marks on shield side and no legends. Estimate: $100 - $150 842. Toledo, lot of two 1 reales of Ferdinand-Isabel, different varieties. 3.0 and 2.7 grams. One coin toned and slightly doubled, the other slightly lower grade and non-toned, net grade Fine. Estimate: $100 - $150 840. Seville, lot of two 1 reales of Ferdinand-Isabel, different varieties. 3.1 and 1.7 grams. Larger one with full legends, mintmark S to left of arrows, good shield, Fine with chip in edge; smaller one severely clipped, mintmark S above arrows and *’s flanking shield, silvery VF. Estimate: $120 - $180
155 843. Segovia, 50 reales cincuentín, Philip IV, 1626, assayer cross-topped A. CT-239. Cay-6584. 170.0 grams. Among the many “trophies” of the long and varied Spanish numismatic series are the massive 50 reales or “cincuentines” (known in their time as “monedas excelentes”), effectively the largest Spanish silver coins ever struck, made in very limited quantities throughout the 1600s. The concept appears to have been initiated (or at least encouraged) by the needs of rich Sevillan merchants who were presenting massive quantities of silver (presumably from Peru) to the mint all at once. To make such huge coins required the state-of-the-art technology of a hydraulic steam-press and special roller dies (cuños de rodillo), invented in Germany in the late 1500s and installed in a special mint in Segovia called the Real Ingenio. Very rare and special in their own time, these 50-reales coins are even more highly regarded today and can sell in the six-figure range. This 1626 specimen is arguably the most common date by virtue of the fact that it had the highest mintage of 300 pieces (of which fewer than 20 are known to exist today), all made for the Marqués de Liche over the course of three weeks, from July 8 to July 28. This specimen is XF, with several old nicks and bumps and a small flaw in the rim, but is nonetheless beautiful, attractively toned, and typically perfectly struck. Estimate: $15,000 - $22,500 844. Barcelona, 2 reales “pistareen,” Charles III Pretender, 1712. CT-28. Cay-7984. 4.3 grams. Nice shield side (AVF) but messy monogram (AVG), still with full and clear date and attractively toned. Estimate: $50 - $75 845. Madrid, 2 reales “pistareen,” Philip V, 1721A. CT-1248. Cay-8720. 5.5 grams. Attractively toned AXF with upper half of cross weak due to waviness of flan as struck on a roller-press. Estimate: $85 - $125 846. Madrid 2 reales “pistareen,” Philip V, 1721A. CT-1248. Cay-8720. 4.8 grams. Nice AXF, well struck and beautifully toned, but very lightly shaved around edge. Estimate: $65 - $95 Venezuela 847. Caracas, 1 real, 1818BS. KM-C5.1. 2.6 grams. Royalist issue during the struggle for independence, its design imitative of Peruvian cobs, this specimen rather choice for the issue (which is rare in this denomination), off-center VF+, nicely toned. Estimate: $500 - $750
156 ARTIFACTS FROM SHIPWRECKS Unidentified Tang Dynasty (618-906 AD) trading junk wreck off Sumatra, Indonesia 848. Chinese (Burmese) earthenware green-glaze jarlet. 54.1 grams, about 2½” tall and 1-3/8" in diameter. Very cute little vase with bulbous bottom, narrow neck and flared top, the top two-thirds with lustrous dark-green glaze but the bottom exposed white clay, encrusted with brown and tan sediment, fully intact except for chips in rim under the glaze (not damaged). With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90 Unidentified Song Dynasty wreck (late 1200s) sunk off Tinghai Lianjiang, Fujian province, China 852. Chinese stoneware Temmoku black glaze bowl. 157 grams, about 3-7/8" in diameter and 1-5/8" tall. From the Dongzhang/ Minhou kiln in Fujian province (China), this small tea bowl was one of many being exported to Japan during the Song/Yuan Dynasty, many of which were lost on this unidentified shipwreck. An attractive old artifact, fully intact, with very dark brown glaze on the inside and on the upper half of the outside above light gray bare stoneware that shows small bits of white encrustation. Estimate: $200 - $300 Unidentified Chinese wreck of the 1300s 853. Small, shallow bowl, Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368). 81.4 grams, 4¼” in diameter and 3/4" tall. A very shallow bowl with scalloped rim, no design, dark gray all over with light sediment, very cute and intact. Estimate: $50 - $75 851. Chinese (Burmese) earthenware green-glaze jarlet. 42.7 grams, about 2½” tall and 1-3/ 8" in diameter. As above, the glaze a bit yellower, no chips or flaws. With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90 850. Chinese (Burmese) earthenware green-glaze jarlet. 31.1 grams, about 2½” tall and 1-3/8" in diameter. As above but with a bit more glaze overall, more vivid color, tiny chip in glaze at top. With Robert Marx photo- certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90 849. Chinese (Burmese) earthenware green-glaze jarlet. 49.5 grams, about 2½” tall and 1-3/8" in diameter. As above, the glaze dripped in two places down to near the bottom, no chips under glaze. With Robert Marx photo- certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
157 Unidentified 1400s wreck in the South China Sea 854. Thai Sawankhalok stoneware jarlet, early 1400s. 134 grams, about 2-3/8" in diameter and 2½” tall. We have sold these before: small, fat, flat-based, two-handled vases in plain, whitish clay with traces of encrustation. This one shows areas of light green (celadon) glaze still on the surface, plus a small oyster on the side, perfectly intact. Estimate: $125 - $185 855. Thai Sawankhalok stoneware jarlet, early 1400s. 122 grams, about 2½” tall and 2-3/8" in diameter. As above but with more shell encrustation (including a loose shell rattling around inside!) but no celadon remaining, intact except for small chips in base. Estimate: $125 - $185 Flor do Mar, sunk in 1511 off Sumatra, Indonesia 858. Chinese jade artifact (small vase with mustachioed face), Ming Dynasty. 65.1 grams, about 2-1/8" tall and 2- 3/8" wide. Wide, flat vase with fringed sides and human face with mustache on both sides, dark green with tan highlights. With Robert Marx photo- certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 Unidentified mid- to late-1400s wreck in the Philippines. 856. Small, gray bowl, Chinese, Ming Dynasty (1400s). 298 grams, 6½” in diameter and 1½” tall. Perfectly intact but without much design (just three floral areas inside the bowl), glazed only down to about a 3" diameter, bluish gray all over. Estimate: $125 - $185 857. Small, gray bowl, Chinese, Ming Dynasty (1400s). 232 grams, 6¼” in diameter and 1½” tall. As above, same design but the design a little more vivid and the background a good bit whiter, fully intact. Estimate: $125 - $185 860. Chinese jade artifact (robed warrior?), Ming Dynasty. 61.5 grams, about 2-3/8" tall and 1¼” wide. Shape of a seated human (possibly military) with hair pulled into a tail at top, both hands resting on a bar of some sort, robed and smiling, light green in color with some white inclusions. With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 859. Chinese jade artifact (fish), Ming Dynasty. 24.1 grams, about 2-1/8" wide and 1/ 8" thick. An arched fish squirting water toward its tail, its scales and head and dorsal fin all well defined on both sides, very pale green with light encrustation, perfectly intact. With Robert Marx photo- certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450
158 861. Chinese jade artifact (swan?), Ming Dynasty. 35.8 grams, about 1-3/4" long and 1½” tall. Very cute, complete bird, almost certainly a swan but with larger eyes and more pronounced beak (like an eagle), pale green color with light sheen of encrustation, perfectly intact. With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 862. Chinese jade artifact (dragon’s head?), Ming Dynasty. 91.2 grams, 3¼” long, 7/8" wide. A long, somewhat cylindrical piece with head at one end consisting of a blunted snout, flaring eyes, and long ears, the other end smooth and sloped, pale green color, a few minor flaws as made. With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 Unidentified Chinese wreck of the early 1600s 865. Encrusted blue-on-white porcelain cup, Ming Dynasty, late 1500s/early 1600s. 146 grams, about 4-1/8" in diameter and 1-3/ 4" tall. A big cup with flared rim, very dark blue crude pattern on exterior, single character inside bowl, intact but with very neat patches of mostly white encrustation all over. Estimate: $150 - $225 863. Chinese jade artifact (butterfly?), Ming Dynasty. 52.7 grams, about 3-3/8" tall and 2-1/8" wide. Undulating edges (wings?) with triangular shape inside (body?), very pale green in color and with bits of coral encrustation. With Robert Marx photo-certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 Unidentified wreck sunk ca. 1554 in the northern Caribbean 864. Small, flat pewter plate. 536 grams, 8" in diameter. Nearly intact (small piece missing from rim), about half the surface covered with coral encrustation and mossy sea-grass (not too many artifacts have that!), the rest dark with rust spots, no markings visible (could be some under the coral), quite a neat display. Estimate: $750 - $1,100
159 “Wild Horse River wreck,” sunk ca. 1620 off Uruguay 868. Small oval glass/gold reliquary pendant with enameled edge. 0.9 gram, 3/8" to 5/8" in diameter. A very cute little piece with glass (that probably housed a small religious relic at one time) held in place by gold bezel and prongs, the outside rim showing a pattern of circles in alternating relief, the low pits enameled green and the upper ones containing grayish coral or degraded pearls, with cloverleaf designs at top and bottom (coral in crevices) with tiny loops for connecting to chains or jump-rings. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $500 - $750 867. Gold ring with aquamarine(?). Size 6-3/4, the stone about 2 carats. Possibly meant to match the above, slightly smaller but also ornate in design and high-grade gold (22K), with the gemstone cut in a pointed octagon with twelve facets (similar to the Old European “rose cut” that was popular in the 1500s but very rare today), the color of the stone varying from slightly blue to slightly pink (mostly clear), perfect condition but with some black encrustation near the top. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500 869. Two-part iron sliding barshot. 6 lb, 13 oz, 9" long, 3" in diameter. While we have handled several iron barshot over the years (the concept being two balls or short cylinders joined by a bar shot out of a cannon to foul opponents’ rigging), this is the first we have ever seen with the bar itself in two separate parts that stay together by means of a ring on one and a flare on the other, such that the shot can spread apart and flex, making it longer and giving it more rotation. Barshot from wrecks are rare enough; this one has to be nearly unique, certainly in such well-preserved condition as this one is, all surfaces black and only lightly corroded, the sliding bars wired together by the salvagers. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $700 - $1,000 866. Gold ring with amethyst. Size 8, the stone about 2.5 carats. Ornate design in very bright, high-grade gold (probably 22K), with rectangular table-cut amethyst (beautiful violet color), in perfect condition and most likely crafted for a very rich nobleman, one of the finest Spanish rings we have ever seen from a shipwreck (just not an emerald or diamond, which of course are worth more for the stones). With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000
160 870. Iron axe-head with armorers’ mark. 2 lb, 13 oz, about 8¼” x 3" x 2". A remarkably well-preserved artifact, perfectly intact except for pitting on surfaces that nevertheless exposes striations from forging to show how it was made in two parts, the thin strap around the handle curved around to meet a separate, presumably more-hardened, blade piece that on this example is still a bit sharp. A large armorers’ mark (unreadable) is impressed right where the two pieces meet. For comparison, a 1715-Fleet axe just like this one (with facsimile handle) sold for over $1000 in our last auction. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $500 - $750 871. Iron cannon pin-ring. 287 grams, 9½” long. This object was hammered into the side of the ship and chained to a cannon to keep it from recoiling across the deck after firing. This particular specimen is in great shape, black in color and only lightly corroded, just enough to show forging striations. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 872. Iron chest lock-strap. 160 grams, about 5-3/4" long and 1" in width. An L- shaped strap with rectangular hole in short end for receiving a loop on the side of a chest through which a padlock could be fastened, the iron in solid condition, black and only lightly pitted. With official photo- certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 873. Lead sounding-weight with iron nails inside. 1024 grams, about 4½” x 2-1/8" x 1½”. We have never seen a sounding-lead quite like this one, as it is shaped like an iron with an apron in the back that has two holes for wire or rope, plus there is a large but shallow hole at the back of the main part and a small hole through the front of it as well—in fact we are not 100 percent sure it is a sounding lead at all, but what else could it be? The most interesting aspect of all is the fact that the lead was cast around several iron nails, whose rusty remains peek through the top. A fascinating object, to be sure, and possibly rare and important. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 874. Miniature lead cannon (map marker/paperweight?). 102 grams, 3" long and about ½” in diameter. A solid scale-model of a cannon, possibly a toy but more likely a marker used by a military commander to plan out his battles on a map, or something like that, as it is relatively heavy (to weigh down the paper) and appears to have seen much use (flattish on top and bottom), now with light encrustation from the water. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 875. Stone stylus (sand pencil). 12.9 grams, 4" long, 3/8" wide. This piece is a bit of a mystery, as it is lightweight but appears to be stone (slate?) and has a high-pitch ring like a lead pencil, which is our best guess as to its use, for writing instructions in sand or on some sort of board, worn from use but intact, dark gray in color, very curious and possibly rare. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150
161 876. Lot of eight lead spike-caps. 265 grams total, each piece 1" to 1½” in diameter. Spikes are often seen from Spanish wrecks, but we have never seen tops of them coated with lead like this lot displays. The spikes themselves are gone (rusted away), but the tops remain, cocooned in fat round caps of lead. We speculate that these caps were a method to keep the spikes from rusting away while the ship was in use. Each one is lightly encrusted but recognizable for the very rare items that they are. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 877. Lot of two iron spikes, one with original cloth attached. 92.4 grams total, one 4-3/4" long and the other 2½” long. Another surprising “spike by-product” from this wreck, the pieces in this lot both display original cloth or other fibrous material wrapped around the head, which has to be very rare. The shorter piece in this lot shows distinct brown fibers, but the other has just a fossilized mass there, both with somewhat corroded shanks but still pointed. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 878. Lot of thirteen small, square, iron spikes. 560 grams total, 3½” to 4½” long each. Small but mostly complete spikes with square shanks and flat heads, one curved into a fancy J-shape (the others mostly straight), well preserved (black color). With official photo- certificate. Estimate: $300 - $450 879. Lot of five square iron spikes. 431 grams total, 5¼”-6" long each. Complete, square-shanked spikes with flat heads, all black and well preserved. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 880. Lot of five round, iron hull-pin parts. 942 grams total, 2¼” to 5" long each. Small, fat, stubby parts of big round bolts, their heads typically flattened, all black and well preserved. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 881. Lot of four cuprous spikes. 212 grams total, lengths from 1- 7/8" to 5-3/4". Typical brass or bronze spikes, with square shanks and heads, one long and straight and the others shorter, bent and/or broken, with well-preserved, clean surfaces in brassy or coppery color. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 882. Lot of four iron cannonballs of various sizes. 7 lb, 3 oz total, diameters of about 1" to 4". The largest one, a six pounder(?), is in excellent condition with mostly smooth surfaces, the others a little more pitted but all black and stable, a great representation of the several different kinds of shot used on ships of this period. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $350 - $525 883. Lot of miscellaneous iron parts. 346 grams total. This lot consists of a curved (flat) band, a small ring, a large brad, a short cylinder, the top of a huge spike, and a curved piece of what might have been a breastplate (armor), none of them fully intact but all well preserved (black) and worthy of display. With official photo- certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90
162 884. Seven lead musket-balls in original mold. 160 grams, 5¼” long, each ball ½” in diameter. Over the years we have sold hundreds of musket-balls, but this is the FIRST TIME we have ever seen them in their original mold with a strip still attached! Looking like seven little peas in a pod, the balls are attached to the strip with a narrow post that was broken off when the balls were finished. The mold strip appears to be intact and of full length, which should be of interest to small-arms researchers who might not have known exactly how these balls were made in the early 1600s. A unique item whose value should extend well beyond the price of seven simple musket-balls. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $350 - $525 888. Lot of three copper “nuggets.” 6.7 grams total, each about 3/8". We are not sure of the purpose of these copper balls, but we are fairly certain they are melted pieces and not actual natural nuggets. Perhaps part of the ship burned, reducing its nails to these little blobs, each one a dark brass color and lightly patinated. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 885. Lot of three lead musket- balls with parts of original molds. 71 grams total, each ball ½” in diameter. Like the above, each of these balls is still attached to the original mold strip, two of them joined together and one by itself, all lightly dusted with sediment. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 886. Lot of seven small musket-balls and one large ball. 321 grams total, diameters from 5/8" to 1". All but one of the balls in this lot are the standard musket-balls you see from nearly every colonial-era wreck, but the last one is much bigger (and darker but with white encrustation), with large indentations that could indicate that it was reserved by the ship’s surgeon for use as an erstwhile anesthetic by having his patient literally “bite the bullet” while his leg was amputated (for example). With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $100 - $150 887. Lot of several small pieces of lead and copper. 315 grams total. In order to reduce the damage from teredo worms, which could eat through a ship remarkably quickly, the wooden hull of the ship was plated with lead, of which the large lead piece in this lot (with square nail hole) was undoubtedly a part. The other pieces of lead might be connected to the musket-ball molds in the above lots, and the copper sheets (with nail holes too) were probably from the outside of wooden chests or the like, as copper was not used to plate ships’ hulls until much later. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 889. Lot of miscellaneous items: Copper knob; copper bar; copper box handle; two pieces of sea-worn glass. 164 grams total. This lot contains three copper pieces (a solid and beautifully encrusted knob/finial/pommel, a thin handle part, and a rectangular bar) and two pieces of glass, none of it fully identifiable but nice for display anyway. With official photo-certificate. Estimate: $60 - $90
163 Atocha, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida Santa Margarita, sunk in 1622 west of Key West, Florida 892. Fisher “space pen” made with Atocha gold, with original box. 14.1 grams and 3- 5/8" long (pen only). In 1985 the highly regarded (Paul) Fisher pen company got together with Mel Fisher and used some of the gold recently recovered from the Atocha to make a few special editions of their famous “space pens,” approved by NASA to be used in space because they can write upside-down and on glossy surfaces or even underwater. This pen is black with a 14K gold ring around the middle engraved with CONTAINS ATOCHA GOLD FROM MEL FISHER, and it rests snugly inside a plastic case (intact but not new) printed with “Fisher / ATOCHA / Actual Gold from the Sunken Treasure of the 1622 Spanish Galleon ATOCHA” and a picture of a ship on top, with folded certificate/refill order form inside. Once common, and originally sold at high retail prices, these Atocha pens are now scarce. Estimate: $50 - $75 891. Raw, high-quality emerald. 2.2 carats (0.43 gram). Perfectly six-sided crystal of beautiful green, not too opaque, one of the better natural emeralds we have seen from the Atocha. With Fisher photo- certificate #015/630. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 893. Natural pearl, very large. 3.62 carats, about 3/8" in diameter. Late last year divers on the Margarita site made an amazing discovery: a lead box filled with 16,000 tiny pearls! These pearls are slowly entering the market now after division with Fisher investors and divers, and we are very curious to see what prices they will bring. The only other time we have seen pearls like this from a Spanish galleon was when the finds of the ca.-1622 “Dry Tortugas wreck” were auctioned off in California in 2004, but those pearls were all snatched up by the original finders, who reserved them for their museum in Florida. The pearl in this lot is the largest one we have seen on the market so far, with about one half smooth but the other half cleaved, like a coffee bean but white and glossy. With Fisher photo-certificate #8258. Estimate: $350 - $525 890. Large silver base, encrusted. 356 grams, 6" in diameter and 2" tall. A cylindrical piece with flaring top and bottom, slits in sides and holes for fastening onto a larger item of unknown identity (possibly a colander or porous serving dish of some sort), the thin metal curiously crystallized and encrusted to a whitish gray in color, with large piece of rim broken off, fragile but rare and desirable as a genuine Atocha artifact. With Fisher photo-certificate #85A-A238 and original plastic tag. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250
164 894. Natural pearl, large. 1.27 carats, about ¼” in diameter. As above but shaped like a snowman (two fused balls), nice smooth surfaces, white and shiny. With Fisher photo-certificate #2418. Estimate: $200 - $300 895. Natural pearl, large. 1.25 carats, about ¼” in diameter. As above, about half smooth and round but the other side flat and rough, a little reddish in color. With Fisher photo-certificate #2521. Estimate: $200 - $300 896. Natural pearl, large. 1.10 carats, about ¼” in diameter. As above but rounder, with rougher surfaces, nice bright-white color. With Fisher photo-certificate #8624. Estimate: $200 - $300 897. Natural pearl, medium. 0.40 carat, about 1/8" in diameter. As above, a small and fairly regular sphere, somewhat pinkish in color and with less luster. With Fisher photo-certificate #2907. Estimate: $175 - $275 898. Natural pearl, small. 0.21 carat, less than 1/8" in diameter. As above, seemingly small but actually about three times the size of most of the other pearls from this find, this one a fairly regular sphere of decent white color, not much luster. With Fisher photo- certificate #3602. Estimate: $175 - $275 Unidentified early-1600s wreck in the English Channel 899. Bronze pocket “ring” sundial, ca. 1600. 4.8 grams, about 1¼” in diameter and ¼” wide. Prior to the development of watches in the 1600s, tiny sundials like this one were how the casual traveler could tell time via a small, personal device. It consists of a flat ring with markings on the outside and a groove in the center for a thin pointer known as a style (missing in this case), with a loop at top for wearing on a necklace and for holding up to the sun, the same design that has been seen from the Atocha wreck of 1622. Intact and lightly patinated. Estimate: $200 - $300
165 Capitana, sunk in 1654 off Chanduy, Ecuador 900. Large iron cannonball. 18 lb, 5" in diameter. A wonderfully intact, minimally preserved (stable) iron cannonball of great size and weight, its surfaces rusty but not too flaky, with a couple spots of light encrustation, first one we have offered from this wreck that was not bronze (which is actually rarer). Estimate: $150 - $225 Sacramento, sunk in 1668 off the Bay of All Saints, Bahia, Brazil 901. Terra cotta statue of San Juan Bautista (St. John the Baptist). 507 grams, about 9-3/4" tall, 3¼” at its widest. Small statues from wrecks are highly prized items, as they add a truly human element. This hollow statue is one of several found on this wreck, crudely molded from brown-orange clay and showing the robed saint with a lamb in his left arm, his right hand with a hole for holding a cross-topped pole (missing in this example), undoubtedly related to a group of Franciscan friars known to be among the 200 passengers aboard what was actually a military vessel. There are holes from poor manufacture in the back and on the right shoulder, in addition to some bubble-voids in the neck and chest area, but nothing that looks like actual damage, just little bits of encrustation here and there. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 902. Large lead seal (English). 19.8 grams, about 1-5/8" in diameter. Even though this was technically a military ship, it was carrying quite a bit of consumer goods like bolts of cloth, on whose corners were impressed two-part coin-like lead disks like this one to show that the material had passed inspection or had been assessed for taxes (for example). This particular lead seal is English and bears the beautiful portrait of an angel, the other half (which would show a coat of arms) missing. Tan in color, with lots of encrustation, a little bent but fully intact. Estimate: $200 - $300
166 903. Small lead seal, double-diamond shape (English). 9.9 grams, about 1-5/8" long and 3/4" wide. The design of this textile seal (both sides intact) is that of two diamonds, with the larger diamond showing a crowned English coat-of-arms on one side and a crowned R on the other side, and the smaller diamond showing the number 63 on one side, all fully intact (presumably never removed), brown in color. Estimate: $200 - $300 904. Small lead seal, Portuguese arms/small Brazilian globe with lettering. 14.2 grams, about 7/8" in diameter. Two parts fused together, back to back, one side with the Portuguese arms and the other side with the Brazilian globe below a big S and a Jerusalem cross and bold lettering in the legend, brown in color and fully intact, the two parts crudely offset. Estimate: $150 - $225 905. Medium-sized lead seal, Portuguese arms/large Brazilian globe. 19.3 grams, about 1¼” in diameter. Design as above but a bit larger and without lettering or legends of any kind, also with part of one side folded down, the globe side particularly bold and attractive (brown color). Estimate: $100 - $150 906. Lot of five cut pieces of small lead seals with Portuguese/Brazilian arms. Weights from 4.5 grams to 6.4 grams, each one up to ½” in diameter. Same design as above but smaller and interestingly all cut (meaning the textiles to which they were affixed were probably used on the voyage), each one tan or gray, with light encrustation. Estimate: $100 - $150 907. Small lead seal, mostly flat. 7.7 grams, about 3/4" in diameter. Though this piece is technically intact, there is no design visible, just a black background with light encrustation, cute but not attributable. Estimate: $50 - $75 “Porto Bello wreck,” sunk 1681 off Porto Bello, Panama 908. Long steel rapier blade. 12 oz, 43½” long. As mentioned in the accompanying magazine article, this wreck was famous for yielding dozens of these thin steel blades (this lot and next) without handles, probably replacements for broken swords already in use in the colonies. Rusted all over but stabilized and solid, markings within blood-groove almost visible, a scarce item despite the large find from this wreck. With Treasure Quest magazine featuring an article on the salvage of these blades. Estimate: $150 - $225 909. Long steel rapier blade. 10 oz, 41½” long. As above but a bit shorter from broken tip (a typical occurrence even on non-salvage specimens). With Treasure Quest magazine featuring an article on the salvage of these blades. Estimate: $150 - $225 Consolación, sunk in 1681 off Santa Clara Island, Ecuador 910. Bronze church door ornament mounted on wooden plaque. 8½” x 10-3/4" overall. When the divers on this wreck found a group of unusual, somewhat star-shaped bronze objects with 8 ridges and a rounded finial in the middle, they really had no idea what they were; but not long afterward they happened to notice that Catholic church doors throughout colonial Peru were studded with them, each one having a simpler (round) counterpart on the other side of the door. The salvagers decided to pair these parts together and put the sets on wooden plaques for display (either as a wall-hanging or, by means of a dowel in the back, as a stand) along with a photo of a church door and a brief history of the wreck in plastic sleeves. This first example is a plain-edge, rectangular plaque, the ornaments in excellent, preserved condition. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #B0028. Estimate: $150 - $225
167 911. Bronze church door ornament mounted on wooden plaque. 8-3/4" x 11¼” overall. As above but the plaque eight-sided and with beveled edge. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #B0026. Estimate: $150 - $225 914. Complete bronze hull-pin and part of another. 4 lb, 5 oz total, the large one 23½” long and 5/8" in diameter. This is one of the longest pins we have ever seen, 100 percent straight and intact, with a round cap at one end and the other end slightly flared, its surfaces a lovely green and brown from encrustation, very solid and heavy, along with a much smaller broken piece of another hull- pin with similar patina. With ROBCAR photo-certificates #B0024 and #B0025. Estimate: $100 - $150 915. Mule shoe and nails mounted on wooden plaque (large). 12" x 12" plaque with 5½” x 3-3/4" shoe. In addition to the church- door ornaments mentioned above, another surprise find on this wreck were several chests of iron mule-shoes, normally a rare find from a shipwreck, and again the salvagers have decided to mount these shoes on wooden plaques, this one square with a plain edge, with a photo of the chests on site and a brief history of the wreck in plastic sleeves, also with crude nails used to fasten the shoes, the nails and shoe intact, well preserved and coated black. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #I00036. Estimate: $75 - $110 916. Mule shoe and nails mounted on wooden plaque. 8½” x 11" plaque with 5" x 3½” shoe. As above but smaller, eight-sided plaque with beveled edge and with photo of just the shoes in chest- shape before conservation. With ROBCAR photo-certificate #I00034. Estimate: $75 - $110 912. Uncleaned bronze church door ornament mounted on wooden plaque. 8-3/4" x 11½” overall. As above, more rectangular, with beveled edge, but also with the ornament parts themselves still encrusted with green patina and shell bits. With ROBCAR photo- certificate #B0027. Estimate: $150 - $225 913. Uncleaned bronze church door ornament (no plaque) with encrusted earthenware olive jar neck. 372 grams total, the ornament about 2-7/8" in diameter and the jar neck about 3-3/4" in diameter. Yet another of the door ornaments mentioned above, but this one just the front part (no round backpiece and no finial, and not mounted on a plaque), uncleaned (lovely green encrustation), paired with a broken-off neck of an earthenware olive jar with coral encrustation all over. With ROBCAR photo-certificates #B0028 and #C00042. Estimate: $75 - $110
168 Sunken city of Port Royal, Jamaica, submerged by earthquake in 1694 917. Clay pipe set. 13.3 grams, each piece about 2¼” long. Tobacco was big in colonial days, and it was typically smoked in long, thin clay pipes that were designed so that you could break off the tip when you were done and the next user could “start fresh” (and of course they broke on their own often enough). This set comprises a complete bowl and a small section of the tubular pipe, both a bit stained and a little bit encrusted. With Robert Marx certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 1715 Fleet, east coast of Florida 919. Solid gold (24K) replica of the famous “dragon whistle” (Captain’s badge of office). 23.2 grams, about 1½” long. In 1962 Rex Stocker and Kip Wagner of the Real Eight Co. found a dragon- shaped gold object with an 11-foot gold chain attached on the beach opposite the “Cabin wreck” site just south of Sebastian, and this strange and beautiful object turned out to be Captain-General Ubilla’s badge of office, functional as a whistle and toothpick and earspoon all in one. It was a fabulous piece that sold at auction in 1967 (see lot #21 of the “Treasure of the Spanish Main” auction of February 4, 1967, by Parke-Bernet in New York City) for $50,000, a veritable fortune at the time. This same piece sold recently for six figures (also was offered at auction in 1993 but did not sell). Over the years we have seen a few cast replicas of this whistle, like this one, a perfect reproduction in solid gold, distinguishable from the original by the fact that it is solid and not hollow (and therefore is not functional as a whistle). Normally we do not offer reproductions, but this one was not mass-produced and offers the high bidder the opportunity to put into his collection at least some representation of such a famous artifact. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 918. Clay pipe set. 15.7 grams, the bowl 3" long and the stem piece 2" long. Same thing as last lot except with more of the pipe attached to the bowl, the stem piece clean and white but the bowl a little glossy and with spots of rusty encrustation, marked with “1263” in ink on the inside. With Robert Marx certificate. Estimate: $75 - $110 920. Gold cufflink, 22K. 3.8 grams, each link about 3/8" in diameter. Cute but simple cufflink consisting of two plain (no design), hemispherical buttons joined by an oval jump- ring. From the “Cabin wreck” site, found on the beach after hurricane Jeanne in September of 2004. Estimate: $500 - $750 921. Gold ring with diamond pattern. 1.6 grams, size 3. Small like most, with seven-sided exterior shape on which is engraved a diamond-shaped pattern (common design), fully intact, probably around 14K. From the “North Colored Beach” site, with Fisher photo-certificate #NCB076B. Estimate: $500 - $750
169 922. Gold ring, plain. 2.9 grams, size 1¼. Very small ring, but also very thick, no design, brassy color as low fineness. From the “North Colored Beach” site, with Fisher photo-certificate #NCB075. Estimate: $500 - $750 923. Small, natural emerald. 3.8 carats (0.76 gram). Pleasing crystal shape (more or less six- sided), over ¼” in length, good green color but thoroughly opaque, with lightly encrusted surfaces. With small certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 924. Small, natural emerald. 3.55 carats (0.71 gram). Odd nugget shape, over ½” long, dark green but opaque with light encrustation all over. With small certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 925. Small, natural emerald. 2.9 carats (0.58 gram). Nice crystal shape, 3/ 8" long, light green in color with whitish surfaces. With small certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 926. Small, natural emerald. 2.55 carats (0.51 gram). Light jade in color but perfect crystal shape, ¼” long, tan encrustation. With small certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 927. Small, natural emerald. 2.4 carats (0.48 gram). Small green rock, lightly encrusted all over. With small certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 928. Small, natural emerald. 2.35 carats (0.47 gram). Light green color, nicely encrusted, over 3/8" long. With small certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 929. Small, natural emerald. 2 carats (0.4 gram). Grayish green, a 3/8" rock with encrustation all over. With small certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 930. Small, natural emerald. 1.9 carats (0.38 gram). Pretty green rock, 3/8" long, nicely encrustation. With small certificate. Estimate: $175 - $275 931. Small, natural emerald. 1.8 carats (0.36 gram). Light green but very clean and a little less opaque than the others, 5/16" long, no encrustation. With small certificate. Estimate: $150 - $225 932. Small, natural emerald. 1.7 carats (0.34 gram). Long, whitish rock (over 3/ 8") with encrustation. With small certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 933. Small, natural emerald. 1.6 carats (0.32 gram). Whitish crystal, 3/8" long, lightly encrusted. With small certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 934. Small, natural emerald. 1.5 carats (0.3 gram). Crystal with one end uneven, 3/8" long, lightly encrusted. With small certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 935. Small, natural emerald. 1.35 carats (0.27 gram). Crystal-shaped cube, nearly ¼” to a side, dark green but opaque and encrusted. With small certificate. Estimate: $125 - $185 936. Lot of seven small, natural emeralds. 1.55 carats (0.31 gram) total. Three good-sized rocks and four small chips, decent green color and encrustation. With small certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 937. Blue-on-white Chinese (K’ang Hsi) porcelain shard. 219 grams, approx. 7-3/4" x 4¼”. A sizable portion of what must have been a huge bowl or vase, the blue pattern still quite vivid under crackled glaze, otherwise smooth and white. With Fisher photo- certificate #46502. Estimate: $150 - $225
170 938. Bronze dagger pommel. 47.6 grams, about 1" long and 7/8" in diameter. Grape-shaped and -sized ornament (very solid and heavy) that once graced the end of a dagger, with tang- hole on flared end and holes at other end and below the flare that might have held pins for a chain of some sort, brassy in color and a with some pitting that obscures what appears to be ornamental design. With Fisher photo-certificate #5814, on which it is erroneously described as silver. Estimate: $125 - $185 940. Small iron cannonball. 6 lb, 2 oz, 3½” in diameter. Crude from oxidation (now stabilized), with large sections of the surface missing, still heavy and recognizable, and a highly sought artifact. Estimate: $60 - $90 941. Small iron cannonball. 6 lb, 3 oz, 4" in diameter. As above but with encrustation on part of the outer surface. Estimate: $60 - $90 942. Brass door keyhole. 11.5 grams, diameter about 1¼” to 1-5/8". Oval-shaped brass plate with square hole for key in center, three holes around it for fastening to the door. Estimate: $75 - $110 939. Iron knife blade, professionally conserved. 22.2 grams, 5¼” long. A small knife, about half of it the blade and the other half part of the handle (its wooden, bone or ivory parts long since gone), all encrusted but intact in terms of shape, rare to have survived at all. Estimate: $100 - $150 943. Large curved needle. 7.9 grams, 3-3/4" long. This long, curved and very sharp-pointed, 4-sided needle was either surgical or used for sail repair and is remarkably well preserved for iron, with dark surfaces tinged with a hint of rust, one end broken, probably rare. Estimate: $50 - $75 944. Lot of eight curved needles. 26 grams total, each about 3"- 4" long. Like the last lot but smaller, each of these complete 4- sided needles is 100 percent intact, dark and solid, with very sharp points, possibly used for suturing but more likely for repairing sails, must be rare in this condition. Estimate: $200 - $300 945. Lot of six straight needles. 18 grams total, each about 2½”- 3½” long. Like the last lot but not curved and a little shorter, also well preserved (sharp points) and undoubtedly rare. Estimate: $75 - $110
171 946. Lot of two straight “lance”-type needles. 15.6 grams total, 4" and 3¼” long. As above but with square flanges near middle, one more intact (both ends perfectly sharp) and with an uncertain hallmark, both well preserved and undoubtedly rare. Estimate: $75 - $110 947. Lot of four small bronze nails. 3.6 grams total, each about 7/8" long. Tiny nails with round heads and sharp points, very dark but well preserved. Estimate: $50 - $75 948. Lot of two small, bronze nails and one iron spike. 150 grams total, the spike about 10" long and each nail about 1¼”. The two small nails are in perfect condition (just some surface patina), but the spike is heavily rusted (never conserved) and fragile, so buy the lot mainly for the vintage certificates. With two small certificates (one for each nail) from the Real Eight Co. describing the wrecks and salvage. Estimate: $50 - $75 949. Lead musket-balls, lot of 18. 239 grams total, each ball about ½” in diameter. Typical small musket- balls with a light dusting of sediment, perfect for a display or inexpensive resale. Estimate: $75 - $110 950. Lead musket-balls, lot of 18. 237 grams total, each ball about ½” in diameter. Typical small musket-balls with a light dusting of sediment, perfect for a display or inexpensive resale. Estimate: $75 - $110 952. Lot of lead items (3 small shot and a small piece of sheathing). 23.3 grams total, each ball about 3/8" in diameter. Small lead balls (probably birdshot) and an L-shaped piece of thin sheathing, all with light encrustation and nice certificates. With photo-certificates from the finder. Estimate: $60 - $90 951. Lead musket-balls, lot of 18. 255 grams total, each ball about ½” in diameter. Typical small musket-balls with a light dusting of sediment, perfect for a display or inexpensive resale. Estimate: $75 - $110 Milagros, sunk in 1741 off the Yucatán peninsula of Mexico 954. Ornate pewter buckle. 13.8 grams, 1-3/4" x 1½”. Rectangular buckle with highly ornate design, perfectly intact, dark fields with lighter high points and some spots of encrustation, the back of it plain and silver in color. Estimate: $125 - $185 1733 Fleet (Sueco de Arizón), Florida Keys 953. Clay pipe (broken) and cob coins in a Riker display box. 12-1/8" x 8-1/8" (box). Large glass-topped display with one long, complete pipe that got crushed after salvage and two heavily corroded Mexican silver cob 4 reales (black and nearly devoid of details). With full color certificate from the salvager (2005). Estimate: $200 - $300
172 “Ronson wreck,” sunk(?) ca. 1750 off Manhattan (New York City) 955. Set of two chafing leathers, colonial American, early 1700s. 307 grams total, each about 12" to 14" long and 3" wide. Leather items from shipwrecks are very rare, but then again this was not a wreck found in the water. The two items in this lot are long, straight, folded-over sheets, smooth on the outside and rough on the inside, placed on ropes at contact points to keep them from rubbing through. In fact, one of the pieces has a diagonal “burn” hole where there was too much friction. The sides have a series of holes for securing the leathers with laces. Remarkably intact, dark and preserved, and a great bit of early American history! Estimate: $200 - $300 956. Set of four small leather soles, colonial American, early 1700s. 69.5 grams total, each about 4" to 7" long. Our Treasure Auction #2 featured some shoe leathers from this wreck, but those were adult size, whereas three in this current lot are juvenile and one is for an infant! Very rare, as above, intact and preserved, dark in color, another great bit of colonial archeology. Estimate: $100 - $150 Unidentified 1700s Spanish wreck off Memory Rock, Bahamas 957. Iron cargo hook. 551 grams, 6-3/8" long and about 1" in cross-section. A beautifully preserved hook with ring at top and sharp point, all black, nice as recognizable artifact of medium stature, its exact provenance regrettably unclear. Estimate: $75 - $110 Unidentified 1700s wreck in the English Channel 958. Bronze miniature rifle. 12 grams, about 2-3/4" long. This small item is easily recognizable as a gun of some sort, and while it may have been just a toy, it is worth noting that the barrel is hollow and has a touch-hole near the stock end, so it might be functional. Rusty bronze color, not overly corroded. Estimate: $125 - $185 Unidentified 1700s Dutch East Indiaman wreck 959. Lot of three rectangular ballast bricks. 2 lb, 9 oz total, 3" to 5" each. Unlike the Spanish, who famously used round river rocks for ballast, the Dutch used somewhat stackable bricks, these examples of which range from yellow to orange in color, one with a big patch of white coral still adhering. Estimate: $40 - $60 960. Encrusted sounding lead. 3 lb, 13 oz, 5-3/4" tall and 2" in diameter at its widest. Like most sounding leads, this piece is tall, heavy and somewhat conical, with a depression in the bottom for wax (to get a sample of the sand as well), but it is unique in that it is completely covered in gorgeous pinkish coral, a great display despite its nebulous provenance. Estimate: $275 - $350 Unidentified 1700s wreck (unspecified location)
173 961. Large, iron “canister” shot. 9 lb, 5½” tall and 4¼” in diameter. A cluster of about 40 balls (grapeshot) between two round plates that were shot out of a cannon to disperse and inflict damage over a wide area, all the balls but only one of the plates present in this specimen (the other replaced with a wooden facsimile), the balls a bit corroded but coated black to seal off the rust, used as a bookend. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 962. Large lead split-shot. 2 lb, 12 oz, about 2¼” in diameter. By far the largest split-shot we have ever seen (the concept being a round lead bullet that separated into two halves, usually joined by a wire so that the projectile would spin and affect a larger area), each half with a large, tapering groove into the center, both lightly encrusted, undoubtedly rare. Estimate: $250 - $375 Geldermalsen (“Nanking Cargo”), sunk in 1752 in the South China Sea 963. Encrusted Chinese blue-and-white porcelain bowl, Qing Dynasty. 141 grams, 1-3/4" tall and 4¼” in diameter. An older, cruder (and presumably scarcer) design than most from this ship, showing four alternating panels on outside (two with Chinese characters and two with flowers), white on the inside, about one quarter of which is encrusted with tan coral, intact except for some tiny chips in the rim (some under the glaze). Estimate: $125 - $185 964. Encrusted Chinese blue-and-white porcelain bowl, Qing Dynasty. 137 grams, 1-3/4" tall and 4¼” in diameter. As above in shape but with different designs inside the panels and only near top, much less encrustation inside but with small oyster shells on the outside, a few chips in the rim. Estimate: $125 - $185 965. Chinese blue-on-white porcelain teacup, “pagoda riverscape” pattern. 45.8 grams, 2-7/8" in diameter and 1½” tall. A common design from this wreck, depicting a two-story pagoda on a rocky landscape with trees and shrubs, this specimen 100 percent perfect in every way, not a single blemish in its glazing. With original Christie’s “Nanking Cargo” (1986) auction-lot sticker (lot #5059) and with May and Fismer certificates erroneously stating that the item is a saucer. Estimate: $100 - $150 966. Chinese blue-on-white porcelain saucer, “pagoda riverscape” pattern. 69.5 grams, 4½” in diameter. A match to the above in the “pavilion” pattern, and also 100 percent perfect, with very vivid blue color and pristine glaze, hard to believe such a thin, fragile object could survive a shipwreck! With original Christie’s “Nanking Cargo” (1986) auction-lot sticker (lot #5059), with May and Fismer certificates. Estimate: $100 - $150 967. Chinese blue-on-white porcelain cup, very small. 22 grams, about 1-3/4" in diameter and 1-1/8" tall. A dainty little teacup with crude (older?) pattern in blue on outside, white inside, bits of oysters adhering to bottom, nice glaze, intact except for tiny chip in rim. Estimate: $50 - $75
174 Aventurero, sunk in 1767 off Uruguay 968. Set of four trade beads. 4.5 grams total, ¼” to ½” in diameter. The Aventurero was a Spanish merchant ship that wrecked in 1767 near the border of Brazil and Uruguay on her way from Spain to Buenos Aires carrying trade goods like these beads, three of which are spherical (one large and pink and the other two small and blue), the last one ovoid but broken in half (black with design in white), composition and value unknown, but sure to be popular as artifacts from a wreck we have never advertised before. Estimate: $50 - $75 Leimuiden, sunk in 1770 off the Cape Verde Islands 969. Solid silver fork with hallmarks, Dutch, mid-1700s. 60 grams, 8" long and 1" wide. This lot and next are the first artifacts we have ever offered from the Leimuiden, a Dutch East Indiaman that sank off the Cape Verde Islands on January 25, 1770. This fork is in near pristine condition, the tines all intact and the silver surfaces polished to a shine, with four bold (toned) hallmarks on back that appear to be FRP (silversmith Frederik Rudolf Pregt, Amsterdam, 1744-1787) and K (date-mark) with two others in between. With Terry Hiron photo-certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 970. Solid silver tablespoon with hallmarks, Dutch, mid-1700s. 59 grams, 8½” long and 1-3/4" wide. Condition and origin as above, another near-pristine artifact in beautifully polished silver (almost looks new) with toned hallmarks on back (same as above). With Terry Hiron photo-certificate. Estimate: $200 - $300 Dove, sunk in 1773 off St. Augustine, Florida 971. Iron hammer head, 1700s, professionally conserved. 2 lb, 6½” long and about 1-3/8" to a side. This wreck was a slave ship from Africa that sank in a storm off St. Augustine, Florida, on October 18, 1773. So far the only items recovered from the wreck have been various tools like this one, which may have been used in the shackling of slaves. This lot is a heavy, doubled-headed hammer with elliptical hole for handle, very solid and uncorroded but surfaces conserved anyway, one end clearly flattened from use. Estimate: $75 - $110 Unidentified late-1700s[?] wreck off the Mosquito Coast at the border between Honduras and Guatemala 972. Bronze breech-loading cannon. About 105 lb, 38” long, about 6” in diameter, 3” bore. This cannon was found on a reef by some local fisherman, whom the consignor encountered on his way to find a lost city in the jungle. The consignor originally presented this piece to us as a 1500s cannon, identical in design to one known to have been used in the time of Cortez; but it is also nearly identical to some breech-loading cannons recovered from the wreck of the Cazador of 1784 in Gulf of Mexico (open square hole instead of cascabel at end, plus rectangular slots flanking the open breech, round trunnions). The problem is that it lacks any markings or crests (as made, not because of corrosion or damage, although the surfaces do show some pitting and nicks and cuts), but what is certain is that it is Spanish colonial in usage, and it is very impressive like all cannons, fully intact and probably even usable. Best of all: Inside the barrel are several large patches of pink and white coral! Estimate: $3,000 - $4,500
175 Royal George, sunk in 1782 off Spithead, England 973. Replica cannon made from bronze recovered from the wreck in 1840. 3 lb, 2 oz, 10" long. Today when we think of promotional replica items from shipwreck salvage, cheap trinkets come to mind; but back in the early 1800s, salvagers made substantial artifacts to sell and fund their operation. In this case, actual bronze from the cannons on the wreck was melted down and cast into small (working) scale models of the original cannons, and these models are valuable collectibles today. This specimen has a lovely aged-bronze color, with inscription on top over the trunnions “Relic of the ROYAL GEORGE, Sunk 1782, Raised 1840.” Estimate: $1,250 - $1,850 974. Book with wooden covers made from the ship’s timbers recovered in 1840. 95 grams, 4-3/8" x 2-3/4" x 5/8". An actual book about the wreck and its salvage (172 pages, seventh edition, probably published in 1843), with RELIC OF THE ROYAL GEORGE on the cloth spine, the wooden covers a little warped and split but intact, a curious promotional item that is scarce today. Estimate: $600 - $900 Unidentified 1780s wreck off the Philippines 975. Large bronze bell marked S.JOSEPH AÑOD1783. At least 200 lb, 21" tall and 16" in diameter. Although this is not technically a “ship’s bell” (considered the most important relic from any given treasure wreck because it proves beyond a doubt the name and date of a wreck), this impressive bell was found ON a wreck, possibly that of a Chinese wreck on its way from the coast of Burma (where the consignor believes the bell was cast in 1783) to Manila, where a Spanish galleon would have carried it to Mexico, thence to the unknown mission it was meant to grace somewhere in the western frontier of North America. Large and beautifully patinated, this massive bell is perfectly intact, with fully readable wording (note it says JOSEPH and not JOSE) and lacking only the steel clapper inside, a facsimile of which could be easily crafted so that you can hear this bell’s lovely sound (quite pleasant... in fact, we have a recording of it that we will share with potential bidders upon request). Estimate: $6,000 - $9,000
176 Unidentified late-1700s wreck off Indonesia 976. Encrusted bronze “lantaka” cannon. 39 lb, about 37" long and 3" in diameter, 1¼” bore. This and the next lot are relatively small, largely ornamental bronze cannons that were typically cast in the Netherlands and traded for spices in the East Indies, where the residents supposedly used them for bridal dowries and other displays of wealth, even though these cannons were fully functional weapons, albeit with very small bores. While many are found on land, passed down through generations, sometimes you see them from shipwrecks throughout Southeast Asia, as is the case here, this particular specimen with generous amounts of brown, green and tan encrustation on all the surfaces except for a small area where it was cleaned off to show the bare metal (dark brown). Unlike most, this cannon has no dolphins (lifting handles), but it does have full trunnions and yoke, tubular cascabel, flared muzzle with front sight, leaf-shaped mark near touch-hole with rear sights, perfectly intact and a wonderful display. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 Unidentified early-1800s wreck off Cotabato, Mindanao, Philippines 977. Bronze “lantaka” cannon with crocodile motif. 37 lb, about 32" long and 3" in diameter, 1" bore. As above, and also from a shipwreck but without encrustation, just a lovely subtle patina all over, and similar design but WITH the usual “dolphin” lifting handles and with raised crocodile near touch-hole, perfectly intact and beautiful. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250 Unidentified French ship from Napoleon’s Fleet sunk off Gibraltar in 1805 978. Small bronze button in Riker display box. 6¼” x 5-1/8" (whole box). A rather encrusted and nondescript button presented in a glass-top box with small certificate inside (signed by the salvager) describing the circumstances behind the wreck (which was a French man-o-war sunk by the British) and salvage in 2005. Estimate: $50 - $75 Spring of Whitby, sunk in 1824 off Wabasso, Florida 979. Silver handle(?) piece. 29.8 grams, roughly 1-3/4" x 1¼”. Small, oval artifact in solid silver that consists of a flat, round knob inside a wide depression with large slit to edge, solid but with minor pitting. With Fisher photo- certificate #37706. Estimate: $250 - $375 Unidentified 1800s wrecks in the Caribbean or Atlantic Ocean 980. Lot of three big, pewter spoons, English, late 1700s-early 1800s. 168 grams total, each about 8¼” long. By the hallmarks on the backs of two of these spoons we can see that they are made of a pewter alloy known as “Britannia metal,” favored for its more- silvery color and smoother surface, the third spoon more ornate but not marked and probably regular pewter, that piece very much encrusted but the others relatively clean (just some staining) and brassy in color. Estimate: $75 - $110 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
177 981. Lot of two broken spoons (bowls only, wooden handles missing), probably American, mid-1800s. 42.8 grams total, each about 4" long and 1-3/8" wide. These are of a different design from the last lot, being just the bowls and short stems to which were attached wooden handles, both stems with touchmarks that we were not able to attribute (WG and S, for example), the metal smooth and brassy (hence possibly “Britannia metal” as mentioned above), both pieces in great condition but uncleaned and encrusted. Estimate: $50 - $75 982. Coral-encrusted iron porthole. 24 lb, 15" in diameter. When iron decomposes under the sea, it slowly accretes the objects around it, as this fascinating piece shows all too well, the various large pieces of coral around the edge fused to the rust, the glass in the center cracked but still translucent, a wonderful mantel-piece for the casual collector. Estimate: $200 - $300 983. Lot of three bronze spikes. 330 grams total, 4" to 9" long each. Three straight, square-shanked spikes with flat heads, bronze or brass in color, the large one nicely encrusted, but their shipwreck provenances unknown (still good for display). Estimate: $50 - $75 Unidentified 1800s wreck in the Florida Keys 984. Long bronze hull-pin with washer, probably Spanish. 3 lb, 2 oz, 20" long and 1" in diameter. Complete and nearly straight, with round cap at one end and the other end flared, keeping a freely moving washer from coming off, the whole length of the piece with beautiful green patina and white coral encrustation here and there, a lovely artifact even if the provenance is unknown. Estimate: $75 - $110 985. Bronze hull-pin, probably Spanish. 2 lb, 15 oz, 15" long and 1½” in diameter. Like the above but shorter and with much more encrustation (raised shell bits) and no green color, another nice artifact for display. Estimate: $75 - $110 Unidentified 1800s wreck in the English Channel 986. Bronze marlinspike. 48.5 grams, 4½” long, 5/8" wide. Anyone who has ever had trouble untying a knot can appreciate this tool, which is what sailors used for that very purpose. One end is flat and the other is sharply pointed. Intact and solid, dark brown copper, lightly crystallized surfaces. Estimate: $35 - $50 987. Lot of ten round, brass military buttons, all artillery design. 30.8 grams total, 5/8" to 7/8" in diameter. While a specialist in militaria could have a field day researching each design in this lot, we prefer to sell them together as shipwreck artifacts and let someone else have the fun! Each button shows one or three cannons, usually beneath a crown, with the exception of one that says simply ROYAL REGT OF ARTILLERY around a King George monogram. Most are in excellent condition, with back-loops intact, some heavily patinated and some brassy in color. Estimate: $100 - $150
178 988. Lot of eleven round, brass military buttons and other designs. 32.3 grams total, 5/8" to 15/16" in diameter. Very similar to last lot except with non-artillery designs, mostly with regiment numbers below crowns, one with an anchor, etc. All in great condition, most with back-loops intact, some encrusted and patinated and others brassy and clean. Another great lot for the militaria researcher. Estimate: $100 - $150 Unidentified mid-1800s wreck off Europe 991. Huge lignum vitae deadeye. 9 lb, 8½” in diameter and 5" thick. This and the next lot are, without a doubt, the most massive deadeyes we have ever seen! An important component of the ship’s rigging, this deadeye (like most) shows three worn “eyes” in the center, through which a lanyard connected it to the outside groove of another deadeye (probably the one in the next lot, as both are from the same source), thereby changing the direction of tensile force and making it easier to lift heavy weights. Very solid and heavy, lightly dusted with orange sediment all over, a most impressive object. Estimate: $250 - $375 992. Huge lignum vitae deadeye. 9 lb, 8½” in diameter and 5" thick. As above in every regard, an exact match. Estimate: $250 - $375990. Lot of five cuprous galley items. 88.9 grams total, largest item about 5" long. This curious assortment of small, cuprous artifacts includes a drawer pull with porcelain knob, a handle fragment, two round-head nails, and a round strainer cap that might be from a large salt-cellar, each item more or less encrusted and/or patinated and recognizable, some possibly valuable beyond their shipwreck interest. Estimate: $50 - $75 989. Lot of four pewter spoon parts, one with Yates/Birmingham mark (ca. 1870). 129 grams total, the bowl-piece 4½” long, the handles from 3" to 5" long. All whitish gray and somewhat “puffy” (like most salvaged pewter), the bowl- piece damaged and bent, the broken-off handles in better shape, with the back of one cleaned off enough to show a beautiful hallmark that bears a crown above IN° YATES / BIRMm. Estimate: $60 - $90 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
179 Unidentified mid-1800s wreck in the Atlantic 993. Purple floral transfer ware cup-and-saucer set, English, 1834-1854. 235 grams total, the cup about 3-3/4" in diameter and 2-¼” tall, the saucer about 6" in diameter and about 1" tall. This is a beautiful set, both pieces perfectly intact and with vivid purple design (some kind of transfer ware) against a cream background, also both pieces fairly large, the cup without handles, the saucer marked with IRONSTONE above and T. GODWIN (the maker) below MEZIERES (the pattern name), with very light traces of encrustation but the provenance unfortunately vague. Estimate: $250 - $375 Santo Andre, sunk in 1856 off the Cape Verde Islands 994. Small silver-plated fork with hallmarks. 22.1 grams, 5½” long. Cute piece, perfectly intact, its surfaces a dark gray and lightly pitted, with hallmarks F D & S T on back of handle. With Wayne Duff/Dick Holt photo-certificate. Estimate: $50 - $75 General Abbatucci, sunk in 1869 off Corsica 995. Set of three small, brass thimbles. 8 grams total, each about 1" tall and 3/4" in diameter. Completely intact and well-detailed little artifacts with thin film of encrustation inside, worn thin in some places, very cute. Each with a small certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $75 - $110 City of Houston, sunk in 1878 off North Carolina 996. Base-metal military figurine (soldier on horse). 8.4 grams, about 2-3/8" tall and 1-7/8" wide. The Houston was an American steamship traveling from New York to Galveston (Texas) when she sank off North Carolina at Frying Pan Shoals in the morning of October 23, 1878, in 90 feet of water. This lot and the next two are very interesting items, the likes of which we have never offered before: Each one is a thin, painted figurine (probably pewter or lead) of a soldier, believed to have been used for military planning. The depictions are to scale and accurate, this one of a sword-bearing officer (the ends of his sleeve and epaulettes still with some red paint adhering) mounted on a horse, the surfaces a dark gray, with some light encrustation, the reverse without design and inked with salvage data. The base is stabilized by two thin wings. Undoubtedly rare and possibly of high value to collectors of militaria. With 1989 photo- certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 997. Base-metal military figurine (soldier). 10.7 grams, about 3" tall, 7/8" wide. As above but this one depicting an infantryman, standing at attention with a rifle to his side. All dark gray except for the red epaulettes, some light encrustation, diamond-shaped base for stability. Undoubtedly rare and possibly of high value to collectors of militaria. With 1989 photo- certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300 998. Base-metal military figurine (soldier). 6.9 grams, about 3" tall, 7/8" wide. Same as the last lot but with brighter red on the epaulettes and with more facial features visible due to less encrustation. Undoubtedly rare and possibly of high value to collectors of militaria. With 1989 photo-certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $200 - $300
180 R.M.S. Republic, sunk in 1909 off Massachusetts 999. Sterling silver fork, 1st class passenger service. 65 grams, 8½” long. While everyone has heard of the sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic in 1912, most people don’t realize that another White Star passenger ship, the R.M.S. Republic, sank three years before it off Nantucket, Massachusetts, after colliding with an immigrant ship. The wrecksite in 270 feet of water was dived in 1981, yielding a small amount of artifacts (this piece among them) that were subsequently donated to a museum in Delaware. We have to consider these artifacts to be extremely rare. This fork is in perfect condition, like new, without any evidence of salvage or use in its time, with White Star line pennant on the top of the handle and lots of tiny hallmarks on the bottom. Pedigreed to the Treasures of the Sea museum collection, with photo-certificate #REP-243. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 1000. Sterling silver spoon, 1st class passenger service. 59 grams, 8-1/8" long. As above in every respect except that it is a spoon instead of a fork. Pedigreed to the Treasures of the Sea museum collection, with photo-certificate #REP-233. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 1001. Sterling silver knife, 1st class passenger service. 61 grams, about 8" long and 1¼” wide. Origin and condition as above except that the handle (of ribbed design) does show some minor denting, the White Star logo and hallmarks on the blade near the handle. Pedigreed to the Treasures of the Sea museum collection, with photo-certificate #REP-237. Estimate: $1,200 - $1,800 Principe de Asturias, sunk in 1916 off Brazil 1002. Set of pewter fork, spoon and knife (with toothpick in handle). 168 grams total, knife and spoon about 8" long, knife handle 4-3/4" long. The Principe de Asturias was a Spanish steamship that struck a rock and exploded on March 3, 1916, at Pirabura Point, Ilhabela, São Paolo, Brazil. Never before have we seen artifacts for sale from this wreck, but here we have a rather well-preserved dining set of one large fork, one large spoon and one thick knife handle (the steel blade missing), all simple in design, each with smooth surfaces and the fork and spoon with hallmarks on the back of the handles that include “TSJ / MARAVILLA” and “Madrid,” plus the round end of the knife handle has a small knob which hides a small toothpick! With hand-signed photo-certificate from the salvagers. Estimate: $150 - $225 Oregon, dismantled in 1942 1003. Small, stamped section of wood from the ship. 25.2 grams, 2" x 1-3/4" x 3/4". The battleship Oregon was an important participant in the Spanish American War at the close of the 19th century, and after a few more years of service and a stint as a museum in the 1920s, she was slated for dismantling in 1942, with small pieces of her wooden parts like this one (with white paint on three sides) stamped with ORIGINAL WOOD / BATTLESHIP / OREGON / 1896-1942 and sold to fund the war effort. Estimate: $25 - $40 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected] Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
181 Other artifacts (not from shipwrecks) 1004. Bronze dagger, ancient Luristan (Northern Persia, now Iraq), 800-1500 BC. 7 oz, 14" long, 1"-wide blade. Solid and intact dagger (still somewhat sharp!) with nice, crusty patina all over, small hole in handle end (as made?), interesting ancient weapon, considered far superior to the iron weapons that came later. Estimate: $350 - $525 1006. Bronze socket spear-point, ancient Luristan (Northern Persia, now Iraq), 800-1500 BC. 5 oz, 11½” long. A smaller version of the last lot but with long, cylindrical socket for inserting the pole, a bit more encrusted and patinated but still sharp and well preserved. Estimate: $250 - $375 1005. Bronze “leaf” spear-point, ancient Luristan (Northern Persia, now Iraq), 800-1500 BC. 5 oz, 11" long and 2" at its widest. A long, double-edged polearm point with blade still sharp, beautiful brass color on one side with greenish encrustation, three holes near pole end for fastening to the pole, another interesting ancient bronze weapon in great condition. Estimate: $175 - $275 1007. Pre-Columbian terra cotta figurine. 23.1 grams, about 1-5/8" x 1¼” x 1-1/8". A small clay head with distinct facial features and jutting jaw, light tan with dark gray highlights. With Carl Fismer certificate (generic). Estimate: $50 - $75 1008. Pre-Columbian terra cotta figurine. 69.1 grams, about 2" x 1-3/4" x 1¼”. Thick and solid head with prominent ears but no facial features, orange color. With Carl Fismer certificate (generic). Estimate: $50 - $75 1009. Pre-Columbian terra cotta figurine. 29.1 grams, about 1-3/4" x 1-3/4" x 15/16". Yet a third head with faint facial features, one prominent ear, headdress on top, light gray color. With Carl Fismer certificate (generic). Estimate: $50 - $75 1010. Pre-Columbian terra cotta figurine. 25.1 grams, 1½” x 1-7/8" x 1". Bird’s head in profile, with big beak and feathers on back of head, two thick holes with lips for ears, tan with gray highlights. With Carl Fismer certificate (generic). Estimate: $50 - $75
182 1012. Spanish brass coin weight, 1-escudo size. 3.4 grams, ½” square and 1/8" thick. Marked on one side with a Spanish cross-and-tressure within a border of dots, uncertain hallmark on reverse, good brass color, at least XF condition, with typical file marks to get the weight just right. Estimate: $75 - $110 1011. Research set of six types of tajaderas with rare book on the topic. 162 grams total, ranging from 2" x 1-3/4" to 5" x 6". As we revealed in our last auction, the native Americans who preceded the Spanish had a crude currency in the form of thin, flat, axe- shaped scrapers known as tajaderas (Mexico) or hachas (Ecuador), both types cast in a copper-arsenic alloy starting around 1300 AD (the arsenic being the reason such thin, cuprous objects could survive burial and immersion for centuries). It is unclear how two unrelated cultures separated by thousands of miles could have developed the same concept at the same time. We feel these items are currently under-studied, under-appreciated and therefore undervalued, so we are making an effort to research them and offer them up for auction with the most accurate information. In this particular lot we have six distinct types, as follows: (1) Axe-shaped hacha, believed to have been made by the Cañari people of Ecuador, rare, with flecks of gold (hence the most valuable type), superb condition; (2) Smaller hacha (also known as an hachuela), same origin, again with flecks of gold and considered the rarest of all, this one VF; (3) Mushroom-shaped tajadera, Xaaga, Oaxaca (southern Mexico), a type specifically mentioned (along with a drawing) in 1548 by Francisco López Tenirio, Regidor de Antequera, to the Presidente del Consejo de Indias in Spain, scarce, XF; (4) Heavy, short-handled tajadera, Zapotec, Oaxaca, XF, common; (5) Long, thin and wavy tajadera, Guerrero-Michoacan (Tarascan), western Mexico, Fine, uncommon in this size; and (6) Smaller wavy tajadera, Guerrero-Michoacan (Tarascan), western Mexico, Fine condition and commonest of all. Accompanied by the book Axe-Monies and Their Relatives, by Hosler, Lechtman and Holm (1990). Estimate: $900 - $1,200 1013. English steel breastplate, late 1500s-early 1600s (Spanish Armada type). 6 lb, roughly 18" x 12" x 9". Original armor piece with no attachments or rivets except for two round posts protruding from the breast, matte black finish all over to arrest rust, very sturdy and intact, scarce and impressive. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500 1014. Late-1500s gauntlet, European. Certainly one of the most visually arresting items in this sale, this right-hand gauntlet was hand-forged and engraved in the 1500s, the engraving being of a bearded nobleman (possibly the original owner), typically used only ceremoniously, with flared cuff, knuckle guard and rope banding that match a pair of gauntlets known to have been made for Philip II of Spain (see page 244 of the Stone book offered in this auction as lot #1150. The index finger is missing but all the others are present (rare to see ANY fingers still attached) and fully articulate despite deterioration of the leather bands and rivets holding the fingers on (which themselves are probably replacements from the late 1800s or early 1900s). Also, some of the metal surfaces of this piece show nickel-plating that was probably applied in the 1920s, and the dark rusty interior probably came about in modern times as well; but all the main steel parts of the gauntlet are original and fairly well preserved considering its age. Gauntlets like this are generally scarce, as they fell out of use upon the advent of easily reloadable firearms in the 1600s. Note: This piece makes an awesome display clutching the dagger in the next lot! Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000 1015. Left-handed dagger, Spanish or Spanish colonial, ca. 1570-1600. 12" blade, 17" overall. Any swashbuckler worth his weight in doubloons could tell you that one blade was never enough! Using your rapier in your right (main) hand, you needed a short blade for thrusting or parrying in the left hand, hence the development of the so-called “left-handed” (or main gauche) dagger, a formidable weapon in its own right, fully capable of delivering a fatal blow through chainmail armor. Long after rapiers went out of style, these daggers saw continued use, and therefore intact examples like this one are fairly scarce. This piece is in very fine condition, the pommel, grip, cross guard and doubled-edged blade all tight and original to each other. A small area of the original wire grip has had glue applied to hold it sound, but it was neatly done and does not distract. There is also scattered pitting on the pommel and cross guard, but the steel blade (with blood groove) is smooth with only light peppering. With 1996 letter of authenticity from W. Fagan & Co. Estimate: $2,000 - $3,000
183
184 1016. Spanish colonial pike head, ca. 1550-1650. 18" long. An impressively long polearm, with double-sided elegant leaf tip with raised medial atop a long, conical socket with expansion slit for receiving a long hardwood pole known as a haft (not present with this example), perfectly intact except for a few small nicks in the blade and some surface pitting. Pikes like this one were hand forged in the New World and issued as standard armament to outfit conquistador troops. This weapon saw use not only in battle but also for hunting, especially for wild boar, whose thick skin was no match for musket shot! This particular piece was unearthed near Santa Fe, New Mexico, hence possibly associated with Don Juan de Onate’s campaign and settlement in the region during the late 1500’s. While Spanish Colonial pikes were made and used in relatively large quantities, surprisingly few have survived and elude collectors today, especially in such solid and fine condition. Estimate: $500 - $750 1017. Small bronze signal cannon, Spanish colonial, 1600s. 1 lb, 3 oz, 2-5/ 8" tall and 1-5/8" in diameter. An upright, flat-based mortar with touch-hole at bottom and two reinforces below slightly flared rim, used for signaling (like a flare gun) or powder-testing. This example is probably the smallest we have seen, its bore only 3/4" in diameter, and it is in excellent condition, much neater than most, dark gray in color. Found in Peru. Estimate: $175 - $275 1020. Silver whistle, Spanish colonial, early to mid-1600s. 4.1 grams, 1-3/ 8" long and about ½” in diameter. Cute little piece that actually still works, consisting of a vase-shaped main body with slit and round-knob ends, one of which has a hole you blow into, with loop and two jump-rings at top for wearing on a chain, a little dented and scratched but good old silver with nice toning. Found in Peru. Estimate: $250 - $375 1019. Dutch East India Co. (VOC) apothecary bottle, 1600s. 859 grams, 6" tall and 4½” in diameter. A fat, bulbous vase, unusually heavy for its size, with very narrow throat below a double- lipped rim, with VOC monogram in wreath painted on the body in blue under a crackled gray glaze, also with VOC monogram on the bottom, probably rare, very similar to one in our Treasure Auction #3 that sold for $575. Estimate: $350 - $525 1022. Large brass buckle, Spanish colonial, 1600s-1700s. 24.8 grams, 2-5/ 8" x 2-1/8". Complete rectangular buckle, with very thin hasp still attached and functional, cracked in center but otherwise intact, coppery color with light patina. Found at Portobello, Panama. Estimate: $50 - $75 1023. Bronze buckle, Spanish colonial, 1600s-1700s, interesting shape. 6.1 grams, about 1¼” to a side. Curious squarish/rhomboid shape with C-shaped hasp (fully functional) and still-sharp grip- points, the metal thin but intact, a little more interesting than the usual buckle. Found at Portobello, Panama. Estimate: $60 - $90 1021. Large brass buckle, Spanish colonial, 1600s- 1700s. 64.8 grams, 3-7/8" x 3- 1/8". Somewhat T-shaped, this is technically only half a buckle, but it must have been a HUGE one! Solid and sturdy with lightly patinated surfaces. Found at Portobello, Panama. Estimate: $50 - $75 1018. Small bronze signal cannon, Spanish colonial, 1600s. 2 lb, 6 oz, 3" tall and 2" in diameter. Same as above but slightly bigger and cruder (both in how it was made and from use, particularly around the touch- hole), nicely patinated and encrusted with light sediment. Found in Peru. Estimate: $175 - $275
185 1024. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish, early 1600s. 2.6 grams, about 7/8" in diameter. Small, round medallion made in 1625 to celebrate the canonization of five Iberian saints: Santa Isabel de Portugal on the front (with S. ELISAB and REG.D.P. in legend), and on the back are Santa Teresa de Ávila, San Felipe Neri, San Ignacio de Loyola, San Francisco Javier, and in the middle San Isidro Labrador, with ROMA (Rome) in exergue (just to reinforce its curative powers!). A bit encrusted and well patinated but with all details clear, with small hole punched near top (loop missing). Rare. Estimate: $75 - $110 1025. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish or Italian, early 1600s. 2.9 grams, about 1" tall and 3/4" wide. The front of this small, oval medal depicts the holy family with legend S.ANNA.MA.MARIA.V. (referring to Santa Ana, mother of the Virgin Mary) above ROMA in exergue, and on the back is a representation of the “Santissimo Sacramento” (Blessed Sacrament). Excellent condition, dark but not very worn, but without the loop at top. Estimate: $75 - $110 1026. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish, mid-1600s. 4.9 grams, about 7/8" in diameter. On the front of this small, round medal is Santa Quiteria, and on the back are her sisters (virgins and martyrs as well) Santa Marciana, Santa Marina and Santa Librada, with SORES in the legend and ROMA (Rome) in exergue for added emphasis. The details are all sharp and not too worn, just a little encrusted, the loop at top intact, but with a small piece of the edge missing. Estimate: $75 - $110 1027. Lot of two bronze religious medallions, Spanish, mid- 1600s. 3.2 grams, 3/4" x 5/8" (octagonal); 2.1 grams, 11/16" x 5/ 8". One of these small medals is octagonal (known in Spanish as “ochavada”) and shows the image and legend of Jesus of Nazareth on the front and the virgin Nuestra Señora de Gracia de Granada on the back; the other medal is oval and shows Santa Ana (mother of the Virgin Mary) on the front and praying angels on the back. Both medals are in slightly worn but otherwise rather nice condition, with loops at top intact. Estimate: $100 - $150 1028. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish, 1600s. 4.2 grams, about 7/ 8" x 3/4". Small, octagonal medal (known in Spanish as “ochavada”) with portrait of the Virgin Mary on the front and Joseph on the back with baby Jesus in his lap and pulling on his beard. Dark and encrusted, a bit worn but with loop at top intact. Estimate: $75 - $110 1029. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish, 1600s. 2.6 grams, about 7/8" x 13/16". Small, oval medallion depicting the holy family, with San José (Joseph) and baby son Jesus on the front (with SIOS for “S.Jos.” to left) and the Virgin Mary as a baby with her mother Santa Ana on the back. Dark surfaces with whitish sediment, holed near top, loop at top broken off. Estimate: $75 - $110 1030. Large and important bronze religious medallion, Spanish, late 1600s. 20.6 grams, about 1-3/8" x 1¼”. This worn but hefty octagonal medal (known in Spanish as “ochavada”) shows Santa Gertrudis (a 13th-century German saint who was not canonized until 1678) with legend on the front, and on the back it shows God and Jesus as humans with a dove as the Holy Spirit in a representation of the Holy Trinity. Quite worn, but fully intact (loop at top), scarce. Estimate: $125 - $185 1031. Small silver crucifix, Spanish colonial, 1600s-1700s. 6.6 grams, about 1-7/8" tall and 1¼” wide. Made from good old silver, this piece has obviously seen some heavy use over the centuries but is still wearable as a pendant today, with lots of dark toning and patina in crevices, the design somewhat ornate on front (flat back), the Christ figure in relief having received the most wear of course. Found in Peru. Estimate: $200 - $300
186 1032. Bronze crucifix, Spanish colonial, 1600s-1700s. 13.8 grams, 3" tall, 2" wide. Patinated but well preserved, this crucifix features a separately-molded Christ figure with halo firmly attached to a simple cross whose demi-cylindrical arms show raised dots on the backside, small loop at top for wear. Found in Peru. Estimate: $200 - $300 1033. Bronze religious medallion, Spanish, early 1700s. 6.7 grams, about 1" x 15/16". Scarce Jesuit medal, slightly oval shaped, with St. Aloysius Gonzaga on the front and St. Stanislas Kostka on the back (with respective legends), a little worn but clearly readable, missing the loop at top. Estimate: $75 - $110 1034. Silver trade reliquary pendant with painted portraits inside, Spanish Philippines, 1700s. 15.8 grams, about 1½” x 1¼”. Obviously much used with devotion over the centuries, this oval silver pendant shows vivid portraits under glass on both sides: On the front is Jesus (“ecce homo”) with Philippine facial features, and on the back is the theophanic Philippine Virgin Mary known as “Our Lady of the Rosary” or, more simply, “La Naval.” Her story goes back to 1593, when the Spanish governor in the Philippines commissioned a sculpture of the Virgin Mary to be made, and the Chinese sculptor gave the statue distinctly eastern features. Later, in 1646, when greatly outnumbered Spanish forces in the Philippines miraculously won five bloody naval battles against Dutch protestant interlopers by seeking the intercession of their virgin “La Naval,” the victorious defenders petitioned the Church to sanctify what happened as the workings of the Virgin Mary appearing through her Philippine likeness, much like the story of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico. La Naval is still a strong symbol of Catholic faith in the Philippines today. The portraits on this piece are quite recognizable despite damage to their glass enclosures, which at least shows authenticity and lack of restoration, and the silver casing around the edge is worn and toned in crevices, just like an old silver coin. At the top is a loop and jump-ring, making this rare and important piece still wearable. Estimate: $800 - $1,200 1035. Small, wooden “arcón” chest, ca. 1680-1700. 5 lb, 8 oz, 14¼” x 8" x 7". One of the more interesting items in our first Treasure Auction last year was a matching pair of Peruvian wooden chests for transporting valuables; and while the pair did not sell, after the auction we negotiated the sale of just the bigger chest, leaving the smaller chest for later consignment, here and now. This smaller chest was ideal for holding the most valuable items (like coins and jewelry), with a wooden sub-compartment inside for the smallest treasures (like rings or bags of gold dust!). The craftsmanship is impeccable, with no less than five dovetails in each corner joint, molding along the bottom, fully operational lock in front with original key, original iron hinges in back. It is in excellent condition, the wood a lovely honey brown in color, obviously well taken care of over the years (with a pedigree to match). Pedigreed to the collection of Raúl Sticks Barrenechea (1897-1960), Peruvian ambassador to Spain. Estimate: $3,500 - $5,250
187 1036. Spontoon, European, late 1600s-early 1700s. 8 oz, 9-3/4" long and 4" wide. A dagger-like lance point with leaf-shaped blade above S-shaped crossbar on top of a short, conical socket for the pole, very solid but rusty, with early museum mark faintly visible on the blade. Estimate: $350 - $525 1037. Chinese blue-on-white porcelain teacup (small), Qing Dynasty. 34.7 grams, about 1-3/8" tall and 2" in diameter. Very cute little teacup with floral pattern in blue covering the outside, white inside, perfectly intact. Estimate: $50 - $75 1038. Chinese blue-on-white porcelain spoon, Qing Dynasty. 30.2 grams, roughly 4¼” x 2". A typical porcelain spoon with fluted handle sloping down to a wide, flat bowl, with crude pattern in blue on inside only, perfectly intact. Estimate: $50 - $75 1039. Bronze miniature cannon, ca. 1700. 83 grams, 4" long and ½” in diameter. Scale model of a bronze cannon, possibly used as a foundry sample or powder-tester, with hollow bore and open touch-hole (hence can be fired), trunnions and cascabel intact, nice dark copper color on top, darker on bottom. Estimate: $150 - $225 1040. Brass navigational dividers, mid-1700s, perfect condition. 26.6 grams, 5" long. While we are hardly specialists in navigational antiques, this is certainly the finest set of dividers we have ever offered, its steel points VERY sharp and its brass arms and hinge practically pristine, just the iron hinge-pin at top rusted from age and exposure. Estimate: $350 - $525 1041. Ornate wooden stirrups, Spanish colonial, 1600s-1700s. 2 lb, 14 oz total, each about 7" x 5½” x 4". Wooden “clog”-type stirrups with highly ornamental design, the snub-nosed wooden parts wrapped with single metal strips with rectangular loop at top, obviously aged and well used, one with splits in the wood and the other with a small round repair from long ago. Estimate: $200 - $300 1042. Plug bayonet, German, late 1600s or early 1700s. 7 oz, 18" long, blade 1" wide. The concept of a bayonet began in the early 1600s, when someone got the idea to ram his dagger into the end of his arquebus and use it as a polearm. By mid-century, blades were being intentionally manufactured with round handles specifically for putting into rifles for closer combat. Later, by the end of the 1600s, fixed bayonets mounted outside the barrel made the plug bayonet obsolete within the next century. This specimen is a real beauty, with brass pommel and cross-guard, dark-brown horn handle, nice clean blade with wide blood-groove, no markings but excellent condition and valuable pedigree. Pedigreed to the R.D.C. Evans collection, plated as #119 in his book The Plug Bayonet (2002), with original tag. Estimate: $600 - $900
188 1043. Set of three iron “skeleton” keys (jail), 1700s, European, with ancient Roman ring for holding them. 349 grams total, each key 5" to 7-3/8" long. Keys are a collectible unto themselves, and we have never really checked out that market, but we suspect it is quite active. Typical keys of their time, each of these has an oval ring, long shaft, and odd-shaped hollow end (each one different, of course) for inserting into a warded lock whose central pin would enter the key and allow it to pass. All three keys have a wonderful old look to them but show no damage or encrustation. The ring, however, is much older, made of brass (patinated), and joined anachronistically with the keys just to keep them together. Estimate: $900 - $1,350 1044. Small barrel tap, 1700s. 25 grams, about 4¼” long and ¼” in diameter. A somewhat J-shaped hollow tube with stop-cock missing from upright cylinder near spout end, dark bronze surfaces, nicely patinated, cute and easily recognizable artifact. Found in Central America. Estimate: $100 - $150 1045. Spanish colonial (Mexico) broadsword (espada ancha), 1700s. 1 lb, 11 oz, 31½” long, the blade 1¼” at its widest. A wide (at least compared to a rapier), double-edged sword with D-shaped steel knuckle bow, horn grip (rather worn), and shell guard turned to the same plane as the blade, which itself is complete and well preserved save for some minor nicks, the handle just a little loose but otherwise in fine condition for something that probably saw regular use. Estimate: $1,250 - $1,850 1046. Encrusted terra cotta handled pitcher, 1700s, Spanish colonial. 436 grams, 7" tall and 4" in diameter. A bulbous pitcher with sturdy handle, fully intact, somewhat mauve in color but with gray-white encrustation all over, either from burial or immersion somewhere in South America. Estimate: $275 - $425 1047. Coiled bronze slave bracelet, probably 1700s. 11 lb, 9 oz, 6½” long, 3" wide. In Western African culture, money in the form of bracelets and legbands proliferated as late as the mid-1900s, and slavers from Europe took full advantage, supplying the African chiefs with boatloads of bracelets (usually known as “manillas”) in exchange for slaves. Some manillas, like this piece, were fancier and were more likely produced in Africa, this one probably from Nigeria. It consists of seven loose coils, themselves made from twisted cuprous wire, with flat ends. Loaded with light encrustation and beautiful patina, probably scarce and increasingly in demand as something more than the “usual” trade manilla. Estimate: $300 - $450
189 1048. Bronze buckle, Spanish, 1700s, rare type. 24 grams, about 3" x 1-3/4". Curious figure-eight shape with fleur-tipped ends, identical to those found on the Cazador wreck of 1784 but this one non-salvage, yet with thickly encrusted hasp (fully motile), rounded edges but flat back, brassy color with spots of bluish-green. Estimate: $60 - $90 1049. Spanish colonial machete, late 1700s. 15 oz, 29" long and the blade 1½” wide. With L-shaped wood grip wire around the tang of a crude, curved blade, simple machetes like this one were known to have been used throughout the 1700s in colonial America. This specimen is in decent condition, its clean blade relatively free of nicks (but also looks recently sharpened), nicely aged handle (a little bit loose). Estimate: $350 - $525 1050. French Naval flintlock blunderbuss, 1790s-1800s. 6 lb, 33½” long. A very nice, rare original piece, with round steel barrel with atypical elliptical bore that shows hash marks at the flared muzzle and some engraving near the breech (looks like a tree with an eye- shaped canopy and rays), classic “Empire period” walnut stock with mostly original finish but with minor old repair behind the barrel tang, brass buttplate and trigger guard and ramrod pipes (with original iron ramrod), 1773-type flintlock mechanism with rounded lockplate, reinforced hammer and bridled powder-pan, all surfaces smooth and untouched and in working order, just a couple replaced screws. Estimate: $2,750 - $4,250
190 1051. British octant, ebony with ivory inlay, late 1700s-early 1800s, choice condition. 2 lb, 12 oz, 14" tall and 11" wide. This device was the navigational instrument of choice at the time for measuring latitude from astronomical angles. It is sometimes called a “reflecting quadrant,” as it incorporates the principals of the earlier quadrant (and before that, the full-circle astrolabe) but in more compact form by use of two brass-framed mirrors, both of which are present on this specimen, as are also one glass optic (sun filter) and three glass color shades (green and red), two brass peep sights, plus all corresponding screws and knobs. Three brass legs on the bottom offered horizontal use, the readings made via a rotating brass arm with a window over an ivory board at bottom that shows degrees marked from 0 to 100. One very rare and special feature on this piece (indicating high-end manufacture) is a small ivory cap underneath the arm that covers a deep hole in the center frame strut where a small pencil could be stored (miraculous that the ivory cap was not lost!). In fact, this octant is completely intact except for one small piece of ivory inlay on the back on which the navigator could record his reading with a pencil. The condition is also excellent, with traces of dried old brass cleaner in the crevasses but the brass nicely re-toned over time, everything functional and moveable (some controls a bit tight), no cracks in the ivory and none of the original glass damaged although there is some normal silver loss on the mirrors, as to be expected. For reference, a similar but less complete specimen in our last auction sold for $4600. Estimate: $1,500 - $2,250 1052. British presentation dress sword, early 1800s. 1 lb, 38½” long, blade 3/4" at its widest. A long, narrow single-edged sword with gilt brass D-shaped knuckle bow, pommel and clamshell guard, horn grip, aged but fully intact blade with blood groove, beautifully engraved with the owner’s name, rank and regiment on the guard. Estimate: $400 - $600 1053. Wooden “money box” chest, early 1800s, Spanish Philippines. 27 lb, about 26" x 13" x 13". Over the years we have sold several of the large, iron “armada” chests that were simply too heavy to move when full of treasure; what is much rarer are wooden “money boxes” like this one, which are relatively light in comparison and were used to carry bags of coins on board ships. Like the iron chests, this box has a false lock in the front (with two keyholes), the actual lock also in the front but toward the top and no longer functional (even if the key were still present). Whatever hinges were originally on the back of the lid are also long gone and replaced with thick-gauge wire, the thin handles on the sides also probably not original since to carry a full box would have taken much more heavy-duty handles. On the front are also seven nailed-in studs for decoration (five others apparently missing). The wood itself is beautifully aged but crudely crafted, with minimal dovetailing in the corners, a few old repairs here and there, nice but simple molding on the bottom. In short, this piece is far from pristine, but was obviously well used and probably once contained a veritable fortune in coins. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500
191 1054. Large, low-grade silver arm-ring with design, cut to make into a slave bracelet. 283 grams, about 3½” in diameter and ½” in cross-section. Originally we thought this was a fancy “manilla,” the term given to bronze C- shaped bracelets traded for slaves in Africa in the early 1800s; but then we noticed that it was actually once a complete ring, with about 1/5 of it broken off and missing (notice the repeated pattern on one side of the break), and a light polishing revealed that it was actually low-grade silver! Because it was found with a pile of manillas, we believe it was used for that purpose, but not originally. Thick and heavy, with smooth surfaces. Estimate: $75 - $110 1058. English leather shot-bag, 1800s. 122 grams, roughly 9" x 3-3/4" x 1". A flat, pear-shaped, brown-leather bag with brass spout for dispensing small lead shot into a rifle, probably for hunting deer and pheasant, both of which are depicted (embossed) on the leather part. The spout is marked with DIXON & SONS / PATENT, a maker in Sheffield, England. Fully functional except for a small seam-split (could be re-stitched). Estimate: $100 - $150 1059. Sterling silver mesh coin purse, probably European, mid- to late 1800s. 25.3 grams, about 3" x 1-3/4". The design of this small purse (rounded, hinged opening at top with ball clasp, mesh-ring bag with ball pendants at bottom) is very close in style to one in gold that we offered in our Treasure Auction #2 from a Brazilian/Portuguese source, but quick research shows they were popular all over Europe in the 1800s. This example is in perfect condition except for the loss of one of the balls at the bottom, with loop and jump-ring at top for carrying on a chain, the silver nicely toned, undamaged and usable. Estimate: $75 - $110 1057. Gold-filigree enameled pendant, heart-shaped, Pedro II, Portuguese/Brazilian, 1830s-1880s. 10.4 grams, 1-3/4" tall and 1-1/8" wide. An incredibly ornate jewel, shaped just like the “Heart” cobs of the Potosí mint, with crowned P. II (for Pedro II) inside wreath in center enameled in blue, white and green on one side and the Brazilian arms in white and blue on the other side, perfectly intact and wearable. We have not been able to research this piece, but the connection with the king of Brazil is patent. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500 1056. Dutch black glass “case gin” bottle, early 1800s. 711 grams, 11" tall and 3½” to a side at its widest. A square- sided bottle with shallow base, slightly tapered shape, 1" applied lip, very glossy and smooth surface, dark-olive/amber color with a few small air-bubbles inside the glass, common artifact but uncommonly nice condition. Estimate: $75 - $110 1055. Ornate copper slave bracelet. 313 grams, 3-3/4" largest diameter, 3/4" largest thickness. A large, C- shaped armband of more or less oval cross-section, with feathery basket-weave engraving on exterior, nice copper color with old patina, probably a rare design as these things go. Estimate: $75 - $110
192 1060. Iron “canister” shot, Civil War period. 6 lb, 5" tall and 3- 3/8" in diameter. Among the most effective anti-personnel ammunition during the Civil War was the “canister” shot, a cylindrical stack of about 28 small balls (grapeshot) with metal plates on either end, which, when shot from a cannon, would spread out and hit targets over a wide area (or not). These items are rare today, especially more or less intact like this one, with smooth balls coated black to prevent rusting, also one of the round end- plates intact but the other replaced with a wooden facsimile and used as a bookend. Estimate: $750 - $1,100 1061. Civil War bullet set in Riker display box. About 6-3/8" x 5¼”. Lead bullets from the Civil War are not rare items, but they are interesting, and these four have been attractively packaged with their exact technical descriptions printed above or below, with “Civil War Bullets / 1861 - 1865” printed at the bottom, all housed in a glass-topped display-case. Estimate: $25 - $40 1062. Victorian-era replica of a medieval jousting helmet. Evoking medieval times of kingly tournaments with battling and jousting knights, this late-1800s replica was well crafted from solid steel (hand-hammered and engraved, unlike the mass-produced, punched-out, cheap modern fakes from China), an acceptable museum alternative to an original, which would be quite rare and expensive indeed. It consists of three movable parts: A fixed collar (with rope banding and ornate detail) rising up to side rivets, to which are attached both an upswept pointed visor (with matching detail among six slots) in the front and a plain skullpiece in the back. Some assorted old dents and other signs of age serve to add character, but everything is solid and sound, with no heavy corrosion. The exterior was once preserved with a clear coat of lacquer(?), now with areas of light surface rust under the coating, all of which can be easily cleaned off and polished if so desired. The interior surfaces are original, with slightly rusty (but stable) patina. On the back at top there are two holes, the higher one for attaching to a stand (not included), and the lower one for securing a bezel to hold large feather plumes, as was the fashion. Wearable over an average-sized head, but probably more useful for display! Estimate: $400 - $600 1063. Knights Templar sword and scabbard (chain missing), late 1800s, unique handle. 2 lb, 36½” long, the blade 1" wide. Anyone who has seen the National Treasure or Indiana Jones movies knows about the Knights Templar, a medieval Christian order known not only for skill in combat but also for banking acumen, funding much of Christendom until the Knights were disbanded in the 1300s. A modern version (begun in the 1700s) with no direct link to the original but incorporating many of the same secret rites and accoutrement is known for charity work. Dating to the late 1800s, this Templar sword probably saw only ceremonial use, and is therefore in excellent condition, with owner’s name C.A. Merrill engraved on narrow, doubled-edged blade, ornate cross-guard, golden hued handle (wood?) with unique tattooed(?) design, pommel in the form of a knight’s helmet with ring to which a chain (missing) attached it to rings on the matching scabbard with similar designs. Excellent condition. Estimate: $250 - $375
193 1064. Cup and saucer set marked “Italia,” same service used on the Andrea Doria. 207 grams total, the cup 1½” tall and 2½” in diameter and the saucer 4-3/4" in diameter and 3/4" tall. This china set is from another ship of the same Italian line as the passenger liner Andrea Doria that famously collided with another vessel and sank off Massachusetts in 1956. It is a second-class service set, with simple blue and gold bands around the rims and marked with ITALIA below a crown, maker’s mark RICHARD GINORI on the bottoms. Actual Andrea Doria china can sell for up to $1000 per piece, so this set makes for a more affordable alternative. Like new. Estimate: $85 - $130 1065. Small brass-plated iron cannon replica with wooden carriage. 9 lb, 15" long and 8½” wide (with carriage). A functional scale model, both the tube and the carriage faithful reproductions, the brass plating nearly consumed by underlying surface rust but otherwise in decent condition, with copper tag below the cannon that indicates this as #426 of a limited production of 465 pieces. Accompanying this lot are a small celluloid Mickey Mouse doll (believed to be 1930s vintage) and charred wad that were found inside the barrel, indicating that someone once tried to blast Mickey out the muzzle. Estimate: $300 - $450 MEDIA Documents 1066. Original Spanish colonial document from Bolivia with translation. 8½” x 12½”. A one page (two-sided) document from official records concerning a public debt, signed by Pedro de Balboa and issued in Cochabamba, Bolivia (Peru at the time) and dated October 14, 1678, with royal stamp at top for the payment of 1 real for the document (a sort of notary tax), excellent condition considering its age. Estimate: $50 - $75 1067. Large ship print. 18½” x 11½”. Highly detailed diagram of the portside and stern of “An English Second Rate of the smaller class” of 1670, beautifully done and probably very informative for the advanced researcher, artist’s name stated as “Tomkins,” excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 The following eight lots are highly detailed, uncolored woodcut prints on foldout sheets from an unidentified book (or books) published in England in 1800-1802, some with date and/or engraver’s name indicated. These prints are rare and should be very interesting to nautical enthusiasts for the information they reveal about the construction of wooden ships of the 1600s.
194 1068. Large ship print. 18¼” x 11½”. As above (same artist and diagram) but of a French Second Rate of 1670, this one with date of 1801 printed above title, excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 1069. Large ship print. 11¼” x 18½”. As above (same artist and date and diagram) but without the name of the type of ship, a few minor stains and wear. Estimate: $100 - $150 1070. Large ship print. 11½” x 25½”. As above (same artist and date) but showing a full portside view of “The Royal Prince,” the artist’s name given as “Charles Tomkins,” nice condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 1071. Large ship print. 11½” x 25½”. As above (same artist and date) but this diagram a cutaway view of the starboard and stern of “The Captain a British Third Rate. 1678.,” excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 1072. Large ship print. 11¼” x 18½”. Like the above but different artist (“Newton”) and a full starboard view of the “Royal Charles built 1673,” with a bank of 50 cannons on the ready, excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 1073. Large ship print. 11½” x 25½”. As above (no name or date) but showing a cutaway view of the starboard and stern of “A Fourth Rate of the Second Class 1684,” excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200
195 1074. Large ship print. 11½” x 25½”. As above (no date, Tomkins) but showing a cutaway view of the starboard and stern of “A British Fourth Rate in 1684,” excellent condition. Estimate: $135 - $200 1075. Large ship print. 11½” x 24". As above (no name or date) but showing a cutaway view of the starboard side, bow, stern and ribbing of “A Fifth Rate 1684,” Very Fine condition (minor stains). Estimate: $120 - $180 1076. Lot of two medium-sized ship prints. 11½” x 17½”. A matched pair of prints like the above (1802, artist “Grieg”) but showing a cutaway view of the starboard side and stern and body of “A British Fifth Rate, 1684” and “A British Sixth Rate, 1684,” the former in excellent condition but the other a little worn and stained near edge. Estimate: $125 - $185 1077. Lot of three small ship prints. 8-3/4" x 11". A matched set of three prints like the above but not folded and depicting views of “A Ship belonging to the Spanish Armada,” “A Sixth Rate. 1684. No. 2.” and “A Bomb Ketch. 1692.,” dated 1801 and 1802, two with artist stated as “Tomkins,” all three in excellent condition. Estimate: $125 - $185 1078. Handwritten account of the sinking of the Lady Burgess in 1806 by a surviving passenger. 7½” x 9¼”. This unique item is the story of the wreck of the Lady Burgess off the Cape Verde Islands in April of 1806 as told by surviving passenger William Rigby Bradshaw, a cadet of the British East India Company, to a newspaper correspondent for the Asiatic Mirror in September of that same year, written on 23 pages (followed by lots of blank pages) in a hardbound notebook whose cover is a little tattered but the inside in excellent condition. A remarkable piece for its age, packed with information about a relatively obscure ship (dearth of easily accessible research materials) from which we have sold many coins and artifacts over the past several years, salvaged by Arqueonautas in 1999-2000. Estimate: $1,000 - $1,500
196 1079. London, England, 1806 framed map of the West Indies by J.S. Barlow. 23½” x 19¼”. As old maps go, what’s important is the area depicted, and the most in demand of all are maps of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico and surrounding lands, the once and always “Spanish Main” of legend. This example shows some rather interesting regional names, including (roughly counterclockwise from top): “East Florida” and “West Florida,” “New Leon” (Texas), “Mexico or New Spain” (extending all the way down to Nicaragua), “Darien” (Panama), “Terra Firma” (north coast of South America), “Porto Rico” and “Jamacia” [sic] in the very center. Colors are green, yellow and pink and roughly denote political demarcations. The legend near the bottom-left corner says “West Indies from the Best Authorities.” Excellent condition, in a simple, rustic gray-wood frame. Estimate: $250 - $375 1080. 1810 booklet about the Industry shipwreck of 1727. 4-1/ 8" x 7". A small, 28-page pamphlet with hand-colored foldout illustration of natives as frontispiece, the lengthy but descriptive title of the book as follows: Seizure of the ship Industry by a conspiracy, and the consequent sufferings of Capt. James Fox and his companions; their captivity among the Esquimaux Indians in North America; and the miraculous escape of the captain; the disasters which attended the mutineers; interspersed with anecdotes, descriptions, etc. also, the providential escape and sufferings of Captain Boyce, in the Year 1727. Author unknown, published in London, excellent condition for its age except that the first 14 pages after the title page are somehow missing. Estimate: $125 - $185 1081. 1813 diving pamphlet by Horatio Hough. 5" x 9". The lengthy title of this one-sheet pamphlet (7 pages, uncut) is Diving, or an attempt to describe upon hydraulic and hydrostatic principles, a method of supplying the diver with air under water, published in Hartford, Connecticut. Rare as an early technical discourse, excellent condition for its age. Estimate: $50 - $75 1082. 1836 handwritten journal by a survivor of the wreck of the ship Quail. 7½” x 9". Handwritten accounts by shipwreck survivors are not only fascinating but also quite rare, and while we had never heard of the Quail, we certainly can find interest in the circumstances behind her sinking and the rescue of the survivors. Twelve pages, string bound, with title Narrative of the Wreck of Her Majesty’s Cutter Quail and “Extracted from the United Service Journal for June 1836” on the cover, fine condition (corners bent and slightly torn). Estimate: $200 - $300 1083. 1867 bill of lading for the ship Hermann. 5-3/4" x 9-3/4". Partially printed and partially handwritten, this small manifest documents a cargo of 234 packages of tobacco consigned to be shipped from Richmond, Virginia, to London, England. In the top- left corner is a picture of a sidewheel steamer, presumably like the Hermann itself. Fine condition, a couple light creases and punch hole near edge. Estimate: $100 - $150 Please visit our website at www.SedwickCoins.com!
197 1084. Lot of two items: 1875 passenger list/tracking chart for the White Star Line ship Germanic, and 1912 sheet music Just as the Ship Went Down (referring to the Titanic). 6" x 9" and 10" x 13½”. Two items related to the White Star Line and the sinking of the Titanic: The 1875 document is a folded, printed list of the passengers on board the ship G e r m a n i c , complete with very p e r s o n a l handwritten notes about each person (“a very nice little gent,” “a nice young lady,” “very pleasant people,” “the gossip of the boat,” “always making jokes,” “traveling without her husband and drinks wine and brandy with the gentlemen till after midnight,” etc.) and (on the back) a chart of the ship’s track across the Atlantic Ocean; the 1912 document is a piece of music for piano(?) and voice (by Lessing, Gibson and Adler) about and in tribute to the sinking of the Titanic in 1912. Neither item is in any better than fair condition, but both are fascinating reminiscences! Estimate: $150 - $225 1085. Bonito Gold Mining Company stock (500 shares), 1895. 8¼” x 10-1/8". Gold mine stocks are rare and in great demand today, especially high-value ones like this (500 shares at $1 each), which pertains to a mine in West Virginia. Gray printing and vignettes on green and white background, numbered 34 in red print, hand-signed by treasurer Edward de Lima and president Julius Chambers, red printing on back, excellent condition except for ink damage at very edge. Estimate: $300 - $450 1086. 1904 (dated) dinner invitation acceptance letter by Russian commander Ivanoff with ship vignette. 5¼” x 8½”. A very simple, hand-written note on stationery that shows the Russian Imperial Navy vessel the writer was in command of (the Bodry, meaning “brisk”), with interesting rendering of the date as 1/1 between 19 and 04 (January 1, 1904, so presumably a New Year’s celebration), sure to be in demand as a scarce piece of tsarist Russian history. Estimate: $50 - $75 1087. (1904) dinner invitation acceptance letter by Russian commander Mancovsky with ship vignette. 4½” x 7". Companion piece to the above, an acceptance to the same party (thrown by “His Excellency Admiral Sir Compton and Lady Domvile”), this commander’s Russian Navy vessel named the Bistry (“quick”) and mentioning the date of the soiree as January 5, 1904. Estimate: $40 - $60 1088. Original letter from Bertram Dean, Titanic survivor, dated 1982/1987. 8" x 11". 1982 typewritten autobiographical letter, hand- signed at the bottom “Nice to hear from you. Bertram V. Dean. SURVIVOR.,” accompanied by a photocopy of a 1987 newspaper article showing a picture of the writer and the 1987 envelope in which Dean mailed this material from Southampton, England, to Daytona Beach, Florida (Fine condition). Estimate: $200 - $300
198 1089. Framed, original letter from Marjorie Robb, Titanic survivor, dated 1987. 9¼” x 11-3/4". 1987 handwritten letter signed at the bottom below a phone number (Boston area), very terse (six sentences only) and to the point about how she does not believe the ship should be salvaged. Excellent condition, housed in an inexpensive glass frame. Estimate: $200 - $300 1090. Poster for the W.H. Lane & Sons auction of November 23, 1973 (Roland Morris). 30" x 20". As original at it may seem now, our “treasure auction” concept has been done before, most notably by the Cornish auction firm W.H. Lane & Son in the 1970s, capitalizing on the big finds made by their countrymen on old wrecks, particularly the Association (1707) and the Hollandia (1743). Arguably the most famous of their celebrated salvage contacts was Roland Morris, who for many reasons has been called “England’s Mel Fisher.” The sale advertised by this rare poster encompassed the “principal” part of coins and artifacts on display in Morris’ famous Museum of Nautical Art (where the auction was held as well) in Penzance, Cornwall, U.K. Yellow background, print in black, logo in blue, excellent condition. Estimate: $50 - $75 1091. Poster for the W.H. Lane & Sons auction of September 24, 1974 (Association). 30" x 20". As above but for a later sale of only items from the Association wreck of 1707, far rarer than the catalog for this auction (which itself is scarce), yellow background with blue and black printing, good condition with small bit of one corner torn. Estimate: $50 - $75 1092. Lot of eight charts and drawings and posters pertaining to Roland Morris. 7¼” x 12" to 28" x 41". As mentioned two lots up, Roland Morris was England’s Mel Fisher, for he was a colorful character, successful salvager, museum proprietor, and even an accomplished artist. Several of the posters and charts in this lot, in fact, were hand-drawn by Morris and sold in his museum’s gift shop in the early 1970s. Comprising this lot are the following: Undated reproduction of the Gostello map of the Association wrecksite in the Scilly Isles; undated reproduction vignette of the Admiral Benbow Inn; 1969 color poster titled “Naval Shipbuilding Late 17th Century”; three similar but different posters (a bit whimsical) from 1969-1970 showing a map of the Scilly Isles with reefs, rocks and shoals as well as cities, castles and churches; two charts (one very large) from 1977-1979 of sailing ships lost in the Scilly Isles. Most in excellent condition, a fun lot of Scillonian/ Cornish wreck history. Estimate: $150 - $225 1093. Lot of four Real Eight Co. stock certificates (one of each color). 8¼” x 12". Printed by the Columbian Banknote Company with backgrounds in four different colors (red, green, blue and purple), these certificates were for various amounts (from 4 to 200, in this case) of shares of stock in the Real Eight Company (famous for its salvage of the 1715 Fleet off the east coast of Florida), each one dated from 1974-1979 and famously featuring an actual full-date 1715 Mexican 8 reales at the top. Excellent condition. Estimate: $125 - $185
199 Fine art Reeves, Rick 1096. Oil on canvas painting of pirate Bartholomew “Black Bart” Roberts (1994). 24½” x 28½”. “Vivid color and impeccable detail” is the only way we can think of to describe this beautiful portrait by the now-famous Rick Reeves, whose pirate portraits are in high demand. Every single “treasure” you could associate with pirates is present in this beach scene: cannon and cannonballs, flintlock musket and pistols, dagger and rapier, “onion” bottles, clay pipe, treasure chest, just to name a few. A pirate galley is moored in the background, flying the first flag associated with this particular rogue, a Welshman of the early 1700s who is famous for having captured more prizes (over 470) than any other pirate in his time, his death in battle in 1722 marking the end of the Golden Age of Piracy and fulfilling his self-stated mantra: “a merry life and a short one shall be my motto.” The attention to detail in this painting is truly mind- boggling in its accuracy and thoroughness. A distressed wood frame in black-and-gold completes the package, and there are even two signed 14" x 11" prints of the same scene to go with it. Estimate: $5,000 - $7,500 Curnow, Ralph 1097. Signed lithograph print of the Rooswijk shipwreck of 1739, limited edition #81/400 (2006). 12½” x 15½”. Mint condition, full-color print showing the Rooswijk on the high seas, painted by Penzance, Cornwall, artist Ralph Curnow, brother of one of the Rooswijk salvagers, like- new condition. Estimate: $35 - $50 Orlin, Robert 1094. Watercolor painting (framed) of a diving helmet (undated, but probably 1980s). 23½” x 19½”. Quaint representation of a Mark V diving helmet in watercolor, signed by the artist, with gray mat rubber-stamped with pictures of hardhat divers, in a simple blue-green wooden frame, some discoloration to the mat from water intrusion near bottom. With curriculum vitae of the artist taped to back, showing his many accomplishments in the field of celebrity portraits. Estimate: $250 - $375 Watkins, Lewis 1095. Large, signed lithograph print of Mel Fisher/Atocha, limited edition #8 of 75 (1988). 27" x 21". Signed, limited-edition poster-size lithograph print of Mel Fisher in Key West with a salvage scene and the Atocha itself in the background, not to be confused with the mass-produced 11" x 14" prints of the same portrait without signature or serial number. The artist committed suicide in 1994, so his signed prints have become quite valuable. Like new. Estimate: $200 - $300
200 Books Allen, Geoffrey and David 1098. Lot of two books: The Guns of Sacramento (1978) and Clive’s Lost Treasure (1978). HC, DJ, VF, 81 pp and 103 pp. Two now-classic books about the authors’ experiences diving on some important South African wrecks. Clive’s Lost Treasure tells the story of the search for and salvage of treasure from the Dodington, an East Indiaman, off the coast of South Africa. The gold was never officially found, and this book opens some avenues as to what could have happened to it. The Guns of Sacramento describes the raising of 40 bronze cannons from the Portuguese galleon Sacramento off South Africa. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $50 - $75 Anson, Koempfer and Bligh 1099. A Voyage Round the World (Anson, 1853), bound with An Account of Japan (Koempfer, 1853) and The Mutiny of the Bounty (Bligh) (undated). HC, VG, 261 + 72 pp. Published by Ingram, Cooke, and Co. in London, England, this is a collection of three separate (and previously printed) works on “Voyages [&] Travels” (as printed on the spine) bound together in one volume. The Anson and Bligh narratives are particularly valuable as early editions (the original HMS Bounty book not to be confused with the modern interpretation entitled Mutiny on the Bounty (“on” instead of “of”). Anson’s story chronicles his voyage in 1740-1744 to the Pacific side of South America, where much treasure was looted from the Spanish to become the silver and gold for England’s own coins in 1745-6. While the cover of this book is a little worn and cracked, the inside is in great condition, with several beautifully engraved plates. A fascinating, one-of-a-kind item. Estimate: $150 - $225 Armstrong, Douglas R. 1100. Tumbaga Silver for Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (1993). SC (comb bound), mint. This book provides a technical analysis and detailed history of the silver bars discovered during the salvage of the “Tumbaga Wreck.” Each bar is illustrated and its details and markings are meticulously described. Scarce item, as the author no longer prints these and sells it on CD instead. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $75 - $110 Bass, George F. 1101. Lot of three books: A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology (1972, HC, DJ, VG, ex-lib, 320 pp), Ships and Shipwrecks of the Americas (1988, HC, DJ, VF, 272 pp), and Shipwrecks in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology (1996, SC, VF, 96 pp). The first two books are large “coffee table”-type books with tons of excellent illustrations and chapters on the history of ships and shipwrecks (particularly in and around American waters), while the third book is much smaller and discusses shipwreck archeology around Turkey (where the Bodrum Museum is located). Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $60 - $90 Bowers, Q. David 1102. American Coin Treasures and Hoards (1997), autographed. HC, mint, 456 pp. This lavishly illustrated (but all black-and-white) large-format book is a collection of stories detailing the history and the discovery of some of the most famous coin hoards in American History. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with personal inscription from the author to Tom Sebring. Estimate: $75 - $110 1103. The Treasure Ship S.S. Brother Jonathan (1999), autographed. HC, mint, 415 pp. Another large-format book like the above but focusing specifically on the history of the California Gold Rush, the coins and currency in circulation during the Gold Rush period, the early California mints, and (most importantly for us) the history of the sinking of the S.S. Brother Jonathan and the salvaging of her treasure. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with personal inscription to Tom Sebring “Treasure chronicler.” Estimate: $60 - $90 Burgess, Robert F. (and Carl Clausen) 1104. Lot of four books: Sinkings, Salvages, and Shipwrecks (1970, VF, 188 pp); Gold, Galleons & Archeology (with Carl Clausen, 1976, F, ex lib, 195 pp); They Found Treasure (1977, F, ex lib, 243 pp); and Sunken Treasure: Six Who Found Fortunes (1988, VF, 333 pp). All HC, DJ. Four popular, classic books about salvaging shipwreck treasure (particularly off the coasts of Florida), the first two about the wrecks and salvage efforts and the second two focused on the successful salvagers themselves. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $75 - $110 Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
201 (Christie’s New York) 1105. The Research Coin Collection—A unique representative collection of 237 New World Spanish coins recovered from the wreck of the Nuestra Señora de Atocha (1988), autographed by Marisha Wagner Moran. SC (comb bound), VF, 48 pp + 16 plates. When the big Christie’s Atocha auction took place in 1988, there was a very special lot at the end of the catalog… a so-called “Research Collection” of 237 silver coins offered as one lot with special certificates and a separate catalog of the collection compiled by Sandy McKinney. The lot did not sell, so the owner, Marisha Wagner Moran, a diver and investor with the Fishers, reluctantly sold the coins piecemeal over the years to whoever showed enough interest and wherewithal. The original catalogs are now very rare, so even an older photocopy like this lot has value, especially with Marisha’s original signature on the front. Accompanied by a copy of an article about Marisha Wagner Moran in the August- September, 1984, issue of Key West Life. Estimate: $100 - $150 Clarke, Arthur C. 1106. The Treasure of the Great Reef (1964), autographed. HC, DJ, near mint, 194 pp. This book tells the story of Clarke’s accidental finding of an early 18th- century wreck off the coast of Sri Lanka and its subsequent salvage. The recent death of the author (a celebrated fiction writer who was perhaps most famous for his book 2001: A Space Odyssey) makes the autograph in this book particularly valuable. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, autographed on a bookplate that says EX LIBRIS ARTHUR C. CLARKE. Estimate: $90 - $135 Clifford, Barry 1107. Lot of three books: The Pirate Prince (1993, 222 pp), Expedition Whydah (1999, 311 pp) and The Lost Fleet (2002, 287 pp). All HC, DJ, mint. These are the stories about the author’s successful search for and salvage of the pirate ship Whydah of 1717 (first two books) and a fleet of French ships sunk off Venezuela in 1678, written in a refreshingly personal tone that keeps the reader entertained. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $45 - $70 Conrad, Judy (ed.) 1108. Story of an American Tragedy—Survivors’ Accounts of the Sinking of the Steamship Central America (1988), autographed by the editor. SC, VF, 82 pp. A series of logs, passenger lists and newspaper reports about the sinking of the S.S. Central America in 1857, with a modicum of illustrations, rather useful to the researcher and interesting to the casual enthusiast. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with autograph dated “9-29-92.” Estimate: $25 - $40 Craig, Alan 1109. Florida Archaeology—Gold Coins of the 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet: A Numismatic Study of the State of Florida Collection (1988), autographed. HC, DJ, mint, 83 pp. A very well-illustrated numismatic study of the gold cobs found on the 1715 Spanish Plate Fleet and placed in the museum of the State of Florida. Now superseded by a second edition, this first edition has become a bit of a collector’s item. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $75 - $110 Craig, Alan and Ernie Richards 1110. Spanish Treasure Bars from New World Shipwrecks (2003), autographed. SC, mint, 213 pp. This book presents data known to date about the ingots recovered from Spanish shipwrecks. The book tells about people who found the bars, the New World regions where they were made, and, through numerous illustrations and drawings, details of their markings. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, autographed by the authors specifically “For Thomas H. Sebring.” Estimate: $40 - $60 Crile, Jane & Barney 1111. Treasure Diving Holidays (scarce 1954 first edition). HC, ex lib, F, 263 pp. The story of the Crile family of Cleveland, Ohio, and their adventures treasure-hunting in the Caribbean during the 1950s and 1960s. The Criles teamed up with Art McKee and Mendel Peterson to salvage the H.M.S. Looe. Estimate: $30 - $45 Diolé, Philippe 1112. 4000 years under the sea (1954). HC, DJ, F, 237 pp. Translated from a 1952 French original, this book tells the story of the author’s research in underwater archaeology with an interpretation of man’s history in the Mediterranean based on treasures excavated from shipwrecks. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Doak, Wade 1113. The Elingamite and its Treasure (1969). HC, DJ, VF, 192 pp. The author’s own story about finding and salvaging the Elingamite with Kelly Tarlton. The Elingamite sank in 1902 off the New Zealand coast with a cargo of gold and silver. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with previous owner’s name and address with 1969 date handwritten in front. Estimate: $75 - $110 Driscoll, Charles 1114. Doubloons (1930). HC, F, 319 pp. This book tells the story of ten famous lost treasures. Included are stories about the Florencia, an Armada galleon that sank in 1588 in Tobermory Bay off Scotland; the Lutine that sank off Holland in 1799; and the Spanish galleons that were sunk by the British in Vigo Bay, Spain, in 1702. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $35 - $50
202 Edwards, Hugh 1115. Lot of five books: Islands of Angry Ghosts (1966, Fine, ex lib, 207 pp); Wreck on the Half-Moon Reef (1970, VF, 193 pp); Sharks and Shipwrecks (1975, 2nd ed, VG, ex lib, 126 pp); Australian and New Zealand Shipwrecks & Sea Tragedies (1978, VG, ex-lib, 135 pp); and Treasures of the Deep (2000, SC, mint, 279 pp). All HC, DJ except for last, which is SC. Five excellent and very informative narratives by Australia’s premier shipwreck author, the first book covering the Batavia wreck off Western Australia in 1629; the second book about the Zeewyk wreck of 1727 on the same coast; the third book a collection of stories (and some rather graphic photos) concerning dangerous salvages on the Batavia (1629), the Vergulde Draeck (1656), the Zuytdorp (1712), the Elingamite (1902), the Niagara (1940), the Perth (1942), among others; the fourth book about various wrecks off Australia and New Zealand; and the fifth book focusing on Michael Hatcher and his successful salvages of porcelain cargoes in the South China Sea and elsewhere (with lots of photos). Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $80 - $120 Godard, Philippe 1116. First and Last Voyage of the Batavia (1993). HC, DJ, mint, 332 pp. This large “coffee table”-style book tells the story from beginning to excavation of the V.O.C. ship Batavia, which was wrecked on a reef off Western Australia in 1629. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $100 - $150 Goodwin, William B. 1117. The Lure of Gold (1940), autographed. HC, Fine, 215 pp. This classic book covers the voyages of Columbus and the subsequent loss of five ships in the Caribbean. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $75 - $110 Grissim, John 1118. The Lost Treasure of the Concepción (1980), autographed. HC, DJ, VF, 207 pp. This popular book recounts the salvage of the Concepción by William Phips in 1687, and then tells the story of Burt Webber’s search for, recovery, and salvage of this ship in the late 1970s. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, personally inscribed to Tom Sebring by Burt D. Webber, Jr., in 1981. Estimate: $35 - $50 Groushko, Michael 1119. Lot of two books: Treasure—Lost, Found and Undiscovered (1990), and Lost Treasures of the World (1993). HC, DJ, VF, 128 pp and 192 pp. Two large, lavishly illustrated, coffee-table books that present topics of archaeology, buried treasure and sunken treasure. The shipwrecks covered in these books include the following: 1715 Fleet, H.M.S. Edinburgh, Mary Rose, Spanish Armada shipwrecks, H.M.S. Association, Titanic, Atocha, Concepción, Kronan, Geldermalsen, and Hollandia. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $40 - $60 Horner, David 1120. Lot of three books: Shipwrecks, Skin Divers and Sunken Gold (1965, 3rd ed, HC, DJ, VF, 241 pp); The Treasure Galleons (1990 reprint of a 1971 original, SC, VF, 259 pp); and Shipwreck (1999, HC, DJ, mint, 295 pp). Three popular and important treasure books by well-known treasure author Dave Horner that provide extensively researched historical backgrounds and stories of salvage efforts of many famous Spanish galleons, including the Atocha, the Capitana and the Maravillas. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $75 - $110 Howden Smith, Arthur D. 1121. Porto Bello Gold (1924). HC, VG, 330 pp. A classic pirate yarn, the inspiration for many a pirate enthusiast over the decades. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $35 - $50 Kirby, Percival R. 1122. The True Story of the Grosvenor East Indiaman (1960). HC, F, 268 pp with foldout chart at end. This book describes the wreck of the Grosvenor off the coast of South Africa in 1782, the desperate trek of the survivors to civilization, and the various salvage efforts. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Klare, Normand E. 1123. The Final Voyage of the Central America 1857 (1992). HC, DJ, mint, 278 pp. The story of the final voyage of the S.S. Central America (1857), the saga of a Gold Rush steamship, the tragedy of her loss in a hurricane off the North Carolina coast, and the treasure recovered from the wreck. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Lonsdale and Kaplan 1124. Guide to Sunken Ships in American Waters (1964). HC, DJ, VG, 189 pp. Lengthy lists and brief histories of hundreds of shipwrecks in U.S. waters, one of the classics. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with former owner’s signature and 1967 date in front. Estimate: $40 - $60 Lyon, Eugene 1125. Lot of two books: The Search for the Atocha (1979, HC, DJ, 246 pp) and Search for the Mother Lode (1989, SC). VF. Both books in this lot tell the story of how good archival research located and identified the sunken Spanish galleon Atocha, salvaged by Mel Fisher in the 1970s and 1980s. The author was the researcher who found the “key” to locating the Atocha wreck site in the archives in Seville, Spain, after Mel had spent 10 years searching the entire length of the Florida Keys without success. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $35 - $50
203 MacGregor, Duncan 1126. The Loss of the Kent East Indiaman (undated, 1800s). HC, VF, 90 pp. A fascinating account of the wrecking of an English East Indiaman in the Bay of Biscay in 1825, related by a survivor whose story is mostly religious (this scarce edition, in fact, published by The Religious Tract Society of London), one engraved plate in the front showing the ship sinking. Estimate: $60 - $80 Mahan, William 1127. Padre Island—Treasure Kingdom of the World (1967). HC, DJ, F, ex lib, 139 pp. Classic book covering the various shipwrecks along the Padre Island coast of Texas, with ample illustrations. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $40 - $60 Marsden, Peter 1128. Sealed by Time—The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose (2003). HC, VF, 194 pp. This book details the history, the construction, the salvage and the archaeology of the Mary Rose, which sank in Portsmouth harbor in 1545. It is the first book in a series of five books on the archaeology of the Mary Rose. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Mathers, William 1129. Treasure of the Concepción (1993), autographed. HC, DJ, mint, 164 pp. The finding and salvage of the Manila galleon Nuestra Señora de la Concepción, which sank in 1638 off the coast of Saipan in the Mariana Islands. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with personal dedication to Tom from the author in 2007. Estimate: $35 - $50 McKee, Alexander 1130. Lot of four books: The Golden Wreck (1962, HC, F, 224 pp); King Henry VIII’s Mary Rose (1974, HC, DJ, VF, 346 pp); How We Found the Mary Rose (1982, HC, DJ, VF, 152 pp); and Tarquin’s Ship (1985, HC, DJ, VF, 216 pp). The first book covers the sinking of the Royal Charter off Wales in 1859; the last book is about an Etruscan shipwreck off Italy; but the two in between discuss the author’s 20-year involvement with the salvage of the Tudor- period wreck of the Mary Rose in Portsmouth Harbour. All four are well illustrated (particularly the last two) and written by one of England’s best-known salvage authors. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $100 - $150 Morris, Roland 1131. HMS Colossus (1979). HC, DJ, mint, 238 pp. The story of the sinking (1798) and salvage by the author of Nelson’s ship H.M.S. Colossus, which was carrying William Hamilton’s second collection of ancient Greek vases. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $30 - $45 National Museum of the Philippines (Jean-Paul Desroches, ed.) 1132. Treasures of the San Diego (1997). SC, VF, 377 pp. This lavishly illustrated exhibition catalog details the historical background and salvage of the Spanish ship San Diego that sank off the Philippines in 1600 and was discovered in 1991 by Frank Goddio. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $35 - $50 Nesmith and Potter 1133. Lot of two books: Treasure… how and where to find it (1968) and Treasure Hunter’s Guide (1975 reissue of the first book). HC, DJ, VF, 152 pp each. These two books are the same item, just with different titles and published at different times. Lavishly illustrated (black and white only), they offer all types of information on where and how to find treasure: ghost towns, money- digging, pirate treasures, gold-panning, and more. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $50 - $75 O’Byrne-Pelham and Balcer 1134. The Search for the Atocha Treasure (1989), autographed. HC, DJ, VF, 108 pp. This adolescent book tells the story of Mel Fisher’s quest for the Spanish galleon Atocha, which sank near Key West, Florida, in 1622. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with personal dedications to Tom from Kim Fisher and James Sinclair. Estimate: $50 - $75 Peterson, Mendel 1135. History under the Sea (1973), autographed. SC, mint, 208 pp. This important classic presents an overview of the underwater archaeology associated with the salvage of the 1733 Fleet wrecks off the Florida Keys. The book is well illustrated with many photos of the coins, artifacts and cannons recovered during the salvage efforts. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, scarce with autograph (author now deceased). Estimate: $50 - $75 1136. The Funnel of Gold (1975). HC, DJ, F, 481 pp. Another important classic, providing a scholarly and detailed history of the Spanish treasure fleets and the Spanish occupation in the Caribbean. Includes discussions on the 1715 and 1733 Fleets. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $60 - $90 Pickford, Nigel 1137. Lot of two books: The Atlas of Shipwrecks and Treasure (1994, VF, 200 pp) and Lost Treasure Ships of the Twentieth Century (1999, mint, 192 pp). HC, DJ. Two large “coffee table”- style books that provide overviews on the history and treasures of the more famous ships lost at sea from ancient times through the Twentieth Century. Both well illustrated, the first with many maps. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $45 - $70
204 Potter, John S. 1138. The Treasure Diver’s Guide, scarce first edition (1960). HC, DJ, VG, 501 pp. Scarce first edition of the first comprehensive listing of treasure wrecks ever written (although some of its data has been shown to be erroneous), this book discusses the Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from the New World to Spain, the stories of wrecks already salvaged (as of 1960), wreck identification, and underwater archaeology as it was at that time. Autographed by the author at Martha’s Vineyard in 2007. Estimate: $150 - $225 1139. The Treasure Diver’s Guide, revised edition (to include 1715 Fleet) (1972). HC, DJ, F, 567 pp. As above but revised to include the 1715-Fleet wrecks discovered and salvaged in the 1960s. Autographed by the author at Martha’s Vineyard in 2007. Estimate: $150 - $225 1140. The Treasure Divers of Vigo Bay (1958) HC, DJ, VG, 480 pp. This epic book tells the complete history of the galleons that were sunk at Vigo Bay, Spain, in 1702 and the subsequent salvage attempts. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $40 - $60 Rieseberg, Harry 1141. Lot of four books: Treasure Hunter (1945, HC, F, 260 pp); The Sea of Treasure (1966, HC, DJ, VF, 217 pp); Fell’s Guide to Sunken Treasure Ships of the World (1969, SC, G, 191 pp); and Fell’s Complete Guide to Buried Treasure, Land & Sea (1970, HC, DJ, F, 235 pp). Author Harry Rieseberg was the quintessential “true treasure” story writer of the ’50s and ’60s. This lot is comprised of four of his best-known titles. Each book tells of the author’s adventures in salvaging sunken treasure ships or provides a comprehensive guide for active and potential treasure- hunters by including lists of hundreds of sunken treasure ships or lost and abandoned mines by location. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $90 - $135 Rønning, Bjørn R. 1142. Akerendam—The Story of the Runde Treasure (1979). HC, DJ, F, 92 pp. This book details the story of the sinking of the Dutch East Indiaman Akerendam at Runde, Norway, in 1725 and its subsequent salvage of gold and silver coins in 1972-1979. Estimate: $50 - $75 Shaw, Frank H. 1143. Full Fathom Five (1930). HC, VG, 301 pp. Classic text on shipwrecks, including Titanic, Birkenhead, Lusitania, and many others, the covers discolored but the pages all in nice shape. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $50 - $75 Shomette, Donald G. 1144. Lot of two books: Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake (1982, mint, 324 pp) and Shipwrecks, Sea Raiders, and Maritime Disasters along the Delmarva Coast 1632-2004 (2007, mint, 435 pp). HC, DJ. Both books offer selected background information and complete lists of wrecks off the coasts in question, the second book with important legal updates on La Galga, Juno, Faithful Steward and DeBraak. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $50 - $75 1145. The Hunt for HMS De Braak (1993). HC, DJ, mint, 444 pp. This scholarly book details the history and successful excavation of the British man-of-war H.M.S. De Braak, which sank off the Delaware coast in 1798. The book includes the ship’s military career in the Dutch and British Navies, the story of her shipwreck and alleged treasure and the accounts of salvage attempts over the years. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $40 - $60 Snow, Edward Rowe 1146. Lot of two books: True Tales of Terrible Shipwrecks (1963, VF, 239 pp) and Great Atlantic Adventures (1970, VG, ex lib, 272 pp). HC, DJ. One of the most romantic writers of shipwreck tales, the author presents in these books factual accounts of famous wrecks in U.S. waters and around the world, including S.S. Central America (1857), Dodington (1755), Andrea Doria (1956), just to name a few. The second book also has one whole chapter devoted to salvage around Bermuda by Teddy Tucker and others. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, the first book with previous owner’s plate in front. Estimate: $50 - $75 Stark, Jack 1147. The Sponge Pirates (1956), autographed. HC, VG, 86 pp. Neat old book that includes a story about Art McKee and his hardhat salvage efforts, this special edition sold only at McKee’s “Sunken Treasure Fortress” in the 1950s, rare with autograph, cover discolored but pages in nice condition. Personally dedicated by the author in 1966 “To the greatest diver of them all who is a part of this book—the best part” [Art McKee]. Estimate: $150 - $225 Sténuit, Robert 1148. Treasures of the Armada (1973). HC, DJ, VF, 282 pp. This well-illustrated book explores the history of the Spanish Armada, which sailed against England in 1588. The second part of the book tells the story of the author’s research, discovery, and excavation of the Spanish galleass Girona, which had been wrecked off the coast of Ireland. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with former owner’s inscription “Too bad we gave up the sport so soon.” Estimate: $50 - $75
205 Stick, David 1149. Graveyard of the Atlantic (1952), autographed. HC, DJ, VG, 276 pp. Classic text, with factual accounts of hundreds of dramatic losses, heroic rescues, and violent adventures off the Outer Banks of North Carolina, along with a complete list of wrecks by date. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with dedication to former owner from the author and Mark Stick (the author’s son?). Estimate: $35 - $50 Stone, George Cameron 1150. A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor (1961 reprint of a 1934 original). HC, DJ, VF, 694 pp. The “bible” of arms and armor, with hundreds of photos and diagrams laid out in dictionary form, an extremely useful tome that covers every type of weapon and armor from around the world. Estimate: $60 - $90 Thompson, Tommy 1151. America’s Lost Treasure (1998), autographed. HC, DJ, mint, 191 pp. This lavishly illustrated coffee table book presents the gold coins, gold ingots, bullion and artifacts recovered from the gold rush steamer S.S. Central America, which sank in 1857 off the coast of North Carolina. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, with personal dedications to Tom from the author and from conservator Bob Evans. Estimate: $50 - $75 Voynick, Stephen 1152. Lot of two books: In Search of Gold (1982, VF, 199 pp) and The Mid-Atlantic Treasure Coast (1984, mint, 164 pp). HC, DJ. Two classics, the first well illustrated with color photos and dealing with gold hunting throughout the Americas (including from shipwrecks) and the second covering beach finds and treasure salvage along the eastern coast of the U.S. from the Delmarva peninsula to Long Island. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $45 - $70 Wagner, Kip 1153. Pieces of Eight (2nd printing, 1967), autographed by all original Real Eight Co. members (10 signatures). HC, DJ, F, 221 pp. The story of the finding and partial salvage of the 1715 Fleet of sunken Spanish galleons off Vero Beach, Florida, in the 1960s, as told by the original salvager. Kip Wagner’s story started the underwater treasure hunting craze on Florida’s east coast. Copies with all the signatures of the Real Eight Co. like this one are rare and highly sought. Signed by the author and all eight members of the Real Eight Co. plus Kip’s nephew Rex Stocker. Estimate: $250 - $375 1154. Pieces of Eight (1966 1st ed.), autographed by five members of the original Real Eight Co. HC, DJ, F, 221 pp. As above but signed by the five members of the Real Eight Co. (missing members Kip Kelso, Bob Johnson and Dan Thompson, as well as Rex Stocker and L.B. Taylor, Jr.). Estimate: $150 - $225 1155. Pieces of Eight (4th printing, 1972). HC, DJ, VF, 221 pp. As above but no signatures, somewhat balanced by its choice condition. Estimate: $40 - $60 Weller, Bob “Frogfoot” 1156. Lot of two books: Galleon Hunt (1992, 268 pp) and Galleon Alley (2001, 314 pp), both autographed. HC, DJ, mint. Two books by prolific treasure author and salvager Bob “Frogfoot” Weller, both lavishly illustrated with color photos. The book Galleon Hunt details the life and exploits of the “grandfather” of treasure salvage, Art McKee. Galleon Alley is a detailed accounting of the author’s own salvage efforts on the 1733 Fleet wrecks. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library, the second book personally dedicated to Tom Sebring: “You keep writing, we’ll keep bringing up the treasure!” Estimate: $40 - $60 Wells, Noel 1157. Small Arms of the Spanish Treasure Fleets (2006), autographed. HC, DJ, mint, 172 pp. This book details the hand- held weaponry used by the conquistadors in the New World. The book describes how these weapons were built and decorated, and how they were used in practice. It is well illustrated with many photos of artifacts recovered on the Spanish wreck sites in the Americas. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325.
206 Wells, Tony 1158. Shipwrecks and Sunken Treasure in South East Asia (1995). SC, mint, 159 pp. This book is a comprehensive reference, organized by country, of 450 shipwrecks in Southeast Asia. Some of the most recognized treasure and ceramic wrecks detailed include the “Hatcher Junk,” the Flor do Mar, the “Vung Tau Cargo,” and the Geldermalsen. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $25 - $40 Wilkins, Harold 1159. Lot of two books: Panorama of Treasure Hunting (1940, HC, DJ, F, 582 pp); and Treasure Hunting—The Treasure Hunter’s Own Book of Land Caches and Bullion Wrecks (1989 reprint of a 1939 work, SC, VF, 394 pp). Two classics (one a reprint) about pirates and treasures on land and sea, the first with many interesting photos and maps. Pedigreed to the Tom Sebring Treasure Library. Estimate: $40 - $60 Auction catalogs Glendining (London) 1160. Catalogue of Central and South American Gold Coins [and] Colombian Gold Ornaments, March 11-12, 1936. SC, Fair, 27 pp + 9 plates. Rare old catalog in which a significant collection of gold cobs (for its time, meaning prior to the salvage of the 1715 Fleet) was presented and sold, the cover fallen off but the pages in good condition, with sheet of shockingly low estimates laid in (a choice Cuzco 2 escudos for £20-£30, for example). Estimate: $50 - $75 W.H. Lane & Sons (Penzance/Plymouth) 1161. Gold & Silver Treasure, November 29-30, 1979. SC, Fine, 62 pp. Scarce and important classic shipwreck catalog featuring coins and artifacts from over a half dozen wrecks, including Association (1707), DeLiefde (1711), Athenienne (1806) and Hollandia (1743), with brief histories on each wreck, page 31/32 (photos of cannon) regrettably torn out but photocopy will be supplied to winning bidder upon request. Estimate: $50 - $75 1162. Sale of Sunken Treasure, September 26, 1975. SC, VF, 108 pp plus photo-plates. Very similar to the above, another scarce and important shipwreck catalog offering coins and artifacts from nine well-known shipwrecks (including the same ones as above) from around the world, with ample histories on the wrecks and even a biography of Robert Sténuit. Estimate: $50 - $75 Sotheby Mak van Waay (Amsterdam) 1163. Dutch auction catalog containing coins and artifacts from the Hollandia (1743), October 28, 1975. SC, Fine, 171 pp. This scarce and important catalog is written entirely in Dutch and covers all kinds of antiques and fine art, but at the end is a large section devoted to the Hollandia wreck, offering many key artifacts in addition to hundreds of silver coins. Estimate: $70 - $100 END OF SALE THANK YOU FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION IN OUR TREASURE AUCTION #4 OUR TREASURE AUCTION #5 WILL TAKE PLACE IN SPRING, 2008 (CONSIGNMENT DEADLINE: JANUARY 31, 2009) Any questions? Please email us at [email protected] or call (407) 975-3325. Please send your bids to our special email bidding address: [email protected]
207 Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC BID SHEET Office use only: November, 2008, Treasure Auction Please see other side for instructions Name ____________________________________________________________________________________ Shipping address __________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________ Email address _____________________________________________________________________________ Phone _____________________________________ Fax ______________________________________ Signature (required) _______________________________________________ Date ___________________ Your signature here indicates that you have read and agreed to the Terms and Conditions as printed in the catalog or on the website for this auction. Please check your bids carefully and write legibly! Commercial references: _____________________________________________________________________ -OR- ___ Deposit enclosed (check/money order) ___ Established client ___ credit card: (check one) Card # (with 3 digits on back) ___________________________________________________ Expiration date _______________ Name on card ___________________________________ Billing address ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ PLEASE BID IN U.S DOLLARS ONLY (NO CENTS) Lot # Bid % increase Lot # Bid % increase Lot # Bid % increase _____ Please check here if you are submitting more bids on the back of this sheet. _____ Please check here if you are indicating any special requests on the back of this sheet. ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
208 HOW TO BID Our bidding scheme has changed slightly. The bids you submit are considered MINIMUM bids, to which you may add in the next column allowable percentage increases to indicate your MAXIMUM bids. In the case of tie MAXIMUM bids, we award the lot to the bidder with the highest MINIMUM bid. If there is no tie, then the high bidder will win the lot at his MINIMUM bid OR at the next increment above the second-highest MAXIMUM bid. Note that bids will NOT be reduced below a bidder’s MINIMUM bid. Please remember that a 19% Buyer’s Fee will be added to the winning bid amount for each lot. If you pay by credit card (but not through PayPal), then we will grant you a reduction of 1% from the Buyer’s Fee (net 18%). If you pay by cash, check, money order, direct deposit, or wire transfer, then we will grant you a reduction of 4% from the Buyer’s Fee (net 15%). All new clients must provide references (with contact phone number) or supply a 25% deposit by check or money order, which will be applied toward payment for lots won or refunded in case the bids are unsuccessful. Credit card details may be submitted for deposit in lieu of check or money order. Any bidders with an overdue balance with Daniel Frank Sedwick or Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC must complete payment of their previous balance before their bids will be accepted. Special requests (regarding shipping, payment, total budget, “either/or” bids, etc.): __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Additional bids (mark box at bottom on front of form): Lot # Bid % increase Lot # Bid % increase Lot # Bid % increase Please send your bids by mail, fax, or phone to: Or please use our special email bidding address: DANIEL FRANK SEDWICK, LLC [email protected] P.O. Box 1964 Winter Park, FL 32790 USA For more information, please see our website at: (407) 975-3325 • Fax (407) 975-3327 www.SedwickCoins.com Daniel Frank Sedwick, licensed Florida auctioneer #AU3635, AB2592 ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
COVER ORDER OF SALE INTRO BIOGRAPHY SHIPWRECK (AND HOARD) HISTORIES GOLD COBS WORLD GOLD COINS SHIPWRECK INGOTS AND OTHER BULLION SHIPWRECK COINS SILVER COBS WORLD SILVER COINS ARTIFACTS FROM SHIPWRECKS OTHER ARTIFACTS MEDIA BACK COVER
|
i don't know
|
What interesting old English word refers typically to a person's pale complexion but in origin and other contexts may also mean dark?
|
word choice - The etymology of "redhead" vs. "ginger haired" - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
3
All my life I have known people with reddish, orangey hair, to be termed ginger haired.
Just as you don't call a blonde a 'yellow head' red head just wasn't a word that was said (wouldn't orange head be more accurate for most anyway?).
However these days I increasingly find people using the term 'red head'. At first it seems to have been a term restricted to magazines with attractive ginger models, as if the media couldn't admit that attractive gingers exist, but it has slowly spread to the general population and these days I often hear it.
My guess is that that redhead is an old term that then fell out of use with the (then) more exotic ginger taking its place, and that in modern times with ginger no longer being an exotic food and anti-ginger stuff in culture redhead has somehow re-emerged.
Is there any truth to my guess? What is the actual history of the terms redhead/ginger?
When did ginger come into use? Why did redhead fall so out of use in favour of ginger? Has redhead always been used in a fashion context or is its re-emergence totally out of the blue?
up vote 17 down vote
The hair-color called red, ginger, orange, etc.
According to the citations provided by the OED for the hair-color sense of ginger, it first came into use during the 19th century. Using red for a hair-color is many centuries older, almost six of them in fact depending on how you count things.
That makes ginger a newcomer compared with calling a person with “red” hair a red-head, a red head, or a redhead (which are all the same word: spelling doesn’t count). There were also adjectives red-headed and red-haired of similarly ancient pedigree.
Those all date from centuries before ginger was ever used as a hair-color — and indeed, from centuries before orange was used as a color for anything at all, as explained in the second section below.
Using ginger for a hair-color is comparatively recent; it was (initially) consigned to dialectal use according to the OED2:
B. adj. dial. Of hair: Having the colour of ginger. Of a person: Sandy-haired. Of a cock: Having red plumage.
A. 1825 Forby Voc. E. Anglia, ― Ginger, of a pale red colour, particularly applied to hair.
1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 35, ― I perceive a fine red or ginger game-cock in the yard.
1886 Chesh. Gloss., ― Ginger, sandy-haired. ‘He’s a bit ginger.’
1897 Daily News 10 Sept. 2/6 ― Complexion and hair brown, moustache ginger.
I take that to indicate that it first appeared in dialects spoken in East Anglia and Cheshire. It is not clear when it invaded the rest of the Isle of Britain. However, Google N-Grams provides some hints regarding the timing of that invasion.
Ginger hair versus redhead in American English
As you see, ginger hair is surpassingly rare in America. And there is a good reason for that.
Because the dialect dictionaries cited by the OED all take place in the 19th century, this all happened after the war between Britain and its American colonies.
This explains why ginger never caught on as something to call redheads in America; we simply kept the original term and didn’t follow British fashion-color trending.
Moreover, it doesn’t seem to have escaped from mere dialectal use until the 20th century, which is at even further remove from that separation.
Here’s a graph for British English charting all three of red hair, redhead, and ginger hair :
That shows that hair has always been red in British English, and that as a hair color, ginger is quite new. It also shows red hair being much more common than ginger hair.
The problem with that comparison is that it is not really possible to get uses of ginger to mean red hair or a redhead when used as a metonym for a person with red hair without that use also mentioning hair. You get all kinds of false positives like from a ginger curry or a ginger cookie.
Ginger hair vs. redhead vs red-head vs red-headed in British English
To included hyphenation in the results, here is a Google N-gram of ginger hair, redhead, red-head, red-headed in British English :
I don’t know how to merge the graphs for the last graph’s three red-related terms to compare it against the ginger line, so one might aim to do that in one’s own head as a thought-experiment.
British Trickle-Invasion
In America, pretty much nobody had ever heard of calling a person “a ginger” before the “Ginger Kids” episode of South Park in 2005, less than a decade ago. I would also bet that the majority remain unfamiliar with the term — or for that matter, with the very bigotry which that episode lampooned. (But I may be wrong.)
It is nearly impossible to understand why redheads are ever persecuted, such things having no place whatsoever in civilized society. But apparently the practice either continued or has once again raised its ugly head, especially in certain area in the world. Wikipedia notes in its article on Red hair that “In various times and cultures, red hair has been prized, feared, and ridiculed.”
This is alien to my personal experience. When I was a child in primary school in Wisconsin, we had many red-haired kids in the class, almost all of whose ancestors were originally from Scandinavia or the British Isles (or in my own case, both), and I do not once remember any child been persecuted for their hair-color. I even have a brother whose hair as a child went through what one could call a “strawberry blond” phase and to this day can still sport a barbarossa when it pleases him to do so, and I do not recall him ever once being abused for his hair-color. I do think I would have known, too, given that we are not unalike in age.
“Orange is the New Red”
As for why the red that occurs in redhead isn’t red but orange, that is because English did not yet have a distinct word for the color orange at the time we started calling people redheads.
We didn’t start using orange as the name of a color until the 16th century, and even then it took a spell before it really caught on. Human redheads antedate that use by several centuries.
What we now call “orange” was at that time merely a shade of red, one which had no name of its own — although scarlet is closer, as we see in Robin Hood’s legendary pal Will Scarlet, who was so named because, at least in certain traditions, he was a redhead. Scarlet is “a bright red with a slightly orange tinge” according to Wikipedia, and according to the OED, “a brilliant vivid red colour, inclining to orange”. So scarlet was as close to orange as they could come in those days.
Speaking of robins, this strange matchup occurs also with robin redbreast , whose breast is what we now call orange, not red. Here is a longer list of around thirty different critters all with “reddish” names but who would quite likely be considered “orange” were they named today:
Red-shanked Douc
As you may have suspected from the primate entries at the end of that list, our own good cousins, the orangutangs, are also known for having “red” hair. In fact, they are sometimes even called the red ape . From the Wikipedia article on the Sumatran Orangutang :
Compared to the Bornean species, Sumatran orangutans are thinner and have longer faces; their hair is longer with a paler red color.
But they of course are not the only red ape. Their “red” hair is the same kind of “red” that their fellow great apes, we humans — including Neanderthal humans — can also have. It’s just that orangutangs are always red-haired, while modern humans only sometimes are so.
(The apparent “orange” part of the word orangutang is a red herring if ever there was one. It’s actually from a Malay word meaning man. It does not refer to hair-color at all. See also Orang Pendec , a putative cryptid of Indonesia sometimes described an “orange ape that walks like a man”.)
Whatever you care to call all those many critters’ colors, it is hardly “red” in the narrowest of senses. It is always some shade of what we would now call “orange” or perhaps “reddish brown”. If you are into “fashion colors”, you will sometimes see metallic colors like copper, bronze, and brass used for that color, too, usually with decreasing red components and more yellow ones according to the order given.
In the curious case of the Red Indians of the Americas, their skin can hardly be called true red either, but such was the fashion of the time to use that color-name for hues that include their native skin-color.
Just how many reds are there?
The OED has this usage note under its entry for the color red:
The precise shades of colour to which the name of red is applied vary from bright scarlet or crimson to reddish yellow or brown (the latter esp. of the hair of certain animals). The numerous varieties are distinguished, when necessary, by prefixed nouns or adjectives, as blood-, brick-, cherry-, fire-, flame-, flesh-, robin-, rose-red; dark, dull, light, lively red; fiery, foxy red; brown-, orange-, yellow-red; brownish, yellowish red, etc.
If you think about flames, which are often described as “red”, they are actually orange except in pyrotechnic displays. The OED lists well over a hundred different hues with red components in their definitions. These are not compound (hyphenated) words with red in them, either. Sometimes the meaning of a color changes over time, too, so the purple of yesteryear might well be the red of today, or vice versa.
If you ask someone to name a “red(dish)” color that doesn’t have red as part of its actual name, some of the more common responses include scarlet (1250), crimson (1440), mahogany (1737), maroon (1840), vermilion (1296), and burgundy (1881). The year listed in parentheses following each word is the year of the first OED citation for that word being used as a color-word in English — not the first year the word was used for anything whatever.
Interestingly, not only is bright scarlet the color most clearly on the “orangey” side of the reds, it is also both the most ancient and also the most common of that set historically and currently, beating out even the darker crimson in this Google N-Gram :
But English has a great many more red-related colors both today and historically, and some that were once thought red would now be thought of as orange.
Many of these “other” “red” colors take their names from material objects in our world, such as gemstones, fruits, woods, and flowers. Some hues are reserved only for certain things, such as for use in heraldic arms , for human hair color, or even for the hair-color of a horse . Others are mere “fashion” colors, or one-time imports that have since faded from popularity.
Examples of color-names in the OED that it says have, or can have, or did once-upon-a-time have, reddish aspects include the following brief list:
aeruginous, almond, amarant, amber, amethyst, apple, apricot, aurantia, aurora, bay, blood, blush, bracken, brass, brick, bronze, brusk, burgundy, camellia, capucine, cardinal, carmine, carnadine, carnation, carroty, cerise, chaudron, Chelidonian, cherry, chestnut, cinnabar, claret, cochineal, copper, coquelicot, coral, coralline, cornelian, crimson, cuprite, cyclamen, damask, English, ensanguined, envermeil, envermeiled, fallow, ferruginous, flame, flamingo, flammulated, fuchsia, fulvous, garnet, geranium, grenat, gridelin, gules, guly, haematic, hazel, hematic, hepaticous, honeysuckle, hyacinth, incarnadine, jacinth, jacinthine, Jacqueminot, jasper, lac, lake, lateritious, lavender, lilac, luteous, magenta, magnolia, mahogany, maiden’s blush, mandarin, mandarine, manganese, marmalade, maroon, melon, menald, miniaceous, miniate, miniatous, minious, moorit, mordoré, mulberry, nacarat, ocher, ochre, œil de perdrix, orange, orchid, paprika, peach, persimmon, piceous, picescent, pink, pomegranate, pompadour, ponceau, poppy, prune, puniceous, purple, purpureal, purpureous, purpurine, pyrope, raspberry, red, roan, rose, roseate, rosewood, rosiny, rosy, rouge, rubicund, rubrical, ruby, rud, ruddy, rufescent, rufous, russet, rust, rusty, saffron, salmon, sandy, sanguine, sanguinolent, sard, scarlet, shrimp, Siena, Sienna, sinoper, sloe, sorrel, spadiceous, spinel, stammel, strawberry, tangerine, tango, tawny, teak, tea rose, tenné, tenny, terra cotta, terra rosa, testaceous, Titian, tony, tourmaline, tuly, vermeil, vermilion, vinaceous, vinous, and violet.
I did include such things as pink, magenta, purple, and violet there, because just what those colors meant varied over time. Even today you will find disagreement about whether violet tends more towards blue and purple towards red, or even vice versa. But properly speaking, violet is a true spectral color from the rainbow, one of shorter wavelength and higher energy than blue, whereas all the purples , including pink and magenta and such, are non-spectral admixtures of pure spectral frequencies of blue (or lower) light blended with red light . In other words, violet has a place in Iris’s rainbow or Newton’s prism, but purple does not.
If you count hyphenated color-names that include red as part of their names, these too number in the triple digits, with the OED attesting all of these:
Adonis-red, Adrianople-red, auburn-red, blackish-red, blood-red, brick-red, bright-red, brownish-red, brown-red, camellia-red, carmine-red, cherry-red, chestnut-red, chocolate-red, cinnabar-red, cinnamon-red, cochineal-red, Congo-red, copper-red, coral-red, crimson-red, dark-red, deep-red, Dekkan-red, dull-red, dun-red, flame-red, flesh-red, fox-red, foxy-red, fuchsia-red, garnet-red, geranium-red, ginger-red, golden-red, gold-red, hyacinth-red, ibis-red, Indian-red, indigo-red, iron-red, Kino-red, lake-red, leaf-red, Levant-red, light-red, livid-red, lobster-red, madder-red, magenta-red, mahogany-red, maroon-red, mauve-red, methyl-red, Modena-red, mulberry-red, nasturtium-red, ochre-red, onion-red, orange-red, orangey-red, ouer-red, oxidation-red, Paris-red, peach-red, pinky-red, pomegranate-red, poppy-red, porphyry-red, pseudo-red, pudding-red, purple-red, purplish-red, red-and-orange, reddish-blue, reddish-green, reddish-orange, reddish-purple, reddish-violet, reddish-yellow, red-orange, red-purple, red-yellow, ripe-red, robin-red, rose-red, rosie-red, rosy-red, ruby-red, rud-red, rust-red, rusty-red, saddle-red, salmon-red, sand-red, sandy-red, scarlet-red, semi-red, shell-red, sherry-red, siena-red, signal-red, silver-red, smoke-red, soot-red, sooty-red, sound-red, strawberry-red, sunny-red, sun-red, sunset-red, tango-red, tanned-red, tawny-red, technicolor-red, thunder-red, tile-red, tomato-red, Turkey-red, Venetian-red, vermilion-red, vinaceous-red, violet-red, wax-red, white-red, whitish-red, wine-red, yellowish-red, yellow-red, and yellow-to-red.
As noted in comments, it’s interesting that both reddish-yellow and yellowish-red occur historically. I imagine that those two would both probably be called simply orange today.
Etymonline, otherwise known as Etymology Online Dictionary, has this to say on the origins of red, and redhead.
red
(adj.1) Old English read "red," from Proto-Germanic rauthaz (cognates: Old Norse rauðr, Danish rød, Old Saxon rod, Old Frisian rad, Middle Dutch root, Dutch rood, German rot, Gothic rauþs). As a noun from mid-13c.
The Germanic words are from PIE root *reudh- "red, ruddy" (cognates: Latin ruber, also dialectal rufus "light red," mostly of hair; Greek erythros;... The only color for which a definite common PIE root word has been found. The initial -e- in the Greek word is because Greek tends to avoid beginning words with -r-.
redhead
mid-13c., from red (adj.1) + head (n.). Red (adj.), of persons, "having red hair" is from late Old English.
The Carrot pate be sure you hate, for she'l be true to no man, But put her too 't and she will do 't, and oft turns very common: She that is red upon the head will doubtless ne'r forsake it, But wanton be, assuredly, and willingly will take it. ["The True Lover's Admonition," Roxburghe Ballads, c.1680]
There's no doubt that the term, red hair, has been used to describe all the different shades of red that possibly exist. The word redhead has been in use since at least 1510, and it is estimated that the country with the largest population of redheads; or red haired people, is Scotland with 13% closely followed by Ireland with 10% whilst in the United States it is estimated that only 2-6% of the population is red headed, roughly six to eighteen million people. All of which may well explain why ginger, as a hair colour, and as a derogatory term, is largely restricted to the British Isles.
In fact, according to Google Books Ngram Viewer the terms; ginger hair, ginger haired, and (a) ginger meaning a "red haired person", is virtually unknown in the US.
It wasn't until 2001 when the first Harry Potter film was released that many Americans became even aware that ginger was a hair colour. Furthermore, many were astonished to discover that the term ginger was used to mock, ridicule and tease redheads in the United Kingdom.
As one American testifies,
Undoubtedly, the term gained traction in the U.S. with the popularity of the Harry Potter books. According to the Harry Potter Wiki, “Scabior, Fenrir Greyback, and a drunk man on Tottenham Court Road” all referred to Harry Potter’s famously ginger-haired mate Ron Weasely by this term. [...] Ginger prejudice arrived in the U.S. in 2005 with an episode of the animated comedy series “South Park” entitled “Ginger Kids.” In the episode, a satire on racial and other sorts of prejudice, “Cartman rallies all other ginger kids to rise up and assume their role as the master race” (in the words of the series website). As is often the case with satire, there were unintended consequences. A 14-year-old Vancouver boy started a Facebook group devoted to “National Kick a Ginger Day”; it attracted almost 5,000 members, and the founder was eventually investigated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for possible hate crimes.
Britishism.wordpress posted: May 19, 2011
However, in the United Kingdom, ginger has long been used to describe people whose hair is anything between a bright-copper colour and a yellowish-brown shade, but it is a false assumption to believe that the term was in use before redhead.
The data displayed in Google Ngrams below, suggests that the expression ginger hair, in the British Isles, only saw the light of day in the mid-1800s.
Why did "ginger" become an insult?
A (very) brief history
People with red hair were regarded with suspicion and mistrust in medieval England. The redder the hair the more people invented disturbing stories of witchcraft and Satanism. This scorn can be traced back to Judas Iscariot, the twelfth disciple who betrayed Jesus with a kiss. It was common belief that the man "responsible" for Jesus' death was a redhead. Some scholars have proposed that the name Judas is derived from an Aramaic word meaning "red color" as an explanation for this, but there are many conflicting theories as to its origins. It is nonetheless true that European Christians associated redheads with Jews and with dishonesty. Shakespeare's plays in Elizabethan England , egged on by the queen herself, helped not only to perpetuate this prejudice but to strengthen it further.
The conviction that red haired ("ginger") people were basically untrustworthy, highly-sexed and to be feared continued unabated, political correctness was almost four hundred years away, and irrational superstitions and prejudice were allowed to roam free. In order to appreciate how deeply ingrained gingerism was, we only need to read the following extract taken from The Tragedy of Bussy D'Ambois (1603–1607) a Jacobean stage play written by George Chapman.
It is worth mentioning that according to the playwright and folklore at the time, the perfect poison had to include the fat of a red-haired man. Theophilus Presbyter (1070–1125), a Benedictine monk, claimed that the blood of a red-haired young man was necessary to create gold from copper, in a mixture with the ashes of a basilisk.
In his Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue , (1785), Francis Grose, a lexicographer, noted that the slang terms, pate, stood for head, while ginger, we are told, was a term given to cocks/roosters. The combination of these two slang words led to the expressions ginger-pated and ginger-hackled. A hackle is defined by the American Webster's Dictionary (1913 + 1828) as
One of the peculiar, long, narrow feathers on the neck of fowls, most noticeable on the cock, -- often used in making artificial flies; hence, any feather so used.
Note that Grose defined both terms using red-haired, proving once again that ginger, the hair colour, was a relatively new term.
It's easy to see how the slur "ginger-pated", i.e. ginger headed, was later shortened to ginger.
As further proof that the colours ginger hair and ginger haired were relatively new in 19th century England, see the Ngrams charts below.
The term, hackle, meaning the bright red feathers of a cock/roster was much more in vogue, only to be overtaken by the expression ginger cock circa 1885.
If we eliminate the terms ginger hackle and ginger cock, include the term redhead and set the dateline from 1840 to 1930 we have the following surprising results.
As you can see the term, redhead in England is older than ginger hair and ginger haired but sometime around 1912 the colour ginger hair begins to overtake the more jaded expression, redhead.
Other offensive terms for red-haired people in 18th century England were: carroty-pated; sandy pate; and poisoned pate (see Chapman's excerpt above). Furthermore, Grose provides an example of the types of jeers red-haired people had to put up with:
Hip, [hey] Michael, your head's on fire!
Nevertheless, there are other terms which have been used in the past (and nowadays) to describe people's shades of red hair. They are the following:
a bright orange-red colour
Why aren't "gingers" called orangeheads?
As tchrist and Josh6 have already mentioned, a precise term for the color of orange did not exist before the 16th century when its namesake fruit was literally picked to describe this color. The age-old question as to why certain things are called red when their obvious natural colour is orange has caused numerous headaches in modern times.
Until the early 16th c. the color was referred to in Old English as geoluhread or spelt as ġeolurēad, the Middle English form, yelwered , is today's Modern English yellow-red or yellowred .
Geoluhread is similar to the Dutch term, "gul-og-rød" which means "yellow and red". Additionally there is the word Gulerod, which means carrot. Which begs the question why this ubiquitous root vegetable wasn't chosen instead of the fruit, orange, to describe the "yellow-red" colour. It wasn't until the arrival of the Danish orange variety in the early 16th century, that carrots were orange coloured. In fact, the varieties cultivated in the British Isles were up until then; yellow, white and purple. There is also evidence to suggest that the color purple was often mistaken as red before the 16th century.
...............................
The modern orange carrot was developed and stabilised by Dutch growers in the 16-17th century, evidenced from variety names and contemporary art works. A tale, probably apocryphal, has it that the orange carrot was bred in the Netherlands in the seventeenth century to honour William of Orange. Though the orange carrot does appear to date from the Netherlands in the sixteenth century, it is unlikely that honouring William of Orange had anything to do with it! The purple carrots being consumed at the same time, not only stained cookware and appeared quite unsightly, they did not taste as good as orange carrots, and so the orange rooted varieties came to dominate the culinary world.
|
WAN
|
What time-related term was given to the American Patriot 'rapid response' militia forces assembled before and active during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-83?
|
Havelok the Dane | Robbins Library Digital Projects
Herkneth to me, gode men -
Wives, maydnes, and alle men -
Of a tale that ich you wile telle,
Wo so it wile here and therto dwelle.
The tale is of Havelok imaked:
Whil he was litel, he yede ful naked.
Havelok was a ful god gome -
He was ful god in everi trome;
He was the wicteste man at nede
That thurte riden on ani stede.
That ye mowen now yhere,
And the tale you mowen ylere,
At the biginnig of ure tale,
Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale;
And wile drinken, her I spelle,
That Crist us shilde alle fro helle.
Krist late us hevere so for to do
That we moten comen Him to;
And, witthat it mote ben so,
Benedicamus Domino!
Here I schal biginnen a rym;
Krist us yeve wel god fyn!
The rym is maked of Havelok -
A stalworthi man in a flok.
He was the stalwortheste man at nede
That may riden on ani stede.
It was a king bi are dawes,
That in his time were gode lawes
He dede maken and ful wel holden;
Hym lovede yung, him lovede holde -
Erl and barun, dreng and thayn,
Knict, bondeman, and swain,
Wydues, maydnes, prestes and clerkes,
And al for hise gode werkes.
He lovede God with al his micth,
And Holy Kirke, and soth ant ricth.
Ricthwise men he lovede alle,
And overal made hem for to calle.
Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle
And hated hem so man doth galle;
Utlawes and theves made he bynde,
Alle that he micte fynde,
And heye hengen on galwe-tre -
For hem ne yede gold ne fee!
In that time a man that bore
Wel fifty pund, I wot, or more,
Of red gold upon hiis bac,
In a male with or blac,
Ne funde he non that him misseyde,
Ne with ivele on hond leyde.
Thanne micthe chapmen fare
Thuruth Englond wit here ware,
And baldelike beye and sellen,
Overal ther he wilen dwellen -
In gode burwes and therfram
Ne funden he non that dede hem sham,
That he ne weren sone to sorwe brouth,
And pouere maked and browt to nouth.
Thanne was Engelond at hayse -
Michel was swich a king to preyse
That held so Englond in grith!
Krist of hevene was him with -
He was Engelondes blome.
Was non so bold louerd to Rome
That durste upon his bringhe
Hunger ne here - wicke thinghe.
Hwan he fellede hise foos,
He made hem lurken and crepen in wros -
The hidden hem alle and helden hem stille,
And diden al his herte wille.
Ricth he lovede of alle thinge -
To wronge micht him noman bringe,
Ne for silver ne for gold,
So was he his soule hold.
To the faderles was he rath -
Wo so dede hem wrong or lath,
Were it clerc or were it knicth,
He dede hem sone to haven ricth;
And wo dide widuen wrong,
Were he nevre knicth so strong,
That he ne made him sone kesten
In feteres and ful faste festen;
And wo so dide maydne shame
Of hire bodi or brouth in blame,
Bute it were bi hire wille,
He made him sone of limes spille.
He was the beste knith at nede
That hevere micthe riden on stede,
Or wepne wagge or folc ut lede;
Of knith ne havede he nevere drede,
That he ne sprong forth so sparke of glede,
And lete him knawe of hise hand dede,
Hu he couthe with wepne spede;
And other he refte him hors or wede,
Or made him sone handes sprede
And "Louerd, merci!" loude grede.
He was large and no wicth gnede.
Havede he non so god brede
Ne on his bord non so god shrede,
That he ne wolde thorwit fede
Poure that on fote yede,
Forto haven of Him the mede
That for us wolde on Rode blede -
Crist, that al kan wisse and rede
That evere woneth in any thede.
The king was hoten Athelwold.
Of word, of wepne, he was bold.
In Engeland was nevre knicth
That betere held the lond to ricth.
Of his bodi ne havede he eyr
Bute a mayden swithe fayr,
That was so yung that sho ne couthee
Gon on fote ne speke wit mouthe.
Than him tok an ivel strong,
That he wel wiste and underfong
That his deth was comen him on
And saide, "Crist, wat shal I don?
Louerd, wat shal me to rede?
I wot ful wel ich have mi mede.
Hw shal now my douhter fare?
Of hire have ich michel kare;
Sho is mikel in my thouth -
Of meself is me rith nowt.
No selcouth is thou me be wo:
Sho ne can speke ne sho kan go.
Yif scho couthe on horse ride,
And a thousande men bi hire syde,
And sho were comen intil helde
And Engelond sho couthe welde,
And don hem of thar hire were queme,
And hire bodi couthe yeme,
Ne wolde me nevere ivele like,
Ne though ich were in heveneriche."
Quanne he havede this pleinte maked,
Therafter stronglike quaked.
He sende writes sone onon
After his erles evereichon;
And after hise baruns, riche and poure,
Fro Rokesburw al into Dovere,
That he shulden comen swithe
Til him, that was ful unblithe,
To that stede ther he lay
In harde bondes nicth and day.
He was so faste wit yvel fest
That he ne mouthe haven no rest,
He ne mouthe no mete hete,
Ne he ne mouchte no lythe gete,
Ne non of his ivel that couthe red -
Of him ne was nouth buten ded.
Alle that the writes herden
Sorful and sori til him ferden;
He wrungen hondes and wepen sore
And yerne preyden Cristes hore -
That He wolde turnen him
Ut of that yvel that was so grim.
Thanne he weren comen alle
Bifor the king into the halle,
At Winchestre ther he lay,
"Welcome," he sayde, "be ye ay!
Ful michel thank kan I you
That ye aren comen to me now."
Quanne he weren alle set,
And the king aveden igret,
He greten and gouleden and gouven hem ille,
And he bad hem alle been stille
And seyde that greting helpeth nouth,
"For al to dede am ich brouth.
Bute now ye sen that I shal deye,
Now ich wille you alle preye
Of mi douther, that shal be
Yure levedi after me,
Wo may yemen hire so longe,
Bothen hire and Engelonde,
Til that she be wman of helde
And that she mowe hir yemen and welde?"
He answereden and seyden anon,
Bi Crist and bi Seint Jon,
That th erl Godrigh of Cornwayle
Was trewe man wituten faile,
Wis man of red, wis man of dede,
And men haveden of him mikel drede -
"He may hire altherbest yeme,
Til that she mowe wel ben quene."
The king was payed of that rede.
A wol fair cloth bringen he dede,
And thereon leyde the messebok,
The caliz, and the pateyn ok,
The corporaus, the messe-gere.
Theron he garte the erl swere
That he sholde yemen hire wel,
Withuten lac, wituten tel,
Til that she were twelf winter hold
And of speche were bold,
And that she couthe of curteysye,
Gon and speken of lovedrurye,
And til that she loven muthe
Wom so hire to gode thoucte;
And that he shulde hire yeve
The beste man that micthe live -
The beste, fayreste, the strangest ok;
That dede he him sweren on the bok,
And thanne shulde he Engelond
Al bitechen into hire hond.
Quanne that was sworn on his wise,
The king dede the mayden arise,
And the erl hire bitaucte
And al the lond he evere awcte -
Engelonde, everi del -
And preide he shulde yeme hire wel.
The king ne moucte don no more,
But yerne preyede Godes ore,
And dede him hoslen wel and shrive,
I wot fif hundred sithes and five,
And ofte dede him sore swinge
And wit hondes smerte dinge
So that the blod ran of his fleys,
That tendre was and swithe neys.
He made his quiste swithe wel
And sone gaf it everil del.
Wan it was goven, ne micte men finde
So mikel men micte him in winde,
Of his in arke ne in chiste,
In Engelond, that noman wiste;
For al was yoven, faire and wel,
That him was leved no catel.
Thanne he havede been ofte swngen,
Ofte shriven and ofte dungen,
"In manus tuas, Louerde," he seyde,
Her that he the speche leyde,
To Jesu Crist bigan to calle
And deyede biforn his heymen alle.
Than he was ded, there micte men se
The meste sorwe that micte be:
Ther was sobbing, siking, and sor,
Handes wringing and drawing bi hor.
Alle greten swithe sore,
Riche and poure that there wore,
And mikel sorwe haveden alle -
Levedyes in boure, knictes in halle.
Quan that sorwe was somdel laten
And he haveden longe graten,
Belles deden he sone ringen,
Monkes and prestes messe singen;
And sauteres deden he manie reden,
That God self shulde his soule leden
Into hevene biforn his Sone,
And ther wituten hende wone.
Than he was to the erthe brouth,
The riche erl ne foryat nouth
That he ne dede al Engelond
Sone sayse intil his hond,
And in the castels leth he do
The knictes he mighte tristen to,
And alle the Englis dede he swere
That he shulden him ghod fey beren:
He yaf alle men that god thoucte,
Liven and deyen til that him moucte,
Til that the kinges dowter wore
Twenti winter hold and more.
Thanne he havede taken this oth
Of erles, baruns, lef and loth,
Of knictes, cherles, fre and thewe,
Justises dede he maken newe
Al Engelond to faren thorw
Fro Dovere into Rokesborw.
Schireves he sette, bedels, and greyves,
Grith sergeans with longe gleyves,
To yemen wilde wodes and pathes
Fro wicke men that wolde don scathes,
And forto haven alle at his cri,
At his wille, at hise merci,
That non durste ben him ageyn -
Erl ne barun, knict ne sweyn.
Wislike for soth was him wel
Of folc, of wepne, of catel:
Sothlike, in a lite thrawe
Al Engelond of him stod awe -
Al Engelond was of him adrad,
So his the beste fro the gad.
The kinges douther bigan thrive
And wex the fairest wman on live.
Of alle thewes was she wis
That gode weren and of pris.
The mayden Goldeboru was hoten;
For hire was mani a ter igroten.
Quanne the Erl Godrich him herde
Of that mayden - hw wel she ferde,
Hw wis sho was, hw chaste, hw fayr,
And that sho was the rithe eyr
Of Engelond, of al the rike;
Tho bigan Godrich to sike,
And seyde, "Wether she sholde be
Quen and levedi over me?
Hwether sho sholde al Engelond
And me and mine haven in hire hond?
Datheit hwo it hire thave!
Shal sho it nevere more have.
Sholde ic yeve a fol, a therne,
Engelond, thou sho it yerne?
Datheit hwo it hire yeve
Evere more hwil I live!
She is waxen al to prud,
For gode metes and noble shrud,
That hic have yoven hire to offte;
Hic have yemed hire to softe.
Shal it nouth ben als sho thenkes:
Hope maketh fol man ofte blenkes.
Ich have a sone, a ful fayr knave;
He shal Engelond al have!
He shal king, he shal ben sire,
So brouke I evere mi blake swire!"
Hwan this trayson was al thouth,
Of his oth ne was him nouth.
He let his oth al overga.
Therof he yaf he nouth a stra,
Bute sone dede hire fete,
Er he wolde heten ani mete,
Fro Winchestre ther sho was,
Also a wicke traytur Judas,
And dede leden hire to Dovre,
That standeth on the seis oure,
And therhinne dede hire fede
Pourelike in feble wede.
The castel dede he yemen so
That non ne micte comen hire to
Of hire frend, with to speken,
That hevere micte hire bale wreken.
Of Goldeboru shul we now laten,
That nouth ne blinneth forto graten
Ther sho liggeth in prisoun.
Jesu Crist, that Lazarun
To live broucte fro dede bondes,
He lese hire wit Hise hondes!
And leve sho mote him yse
Heye hangen on galwe tre
That hire haved in sorwe brouth,
So as sho ne misdede nouth.
Say we now forth in hure spelle!
In that time, so it bifelle,
Was in the lond of Denemark
A riche king and swythe stark.
The name of him was Birkabeyn;
He havede mani knict and sweyn;
He was fayr man and wict,
Of bodi he was the beste knicth
That evere micte leden uth here,
Or stede on ride or handlen spere.
Thre children he havede bi his wif -
He hem lovede so his lif.
He havede a sone, douhtres two,
Swithe fayre, as fel it so.
He that wile non forbere,
Riche ne poure, king ne kaysere,
Deth him tok than he best wolde
Liven, but hyse dayes were fulde,
That he ne moucte no more live,
For gold ne silver ne for no gyve.
Hwan he that wiste, rathe he sende
After prestes, fer an hende -
Chanounes gode and monkes bothe,
Him for to wisse and to rede,
Him for to hoslen an for to shrive,
Hwil his bodi were on live.
Hwan he was hosled and shriven,
His quiste maked and for him gyven,
Hise knictes dede he alle site,
For thoru hem he wolde wite
Hwo micte yeme his children yunge
Til that he kouthen speken wit tunge,
Speken and gangen, on horse riden,
Knictes and sweynes by here siden.
He spoken theroffe and chosen sone
A riche man that under mone,
Was the trewest, that he wende -
Godard, the kinges owne frende -
And seyden he moucthe hem best loke
Yif that he hem undertoke,
Til hise sone mouthe bere
Helm on heved and leden ut here,
In his hand a spere stark,
And king been maked of Denemark.
He wel trowede that he seyde,
And on Godard handes leyde;
And seyde, "Here biteche I thee
Mine children alle thre,
Al Denemark and al mi fe,
Til that mi sone of helde be,
But that ich wille that thou swere
On auter and on messe gere,
On the belles that men ringes,
On messe bok the prest on singes,
That thou mine children shalt wel yeme,
That hire kin be ful wel queme,
Til mi sone mowe ben knicth.
Thanne biteche him tho his ricth:
Denemark and that ther til longes -
Casteles and tunes, wodes and wonges."
Godard stirt up and swor al that
The king him bad, and sithen sat
Bi the knictes that ther ware,
That wepen alle swithe sare
For the king that deide sone.
Jesu Crist, that makede mone
On the mirke nith to shine,
Wite his soule fro helle pine;
And leve that it mote wone
In heveneriche with Godes Sone!
Hwan Birkabeyn was leyd in grave,
The erl dede sone take the knave,
Havelok, that was the eir,
Swanborow, his sister, Helfled, the tother,
And in the castel dede he hem do,
Ther non ne micte hem comen to
Of here kyn, ther thei sperd were.
Ther he greten ofte sore
Bothe for hunger and for kold,
Or he weren thre winter hold.
Feblelike he gaf hem clothes;
He ne yaf a note of hise othes -
He hem clothede rith ne fedde,
Ne hem ne dede richelike bebedde.
Thanne Godard was sikerlike
Under God the moste swike
That evre in erthe shaped was.
Withuten on, the wike Judas.
Have he the malisun today
Of alle that evre speken may -
Of patriark and of pope,
And of prest with loken kope,
Of monekes and hermites bothe,
And of the leve Holi Rode
That God himselve ran on blode!
Crist warie him with His mouth!
Waried wrthe he of north and suth,
Offe alle men that speken kunne,
Of Crist that made mone and sunne!
Thanne he havede of al the lond
Al the folk tilled intil his hond,
And alle haveden sworen him oth,
Riche and poure, lef and loth,
That he sholden hise wille freme
And that he shulde him nouth greme,
He thouthe a ful strong trechery,
A trayson and a felony,
Of the children for to make -
The devel of helle him sone take!
Hwan that was thouth, onon he ferde
To the tour ther he woren sperde,
Ther he greten for hunger and cold.
The knave, that was sumdel bold,
Kam him ageyn, on knes him sette,
And Godard ful feyre he ther grette.
And Godard seyde, "Wat is yw?
Hwi grete ye and goulen now?"
"For us hungreth swithe sore" -
Seyden he, "we wolden more:
We ne have to hete, ne we ne have
Her inne neyther knith ne knave
That yeveth us drinke ne no mete,
Halvendel that we moun ete -
Wo is us that we weren born!
Weilawei! nis it no korn
That men micte maken of bred?
Us hungreth - we aren ney ded!"
Godard herde here wa,
Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra,
But tok the maydnes bothe samen,
Al so it were up on hiis gamen,
Al so he wolde with hem leyke
That weren for hunger grene and bleike.
Of bothen he karf on two here throtes,
And sithen hem al to grotes.
Ther was sorwe, wo-so it sawe,
Hwan the children by the wawe
Leyen and sprawleden in the blod.
Havelok it saw and therbi stod -
Ful sori was that sely knave.
Mikel dred he mouthe have,
For at hise herte he saw a knif
For to reven him hise lyf.
But the knave, that litel was,
He knelede bifor that Judas,
And seyde, "Louerd, mercy now!
Manrede, louerd, biddi you:
Al Denemark I wile you yeve,
To that forward thu late me live.
Here hi wile on boke swere
That nevremore ne shal I bere
Ayen thee, louerd, sheld ne spere,
Ne other wepne that may you dere.
Louerd, have merci of me!
Today I wile fro Denemark fle,
Ne neveremore comen agheyn!
Sweren I wole that Bircabein
Nevere yete me ne gat."
Hwan the devel herde that,
Sumdel bigan him for to rewe;
Withdrow the knif, that was lewe
Of the seli children blod.
Ther was miracle fair and god
That he the knave nouth ne slou,
But for rewnesse him witdrow -
Of Avelok rewede him ful sore,
And thoucte he wolde that he ded wore,
But on that he nouth wit his hend
Ne drepe him nouth, that fule fend!
Thoucte he als he him bi stod,
Starinde als he were wod,
"Yif I late him lives go,
He micte me wirchen michel wo -
Grith ne get I neveremo;
He may me waiten for to slo.
And if he were brouct of live,
And mine children wolden thrive,
Louerdinges after me
Of al Denemark micten he be.
God it wite, he shal ben ded -
Wile I taken non other red!
I shal do casten him in the she,
Ther I wile that he drench be,
Abouten his hals an anker god,
Thad he ne flete in the flod."
Ther anon he dede sende
After a fishere that he wende
That wolde al his wille do,
And sone anon he seyde him to:
"Grim, thou wost thu art my thral;
Wilte don my wille al
That I wile bidden thee?
Tomorwen shal maken thee fre,
And aucte thee yeven and riche make,
Withthan thu wilt this child take
And leden him with thee tonicht,
Than thou sest the monelith,
Into the se and don him therinne.
Al wile I taken on me the sinne."
Grim tok the child and bond him faste,
Hwil the bondes micte laste,
That weren of ful strong line.
Tho was Havelok in ful strong pine -
Wiste he nevere her wat was wo!
Jhesu Crist, that makede go
The halte and the doumbe speken,
Havelok, thee of Godard wreke!
Hwan Grim him havede faste bounden,
And sithen in an eld cloth wnden,
He thriste in his muth wel faste
A kevel of clutes ful unwraste,
That he mouthe speke ne fnaste,
Hwere he wolde him bere or lede.
Hwan he havede don that dede,
Hwat the swike him havede he yede
That he shulde him forth lede
And him drinchen in the se -
That forwarde makeden he -
In a poke, ful and blac,
Sone he caste him on his bac,
Ant bar him hom to hise cleve,
And bitaucte him Dame Leve
And seyde, "Wite thou this knave,
Al so thou wit mi lif save!
I shal dreinchen him in the se;
For him shole we ben maked fre,
Gold haven ynow and other fe:
That havet mi louerd bihoten me."
Hwan Dame Leve herde that,
Up she stirte and nouth ne sat,
And caste the knave so harde adoun
That he crakede ther his croune
Ageyn a gret ston ther it lay.
Tho Havelok micte sei, "Weilawei,
That evere was I kinges bern -
That him ne havede grip or ern,
Leoun or wlf, wlvine or bere,
Or other best that wolde him dere!"
So lay that child to middel nicth,
That Grim bad Leve bringen lict,
For to don on his clothes:
"Ne thenkestu nowt of mine othes
That ich have mi louerd sworen?
Ne wile I nouth be forloren.
I shal beren him to the se -
Thou wost that hoves me -
And I shal drenchen him therinne;
Ris up swithe an go thu binne,
And blow the fir and lith a kandel."
Als she shulde hise clothes handel
On for to don and blawe the fir,
She saw therinne a lith ful shir,
Al so brith so it were day,
Aboute the knave ther he lay.
Of hise mouth it stod a stem
Als it were a sunnebem;
Al so lith was it therinne
So ther brenden cerges inne.
"Jesu Crist!" wat Dame Leve,
"Hwat is that lith in ure cleve?
Ris up, Grim, and loke wat it menes!
Hwat is the lith, as thou wenes?"
He stirten bothe up to the knave
For man shal god wille have,
Unkeveleden him and swithe unbounden,
And sone anon him funden,
Als he tirveden of his serk,
On hise rith shuldre a kynmerk,
A swithe brith, a swithe fair.
"Goddot!" quath Grim, "this ure eir,
That shal louerd of Denemark!
He shal ben king, strong and stark;
He shal haven in his hand
Al Denemark and Engeland.
He shal do Godard ful wo;
He shal him hangen or quik flo,
Or he shal him al quic grave.
Of him shal he no merci have."
Thus seide Grim and sore gret,
And sone fel him to the fet,
And seide, "Louerd, have mercy
Of me and Leve, that is me bi!
Louerd, we aren bothe thine -
Thine cherles, thine hine.
Louerd, we sholen thee wel fede
Til that thu cone riden on stede,
Til that thu cone ful wel bere
Helm on heved, sheld and spere.
He ne shall nevere wite, sikerlike,
Godard, that fule swike.
Thoru other man, louerd, than thoru thee
Shal I nevere freman be.
Thou shalt me, louerd, fre maken,
For I shal yemen thee and waken -
Thoru thee wile I fredom have."
Tho was Haveloc a blithe knave!
He sat him up and cravede bred,
And seide, "Ich am ney ded,
Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes
That thu leidest on min hondes,
And for kevel at the laste,
That in my mouth was thrist faste.
I was ther with so harde prangled
That I was ther with ney strangled!"
"Wel is me that thou mayth hete!
Goddoth!" quath Leve, "I shal thee fete
Bred an chese, butere and milk,
Pastees and flaunes - al with swilk
Shole we sone thee wel fede,
Louerd, in this mikel nede.
Soth it is that men seyt and swereth:
'Ther God wile helpen, nouth ne dereth.'"
Thanne sho havede brouth the mete,
Haveloc anon bigan to ete
Grundlike, and was ful blithe.
Couthe he nouth his hunger mithe.
A lof he het, I woth, and more,
For him hungrede swithe sore.
Thre dayes ther biforn, I wene,
Et he no mete - that was wel sene!
Hwan he havede eten and was fed,
Grim dede maken a ful fayr bed,
Unclothede him and dede him therinne,
And seyde, "Slep, sone, with muchel winne!
Slep wel faste and dred thee nouth -
Fro sorwe to joie art thu brouth."
Sone so it was lith of day,
Grim it undertok the wey
To the wicke traitour Godard
That was of Denemark a stiward
And saide, "Louerd, don ich have
That thou me bede of the knave:
He is drenched in the flod,
Abouten his hals an anker god -
He is witerlike ded.
He lith drenched in the se.
Yif me gold and other fe,
That I mowe riche be,
And with thi chartre make fre;
For thu ful wel bihetet me
Thanne I last spak with thee."
Godard stod and lokede on him
Thoruthlike, with eyne grim,
And seyde, "Wiltu ben erl?
Go hom swithe, fule drit-cherl;
Go hethen and be everemore
Thral and cherl als thou er wore -
Shaltu have non other mede;
For litel I do thee lede
To the galwes, so God me rede!
For thou haves don a wicke dede.
Thou mait stonden her to longe,
Bute thou swithe hethen gonge!"
Grim thoucte to late that he ran
Fro that traytour, that wicke man,
And thoucte, "Wat shal me to rede?
Wite he him on live he wile bethe
Heye hangen on galwe tre.
Betere us is of londe to fle,
And berwen bothen ure lives,
And mine children and mine wives."
Grim solde sone al his corn,
Shep with wolle, neth with horn,
Hors and swin, geet with berd,
The gees, the hennes of the yerd -
Al he solde that outh douthe,
That he evre selle moucte;
And al he to the peni drou.
Hise ship he greythede wel inow;
He dede it tere an ful wel pike
That it ne doutede sond ne krike;
Therinne dide a ful god mast,
Stronge kables and ful fast,
Ores gode an ful god seyl -
Therinne wantede nouth a nayl,
That evere he sholde therinne do.
Hwan he havedet greythed so,
Havelok the yunge he dede therinne,
Him and his wif, hise sones thrinne,
And hise two doutres that faire wore.
And sone dede he leyn in an ore,
And drou him to the heye see,
There he mith altherbeste fle.
Fro londe woren he bote a mile,
Ne were it nevere but ane hwile
That it ne bigan a wind to rise
Out of the north men calleth "bise,"
And drof hem intil Engelond,
That al was sithen in his hond,
His, that Havelok was the name;
But or he havede michel shame,
Michel sorwe and michel tene,
And yete he gat it al bidene;
Als ye shulen now forthward lere,
Yf that ye wilen therto here.
In Humber Grim bigan to lende,
In Lindeseye, rith at the north ende.
Ther sat his ship upon the sond;
But Grim it drou up to the lond;
And there he made a litel cote
To him and to hise flote.
Bigan he there for to erthe,
A litel hus to maken of erthe,
So that he wel thore were
Of here herboru herborwed there.
And for that Grim that place aute,
The stede of Grim the name laute,
So that Grimesbi it calleth alle
That theroffe speken alle;
And so shulen men callen it ay,
Bitwene this and Domesday.
Grim was fishere swithe god,
And mikel couthe on the flod -
Mani god fish therinne he tok,
Bothe with neth and with hok.
He tok the sturgiun and the qual,
And the turbut and lax withal;
He tok the sele and the hwel -
He spedde ofte swithe wel.
Keling he tok and tumberel,
Hering and the makerel,
The butte, the schulle, the thornebake.
Gode paniers dede he make,
On til him and other thrinne
Til hise sones to beren fishe inne,
Up o londe to selle and fonge -
Forbar he neyther tun ne gronge
That he ne to yede with his ware.
Kam he nevere hom hand-bare,
That he ne broucte bred and sowel
In his shirte or in his cowel,
In his poke benes and korn -
Hise swink he havede he nowt forlorn.
And hwan he took the grete lamprey,
Ful wel he couthe the rithe wei
To Lincolne, the gode boru;
Ofte he yede it thoru and thoru,
Til he havede wol wel sold
And therfore the penies told.
Thanne he com thenne he were blithe,
For hom he brouthe fele sithe
Wastels, simenels with the horn,
His pokes fulle of mele and korn,
Netes flesh, shepes and swines;
And hemp to maken of gode lines,
And stronge ropes to hise netes,
In the se weren he ofte setes.
Thusgate Grim him fayre ledde:
Him and his genge wel he fedde
Wel twelf winter other more.
Havelok was war that Grim swank sore
For his mete, and he lay at hom -
Thouthe, "Ich am now no grom!
Ich am wel waxen and wel may eten
More than evere Grim may geten.
Ich ete more, bi God on live,
Than Grim an hise children five!
It ne may nouth ben thus longe.
Goddot! I wile with hem gange
For to leren sum god to gete.
Swinken ich wolde for my mete -
It is no shame for to swinken!
The man that may wel eten and drinken
Thar nouth ne have but on swink long -
To liggen at hom it is ful strong.
God yelde him, ther I ne may,
That haveth me fed to this day!
Gladlike I wile the paniers bere -
Ich woth ne shal it me nouth dere,
They ther be inne a birthene gret
Al so hevi als a neth.
Shal ich nevere lengere dwelle -
Tomorwen shal ich forth pelle."
On the morwen, hwan it was day,
He stirt up sone and nouth ne lay,
And cast a panier on his bac,
With fish giveled als a stac.
Al so michel he bar him one,
So he foure, bi mine mone!
Wel he it bar and solde it wel;
The silver he brouthe hom ilk del,
Al that he therfore tok -
Withheld he nouth a ferthinges nok.
So yede he forth ilke day
That he nevere at home lay -
So wolde he his mester lere.
Bifel it so a strong dere
Bigan to rise of korn of bred,
That Grim ne couthe no god red,
Hw he sholde his meiné fede;
Of Havelok havede he michel drede,
For he was strong and wel mouthe ete
More thanne evere mouthe be gete;
Ne he ne mouthe on the se take
Neyther lenge ne thornbake,
Ne non other fish that douthe
His meyné feden with he mouthe.
Of Havelok he havede kare,
Hwilgat that he micthe fare.
Of his children was him nouth;
On Havelok was al hise thouth,
And seyde, "Havelok, dere sone,
I wene that we deye mone
For hunger, this dere is so strong,
And hure mete is uten long.
Betere is that thu henne gonge
Than thu here dwelle longe -
Hethen thou mayt gangen to late;
Thou canst ful wel the ricthe gate
To Lincolne, the gode boru -
Thou havest it gon ful ofte thoru.
Of me ne is me nouth a slo.
Betere is that thu thider go,
For ther is mani god man inne;
Ther thou mayt thi mete winne.
But wo is me thou art so naked,
Of mi seyl I wolde thee were maked
A cloth thou mithest inne gongen,
Sone, no cold that thu ne fonge."
He tok the sheres of the nayl
And made him a covel of the sayl,
And Havelok dide it sone on.
Havede he neyther hosen ne shon,
Ne none kines other wede:
To Lincolne barfot he yede.
Hwan he cam ther, he was ful wil -
Ne havede he no frend to gangen til.
Two dayes ther fastinde he yede,
That non for his werk wolde him fede.
The thridde day herde he calle:
"Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!"
Poure that on fote yede
Sprongen forth so sparke on glede,
Havelok shof dun nyne or ten
Rith amidewarde the fen,
And stirte forth to the kok,
Ther the erles mete he tok
That he bouthe at the brigge:
The bermen let he alle ligge,
And bar the mete to the castel,
And gat him there a ferthing wastel.
Thet other day kepte he ok
Swithe yerne the erles kok,
Til that he say him on the brigge,
And bi him many fishes ligge.
The herles mete havede he bouth
Of Cornwalie and kalde oft:
"Bermen, bermen, hider swithe!"
Havelok it herde and was ful blithe
That he herde "bermen" calle.
Alle made he hem dun falle
That in his gate yeden and stode -
Wel sixtene laddes gode.
Als he lep the kok til,
He shof hem alle upon an hyl -
Astirte til him with his rippe
And bigan the fish to kippe.
He bar up wel a carte lode
Of segges, laxes, of playces brode,
Of grete laumprees and of eles.
Sparede he neyther tos ne heles
Til that he to the castel cam,
That men fro him his birthene nam.
Than men haveden holpen him doun
With the birthene of his croun,
The kok stod and on him low,
And thoute him stalworthe man ynow,
And seyde, "Wiltu ben wit me?
Gladlike wile ich feden thee:
Wel is set the mete thu etes,
And the hire that thu getes!"
"Goddot!" quoth he, "leve sire,
Bidde ich you non other hire,
But yeveth me inow to ete -
Fir and water I wile you fete,
The fir blowe and ful wele maken;
Stickes kan ich breken and kraken,
And kindlen ful wel a fyr,
And maken it to brennen shir.
Ful wel kan ich cleven shides,
Eles to turven of here hides;
Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen,
And don al that ye evere wilen."
Quoth the kok, "Wile I no more!
Go thu yunder and sit thore,
And I shal yeve the ful fair bred,
And made the broys in the led.
Sit now doun and et ful yerne -
Datheit hwo the mete werne!"
Havelok sette him dun anon
Al so stille als a ston,
Til he havede ful wel eten;
Tho havede Havelok fayre geten.
Hwan he havede eten inow,
He kam to the wele, water up drow,
And filde ther a michel so -
Bad he non ageyn him go,
But bitwen his hondes he bar it in,
Al him one, to the kichin.
Bad he non him water to fett,
Ne fro brigge to bere the mete.
He bar the turves, he bar the star,
The wode fro the brigge he bar,
Al that evere shulden he nytte,
Al he drow and al he citte -
Wolde he nevere haven rest
More than he were a best.
Of alle men was he mest meke,
Lauhwinde ay and blithe of speke;
Evere he was glad and blithe -
His sorwe he couthe ful wel mithe.
It ne was non so litel knave
For to leyken ne for to plawe,
That he ne wolde with him pleye.
The children that yeden in the weie
Of him he deden al here wille,
And with him leykeden here fille.
Him loveden alle, stille and bolde,
Knictes, children, yunge and holde -
Alle him loveden that him sowen,
Bothen heye men and lowe.
Of him ful wide the word sprong,
Hw he was mikel, hw he was strong,
Hw fayr man God him havede maked,
But on that he was almest naked:
For he ne havede nouth to shride
But a kovel ful unride,
That was ful and swithe wicke;
Was it nouth worth a fir-sticke.
The cok bigan of him to rewe
And bouthe him clothes al spannewe:
He bouthe him bothe hosen and shon,
And sone dide him dones on.
Hwan he was clothed, osed, and shod,
Was non so fayr under God,
That evere yete in erthe were,
Non that evere moder bere;
It was nevere man that yemede
In kinneriche that so wel semede
King or cayser for to be,
Than he was shrid, so semede he;
For thanne he weren alle samen
At Lincolne at the gamen,
And the erles men woren al thore,
Than was Havelok bi the shuldren more
Than the meste that ther kam:
In armes him noman nam
That he doune sone ne caste.
Havelok stod over hem als a mast;
Als he was heie, als he was long,
He was bothe stark and strong -
In Engelond non hise per
Of strengthe that evere kam him ner.
Als he was strong, so was he softe;
They a man him misdede ofte,
Neveremore he him misseyde,
Ne hond on him with yvele leyde.
Of bodi was he mayden clene;
Nevere yete in game, ne in grene,
With hire ne wolde he leyke ne lye,
No more than it were a strie.
In that time al Hengelond
Th'erl Godrich havede in his hond,
And he gart komen into the tun
Mani erl and mani barun,
And alle that lives were
In Englond thanne wer there,
That they haveden after sent
To ben ther at the parlement.
With hem com mani chambioun,
Mani with ladde, blac and brown,
And fel it so that yungemen,
Wel abouten nine or ten,
Bigunnen the for to layke.
Thider komen bothe stronge and wayke,
Thider komen lesse and more
That in the boru thanne weren thore -
Chaunpiouns and starke laddes,
Als he comen fro the plow.
There was sembling inow;
For it ne was non horse-knave,
Tho thei sholden in honde have,
That he ne kam thider, the leyk to se.
Biforn here fet thanne lay a tre,
And pulten with a mikel ston
The starke laddes, ful god won.
The ston was mikel and ek gret,
And al so hevi so a neth;
Grundstalwyrthe man he sholde be
That mouthe liften it to his kne;
Was ther neyther clerc ne prest,
That mithe liften it to his brest.
Therwit putten the chaumpiouns
That thider comen with the barouns.
Hwo so mithe putten thore
Biforn another an inch or more,
Wore he yung, wore he hold,
He was for a kempe told.
Al so the stoden and ofte stareden,
The chaumpiouns and ek the ladden,
And he maden mikel strout
Abouten the altherbeste but,
Havelok stod and lokede thertil,
And of puttingge he was ful wil,
For nevere yete ne saw he or
Putten the stone or thanne thor.
Hise mayster bad him gon therto -
Als he couthe therwith do.
Tho hise mayster it him bad,
He was of him sore adrad.
Therto he stirte sone anon,
And kipte up that hevi ston
That he sholde putten withe;
He putte at the firste sithe,
Over alle that ther wore
Twelve fote and sumdel more.
The chaumpiouns that put sowen;
Shuldreden he ilc other and lowen.
Wolden he nomore to putting gange,
But seyde, "Thee dwellen her to longe!"
This selkouth mithe nouth ben hyd:
Ful sone it was ful loude kid
Of Havelok, hw he warp the ston
Over the laddes everilkon,
Hw he was fayr, hw he was long,
Hw he was with, hw he was strong;
Thoruth England yede the speche,
Hw he was strong and ek meke;
In the castel, up in the halle,
The knithes speken therof alle,
So that Godrich it herde wel:
The speken of Havelok, everi del -
Hw he was strong man and hey,
Hw he was strong, and ek fri,
And thouthte Godrich, "Thoru this knave
Shal ich Engelond al have,
And mi sone after me;
For so I wile that it be.
The King Athelwald me dide swere
Upon al the messe gere
That I shude his douther yeve
The hexte that mithe live,
The beste, the fairest, the strangest ok -
That gart he me sweren on the bok.
Hwere mithe I finden ani so hey,
So Havelok is, or so sley?
Thou I southe hethen into Inde,
So fayr, so strong, ne mithe I finde.
Havelok is that ilke knave
That shal Goldeboru have!"
With traysoun, and wit felony;
For he wende that Havelok wore
Sum cherles sone and no more;
Ne shulde he haven of Engellond
Onlepi foru in his hond
With hire that was therof eyr,
That bothe was god and swithe fair.
He wende that Havelok wer a thral,
Therthoru he wende haven al
In Engelond, that hire rith was.
He was werse than Sathanas
That Jhesu Crist in erthe stoc.
Hanged worthe he on an hok!
After Goldeboru sone he sende,
That was bothe fayr and hende,
And dide hire to Lincolne bringe.
Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen,
And joie he made hire swithe mikel;
But netheless he was ful swikel.
He saide that he sholde hire yeve
The fayreste man that mithe live.
She answerede and saide anon,
By Crist and bi Seint Johan,
That hire sholde noman wedde
Ne noman bringen hire to bedde
But he were king or kinges eyr,
Were he nevere man so fayr.
Godrich the erl was swithe wroth
That she swor swilk an oth,
And saide, "Whether thou wilt be
Quen and levedi over me?
Thou shalt haven a gadeling -
Ne shalt thou haven non other king!
Thee shal spusen mi cokes knave -
Ne shalt thou non other louered have.
Datheit that thee other yeve
Everemore hwil I live!
Tomorwe ye sholen ben weddeth,
And maugre thin togidere beddeth.
Goldeboru gret and yaf hire ille;
She wolde ben ded bi hire wille.
On the morwen hwan day was sprungen
And day-belle at kirke rungen,
After Havelok sente that Judas
That werse was thanne Sathanas,
And saide, "Maister, wilte wif?"
"Nay," quoth Havelok, "bi my lif!
Hwat sholde ich with wif do?
I ne may hire fede ne clothe ne sho.
Wider sholde ich wimman bringe?
I ne have none kines thinge -
I ne have hws, I ne have cote,
Ne I ne have stikke, I ne have sprote,
I ne have neyther bred ne sowel,
Ne cloth but of an hold whit covel.
This clothes that ich onne have
Aren the kokes and ich his knave!"
Godrich stirt up and on him dong,
With dintes swithe hard and strong,
And seyde, "But thou hire take
That I wole yeven thee to make,
I shal hangen thee ful heye,
Or I shal thristen uth thin heie."
Havelok was one and was odrat,
And grauntede him al that he bad.
Tho sende he after hire sone,
The fayrest wymman under mone,
And seyde til hire, fals and slike,
That wicke thrall that foule swike:
"But thu this man understonde,
I shall flemen thee of londe;
Or thou shal to the galwes renne,
And ther thou shalt in a fir brenne."
Sho was adrad for he so thrette,
And durste nouth the spusing lette;
But they hire likede swithe ille,
Sho thouthe it was Godes wille -
God that makes to growen the korn,
Formede hire wimman to be born.
Hwan he havede don him, for drede,
That he sholde hire spusen and fede,
And that she sholde til him holde,
Ther weren penies thicke tolde
Mikel plenté, upon the bok -
He ys hire yaf and she is tok.
He weren spused fayre and well,
The messe he dede, everi del
That fel to spusing, an god clek -
The erchebishop uth of Yerk,
That kam to the parlement,
Als God him havede thider sent.
Hwan he weren togidere in Godes lawe,
That the folc ful wel it sawe,
He ne wisten what he mouthen,
Ne he ne wisten what hem douthe,
Ther to dwellen, or thenne to gonge.
Ther ne wolden he dwellen longe,
For he wisten and ful wel sawe
That Godrich hem hatede - the devel him hawe!
And if he dwelleden ther outh -
That fel Havelok ful wel on thouth -
Men sholde don his leman shame,
Or elles bringen in wicke blame,
That were him levere to ben ded.
Forthi he token another red:
That thei sholden thenne fle
Til Grim and til hise sone thre -
Ther wenden he altherbest to spede,
Hem forto clothe and for to fede.
The lond he token under fote -
Ne wisten he non other bote -
And helden ay the rith sti
Til he komen to Grimesby.
Thanne he komen there thanne was Grim ded -
Of him ne haveden he no red.
But hise children alle fyve,
Alle weren yet on live,
That ful fayre ayen hem neme
Hwan he wisten that he keme,
And maden joie swithe mikel -
Ne weren he nevere ayen hem fikel.
On knes ful fayre he hem setten
And Havelok swithe fayre gretten,
And seyden, "Welkome, louered dere!
And welkome be thi fayre fere!
Blessed be that ilke thrawe
That thou hire toke in Godes lawe!
Wel is hus we sen thee on live.
Thou mithe us bothe selle and yeve;
Thou mayt us bothe yeve and selle,
With that thou wilt here dwelle.
We haven, louerd, alle gode -
Hors, and neth, and ship on flode,
Gold and silver and michel auchte,
That Grim ure fader us bitauchte.
Gold and silver and other fe
Bad he us bitaken thee.
We haven sheep, we haven swin;
Bileve her, louerd, and al be thin!
Tho shalt ben louerd, thou shalt ben syre,
And we sholen serven thee and hire;
And hure sistres sholen do
Al that evere biddes sho:
He sholen hire clothes washen and wringen,
And to hondes water bringen;
He sholen bedden hire and thee,
For levedi wile we that she be."
Hwan he this joie haveden maked,
Sithen stikes broken and kraked,
And the fir brouth on brenne;
Ne was ther spared gos ne henne,
Ne the hende ne the drake:
Mete he deden plenté make;
Ne wantede there no god mete,
Wyn and ale deden he fete,
And hem made glade and blithe;
Wesseyl ledden he fele sithe.
On the nith als Goldeboru lay,
Sory and sorwful was she ay,
For she wende she were biswike,
That she were yeven unkyndelike.
O nith saw she therinne a lith,
A swithe fayr, a swithe bryth -
Al so brith, all so shir
So it were a blase of fir.
She lokede noth and ek south,
And saw it comen ut of his mouth
That lay bi hire in the bed.
No ferlike thou she were adred!
Thouthe she, "What may this bimene?
He beth heyman yet, als I wene:
He beth heyman er he be ded!"
On hise shuldre, of gold red
She saw a swithe noble croiz;
Of an angel she herde a voyz:
"Goldeboru, lat thi sorwe be!
For Havelok, that haveth spuset thee,
He, kinges sone and kinges eyr,
That bikenneth that croiz so fayr
It bikenneth more - that he shal
Denemark haven and Englond al.
He shal ben king strong and stark,
Of Engelond and Denemark -
That shal thu wit thin eyne seen,
And tho shalt quen and levedi ben!"
Thanne she havede herd the stevene
Of the angel uth of hevene,
She was so fele sithes blithe
That she ne mithe hire joie mythe,
But Havelok sone anon she kiste,
And he slep and nouth ne wiste
Hwat that aungel havede seyd.
Of his slep anon he brayd,
And seide, "Lemman, slepes thou?
A selkuth drem dremede me now -
Herkne now what me haveth met.
Me thouthe I was in Denemark set,
But on on the moste hil
That evere yete cam I til.
It was so hey that I wel mouthe
Al the werd se, als me thouthe.
Als I sat upon that lowe
I bigan Denemark for to awe,
The borwes and the castles stronge;
And mine armes weren so longe
That I fadmede al at ones,
Denemark with mine longe bones;
And thanne I wolde mine armes drawe
Til me and hom for to have,
Al that evere in Denemark liveden
On mine armes faste clyveden;
And the stronge castles alle
On knes bigunnen for to falle -
The keyes fellen at mine fet.
Another drem dremede me ek:
That ich fley over the salte se
Til Engeland, and al with me
That evere was in Denemark lyves
But bondemen and here wives;
And that ich com til Engelond -
Al closede it intil min hond,
And, Goldeborw, I gaf thee.
Deus! lemman, what may this be?"
Sho answerede and seyde sone:
"Jesu Crist, that made mone,
Thine dremes turne to joye . . .
That wite thu that sittes in trone!
Ne non strong, king ne caysere
So thou shalt be, fo thou shalt bere
In Engelond corune yet.
Denemark shal knele to thi fet;
Alle the castles that aren therinne
Shaltou, lemman, ful wel winne.
I woth so wel so ich it sowe,
To thee shole comen heye and lowe,
And alle that in Denemark wone -
Em and brother, fader and sone,
Erl and baroun, dreng and thayn,
Knightes and burgeys and sweyn -
And mad king heyelike and wel.
Denemark shal be thin evere ilc del -
Have thou nouth theroffe douthe,
Nouth the worth of one nouthe;
Theroffe withinne the firste yer
Shalt thou ben king of evere il del.
But do now als I wile rathe:
Nim in wit lithe to Denemark bathe,
And do thou nouth on frest this fare -
Lith and selthe felawes are.
For shal ich nevere blithe be
Til I with eyen Denemark se,
For ich woth that al the lond
Shalt thou haven in thin hond.
Prey Grimes sones alle thre,
That he wenden forth with the;
I wot he wilen the nouth werne -
With the wende shulen he yerne,
For he loven thee hertelike.
Thou maght til he aren quike,
Hwore-so he o worde aren;
There ship thou do hem swithe yaren,
And loke that thou dwelle nouth -
Dwelling haveth ofte scathe wrouth."
Hwan Havelok herde that she radde,
Sone it was day, sone he him cladde,
And sone to the kirke yede
Or he dide any other dede,
And bifor the Rode bigan falle,
"Croiz" and "Crist" bi to kalle,
And seyde, "Louerd, that all weldes -
Wind and water, wodes and feldes -
For the holy milce of you,
Have merci of me, Louerd, now!
And wreke me yet on mi fo
That ich saw biforn min eyne slo
Mine sistres with a knif,
And sithen wolde me mi lyf
Have reft, for in the se
Bad he Grim have drenched me.
He hath mi lond with mikel unrith,
With michel wrong, with mikel plith,
For I ne misdede him nevere nouth,
And haved me to sorwe brouth.
He haveth me do mi mete to thigge,
And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge.
Louerd, have merci of me,
And late me wel passe the se -
Though ihc have theroffe douthe and kare,
Withuten stormes overfare,
That I ne drenched therine
Ne forfaren for no sinne,
And bringe me wel to the lond
That Godard haldes in his hond,
That is mi rith, everi del -
Jesu Crist, thou wost it wel!"
Thanne he havede his bede seyd,
His offrende on the auter leyd,
His leve at Jhesu Crist he tok,
And at his swete moder ok,
And at the Croiz that he biforn lay;
Sithen yede sore grotinde awey.
Hwan he com hom, he wore yare,
Grimes sones, for to fare
Into the se, fishes to gete,
That Havelok mithe wel of ete.
But Avelok thoughte al another:
First he kalde the heldeste brother,
Roberd the Rede, bi his name,
Wiliam Wenduth and Huwe Raven,
Grimes sones alle thre -
And seyde, "Lithes now alle to me;
Louerdinges, ich wile you shewe
A thing of me that ye wel knewe.
Mi fader was king of Denshe lond -
Denemark was al in his hond
The day that he was quik and ded.
But thanne havede he wicke red,
That he me and Denemark al
And mine sistres bitawte a thral;
A develes lime he hus bitawhte,
And al his lond and al hise authe,
For I saw that fule fend
Mine sistres slo with hise hend:
First he shar a two here throtes,
And sithen hem al to grotes,
And sithen bad in the se
Grim, youre fader, drenchen me.
Deplike dede he him swere
On bok that he sholde me bere
Unto the se and drenchen ine,
And wolde taken on him the sinne.
But Grim was wis and swithe hende -
Wolde he nouth his soule shende;
Levere was him to be forsworen
Than drenchen me and ben forlorn.
But sone bigan he forto fle
Fro Denemark for to berthen me.
For yif ich havede ther ben funden,
Havede he ben slayn or harde bunden,
And heye ben hanged on a tre -
Havede go for him gold ne fe.
Forthi fro Denemark hider he fledde,
And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde,
So that unto this day
Have ich ben fed and fostred ay.
But now ich am up to that helde
Cumen that ich may wepne welde,
And I may grete dintes yeve,
Shal I nevere hwil ich lyve
Ben glad til that ich Denemark se!
I preie you that ye wende with me,
And ich may mak you riche men;
Ilk of you shal have castles ten,
And the lond that thor til longes -
Borwes, tunes, wodes, and wonges.
[Approximately 180 lines are missing here; see note]
"With swilk als ich byen shal.
Ther of biseche you now leve
Wile ich speke with non other reve
But with thee, that justise are,
That I mithe seken mi ware
In gode borwes up and doun,
And faren ich wile fro tun to tun."
A gold ring drow he forth anon -
An hundred pund was worth the ston -
And yaf it Ubbe for to spede.
He was ful wis that first yaf mede;
And so was Havelok ful wis here:
He solde his gold ring ful dere -
Was nevere non so dere sold
Fro chapmen, neyther yung ne old.
That sholen ye forthward ful wel heren,
Yif that ye wile the storie heren.
Hwan Ubbe havede the gold ring,
Havede he yovenet for no thing,
Nouth for the borw evere ilk del.
Havelok bihel he swithe wel,
Hw he was wel of bones maked,
Brod in the sholdres, ful wel schaped,
Thicke in the brest, of bodi long -
He semede wel to ben wel strong.
"Deus!" hwat Ubbe, "Qui ne were he knith?
I woth that he is swithe with!
Betere semede him to bere
Helm on heved, sheld and spere,
Thanne to beye and selle ware -
Allas, that he shal therwith fare!
Goddot! Wile he trowe me,
Chaffare shal he late be."
Netheles he seyde sone:
And I ful wel rede thee
That thou come and ete with me
Today, thou and thi fayre wif
That thou lovest al so thi lif.
And have thou of hire no drede -
Shal hire no man shame bede.
Bi the fey that I owe to thee,
Ther of shal I me self borw be."
Havelok herde that he bad,
And thow was he ful sore drad
With him to ete, for hise wif;
For him wore levere that his lif
Him wore reft, than she in blame
Felle or lauthe ani shame.
Hwanne he havede his wille yat,
The stede that he onne sat
Smot Ubbe with spures faste,
And forth awey, but at the laste,
Or he fro him ferde,
Seyde he, that his folk herde:
"Loke that ye comen bethe,
For ich it wile and ich it rede."
Havelok ne durste, the he were adrad,
Nouth withsitten that Ubbe bad.
His wif he dide with him lede -
Unto the heye curt he yede.
Roberd hire ledde, that was red,
That havede tholed for hire the ded
Or ani havede hire misseyd,
Or hand with ivele onne leyd.
Willam Wendut was that other
That hire ledde, Roberdes brother,
That was with at alle nedes.
Wel is him that god man fedes!
Than he weren comen to the halle,
Biforen Ubbe and hise men alle,
Ubbe stirte hem ageyn,
And mani a knith and mani a sweyn,
Hem for to se and for to shewe.
Tho stod Havelok als a lowe
Aboven that ther inne wore,
Rith al bi the heved more
Thanne ani that ther inne stod.
Tho was Ubbe blithe of mod
That he saw him so fayr and hende;
Fro him ne mithe his herte wende,
Ne fro him, ne fro his wif -
He lovede hem sone so his lif.
Weren non in Denemark that him thouthe
That he so mikel love mouthe.
More he lovede Havelok one
Than al Denemark, bi mine wone.
Loke now, hw God helpen kan
O mani wise wif and man!
Hwan it was comen time to ete,
Hise wif dede Ubbe sone in fete,
And til hire seyde al on gamen,
"Dame, thou and Havelok shulen ete samen,
And Goldeboru shal ete wit me,
That is so fayr so flour on tre.
In al Denemark is wimman non
So fayr so sche, by Seint Johan."
Thanne were set and bord leyd,
And the beneysun was seyd,
Biforn hem com the beste mete
That king or cayser wolde ete:
Kranes, swannes, veneysun,
Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun,
Pyment to drinke and god claré,
Win hwit and red, ful god plenté -
Was ther inne no page so lite
That evere wolde ale bite.
Of the mete forto telle
Ne of the win bidde I nout dwelle;
That is the storie for to lenge -
It wolde anuye this fayre genge.
But hwan he haveden the kilthing deyled
And fele sithe haveden wosseyled,
With gode drinkes seten longe,
And it was time for to gonge,
Ilk man to ther he cam fro,
Thouthe Ubbe, "If I late hem go,
Thus one foure, withuten mo,
So mote ich brouke finger or to,
For this wimman bes mikel wo!
For hire shal men hire louerd slo."
He tok sone knithes ten,
And wel sixti other men
Wit gode bowes and with gleives,
And sende hem unto the greyves,
The beste man of al the toun,
That was named Bernard Brun -
And bad him als he lovede his lif,
Havelok wel yemen and his wif,
And wel do wayten al the nith
Til the other day that it were lith.
Bernard was trewe and swithe with,
In al the borw ne was no knith
That betere couthe on stede riden,
Helm on heved ne swerd bi side.
Havelok he gladlike understod
With mikel love and herte god,
And dide greythe a super riche
Al so he was no with chinche
To his bihove everil del,
That he mithe supe swithe wel.
Al so he seten and sholde soupe,
So comes a ladde in a joupe,
And with him sixti other stronge
With swerdes drawen and knives longe,
Ilkan in hande a ful god gleive,
And seyde, "Undo, Bernard the greyve!
Undo swithe and lat us in,
Or thu art ded, bi Seint Austin!"
Bernard stirt up, that was ful big,
And caste a brinie upon his rig,
And grop an ax that was ful god -
Lep to the dore so he wore wod,
And seyde, "Hwat are ye, that ar ther-oute,
That thus biginnen for to stroute?
Goth henne swithe, fule theves,
For, bi the Louerd that man on leves,
Shol ich casten the dore open,
Summe of you shal ich drepen,
And the othre shal ich kesten
In feteres and ful faste festen!
"Hwat have ye seid?" quoth a ladde,
"Wenestu that we ben adradde?
We shole at this dore gonge
Maugre thin, carl, or outh longe."
He gripen sone a bulder ston
And let it fleye, ful god won,
Agen the dore, that it to-rof.
Avelok it saw, and thider drof
And the barre sone ut drow,
That was unride and gret ynow,
And caste the dore open wide
And seide, "Her shal I now abide!
Comes swithe unto me -
Datheyt hwo you henne fle!"
"No," quodh on, "that shaltou coupe;"
And bigan til him to loupe,
In his hond his swerd ut drawe,
Havelok he wende thore have slawe,
And with him comen other two
That him wolde of live have do.
Havelok lifte up the dore tre
And at a dint he slow hem thre.
Was non of hem that hise hernes
Ne lay ther ute ageyn the sternes.
The ferthe that he sithen mette
Wit the barre so he him grette
Bifor the heved that the rith eye
Ut of the hole made he fleye,
And sithe clapte him on the crune
So that he stan ded fel thor dune.
The fifte that he overtok
Gaf he a ful sor dint ok,
Bitween the sholdres ther he stod,
That he spen his herte blod.
The sixte wende for to fle,
And he clapte him with the tre
Rith in the fule necke so
That he smot hise necke on to.
Thanne the sixe weren doun feld,
The seventhe brayd ut his swerd
And wolde Havelok riht in the eye;
And Havelok let the barre fleye
And smot him sone agheyn the brest,
That havede he nevere schrifte of prest
For he was ded on lesse hwile
Than men mouthe renne a mile.
Alle the othere weren ful kene;
A red they taken hem bitwene
That he sholde him bihalve,
And brisen so that wit no salve
Ne sholde him helen leche non.
They drowen ut swerdes, ful god won,
And shoten on him so don on bere
Dogges that wolden him to-tere,
Thanne men doth the bere beyte.
The laddes were kaske and teyte
And umbiyeden him ilkon.
Sum smot with tre and sum wit ston,
Summe putten with gleyve in bac and side
And yeven wundes longe and wide
In twenti stedes and wel mo,
Fro the croune til the to.
Hwan he saw that, he was wod
And was it ferlik hw he stod!
For the blod ran of his sides
So water that fro the welle glides.
But thanne bigan he for to mowe
With the barre, and let hem shewe
Hw he couthe sore smite;
For was ther non, long ne lite,
That he mouthe overtake,
That he ne garte his croune krake,
So that on a litel stund,
Felde he twenti to the grund.
Tho bigan gret dine to rise,
For the laddes on ilke wise
Him asayleden with grete dintes,
Fro fer he sto[n]den him with flintes,
And gleyves schoten him fro ferne,
For drepen him he wolden yerne;
But dursten he newhen him nomore
Thanne he bor or leun wore.
Huwe Raven that dine herde,
And thowthe wel that men misferde
With his louerd for his wif
And grop an ore and a long knif,
And thider drof al so an hert,
And cham ther on a litel stert
And saw how the laddes wode
Havelok his louerd umbistode,
And beten on him so doth the smith
With the hamer on the stith.
"Allas!" hwat Hwe, "that I was boren!
That evere et ich bred of koren!
That ich here this sorwe se!
Roberd! Willam! Hware ar ye?
Gripeth ether unker a god tre
And late we nouth thise doges fle
Til ure louerd wreke be.
Cometh swithe, and folwes me:
Ich have in honde a ful god ore -
Datheit wo ne smite sore!"
"Ya! leve, ya!" quod Roberd sone,
"We haven ful god lith of the mone."
Roberd grop a staf strong and gret,
That mouthe ful wel bere a net,
And Willam Wendut grop a tre
Mikel grettere than his the,
And Bernard held his ax ful faste
I seye was he nouthe the laste!
And lopen forth so he weren wode
To the laddes ther he stode,
And yaf hem wundes swithe grete;
Ther mithe men wel se boyes bete,
And ribbes in here sides breke
And Havelok on hem wel wreke.
He broken armes, he broken knes,
He broken shankes, he broken thes.
He dide the blod there renne dune
To the fet rith fro the crune,
For was ther spared heved non.
He leyden on hevedes ful god won,
And made croune breke and crake
Of the broune and of the blake.
He maden here backes al so bloute
Als here wombes and made hem rowte
Als he weren kradelbarnes -
So dos the child that moder tharnes.
Datheit the recke! For he it servede.
Hwat dide he thore? Weren he werewed.
So longe haveden he but and bet
With neves under hernes set
That of tho sixti men and on
Ne wente ther awey lives non.
On the morwen, hwan it was day,
Ilc on other wirwed lay
Als it were dogges that weren henged;
And summe leye in dikes slenget,
And summe in gripes bi the her
Drawen ware and laten ther.
Sket cam tiding intil Ubbe
That Havelok havede with a clubbe
Of hise slawen sixti and on
Sergaunz, the beste that mihten gon.
"Deus," quoth Ubbe, "Hwat may this be?
Betere is I nime miself and se
That this baret on hwat is wold
Thanne I sende yunge or old;
For yif I sende him unto,
I wene men sholde him shame do,
And that ne wolde ich for no thing.
I love him wel, bi Heveneking -
Me wore levere I wore lame
Thanne men dide him ani shame
Or tok or onne handes leyde
Unornelike or shame seyde."
He lep up on a stede lith,
And with him mani a noble knith,
And ferde forth unto the tun,
And dide calle Bernard Brun
Ut of his hus wan he ther cam;
And Bernard sone ageyn nam,
Al to-tused and al to-torn,
Ner al so naked so he was born
And al to-brised, bac and the.
Quoth Ubbe, "Bernard, hwat is thee?
Hwo haves thee thus ille maked,
Thus to-riven and al mad naked?"
"Louerd, merci," quot he sone,
"Tonicht, al so ros the mone,
Comen her mo than sixti theves
With lokene copes and wide sleves,
Me for to robben and to pine,
And for to drepe me and mine.
Mi dore he broken up ful sket,
And wolde me binden hond and fet.
Wan the godemen that sawe,
Havelok and he that bi the wowe
Leye, he stirten up sone onon
And summe grop tre and sum grop ston
And drive hem ut, thei he weren crus,
So dogges ut of milne-hous.
Havelok grop the dore-tre,
And a dint he slow hem thre.
He is the beste man at nede
That everemar shal ride stede -
Als helpe God, bi mine wone
A thousend men his he worth one!
Yif he ne were, ich were now ded -
So have ich don mi soule red!
But it is of him mikel sinne:
He maden him swilke woundes thrinne
That of the altherleste wounde
Were a stede brouht to grunde.
He haves a wunde in the side
With a gleyve ful unride;
And he haves on thoru his arum
Ther of is full mikel harum;
And he haves on thoru his the -
The unrideste that men may se.
And othe wundes haves he stronge,
Mo than twenti, swithe longe.
But sithen he havede lauth the sor
Of the wundes, was nevere bor
That so fauth, so he fauth thanne!
Was non that havede the hernepanne
So hard that he ne dede al to-cruhsse
And al to-shivere and al to-frusshe.
He folwede hem so hund dos hare -
Datheyt on he wolde spare,
That ne made hem everilkon
Ligge stille so doth the ston.
And ther nis he nouth to frie
For other sholde he make hem lye
Ded, or thei him havede slawen,
Or al to-hewen or al to-drawen.
Of that ich was grethed tonith.
Thus wolde the theves me have reft;
But, God thank, he havenet sure keft!
But it is of him mikel scathe -
I woth that he bes ded ful rathe."
Quoth Ubbe, "Bernard, seyst thou soth?"
"Ya, sire, that I ne leye o tooth!
Yif I, louerd, a word leye,
Tomorwen do me hengen heye."
The burgeys that ther bi stode thore
Grundlike and grete othes swore,
Litle and mikle, yunge and holde,
That was soth that Bernard tolde -
Soth was that he wolden him bynde,
And trusse al that he mithen fynde
Of hise in arke or in kiste
That he mouthe in seckes thriste.
"Louerd, he haveden al awey born
His thing, and himself al to-torn,
But als God self barw him wel,
That he ne tinte no catel.
Hwo mithe so mani stonde ageyn
Bi nither-tale, knith or swein?
He weren bi tale sixti and ten -
Starke laddes, stalworthi men,
And on the mayster of hem alle,
That was the name Griffin Galle.
Hwo mouthe ageyn so mani stonde,
But als this man of ferne londe
Haveth hem slawen with a tre?
Mikel joie have he!
God yeve him mikel god to welde,
Bothe in tun and ek in felde:
Wel is set the mete he etes."
Quoth Ubbe, "Doth him swithe fete,
That I mouthe his woundes se,
If that he mouthen holed be;
For if he mouthe covere yet
And gangen wel upon hise fet,
Miself shal dubben him to knith,
Forthi that he is so with.
And yif he livede, tho foule theves,
That weren of Kaym kin and Eves,
He sholden hange bi the necke -
Of here ded datheit wo recke,
Hwan he yeden thus on nithes
Tobinde bothe burgmen and knithes!
For bynderes love ich neveremo -
Of hem ne yeve ich nouht a slo."
Havelok was bifore Ubbe browth,
That havede for him ful mikel thouth
And mikel sorwe in his herte
For hise wundes, that we so smerte.
But hwan his wundes weren shewed,
And a leche havede knawed
That he hem mouthe ful wel hele,
Wel make him gange and ful wel mele,
And wel a palefrey bistride,
And wel upon a stede ride,
Tho let Ubbe al his care
And al his sorwe over fare,
And seyde, "Cum now forth with me,
And Goldeboru, thi wif, with thee,
And thine serjaunz alle thre,
For now wile I youre warant be:
Wile I non of here frend
That thu slowe with thin hend
Moucte wayte thee to slo
Also thou gange to and fro.
I shal lene thee a bowr
That is up in the heye tour,
Til thou mowe ful wel go
And wel ben hol of al thi wo.
It ne shal nothing ben bitwene
Thi bowr and min, al so I wene,
But a fayr firrene wowe -
Speke I loude or spek I lowe,
Thou shalt ful wel heren me,
And than thu wilt thou shalt me se.
A rof shal hile us bothe o nith,
That none of mine, clerk ne knith,
No sholen thi wif no shame bede
No more than min, so God me rede!"
He dide unto the borw bringe
Sone anon, al with joiinge,
His wif and his sergaunz thre,
The beste men that mouthe be.
The first nith he lay ther inne,
Hise wif and his serganz thrinne,
Aboute the middel of the nith
Wok Ubbe and saw a mikel lith
In the bowr thar Havelok lay
Al so brith so it were day.
"Deus!" quoth Ubbe, "Hwat may this be?
Betere is I go miself and se
Hwether he sitten now and wesseylen,
Or ani sotshipe to deyle,
This tid nithes also foles;
Than birthe men casten hem in poles
Or in a grip, or in the fen -
Now ne sitten none but wicke men,
Glotuns, revres, or wicke theves,
Bi Crist that alle folk onne leves!"
He stod and totede in at a bord
Her he spak anilepi word
And saw hem slepen faste ilkon
And lye stille so the ston;
And saw al that mikel lith
Fro Havelok cam that was so brith.
Of his mouth it com il del -
That was he war ful swithe wel.
"Deus," quoth he, "Hwat may this mene!"
He calde bothe arwe men and kene,
Knithes and serganz swithe sleie,
Mo than an hundred, withuten leye,
And bad hem alle comen and se
Hwat that selcuth mithe be.
Als the knithes were comen alle,
Ther Havelok lay ut of the halle,
So stod ut of his mouth a glem,
Rith al swilk so the sunne-bem,
That al so lith was thare, bi hevene,
So ther brenden serges sevene
And an hundred serges ok
That durste I sweren on a book!
He slepen faste, alle five,
So he weren brouth of live;
And Havelok lay on his lift side,
In his armes his brithe bride:
Bi the pappes he leyen naked -
So faire two weren nevere maked
In a bed to lyen samen.
The knithes thouth of hem god gamen,
Hem for to shewe and loken to.
Rith al so he stoden alle so,
And his bac was toward hem wend,
So weren he war of a croiz ful gent
On his right shuldre swithe brith,
Brithter than gold ageyn the lith,
So that he wiste, heye and lowe,
That it was kunrik that he sawe.
It sparkede and ful brith shon
So doth the gode charbuncle ston
That men see mouthe se by the lith
A peni chesen, so was it brith.
Thanne bihelden he him faste,
So that he knewen at the laste
That he was Birkabeynes sone,
That was here king, that was hem wone
Wel to yeme and wel were
Ageynes uten-laddes here -
"For it was nevere yet a brother
In al Denemark so lich another,
So this man, that is so fayr,
Als Birkabeyn; he is hise eyr."
He fellen sone at hise fet.
Was non of hem that he ne gret -
Of joye he weren alle so fawen
So he him haveden of erthe drawen.
Hise fet he kisten an hundred sythes -
The tos, the nayles, and the lithes -
So that he bigan to wakne
And wit hem ful sore to blakne,
For he wende he wolden him slo,
Or elles binde him and do wo.
Quoth Ubbe, "Louerd, ne dred thee nowth,
Me thinkes that I se thi thouth.
Dere sone, wel is me
That I thee with eyn se.
Manred, louerd, bede I thee -
Thi man auht I ful wel to be;
For thu art comen of Birkabeyn,
That havede mani knith and sweyn,
And so shalt thou, louerd, have:
Thou thou be yet a ful yung knave
Thou shalt be King of al Denemark -
Was ther inne never non so stark.
Tomorwen shaltu manrede take
Of the brune and of the blake,
Of alle that aren in this tun,
Bothe of erl and of barun,
And of dreng and of thayn
And of knith and of sweyn.
And so shaltu ben mad knith
Wit blisse, for thou art so with."
Tho was Havelok swithe blithe,
And thankede God ful fele sithe.
On the morwen, wan it was lith,
And gon was thisternesse of the nith,
Ubbe dide upon a stede
A ladde lepe, and thider bede
Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes,
That he sholden comen anon
Biforen him sone everilkon,
Al so he loven here lives
And here children and here wives.
His bode ne durste he non atsitte
That he ne neme for to wite,
Sone hwat wolde the justise;
And bigan anon to rise
And seyde sone, "Lithes me,
Alle samen, theu and fre,
A thing ich wile you here shauwe
That ye alle ful wel knawe.
Ye witen wel that al this lond
Was in Birkabeynes hond
The day that he was quic and ded,
And how that he, bi youre red
Bitauhte hise children thre
Godard to yeme, and al his fe.
Havelok his sone he him tauhte
And hise two douhters and al his auhte.
Alle herden ye him swere
On bok and on messe gere
That he shulde yemen hem wel,
Withuten lac, withuten tel.
He let his oth all overgo -
Evere wurthe him yvel and wo!
For the maydnes here lif
Refte he bothen with a knif,
And him shulde ok have slawen -
The knif was at his herte drawen.
But God him wolde wel have save:
He havede rewnesse of the knave
So that he with his hend
Ne drop him nouth, that sori fend!
But sone dide he a fishere
Swithe grete othes swere,
That he sholde drenchen him
In the se, that was ful brim.
Hwan Grim saw that he was so fayr,
And wiste he was the rith eir,
Fro Denemark ful sone he fledde
Intil Englond and ther him fedde
Mani winter that til this day
Haves he ben fed and fostred ay.
Lokes hware he stondes her!
In al this werd ne haves he per -
Non so fayr, ne non so long,
Ne non so mikel, ne non so strong.
In this middelerd nis no knith
Half so strong ne half so with.
Bes of him ful glad and blithe,
And cometh alle hider swithe,
Manrede youre louerd for to make,
Bothe brune and the blake -
I shal miself do first the gamen
And ye sithen alle samen."
O knes ful fayre he him sette -
Mouthe nothing him ther fro lette,
And bicam is man rith thare,
That alle sawen that there ware.
After him stirt up laddes ten
And bicomen hise men,
And sithen everilk a baroun
That evere weren in al that toun,
And sithen drenges, and sithen thaynes
And sithen knithes, and sithen sweynes;
So that, or that day was gon,
In al the tun ne was nouth on
That it ne was his man bicomen -
Manrede of alle havede he nomen.
Hwan he havede of hem alle
Manrede taken in the halle,
Grundlike dide he hem swere
That he sholden him god feyth bere
Ageynes alle that woren on live;
Ther-yen ne wolde never on strive,
That he ne maden sone that oth -
Riche and poure, lef and loth.
Hwan that was maked, sone he sende
Ubbe writes fer and hende,
After alle that castel yemede,
Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde
That thider sholden comen swithe
Til him and heren tithandes blithe
That he hem alle shulde telle.
Of hem ne wolde nevere on dwelle,
That he ne come sone plattinde;
Hwo hors ne havede, com gangande.
So that withinne a fourtenith
In al Denemark ne was no knith,
Ne conestable, ne shireve,
That com of Adam and of Eve,
That he ne com biforn sire Ubbe -
He dredden him so thef doth clubbe.
Hwan he haveden alle the king gret
And he weren alle dun-set,
Tho seyde Ubbe, "Lokes here
Ure louerd swithe dere,
That shal ben king of al the lond
And have us alle under hond,
For he is Birkabeynes sone,
The king that was umbe stonde wone
Us for to yemen and wel were
With sharp swerd and longe spere.
Lokes now, hw he is fayr:
Sikerlike he is hise eyr.
Falles alle to his fet -
Bicomes hise men ful sket."
He weren for Ubbe swithe adrad
And dide sone al that he bad.
And yet he deden sumdel more:
O bok ful grundlike he swore
That he sholde with him halde,
Bothe ageynes stille and bolde
That evere wolde his bodi dere.
That dide he hem o boke swere.
Hwan he havede manrede and oth
Taken of lef and of loth,
Ubbe dubbede him to knith
With a swerd ful swithe brith,
And the folk of al the lond
Bitauhte him al in his hond,
The cunnriche everil del
And made him king heylike and wel.
Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se
The moste joye that mouhte be -
Buttinge with sharpe speres,
Skirming with talevaces that men beres,
Wrastling with laddes, putting of ston,
Harping and piping, ful god won,
Leyk of mine, of hasard ok,
Romanz reding on the bok.
Ther mouthe men here the gestes singe,
The glewmen on the tabour dinge.
Ther moutthe men se the boles beyte,
And the bores, with hundes teyte.
Tho mouhte men se everil glew;
Ther mouthe men se hw grim grew -
Was nevere yete joye more
In al this werd than tho was thore.
Ther was so mikel yeft of clothes
That, thou I swore you grete othes,
I ne wore nouth ther of trod.
That may I ful wel swere, bi God!
There was swithe gode metes
And of wyn that men fer fetes,
Rith al so mik and gret plenté
So it were water of the se.
The feste fourti dawes sat -
So riche was nevere non so that.
The king made Roberd there knith,
That was ful strong and ful with,
And Willam Wendut hec, his brother,
And Huwe Raven, that was that other,
And made hem barouns alle thre,
And yaf hem lond and other fe,
So mikel that ilker twenti knihtes
Havede of genge, dayes and nithes.
Hwan that feste was al don,
A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon
Withheld the king with him to lede,
That ilkan havede ful god stede,
Helm and sheld, and brinie brith,
And al the wepne that fel to knith.
With hem ek five thusand gode
Sergaunz that weren to fyht wode
Withheld he al of his genge -
Wile I namore the storie lenge.
Yet hwan he havede of al the lond
The casteles alle in his hond,
And conestables don therinne,
He swor he ne sholde never blinne
Til that he were of Godard wreken,
That ich have of ofte speken.
Half hundred knithes dede he calle,
And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle,
And dide sweren on the bok
Sone, and on the auter ok,
That he ne sholde nevere blinne,
Ne for love ne for sinne,
Til that he haveden Godard funde
And brouth biforn him faste bunde.
Thanne he haveden swor this oth,
Ne leten he nouth, for lef ne loth,
That he foren swithe rathe
Ther he was, unto the pathe
Ther he yet on hunting for,
With mikel genge and swithe stor.
Robert, that was of all the ferd
Mayster, girt was wit a swerd,
And sat upon a ful god stede,
That under him rith wolde wede.
He was the firste that with Godard
Spak, and seyde, "Hede, cavenard!
Wat dos thu here at this pathe?
Cum to the king swithe and rathe!
That sendes he thee word and bedes,
That thu thenke what thou him dedes
Whan thu reftes with a knif
Hise sistres here lif
And sithen bede thou in the se
Drenchen him - that herde he!
He is to thee swithe grim;
Cum nu swithe unto him
That king is of this kunerike,
Thou fule man, thou wicke swike!
And he shal yelde thee thy mede,
Bi Crist that wolde on Rode blede!"
Hwan Godard herde that he ther thrette,
With the neve he Robert sette
Biforn the teth a dint ful strong.
And Robert kipt ut a knif long
And smot him thoru the rith arum -
Ther of was ful litel harum!
Hwan his folk that saw and herde,
Hwou Robert with here louerd ferde,
He haveden him wel ner browt of live,
Ne weren his two brethren and othre five
Slowen of here laddes ten,
Of Godardes altherbeste men.
Hwan the othre sawen that, he fledden,
And Godard swithe loude gredde:
"Mine knithes, hwat do ye?
Sule ye thusgate fro me fle?
Ich have you fed and yet shal fede -
Helpe me nw in this nede
And late ye nouth mi bodi spille,
Ne Havelok don of me hise wille!
Yif ye it do, ye do you shame
And bringeth youself in mikel blame!"
Hwan he that herden, he wenten ageyn,
And slowen a knit and a sweyn
Of the kinges oune men,
And woundeden abuten ten.
The kinges men, hwan he that sawe,
Scuten on hem, heye and lowe,
And everilk fot of hem he slowe,
But Godard one, that he flowe,
So the thef men dos henge,
Or hund men shole in dike slenge.
He bunden him ful swithe faste,
Hwil the bondes wolden laste,
That he rorede als a bole
That wore parred in an hole
With dogges forto bite and beite.
Were the bondes nouth to leite -
He bounden him so fele sore
That he gan crien Godes ore,
That he sholde of his hend plette;
Wolden he nouht ther fore lette
That he ne bounden hond and fet.
Datheit that on that ther fore let!
But dunten him so man doth bere
And keste him on a scabbed mere,
Hise nese went unto the crice.
So ledden he that ful swike
Til he biforn Havelok was brouth,
That he havede ful wo wrowht,
Bothe with hungre and with cold
Or he were twel winter old,
And with mani hevi swink,
With poure mete and feble drink,
And swithe wikke clothes,
For al hise manie grete othes.
Nu beyes he his holde blame:
Old sinne makes newe shame!
Wan he was so shamelike
Brouth biforn the king, the fule swike!
The king dede Ubbe swithe calle
Hise erles and hise barouns alle,
Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith,
And bad he sholden demen him rith,
For he knew the swike dam;
Everil del God was him gram!
He setten hem dun bi the wawe,
Riche and pouere, heye and lowe,
The helde men and ek the grom,
And made ther the rithe dom
And seyden unto the king anon,
That stille sat so the ston:
"We deme that he be al quic flawen
And sithen to the galwes drawe
At this foule mere tayl,
Thoru his fet a ful strong nayl,
And thore ben henged wit two feteres
And thare be writen thise leteres:
'This is the swike that wende wel
The king have reft the lond ilk del,
And hise sistres with a knif
Bothe refte here lif.'
This writ shal henge bi him thare.
The dom is demd - seye we namore."
Hwan the dom was demd and give,
And he was wit the prestes shrive,
And it ne mouhte ben non other,
Ne for fader ne for brother,
But that he sholde tharne lif,
Sket cam a ladde with a knif
And bigan rith at the to
For to ritte and for to flo;
And he bigan tho for to rore
So it were grim or gore,
That men mithe thethen a mile
Here him rore, that fule file!
The ladde ne let nowith forthi,
They he criede, "Merci! Merci!"
That ne flow him everil del
With knif mad of grunden stel.
Thei garte bringe the mere sone,
Skabbed and ful ivele o bone,
And bunden him rith at hire tayl
With a rop of an old seyl
And drowen him unto the galwes,
Nouth bi the gate but over the falwes,
And henge him thore bi the hals -
Datheit hwo recke: he was fals!
Thanne he was ded, that Sathanas,
Sket was seysed al that his was
In the kinges hand ilk del -
Lond and lith and other catel -
And the king ful sone it yaf
Ubbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf,
And seyde, "Her ich sayse thee
In al the lond, in al the fe . . . ."
Tho swor Havelok he sholde make,
Al for Grim, of monekes blake
A priorie to serven in ay
Jhesu Crist, til Domesday,
For the god he havede him don
Hwil he was pouere and ivel o bon.
And ther of held he wel his oth,
For he it made, God it woth,
In the tun ther Grim was graven,
That of Grim yet haves the name.
Of Grim bidde ich namore spelle.
But wan Godrich herde telle,
Of Cornwayle that was erl,
That fule traytour, that mixed cherl!
That Havelok King was of Denemark,
And ferde with him, strong and stark
Comen Engelond withinne,
Engelond al for to winne;
And that she that was so fayr,
That was of Engelond rith eir,
Was comen up at Grimesbi,
He was ful sorful and sori,
And seyde, "Hwat shal me to rathe?
Goddoth, I shal do slon hem bathe!
I shal don hengen hem ful heye
So mote ich brouke my rith eie,
But yif he of mi londe fle.
Hwat! Wenden he deserite me?"
He dide sone ferd ut bidde,
That al that evere mouhte o stede
Ride or helm on heved bere,
Brini on bac, and sheld and spere,
Or ani other wepne bere,
Hand-ax, sythe, gisarm, or spere,
Or aunlaz and god long knif,
That als he lovede leme or lif,
That they sholden comen him to,
With ful god wepne yboren, so
To Lincolne, ther he lay,
Of Marz the sevententhe day,
So that he couthe hem god thank;
And yif that ani were so rank
That he thanne ne come anon,
He swor bi Crist and by Seint Johan,
That he sholde maken him thral,
And al his ofspring forth withal.
The Englishe that herde that,
Was non that evere his bode sat;
For he him dredde swithe sore,
So runcy spore, and mikle more.
At the day he come sone
That he hem sette, ful wel o bone,
To Lincolne with gode stedes,
And al the wepne that knith ledes.
Hwan he wore come, sket was the erl yare
Ageynes Denshe men to fare,
And seyde, "Lythes nw alle samen!
Have ich gadred you for no gamen,
But ich wile seyen you forthi.
Lokes hware here at Grimesbi
Hise uten laddes here comen,
And haves nu the priorie numen -
Al that evere mithen he finde,
He brenne kirkes and prestes binde;
He strangleth monkes and nunnes bothe -
Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe rede?
Yif he regne thusgate longe,
He moun us alle overgange,
He moun us alle quic henge or slo,
Or thral maken and do ful wo
Or elles reve us ure lives
And ure children and ure wives.
But dos nw als ich wile you lere,
Als ye wile be with me dere.
Nimes nu swithe forth and rathe
And helpes me and yuself bathe,
And slos upo the dogges swithe.
For shal I nevere more be blithe,
Ne hoseled ben ne of prest shriven
Til that he ben of londe driven.
Nime we swithe and do hem fle
And folwes alle faste me!
For ich am he of al the ferd
That first shal slo with drawen swerd.
Datheyt hwo ne stonde faste
Bi me hwil hise armes laste!"
"Ye! lef, ye!" quoth the erl Gunter;
"Ya!" quoth the Erl of Cestre, Reyner.
And so dide alle that ther stode
And stirte forth so he were wode.
Tho mouthe men se the brinies brihte
On backes keste and lace rithe,
The helmes heye on heved sette.
To armes al so swithe plette
That thei wore on a litel stunde
Grethet als men mithe telle a pund,
And lopen on stedes sone anon;
And toward Grimesbi, ful god won,
He foren softe bi the sti
Til he come ney at Grimesbi.
Havelok, that havede spired wel
Of here fare, everil del,
With all his ferd cam hem ageyn.
Forbar he nother knith ne sweyn:
The firste knith that he ther mette
With the swerd so he him grette,
For his heved of he plette -
Wolde he nouth for sinne lette.
Roberd saw that dint so hende -
Wolde he nevere thethen wende,
Til that he havede another slawen
With the swerd he held ut drawen.
Willam Wendut his swerd ut drow,
And the thredde so sore he slow
That he made upon the feld
His lift arm fleye with the swerd.
Huwe Raven ne forgat nouth
The swerd he havede thider brouth.
He kipte it up, and smot ful sore
An erl that he saw priken thore
Ful noblelike upon a stede,
That with him wolde al quic wede.
He smot him on the heved so
That he the heved clef a two.
And that bi the shudre blade
The sharpe swerd let wade
Thoru the brest unto the herte;
The dint bigan ful sore to smerte,
That the erl fel dun anon
Al so ded so ani ston.
Quoth Ubbe, "Nu dwelle ich to longe!"
And let his stede sone gonge
To Godrich, with a god spere,
That he saw another bere;
And smot Godrich and Godrich him,
Hetelike with herte grim,
So that he bothe felle dune
To the erthe, first the croune.
Thanne he woren fallen dun bothen,
Grundlike here swerdes he ut drowen,
That weren swithe sharp and gode,
And fouhten so thei woren wode
That the swot ran fro the crune
To the fet right there adune.
Ther mouthe men se to knicthes bete
Ayther on other dintes grete,
So that with the altherleste dint
Were al to-shivered a flint.
So was bitwenen hem a fiht
Fro the morwen ner to the niht,
So that thei nouth ne blunne
Til that to sette bigan the sunne.
Tho yaf Godrich thorw the side
Ubbe a wunde ful unride,
So that thorw that ilke wounde
Havede ben brouth to grunde
And his heved al of slawen,
Yif God ne were and Huwe Raven,
That drow him fro Godrich awey
And barw him so that ilke day.
But er he were fro Godrich drawen,
Ther were a thousind knihtes slawen
Bi bothe halve and mo ynowe,
Ther the ferdes togidere slowe,
Ther was swilk dreping of the folk
That on the feld was nevere a polk
That it ne stod of blod so ful
That the strem ran intil the hul.
Tho tarst bigan Godrich to go
Upon the Danshe and faste to slo
And forthrith, also leun fares
That nevere kines best ne spares,
Thanne his gon, for he garte alle
The Denshe men biforn him falle.
He felde browne, he felde blake,
That he mouthe overtake.
Was nevere non that mouhte thave
Hise dintes, noyther knith ne knave,
That he felde so dos the gres
Biforn the sythe that ful sharp es.
Hwan Havelok saw his folk so brittene
And his ferd so swithe littene,
He cam drivende upon a stede,
And bigan til him to grede,
And seyde, "Godrich, wat is thee,
That thou fare thus with me
And mine gode knihtes slos?
Sikerlike, thou misgos!
Thou wost ful wel, yif thu wilt wite,
That Athelwold thee dide site
On knes and sweren on messe bok,
On caliz and on pateyn ok,
That thou hise douhter sholdest yelde,
Than she were wimman of elde,
Engelond everil del.
Godrich the erl, thou wost it wel!
Do nu wel withuten fiht
Yeld hire the lond, for that is rith.
Wile ich forgive thee the lathe,
Al mi dede and al mi wrathe,
For I se thu art so with
And of thi bodi so god knith."
"That ne wile ich neveremo,"
Quoth erl Godrich, "for ich shal slo
Thee, and hire forhenge heye.
I shal thrist ut thy rith eye
That thou lokes with on me,
But thu swithe hethen fle!"
He grop the swerd ut sone anon,
And hew on Havelok ful god won,
So that he clef his sheld on two.
Hwan Havelok saw that shame do
His bodi ther biforn his ferd,
He drow ut sone his gode swerd,
And smote him so upon the crune
That Godrich fel to the erthe adune.
But Godrich stirt up swithe sket -
Lay ne nowth longe at hise fet -
And smot him on the sholdre so
That he dide thare undo
Of his brinie ringes mo
Than that ich kan tellen fro,
And woundede him rith in the flesh,
That tendre was and swithe nesh,
So that the blod ran til his to.
Tho was Havelok swithe wo,
That he havede of him drawen
Blod and so sore him slawen.
Hertelike til him he wente
And Godrich ther fulike shente,
For his swerd he hof up heye,
And the hand he dide of fleye
That he smot him with so sore -
Hw mithe he don him shame more?
Hwan he havede him so shamed,
His hand of plat and ivele lamed,
He tok him sone bi the necke
Als a traitour, datheit who recke!
And dide him binde and fetere wel
With gode feteres al of stel,
And to the quen he sende him,
That birde wel to him ben grim,
And bad she sholde don him gete
And that non ne sholde him bete,
Ne shame do, for he was knith,
Til knithes haveden demd him rith.
Than the Englishe men that sawe,
That thei wisten, heye and lawe,
That Goldeboru that was so fayr
Was of Engelond rith eyr,
And that the king hire havede wedded,
And haveden been samen bedded,
He comen alle to crie "Merci,"
Unto the king at one cri,
And beden him sone manrede and oth
That he ne sholden, for lef ne loth,
Neveremore ageyn him go,
Ne ride, for wel ne for wo.
The king ne wolde nouth forsake
That he ne shulde of hem take
Manrede that he beden and ok
Hold othes sweren on the bok.
But or bad he that thider were brouth
The quen for hem swilk was his thouth
For to se and forto shawe,
Yif that he hire wolde knawe -
Thoruth hem witen wolde he
Yif that she aucte quen to be.
Sixe erles weren sone yare
After hire for to fare.
He nomen onon and comen sone,
And brouthen hire, that under mone
In al the werd ne havede per
Of hendeleik, fer ne ner.
Hwan she was come thider, alle
The Englishe men bigunne falle
O knes, and greten swithe sore,
And seyden, "Levedi, Kristes ore
And youres! We haven misdo mikel
That we ayen you have be fikel,
For Englond auhte for to ben
Youres and we youre men.
Is non of us, yung ne old,
That he ne wot that Athelwold
Was king of this kunerike
And ye his eyr, and that the swike
Haves it halden with mikel wronge -
God leve him sone to honge!"
Quot Havelok, "Hwan that ye it wite,
Nu wile ich that ye doune site;
And after Godrich haves wrouht,
That haves in sorwe himself brouth,
Lokes that ye demen him rith,
For dom ne spareth clerk ne knith,
And sithen shal ich understonde
Of you, after lawe of londe,
Manrede and holde othes bothe,
Yif ye it wilen and ek rothe."
Anon ther dune he hem sette,
For non the dom ne durste lette
And demden him to binden faste
Upon an asse swithe unwraste,
Andelong, nouht overthwert,
His nose went unto the stert
And so to Lincolne lede,
Shamelike in wicke wede,
And, hwan he come unto the borw,
Shamelike ben led ther thoru,
Bi southe the borw unto a grene,
That thare is yet, als I wene,
And there be bunden til a stake,
Abouten him ful gret fir make,
And al to dust be brend rith there.
And yet demden he ther more,
Other swikes for to warne:
That hise children sulde tharne
Everemore that eritage
That his was, for hise utrage.
Hwan the dom was demd and seyd,
Sket was the swike on the asse leyd,
And led him til that ilke grene
And brend til asken al bidene.
Tho was Goldeboru ful blithe -
She thanked God fele sythe
That the fule swike was brend
That wende wel hire bodi have shend;
And seyde, "Nu is time to take
Manrede of brune and of blake,
That ich se ride and go,
Nu ich am wreke of mi fo."
Of alle Englishe on the bok
And dide hem grete othes swere
That he sholden him god feyth bere
Ageyn hem alle that woren lives
And that sholde ben born of wives.
Taken of more and of lesse,
Al at hise wille, so dide he calle
The Erl of Cestre and hise men alle,
That was yung knith withuten wif,
And seyde, "Sire erl, bi mi lif,
And thou wile mi conseyl tro,
Ful wel shal ich with thee do;
For ich shal yeve thee to wive
The fairest thing that is o live.
That is Gunnild of Grimesby,
Grimes douther, bi Seint Davy,
That me forth broute and wel fedde,
And ut of Denemark with me fledde
Me for to burwe fro mi ded.
Sikerlike, thoru his red,
Have ich lived into this day -
Blissed worthe his soule ay!
I rede that thu hire take
And spuse and curteyse make,
For she is fayr and she is fre,
And al so hende so she may be.
Ther tekene, she is wel with me;
That shal ich ful wel shewe thee.
For ich wile give thee a give
That everemore, hwil ich live,
For hire shaltu be with me dere,
That wile ich that this folc al here."
The erl ne wolde nouth ageyn
The king be, for knith ne sweyn
Ne of the spusing seyen nay,
But spusede that ilke day.
That spusinge was in god time maked,
For it ne were nevere, clad ne naked,
In a thede samened two
That cam togidere, livede so
So they diden al here live:
He geten samen sones five,
That were the beste men at nede
That mouthe riden on ani stede.
Hwan Gunnild was to Cestre brouth,
Havelok the gode ne forgat nouth
Bertram, that was the erles kok,
That he ne dide callen ok,
And seyde, "Frend, so God me rede,
Nu shaltu have riche mede,
For wissing and thi gode dede
That tu me dides in ful gret nede.
For thanne I yede in mi cuvel
And ich ne havede bred ne sowel.
Ne I ne havede no catel,
Thou feddes and claddes me ful wel.
Have nu forthi of Cornwayle
The erldom ilk del, withuten fayle,
And al the lond that Godrich held,
Bothe in towne and ek in feld;
And ther-to wile ich that thu spuse,
And fayre bring hire until huse,
Grimes douther, Levive the hende,
For thider shal she with thee wende.
Hire semes curteys for to be,
For she is fayr so flour on tre;
The hew is swilk in hire ler
So the rose in roser,
Hwan it is fayre sprad ut newe,
Ageyn the sunne brith and lewe."
And girde him sone with the swerd
Of the erldom, biforn his ferd,
And with his hond he made him knith,
And yaf him armes, for that was rith,
And dide him there sone wedde
Hire that was ful swete in bedde.
After that he spused wore,
Wolde the Erl nouth dwelle thore,
But sone nam until his lond
And seysed it al in his hond
And livede ther inne, he and his wif,
An hundred winter in god lif,
And gaten mani children samen
And liveden ay in blisse and gamen.
Hwan the maidens were spused bothe,
Havelok anon bigan ful rathe
His Denshe men to feste wel
Wit riche landes and catel,
So that he weren alle riche,
For he was large and nouth chiche.
Ther after sone, with his here,
For he to Lundone for to bere
Corune, so that it sawe
Henglishe ant Denshe, heye and lowe,
Hwou he it bar with mikel pride,
For his barnage that was unride.
The feste of his coruning
Lastede with gret joying
Fourti dawes and sumdel mo.
Tho bigunnen the Denshe to go
Unto the king to aske leve;
And he ne wolde hem nouth greve,
For he saw that he woren yare
Into Denemark for to fare;
But gaf hem leve sone anon
And bitauhte hem Seint Johan,
And bad Ubbe, his justise,
That he sholde on ilke wise
Denemark yeme and gete so
That no pleynte come him to.
Hwan he wore parted alle samen,
Havelok bilefte wit joye and gamen
In Engelond and was ther-inne
Sixti winter king with winne,
And Goldeboru Quen, that I wene
So mikel love was hem bitwene
That al the werd spak of hem two;
He lovede hir and she him so
That neyther owe mithe be
Fro other, ne no joye se
But if he were togidere bothe.
Nevere yete no weren he wrothe
For here love was ay newe -
Nevere yete wordes ne grewe
Bitwene hem hwar of ne lathe
Mithe rise ne no wrathe.
He geten children hem bitwene
Sones and doughtres rith fivetene,
Hwar-of the sones were kinges alle,
So wolde God it sholde bifalle,
And the douhtres alle quenes:
Him stondes wel that god child strenes!
Nu have ye herd the gest al thoru
Of Havelok and of Goldeboru -
Hw he weren boren and hw fedde,
And hwou he woren with wronge ledde
In here youthe with trecherie,
With tresoun, and with felounye;
And hwou the swikes haveden tiht
Reven hem that was here rith,
And hwou he weren wreken wel,
Have ich seyd you everil del.
Forthi ich wolde biseken you
That haven herd the rim nu,
That ilke of you, with gode wille,
Saye a Pater Noster stille
For him that haveth the rym maked,
And ther-fore fele nihtes waked,
That Jesu Crist his soule bringe
Biforn his Fader at his endinge.
|
i don't know
|
Bob, bowl, bun, chignon, and tonsure are types of what?
|
Chignon (hairstyle) - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos
Chignon (hairstyle)
NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100]
WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE
A chignon ( /ʃɪnˈjɒn/ ;
French pronunciation:
[ʃiɲɔ̃] ) is a popular type of hairstyle. The word "chignon" comes from the French phrase "chignon du cou", which means nape of the neck.
Chignons are generally achieved by pinning the hair into a knot at the nape of the neck or at the back of the head, but there are many different variations of the style. They are usually secured with accessories such as barrettes and/or hairpins . Chignons are frequently worn for special occasions, like weddings and formal dances, but the basic chignon is also worn for everyday casual wear. [1]
Contents
History[ edit ]
The chignon can be traced back to ancient Greece , where Athenian women commonly wore the style with gold or ivory handcrafted hairpins. Athenian men wore the style as well, but they fastened their chignons with a clasp of "golden grasshoppers", according to The History of the Peloponnesian War , by Thucydides . [2] The chignon was specific to Athens , as other city states, such as Sparta and Cyprus , had their own style of hairdressing. The chignon was also popular in ancient China , where married women wore the low, knotted hairstyle.
Male writers of the Victorian era, like Anthony Trollope , were fond of poking fun [1] at the absurdity of the fashion, which was much in vogue in England in the 1860s.
|
Hairstyle
|
What word appears before tilt, flood, face, house, and length, to produce five different terms?
|
List of hairstyles - 必应
Sign in
List of hairstyles
This is a non-exhaustive list of hairstyles. Name Image Description Afro Big hair hairstyle, natural comb-out, featured heavily in African-American culture, popular through the late 1960s and 1970s in the United States of America. Natural ethnic A typical texture of Black African hair that has not been altered by hot combs, flat irons, or chemicals (by perming, relaxing, or straightening). Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, corkscrew shape. The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared ... (展开) to straight hair, this texture appears (and feels) denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as "thick", "bushy", or "woolly". Asymmetric cut A haircut where the hair is longer on one side. Beehive Backcombing or teasing with hairspray to style hair on top of the head so that the size and shape is suggestive of a beehive, hence the name. Bettie Page Bangs (or fringe) straight across the high forehead, or cut at a slight U-shape. Big hair Any hairstyle with large volume. Blowout Hair that is used with rich products and blown dry from the roots to the ends. Blunt cut A women's any-length hairstyle with the bottom of the hair cut straight across leaving no texture. Bob cut A classic short hairstyle where it is cut above the shoulders in a blunt cut with typically no layers. This style is most common among women. Bouffant A style characterized by smooth hair that is heightened and given extra fullness over teasing in the fringe area. Bowl cut Named for the shape of the style as much as for a once common method of achieving it (i.e. using a bowl to style the cut by placing it on the head and trimming the exposed hair). Moe Howard from The Three Stooges has this hairstyle for his trademark and Henry V of England had a similar hairstyle. This hairstyle was popular in America during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Braid A braid or braids, also known as a plait or plaits or a tress or tresses, is a type of hairstyle usually worn by women with long hair in which all or part of one's hair is separated into strands, normally three, and then plaited or braided together , typically forming one braid hanging down at the back of the head or two braids hanging down on either side of the head. See also cornrows, queue, crown braid (below), Dutch braid and pigtail. Brush cut Alternative name for a butch. Bun A women's hairstyle where the hair is pulled into a knot at the back or top of the head. It can also consist of a bun at the side of the head or two buns on either side of the head. See also chignon. Bunches Another name for pigtails worn braided or unbraided. Burr Alternative name for a butch that is less than one quarter of an inch on top. Business-man cut Alternative name for a regular haircut. Butch cut A butch is a type of haircut in which the hair on the top of the head is cut short in every dimension. The hair is cut very short following the contour of the head. The hair below the upper portion of the sides and back of the head is tapered short or semi-short with a clipper, in the same manner as a crew cut. Buzz cut A buzz cut is a clipper cut describing a one length/guard all over. Caesar cut The Caesar cut is a men's hairstyle which is cut to a regular fade with the bangs or fringe left longer then the top length. Chignon A loan word from French for this particular style of bun which is pinned at the nape of the neck and requires tighter binding than ordinary buns. Chonmage A traditional Japanese haircut. Comb over Hair that is combed from one part of the head to another often to cover up a bald spot. Donald Trump is described as having a double combover, in two directions. Conk A hairstyle where Afro-textured hair is straightened. Cornrows A hairstyle originating from Subsaharan Africa, popularised by African Americans wherein the hair is braided into a series of French-braid-like locks that cling to the head and travel the neck. Crew cut A crew cut, also known as a high and tight, is a type of haircut in which the hair is tapered very short on the sides and back with clippers, blended into a relatively short top. Cropped hair A short hairstyle in which the hair is cut very close to the head, with the hair left long enough to either touch or go past the fringe. Crown braid A crown braid or crown plait is a traditional Ukrainian hairstyle usually worn by women with long hair. It consists of a single braid wrapped around the head, and is the trademark hairstyle worn by Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko. It is also similar to some of the hairstyles worn by Frida Kahlo. See also braid or plait. Croydon facelift A tight ponytail worn at the top of the head, giving the effect of a facelift as it tugs the facial skin upwards. Often inappropriately referred to as a "top knot" (though this term, in its original context, actually refers to a chonmage). Curtained hair Curtained hair is the term given to the hairstyle featuring a long fringe divided in either a middle parting or a side parting. This hairstyle was popular on adolescents and men during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Devilock The sides and back are kept short while the front is grown long and combed forward. Well known in certain punk rock subcultures due to its use being commonly associated to Misfits bassist Jerry Only. Dice Bob A six-sided haircut, in that the hair is shaped with various flat planes. Dido flip A "short choppy shag", popularized by British pop Dido Dreadlocks The hair is 'dreadlocked' into individual sections using one of several methods, usually either backcombing, braiding, hand rolling, or locking in the roots. Dreadlocks can vary in size, tightness, and length. Dreadlocks are associated most closely with Rastafarians. Duck's ass A hairstyle predominantly favoured by men; though some young female fans of Elvis Presley sported a similar look in his heyday. The style required that the hair be combed back around the sides of the head. The teeth edge of a comb was then used to define a central parting running from the crown to the nape at the back of the head, resembling, to many, the rear end of a duck. The hair on the top front of the head was usually that of a pompadour. The sides on back were styled to resemble the folded wings of the duck. Eton crop A very short, slicked-down blunt crop. Emo hair Hair is often feathered by that of a razor cut, known as a "modern mullett" whereas the top is textured and shorter then the back/length. popularized by "Emos". Fade where a clipper cut on the sides is blended to the top length Fallera hairdo A Valencian fallera hairstyle is a traditional women's hairstyle typical of Valencia and its Falles celebration, and is reminiscent of the "Princess Leia hairstyle" of Star Wars fame. It is an elaborate hairstyle consisting of two spiralled buns on either side of the head and two braids wound around the back of the head, with twisted strands of hair in different figures in the middle of the braids. This hairstyle is reminiscent of the one found on the ancient statue of the Lady of Elx. Fauxhawk Also known as the 'frohawk', this hairstyle is an approximation of a mohawk made without shaving or 'buzzing' the hair on the sides of the head, thus allowing an imitation of the look of a true mohawk without having to commit to removing most of one's hair. The name is a portmanteau of faux, the French word for false or fake, and 'mohawk'. Feathered hair Feathered hair was popular in the 1970s and the early 1980s with both men and women. The hair was grown long on both sides (normally covering the ears, although it could be down to the shoulders), left unlayered (although some men with curly hair did have it layered) with either a side or a centre parting. Finger wave Hair is set into curls using lotion and a comb. Fishtail hair Hair is worn in a braid resembling a fish's tail. Flattop A type of crew cut where the hair on the top of the head is cut as a flat plane giving a levelled 'flat-topped' look. Flipped hair A women's style that was popular in the 1960s. Characterized by upward curling ("flipped") ends. Lesley Gore wore the flip in 1963 and Cybill Shepherd wore it as a beauty queen in 1966. Fontange A hairdo popular in the second half of the 17th century. French braid A French braid is a braid that appears to be braided "into" the hair, often described as braided backwards—strands, going over instead of under as in a Dutch braid. French twist A hairstyle wherein the hair is twisted behind the head into a sort of bun style. Fringe (bangs) Hair that is combed to the front of the head and cut at or above the eyebrows. Frosted tips Full crown Alternative and historic name for a short taper. Hair extensions A hairstyle that is lengthened by lengths of real or artificial hair. Half crown Alternative and historic name for a semi-short taper. Half updo or Half Up, Half Down Popularised in the 1960s by sex icons like Brigitte Bardot, this women's hairstyle requires medium-length or longer hair. The hair is divided from the temples back and then fixed into bun, chignon or ponytail to secure into place (therefore, half the hair is in an 'updo'). If a woman has a fringe, that area is usually left free and not pulled into the 'updo'. Frequently, the hair at the crown of the head is "teased" or backcombed first to create volume. Harvard clip Alternative name for an Ivy League. High and tight A military variant of the crew cut. Highlights The style involves highlighting or dying various thin sections of hair through hair coloring. Hime cut A hairstyle that consists of long straight hair that reaches at least below the shoulder blades with part of it cut to about shoulder-length and a fringe (bangs) that reaches the eyebrows. Historical Christian hairstyles Hairstyles worn by Christians in times past. Hi-top fade The hair is cut short on the sides and is grown long on the top. This style was popular among African-American youth and men in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Induction cut A haircut given to recruits being inducted into military service. Ivy League An Ivy League, also known as a Harvard Clip or Princeton, is a type of crew cut in which the hair on the top of the head is long enough to style with a side part. Jewfro A Jewish variant of the 'Afro' hairdo. Jheri curl Hair that is curly and kept moist (or at least a wet-look maintained) by a Jheri curl activator. This style was popular in the 1980s especially with African-Americans, including Michael Jackson and Rick James . Jules Winnfield also sported one in Pulp Fiction. Layered hair A women's hairstyle where different sections of the front hair are cut at different lengths to give the impression of layers. Liberty spikes Hair that is grown out long and spiked up usually with a gel Line up Hair that has an even line across the forehead and then turns sharply at a 90 degree angle and blends with the sideburns. It can be worn with almost any other hairstyle. Primarily worn by Hispanics and some African Americans. Famous examples include hip hop artist Drake (entertainer) and Vinny Guadagnino from Jersey Shore. Long hair Hair that is grown long and flowing freely. Marcelling Deep waves made in hair by a heated curling iron. Mod cut A men's haircut where the hair flips outward, like wings. Mohawk Hair that is shaved or buzzed on the sides leaving a strip of hair in the middle. It is often spiked up. Mop-Top A mid-length haircut that has a fringe (bangs) that brushes over the forehead, collar length at back, with the ears partly covered by the hair, dependent on style. Was made popular by The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , and Ringo Starr ) Mullet Hair that is short in front and long in the back. Often described as "Business in the front, party in the back". Odango A hairstyle where two buns are worn on either side of the head, with the rest of the hair worn as pigtails. Most well-known example of this style is worn by the title character of the Japanese anime Sailor Moon. Oseledets A haircut consisting of a long tuft or lock of hair left on top or on the back of the shaven head of a male Orthodox Hindu. The style is also associated with Cossacks. Pageboy A longer version of a bob, typically worn with a fringe (bangs) and reaching shoulder-length or a little longer. Part Hair that is parted. Payot Sidelocks or earlocks, worn by some males in the Orthodox Jewish community. Perm Hair that is chemically treated to retain curl (curly perm) or lie straight (straight perm). New hair is not affected by the chemical treatment and will grow out naturally. Pigtails Hair that is parted into sections or into just one section; that is a smaller or shorter version of a ponytail. Pigtails are short and end with a curl similar to a pigs' tails. Pixie cut A short wispy women's hairstyle with or without a shaggy fringe (bangs). Pompadour The hair is swept upwards from the face and worn high over the forehead, and sometimes upswept around the sides and back as well. The style, named for Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764, mistress of King Louis XV), is for both women and men. Ponyhawk 1. A combination of a mohawk with a ponytail in the back. 2. Longer hair worn in several ponytails running from front of the head to the back of the head resembling a mohawk. Unlike normal mohawk, hair is not cut from the sides. The word is a portmanteau of 'ponytail' and 'mohawk'. Ponytail Long hair that is pulled into one or more sections held in a rubber-band(s) or by ribbon(s) anywhere on a head that is similar to a horse's or pony's tail. Ponytails are longer versions of pigtails. The length of a ponytail may be an entire curl, may end with a curl, or may be entirely straight without a single curl, whereas pigtails end with curls similar to a pig's tail. Princeton Alternative name for an Ivy League. Professional cut Alternative name for a regular haircut. Psychobilly Wedge The Psychobilly Wedge is a sort of mix between a mohawk hairstyle and the pompadour. The hair along the side of the head is shaved and the middle is not spiked but slicked back and fashioned in a pompadour. Queue Hair is worn long and gathered up into a ponytail, often braided. It was worn traditionally by the Manchu people of Manchuria and certain Native American groups. Quiff The quiff combines the 1950s pompadour hairstyle, the 1950s flat-top, and, sometimes a mohawk. The hairstyle was a staple in the British 'Teddy Boy' movement, and became popular again in Europe in the early 1980s and 2010s. Recently examples of people sporting quiffs are – Alex Turner and Matt Helders of Arctic Monkeys, Tom Meighan of Kasabian, Eugene McGuinness, Bruno Mars, Nick Grimshaw, and One Direction The Rachel A square -layered haircut popularized by Jennifer Aniston as Rachel Green. Rattail Hair that has been grown out long and shorn, or 'buzzed' except for a long, thin braid at the very top of the neck. Razor cut Includes choppy short layers, thinned at the bottom. Not dissimilar from "emo" hair. Usually has a side-sweep fringe. Recon A radical version of the high and tight with the sides and back cleanly shorn very high up the head, intentionally leaving a very extreme contrast between the longer top hair and the shorn sides. Regular haircut A regular haircut is a men's and boy's hairstyle that has combable length on top, a defined or deconstructed side part, and a short, semi-short, medium, long, or extra long back and sides. The style is also known by other names including taper cut, regular taper cut, side-part and standard haircut; as well as short back and sides, business-man cut and professional cut, subject to varying national, regional, and local interpretations of the specific taper for the back and sides. Regular taper cut Alternative name for a regular haircut. Ringlets A tightly curled hairstyle. Shag A choppy layered hairstyle, characterized by layers to create fullness in the crown and fringes around the edges. There are many versions including the frat shag and boy's shag. Shape-Up Shingle bob A dome-shaped short haircut with the bottom razored into a V shape. Short back and sides Alternative name for a regular haircut. Short brush cut Alternative name for a butch. Short hair Hair that is cut short. Slicked-back Hair that is combed back, away from the forehead, then held in place with a hairstyling product. Spiky hair All hair sticking up, like spikes sticking out from the head. Standard haircut Alternative name for a regular haircut. Surfer hair A tousled hairstyle. Taper cut Alternative name for a regular haircut. Tail On Back Boys' hair style by growing the hair in back like a small tail. This is widely used all over India. Tonsure Traditionally worn by monks in the Middle Ages, still worn by some traditional monks today. Undercut The undercut is a unisex haircut whereby the top section of hair is held in place whilst the side and back sections are cut, thus making the top longer and the back and sides undercutting. See also bowl cut Updo An updo is the hairstyle in which the hair is twisted or pulled up. Waves Short Hair Waves, shortened to just waves, is a very common and sought after hairstyle for African American men that create the appearance of water like waves of the hair. Wings Typically long, the style can range from long and drooping below the eyes, to a shorter length. They are wavy and if straight, the length comes to halfway down the ears. Instead of lying on the wearer's ears, the hair flips up and comes straight out like an airplane wing, hence the name. Popular amongst the skateboarding, surfer and preppy communities.
List of hairstyles The examples and perspective in this ... List of facial hairstyles; Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle; References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hairstyles
List of hairstyles; Roman hairstyles; References External links. Look up hairstyle, haircut, or hairdo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Media related to ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle
Hairstyles for 2017 At TheHairStyler.com we have over 11,000 hairstyles to view and try on, including a large variety from the latest celebrity looks to salon styles ...
www.thehairstyler.com/hairstyles
Attitudes towards different hair, such as hairstyles and hair removal, ... and Stephen Jay Gould published a short list in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair
These are the top 50 Short Men's Hairstyles and haircuts. This article will give you inspiration and ideas for your next hairstyle or haircut.
hairstyleonpoint.com/top-50-short-mens-hairstyles
|
i don't know
|
Clio, typically holding a scroll, is the ancient Greek muse of?
|
CLIO (Kleio) - Greek Goddess Muse of History
Make Famous (kleô)
Muse Clio, Greco-Roman marble statue C2nd A.D., State Hermitage Museum
KLEIO (Clio) was one of the nine Mousai (Muses), the goddesses of music, song and dance. In the Classical era, when the Mousai were assigned specific literary and artistic spheres, Kleio was named Muse of history. In this guise she was represented holding an open scroll or seated beside a chest of books. Her name was derived from the Greek verb kleô, "to make famous" or "celebrate."
FAMILY OF CLIO
[1] ZEUS & MNEMOSYNE (Hesiod Theogony 75, Apollodorus 1.13, Diodorus Siculus 4.7.1, Orphic Hymn 76)
OFFSPRING
[1] HYMENAIOS (Greek Lyric V Licymnius)
[2] HYAKINTHOS (by Pieros) (Apollodorus 1.16)
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
PARENTAGE & CHILDREN OF CLIO
Hesiod, Theogony 75 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"The Mousai (Muses) sang who dwell on Olympos, nine daughters begotten by great Zeus, Kleio (Clio) and Euterpe, Thaleia (Thalia), Melpomene and Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), and Erato and Polymnia (Polyhymnia) and Ourania (Urania) and Kalliope (Calliope)."
Licymnius, Fragment 768A (from Philodemus, On Piety) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric V) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Moreover Kleio (Clio) the Mousa (Muse) fell in love with a man, according to Likymnios (Licymnius), and some think Hymenaios (Hymenaeus) was her son."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Mnemosyne [bore to Zeus] the Mousai (Muses), the eldest of whom was Kalliope (Calliope), followed by Kleio (Clio), Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania), Thaleia (Thalia), and Polymnia."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 16 :
"Aphrodite, furious with Kleio (Clio) (who had chided her for loving Adonis), caused her to fall in love with Magnes' son Pieros (Pierus). As a result of their union she bore him a son Hyakinthos (Hyacinthus)."
Orphic Hymn 76 to the Muses (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus . . . Kleio (Clio), and Erato who charms the sight, with thee, Euterpe, ministering delight : Thalia flourishing, Polymnia famed, Melpomene from skill in music named : Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania) heavenly bright."
CLIO GODDESS OF POETRY
Virgil and the Muses Clio and Melpomene, Greco-Roman mosaic A.D., Bardo National Museum
Pindar, Nemean Ode 3. 10 & 82 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Of song grant, of my skill, full measure. Strike, O daughter of the lord of cloud-capped heaven,,chords to his honour; mine to wed them with the youthful voices and with the lyre . . . In your honour then, if high-throned Kleio (Clio) wills, for your proud spirit of conquest."
Simonides, Fragment 577 (from Plutarch) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (Greek lyric C6th to 5th B.C.) :
"For there was a shrine of the Mousai (Muses) here [south of Apollon's temple at Delphoi (Delphi)] where the spring wells up, and that is why they used this water for libation and lustrations, as Simonides says : ‘where the holy water of the lovely-haired Moisai (Muses) is drawn from below for lustration. Overseer of the holy lustration-water, golden Kleio (Clio), who give the water-drawers from the ambosial cave the fragrant lovely water sought with many prayers.’"
Bacchylides, Fragment 3 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Sing, Kleio (Clio), giver of sweetness."
Bacchylides, Fragment 12 :
"Like a skilled helmsman, Kleio (Clio), queen of song, steer my thoughts straight now, if ever before."
Bacchylides, Fragment 13 :
"Trusting in it and in the Mousai (Muses) of the crimson headdress I for my part display this gift of songs If it was indeed flowering Kleio (Clio) who made it [the song] drip into my heart, there will be delight in the words of the songs that proclaim him to the people."
Callimachus, Aetia Fragment 43 (trans. Trypanis) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"And Kleio (Clio) went on to speak yet again, resting her arm upon her sister's shoulder."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 7. 1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"Hesiod even gives their names [the Mousai's (Muses')] when he writes : ‘Kleio (Clio), Euterpe, and Thaleia (Thalia), Melpomene, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore) and Erato, and Polymnia, Ourania (Urania), Kalliope (Calliope) too, of them all the most comely.’
To each of the Mousai (Muses) men assign her special aptitude for one of the branches of the liberal arts, such as poetry, song, pantomimic dancing, the round dance with music, the study of the stars, and the other liberal arts . . . For the name of each Mousa, they say, men have found a reason appropriate to her . . . Kleio (Clio) is so named because the praise which poets sing in their encomia bestows great glory (kleos) upon those who are praised."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 3. 15 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Clio . . . to thee, O Muse, has been vouchsafed the power to know the hearts of the gods and the ways by which things come to be."
Statius, Thebaid 10. 630 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Begin thou, unforgetting Clio, for all the ages are in thy keeping, and all the storied annals of the past."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
Greco-Roman Tunis Floor Mosaic A.D.
Z20.2 Portraits of the Nine Muses
Greco-Roman Cos Floor Mosaic A.D.
Z20.3 Portraits of the Nine Muses
Greco-Roman Trier Mosaic C3rd A.D.
Z20.4 Symbols of the Nine Muses
Greek Elis Floor Mosaic C1st B.C.
S20.3B Statue of Muse Clio
Greco-Roman Marble Statue C2nd A.D.
SOURCES
|
History
|
What, resembling a tomato and pepper hybrid, is the edible fruit produced by Diospyros trees, source of ebony wood?
|
CALLIOPE (Kalliope) - Greek Goddess Muse of Epic Poetry
Beautiful-Voiced
Muse Calliope, Greco-Roman marble statue C2nd A.D., State Hermitage Museum
KALLIOPE (Calliope) was the eldest of the Mousai (Muses), the goddesses of music, song and dance. She was also the goddess of eloquence, who bestowed her gift on kings and princes. In the Classical era, when the Muses were assigned specific artistic spheres, Kalliope was named Muse of epic poetry. In this guise she was portrayed holding a tablet and stylus or a scroll. In older art she holds a lyre.
Kalliope was the mother of the bard Orpheus. When her son was dismembered by the Bakkhantes (Bacchantes), she recovered his head and enshrined on the island of Lesbos.
Her name means "beautiful-voiced" from the Greek words kallos and ops.
FAMILY OF CALLIOPE
[1.1] ZEUS & MNEMOSYNE (Hesiod Theogony 75, Apollodorus 1.13, Diodorus Siculus 4.7.1, Orphic Hymn 76)
[1.2] ZEUS (Alcman Frag, Hyginus Astronomica 2.7)
OFFSPRING
[1.1] ORPHEUS, LINOS (by Apollon ) (Apollodorus 1.15)
[1.2] ) ORPHEUS (by Oiagros) (Pindar Dirges Frag 139, Bacchylides Frag 28, Apollodorus 1.15, Apollonius Rhodius 1.24, Hyginus Fabulae 14, Nonnus Dionysiaca 13.430)
[1.3] ORPHEUS (Terpander Frag 15, Timotheus Frag 791, Pausanias 9.30.1, Philostratus Younger 11, Callistratus 7)
[1.3] IALMENOS (Pindar Dirges Frag 139)
[1.4] LINOS (Suidas s.v. Ailinos)
[2.1] RHESOS (by Strymon ) (Apollodorus 1.18)
[3.1] THE KORYBANTES (by Zeus ) (Strabo 10.3.19)
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
PARENTAGE OF CALLIOPE
Hesiod, Theogony 75 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"The Mousai (Muses) sang who dwell on Olympos, nine daughters begotten by great Zeus, Kleio (Clio) and Euterpe, Thaleia (Thalia), Melpomene and Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), and Erato and Polymnia (Polyhymnia) and Ourania (Urania) and Kalliope (Calliope)."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 13 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Mnemosyne [bore to Zeus] the Mousai (Muses), the eldest of whom was Kalliope (Calliope), followed by Kleio (Clio), Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania), Thaleia (Thalia), and Polymnia."
Orphic Hymn 76 to the Muses (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Daughters of Mnemosyne and Zeus . . . Kleio (Clio), and Erato who charms the sight, with thee, Euterpe, ministering delight : Thalia flourishing, Polymnia famed, Melpomene from skill in music named : Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), Ourania (Urania) heavenly bright."
CALLIOPE & HER SON ORPHEUS
Muse Calliope, Athenian red-figure pyxis C5th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston
Homerica, Of the Origin of Homer & Hesiod & of their Contest, Fragment 1 (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic B.C.) :
"And from Oiagros (Oeagrus) and Kalliope (Calliope) [was born] Orpheus."
Pindar, Dirges Fragment 139 (trans. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"The son of Oiagros (Oeagrus) [and Kalliope (Calloipe)], Orpheus of the golden sword."
Terpander, Fragment 15 (from Timotheus, the Persians) (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Orpheus of the intricate music, son of Kalliope (Calliope)."
Bacchylides, Fragment 28 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"[Orpheus] the renowned son of Oiagros (Oeagrus) . . . child of the lovely-haired Mousa (Muse)."
Timotheus, Fragment 791 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric V) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Orpheus, Kalliope's (Calliope's) son, he of the intricate muse, was the first to beget the tortoise-shell lyre in Pieria."
Aeschylus, Bassarae or Bassarides (lost play) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
Aeschylus' lost play Bassarae described the death of Orpheus, son of Kalliope (Calliope). Weir Smyth (L.C.L.) summarises evidence for the plot : "Eratosthenes, Catasterismoi, says of Orpheus that he paid no honour to Dionysos, but considered Helios (the Sun) to be the greatest of the gods and addressed him as Apollon; that, by making haste during the night, he reached at dawn the summit of Mt. Pangaios (Pangaeus), and waited there that he might see the rising of the sun; and that Dionysos, in his wrath, sent against him the Bassarides (as Aeschylus tells the story), who tore him to pieces and scattered his members, which were collected and buried by the Mousai (Muses) in Leibethra." Presumably Kalliope appeared towards the end of the play lamenting her son.
Plato, The Republic 364d (trans. Shorey) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"The [mystic] books of Musaios (Musaeus) and Orpheus, the offspring of Selene (Moon) and of the Mousa (Muse), as they affirm." [N.B. Both were mythic poets of the Orphic mysteries.]
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 14 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Kalliope (Calliope) and Oiagros (Oeagrus), though nominally it was Apollon, had as sons Linos (Linus), whom Herakles (Heracles) slew, and Orpheus, a professional citharist whose singing caused stones and trees to move."
Muse Calliope on Helicon, Athenian red-figure lekythos C5th B.C., Staatliche Antikensammlungen
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 24 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"Orpheus, borne, so the story goes, by Kalliope (Calliope) herself to her Thrakian (Thracian) lover Oiagros (Oeagrus) near the heights of Pimplea. They say that with the music of his voice he enchanted stubborn mountain rocks and rushing streams."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 30. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"[In the sanctuary of the Mousai (Muses) on Mount Helikon (Helicon) in Boiotia (Boeotia) :] The first images of the Mousai (Muses) are of them all, from the hand of Kephisodotos (Cephisodotus), while a little farther on are three, also from the hand of Kephisodotos, and three more by Strongylion . . . the remaining three were made by Olympiosthenes . . . by the side of Orpheus stands a statue of Telete, and around him are beasts of stone and bronze listening to his singing . . . Orpheus was a son of the Mousa Kalliope (Muse Calliope) . . . the beasts followed him fascinated by his songs, and that he went down alive to Haides to ask for his wife from the gods below."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 3. 631 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"[The Mousai (Muses) came to sing the dirge at the funeral of Akhilleus (Achilles) :] To Thetis spake Kalliope (Calliope), she in whose heart was steadfast wisdom throned : ‘From lamentation, Thetis, now forbear, and do not, in the frenzy of thy grief for thy lost son, provoke to wrath the Lord of Gods and men. Lo, even sons of Zeus, the Thunder-king, have perished, overborne by evil fate. Immortal though I be, mine own son Orpheus died, whose magic song drew all the forest-trees to follow him, and every craggy rock and river-stream, and blasts of winds shrill-piping stormy-breathed, and birds that dart through air on rushing wings. yet I endured mine heavy sorrow : Gods ought not with anguished grief to vex their souls. Therefore make end of sorrow-stricken wail for thy brave child; for to the sons of earth minstrels shall chant his glory and his might, by mine and by my sisters' inspiration, unto the end of time. Let not thy soul be crushed by dark grief, nor do thou lament like those frail mortal women. Know'st thou not that round all men which dwell upon the earth hovereth irresistible deadly Aisa (Aesa, Fate), who recks not even of the Gods? Such power she only hath for heritage. Yea, she soon shall destroy gold-wealthy Priamos' (Priam's) town, and Trojans many and Argives doom to death, whomso she will. No God can stay her hand.’ So in her wisdom spake Kalliope."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 6 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"That Orpheus, the son of the Mousa (Muse) [i.e. Kalliope (Calliope)], charmed by his music even creatures that have not the intelligence of man, all the writers of myth agree."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 11 :
"The man with erect tiara who sings in tune with the notes of his lyre . . . it is Orpheus, son of Kalliope (Callipe)."
Callistratus, Descriptions 7 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C4th A.D.) :
"On Helikon (Helicon)--the spot is a shaded precinct sacred to the Mousai (Muses)--near the torrent of the river Olmeios and the violet-dark spring of Pegasos (Pegasus), there stood beside the [statues of the] Mousai (Muses) a statue of Orpheus, the son of Kalliope (Calliope), a statue most beautiful to look upon . . . He was carrying the lyre, which was equipped with as many notes as the number of the Mousai."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 14 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Orpheus son of Oeagrus and the Muse Calliope, from Thrace."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 7 :
"[Constellation] Lyre. The Lyre was put among the constellations for the following reason, as Eratosthenes [Greek writer C3rd B.C.] says . . . Orpheus, son of Calliope and Oeagrus, who was passionately devoted to music. It is thought that by his skill he could charm even wild beasts to listen . . . When Orpheus was taking delight in song, seated, as many say, on Mount Olympus . . . Liber [Dionysos] is said to have roused the Bacchanals against him. They slew him and dismembered his body. But others say that this happened because he had looked on the rites of Liber. The Musae gathered the scattered limbs and gave them burial, and as the greatest favour they could confer, they put as a memorial his lyre, pictures with stars, among the constellations. Apollo and Jove [Zeus] consented, for Orpheus had praised Apollo highly, and Jupiter [Zeus] granted this favour to his daughter."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 7 :
"Some also have said that Venus [Aphrodite] and Proserpina [Persephone] came to Jove [Zeus] for his decision, asking him to which of them he would grant Adonis. Calliope, the judge appointed by Jove, decided that each should posses him half of the year. But Venus [Aphrodite], angry because she had not been granted what she thought was her right, stirred the women in Thrace by love, each to seek Orpheus for herself, so that they tore him limb from limb. His head, carried down from the mountain into the sea, was cast by the waves upon the island of Lesbos. It was taken up and buried by the people of Lesbos, and in return for this kindness, they have the reputation of being exceedingly skilled in the art of music. The lyre, as we have said, was put by the Muses among the stars."
Apollo and Muse Calliope, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Museum of Fine Arts Boston
Propertius, Elegies 2. 308 ff (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"Nor need you address the maiden Musae (Muses) with awestruck lips : their company also knows what it means to love, if after all it is true that one of them [Kalliope (Calliope)] upon the rocks of Bistonia was once ravished by the semblance of Oeagrus."
Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3. 18 (trans. Rackham) (Roman rhetorician C1st B.C.) :
"What about the sons of goddesses? . . . [such as] Orpheus . . . whose mother was a Musa (Muse)."
Seneca, Medea 625 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) :
"That son [Orpheus] of the tuneful Camena [Muse], at whose sweet melodies the swift stream stood still and the winds were hushed, when the bird, leaving off its own singing, came near him, the whole wood following after."
Statius, Silvae 2. 7. 36 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) :
"Calliope took him [a new-born poet] to her loving bosom. Then first did she lay aside her grief and cease her long lament for Orpheus, and said : ‘O boy, consecrate to poesy, soon destined to outmatch the bards of old, [but] thou shalt move no rivers or wild herds of Thracian ash-trees with thy music [as Orpheus did].’"
Statius, Silvae 5. 3. 15 :
"Their [the Muses'] queen herself sinks her head upon the silent lyre, as when after Orpheus' loss she halted by thy stream O Hebrus, and gazed at the troops of beasts that listened no more, and the woods that moved not since the strains were gone."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13. 430 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"He [Oiagros (Oeagrus)] left Orpheus on Kalliopeia's (Calliope's) knees, a little one interested in his mother's milk, still a new thing."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 22. 187 ff :
"Oiagros (Oeagrus) . . . doing deeds that needed Kalliopeia (Calliope) his consort, to tell them."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 22. 322 ff :
"His [Oiagros'] bride Kalliopeia (Calliope), mother of a noble son [Orpheus]."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 24. 77 ff :
"[When the Indian River Hydaspes tried to drown him and the army of Dionysos :] Kalliope (Calliope) lifted Oiagros (Oeagrus) upon her shoulders."
OTHER CHILDREN OF CALLIOPE
Pindar, Dirges Fragment 139 (trans. Sandys) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"But in another song did three goddesses [Mousai (Muses)] lull to rest the bodies of their sons . . . the third [Kalliope (Calliope)] sorrowed over Ialmenos (Ialmenus) [personification of the dirge], when his strength was stayed by the onset of a raging malady. But the son of Oiagros (Oeagrus) [and Kalliope (Calliope)], Orpheus of the golden sword."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 18 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Euterpe, or Kalliope (Calliope), according to some, bore to the river Strymon Rhesos (Rhesus), whom Diomedes murdered at Troy."
Strabo, Geography 10. 3. 19 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Others say that the Korybantes (Corybantes) [of Samothrake (Samothrace)] were sons of Zeus and Kalliope (Calliope) and were identical with the Kabeiroi (Cabiri), and that these went off to Samothrake, which in earlier times was called Melite, and that their rites were mystical."
Suidas s.v. Ailinos (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Ailinon (mournful, plaintive) : It is [used] equally to refer to a dirge and to refer to a hymn; from Ailinos (Aiilinus) the [son] of Kalliope (Calliope)."
CALLIOPE GODDESS OF EPIC POETRY & ELOQUENCE
Muse Calliope and Apollo, Athenian red-figure kylix C5th B.C., Victoria and Albert Museum
Hesiod, Theogony 75 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"Kalliope (Calliope), who is the chiefest of them all [the Mousai (Muses)], for she attends on worshipful princes: whomsoever of heaven-nourished princes the daughters of great Zeus honour, and behold him at his birth, they pour sweet dew upon his tongue, and from his lips flow gracious words. All the people look towards him while he settles causes with true judgements: and he, speaking surely, would soon make wise end even of a great quarrel; for therefore are there princes wise in heart, because when the people are being misguided in their assembly, they set right the matter again with ease, persuading them with gentle words. And when he passes through a gathering, they greet him as a god with gentle reverence, and he is conspicuous amongst the assembled: such is the holy gift of the Mousai (Muses) to men."
Alcman, Fragment (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Come Moisa (Muse), Kalliope (Calliope), daughter of Zeus, begin the lovely verses; set desire on the song and make the choral dance graceful."
Stesichorus, Fragment 240 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C7th to 6th B.C.) :
"Come hither, clear-voiced Kallopeia (Calliope)."
Stesichorus, Fragment 275 :
"Excellent Kalliope (Calliope), admired for your poetry and songs."
Bacchylides, Fragment 5 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric IV) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"White-armed Kalliope (Calliope), halt your well-made chariot here: sing in praise of . . ."
Bacchylides, Fragment 19 :
"Countless paths of ambrosial verses lie open for him who obtains gifts from the Pierian Mousai (Muses) and whose songs are clothed with honour by the violet-eyed maidens, the garland-bearing Kharites (Charites, Graces). Weave, then, in lovely blessed Athens a new fabric, renowned Kean (Cean) fantasy: you must travel by the finest road, since you have obtained from Kalliope (Calliope) a surpulative prize."
Plato, Phaedrus 259 (trans. Fowler) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"When they [the grasshoppers] die they go and inform the Mousai (Muses) in heaven who honours them on earth. They win the love of Terpsikhore (Terpsichore) for the dancers by their report of them; . . . of Kalliope (Calliope) the eldest Mousa (Muse) and of Ourania (Urania) who is next to her, for the philosophers, of whose music the grasshoppers make report to them; for these are the Mousai who are chiefly concerned with heaven and thought, divine as well as human, and they have the sweetest utterance."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 7. 1 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"Hesiod even gives their [the Mousai's (Muses')] names when he writes: ‘Kleio (Clio), Euterpe, and Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsikhore (Terpsichore) and Erato, and Polymnia, Ourania (Urania), Kalliope (Calliope) too, of them all the most comely.’
To each of the Mousai (Muses) men assign her special aptitude for one of the branches of the liberal arts, such as poetry, song, pantomimic dancing, the round dance with music, the study of the stars, and the other liberal arts . . . For the name of each Mousa (Muse), they say, men have found a reason appropriate to her . . . Kalliope (Calliope), because of her beautiful (kale) voice (ops), that is, by reason of the exceeding beauty of her language she wins the approbation of her auditors."
Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 13 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) :
"The gifts of the gods are not to be rejected, as you no doubt know, since you have heard it from one of the devotees of Kalliope (Calliope) [i.e. the epic poets]."
Ovid, Fasti 5. 79 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Then with ivy twining her neglected hair, Calliope began [the song], first of her group . . . She, too, had ended; her faction roared their support. What to do? All the parties are equal. May the Pierides [Muses] smile on me equally, and I extol none of them more or less."
Propertius, Elegies 3. 3 (trans. Goold) (Roman elegy C1st B.C.) :
"The nine Maidens [Muses], each allotted her own realm, busy their tender hands on their separate gifts . . . Then from their number one of the goddesses laid her hand on me (by her looks I think it was Calliope) : ‘You will always be happy to ride on snow-white swans; no galloping hooves of the war-horse will call you to arms. Be it no concern of yours to sound the martial summons on the blaring trumpet or stain with bloody warfare the groves of Helicon . . . For you will sing of garlanded lovers at another's threshold and the tipsy tokens of midnight vigil, so that he who would artfully outwit stern husbands may learns from you how to charm forth a locked-up woman.’
Thus Calliope, and taking water from the spring she moistened my lips with draughts [from the spring of Hippokrene (Hippocrene) on Mount Helikon] that once Philitas drank."
Propertius, Elegies 3. 2 :
"The Musae (Muses) are my friends, my poems are dear to the reader, and Calliope never wearies of dancing to my rhythms."
Propertius, Elegies 4. 6 :
"I shall tell, O Musa (Muse), of Apollo's temple on the Palatine : Calliope, the theme is worthy of your favour. My songs are sung for Caesar's glory: while Caesar is being sung, do even you pray attend, Jupiter [Zeus]!"
Statius, Thebaid 4. 32 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"Thou, Calliope, queen of the groves of song, uplift thy lyre and begin the tale."
Statius, Silvae 2. 7. 36 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) :
"Straightway, while yet a new-born babe he [the poet] drawled and with earliest accents sweetly whimpered, Calliope took him to her loving bosom. Then first did she lay aside her grief and cease her long lament for Orpheus, and said: ‘O boy, consecrate to poesy, soon destined to outmatch the bards of old, thou shalt move no rivers or wild herds of Thracian ash-trees with thy music, but with eloquent son shalt draw after thee the seven hills of Martian Tiber [Rome].’"
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
|
i don't know
|
What physics term, a metaphor for meaningfulness, is the tendency of something to oscillate (with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others)?
|
Psychology GRE at South Suburban College - StudyBlue
StudyBlue
Forms the connection between perception and memory.
Initial, momentary (only a few seconds) storage of raw sensory information
receives and holds perceptions for a brief period of time before sending them to short-term memory. Memory for every sense.
Iconic Memory
the sensory memory for visual information
studied by George Sperling, found that people can see more than they can remember. PTs able to write down some random letters but not all that see. "Partial report".
Advertisement )
Icon
Brief visual memory; term coined by Ulric Neisser, lasts for 1 sec
When exposed to bright light or pattern before iconic image fades, first image is erased --> BACKWARD MASKING. Works for auditory stimuli also. Most successful when mask is similar to original stimulus.
Echoic Memory
sensory memory for auditory sensations
not as much capacity as iconic memory, but doesn't decay as quickly (longer duration)
Short Term Memory
Temporary; lasts for seconds or minutes. Capacity of 7 items (+/- 2); discovered by George Miller. Thought to be largely auditory, items coded phonetically. Chunking (grouping items) can increase STM. Rehearsal (primary & secondary) to help transfer info to LTM. STM susceptible to interference
Working Memory
Type of temporary memory needed to perform the task that someone is working on at the moment. Type of short term memory
Rehearsal (primary/maintenance & secondary/elaborative)
Rehearsal to transfer info from STM to LTM
Primary/maintenance: repeating material to hold in STM
Secondary/elaborative: organizing and understanding material to transfer to LTM
Interference (proactive & retroactive)
Other information & distraction can interfere with STM. Proactive: Learned A first, now trying to learn B; harder to learn/remember B (old memory impairs new info).
Retroactive: learned A first, now trying to learn B; harder to learn/remember A. (New info impairs old memory.)
Long-Term Memory
Capable of permanent retention; most items learned semantically.
Measured by recognition, recall and savings.
Subject to the encoding specificity principle
Not subject to primacy & recency effects, but subject to same interference effects as STM
3 measurements of LTM
Recognition: measuring if subject can recognize info (e.g., multiple choice tests)
Recall: subjects generating information on own. (Cued & uncued recall)
Savings: how much info remains in LTM by assessing how long takes to learn something a second time (compared to first time).
Encoding Specificity Principle
Memory is encoded and stored with specific cues related to context in which it was formed.
Retrieval of information is improved if it is retrieved in the same context in which it was stored.
Episodic vs Semantic Memory
Episodic: consists of details, events, discrete knowledge
Semantic: general knowledge of the world
Procedural vs. Declarative Memory
Procedural: knowing how to do something
Declarative: knowing a fact.
Explicit: knowing something and being consciously aware of it (knowing a fact).
Implicit: knowing something without being aware of knowing it. (Amnesia, subliminal processing, etc)
Herman Ebbinghaus
First to study memory systematically. Gave subjects lists of random letters to test STM
Proposed "forgetting curve"- depicts sharp drop in savings immediately after learning and levels off. Some not sure that the random syllables generalizable to other memory though.
Advertisement
Frederick Bartlett
Found that memory is *reconstructive*, not rote. People more likely to remember ideas/semantics of a story rather than details/grammar
Dual Code Hypothesis (def & person)
Suggested by Allan Paivio
Items will be better remembered if they are encoded both visually (with icons) and semantically (with understanding).
Depth of Processing (def & people)
Fergus Craik & Robert Lockhart suggested that learning and recall depend on the depth of processing.
Most superficial processing=phonological/pronounciation; most deep= semantic. The more deeply the item is processed, easier it is to recall.
Paired-Associate Learning
The way behaviorists explain memory: one item is learned with, and then cues recall of, another.
Elizabeth Loftus
Found that memory of traumatic events is altered by both event itself and the way that questions about the event are phrased.
If ask "How fast were the cars going when they crashed?" get a higher estimate than "What was the rate of the cars upon impact?"
Karl Lashley
Found that memories are distributed widely/diffusely in the brain
Donald Hebb
Posited that memory involves changes in synapses and neural pathways, making a "memory tree".
Did brain studies of young chicks, found that brains altered with learning and memory.
E.R. Kandel had similar ideas from studying sea-slug Aplysia.
Brenda Milner
Wrote about patient "HM" with hippocampal leision. Some short term memory but no longer able to create long-term memories
Serial learning
A learning procedure in which material is learned and recalled in order (serial recall). Example: a list such as the presidents of the US
Subject to primacy and recency effects-- first and last items are easiest to remember, whereas the ones in the middle are more often forgotten. 1st=most repeated, last=heard most recently.
Serial position curve- U shaped graph, pattern of retention.
Serial-anticipation learning
Similar to serial learning, but subject asked to recall one item at a time within a list. Example: for learning presidents, subject would be given "George Washington" and be expected to answer "John Adams"; then given "John Adams" and be expected to give "Thomas Jefferson"; etc.
Paired-associate learning
Learning which requires paired associations. One item is learned with, and then cues the recall of, another.
Example: learning a foreign language, learning that "automobile" means "car" and "donna" means "woman".
Free-recall learning
Learning a list of items, and recalling them in any order.
Which factors make items on a list easier to learn and retrieve? FABSCMI
acronym/mnemonic device??
Familiarity, acoustic similarity, brevity, semantic dissimilarity, concreteness, meaning, importance to the subject.
Decay theory (also known as "Trace theory")
theory suggesting the origin of forgetting. Idea that memories fade with time.
Criticisms: too simplistic because other activities are known to interfere with retrieval
Interference theory
theory of forgetting
suggests that competing information blocks retrieval.
Example: two groups learn a list of words, then one sleeps and the other solves riddles. Sleeping group more likely to remember, no competing information.
Big 5 Factors of Personality (def & mnemonic)
OCEAN
openness; conscientiousness; extraversion; agreeableness; neuroticism
Generation-recognition model
Suggests that anything one might recall should easily be recognized.
An attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall. Idea that process involved in recognition also used in recall, but that for recall, need an additional process--generation.
State-dependent memory
like state-dependent learning-- retrieval is easier if it occurs in the same *emotional or physical state* in which it was encoded.
Helps explain why depressed individuals cannot easily recall happy memories and why alcoholics often remember details of their last drinking session only when drunk again.
Clustering
The brain's tendency to group together similar items in memory regardless of whether or not they were learned together
Most often grouped into conceptual or semantic hierarchies.
Incidental learning
Measured through presenting subjects with items they are not actively trying to memorize and then testing for learning.
Passive learning (?)
Eidetic imagery
photographic memory
more common in children and in rural cultures, possibly because children lack language capacity to describe images and rely on actual mental images.
Long-lasting and detailed images of a visual scene; can be scanned or "looked at".
Flashbulb memories
Recollections that seem burned into the brain; very detailed, very specific.
Powerful, detailed memories encoded because importance of event caused to encode context.
Example: where you were on 9/11, etc.
Tachistoscope
An instrument often used in cognitive or memory experiments. Presents visual material (words, images) to subjects for a fraction of a second.
Concepts
How one represents the relationship between two things.
Categories of things, events, and qualities that are linked together by a common feature or feature in spite of their differences. "A bird is an animal that has wings."
Organize our world through concepts
Hypotheses
Ideas used to rest relationships and then to form concepts. "Animals with wings are ones that fly."
Mental Set or Set
the preconceived notion of how to look at a problem. Can help future problem solving but also might not be the best method available.
"A bird cage is good for housing birds."
Schema
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; an organized collection of knowledge gathered from prior experiences that includes ideas about specific events or objects and the attributes that accompany them.
New events and objects categorized based on how well they match the existing attributes of schemas.
Scripts
Ideas about the way that events typically unfold
"When people go to the movies, they sit in their seats and be quiet."
Prototypes
The most typical/representative/usual example of a particular concept, event, or object.
"A scientist is someone who is good in math and does not write poetry."
Convergent Thinking
First defined by J. P. Guilford
The type of thinking used to find the one solution to a problem (e.g., math).
Divergent thinking
First defined by J. P. Guilford
Used when more than possibility exists in a situation (e.g., playing chess, creative thinking).
In a group, the presence of a dissenter leads to divergent thinking.
Functional Fixedness
The idea that people develop closed minds about the functions of certain objects; makes it difficult to think of creative uses or to think divergently
Problem Space
the sum total of posible moves that one might make in order to solve a problem.
Algorithm
problem-solving strategy that considers every possible solution and eventually hits on a correct solution.
Pro: testing everything. Con: can be very slow/time consuming
Heuristics
Problem-solving strategies that use rules of thumb for what has worked in the past.
Pro: much faster than algorithm. Con: not testing every possibility, so cannot guarantee a solution.
Metacognition
Thinking about your own thinking
Could involve knowing what strategies to apply and when to apply them, or knowing how to adapt your thinking to new situations.
Mediation
Intervening mental process that occurs between stimulus and response.
Reminds us what to do or how to respond based on ideas or past learning.
Allen Newell & Herbert Simon
Introduced computer simulation models, designed to solve problems the way humans do
1st model: The Logic Theorist. 2nd model: The General Problem Solver
Deductive Reasoning
leads to a specific conclusion that must follow from the information/facts given
characteristic of formal operational thought
Inductive reasoning
leads to general rules that are informed from specifics
"Most of the PhD students I know studied hard for the GRE. Therefore, studying hard probably helps one do well on the test and then get into school."
Atmosphere effect
When a conclusion is influenced by the way the information is phrased
Semantic effect
logical reasoning error
Believing in conclusions because of what you know or think to be correct rather than what logically follows from the information given.
Confirmation Bias
Remember and using information that confirms what you already think
Tendency to search out information that confirms our beliefs and attributions.
Decision making
Working on solving a problem until an acceptable solution is found
Process of reaching a solution is usually based on some assumptions, which can be irrational or rational, and solution usually found by relying on reasoning and/or emotion.
Common techniques: pros/cons list, divination, consulting an expert.
Intelligence
the capacity to use knowledge to improve achievement in an environment
the ability to think, learn, understand, express yourself
Latency
Most frequently used to measure cognitive processing. Also called reaction time (but decreases latency = increased reaction time and vice versa; both measuring the time between the stimulus and the response, just inversely).
Response speed for all types of tasks declines significantly with age
Elizabeth Loftus & Allan Collins
Suggested that people have hierarchical semantic networks in their memory that group together related items. The more closely related two items are, the more closely they are located in the hierarchy, and the more quick;y a subject can link them (i.e., faster reaction time, decreased latency). Ex: people are faster to judge "A canary is a bird" as true than "A toaster is a bird"
Allan Collins & Ross Quillian
Suggested that people make decisions about the relationship between items by searching their cognitive semantic hierarchies. The farther apart in the hierarchy, the longer it will take to see a connection. The searching and cognitive semantic hierarchies has been termed "parallel distributive processing" (for connectionism).
Associations btw pictures versus words?
It takes longer to make associations between pictures than between words, probably because pictures must mentally be put into words before associations can be made.
Semantic Priming
In a word-recognition task, the presentation of a related item (such as "test") before the next item (such as "GRE"). Semantic priming decreases reaction time because it activates the node of the second item in the semantic hierarchy. In contrast, it would take longer for subjects to recognize the acronym "GRE" if it were preceeded by the word "lobster" rather than "test".
Stroop Effect
explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of the ink and the word itself are of different colors.
Used as a cognitive test
Bottom-up versus top-down processing
recognizing an item or pattern from data or details (data driven).
Opposed to top-down processing--> processing guided by larger concepts
Automatic processing
when a task is done effortlessly because the task is subsumed under a higher organization process.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Claims that bodily reactions to situations cause emotion. First, physiological responses are present in situations (crying, fleeing, trembling); THEN we feel emotion that comes with those bodily reactions. E.g., we feel scared because we are trembling.
The Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
also known as "emergency theory"
asserts that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously. In emotional situations, our body is cued to react in the brain (emotion) and in the body (biological response). E.g., we tremble and feel scared in response to danger.
Schachter-Singer Theory
Cognitive theory of emotion similar to the James-Lang theory, asserts that emotions are the product of physiological reactions. Add the idea of cognitions-- a particular body state is felt, and since many different situations produce similar bodily reactions, how we interpret the state is key. The cognition we attach to a situation determines the emotion we feel in response to physiological arousal.
Sensation versus perception
Sensation: the feeling that results from physical sensation
Perception: How we organize or experience the sensations
3 steps of sensation
Reception: takes place when receptors for a particular sense detect a stimulus. The *receptive field* is the part of the world that triggers a particular neuron.
Sensory transduction: the process in which physical sensation is changed into electrical messages.
Electrical information travels down neural pathways to the brain.
Nativist theory
Asserts that perception and cognition are largely innate
Structuralist theory
asserts that perception is the sum total of sensory input. The world is understood through *bottom-up processing*
Gestalt psychology
revolves around perception. States that people tend to see the world as comprised of organized wholes (i.e., the world is understood through *top down processing*
James Gibson
described *perceptual development* as the increasing ability of a child to make finer discriminations among stimuli.
The *optic array*, or all of the things a person sees, trains people to perceive
Cornea, lens, ciliary muscles, retina
Cornea: clear protective coating on the outside of the eye.
Lens: located behind the cornea. Ciliary muscles allow it to bend (accomodate) in order to focus an image of the outside world onto the retina.
Retina: located on back of the eye, recieves light images from lens. Composed of ~132mill photoreceptor cells and other cell layers that process info.
Receptor cells (eye)
On retina. Responsible for sensory transduction (converting image into electrical message for brain).
Happens through chemical alteration of *photopigments*.
Light passes through receptors > horizontal cells > bipolar cells > amacrine cells > ganglion cells, which make up optic nerve
After light passes through the receptors in the eye...
Travels through *horizontal cells* in the retina to the bipolar cells to the amacrine cells. Some info processing likely takes place along the way. Then info heads to ganglion cells, which make up the optic nerve.
Horizontal cells
Lateral interneurons in the retina that pass information from the photoreceptor cells to the bipolar cells. Modify the responses of bipolar and ganglion cells.
Responsible for allowing eye to adjust to seeing in both bright and dim light conditions.
Bipolar retina cells
part of the retina, transmitting info from horizontal cells/photoreceptor cells to the ganglion cells (either directly through their own axes or through amacrine cells).
Called bipolar because have a basic cell body with 2 extensions.
Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses.
Amacrine cells (retina)
Interneurons in retina, responsible for 70% of input to retinal ganglion cells. Bipolar cells, which are responsible for the other 30% of input to retinal ganglia, are regulated by amacrine cells.
Work laterally (like horizontal cells), most lacking an axon.
Visual pathway
One *optic nerve* connecting each eye to the brain. Along the pathway is an *optic chasm* where half of the fibers from the optic nerve of each eye cross over and join the optic nerve from the other eye- pathways are 50% crossed. Ensures that input from each eye will come together for a full picture in the brain. A stimulus in the left visual field is processed in the right side of the brain, & vice versa. After the optic chasm, the info travels through the *striate cortex* to the *visual association areas* of the cortex.
Visual pathway
Opponent-color / Opponent-process theory (def & person)
theory for color vision proposed by *Ewald Hering*.
Suggests that two types of color-sensitive cells exist: cones for blue-yellow colors and cones for red-green. When one color of the pair on a cone is stimulated, the other in inhibited. Explains why don't see reddish-green colors. Also why if look at something red, will see a green *afterimage*. Seems to be active in the lateral geniculate body.
Tri-color/component theory (ppl & def)
theory for color vision proposed by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz.
Suggests that there are 3 types of receptors in the retina: cones that respond to red, blue, or green.
Seems to be at work in the retina.
Lateral inhibition (general & visual system)
allows the eye to see contrast and prevents repetitive information from being sent to the brain.
Capacity of an excited neuron to reduce/inhibit the action potential from neighboring neurons to gain more specificity in a stimulus location.
David Hubel & Torston Weisel
Discovered that cells in the visual cortex are so complex and specialized that they may respond only to certain types of stimuli.
Ex: some cells respond only to vertical lines, whereas some only respond to right angles, etc.
Visual field
Refers to the entire span that can be perceived or detected by the eye at a given moment.
Figure and ground relationship
Relationship between the meaningful part of a picture (the figure) and the background (the ground).
Depth Perception (methods/cues)
Can use monocular and binocular cues. Binocular disparity (viewing objects from 2 slightly different angles to create 3D mental picture); apparent size; interposition (overlap of objects); linear perspective (parallel lines converging in distance); texture gradient (seeing texture/fine detail differently at distances); motion parallax (movement perceived through the displacement of objects over time, and how motion takes place at seemingly different paces for nearby or faraway objects).
Motion parallax
Method of monocular depth perception
How movement is perceived through the displacement of objects over time, and how this motion takes place at seemingly different paces for nearby or faraway objects. Ships far away seem to move more slowly than nearby ships moving at the same speed.
Visual cliff (def & people)
developed by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk, used for stuyding whether depth perception is innate.
Thick layer of glass over a surface that dropped off sharply. Glass provided stable thing to walk on, but babies and animals avoided it regardless.
McCollough Effect
Also known as "afterimages"
perceived because of fatigued receptors. Eyes have partially oppositional system for seeing colors (red/green, black/white), once one side can get overstimulated and fatigued, it can no longer respond and is overshadowed by its opposite. Hence why see a dark afterimage after staring at a white light.
Dark adaptation
Eyes adapting to darkness; the result of regeneration of retinal pigment. Rhodopsin, a biological pigment in the photoreceptors of the retina, immediately photobleaches in response to light. Rods are more sensitive to light and take longer to fully adapt to the change in light. Rods' photopigments regenerate more slowly and do not reach maximum sensitivity for about 30 min. Cones take 9-10 min to adapt to dark.
Pragnanz
overarching Gestalt idea that experience will be organized as meaningful, symmetrical, and simple whenever possible
Specific Gestalt ideas: closure (tendency to complete incomplete figures); proximity (tendency to group together close items); continuation (tendency to create a whole or detailed figures based on expectations not reality); symmetry (to make figures out of symmetrical images); constancy (people percieve objects int eh way that they are familiar with them, rather than by actual retinal image. Knowing that a book is a rectangle even when viewed from strange angle); minimum principle (tendency to see what is easiest or most logical to see).
Phi phenomenon
The tendency to perceive smooth motion. Explains why motion is inferred when there actually is none, often by use of flashing lights or rapidly shown still-frame pictures (cartoons). Example of *apparent motion*.
Müller-Lyer Illusion
Shows two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal bc of the orientation of the arrow marks at the end
>-----<
<----->
Ponzo Illusion
When two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of two vertical lines that slant inward
Autokinetic effect
The way a single point of light viewed in darkness with appear to shake or move
Reason: constant movements of our own eyes
Purkinje shift
The way that perceived color brightness changes with the level of illumination in the room. With lower levels of illumination, the extremes of the color spectrum (especially red) seem less bright.
Pattern recognition
Most often explained by template matching and feature distinction.
To pick the letter O out of a page of letters, we would probably first only concentrate on letters would rounded edges and then look for one to match a typical O
Prosopagnosia
the inability to recognize faces
Know they are looking at a face, but cannot tell whose face they are seeing. Describe seeing a jumble of facial features (like a Picasso painting).
Robert Fantz
Found that infants prefer relatively complex and sensical displays.
Threshold
Addresses minimum levels of stimulation that are needed for detection.
Absolute threshold
The minimum about of a stimuli that can be detected *50%* of the time.
Differential threshold (def & person)
(Also known as "just noticeable difference" or JND): the minimum difference that must ocur between two stimuli in order for them to be perceived as having different intensities. Defined by E.H. Weber.
Terminal threshold
The upper limit above which the stimuli can no longer be perceived. Example: the lowest pitch sound a human can hear is the absolute threshold, whereas the highest pitch sound a human can hear is the terminal threshold.
Weber's law
Applies to all senses but only to a limited range of intensities.
States that a stimulus needs to be increased by a constant fraction of its original value in order to be noticed as noticeably different.
K (the constant fraction) = Delta I (increase in intensity needed for jnd) / I (original intensity)
Fechner's law
Built on Weber's law, more complicated.
Generally states that the strength of a stimulus must be significantly increased to produce a slight difference in sensation. Or, subjective sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity.
S (sensation strength) = k log R (log of the original intensity)
J.A. Swet's Theory of Signal Detection (TSD)
suggests that subjects detect stimuli not only because they can but also because they want to (factors in motivation, helps explain why subjects respond inconsistently). Individuals are partly motivated by rewards and costs in detection--> "response bias". Interplay btw response bias and stimulus intensity determines responses.
Interplay between response bias and stimulus intensity
False alarm: saying that you detect a stimulus that is not there; A hit: correctly sensing a stimulus; a miss: failing to detect a present stimulus; A correct rejection: rightly stating that there is no stimulus
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves: graphical representations of a subject's sensitivity to a stimulus.
Amplitude, frequency, timbre (sound)
Amplitude (physical intensity) of a sound wave determines *loudness*
Frequency (the pace of the vibrations/sound wavs per second), determines *pitch*. Low frequency is perceived as low pitch/tone, and vice versa. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), and humans best hear frequencies around 1000 Hz.
Timbre comes from the complexity of the sound wave.
ear diagram
Outer ear
Consists of pinna (ear that you can see) and the auditory canal. Vibrations from sound move down this canal to the middle ear.
Middle ear
Begins with the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which is stretched across the auditory canal. Behind the membrane are the *ossicles*: malleus, incus, and stapes. Sound vibrations bump against the tympanic membrane, causing the ossicles to vibrate.
Inner Ear
The inner ear is responsible for both hearing and balance. It behind with the oval window, which is tapped by the stapes. These vibrations then activate the fluid-filled, snail-shell-like cochlea, which contain the ear parts for hearing (the basilar membrane and the organ of corti). The movement of the cochlear fluid activates the cilia cell receptors (?) on the basilar membrane and the organ of corti. This movement on the basilar membrane is called the travelling wave. The vestibular sacs (also respond to hair movement) are sensitive to tilt and provide sense of balance.
Auditory transduction
Receptor cells in the inner ear activate nerve cells that change the info into an electrical message that the brain can process. Auditory system that leads to the auditory cortex consists of: olivary nucleus, the inferior colliculus, and the medial geniculate body.
Place-resonance theory
Proposed by Hermann von Helmholtz: different parts of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
Sound localization
Degree to which one of our ears hears a sound prior to/more intensely than the other gives info about the origin of a sound.
High frequency sounds are localized by intensity differences, and low frequency sounds are localized by phase difference.
Dichotic presentation
Often used in studies looking at auditory perception and selective attention
Subject is presented with a different verbal message in each ear, then asked to shadow (repeat) one of the messages to ensure that the other message is not consciously attended to.
Papillae
In the skin, detect pain, tickling, itching, and temperature changes.
Dendrites that lack any apparent structural specialization.
Meissner's corpuscles
Receptors in the skin that detect touch or contact. Located in different areas of the skin, but are concentrated in areas that are especially sensitive to light touch.
Pacinian corpsucles
Touch receptors that respond quickly to displacements of skin (pressure, vibration, etc)
Two-point threshold
The miniumum distance at which two stimuli (i.e., two simultaneous touches), can be distinguished
For touch, largely determined by the density and layout of nerves in the skin.
Physiological zero
The temperature that is sensed as neither warm nor cold.
Gate control theory of pain
proposed by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall
Looks at pain as a process rather than just a simple sensation governed in one center in the brain. Assert that pain perception is related to the interaction of large and small nerve fibers that run to and from the spine. Pain may or may not be perceived depending on different factors, including cognition.
Endorphins
Neuromodulators that reduce or eliminate the perception of pain
Orienting reflex
The tendency to turn towards an object that has touched you; generally, an unlearned response of attending to a stimulus.
Simulations
Perceptual cues to make artificial situations seem real.
Proprioception
Also called kinesthetic sense. Information from receptors in joints and muscles that tells us about the positioning of our own body.
Osmoreceptors
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Pathway that runs to and from the CNS
*Afferent* fibers run TOWARD the CNS, and *efferent* fibers run AWAY from the CNS. (ex=away, ad=towards)
Made up of 2 parts: Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
interacts with the external environment by controlling voluntary movements of striated (striped/streaked) muscles.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Part of the PNS
interacts with the internal environment and is responsible for the fight/flight response. Controls involuntary functions including movement of smooth muscles, digestion, blood circulation, and breathing. ANS has 2 parts: 1) sympathetic nervous system & 2) parasympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system > autonomic nervous system > sympathetic nervous system
controls arousal mechanisms such as blood circulation, pupil dilation, threat and fear response. Lie detector tests rely on premise that lying actives sympathetic nervous system and causes increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration.
Parasympathetic nervous system
responsible for recuperation after arousal; lowers heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, etc.
Spinal cord
Spine consists of inner core of grey matter (cell bodies and dendrites) and an outer covering of white matter (nerve fibers, axon bundles, myelin sheathing) that go to and from the brain.
Nervous system diagram
metencephalon (contains pons and cerebellum);
reticular formation (base located in the hindbrain, rest in the midbrain).
Myelencephalon
Mainly controls reflexes but also controls sleep, attention, and movement.
Metencephalon
Includes the pons ("bridge" - connects the brain to the spine, involved in sleep and waking)
Includes cerebellum (involved in muscle coordination, balance, posture, etc).
Reticular formation
Base located in the hindbrain and the rest in the midbrain
considered the oldest part of the brain. Controls alertness/arousal, sleep, thirst, and involuntary muscles like the heart.
Mesencephalon
The midbrain
Includes the tectum (controls vision and hearing) & tegmentum (houses the rest of the reticular formation, involved in sensorimotor system, and analgesic effect of opiates.
Tectum
Tegmentum
The "floor" of the midbrain
Houses the rest of the reticular formation (part not in the hindbrain), which controls alrtness, thirst, sleep, involuntary muscle movements like heart beating.
Also involved in the sensorimotor system, and in analgesic effect of opiates
Can be divided into diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus) and the telencephalon (basically rest of the forebrain).
Diencephalon
Part of forebrain; composed of thalamus and hypothalamus.
Thalamus: channels sensory information to the cerebral cortex ("relay center" of the brain).
Hypothalamus: controls ANS biological motivations, such as hunger and thirst, and the pituitary gland.
Corticospinal tract
Connections between the brain and spine.
Pituitary gland
the "master gland" of the endocrine/hormone system.
Telencephalon
In forebrain, composed of the limbic system, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus
Limbic system
Forebrain > telencephalon
Group of structures around the brain stem involved in the 4 Fs: fleeing, feeding, fighting, fucking.
Hippocampus
Forebrain > telencephalon
Involved in memory; specifically transferring short term memory into long term memory. New neurons can for in the hippocampus of the adult mammalian brain.
Amygdala
Controls emotion reactions such as fear and anger.
Cingulate Gyrus
links areas in the brain dealing with emotions and decisions.
Cerebral cortex
Part of the forebrain; the outer half-inch of the cerebral hemispheres. Control and processing center of the brain-- involved in sensory and intellectual functions and split into lobes.
90% of the cerebral cortex is *neocortex* (new in evolution, 6 layers); other 10% has fewer layers and is more primitive.
Controls speech, reasoning, and problem solving. Houses Broca's area for speech.
Occipital lobe
Tough connective tissues that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. 3 layers:
1) Dura Mater; 2) Arachnoid Mater; 3) Pia mater.
Ventricles
Spaces within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that insulate the brain from shock
Superior Colliculus
Controls visual reflexes. Appears as a bump on the brainstem.
Inferior colliculus
Controls auditory reflexes. Appears as a bump on the brainstem.
Collection of grey matter nuclear masses that control large, voluntary muscle movements. Degeneration related to motor dysfunction in Parkinson's & Huntington's
Cortical Association Areas
Areas on the cortex that correspond to certain functions. The larger the area, the more sensitive and highly accessed is the corresponding function. Damage to particular areas would result in certain dysfunction, including: Apraxia, agnosia, aphasia, alexia, and agraphia.
Apraxia, agnosia, aphasia, alexia, and agraphia
Apraxia: inability to recognize movement. Agnosia: difficulty processing sensory information. Aphasia: language disorder. Alexia: inability to read. Agraphia: inability to write,
Broca's aphasia
Caused by damage to broca's area of the brain, located in the left frontal lobe. Can understand speech but have difficulty speaking (often speaking slowly and laboriously and omitting words).
Wernicke's aphasia
Caused by damage to Wernicke's area of the brain, located in the left temporal lobe. Can speak but no longer understands how to correctly choose words. Speech is fluent but nonsensical.
Hyperphagia
Overeating with no satiation of hunger. Leads to obesity. Damage to ventromedial region of hypothalamus has caused this in animals.
Sham rage
Incredible rage easily provoked when the cerebral cortex is removed.
Stereotaxic instruments
Used to implant electrodes into animals' brains in experiments.
fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
measures oxygen flow in different areas of the brain. Used most frequently in cognitive psychology research to measure activity in different brain regions during certain tasks.
PET
scans glucose metabolism to measure activity in various brain regions.
Neuron- basic unit of the nervous system
Soma
Cell body of a neuron
Largest central portion, makes up *grey matter*
Has a nucleus which directs the neuron's activity
Axon Hillock
Where the soma and the axon connect
Axon
Transmits impulses of the neuron
Bundles of these are nerve fibers, which are known as *white matter*.
The wider a nerve fiber, the faster the conduction of impulses (more myelin sheath, insulation).
Myelin Sheath
Fatty, insulating sheath on some axons that allows faster conduction of axon impulses
Looks like beads on a string
Nodes of Ranvier
Small breaks in myelin that provide a place for ionic interchange
Look like small dips on axons in myelin sheath
Terminal Buttons
Small nodules at the ends of axons that release chemical signals from the neuron to the synapse
Contain *synaptic vessels* which hold neurotransmitters (chemicals that stimulate nearby cells).
Cell membrane
Covers the whole neuron and has selective permeability. Sometimes lets positive charges (ions) through.
Ion, Cation, Anion
The space between two neurons where they communicate
Presynaptic cell: the end of one neuron (terminal buttons)
Postsynaptic cell: beginning of another neuron (dendrites)
Glial Cells (2 types)
Cells in the nervous system. Mainly provide support for neurons
Oligodendrocytes: provide myelin in the CNS (CONS?)
Schwann cells: provide myelin in the PNS
Stable (constant) negative charge when the cell is inactive. Cell membrane does not let positive charges (ions) in.
Postsynaptic potentials (2 forms)
The changes in a nerve cell's charge as a result of stimulation.
Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP): positive charges allowed in-- *depolarization*. Increases the chance that a cell will fire.
Inhibitory (IPSP): positive charges in cell body let out, becomes hyperpolarized (even less likely that the cell will fire)
Action potential
Brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
Begins when a cell becomes stimulated with enough positive ions and "fires"
The all-or-none law
Once a minimum threshold for stimulation is met, the nerve impulse (action potential) will be sent. The intensity of the nerve impulse is always the same, regardless of the amount of stimulation. Intensity of the signal is indicated by how many signals are fired, not by how strong the signals are.
Saltatory conduction
As the action potential travels down the axon, it frequently "jumps" from one node of Ranvier to the next because of the increased insulation provided by the myelin sheath.
Absolute refractory period
The time after a neuron fires in which it cannot respond to stimulation.
The relative refractory period
the time after the absolute refractory period when the neuron can fire, but needs a much stronger stimulus.
Reuptake
Neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles (presynaptic cell).
If no reuptake, NTs deactivated by enzymes.
Clears the synaptic gap for next firing-- otherwise would have constantly firing neurons.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to cause the contraction of skeletal muscles.
Also involved in the PNS, attention, arousal, memory.
Endorphins
Linked to pleasure and analgesia (pain blocking)
Exogenous endorphins (like morphine or heroin) are highly addictive
Monoamines
Comprise 2 classes of NTs
Indolamines (ex: serotonin).
Catecholamines (ex: dopamine). Too little assoc w. Parkinson's, too much w schizophrenia. Involved in feelings of reward, linked to addiction
Amino acids
Building block of proteins. Frequently present in fast-acting, directed synapses. 2 important types of NTs:
1) Glutamate--> most excitatory NT in the nervous system. 2) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): most abundant inhibitory NT in the nervous system
Neuromodulators
similar to NTs but cause long-term changes in the post-synaptic cells
Agonists
Agonists of a specific NT INCREASE the effects of that NT. Ex: SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) increase 5-HT activity.
Antogonists
DECREASE the effects of an NT. Ex: Botox is an acetylcholine antagonist that decreases muscle activity where it's administered.
Pituitary gland
H-Y Antigen
Type of organizational hormone
Presence during development (six weeks after conception) causes a fetus to develop into a male w/development of testes (the absence causes the fetus to develop into a female). 3 months after conception, testes secrete testosterone, formation of the rest of the male reproductive system. Absence=creation of the female reproductive system.
Androgens & estrogen
Androgens in males (e.g., testosterone) & estrogen in females during puberty causes primary and secondary sexual characteristics to develop
Also involved in menarche
LH & FSH
Types of activational hormones. Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone change throughout the month. Regulate development of ovum and trigger ovulation. In maks, regulate the development of sperm cells and production of testosterone
Oxytocin
Type of activational hormone
released from the pituitary, facilitates birth and breast feeding; also involved in pair bonding (e.g., mother to child, romantic partners).
Vasopressin
helps to regulate water levels in the body and therefore also helps to regulate blood pressure
Thyroid stimulating hormone
stress hormone that increases the production of androgens and cortisol.
Electroencephalograms (EEGs)
Measure brain wave patterns, make it possible to studying sleeping and waking states.
Non-REM sleep: Stage 0
~30min to pass through these 4 stages of sleep (all non-REM)
Stage 0: pre-sleep, low-amplitude and fast-frequency alpha waves (neural synchrony; also beta waves). Person is relaxed and drowsy, eyes closed.
Non-Rem Sleep: Stage 1
Stage 1: Eyes begin to roll; alpha waves change to *theta waves* (lower amplitude, slower frequency)
Non-REM sleep: Stage 2
Stage 2: theta wave stage, fast frequency bursts of brain activity called *sleep spindles*; also marked by muscle tension and gradual decline in heart rate, respiration, and temperature.
Non-REM sleep: Stage 3
Stage 3: ~30 min after falling asleep, fewer sleep spindles; high-amplitude and low-frequency delta waves appearing.
Non-REM sleep: Stage 4
Delta waves occurring more than 50% of the time (deepest level of sleep). Heart rate, respiration, temperature and blood flow to brain are reduced and growth hormones are secreted. Person roused from this stage of sleep will be groggy and confused.
REM sleep
~20% sleep time in REM. Interpsersed with non-REM sleep every 30-40 min throughout the night. Dreaming time. Characterized by the same fast-frequency, low-amplitude *beta waves* that characterize waking states (also known as neural synchrony). Beta waves and physio signs indicate waking, but very low muscle tone, almost paralysis, with sudden twitches of face and hands. Can last from 15min @ beginning of cycle to 1 hr @ end
Rebound effect
Occurs when people are deprived of REM sleep
Compensate by spending more time in REM sleep later in the night.
How many sleep cycles will a person complete in an average night?
4-6 complete cycles. Each cycle lasting ~90 minutes. Early in the night, most of the time in spent in Stage 3 & 4 sleep. Stage 2 and REM sleep predominate later in the night.
Sleeping difference by age?
Infants sleep ~16 hours/day, whereas most elderly people sleep ~6 hours/day
REM sleep comprises ~half of total sleep at birth, but eventually decreases to 25%.
EEG graph
The study of animal behaviors, especially innate behaviors that occur in a natural habitat.
Charles Darwin
Made the concept of evolution scientifically plausible by assering that natural selection was at its core.
Konrad Lorenz
Won the nobel prize in 1973 with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch for work in *ethology*
Founder of ethology as a distinct research area, created terminology and theory in field.
Best known for work with IMPRINTING
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz discovered. Found that in certain species (most often birds), young attach to (imprint) on the first moving object they see after birth. Attachment most commonly displayed by a following response (in which the young chicks will follow their first contact. Also found that imprinting was subject to a sensitive learning period, after which imprinting would not occur.
Animal aggression
Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinct, fueled debate over innate behavior. Drawing from Darwin's theory of natural selection, argued that certain kinds of aggression were necessary for the survival of the species. Contrary to most psychologists, argued that aggressive behavior is instrinctual (not learned) and that even human intraspecies aggression can be explained through survival needs.
Releasing stimuli
Releasing stimulus in one individual of a species elicits an automatic, instrinctual chain of behaviors from another individual in the same species. Lorenz called these elicited chains of behaviors "fixed action patterns". Lorenz did earliest work with, later continued by Tinbergen.
*Fixed action patterns*
As conceived by Lorenz, FAPs are instinctual, complex chains of behaviors triggered by releasing stimuli. 4 defining characteristics: 1) they are uniform patterns 2) they are performed by most members of the species 3) they are more complex than simple reflexes 4) they cannot be interrupted or stopped in the middle.
Nikolaas Tinbergen
Won nobel prize for ethology in 1973; one of the founders of modern ethology. Best known for his use of models in naturalistic settings. Continued Lorenz's work with releasing stimuli. Most famous experiments involved stickleback fish and herring gull chicks.
Nikolaas Tinbergen & stickleback fish
In spring, male stickleback fish develop a red belly, and they fight with one another. NT hypothesized that the red belly acted as a *releasing stimulus* for the attacks. Built various models of stickleback fish, ranging from v crude w just a red belly to v detailed w/o red belly. Found that attacked red bellied males.
Nikolaas Tinbergen & herring gull chicks
Chicks peck at the end of parents' bills, which have a red spot on tip; then parent regurgitates food for chick. Hypothesized that the red spot on the bill is what signals chick to peck at particular spot. Made 2 models, 1 with red spot, 1 w/o, chicks only peck at red spot model. Found that the greater the contrast btw the bill and the red spot, the more vigorously the chicks pecked, even if unnatural. Concept of "supernormal sign stimulus".
Supernormal sign stimulus
Artifical stimuli that exaggerate the naturally occurring sign stimulus or releaser. Even more effective than the natural releaser.
Example: the red spot on the red herring gull's beak that the chicks peck at.
Karl von Frisch
Won nobel prize in 1973; Major figure in study of animal behavior. Most famous for discovery that honeybees communicate through a dance.
Also studied the senses of fish.
Walter Cannon
Coined the term "fight or flight", referring to the internal physiological changes that occur in an organism in response to perceived threat (increase in heart rate or respiration). Changes help provide the animal with necessary resources to either fight or flee the threat. Also proposed the idea of homeostasis, the internal regulation of body to maintain equilibrium (e.g., decrease the heart rate after the perceived threat is no longer present).
Gamete
A mature sexual reproductive cell (sperm or an egg)
HAPLOID --> contains 23 single chromosomes
Nucleus of human cells
Having two copies of every chromosome (23 pairs)
Genotype
The total of all genetic material that the offspring receives (23 pairs/46 total chromosomes). The specific allele composition of a cell -- either of the entire cell or of a certain gene/set of genes
includes both dominant and recessive genes. Combination makes up *alleles*
Allele
pairs of chromosomes that make up combinations of dominan/recessive gene combinations.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Genetic drift
How particular genotypes are selected out or eliminated from a population over time
Explained by Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Fitness
The ability to reproduce and pass on genes
Inclusive fitness
Idea that animals will be invested in the survival not only of their own genes but also in the genes of their kin.
Kin selection creates inclusive fitness.
Instinctual/Innate behaviors
Present in all normals members of a species
Stereotypic in form throughout members of species, even when performed for first time
Independent of learning or experience
Biological clocks
Internal rhythms that keep an animal in sync with the environment
Circadian rhythms
Endogenous rhythms that revolve around a 24-hour time period.
Other types of internal clocks: circannual, lunar, tidal.
Courting
Refers to behaviors that precede sexual acts that lead to reproduction.
Serves the purpose of attracting a mate and isolating a mate of the same species
Displacement activities (irrelevant behaviors)
Behaviors that seem out of place, illogical, have no particular survival function.
Ex: scratching your head when you're trying to decide something.
Estrus
The period in which a female of the species is sexually receptive (usually used to describe non-human mammals)
Instinctual drift
Occurs when an animal replaces a trained or forced response with a natural or instinctive response
Pheromones
Chemicals detected by the vomeronasal organ that act as messengers between animals. Thought to be a primitive form of communications. Can transmit states such as fear or sexual receptiveness.
Reproductive isolating mechanisms (4 types)
Serve to prevent inbreeding between two different (but closely related and possibly genetically compatible) species.
Four types of isolation: behavioral (courtship or display behavior allows to determine mate within own species); geographic isolation (tend to breed in diff areas); mechanical (incompatible genitals); isolation by season (mate in different seasons).
Sensitive/critical learning periods
Times when a developing animal is particularly vulnerable to the effects of learning (or lack thereof).
Ex: birds' songs. If reared in isolation during critical learning period, do not learn their song.
Also imprinting- if imprint on wrong animal, will always follow/attempt to mate with that type of animal, regardless of later experience.
Sexual dimorphism
Structural differences between the sexes. Has arisen through both natural and sexual selections (form of natural selection in which not the fittest win out, but the ones with the greatest chance of being chosen as a mate-- most attractive, best fighters/courters, etc)
Sexual selection
Type of natural selection according to Darwin in "The Descent of Man" (1871). In sexual selection, it is not the fittest that necessarily win out, but rather those with the greatest change of being chosen as a mate (usually the best fighters the best courters, most attractive individuals, etc)
Selective breeding
Contrived breeding. Mates are intentionally paired to increase the chances of producing offspring with particular traits.
Comparative psychology
Using research studies to compare different species in order to learn about their similarities and differences. Psychology drawing from animal studies to gain insight into human functioning.
Honeybee communication (details & person)
Karl von Frisch discovered that bees communicate through "dance". When finds food, conveys location at the hive through series of movements. Round dance (circular motion)=food very nearby; waggle dance = food farther away. The longer the dance, father the food, and more vigorous the display, the better the food. Dance is performed on vertical sheets of the hive, and the angle btw a perfectly vertical line and the direction the bee orients when dancing is the same angle as between the sun and the food source. (same dance for potential nesting sites).
Honeybee navigation
Discovered by Karl von Frisch
Bees can use landmarks, sun, polarized light, and magnetic fields as navigational guides.
Honeybee hierarchy
Karl von Frisch
1 queen bee emerged, produces chemical that suppresses ovaries in all other females. Constantly tended to and fed by all other bees (female worker bees), and in spring, lays thousands of eggs. As eggs mature, scouts find new hive site for the old queen and workers, and when new queen is ready to emerge, old queen and crew depart for new site.
Honeybee mating
Karl von Frisch
Very few male bees (drones) produced-- only purpose is to mate with the queen. Same mating areas used year after year even though no bee survives from one year to the next. Not known how they know to gather in the nearest mating site.
Honeybee flower selection
Bees can see ultraviolet light, so see flower coloration in a more complex way than humans do. Karl von Frisch found that honeybees could see certain markers on flowers (honeyguides) that people could not.
Types of animal navigation
Celestial navigation (can be moved and can correct; birds and bees); atmospheric pressure (pigeons sensitive to altitude); infrasound (pigeons can hear extremely low-frequency sounds that humans cannot--ex surf, could use as a cue); magnetic sense (pigeons and bees); sun compass (pigeons and bees); star compass (birds); polarized light (bees can use position of sun even when sun obscured by clouds).
Echolocation
Most sophisticated type of perception, which generally replaces sight. Used by marine mammals (dolphins) and land animals (bats). Bats emit high frequency burst of sound and locate nearby objects from the echo that bounces off those objects. Extremely precise and accurate.
Owl perception
Hearing similar to humans, and judge distances and direction by comparing the differing intensities and arrival times at the two ears. Much better than humans at determining elevation of source of sound though, bc their ears are asymmetrical (one higher than other), sound from above or below will reach the different ears at different times and with different intensities.
Wolfgang Köhler
Did experiments with chimpanzees and insight in problem solving. Gestalt psychologist, asserted that by perceiving the whole situation able to create novel solutions to problems (rather than just solving by trial and error). DId experiments which required chimps to use tools or create props.
Moment of insight described as the "aha experience"
Harry Harlow
Researched development with rhesus monkeys; most important results with social isolation and maternal stimulation.
Social isolation in rhesus monkeys
Harry Harlow. Found that monkeys raised in social isolation (compared to peer group) had poorer social development. When brought back together with other monkeys, did not display normal sexual functioning and female monkeys lacked maternal behaviors.
Contact comfort in rhesus monkeys
Harry Harlow studied phenomenon of contact comfort. Separated at birth from their mothers, placed in cages with "surrogate" mothers-- either plain wire monkey with bottle or soft towel body with no bottle. Infant connected most with towel mother, ran to when afraid etc- only used wire mother for feeding. Idea that attachment forms through comforting experience, not just feeding.
Learning to learn
Harry Harlow in experiments with rhesus monkeys found that monkeys became better at learning tasks as they acquired different learning experiences. Eventually, could learn after only 1 trial -- "learning to learn"
R.C. Tyron
Selectively bred "maze bright" and "maze dull" rats to demonstrate heritability of behavior.
R.M. Cooper & John Zubek
Demonstrated interaction between heredity and environment
Selectively bred bright rats performed better than dull rats in maze condition only when both rats raised in normal conditions; but both did well in enriched environments (lots of food and activities); and both did poorly in impoverished environment.
Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike, concept of instrumental learning (through trail, error, and accidental success).
LoE: successful behaviors are likely to be repeated. Demonstrated with cats in puzzle boxes, learning to press escape door lever to get out.
Cross fostering experiments
Attempt to separate effects of heredity and environment. Creating groups were can separate out heredity and environment, so know which to attribute the behavior to.
Eric Kandel
Studied the sea slug Aplysia, chose because of its few, large, easily identifiable nerve cells. Posited that learning and memory are evidence by changes in synapses and neural pathways.
Basics of psychoanalytic theory
Views *conflict* as central to human nature. Conflict is between different *drives* (conscious and unconscious) vying for expression. The individual is motivated by *drive reduction*. Freud=main figure. Originally thought that main conflict btw *libido* (sexual force) and *ego*. Later said btw Eros (life instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, including self-destructive behaviors).
Eros vs Thanatos
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, his second idea for main conflict of drives. Eros=the life instinct, including sex and love; and thanatos=the death instinct, including self-destructive behavior.
Topographic model of mental life
Part of Freud's first psychoanalytic theory
In which conscious elements were openly acknowledged forces, and unconscious elements, such as drives and wishes, which were many layers below consciousness.
Structural model of mental life
Freud's revised psychoanalytic theory; referring to mental life having a particular organization, rather than layers. 3 main components: Ego, Id, and Superego.
Psychological functioning consists of push and pull between 3 competing forces; how well handles it determines mental health.
Ego, Id, and Superego
*Ego:* the part of the mind that mediates between the environment and the pressures of the id and the superego. *Id:* the part of the mind that contains the unconscious biological drives and wishes. At birth, mental life is only id and biological drives. With development, starts to include unconscious wishes. *Superego:* Part of mind that imposes learned or socialized drives. Not born with; develops over time, influenced by moral and parental training.
Psychic determinism
Idea that pathological behavior, dreams and unconscious behaviors that are abnormal are all symptoms of underlying, unresolved conflict, manifested when the ego does not find acceptable ways to express conflict.
Freud's therapeutic methods
Initially used hypnosis (borrowed from Jean Charcot and Pierre Janet), then used free association (developed with Joseph Breuer)-- when patient reports thoughts without censure or guidance Idea that unconscious ideas always trying to find a way out.
Discharge of emotion=catharsis or abreaction.
Transference
Central idea to Freud's analytic theory
Idea that patients would react to therapist the way they would to their parents. Therapist-patient relationship serves as a metaphor for patient's repressed emotions about their parents, and as a way of examining those unconscious theories
Countertransference
Part of Freud's analytic theory
Refers to how a therapist feels about his or her patient.
Object relations therapy
When the therapist uses the patient's transference to help him or her solve problems that were the result of previous relationships by correcting the emotional experience in the therapist-patient relationship.
Goal of psychoanalytic therapy
Patients come 4-5x/wk, as opposed to 2x/wk for most other therapies
Aims to lessen the unconscious pressures on the individual by making as much of this material as conscious as possible. Idea that it will allow the ego to be a better mediator of forces.
Criticisms of psychoanalytic theory
Freud most often criticized for his methodology. Developed theories from single case studies of women in the late 1800s and early 1900s; not the scientific method.
Aggression
In psychoanalytic theory, a central force in humans that must find a socially acceptable outlet.
Defense mechanism
In psychoanalytic theory, a way which the ego protects itself from threatening unconscious material or environmental forces. Examples: repression/denial, rationalization, projection, displacement, reaction formation, compensation, sublimination, identification, undoing, countertransference, and dreams.
Displacement
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Shifting unacceptable feelings or actions to a less threatening recipient.
Reaction formation
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Embracing feelings or behaviors opposite to the true threatening feelings that one has.
Compensation
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Excelling in one area to make up for shortcomings in another.
Sublimination
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Channeling threatening drives into acceptable outlets.
Undoing
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Performing an often ritualistic activity in order to relieve anxiety about unconscious drives.
Identification
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Imitating a central figure in one's life, such as a parent.
Dreams (Freud)
In psychoanalytic theory, a type of defense mechanism. Seen as safe outlets for unconscious material and wish-fulfillment. Manifest content (the actual content of the dream) provides info about latent content (the unconscious forces the dreams are trying to express).
Primary process
Also known as *the pleasure principle*. The human motivation to seek pleasure and avoid pain; particularly salient early in life. The main principle by which the *id* operates.
Secondary process
Also known as the *reality principle*. Guided by the ego and responds to the demands of the environment by delaying gratification.
Screen memory
Memories that serve as representations of important childhood experiences (psychoanalytic theory).
Individual theory
Also known as Adlerian theory, proposed by Alfred Adler. People are viewed as creative, social, and whole, as opposed to Freud's more negative and structural approach. Described people as in the process of "becoming". During the journey, the individual is motivated by *social needs* and feelings of inferiority that arise when current self does not meet self ideal. Healthy individual has the *will to power*, or quest for feelings of superiority. Will pursue goals outside of self and beneficial to society.
Individual theory: abnormalities
Unhealthy individuals are too much affected by inferior feelings to pursue to the "will to power". They may make excuses or have a "yes, but" mentality. If they do pursue goals, they are likely to be self-serving and egotistical.
Individual theory therapy
Uses a psychodynamic approach, in which unconscious feelings play a role. More important=examination of a person's lifestyle and choices. A patient may examine his motivations, perceptions, goals, and resources.
Individual theory: goal of therapy
Adlerian therapy aims to reduce feelings of inferiority and to foster social interest and social contribution in patients.
Criticisms of Individual theory/therapy
Adlerian therapy is best used with "normal" people in search of growth.
Ruling-dominant type (choleric)
Classification of personality in Adler's individual theory
High in activity but low in social contribution; dominant.
Getting-leaning type (phlegmatic)
Classification of personality in Adler's individual theory
Low in activity and high in social contribution; dependent.
Avoiding type (melancholic)
Classification of personality in Adler's individual theory
Low in activity and low in social contribution; withdrawn
Socially useful type (sanguine)
Classification of personality in Adler's individual theory
High in activity and high in social contribution; healthy.
Carl Jung
Founder of Analytical theory
Thought that Freud placed too much emphasis on the libido. Theorized that the psyche was directed towards *life and awareness* rather than sex. In each person, the psyche contains conscious and unconscious elements. Most importantly, the unconscious is further divided into two types: personal unconscious and collective unconscious.
Personal versus Collective unconscious
Part of analytic theory proposed by Carl Jung. Personal unconscious: material from an individual's own experiences; this can become conscious.
Collective unconscious: dynamics of the psyche inherited from ancestors. Common to all people and contains the archetypes.
Archetype (definition only)
Part of Jung's analytic theory
Universally meaningful concepts, passed down through the collective unconscious since the beginning of man. Allow us to organize our experiences with consistent themes and are indicated by cross-cultural similarity in symbols, folklore, and myths.
Archetypes (examples)
Persona: a person's outer mask, mediator to the external world, symbolized in cultures by masks. Shadow: a person's dark side, often projected onto others; symbolized by devils and spirits. Anima: the female elements that a man possess; complements his maleness. Animus: the male elements that a female possesses; complements her femaleness. Self: the full individual potential, symbolized by figures such as Buddha, Jesus, and the mandala.
Psychopathology in analytic theory
Psychopathology=sign that something in wrong in the makeup of the psyche; provides clues about how to become more aware.
Analytic theory therapy
Psychodynamic approach because unconscious elements are addressed.
In order to become aware, unconscious material is examined through the analysis of an individuals dreams, artwork, and personal symbols.
Goal: to become more aware and reach full potential.
Client-centered theory
Proposed by Carl Rogers, also known as person-centered or Rogerian theory
Humanistic in that it has an optimistic view of human nature. Main tenet that individuals have an actualizing tendency that can direct them out of conflict and to their full potential. Best accomplished in an atmosphere that promotes growth.
Client-centered explanation of psychopathology
people who *lack congruence* between their real and psychological selves develop psychological tension. Incongruence occurs when feelings or experiences are inconsistent with one's acknowledged concept of the self.
Client-oriented therapy
Directed by the client, decide how often to meet and what to talk about in sessions. Therapy is *non-directive*, providing only an atmosphere for the client's self-exploration. Job of the therapist: 1) Empathy (no judgement and no passivity, put self in client's shoes); 2) unconditional positive regard (positive attitude no matter what, creates trusting and safe environment); 3) Genuineness/congruence (feelings and experiences of the therapist should match, just as for the client).
Goal of client-oriented therapy
To provide a trusting atmosphere in which the client can engage in self-directed growth and tap his own "vast resources". Evidence of growth includes a congruent self-concept, positive self-regard, and an internal locus of evaluation, and a willingness to experience.
Criticisms of client-oriented therapy
Roger's didnt use any diagnostic tools because believed that client-oriented therapy applied to any psychological problem.
Behavior theory
Proposed by B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and Joseph Wolpe.
The application of classical and operant conditioning principles to abnormal human behavior. Model of behavior based on learning. Behavioralists change maladaptive behavior through new learning.
Radical behavioralism
Associated with Skinner's operant conditioning ideas that behavior is related only to its consequences.
Neobehavioralism
Uses Pavolv's classical counter-conditioning principles to create new responses to stimuli.
How behavioralism explains abnormal psychology
Abnormal behavior is the result of learning
Behavior theory therapy
Generally short-term and directed. Thoughts, feelings, and unconscious motivations are not addressed. Therapists uses specific counterconditioning techniques to foster the learning of new responses in the client. The most cited techniques are: Systematic desensitization; flooding/implosive therapy; aversion therapy; shaping; modeling; assertiveness training; role playing
Systematic desensitization
Behavior therapy technique developed by Joseph Wolpe; applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety.
Patient exposed to increasingly anxiety-provoking stimuli until the anxiety associated with those stimuli is decreased.
Example: if someone is afraid of snakes, may first look at a picture, then work way up to holding a snake.
Flooding/implosive therapy
Type of behavior therapy. Applies classical conditioning in order to relieve anxiety. Client repeatedly exposed to an anxiety-producing stimulus so that eventually the overexposure simply leads to lessened anxiety.
Aversion therapy
Type of behavior therapy. Employs operant conditioning principle of negative reinforcement in order to increase anxiety. Creating an anxiety reaction when there originally was none. Often used to treat addictions and fetishes.
Shaping
Type of behavior therapy. Uses operant conditioning to change behaviors. Client is reinforced for behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired action.
Modeling
Type of behavior therapy that employs social learning principles. Exposes client to more adaptive behaviors.
Assertiveness training
Type of behavior therapy. Provides tools and experience through which the client can become more assertive.
Goal of behavior therapy
To change behavior in the desired or adaptive direction. Behavior therapy has been extremely successful in treating phobias, fetishes, obsessive-compulsive disorder, sexual problems, and childhood disorders.
Criticisms of behavior therapy
Treating only symptoms, not underlying problem
Cognitive therapy
Developed by Aaron Beck. Gives conscious thought patterns (as opposed to emotions or behaviors) the starring role in people's lives. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is used most frequently as a research rool to determine specific depressive symptoms, but sometimes used in clinical settings as well. The way person interprets experience, rather than the experience itself, is what is important.
How abnormal psych is explained in cognitive theory
Maladaptive cognitions lead to abnormal behaviors or disturbed affect. Various types of maladaptive cognitions:
Arbitrary inference, overgeneralization, magnifying/minimizing, personalizing, dichotomous thinking.
Arbitrary inference
In Beck's cognitive theory, a type of maladaptive cognition.
Drawing a conclusion without solid evidence. "My boss thinks I'm stupid because he never asks me to play golf."
Overgeneralization
In Beck's cognitive theory, a type of maladaptive cognition.
Mistaking isolated incidents for the norm. "No one will ever want to be with me."
Magnifying/minimizing
In Beck's cognitive theory, a type of maladaptive cognition.
Making too much or too little of something. "It was just luck that I did well on my exam"
Personalizing
In Beck's cognitive theory, a type of maladaptive cognition.
Inappropriately taking responsibility: "____was all my fault"
Dichotomous thinking
In Beck's cognitive theory, a type of maladaptive cognition.
Black and white thinking: "If I don't score a 750 on the GRE, I'll have no future".
Cognitive triad
Beck's cognitive model of depression
Negative views about the self, the world, and the future, causes depression. BDI measures.
Cognitive therapy
Directed therapy; used to help expose and restructure maladaptive thought and reasoning patterns. Generally short-term therapy in which the therapist focuses on tangible evidence of the client's logic.
Goal: to correct maladaptive cognitions.
Criticisms of cognitive therapy
Addresses how a person thinks, rather than why the thought patterns were initially developed. Removing the symptoms (maladaptive cognitions) may not cure the problem.
Rational-emotive theory (RET)
Proposed by Albert Ellis. Includes elements of cognitive, behavioral, and emotion theory. Believed that intertwined thoughts and feelings produced behavior.
RET explanation of abnormal psych
Psychological tension is created when an activating event (A) occurs and a client applies certain beliefs about the event (B), and this leads to the consequences of emotional disruption (C).
RET therapy
Therapy is highly directive. Therapist leads the client to dispute (D) the previously applied irrational beliefs.
Goal: for effective rational beliefs (E) to replace previous self-defeating ones. Then a client's thoughts, feelings and behaviors can coexist.
Criticisms of RET
Been called too sterile and mechanic.
Gestalt theory
Proposed by Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, and Kirt Koffka.
Encourages people to stand apart from their beliefs, biases and attitudes derived from the past. Goal is to fully experience and perceive the present in order to become a whole and integrated person.
Gestalt explanation of abnormal psych
Abnormal behavior derived from disturbances of awaresness. Client may not have insight (not see how all pieces of the experience fit together) or may not fully experience the present situation (choosing not to acknowledge certain aspects of the situation).
Gestalt therapy
Therapist engaged in a dialogue with the client, rather than leading them towards any specific goal. Client learns from the shared dialogue. Together they focus on the here-and-now experience, rather than talking about the past. Goal of therapy: exploration of awareness and full experiencing the present. Successful therapy connects the client and his present existence.
Criticisms of Gestalt theory
Therapy not suited for low-functioning or disturbed clients.
Existential theory
Proposed by Victor Frankl. Revolves around age-old philosophical issues, particularly the issue of meaning. Person's greatest struggles are those of *being versus nonbeing* and *meaningfulness versus meaninglessness*. An individual is constantly striving to rise above a simple behavioral existence and toward and genuine meaningful existence. Frankl called this "will to meaning."
Existential therapy
Rollo May was a major contributer
talking therapy in which deep questions relating to the client's perception and meaning of existence are discussed.
Goal: to increase a client's sense of being and meaningfulness. Alleviates neurotic anxiety.
Existential explanation of abnormal psych
Response to perceived meaninglessness in life is neurosis or neurotic anxiety (as opposed to justified/normal anxiety)
Examples of monoamine neurotransmitters
Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Antipsychotics (def and examples)
First drugs used for psychopathology, usually used to treat positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, etc) in schizophrenia by blocking dopamine receptors and inhibiting dopamine production. Examples: chlorpromazine (Thorazine) and haloperidol (Haldol)
Antimanics
Drugs used to manage bipolar disorder. Inhibit monoamines such as norepinephrine and serotonin. Example: lithium
Tricyclic antidepressants
Have a tricyclic chemical structure. Example: amitriptyline (Elavil)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Antidepressants. Block breakdown of dopamine, norep, and serotonin. Example: plenelzine (Nardil)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Antidepressants that only act on 5-HT. Most frequently prescribed bc have fewest side effects. Examples: fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft).
Anxiolytics
Used to reduce anxiety or to induce sleep, usually by increasing the effectiveness of GABA (bc GABA is an inhibitory NT). Also high potential for habituation and addiction. Examples: barbiturates and benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), and alprazolam (Xanax).
Antabuse
Drug that changes the metabolism of alcohol, resulting in severe nausea and vomiting when combined with alcohol consumption. Can be used to countercondition alcoholics.
Hans Eysenck
Used factor analysis to develop personality theory. Also criticized the effectiveness of psychotherapy after analyzing studies that indicated psychotherapy was no more successful than no treatment at all. Since been contradicted (duh)
Anna Freud
Applied Freudian ideas to child psychology and development.
Melanie Klein
Pioneered *Object-relations theory* and psychoanalysis with children.
Based on psychodynamic theory; suggests that people relate to others and situations in their adult lives as shaped by family experiences during infancy.
Neo-Freudians
Accept some of Freud's ideas and reject others. Examples: Karen Horney, emphasized culture and society over instinct. Neuroticism is a movement towards, against, and away from people. Harry Stack Sullivan, emphasized social and interpersonal relationships.
Psychodynamic theory
General term that refers to theories (such as individual or analytic) that emphasize the role of the *unconscious*
Humanistic theory
General term that refers to theories (such as client-oriented, Gestalt, or existential) that emphasize the positive, evolving free will in people. Optimistic about human nature. Also known as the "Third Force" in psychotherapy in reaction to psychoanalysis and behavioralism.
Abraham Maslow
The leader of the humanistic movement in psychology. Best known for his HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, pertaining to human motivations. Asserted that humans work at the bottom and work their way up the heirarchy to self-actualization by satisfying the needs at the previous level.
Hierarchy of needs
Developed by Abraham Maslow. 1) physiological needs, hunger, thirst, shelter, warmth; 2) safety, security, stability, lack of fear; 3) belonging, love acceptance; 4) esteem and recognition; 5) self-actualization
Play therapy
Used with child clients. During play, child client may convey emotions, situations, or disturbances that might otherwise go unexpressed.
Electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)
Delivers electric current to the brain and induces convulsions. Effective treatment for severely depressed patients.
Stress-inoculation training
Developed by Donald Meichenbaum, prepares people for foreseeable stressors.
Neil Miller
Proved experimentally that abnormal behavior can be learned.
Applied psychology
The branch of psychology that uses principles or research findings to solve people's problems. (DSM-IV, APA publications).
DSM-IV
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edition. 16 separate categories of mental disorders, diagnostic criteria for each, and official numeric codes. First published in 1952, manual intended for clinical, research, and educational use. 4th edition published in 1994, and DSM-IV coming out in 2013.
Disorders often diagnosed in childhood/adolescence
Mental retardation (IQ of 70 or below. Mild=55-70; moderate= 40-55; severe=25-40; profound IQ<25. Learning disorders (performance 2 SDs below mean for age & IQ); Developmental disorders (autism); Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders (ADHD, ODD, CD); tic disorders (Tourette's); Elimination disorders (bedwetting-- nocturnal enuresis).
Delirium, dementia, other cognitive disorders
Delirium (indicated by disturbed consciousness-- awareness, attention, focus--- and cognition--memory, disorientation); Dementia (cognitive probs with memory, spatial task, or language. Ex: Alzhiemer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Pick's disease-- disease of the forntal and temporal lobes of the brain characterized by changes in personality).
Mental disorders due to a general medical condition
Category in the DSM-IV. Disorders in this category are the direct physiological result of a medical problem, such as depression resulting from hypothyroidism.
Substance-related disorders
2 best known subtypes: 1) Dependence. Indicated by some combination of the following-- continued use despite substance-related problems, need for increased amt; desire but inability to stop use; withdrawal, lessening of outside interests, lots of time spent getting/using/recovering from substance. 2) Abuse: Recurrent use despite substance-related problems or danger.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (general category)
Each disorder in this DSM-IV category is a psychotic disorder, meaning that hallucinations or delusions are present. Ex: Schizophrenia (formerly dementia praecox), renamed by Eugene Bleuler.
Schizophrenia (symptoms)
Positive symptoms (abnormally present)=delusions, perceptual hallucinations, nonsensical or disorganized speech, disorganized behavior. Negative symptoms (abnormally absent)=flat affect, restrictions in thought, speech or behavior.
Onset and recovery for schizophrenia
Onset btw late adolescence and early 30s.
*Process schizophrenia* develops gradually, whereas *reactive schizophrenia* develops suddenly in response to a particular event. Process has a lower rate of recovery than reactive.
More likely to recover in general if having good social/interpersonal skills.
Cause of schizophrenia
At least partially physiological. *Diathesis-stress theory* proposes that schiz. results from a physiological predisposition (abnormal brain chemistry) paired with an external stressor. Biochemical factor most associated with schizophrenia is excessive dopamine in the brain.
5 types of schizophrenia
1) Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or auditory hallucinations. 2) Disorganized/Hebephrenic: disorganized speech or behavior and flat affect. 3) Catatonic: psychomotor disturbance such as catalepsy (immobility or waxy figure), excessive motor activity, prominent posturing, echopraxia (imitating gestures of others), echolalia. 4) Undifferentiated: mix of various types of symptoms. 5) Residual: more mild form of schizophrenia with few positive symptoms, if any.
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenic symptoms accompanying a depressive episode.
Delusional disorder
Persistent delusions of various types: erotomanic (that another person is in love with the individual); grandiose (that one has a special talent or status); jealousy; persecutory; somatic (bodily, such as believing that a part of the body is ugly or misshapen).
Shared psychotic disorder
Also known as "folie a deux"; when two people have shared delusions.
Mood disorders
1) Major depressive disorder (MDD); 2) Dysthymic disorder (symptoms of major depressive disorder are present more days than not for more than 2 years, but there is never an actual depressive episode); 3) Bipolar disorder
Panic attack
Lasts only for a discrete period of time, usually under 10 minutes. Individual has overwhelming feelings of danger or need to escape. Physical manifestations such as sweating, trembling, pounding heart, etc.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Often treated with anxiolytics. Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. Symptoms must last for at least 6 months. USually interferes with daily functioning.
Panic disorder
Recurrent panic attacks and persistent worry about another attack; often accompanied by a mitral valve heart problem.
Agoraphobia
Fear of a situation in which panic symptoms might arise and escape would be difficult' usually means fear and avoidance of being outside of the home or in crowds.
Phobia
Recognized, unreasonable, intense anxiety symptoms and avoidance anchored to a stimulus. Specific phobia=anxiety in response to a stimulus such as flying, heights, needles, driving. Social phobia=anxiety around social or performance situations.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Categorized as a type of anxiety disorder. Characterized by obsessions (persistent thoughts) or compulsions (repetitive behaviors or mental acts) that are time consuming, distressing, and disruptive.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Type of anxiety disorder. Exposure to trauma that results in decreased ability to function and recurrent thoughts and anxiety about the trauma.
Somatoform disorders
Disorders manifested by physical or bodily symptoms that cause reduced functioning.
Conversion disorder
Type of somatoform disorder. Psychological problems are converted to bodily symptoms; symptoms generally relate to voluntary moement and may be manifested as "paralysis" in part of the body. Disorder formerly known as "hysteria" in Freud's work.
Hypochonriasis
Type of anxiety disorder. Irrational concern about having a serious disease.
Factitious disorder
Type of DSM-IV classification. Creating physical complaints through fabrication or self-infliction (ingesting toxins, for example) in order to assume the sick role.
Dissociative disorders
All involve the disruption of memory of identity. Formerly known as *psychogenic disorders*. Examples: amnesia, fugue, identity disorder.
Amnesia (retrograde versus anterograde)
The inability to recall information relating to trauma. *Retrograde amnesia*: forgetting of events that occurred BEFORE the trauma. *Anterograde amnesia*: forgetting events that occur AFTER the trauma.
Fugue
Type of dissociative disorder. Suddenly fleeing to a new location, forgetting true identity, and /or establishing a new identity.
Identity disorder
Type of dissociative disorder. New name for multiple personality disorder, or the assumption of two or more identities that control behavior in different situations.
Sexual and gender identity disorders
Disorders range from fetishes to arousal problems to gender discomfort. Basically anything sexual.
Eating disorders
Anorexia nervosa: refusing to eat enough to maintain a healthy body weight; excessive concern about becoming obese.
Bulimia nervosa: binge eating accompanied by harmful ways to prevent weight gain (use of vomiting or laxatives)
Sleep disorders
*Dyssomnias* relate to sleep abnormalities. *Parasomnias* are abnormal behaviors during sleep. Examples: insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, nightmare, sleep terror.
Impulse Control Disorders (not elsewhere classified)
For each of these, an irresistible urge dictates behavior. Giving in to the impulse usually lessens tensions and being relief, though the behavior is disruptive to overall functioning. Examples: kleptomania, pyromania, pathological gambling, trichotillomania
Adjustment disorders
Type of DSM-IV classification. The presence of a real stressor (move, divorce, city life) that results in decreased functioning.
Personality disorders
Characterized by rigid, pervasive, culturally abnormal personality structures. Examples: paranoid, schizoid (detachment, small range of emotion); schizotypal (eccentricity, distorted reality); antisocial (disregard for rights of others, no guilt); borderline; histrionic (excessive emotion, attention-seeking); narcissistic; avoidant; dependent; obsessive-compulsive.
Amphetamines
Increases dopamine activity, produces schizophrenic-like paranoid symptoms
Neuroleptic drugs
Such as antipsychotic chlorpromazine; reduces DA activity by blocking DA receptors, reduces schizophrenic type symptoms.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Can result from the long-term use of neuroleptics or psychotropics. Characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the tongue, jaw or extremities.
Down Syndrome
The most common cause of mental retardation. Chromosomal abnormality-- trisomy of chromosome 21 (3 copies, rather than 2, of the 21st chromosome). Older women have a greater change of having a baby with Down Syndrome.
Cretinism
Different form of mental retardation caused by iodine deficiency.
Korsakoff's syndrome
Develops from years of heavy drinking. Caused by a vitamin B deficiency, results in loss of memory and orientation. Sufferers often make up events to fill in the gaps (confabulation).
Wernicke's Syndrome
Caused by years of heavy drinking. Caused by thiamine deficiency, characterized by memory problems and eye dysfunctions.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Recessive infant disease related to excess amino acids. Inborn error of metabolism.
Tay-Sachs disease
Recessive, genetic deficiency of hexosaminidase A. Symptoms seem like psychological disorders such as schizophrenia or dementia.
Klinefelter's syndrome
A male with one Y and two X chromosomes. Some hypogonadism and reduced fertility, but don't always have detectable symptoms.
Gender differences in depression
Women 2x more likely to be diagnosed than men (unipolar)
Reactive depression
Depression resulting from particular events. Noted to be similar to Martin Seligman's idea of "learned helplessness"
Thomas Szasz
Viewed the schizophrenic world as simply misunderstood or artistic, felt they should not be treated. (sigh).
Depressive realism
Depressed people tend to be more realistic about life than the non-depressed. (all the time?)
Fromm & Reichman
Coined the term "schiophrenogenic mother", which refers to a type of mother who supposedly causes children to become schizophrenic (SIGH)
David Rosenhan
Studied the effect of diagnostic labels on the perception of behavior. In an experiment, normal pseudo-patients were admitted to hospitals feigning disorders. Once inside, the individuals acted normally, but their behaviors were construed as fitting the diagnosis anyway.
Health psychology
Studies the biological, behavioral, and social impacts on health and illness. Important findings: 1) when your level of stress is increased, more likely to get sick. 2) Having a lot of social support is associated with better health outcomes (get sick less often, sickness shorter, less likely to develop heart disease, etc).
Multiaxial assessment
How DSM-IV works. Clients are assessed across 5 axes for a complete picture of their functioning. Axis I and II include the 16 types of mental disorders listed above.
Axis I
Clinical disorders and other conditions (categories 1-15 in the DSM)
Axis II
Personality disorders (16) and mental retardation
Axis III
Global assessment of functioning
American Psychology Association (APA)
The governing body of the field of psychology in America. Founded in 1892 by Stanley Hall. Purpose is to "advance psychology as science, as a profession, and as a means of promoting human welfare."
American Psychologist
The official journal of the APA. Published monthly and includes archival, current issue, theoretical, and practical articles from all areas of psychology.
Psychological Bulletin
Published bi-monthly by the APA and includes various papers ranging from literature reviews to quantitative reviews.
Psychological Abstracts
An index published by the APA, can be found at most major libraries. The monthly compilation of "nonevaluative summaries of the world's literature in psychology". Arranged by topic. Online version=PsycINFO.
Primary prevention
Attempts to prevent documented psychosocial problems through direct contact with an at-risk (but thus far unaffected) group. The attempt to prevent problems is executed through proactive intervention (before problems start). Examples: DARE, Head Start.
Culturally competent interventions
Treatment or prevention programs that recognize and are tailored to cultural differences. Therapists are trained in *cultural competence*-- learn the language, customs, and norms of the cultures that they serve. Minimizes Eurocentric bias and assumptions, prevents individuals from having to constantly explain their culture.
Community psychology
A model in which psychology is taken into the community via community centers or schools, as opposed to having individuals come to clinics and universities. Emphasizes respect and recognizes logistics that keep neediest people from seeking help.
Developmental Psychology
The study of changes and transitions that accompany physical growth or maturation. Tied with social and physiological psychology as areas with highest numbers of qs-- Very important on the test.
Zygote
Fertilized ovum (both sets/full set of genetic material)
3 stages of gestation/prenatal development
1) Germinal stage: 2 weeks, when zygote moves down the fallopian tube, grows into 64 cells, and implants self in the wall of the uterus. 2) Embryonic stage: last until the end of the 2nd month, organ formation. 3) Fetal stage: lasts from 3rd month-birth. Quantitative growth occurs, as well as movement ("quickening")
Neonate (def & behaviors)
Newborn. All behavior is reflexive: sucking reflex (elicited by putting an object in the baby's mouth), head-turning reflex when stroke cheek, Moro reflex (flinging arms and legs out, elicited by loud or frightening noises), Babinski reflex (fanning of toes when touch the bottom of the foot), Palmar reflex (hand grasping elicited by placing an object in the baby's hand).
Moro reflex
Reflex in a newborn. When hears a loud or frightening noise, throws out arms and legs.
Babinski reflex
Reflex in a newborn (neonate). When touch the bottom of a baby's foot, toes fan out.
Palmar reflex
Reflex in a newborn. When place an object in a baby's hand, will grasp it.
Jean Piaget (general)
Central figure in developmental psychology; best known for theory of children's cognitive development. Asserted that humans experience an interaction btw internal maturation and external experience that creates a qualitative change. *adaptation* happens through *assimilation* (fitting new info into existing schemas) and *accommodation* (modification of cognitive schemas to incorporate new information). All children go through his stages in same order, though ages differ.
Piaget's stages of development (general)
1: Sensorimotor (0-2 years). 2: Preoperational (2-7 years). 3: Concrete operational (7-12 years). 4: Formal operational (12+ years).
Piaget's Stage 1
Sensorimotor (0-2). First, reflexive behavior cued by sensations; then *circular reactions* (repeated behavior intended to manipulate environment); then development of *object permanence* (knowing an object exists even when it can no longer be seen); finally, acquiring the use of *representation* (visualizing or putting words to objects).
CORs?
Piaget's Stage 2
Preoperational (2-7 yrs). Egocentric understanding; rapidly acquiring words as symbols for things; inability to perform mental operations, such as causality or true understanding of quantity. Preoperational because can mentally represent objects, but cannot mentally operate on (transform) them.
Piaget's Stage 3
Concrete operational (7-12 yrs). Understanding of concrete relationships, such as simple math and quantity. Development of *conservation* (knowing changes in shape are not changes in volume).
Piaget's Stage 4
Formal operational (12+). Understanding of abstract relationships, such as logic, ratios, and values.
Rochel Gelman
Showed that Piaget might have underestimated babies' abilities-- that they can deal with ideas such as quantity in small sets of objects.
Piaget's moral stages of development
4-7yrs: Imitates rule following behavior; does not question acceptance of the rules. 7-11 years: Understands rules and follows them. 12+ years: applies abstract thinking to rules; can change rules if all parties agree.
Freud & personality development (general)
Saw the driving force behind humans and their development as sexual-- sensual gratification, not just Sex. 5 stages of development deal with how the individual meets sensual gratification/biological needs. Advancing through stages affects personality development. Parental over/underindulgence at a certain stage might result in *fixation* (inability to move onto next stage). Life stressors later might result in *regression* (a return to an earlier stage).
Freud's Stage 1 of personality development
Oral stage (birth-18 months). Receives pleasure orally through sucking, eating, biting.
Freud's Stage 2 of personality development
Anal stage (18 months-3 years). Receives pleasure with the control and release of feces.
Freud's Stage 3 of personality development
Phallic stage (3-6 years). Receives pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals. Boys develop and *Oedipus complex* (jealous of father, in love with mother); girls develop an *Electra complex* (angry with mother, in love with father because of *penis envy*); both resolve this conflict at the end of this stage by identifying with the same sex parent. Boys are motivated to suppress lust by *castration anxiety*.
Freud's Stage 4 of personality development
Latency (Adolescence). Repressed sexuality; identification with same-sex friends; focus on school and growing up.
Freud's Stage 5 of personality development
Genital stage (adolescence-adulthood). Hormones reawaken sexual instincts; love object is now non-familial.
Lawrence Kohlberg (general)
Created the best-known theory of moral development through analyzing responses of children to 9 hypothetical moral dilemmas. *Heinz dilemma*, in which a woman is dying and needs an expensive medicine (etc). 6 levels of understanding of moral development, divided in to 3 stages. Justice-based morality theory.
Kohlberg's 1st stage of moral development (2 levels)
Preconventional/Moral: "If I steal the medicine, I'll get in trouble." Level 1: should avoid punishment. Level 2: should gain rewards.
Kohlberg's 2nd stage of moral development (2 levels)
Conventional/Morality
of Conformity: "Stealing is against the law."
Level 3: should gain approval.
Level 4: Should follow law and authority.
Kohlberg's 3rd stage of moral development (2 levels)
Postconventional/ Morality of Self-Accepted Principles. "It is unjust that money is an obstacle to life. It is ethical that I save my wife."
Level 5: beyond the black and white of laws; attentive to rights and social welfare.
Level 6: makes decisions based on abstract ethical principles.
Carol Gilligan
Asserted that Kohlberg's moral development theory was biased towards males because it was dominated by rules, whereas women's morality focuses more on compassion. Theory of morality more care-based.
Erik Erikson (general)
Best known for research in lifespan development. Viewed each stage of life as having its own unique psychosocial conflict to resolve.
Erik Erikson's 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Lifespan Stages
1) Birth-18 months: Trust vs mistrust. Resolution: Trust.
2) 18mos-3yrs: Autonomy vs shame and doubt. Resolution: independence.
3) 3-6 yrs: Initiative vs guilt. Resolution: purpose
4) 6-puberty: Industry vs inferiority. Resolution: competency.
Erik Erikson's 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th Lifespan Stages
5) Teen years: Identity vs role confusion (gave rise to term "identity crisis"). Resolution: Sense of self.
6) Young adult: intimacy vs isolation. Resolution: Love.
7) Middle age: productivity vs stagnation. Resolution: productivity and caring.
8) Old age: ego integrity vs despair. Resolution: wisdom and integrity.
John Bowlby
Suggested that infants are attached to their mothers for positive reasons (wanting, closeness) and for negative reasons (avoiding fear). Emphasized the importance of the mother-infant attachment during the infant's sensitive period to prevent character and stability problems.
Mary Ainsworth (and later Mary Main)
Studied attachment through the *strange situation*: consists of a mother and an infant (8ms-2yrs) playing together in lab while researchers watching behind 1way mirror. Found that infants cried when a stranger entered the room (stranger anxiety) and when mothers left the room (separation anxiety). Infants responded differently when moms came bak. Securely attached infants ran and clung. Avoidant infants avoided/ignored mom. Ambivalent infants squirmed and kicked. Securely attached infants explore more.
Diana Baumrind
Studied relationship btw parenting style and personality development. Authoritarian parents (demanding, unaffectionate, strict) --> withdrawn, unhappy children. Permissive parents (affectionate, not strict)--> children happy but no self-control or self-reliance. Authoritative parents (affectionate, firm but fair)--> self-reliant, self-confident, assertive, friendly, happy, high-functioning children. Authoritative parents help children understand/accept norms of society so function well w/i it.
John Watson's approach to development
Behavioristic: asserted that children were passively molded by the environment and that their behavior emerges through imitation of their parents.
Arnold Gessell
Early child developmentalist who believed that nature provided only a "blueprint for development" through maturation and that environment or nurture filled in the details.
Sex-typed behavior
Behavior that seems stereotypical for gender. Low during prepubescence, highest in young adulthood, and lower again in later life.
Boys who reach puberty sooner tend to....
be more psychologically and socially advantaged.
Symbolic play
Usually begins when children are 1-2 years old and involves pretend roles, imagination, and using objects to represent other things. Can understand the concept of having one object stand for another.
Parallel play
Usually occurs when children are 2-3 years old. 2 children standing next to each other and playing in similar styles but are playing by themselves and not interacting with one another.
Personality psychology
The study of why people act the way that they do and why different people act differently.
Tied up in clinical theory.
Type theory
Originally dominated personality theory. Since Hippocrates, people placed into personality-type categories often based on physical appearance (phrenology, examining head and skull shape to determine personality, big in the 1800s). Also *William Sheldon* developed a theory based on somatotypes (body types). Later, Alfred Adler suggested personality typology (see other flashcard)
William Sheldon
Devised a type theory of personality based on somatotypes (body times). 1) Endomorph: short, plump body=pleasure seeking, social behavior. 2) Mesomorph: muscular, athletic body=energetic, aggressive behavior. 3) Ectomorph: skinny, fragile body=inhibited, intellectual behavior.
Gordon Allport
Emphasized an *ideographic* (symbolic) approach; attempting to capture an individual's unique, defining characteristics, as opposed to a *nomothetic approach,* which uses large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality. Allport concerned primarily with conscious motives governed by the *proprium/propriate function* (his version of the ego); believed the proprium acted consistently based on traits it had developed through experience.
Ideographic vs nomothetic approach to personality theory
*ideographic* (symbolic) approach attempts to capture an individual's unique, defining characteristics, as opposed to a *nomothetic approach,* which uses large numbers of people to study commonalities of personality.
Gordon Allport and trait development
Traits: relatively stable characteristics of behavior that a person exhibits. Used a *lexical approach*-- picked all the possible traits out of a dictionary, ~5k traits. Said acted differently in diff situations bc of trait hierarchy: 1) cardinal traits, 2) central traits, 3) secondary traits.
Raymond Cattell
Used factor analysis to create a taxonomy (organized categorization system) of personality traits. Reduced Allport's 5k traits to 16 bipolar source traits (ex: relaxed-tense), that seemed to underly all 5k traits.
"Cattell's "16 personality factors"
Personality "superfactors" (seem to encompass all personality). Dimensions: OCEAN
O: Openness to experience, intellectual personality.
C: conscientiousness
Where does personality come from? (3 main theories)
Dispositionists: people who emphasize internal determinants of behavior.
Situationists: people who argue that only circumstances define behavior (behaviorists)
Interactionists: combination of stable, internal factors and situations.
Seymour Epstein and Walter Mischel
Asserted that trait and type theories have main issue that assume person's behavior is stable across situations and that people fail to take circumstances into account.
*Consistency paradox* --> that people behave inconsistently. Makes it hard to label people as having internal dispositions. Shown in studies.
Cognitive Prototype Approach
Personality approach proposed by Walter Mischel and Nancy Cantor. Examine cognitive behavior (such as formulation of and attention to prototypes) in social situations. Essentially thought that consistency of behavior is the result of cognitive processes, rather than the result of personality traits.
Heritability of personality?
Twin studies show at ~40-50%.
Kay Deaux
Found that women's successes at stereotypical male tasks are often attributed to luck, whereas men's successes are attributed to skill. Suggesting idea of gender as a social construct that colors interpretations. Found that women also attribute successes more to luck than men-- lower self-esteem?
Sandra Bem
Studied androgyny, created the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Androgynous individuals tend to have higher self esteem, lower anxiety, and more adaptability that highly masculine or female.
Matina Horner
Suggested that female shun masculine-type successes not because of fear of failure or lack of interest but because they feared success and its negative repercussions, such as resentment and rejection.
Alice Eagly
Found an interaction btw gender and social status with regard to how easily an individual might be influenced or swayed.
Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
Scrutinized studies of sex differences and found that most explained by simple social learning. Most consistent finding independent of social influence=females have greater verbal ability and males have greater visual/spatial ability.
Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman
Studied *Type A* personality: drive, competitiveness, aggressiveness, tension, hostility; seems to be found mostly in middle/upper class men.
Grant Dahlstrom linked Type A personality to heart disease and other health problems.
Grant Dahlstrom
Linked Type A personality to heart disease and other health problems.
Authoritarianism (personality)
Tendency to view the world as full of power relationships. Highly domineering (if they are the top dog of the situation) or highly submissive (if they are in the presence of a more powerful figure). Tend to be conventional, aggressive, stereotyping, and anti-introspective. Measured by the *F-Scale* (fascism scale).
Hans Eysenck & personality
Used factor analysis to identify underlying traits of two-personality type dimensions: introversion/extroversion and stable/unstable (neuroticism). Dimensions form a cross and quadrants: Melancholic (unstable and introverted); Choleric (unstable and extraverted); Sanguine (stable and extroverted); and Phlegmatic (stable and introverted).
George Kelley
Suggested that *personal constructs* (conscious ideas about the self, others, and situations) determine personality and behavior.
External vs Internal Locus of Control
Personality characteristics. Terms developed by Julian Rotter.
External=viewing events as the result of luck or fate; too much leads to feeling of helplessness.
Internal=viewing events as the outcome of own actions. Too much leads to self-blame
Implicit theories of personality
People tend to make assumptions about the disposition of a person based on their actions.
Dispositional attribution
The tendency for others to think that actions are caused more by a person's personality than by the situation. Ex: a person lies because they are a liar, not because of the pull of the situation. Also known as the *fundamental attribution error*.
Barnum Effect
The tendency to agree with and accept personality interpretations that are provided.
Phenomenological view of personality
View of personality theory (or of psychotherapy) that focuses on the individual's unique self and experiences.
Self-Awareness
A *state*. The temporary condition of being aware of how you are thinking, feeling, or doing.
Mirrors tend to make people more self aware; small mirrors tend not to make people highly self-aware bc see self in small mirrors all the time; but large mirrors mean we see self as other see us, more awareness.
Self-Monitoring
Characterized by scrutiny of one's own behavior, motivation to act appropriately rather than honestly, and the ability to mask true feelings.
Self-Consciousness
A *Trait* (as opposed to awareness as a state). Refers to how often one generally becomes self-aware. If you pay a lot of attention to yourself, then you are highly self conscious.
Self-esteem (def & stats)
Knowing that you are worthwhile and being in touch with your actual strengths. About 50% of people perceive themselves accurately and about 35% view themselves narcissistically.
Self-efficacy
A person's belief that he or she can effectively perform a certain task.
Narcissism
Not the same as self-esteem.; more like unrealistic self-esteem. Believing that you are better than you really are, or look better than you really do.
Self-handicapping
Self-defeating behavior that allows one to dismiss or excuse failure.
Learned helplessness
Developed by Martin Seligman. Demonstrates how experience can change people's personalities. After a series of events in which one may feel helpless or out of control, a negative or pessimistic explanatory style develops. Person essentially gives up and exhibits a helpless disposition. Can be countered with training for *learned optimism*
Costa and McCrae
Found that personality changes very little after age 30.
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Originally created to determine mental illness, now used as a personality measure. Contains 550 "true/false/not sure" questions. Found to discriminate between different disorders and that subjects could not "second guess". Test has high validity bc constructed with highly discriminatory items and bc it has 3 validity scales (questions that assess lying, carelessness, and faking).
California Personality Inventory (CPI).
Personality measure generally used for more "normal" and less clinical groups than the MMPI. Developed by Harrison Gough at the UC Berkeley.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Developed by Harry Murray. Test consists of ambiguous story cards. Asserted that people would project their own "needs" onto these cards, such as the need for achievement.
Social Psychology
The study of how people relate to and influence each other.
Norman Triplett
Conducted the first official social psychology type experiment in 1897 on social facilitation. Found that cyclists performed better when paced by others than when they rode alone.
Kurt Lewin
Considered by many to be the founder of social psychology. Applied Gestalt ideas to social behavior. Conceived *field theory*, which is the total of influences upon individual behavior. A person's *life space* is the collection of forces upon the individual. *Valence*, *Vector* and *Barrier* are forces in life space.
Fritz Heider
The founder of *attribution theory*, or the study of how people infer causes of others' behavior. People wil actually attribute intentions and emotions to just about anything! Also the founder of *balance theory*, or the study of how people make their feelings and/or actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis.
Attribution theory
Founded by Fritz Heider. The study of how people infer causes of others' behavior. People wil actually attribute intentions and emotions to just about anything!
Balance Theory
Founded by Fritz Heider. The study of how people make their feelings and/or actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis.
Actor-observer attributional divergence
The tendency for the person who is doing the behavior to have a different perspective on the situation than a person watching the behavior.
Self-Serving Attributional Bias
Interpreting one's actions and motives in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes. We like to think that we are better than average.
Illusory correlation
Assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship.
Slippery Slope
A logical fallacy that says a small, insignificant first step in one direction will eventually lead to greater steps that will eventually have a significant impact.
Hindsight bias
Believing after the fact that you knew something all along.
Halo effect
Thinking that if someone has one good quality then he has only good qualities.
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Occurs when one's expectations somehow draw out, or in a sense, cause the very behavior that is expected.
False consensus bias
Assuming most other people think as you do.
Lee Ross
Studied subjects who were first made to believe a statement and then later told it was false. The subjects continued to believe the statement if they had processes it and devised their own logical explanation for it.
Richard Nisbett
Showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do.
Base-rate fallacy
Overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with.
M.J. Learner's just world bias
The belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. It is uncomfortable for people to accept that bad things happen to good people, so they blame the victim.
Ellen Langer
Studied the *illusion of control*, or the belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on. This illusion is the driving force behind manipulating the lottery, gambling, and superstition.
Oversimplification
The tendency to make simple explanations for complex events. People also hold onto original ideas about cause even when new factors emerge.
Representativeness Heuristic
Using a shortcut about typical assumptions to guess at an answer rather than relying on actual logic. Example: Might assume that a woman who is 6ft tall and beautiful more likely to be a model than a lawyer, but there are many more lawyers than models.
Availability Heuristic
When people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is because examples of that one thing come to mind more easily.
Daryl Bem's Self-perception theory
Offers an alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance. Asserted that when people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from their own behavior (rather than actually changing their beliefs to match their actions). For example, if a man demanded 1k to work on a saturday, he would probably realize that he didn't like his job very much.
Overjustification effect
Follows from self-perception theory. It is the tendency to assume that we must not want to do things that we are paid or compensated to do. So if you love to sing and then are paid to sing, like it less, because activity is now over-justified.
Gain-Loss theory
Suggests that people act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss. People feel most favorably towards situations that start out negatively and end positively (ven when compared to completely positive situations).
Social exchange theory
Suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize rewards and minimize costs
Self-presentation
Particularly positive self-presentation, is an important influence on behavior. We act in ways that are in line with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others. *Self-monitoring* is the process by which people pay close attention to their actions. Often change behaviors to be more favorable. *Impression management* is behaving in ways that might make a good impression.
Social facilitation
Tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder performance. Robert Zajonc found that the presence of others helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks.
Social comparison
Evaluating one's own actions, abilities, opinions, and ideas by comparing them to those of others. Because the "others" are generally familiar people from our own social group or strata, social comparison has been used as an argument against *mainstreaming*. When children with difficulties are thrown into classes without such difficulties, comparison may result in lower self esteem for the children with problems.
Role
The set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person.
Morton Deutsch
Used the prisoner's dilemma and the trucking company game story to illustrate the struggle between cooperation and competition. Prisoner: if 2 criminal cohorts are detained separately and charged with the crime, best strategy is for neither to talk. However, never can be sure what the other will do; and most will talk. Trucking company: 2 companies can either both fix at high prices or compete at lower prices. Should take the high price, but can't be sure to trust the other, so take low.
Equity theory
The idea that people feel most comfortable in situations in which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical. *Overbenefited* people tend to feel guilty, and random or illogical punishments tend to make people anxious.
Stanley Milgram Stimulus overload theory.
Explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people: urbanites don't need any more interaction.
Reciprocal interaction
The constant change of influences between people. A constant factor in our behavior.
Conformity
Going along with real or perceived group pressure. Might go along publicly but not privately (compliance) or change actions and beliefs to conform (acceptance). An individual who speaks out against the majority is a *dissenter*.
Reactance
The refusal to conform that may occur as a result of blatant attempt to control. Also, people will often not conform if they are forewarned that others will attempt to change them.
Stanley Milgram
Best known study in which pts were "teachers" and ordered by the experimenter to administer "painful electric shocks" to a "learner" in an adjacent room when provided incorrect response. No one actually got shocked. Subjects went along through the entire experiment 66% of the time. Been used to explain the actions of Nazi war criminals.
Phillip Zimbardo
Found that people who were wearing hoods (and so de-individuated) were more willing to administer higher levels of shock than people without hoods. Also, in classic prison simulation experiments, found that normal subjects could easily be transformed into sadistic prison guards.
Soloman Asch
Had subject listen to a staged "opinion" of others about which lines on a board were equal, then gave their own opinion. Subjects conformed to the clearly incorrect opinion of others about 33% of the time. Unanimity seemed to be the influential factor.
Muzafar Sherif
Classic experiment found that people's description of the autokinetic effect was influenced by others' descriptions.
R.E. Petty & J. T. Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood
Model of persuasion. Suggests that people who are very involved in an issue listen to the strength of the arguments in the issue rather than more superficial factors, like the characteristics of the speaker
Sleeper effect
Explains why persuasive communication from a source of low credibility may become more acceptable after the fact. Persuasive impact of a high credibility source decreases over time, whereas the persuasive impact of a low-credibility source increases. (Yikes).
McGuire's Inoculation theory
Asserts that people's beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced challenge. Once they have experienced a challenge to their opinions, however, they are less vulnerable. Challenge is like a vaccination.
De-individuation
Occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized. May be the result of mingling in a crowd, wearing uniforms, or otherwise adopting a larger group identity.
The Kitty Genovese case
The murder of a woman witnessed by scores of people. Led to the investigation of the *bystander effect*, or why people are less likely to help with others are present.
Diffusion of responsibility
The tendency that the larger the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility. As in the Genovese case, the more bystanders nearby, the less likely anyone else will help. Everyone waits for someone else to act. The result of de-individuation.
Social loafing
The tendency to work less hard in a group as the result of diffusion of responsibility. It is guarded against when each individual is closely monitored.
Connection btw antisocial behavior and population density
Philip Zimbardo found that antisocial behavior positively correlates with population density. Left broken down cars in NYC and Palo Alto, CA with cameras. Car in NYC was stripped within 10 min, took 3 days in Palo Alto.
Sherif's Robber's cave experiment
A story about prejudice. Showed that group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperative attention to a higher superordinate goal.
Contact with the opposing party...
decreases conflict. We fear what we do not know.
Group polarization
Studied by James Stoner. The concept that group discussion generally serves to strengthen the already dominant point of view. This explains the *risky shift*, or why groups will take greater risks than individuals.
Groupthink
Studied by Irving Janis. Likely to occur in a group that has unquestioned beliefs, pressure to conform, invulnerability, censors, cohesiveness within, isolation from without, and a strong leader.
Pluralistic ignorance
Is when most of the people in a group privately disagree with something but incorrectly believe that most people in the group agree with it.
Kenneth and Mamie Clark
Conducted famous doll preference studies. Demonstrated the negative effects that group segregation had on African American children's self-esteem. African American children thought the white dolls were better.
Ingroup/outgroup bias
When individuals in one group think their members have more positive qualities and fewer negative qualities than members of the other group; even though the qualities are the same in each. The basis for prejudice.
We are attracted to other people who...
are near us, are physically attractive, have attitudes similar to our own, and like us back.
Reciprocity of disclosure...
...sharing secrets/feelings, facilitates emotional closeness.
Excitation-transference theory
Says that sometimes we attribute our excitement or physiological arousal about one thing to something else.
Mere-Exposure effect
How stimuli are rated. The more we see or experience something, the more positively we rate it.
Richard Lazarus
Studied stress and coping. Differentiated between problem-focused coping (changing the stressor) and emotion-focused coping (which is changing our response to the stressor).
Objective self-awareness
Achieved through self-perception, high self-monitoring, internality, and self-efficacy. Some experiments will facilitate objective self-awareness by having subjects perform tasks while looking in a mirror. Deindividuation would work against objective self-awareness.
Door-in-the-face
The sales tactic in which people ask for more than they would ever get and then "settle" for less (the realistic amount hoped for).
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
How doing a small favor makes people more willing to do larger ones later.
Social support network
Studied in relation to mental health outcomes. Combines social and clinical ideas.
J. Rodin and E. Langer
Showed that nursing home residents who have plants to care for have better health and lower morality rates.
Bogus pipeline
an instrument that measures physiological reactions in order to measure the truthfulness of attitude self-reporting.
Peter principle
the concept that other people are promoted at work until they reach a position of incompetence, the position in which they remain.
Stuart Valins
Studied environmental influences on behavior. Architecture matters. Students in long-corridor dorms feel more stressed and withdrawn than students in suite-style dorms.
Leonard Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis
Posits a relationship between frustration in achieving a goal (no matter how small) and the show of aggression.
M. Rokeach
Studied racial bias and the similarity of beliefs. People prefer to be with like-minded people more than with like-skinned people. Also, racial bias decreases as attitude similarity between people increases.
M. Fischbein and I. Ajzen
Best known for their *theory of reasoned action*. This theory states that people's behavior in a given situation is determined by their attitude about the situation and social norms.
Cross-cultural research
Hazel Markus found that Eastern countries, in contrast to Western countires, value interdependence over independence. Individuals more likely to demonstrate confirmation, modesty, and pessimism in Eastern countries). In Western countries, more likely to show optimism, self-enhancement, and individuality. Some criticisms for making over-generalizations about cultures.
Attitude
A positive, negative, or neutral evaluation of a person, issue, or object.
Elaine Hatfield
Looked at different kinds of love. 2 basic types: 1) passionate love: intense longing for the union with another and a state of profound physiological arousal. 2) Compassionate love: the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply entwined. Passionate love more biophysical, can be both positive and negative (if not mutual). Compassionate love more about mutual understanding and respect; characterizes later stages of relationships.
Paul Ekman
Argued that humans have 6 basic emotions: sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust. Did cross-cultural studies looking at facial expressions. Researcher code facial expressions for emotion using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS).
Reciprocal socialization
is when two parties (such as parents and children) adapt to or are socialized by each other. For example, we say that parents or adults are socialized by youngsters when parents pick up new lingo, and that children are socialized by parents when children learn to respect rules and traditions.
Harold Kelley
Thought that attributions we make about our actions or those of others are usually accurate. Said that we base this on consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus of the action.
Industrial/organizational psychology (I/O psychology)
The branch of psychology that delas with the workplace. Work to increase an organization's efficiency and functionality by improving the performance and well-being of the people in the organization.
Walter Dill Scott
One of the first people to apply psychology principles to business, by employing psychological principles in advertising. Also involved in helping the military to implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection.
Hawthorne Effect
Coined by Henry Landsberger in 1955 when analyzing old data that was collected in the late 1920s to increase worker productivity at Hawthorne Works. Researcher reported that anything they did increased productivity, and Landsberger postulated that this was because people's performance changes when they're being observed.
Robbers Cave Experiments
Created by Muzafer Sherif. In which 2 groups of 12 year old boys attended a summer camp. Noticed 3 phases of group dynamics. 1) in group phase, bonded with own groups. 2) friction phase, 2 groups become competitive with each other. 3) integration hase, had to work together towards common goal. Important for ingroup/outgroup biases and conflict resolution studies.
Sociotechnical systems
A method of work design that acknowledges the interaction between people and technology in the workplace.
Sunk cost
An expense that has been incurred and cannot be recovered. The best strategy is to ignore these when making decisions, because the money that has already been spent is irrelevant to the future.
Socrates
The original philosophic mentor who pondered the abstract ideas of truth, beauty, and justice.
Plato
Socrates' pupil. Declared that the physical world was not all that could be known. Asserted the presence of universal forms and innate knowledge. Philosophy was abstract and unsystematic.
Aristotle
Plato's pupil, recognized as the world's first professor. Studies were based on order and logic. Unlike Plato, Aristotle believed that truth would be found in the physical world.
René Descartes
"I think, therefore I am". 1596-1650. Focus was on figuring out truths through reason and deduction. Pondered dualism (mind-body problem, which posits that the mind is a non-physical substance that is separate from the body).
John Locke
Famous for asserting that, upon entering the world, man's mind is a *tabula rasa*, or a blank slate. Asserted that what we know and what we are comes from experience. Knowledge was not innate.
Thomas Hobbes
Asserted that humans and other animals were machines and that sense-perception was all that could be known. From this, he suggested that a science could be formed to explain people just as physics explained the machines of the world.
Immanuel Kant
In the Enlightenment (~1700s). Countered Locke's previous claim by asserting that our minds are active, not passive.
When did psychology emerge as a distinct field?
Around the end of the 1800s-- turn of the century.
Anton Mesmer
1734-1815. The Viennese creator of a kind of popular science. Believed that the healing of physical ailments came from the manipulation of people's bodily fluids. He thought that "animal magnetism" (the mind control of one person over another) was responsible for his patients' recoveries. Mesmer's technique of *Mesmerism* began to be used by others under the general term hypnotism.
Franz Joseph Gall
1758-1828. Used ideas from physiology and philosophy to create a "science" that he later named *phrenology*. Phrenology was the idea that the nature of a person could be known by examining the shape and contours of the skull. Believed that the brain was the seat of the soul, so certain features on the head were indicators of particular personality traits. J. Spurzhein carried on Gall's work even though other scientists proved the theory incorrect.
Sir Francis Galton
1822-1911. An independently wealthy Englishman who travelled extensively and studied various things for fun. As a result, he made important, but random, contributions to psychology. Galton was the first to use statistics in psychology, and he created the correlation coefficient. Most notably, he wrote "Hereditary Genius" (1869) and used Darwinian principles to promote eugenics.
Gustav Fechner
1801-1887. Credited with the founding of experimental psychology because of his work "Elements of Psychophysics" (1860). Carried out the first systematic psychology experiment to result in mathematical conclusions. PReviously, it was thought that the mind could not be studied empirically.
Johannes Müller
1801-1858. A German physiologist at the University of Berlin. He wrote "Elements of Physiology" (1842) and postulated the existence of "specific nerve energies". Wilhelm Wundt was a student of Müller's.
Wilhelm Wundt
1832-1920. Best known as the *founder of psychology*. Credited with this title because he founded the first official laboratory for psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879 and because he began the first psychology journal in 1881. He wrote "Principles of Physiological Psychology" (1873), and created a complicated psychology that attempted to study and analyze consciousness. His ideas were the forerunners of Edward Titchener's, but they received even less attention. Student of Johannes Müller.
Herbert Spencer
1820-1903. Wrote "Principles of Psychology" (1855) and because the father of the psychology of adaptation. He is also the founder of sociology. Spencer used principles from Lamarckian evolution (the idea that characteristics acquired during lifetime can be passed to future generations), physiology, and associationism to understand people. Asserted that different species or races were elevated because of the greater number of associations that their brains could make.
William James
1842-1910. Often called the father of experimental psychology. Similar to what Wundt was doing in Germany: combining the fields of physiology and philosophy into a new field. Informally investigating psychological principles at Harvard in 1870s, but no lab or course dedicated to psychology until 1880s. Wrote "Principles of Psychology" (1890) Wrote about the mind's *stream of consciousness* and about *functionalist* ideas that sharply contrasted with structuralist ideas of discrete conscious elements.
Herman von Helmholtz
1821-1894. Natural scientist who studied sensation. Much of his work with hearing and color vision is the foundation for modern perception research. Like Wundt, he studied with Müller.
John Dewey
1859-1952. Recognized as one of America's most influential philosophers. Attempted to synthesize philosophy and psychology and is best known in psychology for his work on the *reflex arc*. Dewey denied that animals respond to their environment through disjointed stimulus and response chains. Asserted that instead that animals were constantly adapting to their environment, not just processing isolated stimuli. Foundation for *functionalism*.
Functionalism
Foundation laid by John Dewey. Drawn from Darwinian ideas, functionalism examined the adaptive nature of the mind and body through observational methods.
Edward Titchener
1867-1927. Taught at Cornell and was the founder of *structuralism*. Structuralism focused on the analysis of human consciousness. Through *introspection*, lab assistants attempted to objectively describe the *discrete sensations* and contents of their minds.
James Cattell
1860-1944. An American who studied with Hall, Galton, and Wundt. Opened psychology laboratories at UPenn and at Columbia. Thought that psychology should be more scientific than Wundt did.
Dorothea Lynde Dix
Spearheaded the 19th century movement to provide better care for the mentally ill through hospitalization.
Freud's most influential writings
The interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Three essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920)
Civilization and its Discontents (1930).
Piaget's most influential writings
The Language and Thought of the Child (1926)
The Moral Judgment of the Child (1933)
The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1952)
Clark Hull
1884-1952. Famous for mechanistic behavioral ideas. Explained motivation using math: Performance=Drive x Habit. We do what we need to do and we do what has worked best in the past. Theory modified by Kenneth Spence later.
Edward Tolman
1886-1959. Behaviorist who uniquely valued both behavior and cognition. Theory of *purposive behavior* asserted that learning is acquired through meaningful behavior (termed "sign learning") and that rats in mazes formed cognitive maps rather than blindly attempting various routes. Also created the *expectancy-value theory* of motivation in which Performance=Expectation X Value
Clinical psychology (history)
Emerged after WWII and changed psychology from a largely scientific field to a practical field as well. People wanted treatment, in addition to information, from psychology. Decades of research were transformed to practical techniques.
Victor Frankl
1905-1997. A key figure in *existential psychology*, wrote "Man's Search for Meaning" (1963). Existential psychology posits that people innately seek meaningfulness in their lives and that perceived meaninglessness is the root of emotional difficulty. Frankl devised *logotherapy*, a form of therapy that focuses on a person's *will to meaning*.
Intelligence
Mental construct that cannot be specifically defined-- many different ideas from different people. Intelligence is NOT IQ. IQ is a score from an "intelligence" test, and it is unlikely that IQ captures all facets of intelligence.
Alfred Binet
Developed the concept of IQ and the first intelligence test (IQ scale). IQ is still most commonly computed by Benet's equation: (mental age/chronological age) x 100. Mental age= the age level of a person's functioning according to the IQ test. Highest chronological age is 16, because after that, intelligence seems to stop developing; therefore, to use adult ages would unnecessarily decrease the IQ ratio.
Mean IQ of Americans?
100, with a standard deviation of 15 or 16 depending on the test.
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Revised version of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test; revised by Lewis Terman of Stanford university. Used with children and organized by age level. Best known predictor of future academic achievement. Terman is also famous for his studies with gifted children and finding that children with higher IQs are better adjusted.
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
The most commonly used intelligence scale for adults. Organized by subtests that provide subscales and identify problem areas. The version in current use is the WAIS-IV.
Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R)
For children ages 6-16.
Weschler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Intelligence scale for children ages 4-6
Goodenough Draw-A-Man Test
For children, notable for its (relatively) cross-cultural application and simple directions: "Make a picture of a man. Make the very best picture that you can." Children scored based on detail and accuracy, not artistic talent.
IQ correlates
IQ correlates most strongly with IQ of biological parents (not adoptive parents) and socioeconomic status of the parents (measured either by income or job type).
Fluid intelligence vs crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence: knowing how to do something
Crystallized intelligence: knowing a fact.
John Horn & Raymond Cattell found that fluid intelligence DECLINES with old age, while CRYSTALLIZED intelligence does not.
Robert Zajonc
Studied the relationship between birth order and intelligence. Found that firstborns were slightly more intelligent than second bords and so forth. Also found that the more children present in a family, the less intelligent they were likely to be. Relationship also seems to be affected by spacing of children, with greater spaces between children leading to higher intelligence.
Charles Spearmen
Believed that there was a general factor in human intelligence, which he termed "g". For example, someone that is good at logic and reasoning will score well on both math and verbal section of SAT (g), but the person may do better in one than the other.
Achievement tests
Measure how well you know a particular subject. They measure past learning.
Aptitude tests
Measure your innate ability to learn (but this is constantly debated). Meant to predict later performance.
Objective tests (personality inventories)
Multiple choice/selected response tests. Do not allow the participant to make up their own answers, so tests relatively structured.
Structured tests are often seen as more objectively scored than projective tests, but bc most are self-reported, not completely objective-- can be bias about self in answers.
Q-sort or Q-measure technique
The process of sorting cards into a normal distribution. Each card has a different statement on it pertaining to personality. The subject places the cards that he is neutral about at the hump of the curve, toward the end, he places cards that are "very characteristic" of himself, and at the other end, cards that are "not characteristic" of himself.
Myers-Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI)
Personality test derived from Carl Jung's personality theory. Consists of 93 questions, which each have 2 answers. When scored, a person is given a 4 letter "personality type" with each letter representing 1 of 2 possible opposing characteristics: Introverted/Extraverted, Sensing/Intuition, Feeling/Thinking, and Judgement/Perception
Julian Rotter
Created the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale to determine whether a person feels responsible for the things that happen (internal) or that he has no control over the events in life (external).
Projective Personality Tests
Allow the subject to create his own answer, thus facilitating the expression of conflicts, need, and impulses. The content of the response is interpreted by the test administrator. Some projective tests are scored more objectively than others.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Example of a projective personality test
Requires that the subject describe what he seems in each of 10 inkblots. Scoring is complex. The validity of the test is questionable, but its fame is not.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Example of a projective personality test
Made up of 31 cards, 1 blank and 30 with pictures. The pictures show various interpersonal scenes (two people facing each other). The subject tells a story about each of the cards, which reveals aspects of personality. The TAT is often used to measure need for achievement. *Needs, press, and personology* are terms that go along with interpreting the test.
Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study
Consists of cartoons in which one person is frustrating another person. The subject is asked to describe how the frustrated person responds.
Word Association Test
Originally used in conjuction with free-association techniques. A word is called out by a psychologist, and the subject says the next word that comes to mind.
Used as a type of projective personality test
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank
Similar to word association. Subjects finish incomplete sentences.
Draw-A-Person Test
Asks the subject to draw a person of each sex and to tell a story about them.
Example of a type of projective personality test.
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Not used to diagnose depression. Rather, it is used to assess the severity of depressive symptoms and can be used by a researcher or clinician to track the course of depressive symptoms.
Empirical-Keying or Criterion Keying Approach (def & example)
Type of approach to constructing assessment instruments, involves the selection of items that can discriminate between various groups. An individual's responses to the items determine if he is like a particular group or not. The *Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory* is an example of this.
Lie detector tests measure...
the arousal of the *sympathetic nervous system*, which becomes stimulated by lying (and anxiety).
Walter Mischel & personality theory.
Extremely critical of personality trait theory and of personality tests in general. Felt that situations (not traits) decide actions.
Anne Anastasi
Researched intelligence in relation to performance.
F-Scale or F-Ratio
a measurement of *fascism* or *authoritarian personality*
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
NOT intelligence tests. Measure the sensory and motor development of infants in order to identify mentally retarded children. Poor predictors of later intelligence.
Experimental design
in order to be an experimental design, CANNOT be a field study; has to be in a controlled setting, and to be able to control certain aspects of environment.
Stratified sampling
Aims to match the demographic characteristics of the sample to the demographic characteristics of the population (e.g., sample that is 50% female, like the population).
Cohort-sequential design
Combines longitudinal and cross sectional approaches: a new cohort is added to the study every few years, then studied periodically throughout the time course of the study.
Within-subjects versus Between-subjects
Within: Tests the same person at multiple time points and looks at changes within that person.
Between: compares 2 groups of people at the same time point.
Quasi-experimental design
Compares 2 groups of people like an experiment, but used when it is not feasible or ethical to use random assignment. Example: not ethical to assign one group of people to smoke for 20 years, so use current smokers. NOT random assignment.
Predictive value
The degree to which an independent variable can predict a dependent variable.
Generalizability
The degree to which the results from an experiment can be applied to the population and the real world.
Acquiescence
Research problem: when people agree with opposing statements.
Cohort effects
Research problem: The effects that might result when a group is born and raised in a particular time period.
Demand characteristic
Research problem: when subjects act in ways they think the experimenter wants or expects.
Experimenter bias
Research problem: When researchers see what they want to see. Also known as the *Rosenthal effect*. Minimized in double-blind experiments.
Hawthorne Effect
Research problem. When subjects alter their behavior because they are being observed. This also applies to workers altering their behavior for the same reason.
Nonequivalent control group
Research problem. This problematic control group is used when an equivalent one cannot be isolated.
Reactance
Research problem. An attitude change in response to feeling that options are limited. Example: when subjects react negatively to being in an experiment by intentionally behaving unnaturally or when an individual becomes set on a certain flavor of ice cream as soon as told it is sold out.
Selective attrition
Research problem. When subjects that drop out of an experiment are different from those that remain. Remaining sample is no longer random.
Social desirability
Research problem. When subjects do and say what they think puts them in a favorable light.
Illusory correlation
Research issue. When a relationship is inferred when there actually is none.
Meta-analysis
A method of study that mathematically combines and summarizes the overall effects or research findings for a particular topic. Best known for consolidating various studies of the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Meta-analysis can calculate one overall effect size or conclusion drawn from a collection of different studies. Necessary when conflicting results are found and when different studies use different methods.
Percentiles
Type of descriptive statistics. Used most commonly on standardized tests. Telling a position in the whole group, saying that scored higher than 97% of the group.
Frequency distributions
Type of descriptive statistics. Explain how the data in a study looked. Distributions might show how often different variables appeared.
Nominal variables
Variables given descriptive names. No order or relationship among them other than to separate them into groups. Ex: male, female; Republican, Democrat.
Ordinal Variables
"Ordinal" meaning order. Vriables need to be arranged by order and that is it. Nothing else can be known because the variables are not necessarily equally spaced. Ex: marathon finishers, getting ranked 1,2,3,4. Know the rank but don't know how far apart the times are.
Interval Variables
Capable of showing both order and spacing, because equal spaces lie between the values. These variables do not include a real 0, however. Example: temperature is ordered, and temperatures are equally spaced; but has an arbitrary 0, because no point that signifies the ABSENCE of temperature.
Ratio variables
Variables have order, equal intervals, and a real zero. Example: Age-- after an absolute 0 of not being born, age increases in equal intervals of years.
Frequency Polygon
Graph with plotted points connected by lines. Often used to plot variables that are *continuous* (categories without clear boundaries).
Histogram
Graph with vertical bars in which the sides of the vertical bars tough. Useful for *discrete* variables that have clear boundaries and for *interval* variables in which there is some order. The bars may be lined up in order.
Bar graph
Graph in which the vertical bars do not touch. The various vertical columns are separated by spaces. (not continuous)
Measures of Central Tendency
Indicate where on a number line the data set falls in general. Three types of general tendency can be calculated on a set of numbers: mean, median, and mode.
Standard error of the mean
Calculates how "off" the mean might be in either direction.
Standard error of 0 means that if take the test 2x, would get the same score on each test.
Variability (statistics)
Gives additional information to central tendency. Allows you to tell how the scores are spread out overall. Ex: range, standard deviation, variance.
Variance and Standard Deviation
Tell how much variation there is among *n* number of scores in a distribution. Variance calculating how much each score deviates from the mean: subtract the mean from each score, square (get rid of negs), add all together to get the sum of squares; divide by *n*. To get standard deviation, need to take square root (bc were squared before). SD tells the average extent to which scores were different from the mean.
Normal distribution/bell curve
Unimodal-- only one "hump". Majority of scores fall in middle ranges, and fewer scores at the extremes. Mean, median and mode all the same in a normal distribution.
Z-scores usually +/-3, because covers majority of scores on a normal curve.
Can be *standardized* so have the same SD. The mean for every distribution is 0 and the SD is 1. Allow to compare one person's scores on 2 different distributions.
Z-scores
Refer to how many standard deviations away from the mean. In normal distributions, usually range form +/-3, since covers the majority of scores on normal curve.
T-Scores
Transformation of the Z-score (how many SDs a score is from the mean), in which the mean is 50 and the SD is 10.
Formula: T=10(Z)+50
Standard Normal Distribution
Positively skewed distribution. Adding more POSITIVE numbers to a normal distribution (as if the range is increasing).
Negatively skewed distribution
Bimodal distribution. Modes at each hump and mean and median in the middle.
Platykurtic distribution
Looks like a top of a trapezoid: mean, median and mode all the same and in the middle.
Positive correlation
Simple and linear. As one variable increases, so does the other.
Negative correlation
Simple and linear. As one variable increases, another decreases.
Curvilinear correlation
Not simple and linear. Looks like a curved line. Ex: arousal and performance. Low arousal and high arousal lead to poor performance, but a medium amount leads to successful performance.
Pearson r correlation coefficient
A way of numerically calculating and expressing correlation. Pearson *r* values range from -1 to +1; value of -1 is a perfect negative correlation, and a value of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation. A value of 0 indicates no relationship.
Spearman *r* correlation
A type of correlation used only when the data is in the form of ranks. It is the procedure for determining the line that describes a linear relationship. *Regression* is the step beyond simple correlation. A *Statistical regression* allows you to not only identify a relationship between 2 variables, but also to make predictions about one variable based on another variable.
Regression and Statistical Regression
Regression is the step beyond simple correlation.
A statistical regression allows you to not only identify a relationship between 2 variables, but also to make predictions about one variable based on another variable.
Inferential statistics
Allow you to generalize findings from a sample to a population.
Statistics: the numbers that describe the sample
Parameters: the numbers that describe the population. Therefore, using statistics to estimate population parameters
Alpha level
Significance level, used to determine if there is a significant difference/pattern and not just random. Usually <.05 or <.01
Type I error
When you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis. In other words, thinking that the finding is significant, but actually just caused by chance.
Type II error
When you incorrectly accept the null hypothesis-- in other words, test showed findings to be insignificant when they were actually significant.
T-tests
Compare the means of TWO different groups to see if the two groups are truly different (statistically different). Analyze differences between means on *continuous data* (anything that is measured on a scale, like height or depression score, as opposed to things that are counted, like group size, hospital visits, number of symptoms-- discrete data). Particularly useful with a small *n* (number of subjects). T-tests cannot test for differences between more than 2 groups.
Continuous data
Anything that is measured on a scale, such as a depression score or height. A set of data with an unlimited number or values between points.
Discrete data
Data that can be counted, such as group size, number of hospital visits, number of symptoms.
Chi-square
Tests that are used when the n-cases in a sample are classified into categories or *cells*. Results tell if groups are significantly different in size. Look at patterns/distributions (not differences between means). Ex: looking at ethnicity data in a class, using to determine that no one race more likely to be in the class than other. Analyze *discrete/categoical data*, can be used on small samples. Also used to assess "goodness of fit" of distributions or whether the pattern is what would be expected.
ANOVA
Analysis of variance. Highly used because very flexible. Similar to t-test in that analyzes difference among means of continuous variables, but can analyze difference among more than 2 groups (even if groups have different sample sizes). One-way ANOVA: tests whether the means on one outcome/dependent variable are significantly different across groups. 2-way ANOVA: test the effects of 2 different independent variables/treatment conditions at once.
Factorial analysis of variance
Used when an experiment involves more than 1 ind. variable. Can separate effects of different levels of different variables. Ex: studying the effects of brain lesions on problem solving, could have 2 ind. variables (lesion and type of problem) and 1 dep variable (success with problem). Give each ind variable 2 levels (w & w/o lesions, simple and complex tasks). 2x2 design, 4 different combos for evaluation. Factor analysis can isolate *main effects* as well as *interaction effects* combining the ind. v.
Interaction effects
Can combine the independent variables to see if there is a significant interaction. Ex: Do people *with lesions* do better on *simple tasks* than people *without lesions* do on *complex tasks*?.
Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)
Tests whether at least 2 groups co-vary. ANCOVA can adjust for pre-existing differences between groups.
Linear regression
Uses correlation coefficients to predict one variable y from another variable x. Allows to define a line of a graph that describes the relationship btw x and y. Ex: extraversion and # friends. Linear regression is when the "least squares line" or "regression line" is fit to the data.
Criterion-referenced tests
Measure mastery in a particular area or subject (like final exam of a course).
Domain-referenced tests
Attempt to measure less-defined properties (like intelligence). Need to be checked for reliability and validity.
Reliability
Means how STABLE (reliable/consistent) the measure is.
Test-retest reliability:
Measured by the same individual taking the same test more than once. On a test with high-retest reliability, that person would get approx the same score each time.
Split-half reliability
Measured by comparing an individual's performance on two halves of the same test (e.g., odd vs even). Measures *internal consistency* on a test. Another way to increase the internal consistency of a measure is to perform an *item analysis*, analyzing how a large group responded to each item on the measure. Weeds out dud or problematic questions so that they can be replaced with better questions (ones with discriminatory value).
Item analysis
Used to increase the internal consistency of a measure. Analyzing how a large group responded to each item on the measure. Weeds out dud or problematic questions so that they can be replaced with better questions (ones with discriminatory value).
Validity
How well a test measures a construct.
Internal validity
Measures the extent to which the different items within a measure "hang together" and test the same thing.
External validity
The extent to which a test measures what it intends to measure. 4 aspects of external validity: 1) concurrent validity (cross-validation); 2) construct validity; 3) content validity; 4) face validity.
Concurrent validity
Whether scores on a new measure positively correlate with other measures known to test the same construct. The process is *cross validation*.
Construct validity
Whether the test really taps the abstract concept being measured.
Content validity
Whether the content of the test covers a good sample of the construct being measured (not just part of it).
Face validity
|
Resonance
|
The moral code, 'Treat others as you like to be treated', is known as the 'Ethic of (What)' - a principle of exchange for mutual effect/benefit, and word used variously in science and mathematics?
|
A case study of university physics students' conceptualization of sound - UBC Library Open Collections
A case study of university physics students' conceptualization of sound
Creator
1989
Description
This study identified some of the conceptual problems which physics students often encounter when asked, to explain their understanding of topics studied in their undergraduate physics programme. In particular, the study focused on the area of sound and the associated conceptualizations held by a group of physics graduates who were enrolled in a secondary physics teacher education programme. Three aspects of their understanding were scrutinized: conceptualizations of sound per se and the consistency of these conceptualizations across a variety of contexts; conceptualizations of the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation; and, factors influencing their conceptualizations of the similarities and differences between the physics concepts of sound and light. The approach taken was one embedded in phenomenography, an experientially based research perspective developed at Gothenburg University in Sweden. In general terms, phenomenography is the study of the qualitatively different ways in which people conceptualize various aspects of reality and phenomena. The data source was a set of interviews conducted with the students which incorporated a variety of different contexts. These contexts included theory, experimentation and demonstration. The interview protocol was developed in an extensive pilot study which involved a similar group of students. The outcomes of the study yielded an identification and description of the students conceptualizations of sound and provided insights into how these were strongly mediated by: microscopic and macroscopic explanatory perspectives, intuition, language, and a tendency to view much of physics as abstract applied mathematics. While some contexts appeared to provide visual cues which evoked certain kinds of conceptualizations, most conceptualizations tended not to be specifically contextually dependent. As part of the consequences of the study, a recommendation was made for university physics educators to re-evaluate both what they teach and how they teach. In particular, for potential physics teachers, a conceptual approach to teaching undergraduate physics was proposed.
Genre
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Rights
For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use .
DOI
831-1.0055272.ris
Full Text
A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY PHYSICS STUDENTS' CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF SOUND By CEDRIC J. LINDER B.Sc. (Pure Mathematics; Physics with Electronics), Rhodes University, 1977 B.Sc.Honours (Physics and Electronics), Rhodes University, 1978 Higher Diploma in Education (Postgraduate; Secondary), Rhodes University, 1979 Ed.M. (Science), Rutgers University, 1981 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR IN EDUCATION in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1989 © Cedric J. Linder, 1989 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date ^/y/g? DE-6 (2/88) ii ABSTRACT This study identified some of the conceptual problems which physics students often encounter when asked , to explain their understanding of topics studied in their undergraduate physics programme. In particular, the study focused on the area of sound and the associated conceptualizations held by a group of physics graduates who were enrolled in a secondary physics teacher education programme. Three aspects of their understanding were scrutinized: conceptualizations of sound per se and the consistency of these conceptualizations across a variety of contexts; conceptualizations of the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation; and, factors influencing their conceptualizations of the similarities and differences between the physics concepts of sound and light. The approach taken was one embedded in phenomenography, an experientially based research perspective developed at Gothenburg University in Sweden. In general terms, phenomenography is the study of the qualitatively different ways in which people conceptualize various aspects of reality and phenomena. The data source was a set of interviews conducted with the students which incorporated a variety of different contexts. These contexts included theory, experimentation and demonstration. The interview protocol was developed in an extensive pilot study which involved a similar group of students. The outcomes of the study yielded an identification and description of the students conceptualizations of sound and provided insights into how these were strongly mediated by: microscopic and macroscopic explanatory perspectives, intuition, language, and a tendency to view much of physics as abstract applied mathematics. While some contexts appeared to provide visual cues which evoked certain kinds of conceptualizations, most conceptualizations tended not to be specifically contextually dependent. iii As part of the consequences of the study, a recommendation was made for university physics educators to re-evaluate both what they teach and how they teach. In particular, for potential physics teachers, a conceptual approach to teaching undergraduate physics was proposed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii LIST OF TABLES viLIST OF FIGURES viiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i x CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM ; 1 1.1 Introduction to the Problem 1 1.2 Background to the Problem: How Physics is Taught 3 1.3 Problem Statement 8 1.3.1 General Statement : ...8 1.3.2 Specific Research Questions.... 9 1.4 Rationale and Delimitations of the Problem 10 1.4.1 Conceptual Understanding of Sound and its Propagation 11.4.2 Using Graduate Physics Student Teachers for the Study 2 1.4.2.1 Implications for Potential Physics Teachers 13 1.5 Overview of Layout of Dissertation 15 1.6 Description of Terms 16 1.7 Overview of Chapter I 7 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 18 2.1 Introduction....; 12.2 The Extensiveness of the Conceptualization Research 12.3 Choice of Theoretical Perspective 20 2.4 The Framework of Phenomenography 2 2.4.1 Categories of Interpretation 3 2.4.1.1 Categories of Description 22.4.1.2 Categories of Influence 7 2.5 Summary of the Theoretical Perspective: Phenomenography 22.6 Overview of Chapter II 28 CHAPTER HI: DESIGN OF STUDY AND METHODOLOGY 29 3.1 Introduction: A Qualitative Naturalistic Case Study3.2 Outcomes of the Study 23.3 Generalizability of the Study 30 3.4 The Design of the Study 1 3.4.1 Concept Analysis of the Phenomenon of Sound 33.4.2 The Design of the Interview Protocol 33.4.2.1 Factors Influencing the Design 1 3.4.2.2 The Structural Format of the Interview Protocol 33 3.5 The Data Analysis 38 3.5.1 Data Analysis: The Categories of Description Characterizing Conceptualizations (Chapter IV) 39 3.5.2 Data Analysis: Looking for Consistency of Conceptualization (Chapter V) 40 3.5.3 Data Analysis: How the Students Managed the Task of Comparing and Contrasting Light and Sound 40 3.6 Overview of Chapter III 41 V CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 43 4.1 Introduction to Analytic Method 44.2 Data Analysis for Research Question 1: Conceptualizations of the Phenomenon of Sound 44 4.2.1 Introduction.4.2.2 Conceptualizations of Sound: The Microscopic Perspective 45 4.2.2.1 Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1: Sound as an Entity: The Transporting-Molecule Conceptualization 45 4.2.2.2 Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2: Sound as an Entity: The Conducting-Molecule Conceptualization 49 4.2.3 Conceptualizations of Sound: The Macroscopic Perspective 51 4.2.3.1 Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1: Sound as a Bounded Substance: The Flowing Air Conceptualization 51 4.2.3.2 Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2: Sound as a Bounded Substance: The Travelling Pattern Conceptualization ...54 4.2.4 The Wave Model Conceptualization: An Intricate Blend of Macro- and Microscopic Perspectives 56 4.2.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 1 61 4.3 Data Analysis for Research Question 2: Conceptualizations of Factors Affecting the Speed of Sound 64 4.3.1 Introduction4.3.2 Conceptualization # 1: The Speed of Sound is a Function of the Physical Obstruction that Molecules Present to Sound as it Navigates its Way Through a Medium 64 4.3.3 Conceptualization # 2: The Speed of Sound is a Function of Molecular Separation 67 4.3.4 Conceptualization # 3: The Speed of Sound is a Function of the Compressibility of a Medium 70 4.3.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 2 73 4.4 Overview of Chapter IV 75 CHAPTER V: DATA ANALYSIS: CONCEPTUAL CONSISTENCY AND DISPERSION 77 5.1 Data Analysis for Research Question 3: Introduction 75.2 Conceptual Dispersion: Patterns of Reasoning In and Across Contexts. 78 5.2.1 Theme (a): Shifting Explanatory Perspectives 83 5.2.2 Theme (b): Gut-Physics Flashbacks 85 5.2.3 Theme (c): Prolonged Gut-Physics Flashbacks 91 5.2.4 Theme (d): Disconnected Mathematical and Physics Thinking.... 99 5.2.5 Theme (e): Dissonant Conceptual Dispersion: Examples of Student Reaction to Recognized Inconsistency 103 5.2.5.1 First Example from the Wavelength Probing Scenario 104 5.2.5.2 Second Example from the Wavelength Probing Scenario ....111 5.3 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 3 117 5.4 Overview of Chapter V. 118 vi CHAPTER VL DATA ANALYSIS: FACTORS INFLUENCING CONCEPTUALIZATION: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING LIGHT AND SOUND 120 6.1 Data Analysis for Research Question 4: Introduction 126.2 Category of Influence Outcome # 1: The Role of Physics-Based Language in the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound 123 6.3 Category of Influence Outcome # 2: The Role Played by Everyday-Based Intuition in the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound 128 6.4 Category of Influence Outcome # 3: The Role of Mathematical and Qualitative Physics Connections in Influencing the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound 133 6.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 4 137 6.6 Overview of Chapter VI 142 CHAPTER VII: CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 144 7.1 Introduction 147.2 Specific Conclusions from the Study 147.2.1 Introduction 147.2.2 Conclusions from Chapter IV 5 7.2.3 Conclusions from Chapter V 147 7.2.4 Conclusions from Chapter VI 150 7.3 General Conclusions, Observations and Discussion Arising from the Study 152 7.3.1 The Functional Context of Language 157.3.2 Choice of Explanatory Perspectives 5 7.3.3 Conceptual Dispersion 160 7.4 Implications for Physics Education7.5 A Proposed Physics Undergraduate Programme for Teachers 165 7.5.1 Introduction '. 167.5.2 A Proposed Physics Curriculum Structure 8 7.6 Recommendations for Further Research 171 7.6.1 Building a Phenomenography of Physics 177.6.2 Research into the Proposed Physics for Teachers Programme 172 7.6.3 Working with Recently Graduated School Physics Teachers 173 7.7 Overview of Chapter VII 174 REFERENCES 175 APPENDIX I: A Concept Map of Sound 188 APPENDIX II: A Sample of a Complete Interview Transcript 189 vii LIST OF TABLES 5.1 Explanatory Perspectives as a Function of Contexts and Students 81 5.2 Students as a Function of Conceptualizations and Interview Contexts 82 viii LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 A Travelling Sound Wave Depiction 3.2 Sound Tube Experiment .36 ,37 ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Gaalen Erickson, my research supervisor, and to Walter Boldt, Stuart Donn, and Peter Matthews, my committee members, for all their guidance and encouragement. I would also like to thank Izak van Heerden and Dirk Knoesen of the University of the Western Cape, and Ned Munger of the Cape of Good Hope Foundation, for all their support. Finally, I wish to thank Anne, for her faith in me, and her love and help that made it possible for me to complete this study. Financial assistance for the study was provided by the Cape of Good Hope Foundation, the Institute for Research Development of the Human Sciences Research Council*, and the University of British Columbia, all of which is gratefully acknowledged. * Opinions expressed in this dissertation and conclusions arrived at, are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Institute for Research Development or the Human Sciences Research Council. X For Anne 1 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM 1.1 Introduction to the Problem The conceptual problems which university physics students typically encounter are often both complex and daunting (for example, see Clement, 1982; diSessa, 1986; McCloskey, 1983, McDermott, 1984; Helm, 1980; Hewson, 1982; Peters, 1981; Viennot, 1979; Warren, 1983), and students are graduating with physics conceptualizations that are considered to be inappropriate (that is, conceptualizations which are at variance with concepts which are defined constructs in physics — see Section 1.6: Description of Terms). Contemporary physics test and examination results are usually considered to be indicative of student understanding, yet these results provide educators with little insight into the nature of their students' understanding. For instance, it may be that some students have conceptualizations which are at variance with the concepts underlying some calculation required in an examination, yet they can still calculate a "correct" answer (Helm, 1983; Hewson, 1980). Working with physics students at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, diSessa (1986), found that while many of the students were able to solve physics problems in quantitative terms they were unable to appropriately analyse them in qualitative terms. Students in such a predicament would seem to lack a coherent physics perspective, which is what their undergraduate studies should be affording them. Depending on students' career decisions, this "predicament" has different implications for different students. It would seem that the most serious implications would be for those students choosing to become school physics teachers. This is because it is unlikely that potential physics teachers could be afforded the conceptual exploration opportunities in education studies that students continuing on in a physics graduate programme would be afforded while in the process of coming to understand at least one physics problem very well. In order for physics educators at the tertiary level to provide a level of education that extends beyond presenting a set of lectures (in the most literal sense) and assigning tutorial problems to be overseen by assistants (whose immediate concerns do not typically extend beyond the students being able to calculate a 2 "correct" answer), then, physics educators require insights into how students conceptualize their physics and what the substance of their conceptualizations are. These kinds of insights are considered to be obtainable from interpretative, experientially based research. Recent research (for example, see Driver and Bell, 1986; Erickson, 1984; Fensham 1983; Novak and Gowin, 1984; Osborne and Freyberg, 1985; Pope and Gilbert 1983; Pope and Keen, 1981) has indicated that many of the conceptual problems which physics students encounter may have their foundation in attitudes to teaching and learning which are based on epistemological beliefs which fail to take any significant account of the prior knowledge, intuitions, beliefs and understandings that students invariably bring with them to class. Essentially there is a lack of cognizance that (non-rote) learning involves a process whereby individuals generate their own meanings in an effort to make sense of their experiences and the information that they receive. Commenting on the importance of the understandings and notions that students have when they come into an instructional setting Novak and Gowin (1984) wrote: How can we help individuals to reflect upon their experience and to construct new, more powerful meanings? Educational programs should provide learners with the basis for understanding why and how new knowledge is related to what they already know (pp. xi - xii). The majority of research done at the post-secondary level into conceptual understanding of physics has been done with undergraduates, primarily at the first year level, and has mainly focused on students' understanding of force and motion. This study considers how a group of physics graduates in a teacher education programme conceptualize the phenomenon of sound from an interpretative experiential perspective called phenomenography ("the study of the qualitatively different ways in which people experience and conceptualize the world around them" — see Section 1.6: Description of Terms) 3 1.2 Background to the Problem: How Physics is Taught There are two main interrelated dynamics which affect physics teaching and learning. On the one hand there are the teachers' perspectives of how students learn and conceptualize their physics. These perspectives form an integral framing of an educators' teaching style in relation to their "personal" philosophy of teaching. As part of the background to this study it will be argued that in much of university physics there is a common teaching style which is driven and perpetuated by an epistemological perspective that pervades much of the Western university physics community. Further, this teaching style facilitates the incorporation of inherited or taken-for-granted methods of physics teaching, which includes the use of analogies, demonstrations etc., which may be inappropriate (because they are often derived from an analysis of the disciplinary knowledge rather than from students' prior knowledge) for providing students with insights into the concepts being taught. On the other hand, there are the students' perceptions of what studying physics is all about, based upon the style in which they are taught. These perceptions are covert and have been characterized in this study as forming part of a "hidden curriculum" of physics. Lecturers who teach university physics courses often make unsubstantiated assumptions about how their students acquire conceptual understanding in the process of learning physics (for example, see McMillen, 1986). As Bruner (1986) has pointed out, these metalearning assumptions are inexplicably intertwined with the instructor's philosophical view of the nature of science: I do not for a minute believe that one can teach even mathematics or physics without transmitting a sense of stance toward nature and the use of mind. (p. 128) The pervasive philosophical view of the nature of science portrayed in science textbooks and professional scientific journals appears to consistently fall under the umbrella of one or another form of philosophical empiricism/positivism; this has been true for most of the 20th Century (Elkana, 1970; Finley, 1983; Gauld, 1982; Hodson, 1985; Marquit, 1978; Mulkay, 1979; Norris, 1984; Otero, 1985; Schon, 1983). Although there are many shades of epistemology under the banner of philosophical empiricism/positivism it is possible to "discuss the main theme 4 without going into the details of variations and still provide a useful analysis" (Nersessian, 1984, p. 5). A useful way of viewing the basic scientific meaning/truth epistemological theme pertaining to the empiricist/positivist umbrella is to describe it as "metaphysical realism" (Glasersfeld, 1984; Putnam, 1981). A metaphysical realist "subscribes to the correspondence theory of truth." (Putnam, 1981, p. 56) In other words, a metaphysical realist views experimentation and observation as direct experiences of physical reality; knowledge is a one-to-one mapping (accurate reflection) of nature's independent reality which exists in our "objective world" (Glasersfeld, 1984). Something is "true" only if it corresponds to this independent objective reality; "truth" is fundamentally "objective validity" (Putnam, 1981). This traditional view of the nature of physics and science has continued to dominate both secondary and post-secondary science educational environments despite severe criticism by leading science educators (see Finley, 1983; Gauld, 1982; Helm, 1983; Hodson, 1985; Holton, 1979; Marquit, 1978; Norris, 1984; Otero, 1985). For example, Finley (1983), in discussing research and curriculum development in science education wrote: A commitment to inductive empiricism pervades the presently held view of science processes. A major tenet of of this commitment is that conceptual knowledge results from the application of science processes in understanding natural phenomena and solving problems .... The alternative is to view the exact nature of science processes as being dependent upon the conceptual knowledge that is used to understand a particular phenomena or problem. (p. 47) Putnam (1981) and Glasersfeld (1984) provide a historical perspective for the pervasiveness of metaphysical realism: The theory that truth is correspondence is certainly the natural one. Before Kant it is perhaps impossible to find any philosopher who did not have a correspondence theory of truth. (Putnam, 1981, p. 56, emphasis his) On the whole, even after Kant the situation did not change. The pressure of philosophical tradition was overwhelming. In spite of Kant's thesis that our mind does not derive laws from nature, but imposes them on it, most scientists today still consider themselves 'discoverers' who unveil nature's secrets and slowly and steadily expand the range of human knowledge .... Now as ever, there reigns the conviction that knowledge is knowledge only if it reflects the world as it is. (Glasersfeld, 1984, p. 20) 5 Although, as Glasersfeld points out, metaphysical realism is still strongly supported by the scientific community not all scientists have embraced it. For example, Einstein and Infeld (1938) described the nature of science epistemology as "a creation of the human mind with its freely invented ideas and concepts ... a link with the world of sense impression", (p. 310) From the discussion so far the question arises: Why should metaphysical realism's epistemological themes present a problem for physics education at university? From the perspective of this study the answer is that metaphysical realism inherently downplays any personal subjective contributions to science, in attitude, historically, and epistemologically. The extension of this attitude into the educational environment contributes to the perception that students have little contribution to make to a physics class beyond "learning" what they are being "taught" and completing their assigned tutorial problem sets. For example, in his criticism of a metaphysical realist type of approach to physics teaching Marquit (1978) wrote: The emphasis which modern empiricists place on the logical structure of scientific knowledge has greatly reduced the dependence of modern sciences on ... speculative and intuitive methods ... to undervalue the contributions of conscious mental or theoretical activity to the process of acquiring an understanding of the physical world, (p. 785) In his book Ideas and Opinions, Einstein (1973) provides an insight into how pervasive the "undervaluing of theoretical activity" in science is: If you want to find out anything from the theoretical physicists about the methods they use, I advise you to stick closely to one principle: don't listen to their words, fix your attention on their deeds. To him who is a discoverer in this field, the products of his imagination appear so necessary and natural that he regards them, and would like to have them regarded by others, not as creations of thought but as given realities. (p. 264) The education problem becomes manifest when one considers the supporting psychological rationale for the dominant adoption of metaphysical realist epistemological themes in current physics class and textbook pedagogy: 6 The psychological rationale which seems to support this type of presentation is the assumption that knowledge of facts provides an adequate psychological foundation for concept learning (Otero, 1985, p. 364). The traditional approach to science teaching which gives overriding importance to "facts" which "match" (Glasersfeld, 1984) ontological reality has foundationally supported a dominant Western teaching perspective which has been termed "cultural transmission" (for example see Pope and Gilbert, 1983, and Pope and Keen, 1981). Cultural transmission characterizes teaching activities which present knowledge as "bundles of truths" in a presumed "logical" order into the "tabula rasa" minds of students — their minds being metaphorical sponges absorbing knowledge. Hence, cultural transmission is naturally open to support from the psychological paradigms of behaviourism and neo-behaviourism. "Facts" and their associated "conceptual understanding" are best learnt by studying hard and the best "reinforcements" for studying hard are examinations, tests and quizzes. In much of university physics "studying hard" manifests itself as solving traditional tutorial problem-sets which are presumed to evoke appropriate conceptualizations of the concepts being taught. The link between solving sets of standard problems and the generation of conceptual understanding appears to be an underlying physics pedagogical assumption which is very widely held by physics educators (Chi, Glaser and Rees, 1981; Larkin and Reif, 1979; Larkin, McDermott, Simon and Simon, 1980; Striley, 1988). For example, Van Harlingen (1985) offers the following advice to introductory physics students: A solid understanding of physics includes the ability to solve a variety of problems .. your ability to successfully solve problems is one way that you (and your teachers) can measure your understanding (p. 30, emphasis mine). However, especially at the introductory physics level, the problem-sets assigned as homework "tutorials" and the problems which are consequently used in physics examinations may be characteristically described as "stereotyped quantitative examples" (Gamble, 1986) requiring "prototypical solutions" (Reif, 1982). For example, see many of the the chapter problems in popular introductory physics textbooks such as Giancoli (1985), Halliday and Resnick (1986), Sears, 7 Zemansky and Young (1985), and Weidner (1985). Linking conceptual understanding with the ability to successfully solve such physics problems is a doubtful pedagogical assumption (diSessa, 1986; Helm, 1983; Hewson 1980; Gamble, 1986; Reif, 1982; Reif and Heller, 1982; Warren, 1986). For example, from the results of their research, Reif and Heller (1982) noted that: The cognitive mechanisms needed for effective scientific problem solving are complex and thus not easily learned from mere examples and practice ....Too little attention is commonly paid to the organization of the knowledge acquired by students ... students are given little help to integrate their accumulating knowledge into a coherent structure facilitating flexible use. (p. 125) Thus it appears that it is of questionable value for physics educators to assign tutorial problems for homework without having an insight into how students are constructing their conceptualizations of the physics being taught (Arons 1983, 1984a, 1984b; Clement, 1981; Faucher, 1981). The metaphysical realist influence on traditional science instruction and epistemology, in its neglect in valuing students' existing conceptions, purposes and motivations, has covertly added another dimension to the conceptual difficulties which university physics students have to face. Instruction which views the lack of "correct" understanding to be a consequence of a lack of "studying hard" (or alternatively lack of required intellect) may proceed at an enormous rate. The amount of course content covered then takes on overriding importance (English language introductory university physics textbooks all offer much the same basic curriculum). This rate of instruction is typically so rapid that any in-class reflection becomes impossible (see for example, McMillen, 1986; Tobias, 1986). Arons (1979) captured the nature of this typical instruction pace with a "length contraction" metaphor (from Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity): It is the premise of the vast majority of introductory physics courses ... that if one takes a huge breadth of subject matter and passes it before the student at sufficiently high velocity, the Lorentz contraction will shorten it to a point at which it drops into the hole which is the students mind .... The students have been 'told' but they have not made the concept part of their own .... they get 'credit' for going through a memorized calculational procedure which happens to give them the 'right' numerical answer ... while they have no understanding of the physics, (p. 650) 8 1.3 Problem Statement 1.3.1 General Statement From the perspective of this study, physics students' conceptualizations are the outcomes resultant from the students' organizing and structuring of what they are taught in terms of their prior knowledge and experiences. Conceptualizations should be recognized in terms of their contextual appropriateness with regards to a coherent physics perspective of the world. In the previous section an argument was presented that university physics education is widely framed by a dominant "standard" empiricist/positivist model of how the teaching of physics should proceed, both in lectures and textbooks. As a direct consequence of this standard model of physics pedagogy it is likely that for many students physics becomes an extremely difficult subject of laws, formulae and problem solving algorithms, all to be mostly rote learnt to pass the final examination with little accompanying appropriate conceptualization construction. Passing contemporary physics examinations is usually equated with the attainment of "correct" conceptual understanding pertinent to the physics being examined, however, students with a deficit of appropriate current physics conceptual understanding often manage to pass physics examinations by memorizing sufficient material (Arons, 1979, 1983; Dahlgren, 1979; Dahlgren and Marton, 1978; Lin, 1982; Lundgren, 1977). It is not surprising, then, to find physics students who have successfully completed their undergraduate physics evoking conceptualizations which are contextually inappropriate, based upon intuition, or confused in abstraction (for example see, Faucher, 1983; Helm, 1980; Hewson, 1982; Sjoberg and Lie, 1981; Villani and Pacca, 1987). The educational concerns associated with students graduating with physics as a major subject and having a relatively wide range of inappropriate conceptualizations are highlighted when considering potential secondary school physics teachers. Research has indicated that secondary physics teachers often hold similar contextually inappropriate conceptualizations as those of their pupils (for example, see Helm, 1980; Sjoberg and Lie, 1981). While a direct link between teachers' and pupils' evoked conceptualizations is not being proposed, it is, 9 however, being suggested that teachers' conceptualizations play a fundamental role in the complex conceptualization construction/reconstruction that takes seed during physics classes. In this regard, it would add a further level of complexity to the recommendation made by Driver and Erickson (1983): We ought to engage in research endeavours which will uncover student frameworks, investigate the ways they interact with instructional experiences and utilize this knowledge in the development of teaching programmes. (p. 40) This study, then, is directed at uncovering the nature of the conceptualizations which a group of ten physics graduates, who are postgraduate students in a physics teacher education programme, have regarding the phenomenon of sound. 1.3.2 Specific Research Questions 1. What are the qualitatively different ways that a group of ten physics graduates from a teacher education programme conceptualize the phenomenon of sound from: - a microscopically based perspective; and, - a macroscopically based perspective? 2. What is the qualitative nature of the students' conceptual understanding of the factors which affect the speed of sound? 3. What is the nature of the consistency of the students' patterns of reasoning about sound in and across the following interview generated contexts: - an example offered by the students from their experiences which had not formed part of their formal physics classes; - an example not commonly used in physics teaching but which would be common to everyday experience; - an example commonly used in physics teaching; - an experimental situation; and, - a hypothetical teaching situation? 4. How do the students deal with a request to qualitatively compare and contrast the physics concepts of light and sound? 10 1.4 Rationale and Delimitations of the Problem 1.4.1 Conceptual Understanding of Sound and its Propagation Physics students are often faced with generating conceptualizations in educational environments which may be doing more to complicate further conceptualization and rationalization than otherwise. Conceptualization difficulties may arise from many factors encountered both in class and in textbooks. Some of these factors include abstractness of examples, implicitness in conceptual connections, ambiguous inferences, counter-intuitiveness and a variety of underlying pedagogical and epistemological assumptions. Examples of textbook generated conceptual difficulties are given by Iona (1987); Aguirre (1981) has exemplified the nature of implicit assumptions in physics texts; and, Tobias (1986) and McMillen (1986) provide insight into some of the underlying pedagogical and epistemological assumptions in a typical university introductory physics course. When faced with situations such as these, students can only try to cope in the best way that they can. For instance, their coping could include adopting one or more of the following strategies: Rote memorization of facts and formulae. Concentrating on problem solving without gaining insight into underlying concepts. Rejecting the presented "correct" conceptual models completely, and constructing conceptualizations which are plausibly based upon intuition, yet which lead some of the time to a "correct" answer. When adopting any of these, or similar strategies, the functional appropriateness of a conceptualization is lost. That is, students will be generating a number of related but inconsistent and disconnected conceptualizations. Consider an example taken from Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Suppose a problem of relative velocity is solved for two photons travelling, say, directly away from each other. From the chosen frame of reference the solution of the problem will yield an answer which has a magnitude greater than the speed of light. Many students are deeply concerned when, in similar problems, their calculated answers seemingly contradict one of Einstein's postulates; that is, nothing may travel 11 faster than the speed of light. However, their concern has its foundation in an inadequate conceptualization of what the terms speed and velocity mean in physics. With the appropriate conceptualizations this concern should not arise. From a physics perspective, sound as a primary component of our everyday life has generated a wealth of interesting problems (for instance, see Walker, 1975, pp. 3 - 19). Technological innovations utilizing sound waves are also continuously taking place in fields such as medical physics (see for example, Looker, 1985) and piezoelectric microwave electronics (see for example, Apfel, 1974). Beyond an intrinsic interest in the phenomenon of sound, and despite less and less time being available for the study of sound in introductory physics (for example, see Miller, 1987), the study of sound serves an important introductory role in developing physics wave conceptualizations. For example, "The Feynman Lectures on Physics" chapter entitled "Sound. The Wave Equation" begins with the following introduction: In this chapter we shall discuss the phenomenon of waves. This is a phenomenon which appears in many contexts throughout physics, and therefore our attention should be concentrated on it not only because of the particular example considered here, which is sound, but also because of the much wider application of the ideas in all branches of physics. (Feynman, Leighton, and Sands, 1963, p. 47-1) An example of a related concept from the area of sound and quantum mechanics is: Consider the circumstance in quantum mechanics where the electron lacks sufficient energy to ultimately escape from the proton, its representation is that of confined waves with the solution of the wave equation having definite frequencies (energies). Similarly the solution of the wave equation for a vibrating string rests in confined waves of definite frequencies (harmonics). Some German physics educators are even proposing using similar analogies to teach ideas of quantum mechanics in their secondary schools (Niedderer, 1988). Although some physics lecturers may regard the links between sound and other directly associated fields of physics such as mechanics, hydrodynamics, and thermodynamics as elementary, these links may be quite problematic for physics students. This enhances the rationale for choosing the area of sound to frame this study, for as Dahlgren and Marton (1978) point out: 12 The comprehension of a certain concept (principle, phenomenon) can be seen as a function of the way it appears in the actual context, what the individual has as the object of his attention at the time and what conceptual prerequisites he possesses. This latter view implies that the conception of something may depend on the conception of something else which is more fundamental. ... in order to improve learning we should concentrate our efforts on putting across such basic concepts or structures. But what is basic from the point of view of the learner is not necessarily basic from the point of view of the academic discipline. Of course, it is sensible to start with the content of the actual course, and to derive from this a set of central concepts and principles. Very often, however, the most fundamental assumptions of an academic subject are tacit and taken for granted: one might say that they are not in the academic subject but below it. Consequently, the best way to discover them is to analyse the way which students think about the content of the subject. (p. 27* emphasis theirs) 1.4.2 Using Graduate Physics Student Teachers for the Study Ten physics graduates from a physics teacher education programme were interviewed for the purposes of this study. They were considered ideal interviewees since the results obtained in the pilot study indicated that the students, as potential physics teachers, were naturally interested in the study and saw their participation as contributing to the development of physics teaching. Further, the students' own physics education "method" course was of such a nature that it facilitated an understanding that the interview was not a test of how well they understood their physics but an exploration into how they understood their physics. Consequently they tended to be exceptionally co-operative, honest and open during the course of their interviews, even when they were faced with situations which could have been conceived as questioning the very basics of their own physics understanding. Also, much of the anxiety inherent in such an interview situation was relieved by what may be characterized as peer empathy: both interviewer and interviewee were postgraduates studying in the field of physics education. 1 3 1.4.2.1 Implications for Potential Physics Teachers It is rare for the more advanced courses in undergraduate physics to require students to reflect upon conceptualizations that they constructed in earlier courses (for examples from special relativity see Hewson, 1982; Posner, Strike, Hewson, and Gertzog, 1982; Villani and Pacca, 1987: for examples from mechanics see Faucher, 1983; Helm 1980; Sjoberg and Lie, 1981; Viennot, 1979). Earlier it was pointed out that while students who take postgraduate physics could be provided with opportunities to explore, challenge and refine their conceptualizations, students who intend becoming physics teachers are not afforded such an opportunity. They enter a new academic world of education "methods courses" to graduate as qualified physics teachers (physics authority figures). That they do so with an unknown range of conceptualizations may be considered perturbing, a concern shared by Elton (1980, p. 129): Quite elementary physical concepts are difficult and frequently grossly misunderstood by pupils at school and even by students at university. Evidence for this comes from United States .. France .. South Africa, New Zealand and this country [Great Britain]. Since such misunderstandings are not uncommon even among undergraduates in their final year, some of whom become school teachers, the disquieting possibility must be faced that one cause for these misunderstandings among school pupils may be corresponding misunderstandings among school teachers. If this is so, then the point of attack should shift to the university. Hence, this study has the potential of providing both education and physics lecturers with insights which could allow them to give consideration to "what" and "how" students conceptualize what they are taught. During their education studies, physics student teachers should be provided with insights into the character and origins of their own conceptualizations in order to generate an appreciative system for their own teaching. For example, Erickson has argued that the role of "method" courses in education studies should be primarily aimed at providing: 14 Knowledge in the following of Shulman and Sykes' (1986) categories: (1) curricular knowledge (2) content-specific pedagogical knowledge (3) general knowledge of pedagogical principles. (Erickson, 1987, p. 28) It is anticipated that this research into physics student teachers' conceptual understanding of sound could be described in terms of Shulman and Sykes' (1986) categories of "curricular knowledge" (insight into how knowledge is organized and packaged for instruction in textbooks etc.) and "content-specific pedagogical knowledge" (insight into how, for example physics topics, principles, concepts, strategies etc. are conceptually understood, learnt and forgotten). Fensham (1983) has presented an argument for science teachers to adopt "new" objectives for science teaching "as a means of categorizing some of the research findings that are emerging from probing interviews that get behind the 'correct' answers that most science education expects from its learners", (p. 10) From a physics perspective these objectives may be summarized as follows (from Fensham, 1983, p. 7): (1) To introduce students to examples of how physicists define and use concepts which may conflict with commonsense, experience and everyday language usage. (2) To make explicit students' worldviews of natural phenomena and and to relate these to contemporary and historical scientific worldviews. (3) To enable students to recognize that physicists invent general concepts which idealize actual situations. (4) To help students relate a few examples and concepts to a wide variety of examples and concepts. (5) To help students consider natural phenomena or section of technology and associate several features of it with the corresponding physics concepts. (6) To help students to recognize and use the varieties of^ representations that physicists use to describe physical conditions. 15 The author believes that in the education of physics teachers the incorporation of the basic tenets of Fensham's objectives into physics "methods" courses would mean that this study would contribute to the enhancement of physics education students' content specific pedagogical knowledge. 1.5 Overview of Layout of Dissertation This study is a case study using a "phenomenographic" (Marton, 1981) perspective. It involved ten physics graduates from a physics teacher education programme in clinical-like "depth interviews" (Jones, 1985). These interviews incorporated a variety of different contexts regarding the phenomenon of sound. In each of these contexts the students were asked to explain their understanding of sound. The research questions focused on three areas: (1) the generation of categories of description to characterize the students' conceptualizations of the phenomena of sound and of the factors affecting the speed of sound; (2) the consistency of the students' conceptualizations across a variety of contexts; and, (3) how the students' coped with a request to compare and contrast the physics concepts of light and sound. This led to the generation of categories of influence (see Description of Terms below) to characterize factors which influence and mediate the nature of these conceptualizations. There are seven chapters in this dissertation. This chapter has introduced the study and the rationale underlying it. The subsequent chapters deal with: a review of the literature and an overview of the theoretical perspective (Chapter II); the methodology (Chapter III); the analysis of the data (Chapters IV to VI); and, the conclusions, discussions and recommendations arising from the study (Chapter VII). The analysis is done in three chapters coinciding with the three areas of research focus listed above. The qualitative nature of the analysis means that some discussion also occurs in these chapters which is, then, summarized in the conclusions in Chapter VII. 16 1.6 Description of Terms Throughout the dissertation several terms are used with a particular meaning in mind, these need to be explicated. This is done logically rather than alphabetically: PHENOMENOGRAPHY: "the study of the qualitatively different ways in which people experience and conceptualize the world around them. The experiential perspective is one of the basic features, various aspects of reality and various phenomena are described in terms of the differing ways in which they appear to people." (Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988, p. 5) CONCEPTUALIZATION: this is a term used to broadly reflect how someone sees, visualizes, thinks about, understands or makes sense of experiences and phenomena. It is not meant to represent some structure in a person's mind, rather it is a qualitative description of a person-world relationship. Conceptualizations are the characterization of descriptive categories of peoples' explanations. CATEGORY OF DESCRIPTION: an interpretative descriptive category of explanation which characterizes a conceptualization; an interpretation of another person's interpretation. OUTCOME SPACE: the union of a set of categories of description; an abstract space made up of categories of description "in which individuals move — more or less freely - back and forth" (Marton, 1984, p. 62). CATEGORY OF INFLUENCE: an interpretative descriptive category of influence of conceptualization; a characterization of those factors which mediate and influence what boundaries an outcome space will have. INAPPROPRIATE / APPROPRIATE CONCEPTUALIZATION: a conceptualization which is at variance / synonymous with a concept which is a defined construct within a scientific discipline such as physics. FUNCTIONALLY INAPPROPRIATE CONCEPTUALIZATION: a conceptualization which is evoked in a context where it has little or no functionality. Hence, a functionally inappropriate conceptualization may be an appropriate conceptualization in another frame of reference or context. For example, viewing the relative velocity of particles moving at relativistic speeds from a Galilean perspective. CONCEPTUAL DISPERSION: a characterization of the set of conceptualizations which a person may have regarding some phenomenon; a person's private outcome space. The same phenomenon viewed in different contexts may evoke different conceptualizations of that phenomenon. GUT-PHYSICS: intuition-based conceptualizations that appear to have their foundation in everyday interpretations of how things work; a pervasive, contextually cued reaction to phenomena and experiences. 17 PHYSICS GRADUATE: a student who has graduated with a major or honours degree in physics, or in a field directly connected to physics such as geophysics, astrophysics, or physics-based engineering. LECTURER: a teacher at the university level. TEACHER: a teacher at the secondary level. EDUCATOR: a teacher at any educational level. STUDENT: a person studying at university. PUPIL: a person studying at school. 1.7 Overview of Chapter I This chapter introduced the study and the rationale for the study. Concern was expressed about the metaphysical realism overtones in university physics lecturing and how this may be interpreted by physics students with regards to how they learn and understand their physics. A claim was made that it is important for physics educators to have insights into how their students conceptualize what they are being taught, what the substance of these conceptualizations is, and how this could have important consequences for physics teaching in university physics programmes, in university physics education programmes, and in the school classroom. An overview of the layout of the dissertation indicated that it consisted of seven chapters with the next six chapters reviewing the literature and theoretical perspective; describing the methods of research design, data collection and analysis; describing the data analysis in three chapters; and, a final chapter of conclusions and discussion. An explanation of some technical terms used in the study was also provided in this chapter. 18 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction As no reported research was found regarding either pupils' or students' conceptualizations of sound, this literature review has two aims. Firstly, it is to give an insight into the extensiveness of the research into science phenomena conceptualization, hence establishing its accorded importance in the science education community. Secondly, it is to introduce the theoretical perspective used to frame the study: the Gothenburg "research specialization" (Marton, 1988) called phenomenography which takes on an interpretative experiential perspective to frame an understanding of knowledge from students' perspectives. 2.2 The Extensiveness of the Conceptualization Research In the field of science education, there has been considerable research into investigating pupils' and students' conceptualizations of scientific phenomena. This body of research has been reviewed several times, the more extensive of which include Driver and Easley (1978); Driver and Erickson (1983); Driver, Guesne and Tiberghien (1985); Fensham (1984); Gilbert and Watts (1983); Hashweh (1988); McDermott (1984); Orton (1985); Osborne and Freyberg (1985); and, White (1987). Also, several books have been written by contributing authors presenting previously unpublished work. These include, Anderson (1981); Gentner and Stevens (1983); Marton, Hounsell and Entwistle (1984); Ramsden (1988); Siegler (1978); and, West and Pines (1985). Specific "students' concepts" conferences have also been held, and their proceedings include Duit, Jung and Rhoneck (1985); Helm and Novak (1983); Novak (1987); and, Sutton and West (1982). Many universities such as Berkeley, Waikato, Leeds, Gothenburg, M.I.T., Kiel, and Paris have an extensive range of inhouse publications dealing with pupils' and students' conceptualizations. Most of the "conceptualization" research efforts have centred on physics, the most popular areas being force and motion, heat, and electricity. For an example of force and motion see Maloney (1988); for heat see Rogan (1988); for electricity 19 see Danusso and Dupre (1987). Further, the focus of much of this research has been in the school arena and has generated terminology such as "children's science" (Gilbert, Osborne and Fensham, 1982) and "children's' dynamics" (Osborne, 1984). Recently the research interest has expanded and other areas have been getting attention. A sample of these are: photosynthesis (Roth, Smith and Anderson, 1983; Wandersee, 1983) the mole concept (Lybeck, Marton, StrOmdahl and Tullberg, 1988), stoichiometry (Mitchell and Gunstone, 1984), covalent bonding (Peterson, Treagust, and Garnett, 1986), changing states of water (Osborne and Cosgrove, 1983), gravity (Stead and Osborne, 1981) and energy (Solomon, 1983; Warren, 1983; Watts, 1983). Far less "conceptualization" research has taken place at the university level, and that which has been carried out has focused on first year students primarily in the areas of force and motion (see diSessa, 1986; McDermott, 1984). A limited amount of work has been done in other areas, for example: Goldberg and McDermott (1987) considered students' conceptualizations of the real image formed by a converging lens or concave mirror; Fredette and Lochhead (1980) and Van Zee, Evans, Greenberg and McDermott (1982) have investigated students' conceptualizations of electric circuits and current; Cros, Amouroux, Chastrette, Fayol, Leber and Maurin (1986) investigated students' preconceptions of the constituents of matter and of acids and bases; and RenstrrJm (1987, 1988) has completed an extensive study of pupils' conceptualizations of matter. Beyond the first year university level very little "conceptualization" research has taken place. Faucher (1983) compared "sophomore and senior" students in limited aspects of force, motion, electricity, electromagnetism, and special relativity. Helm (1980), Sjoberg and Lie (1981), and Viennot (1979) have all completed research which extended from school into senior years of university physics; Sjoberg and Lie, to graduates. Helm, and Sjoberg and Lie extended their studies to physics teachers and found that similar inappropriate conceptualizations were found across the spectrum of their investigations. Sjoberg and Lie, and Viennot focused on force and motion while Helm sampled a variety of topics from a typical first year physics curriculum. One of the conclusions stemming from these studies was that physics teachers may be contributing to the persistence of functionally inappropriate conceptualizations. Gunstone and White (1980) probed physics graduates' understanding of gravity and, then, repeated their research at 20 the first year level (Gunstone and White, 1981). Other studies involving senior undergraduate and graduate physics students have been in the realm of Einstein's special theory of relativity (Hewson, 1982; Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog, 1982; Villani and Pacca, 1987). In the literature review so far an attempt has been made to reflect the diversity of the conceptualization research on the one hand, and on the other hand, the focusing that has taken place in the area of force and motion, particularly at school level. The review also found that there was a comparatively smaller research effort at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels of university physics, and that no research has taken place in the area of sound at either the school or university level. 2.3 Choice of Theoretical Perspective Before choosing the theoretical perspective for this study, the methods and perspectives which had been used in similar studies were carefully considered. It was found, as Driver and Erickson (1983), Gilbert and Watts (1983), West and Pines (1985) and White (1987) have all pointed out, that within the realm of pupil/student conceptualization research there has been little consistency with regards the aims of the research, the methods used in collecting and analysing data, and the utilization of the research outcomes. Gilbert and Watts (1983) and Cobb (1987) have pointed out that this is both covertly and overtly a consequence of what may be characterized as the underlying epistemological spirit supporting the different research efforts. Three general perspectives were subsequently given consideration, namely: - the rule-assessment technique (for instance, see Aguirre, 1981; Maloney, 1985, 1988; and, Siegler, 1976, 1978); - the interview-about-instances technique (for instance, see Gilbert and Watts, 1983; Gilbert, Watts and Osborne, 1985; and, Osborne and Gilbert, 1980); and, - phenomenography (for instance see Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985; Lybeck, Marton, Strrjmdahl and Tullberg, 1988; and, Renstrom, 1987, 1988). 21 Phenomenography was considered to be the most suitable perspective to use for the following reasons: - much of the research associated with the first two perspectives has been normatively based. The aim of this study was not to identify "incorrect" conceptualizations but was an attempt to describe how physics students contextually conceptualize the phenomenon of sound: a concern with empathetic meaning and understanding. Phenomenography offers an understanding and interpretative framework which facilitates the description of a person's perceptual world; that is, an interpretative experiential perspective. Phenomenography is not normative but appreciative in the verstehen (Weber, 1949) tradition; - unlike the other two perspectives, phenomenography views conceptualizations as being "relations between the conceptualizing or experiencing individuals and the conceptualized or experienced phenomena" (Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988, p. 5) That is, each conceptualization has a how (the act of conceptualization) and a what (the meaning of the conceptualization) aspect which are "dialectically intertwined, neither can exist apart from the other." (Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988, p. 5); and - in the author's opinion, phenomenography offered the best support for his belief that the outcomes of this kind of educational research should guide teaching with empathetic insights into how students' conceptualize what is being taught, rather than to prescribe "how" to teach: a belief "that conceptual frameworks can be developed and replaced by new better ones; it is we who create our 'prisons' and we can also, critically demolish them" (Lakatos, 1978, p. 20, emphasis his). Phenomenography was founded at Gothenburg University in Sweden and has been used extensively in Sweden and somewhat in England and Australia to explore a wide spectrum of conceptualizations. Some of these studies are reported in "The Experience of Learning" edited by Marton, Hounsell, and Entwistle (1984). Other studies reported in English include research into student' conceptualizations of: matter (Renstrom, 1987, 1988); the "mole concept" in chemistry (Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl, and Tullberg, 1988); factors affecting acceleration and velocity (Johansson, Marton, and Svensson, 1985); knowledge (Dahlgren and Pramling, 1985); economic concepts (Dahlgren, 1978); and, factory storemen's ideas about education (Larsson and Helmstad 1985). Recently an international symposium based on phenomenography was held in Australia which reflects the growing interest in the perspective (Bowen, 1986). 22 2.4 The Framework of Phenomenography In an invited address to the American Educational Research Association, Marton (1988) introduced phenomenography as a "research specialization" to study "the differing understandings or conceptions of phenomena in the world around us," an "approach to research which takes an experiential perspective" (p. 5). This "experiential perspective" is a cornerstone of phenomenography as it is within the realm of this experiential perspective that phenomenography takes on a subtle and "pragmatic" (Marton, 1981) research distinction. This distinction is made between research which focuses on describing various aspects of the world (called a first-order perspective) and research which describes how people experience various aspects of the world (called second-order perspective). It should be pointed out that: The discerning of these two alternative perspectives has nothing to do with the metaphysical distinction between the real and the apparent, or with arguments for or against as to whether there is a reality as such that is accessible to us. (Marton, 1981, p. 178) Although the Gothenburg Research Group have started to incorporate their "pragmatic" position into a "philosophical" position (Marton, private correspondence, 1988; Marton and Neuman, 1988) the focus of phenomenographic research remains experiential. A useful analogy for phenomenography's first/second order perspectives may be Popper's (1972), first and third worlds (a physical world and a world of ideas) except that which is: Separated from the 'knowing subject' in Popper's case is the body of propositional knowledge regarded as valid at a certain point in the history of science. What we [in phenomenography] want to thematize, on the other hand, is the complex of possible ways of viewing various aspects of the world, the aggregate of basic conceptions underlying not only different, but even alternative and contradictory forms of propositional knowledge, irrespective of whether these forms are deemed right or wrong. (Marton, 1981, p. 197) Gibbs, Morgan and Taylor (1982, p. 140) have thematized the essential pragmatic distinctions between the first and second-order perspectives as follows (second-order versus first-order): 23 Qualitative vs. Contextualized vs. Internal vs. Understanding vs. Emancipatory vs. Quantitative Generalized External (Description) (Conceptualization) (Relations) (Forms of comprehension) (Use) Explanation Technical This separation of the first and second-order perspectives is essentially what sets phenomenography apart from phenomenology on the one hand and ethnography on the other. Neither the ethnographic research perspective (Larsson, 1988), nor the phenomenological perspective (Marton, 1981) facilitate a distinction being made between the two perspectives, i.e., there can be no separating of what-is-experienced from the experience-itself. However, Marton (1981) points out: The descriptions we arrive at from the second-order perspective are autonomous in the sense that they cannot be derived from descriptions arrived at from the first-order ... in 'phenomenography,' we suggest, we would deal with both the conceptual and the experiential, as well with what is thought of as that which is lived. (Marton, 1981, pp. 178 - 181) The second-order perspective can thus be thought of in terms of explicating something through the eyes of another -- an interpretative perspective to explore conceptual understanding by careful analysis of the "content" of explanations. 2.4.1 Categories of Interpretation 2.4.1.1 Categories of Description In Chapter I it was argued that physics educators need to have more insight into their students' conceptualizations of what they are being taught; that is, how they see, visualize, understand, think about or make sense of experiences and phenomena. In this study conceptualizations are viewed as reflecting the nature of a contextual person-world relationship. Conceptualizations are thus not specifically inherent to either individuals or to instances of the world, rather they are inherent to both in an intertwined relationship. This phenomenographic interpretation of conceptualization is framed by the implicit "concept of intentionality introduced by the German philosopher Frantz Bretano 1874." (Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985, p. 247) That is, the experience of 24 phenomena has a dualism to it, for instance, we do not just hear, we must hear something. Similarly we cannot simply learn we have to learn something. In other words: There are two aspects of the experience of an object, the act of experiencing 'noesis,' and that which is experienced, i.e. the meaning of the object towards which one's attention is directed, the 'noema.' These two aspects jointly form the whole, the experience of the object in question. (Marton, 1984, p. 54) Since the individual and the world are not depicted as separate entities, this does not mean that the relationship between them is fixed. Things can be perceived and experienced in different ways (for example, see Brauner, 1988), and we can argue that one way of perceiving and experiencing some phenomena is better than another. For instance, one might argue that it is better to perceive and experience a "sun rise" as an "earth rotation," while it is certainly possible to do both. Much of what teaching is about concerns better or new ways of perceiving and experiencing -- conceptualizing -- phenomena from different frames of reference. And from this perspective conceptualization may be characterized as sense-making construction manifest as "constitutionalism" (Marton and Neuman, 1988; Renstrom, 1987, 1988): While the emphasis in constructivism is on acts ... constitutionalism has the unity of the act and the acted upon as its point of departure. This latter stance makes it fairly natural to describe different ways of thinking about a certain phenomenon, or different ways of dealing with that phenomenon, in relation to the particular competency we aim at developing in an educational setting. The differences can then be seen as increasingly functional human-world relations. (Marton and Neuman, 1988, pp. 7-8) An excellent example of different conceptualizations of the same phenomenon is provided by Kuhn (1962) who describes how a "distinguished physicist" and "eminent chemist" replied to the question: Is a single atom of helium an atom or a molecule? For the chemist the atom of helium was a molecule because it behaved like one with respect to the kinetic theory of gases. For the physicist, on the other hand, the helium atom was not a molecule because it displayed no molecular spectrum. (Kuhn, 1962, p. 50) 25 Essentially what is reflected in these two answers is what phenomenography calls a second-order perspective; that is how physicists and chemists may come to conceptualize a molecule rather than what a molecule is. For the purposes of this study the second-order research perspective frames the interpretative exploration of student conceptualization via the careful analysis of the "content" of student explanations. It facilitates the generation of characterizations to depict the "thinker's understanding of that which is thought about" (Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985, p. 247). An underlying assumption is that phenomena and experiences are conceptualized in a limited number of qualitatively different ways (Marton, 1986; Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985), and the phenomenographic approach involves identifying interpretative categories to characterize these conceptualizations. For instance, in this study the sound-related conceptualizations were characterized from interpretative descriptive categories evolved from the students' thematic explanations. In phenomenography, these interpretative descriptive categories are called "categories of description" (Dahlgren, 1984; Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985). In other words, the analytic outcomes, as categories of description, reflect how the students explained the phenomenon of sound. The analytic outcomes, as conceptualizations, reflect how the students "saw" the phenomenon of sound; that is, an interpretation of the students' interpretations. Thus categories of description are said to characterize conceptualizations. They are not the conceptualizations in themselves. The identification of conceptualizations as a phenomenographic analytic outcome is an invention or discovery, whereas the categories of description consists of sets of students' explanations. As Johansson, Marton and Svensson (1985) have pointed out, this is an important but somewhat awkward distinction to maintain. The development of categories of description and their resultant characterization as conceptualizations are primary aims in phenomenographically based research (Dahlgren, 1984; Johansson, Marton, and Svensson, 1985; Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988; Marton and Saljo, 1984). The invention or discovery of conceptualizations stem from a rigorous analysis of qualitative differences found in empirical data (Johansson, Marton, and Svensson, 1985), which in this study were the students' thematic explanations. Put in another way, for this study, categories of description portray an empathetically framed recognition and interpretation of sets of student explanation. 26 Categories of description may be constructed primarily in terms of the substance of the person's explanations, for example, see Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg (1988), or they may be constructed primarily in terms of the structure of a person's explanations, for example, see Dahlgren (1984). However, whatever primary characteristics are used to determine the delimitations for the generation of categories of description, they still "refer to whole qualities of human-world relations" (Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985, p. 249). When generating the conceptualizations an attempt needs to be made not to impose too much of a personal frame of reference directly onto the students' explanations, yet one must simultaneously link one's personal understanding (in this case, of physics) to the students' understanding, in order to understand and relate to the content of the students' explanations. Dahlgren (1984) describes the data analysis procedure as a process which principally involves: The reduction of unimportant dissimilarities e.g. terminology or other superficial characteristics, and the integration and generalization of important similarities i.e. a specification of the core elements which make up the content and structure of a given category, (p. 24) Constructing categories of description may be depicted as a kind of iterative "hermeneutic circle" procedure which uses the "parts" to evolve the "whole" which in turn delimits the contributing "parts." Once a category of description is constructed, a conceptualization may be generated by framing the category of description as a characterization of a conceptualization. It is important to emphasize that categories of description are not analogous to "concept maps" (Novak and Gowin, 1984) which are representative of individual patterns of reasoning in terms of propositional linkages. Categories of description are rather a kind of collective identification of important explanatory attributes. Categories of description, as the collective outcomes of research into students' conceptualizations in a specific area, represent "an abstract system of description, a gigantic space of categories, in which individuals move — more or less freely — back and forth" (Marton, 1984, p. 62). However, this does not preclude an individual from having such an internal representation, there are simply no claims made in this regard. Nor does it preclude individuals being 27 mapped onto a category of description as is done in the analysis for the second research question. 2.4.1.2 Categories of Influence A Category of influence is a phenomenographic-like construct invented for use in this study to help capture the nature of the students' light/sound comparative-conceptualizations (see Chapter VI). The notion of categories of influence was derived from the notion of categories of description. Just as categories of description are interpretative categories which are used to characterize conceptualization, so categories of influence are interpretative categories which are used to characterize factors which appear to play an important role in mediating and influencing conceptualization, in this instance comparative-conceptualization. For instance, factors such as language, intuition and abstraction are likely candidates in the present study. In this analytic model, categories of description, as subsets of outcome space, are delimited by categories of influence. For example, much of the conceptualizations described in this study could be viewed as reflecting elements of conflict between commonsense and physics thinking, and a useful way of illustrating the notion of a category of influence is to use Feldman's (1980) notion of an idiosyncratic-to-universal knowledge continuum. For the purposes of this illustration, Feldman's knowledge continuum is restructured to fit discipline-based conditions (something similar to which Feldman himself proposes, see pp. 16 - 18). So, as a way of functioning in physics, the idiosyncratic side of the continuum could represent primitive intuition-based conceptualization (which may be quite functional in everyday living) and the universal side of the continuum could represent physics-based conceptualization (bearing in mind that what may now be regarded as primitive could have been contemporary in some past era, for example, see McCloskey, 1983). Intermediary positions along the continuum could, then, be characterized as mediations between these often conflicting ways of conceptualization. 2.5 Summary of the Theoretical Perspective: Phenomenography In summary, phenomenography is an experientially based research perspective which facilitates an interpretative experiential analytic approach to characterize how and what students "see" from their perspective: a figurative mapping of 28 various domains of "categories of interpretation." Hence, the perspective is termed a second-order perspective in that this study represents a shift from studying sound per se, or how much students have learnt about sound (first-order perspective), to studying what kinds of conceptualizations students construct about the phenomenon of sound. The primary outcomes of the study are categories of interpretation, description and influence respectively. Categories of description characterize conceptualizations, and categories of influence characterize factors which influence conceptualization. Developing the categories of interpretation is "not a question of 'simply' reading-off what is in front of us" (Marton, 1984, p. 63). They are painstakingly evolved from repeated scrutiny of thematic interview transcripts where important explanatory attributes are emphasized and insignificant attributes downplayed. No claim is made, however, with regards to the ontological status that the conceptualizations have as students' internal cognitive structures. From a physics viewpoint the conceptualizations that students construct about sound represent a subset of conceptualizations regarding the phenomena of waves thus also providing useful insights into how students conceptualize the physics concept of wave. This outcome is manifested in the analysis for research question 4 (see Chapter VI) where students were asked to compare and contrast light and sound. 2.6 Overview of Chapter II This chapter has reviewed the literature which was used to frame the study. In the first section of the review an effort was made to reflect the importance accorded such research by the science education community; the diversity and convergence of studies done so far; and to point out that no previous studies into pupil or student conceptualization of sound had been reported in the literature. The second section of the review introduced phenomenography as an interpretative second-order experiential research perspective; a perspective that facilitated an interpretation of the students' thematic explanations to characterize their conceptualizations and factors influencing their conceptualization. The next chapter will describe the design of the study and outline the analytic procedure used. 29 CHAPTER III DESIGN OF STUDY AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction: A Qualitative Naturalistic Case Study This study has been introduced as a phenomenographically based study; an interpretative experiential second-order study. The aim of the study was to obtain insights into physics students' conceptualizations of sound. As a study of a "bounded system" (Stake, 1978) with a focus on emphasizing the wholeness and unity of those aspects of the system relevant to the research questions, this study may be characterized as a qualitative naturalistic ease study (Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Stake, 1978). The study involved interviewing ten graduate physics students from a physics teacher education programme, about their conceptualizations of the phenomenon of sound. This group of students had graduated from five different universities across Canada with the following four-year physics based undergraduate degrees: four B.Sc. physics; one B.Sc. geophysics; one B.Sc. Honours, physics and astronomy; one B.Sc. physics and oceanography; one B.A.Sc. geophysics engineering; one B.Ed, physics concentration; and one B.E.Sc. Nine of the students were male but to preserve the relationship of trust established prior to and during the interviews all the students are referred to as masculine. 3.2 Outcomes of the Study In any research endeavour, different research perspectives may lead to different knowledge claims, hence a recognized significance, and commonality of understanding, of the research outcomes by all audiences, cannot be assumed. As Shulman (1986) has pointed out: The framing of a research question, like that of an attorney in a court of law, limits the range of permissible responses and prefigures the character of possible outcomes (p. 3). In the evaluation of any qualitative data analysis and its conclusions the basic criteria becomes one of research credibility (Lincoln and Guba, 1985). Research credibility poses the question: Does the research project both as a whole and in its parts generate sufficient credibility to facilitate a consensus that the research 30 conclusions are worthy of attention? Focusing on this issue, Lincoln and Guba (1985), in their discussion on "establishing trustworthiness" for qualitative analysis, conclude "it is dubious whether 'perfect' criteria will ever emerge" (p. 331). However, although a generalized significance and commonality of understanding for all audiences cannot be assumed for this study, it does have the potential of helping physics educators obtain an empathetic insight of what is happening in their own educational environments "so that they can change their role in the social interaction [of teaching] to get better results" (Easley, 1982, p. 192). 3.3 Generalizability of the Study The nature of the study and the perspective adopted for the data analysis are such that it should be borne in mind that the analysis is with direct reference to the conceptualizations of the group of students that were involved in this study. Conceptualizations and not students were being sampled (see discussion on phenomenography in Chapter II) and hence generalizability, in the traditional scientific sense, was not part of the logic of the study design. Any generalizations may only be made by readers in the form of what has been termed "naturalistic generalization" (Lincoln and Guba, 1985; Stake, 1978). Stake has argued that the meaning of generalizability must be viewed in relation to the relevant experiences of a potential user of the generalization: Case studies will often be the preferred method of research because they may be epistemologically in harmony with the reader's experience and thus to that person a natural basis for generalization. (Stake, 1978, p. 5) This means that any generalization of the results of a study such as this one must be experientially based: the research outcomes frame reflection eliciting a kind of deja vu for readers with a repertoire of relevant experience. Put another way: to the degree that this framing of reflection leads to new insightful understanding and consequent recognition of the validity of the research outcomes, so the results become generalizable to the reader. From such a naturalistic perspective, generalizability may be characterized as recognition, a "way of knowing" (Stake, 1978), based upon experience. 3 1 3.4 The Design of the Study The design of the study was framed in terms of the following three components: a structural analysis of the concept of sound at an introductory level; the design of a suitable interview protocol based on an extensive pilot study; and, the analysis of the interview data from a phenomenographic perspective. 3.4.1 Concept Analysis of the Phenomenon of Sound An analysis of the nature and the level of complexity of the various physics concepts associated with the phenomenon of sound was undertaken prior to the pilot study. The level of complexity incorporated in the analysis was chosen to be reflective of the level of understanding sought at the first/second year of undergraduate physics. This analysis was carried out in the form of constructing a "concept map" (Novak and Gowin, 1984) which highlights relationships between conceptual attributes in a hierarchical-like network of propositions. The concept map may be found in Appendix I. 3.4.2 The Design of the Interview Protocol 3.4.2.1 Factors Influencing the Design The interview protocol design was based in part upon the results of an extensive pilot study which preceded this study. One of the aims of the pilot study was to develop a "depth interview" (Jones, 1985) which was modelled along the lines of Piaget's (1929) "clinical interview" within a contextually structured protocol Six physics education students with similar backgrounds to the students involved in the main study, volunteered to become involved in the pilot study. The activities which made up the pilot study were extensive and the very rich data generated was only obtainable by virtue of the interest and enthusiasm that the participating students showed in the study. Often interview sessions would last for a complete afternoon. A variety of experiments involving sound were 32 performed and the students were also asked to explain their understanding of sound in a variety of different contexts. These contexts were derived from the structural analysis of sound completed prior to the pilot study. The pilot study interviews were audio-recorded and were thoroughly analysed between interviews. This meant that much of the interview protocol was actively evolved during the piloting. Aspects that were deemed unsuitable were dropped and new ideas were introduced into each subsequent interview. When the pilot interviews were completed they were all transcribed verbatim. After repeatedly listening to and reading them, the final protocol was developed and was based upon the following criteria: That the interview must be: interesting enough to engage the interviewees in an honest and open in-depth exploration and reflection of their conceptualizations; seemingly simple enough to validate the claim that the interview was not a "physics test" and to avoid knowledge threatening situations as far as possible; able to provide the richest set of data for the purposes of the study; and, of a reasonable duration from both the interviewees' and interviewer's perspective; about 45 minutes. Over and above the outlined criteria it was felt that the design of the interview protocol needed to reflect an environment which could feasibly maintain an intellectual level of conversation with the students. That is, generating an atmosphere of "talking physics" in a "hand waving" manner. It was hoped that the interview would thus generate explanations which incorporated reasonable approximations in order to provide some sort of generalizable and holistic perspective of sound propagation such as the following: As the molecules rush out of the region of higher density and higher pressure, they give momentum to the molecules in the adjacent region of lower density. For sound to be generated, the regions over which the density and pressure change must be much larger than the distance the molecules travel before colliding with other molecules. This distance is the mean free path and the distance between pressure crests and troughs must be much larger than this. Otherwise the molecules would move freely from the crest to the trough and immediately smear out the wave. It is clear that we are going to describe the gas behavior on a scale large compared with the mean free path, and so the properties of the gas will not be described in terms of 33 the individual molecules. The displacement, for example, will be the displacement of the center of mass of a small element of the gas, and the pressure or density will be the pressure or density in this region. (Feynman, Sands and Leighton, 1963, p. 47-3) It was felt that the advantages of this approach were that it would most naturally facilitate the design objectives and simultaneously not place restrictions on the students' explanations; that is, it would take the form of a "reflective conversation" (Schon, 1983). 3.4.2.2 The Structural Format of the Interview Protocol As already discussed, the design of the interview protocol was to facilitate the elicitation and collection of students' explanations about their understanding of sound framed by various contexts. In such a scenario Jones (1985) has pointed out: An interview is a complicated, shifting, social process occurring between two individual human beings, which can never be exactly replicated (pp. 47 - 48, emphasis hers) Hence, to facilitate the design criteria discussed earlier, a decision was made to introduce identical contexts but not to ask a set list of identical questions. The interview had to be perceived as a discussion and not a test. The interviewer also wanted to be able to ask provocative questions to provide the students with an opportunity repudiate or affirm how the interviewer was interpreting segments of explanation. It was appreciated that the use of provocative questions could be interpreted as "leading the students on," however, the piloting experience had shown provocative questions to be a non-stressful, effective method of validation, especially when a student's articulation had been poor (necessary to guide the nature of future probing). The nature of the study meant that the protocol could not anticipate the flow of dialogue, what issues would be raised by the students, or which explanations would be considered worthy of further probing. This caused some initial difficulty in the written articulation of the protocol. Finally it was decided to produce the protocol in "interview probing units" in an effort to capture some of the essential dynamics of what was being attempted. Examples of possible types of questions were then included to outline the general tone and direction that the 34 probing was to take in each context. The final product took on the following form: UNIT 1: The Introductory Phase of the Interview. In this phase the students were chatted to informally and told that the aim of the research was to develop a set of analogies, examples, and demonstrations to enhance students' understanding of sound, and as potential teachers their participation was both appreciated and valued. It was emphasized that the interview was not meant to be a test of their physics knowledge but the interviewer wanted to "see" how the different contexts led them to think about sound. Generally the time was spent developing a relaxed atmosphere in the recognition that both interviewer and interviewee were students with physics backgrounds who were now interested in education. This was considered to be a particularly important stage because as Jones (1985) has pointed out: Human beings present different personae in different situations, to different audiences. In giving accounts to others, they are concerned not only with 'intelligibility' — making their actions comprehensible — but also 'warrantability' — the legitimation of action and the presentation of a credible and legitimate 'self.' (p. 50) UNIT 2: Probing into the nature of the conceptualizations which the students had of sound across four different contexts. First Context: The students were asked to use an example of their own (meaning not a class or textbook example) to explain their understanding of sound. In this context the student were encouraged to draw upon their own experiences of sound outside physics classes, i.e., not typical "teacher" examples. This was initiated with a question such as: Could you give me an example of sound from your own experience, something which teachers don't usually use as an example, and use it to explain how you understand sound? 35 Second Context: A situation not commonly used to demonstrate or personify sound in physics class, yet one which would be very common to everyday experience. A balloon was blown up and then burst. The aim was twofold: to produce a loud source of sound which would rapidly refocus the interview; and to be a source of sound common to everyday experience but not to physics instruction. The initial probing began after asking the students a question such as: Could you use this example to offer an explanation of what sound is and how it travels? After the students had chosen their level of explanation — anticipated to be either a micro- or macroscopic perspective — the probing was directed towards looking for further elaboration. For instance, if a microscopic perspective was introduced a typical question was: What were the air molecules doing before I burst the balloon? [Reply] And after? Third Context: A situation easily identified with the physics class and textbooks. A tuning fork was introduced as being representative of a common teaching demonstration of sound. Explanation was initiated as follows: After providing a box of a variety of tuning forks and encouraging the students to experiment with them for a while, they were presented with a question such as: Could you use one of these tuning forks to explain your understanding of sound? An excellent question to probe micro- and macroscopic connections, and at the same time explore how the students would cope with an exposed inconsistency, was found during the pilot study. During the pilot study all the students estimated the wavelength of sound produced by a tuning fork vibrating at 440Hz to be extremely small (it is actually about 0.75m). In anticipation that a similar outcome would be obtained from the main study students, it was decided to incorporate a section into the "tuning fork" section of protocol where students would be asked to first estimate the wavelength produced by a 440Hz tuning fork and then asked to calculate it. However, because of the potential stress factor involved, the 36 interviewer used his judgement at the time to decide whether or not to pursue this line of probing. Fourth Context: An example based upon a hypothetical teaching situation. The following rather typical depiction of sound waves was shown to the students from an introductory physics textbook: Figure 3.1: A travelling sound wave depiction taken from Weidner (1985, p. 386). " (a) A sinusoidal longitudinal wave. (b) The corresponding wave shape with displacement from equilibrium plotted as a function of distance. " The probing which followed was then embedded in a hypothetical pedagogical situation, for example: Have a look at this figure in this physics textbook. Suppose I was a new undergraduate and I brought this figure to you because I couldn't understand it. Could you help me? 37 UNIT 3: Factors affecting the speed of sound in air? The interview then moved to what factors affected the speed of sound and how they affected it? The intention here was to look for explanations which would give insight both into the students' conceptualizations of sound and how this manifested into related conceptualization of factors which affected the speed of sound. It was anticipated that the probing would get the students to reflect on their understanding of related physics concepts such as temperature, nature of a gas, elasticity and inertia. The students were then asked if sound would travel in a vacuum; this line of questioning was pursued only if it was considered to be useful in probing explanations already given in this unit. UNIT 4: Providing a context where further probing could be initiated via an interesting and somewhat unusual demonstration. In this unit the following experimental situation was provided: A metre long hollow glass tube, with one end tapered, was clamped in a set of retort stands. A lighted candle was placed at the tapered end of the tube and two sources of sound were produced at the other end: hand clapping and knocking on a small wooden box with one open end and this end facing the open end of the glass tube, viz: Figure 3.2: Sound Tube Experiment 38 The students were introduced to the experiment. They were asked to observe the experiment, to generate a set of appropriate questions and then to provide the answers to their questions. During the probing the students were typically asked to imagine that the tube was filled with "coloured air" and then to frame their explanations in terms of this coloured air. It was anticipated that this would help discriminate between viewing the sound travelling down the tube as a "puff versus a "pulse." UNIT 5: Ask the students to compare and contrast the physics concepts of light and sound. It was anticipated that this question would enable the students to explore their understanding of waves in two areas that they should be very familiar with. It was also anticipated that conceptualization continuity and rationalization would be highlighted by their explanations and possibly provide a valuable learning experience for the students. 3.5 The Data Analysis All the main study interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. After each interview notes were made regarding any extrinsic factors considered to have the potential of affecting the interpretation of the interview content. For instance, often students "chatted" informally (with the tape recorder off) about their experiences of learning physics. This confidentiality has been respected and these insights have not been reported in this study, however, where appropriate they were used to help frame the students' explanations. The phenomenographic perspective used in this research is extensively discussed in Chapter II and the data analysis for this study is provided in Chapters IV, V, and VI. 39 3.5.1 Data Analysis: The Categories of Description Characterizing Conceptualizations (Chapter IV) The data analysis was an extensive task that began by transcribing all the interviews verbatim. Before attempting to answer any of research questions, the interviews were read and listened to repeatedly to obtain an overall insight into the substance of the students' explanations. Once the overall picture began to emerge, notes were taken regarding any themes that were identified. The generation of the categories of description to characterize the students' conceptualizations initially required the use of a set of interview transcripts cut up into pieces and sub-pieces of description. The analytic path, then, involved looking for comprehensive structures of explanation. This process may be characterized as following the kind of "hermeneutic circle" procedure discussed earlier. The cut out extracts were separated into "collections of description" which did not remain static. The collections were continuously rearranged, merged or broken down completely. This approach turned out to be exceedingly problematic as an attempt was being made to characterize parts in terms of a whole while simultaneously the whole was to emerge from the parts. This attempt was confounded by the loss of context as pieces of description became increasingly smaller and the task became exceedingly confusing. Consequently a decision was made to begin again using a complete set of transcripts. However, the initial phase of the analysis was still considered essential, as it now guided the second attempt. The complete set of transcripts were subsequently categorized and cross-referenced with notes and colour codes. This process involved careful reading and re-reading of the transcripts. Eventually the categories of description began to emerge from "explanatory summaries" which were generated by reducing "unimportant dissimilarities ... and the integration and generalization of important similarities ... which make up the content and structure of a given category." (Dahlgren, 1984, p. 24) Each category of description, then, reflected a comprehensive structure with individual student's explanations as subsets of it. Having achieved these analytical outcomes they were set aside and the whole process repeated in an effort to validate the interpretations that had been made. This second round of analytic categorization led to some restructuring of the 40 categories of description already evolved and it also led to the merging of two former categories into one. 3.5.2 Data Analysis: Lookine for Consistency of Conceptualization (Chapter V) The phenomenographic perspective characterizes the union of categories of description as "outcome space" (Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988). The analysis for Chapter V involved mapping the students' contextual explanations into the outcome space. The aim was to obtain an overall perspective of what conceptualizations were being evoked in the different contexts. This was done by reading through the students' transcripts in contextual segments. (Each segment consisted of the dialogue that occurred in a specific context.) The students' explanations were then mapped into the outcome space. It must be pointed out that in an extract of contextual dialogue a student's explanations could span more than one category of description. This would imply the evocation of more than one conceptualization in some contexts. To provide some sort of internal validity to the mapping decisions, the mapping process was repeated some time later without reference to the original mapping. In this second round only one minor change in interpretation was made. Initially it was anticipated that certain conceptualizations would be characteristic of functioning in a specific context. The analysis indicated that in general this was not so; so although conceptualizations were characteristic of ways of functioning, they were not necessarily characteristic of ways of functioning in specific contexts. Certain themes in the data analysis were, however, identified and these were subsequently discussed using exemplar extracts. 3.5.3 Data Analysis: How the Students Managed the Task of Comparing and Contrasting Light and Sound (Chapter VI) The analysis for the final research question turned out to be rather difficult. Initially an attempt was made to develop categories of description, however, the nature of the students' explanations did not readily lend itself to this approach. Hence a new phenomenographic construct, categories of influence, was developed. In many respects a category of description and a category of influence are similar except that a category of influence is much broader, and as 41 such is not envisaged to characterize conceptualization as a category of description would. Since phenomenography reflects a fundamental interest in "how various aspects of the world are seen by different individuals" (Marton, and Neuman, 1988, p. 14) it was envisaged that categories of influence would characterize those factors which appeared to be very influential in how phenomena are conceptualized: a dynamic part of person-world unity. To provide a base of validation for these categories of influence two noted physics educators were contacted by private correspondence, these were Anthony P. French of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, and John W. Warren of Brunei University, England. French kindly agreed to provided a citable description of the kind of explanation he would expect physics graduates to give in the context of the interview. Warren wrote several long letters commenting on the author's interpretations and providing some insights of his own from his many years of experience. These insights were particularly useful in the framing of the students' explanations. The categories of influence were generated in much the same way as the categories of description, the analytic procedure of which is described earlier. 3.6 Overview of Chapter III This chapter has described how the study was designed; outlined the analytic approaches taken to analyse the data; and discussed the nature of the outcomes and generalizability of the study. It was pointed out that the outcomes of the study need to be viewed in terms of the phenomenographic research perspective used to frame the study: that conceptualizations and not students were being sampled. It was in this context that the generalizability of the study was posed in terms of naturalistic generalization: a recognition (a way of knowing) based upon the research outcomes framing a reader's reflections of relevant personal experience. The design of the study occurred in several phases and in part was based upon an extensive pilot study. The first phase involved drawing up a physics structural analysis of the concept of sound at a level deemed appropriate for the study. This analysis, then, guided the pilot study which in turn led to the generation of the interview protocol. The data analysis was based upon a phenomenographic perspective. The analysis was divided up into three chapters: conceptualizations; conceptual consistency and dispersion; and factors influencing conceptualization. The analytic approach taken for each of these chapters was outlined in procedural terms. The following three chapters reflect these analytic approaches and their outcomes. 43 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS 4.1 Introduction to Analytic Method This study has been introduced as a phenomenographically framed case study designed to provide insights into how ten physics graduates from a postgraduate physics teacher education programme think about and make sense of the phenomenon of sound; that is, how they conceptualize sound. This chapter deals with these conceptualizations; it is divided into two sections reflecting the first two research questions. The first section deals with the students' conceptualizations of sound, and the second section deals with their conceptualizations of the factors that affect the speed of sound. As discussed in Chapter II, the conceptualizations presented here are characterizations of categories of students' explanations; that is, characterizations of qualitatively different categories of description. From the perspective of this study, conceptualizations are more characteristic of contextual ways of functioning rather than of individuals and it is important for a reader to appreciate that the interview dialogue excerpts which are provided are only examples and do not in themselves represent the sole source of particular conceptualizations. Also, the dialogue excerpts cannot reflect the interviewer's motives for particular modes of questioning. For instance, sometimes provocative questions were asked in order to help clarify what students may have been alluding to, either at the time or at some time previously. When this is not obvious to a reader the questions may appear to be somewhat "leading." In an effort to avoid this interpretation such questions have been labelled as "provocative questions" in the dialogue. To attempt to supply more detail than has already been supplied would generate labyrinthine discussions that would distract a reader from the outcomes of the study and detract from their qualitative richness. Hence, readers are referred to Appendix II where a fuller appreciation of the kind of interacting-dynamics of the interviews is available from a complete interview transcript. 44 In all the following interview dialogue excerpts the letter "S" represents student dialogue and the letter "I" represents interviewer dialogue. 4.2 Data Analysis for Research Question 1: Conceptualizations of the Phenomenon of Sound 4.2.1 Introduction The first research question is described in Chapter I as: What are the qualitatively different ways that a group of ten physics graduates from a teacher education programme conceptualize the phenomenon of sound from: a microscopically based perspective; and, a macroscopically based perspective? The analysis involved constructing the categories of description to characterize the students' conceptualizations across the following contexts: a personal experience of sound (students were encouraged to use an exemplar which they had not met in physics classes); when presented with a bursting balloon; when presented with an assortment of "hands-on" tuning forks; when presented with an experimental situation involving a glass tube with a sound source at one end and a candle at the other end. The sound waves travel down the tube and interact with the candle's flame; when presented with a hypothetical situation where a physics freshman requested explanatory help with a schematic and graphical representation of sound from a typical university introductory physics textbook; and, when asked to explain what factors affect the speed of sound in air. While the students were explaining their conceptualizations of sound across and in these contexts they chose to use qualitatively different explanatory perspectives to frame (thematize) their explanations. These explanatory perspectives tended to be: either micro- or macroscopically orientated depending on whether the focus was on actions of discrete molecules or particles (microscopic), or on bulk properties, such as pressure and density (macroscopic); or, an intricate blend of micro- and macroscopic perspectives (see the wave model conceptualization). These explanatory perspective preferences were clearly discernable from the pilot study and thus provided the background for the generation of the first research question in terms of micro- and macroscopic perspectives. 4.2.2 Conceptualizations of Sound: The Microscopic Perspective Two qualitatively different ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon of sound from a microscopic perspective were identified from the group of students participating in the study, these were: Sound is an entity which is carried by individual molecules through a medium. Sound is an entity which is transferred from one molecule to another through a medium. These conceptualizations are now expanded upon with the aid of illustrative excerpts of interview dialogue. 4.2.2.1 Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1: Sound as an Entity: The Transporting-Molecule Conceptualization. This conceptualization had sound consisting of discrete tiny "things" which make up what we hear. These entities of sound were carried through a medium, such as air, from some source to our ears by individual molecules. There were two depictions of molecular action in the transportation process. FIRST DEPICTION: Molecules were stationary or quasi-stationary when there was no sound. Upon the production of some sound the molecules were provided with the necessary forward movement enabling them to physically carry the sound radially outwards from the source (here there was no clear dimensional conceptualization of this radial movement, see the discussion at the end of the chapter). Consider the following illustrative examples: 46 Example 1 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 1 S: When you struck the balloon the air inside the balloon exploded or came out, forced out, which pushed the air molecules around the balloon outwards and that travelled to my ears. 5 I: Okay, to just try and clarify things. Suppose around the area where I created this, the bang, if I spray painted the ring of molecules around it. S: Uhum [affirmative]. I: Okay, and then I burst the balloon, then what happens to 10 those molecules that I have spray painted, what do they do? S: They would spread out radially. I: Okay — so if I could imagine that I am riding on one, I guess in time I would get to the other side of the room? S: Uhum [affirmative]. NOTE: The above final question was an example of a provocative question discussed earlier and in Chapter III. It was asked to give the student an opportunity to affirm or repudiate the interviewer's interpretation of the student's explanations. Example 2 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 This example illustrates how different a student's conceptualization can be from teaching-intent. Here the student was describing molecular action involved in the propagation of a sound such as a hand clap. To do this he introduced an analogical depiction of a gas as a liquid: 1 S: ... I guess I would try to relate things to fluids a lot because I sort of think of a gas like a fluid. I: That's okay. S: So it's almost like you are squishing some of the molecules 5 and moving them, and pointing them in another direction so that they move somewhere else. Like if you have smoke and you don't like it you can make it move; kinda like a fluid you can make it move if you were stirring it or something. So when you go like this [clapping] you are making them 10 [air molecules] move down, and um — 47 I: You told me earlier that they were moving anyway? S: Well, they are moving so I think of them on their sites, like their kinetic energy or whatever. Like it's more a random movement, but when you give something to them it adds 15 on top of it and it gives them like a direction. Um, I don't think of molecules as moving in the air, I just know that they do, so that's why I have to work it in. Like I think of them staying in the same place but I know that they are moving, so that's why I say that they are moving. SECOND DEPICTION: The molecules would be initially moving around randomly. Upon the production of some sound the molecules closest to the sound source would be coerced into giving up their random motion. The molecules, then, would take on a push-pullback motion coincidental with the vibrations of the sound source, and move radially in "jerky" steps through a medium carrying the sound. As in the first depiction the molecular movement was without a clear dimensional conceptualization. Consider the following illustrative examples: Example 3 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 1 S: Before you strike it [a tuning fork] the molecules will just be, just — they are not stationary they are moving around but they are not propagating, they are not travelling to a specific direction, they are just moving randomly. 5 I: Okay, now you strike the tuning fork. S: Now you strike the fork and the forks vibrate which moves, which moves the, um, air molecules around it in a certain direction — like — [to himself: How do I describe that now?] — with, with the movement of the forks. 10 I: Okay, so it moves the air molecule? S: It moves the air molecules [affirmative]. I: Alright, now this is where I am a bit vague. So I can see air molecules being moved, then what happens? S: You spray painted the air molecules around the fork. Now 15 the forks are vibrating — which pushes the air molecules to either side of the fork — I: And then? Is there a partial vacuum left behind them? S: I don't think so. Um, temporarily, um, there will be more, when it pushes out there will be more, like, sort of 20 --it will be sort of like — [long pause] I don't know if there is a vacuum, I don't think there is a vacuum but there will be way less molecules behind the front. I: I see. So let's suppose that I put you on one of these molecules then. Could I ask you to describe what happens to 25 you? You are sitting on it. S: I think I will be, be pushed forward, and then since the fork is vibrating there will be like a jerking motion. I will be pushed forward a little more then laid back a bit -I will still be travelling forward. When the fork moves 30 forward again I will be pushed forward by the air molecules behind me, I will be travelling that jerky motion. Example 4 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 1 S: Since the propagation of sound is through air molecules, the more you have the clearer the sound. The more you have the more repetitions you have. Um, each molecule would carry the same portion, same amount of information but you have 5 more of it therefore you hear more, you hear better — So if you have less molecules, one molecule would be carrying just that portion of the, the molecule would be carrying the sound but you would have less of it therefore you wouldn't hear quite as clear. 10 I: Okay, I can see that but why should that make it travel faster or slower? S: Oh — if you have less of them [molecules] then it would have to have, have to travel a further distance before it hits another one, before it shoves another one forward, 15 whereas if you have a whole bunch of them, it wouldn't have to travel as far to push another one. I: How does that help? Suppose I am sitting on a molecule, okay? I am just trying to understand: I have to shove one [molecule] out of the way to keep going or —? 20 S: You know — you shove the one in front of you to, yea, in the direction you are travelling. I: And then what happens? S: Then what happens? I: Yes, after I have shoved the molecule in front of me? 25 S: Sort of like a spring model, you push, give it a push -then you slow down, then the one behind you will push you again and you will move forward, repeat itself ~ You are still moving forward all the time. You are not like the spring model where you go back-and-forth. You are moving 30 forward but you're sort of faster; once you got shoved you would move forward faster. 4.2.2.2 Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2: Sound as an Entity: The Conducting-Molecule Conceptualization. This conceptualization of sound also depicts sound as consisting of discrete tiny "things" which make up what we hear. However, in this conceptualization, sound was not an entity in itself, it was an abstracted entity. These abstracted entities were given labels such as energy, vibrations, and disturbances (for instance, see line 11 in Example 1 below). Here, sound propagation involved the transferring of "sound entities" by a conduction effect from one molecule to the next. The molecules involved in the propagation of sound did so by giving up their "natural state" and taking on a "sound motion." At the cessation of the sound the molecules returned to their "natural state," for instance: 1 S: ... I also know that after the sound gets to my ear that the sound dies out, so therefore the molecules that were once vibrating have to stop vibrating and go back to random motion. The conduction mechanism was depicted in two ways: FIRST DEPICTION: Molecular interaction involved straight-line, one-on-one molecular collisions in a manner analogous to the so-called "domino-effect;" that is, a whole line of dominos are set standing on edge sufficiently close enough together so that when one domino falls over it will hit the next which will fall over and hit the next and so on. Consider the following illustrative examples: Example 1 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 1 S: The best model, if you recognize that air, like anything else, is made up of tiny particles of things we call molecules, then — at a simpler level just consider a row of beads sitting on the 5 table. And you tap a bead at one end and you knock all the beads along and at the other end you have 50 your finger and you can feel the tap. That would be analogous to a book dropping and creating the motion of all these smaller things in the air we 10 call molecules which act the same as the beads and move this disturbance around until your finger at the other end can feel it; in this case with the ear at the other end that is feeling it. Example 2 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 S: ... I would view it [propagation of sound] like a domino effect where the particle it hits against something else which hits against something else which hits against something else and moves — um, therefore energy is lost and that's why sound dissipates, maybe. SECOND DEPICTION: This depiction involved molecules dissipating a vibrational motion through a medium via a resonant coupling between molecules: A sound source vibrated and physically interacted with the molecules adjacent to it. Thus, the source and adjacent molecules vibrated in sympathy with each other. Then, the vibrating molecules would get their nearest neighbours to vibrate in sympathy with each other via the coupling of intermolecular forces to create a resonant effect between the molecules (for instance, see lines 2 - 6 in the third example and lines 1 - 5 in the fourth example). Consider the following illustrative examples: Example 3 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 1 I: Okay. How did they get their neighbour to vibrate? S: [Long pause]. Through the attraction, the, um — the molecules, um, have a certain amount of attraction for each other and then — they would, they would, um, their 5 oscillating would affect their neighbour by causing it to start oscillating as well. Example 4 for Microscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 1 S: ... I think it really starts the air molecules to be vibrating and they vibrate in resonance, if you will, or incorporate with the explosion of the balloon. And as each little molecule vibrates out it passes the vibration onto 5 the next molecule and then to the next one until it finally reaches my ear. 5 1 4.2.3 Conceptualizations of Sound: The Macroscopic Perspective Two qualitatively different ways of conceptualizing the phenomenon of sound from a macroscopic perspective were identified from the group of students participating in the study; these were: Sound is a travelling bounded substance with impetus, usually in the form of flowing air. Sound is a bounded substance in the form of some travelling pattern. Before further considering the macroscopic perspective based conceptualizations, a subtle descriptive distinction needs to be pointed out. In the microscopic perspective based conceptualizations sound was depicted as an entity; that is, some small "thing." This entity had no inherent action of its own, it was carried or transferred by molecules. In the macroscopic perspective based conceptualizations sound was depicted as a substance; that is, a continuity of form which was associated with a moving "force"; a continuity of form which had an inherent action of its own. 4.2.3.1 Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1: Sound as a Bounded Substance: The Flowing Air Conceptualization. In this conceptualization sound manifested itself as a flowing substance in the form of a bounded volumetric element of flowing air. Inherent to this flowing air was the depiction of sound as a moving force or as a kind of abstraction of moving "force"; sound had "impetus." The conceptualization incorporated two depictions of this flow of air: FIRST DEPICTION: Sound was a type of wind or incorporated a type of wind, the distinction not being clearly demarcated. What was clear was a strong sense of logical implication in the depiction: Sound may be thought of as being a wind but wind was not thought of as being sound. Here, sound was strongly endowed with the property of moving "force," for example, one student described sound as air hitting his ear with noise (see lines 9 - 10 of the first example). 52 Example 1 for Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 1 S: ... If you are talking to somebody air moves outwards carrying it [sound]. I: Maybe you can be clearer about carrying? S: Alright, maybe that's — so the air moves outwards but I 5 could [waving his hand] ~ I think you could feel air moving outwards towards you now, yet there was no sound. So I am trying to see what is the difference between air just moving outward and that thing that we call sound. That's the way I think about it, it's air hitting the 10 [points to his ears] but it does it with noise. Then, later on in the interview this same student discussed the designing of loud speakers. He had a friend who was an "sound engineer" and they had discussed and argued this topic at length: 1 S: Actually that's where I sort of started thinking, and he had ideas [the sound engineer] ... It became more apparent that what you have to do to create sound is to move air, or to move something that will eventually 5 move the air to hit your ear. Example 2 for Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 Before this next excerpt the student had just finished explaining how he would estimate how much air would flow out of a metre long hollow glass tube while sound travelled down the tube. The interviewer, then, proceeded to ask him a provocative question to enable the student to repudiate or confirm the interviewer's interpretation of the student's explanation: 1 I: Okay — [long pause] — would you, then, describe what's happening down this tube as I've set up a wind [by creating sound at one open end of the tube] — blowing down the tube? S: You can, you can say that. 5 I: So on, on a more general scale could I, then, say that sound is a wind? S: [Pause] true. SECOND DEPICTION: In this depiction sound was a substance abstraction which pushed a large segment of air along in propagation. The abstraction was depicted as some sort of waveform which moved air as a type of wind. Example 3 for Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 1 To fully appreciate the richness of these excerpts, some background information needs to be given. The student had observed the "sound tube experiment" and had immediately started to explain his observations before posing any questions (details of the interview protocol are given in in Chapter III). During this phase of his explanation he had provided the following explanation for sound propagation: 1 S: ... a wavefront ... that actually blows -- if I was hearing over there I would have felt the breeze and I would have heard the sound. Hence, when the student paused to attempt to pose his questions, the interviewer decided to probe this depiction of sound as an abstract waveform pushing ("actually blows") air along; generating a "breeze." This involved asking the provocative questions in lines 10 and 20-21. As was pointed out earlier, this type of provocative questioning was not considered to be "leading" but rather to give students the opportunity to repudiate or confirm the interviewer's interpretation and need to be viewed in the context of the students' academic backgrounds. The excerpt begins about halfway through the student's explanation as he (the student) tried to refocus on what he was asked to do: 1 S: So you are going to ask me what happened there? Or I am going to ask my students what happened there? Or why did it go out? I: Okay. 5 S: Again similar reasons [referring to his earlier explanations of sound propagation]. Sound creates or the, um — [pauses and expresses surprise to himself] — The sound creates a wave that is emitted and is focused on the tube — and so the wave travels down — 10 I: Pushing air in front of it? [Provocative question.] 54 S: Uhum [affirmative], yea that's how I visualize it: pushing air in front of it. I: If I speak to you now, how do you see the sound? Doing the same thing? 15 S: Yes, it's pushing things in front of it until it gets to the ear. I: So there's this sound which is — I am just trying to get -- ["S" interrupts] --S: Back to the original? 20 I: So there's a sound wave and it sort of, like a grader pushing the air in front of it? [Provocative question.] S: Yea — that is the picture even that, that we get from, from the textbook, is this grader. These banks of waves that I was trying to define, right? Couldn't really picture 25 exactly what was going on but you have this wave pushing outwards — from an antenna in circular motion or from a speaker — it goes out in all directions. I: So I guess if you have enough sound you could set up quite a wind? 30 S: Yea. In the above example the abstraction was exemplified when the student had sound generating a wave to do the pushing in lines 6-9 yet had the sound itself doing the pushing in line 15. In lines 22 - 27 the student explained the framing of his conceptualization on visual representations such as the diverging rings typically drawn in textbook representations (or the common analogy drawn between sound propagation and water waves emanating from a point source) which appear to depict sound as a "wave pushing outwards." 4.2.3.2 Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2: Sound as a Bounded Substance: The Travelling Pattern Conceptualization. This conceptualization appeared to have been framed by a conglomeration of "learnt" physics terminology and a retention of disembodied facts. Sound as a substance was incorporated into physics context and language with a consequent overlying sense of vagueness. The substance of sound was described as a kind of "disturbance" which propagated through a medium, of which air was just an 5 5 example. (In some cases there appeared to be a conceptual preference for the propagation medium to be a solid.) This travelling "disturbance" was typically jargon-labelled as: a vibrating medium; a moving density; a moving compression; a propagating pattern; and, a propagating disturbance. Even so, wave terminology was hardly ever used by the students, and when it was, it was only used in passing. In the first example, to follow, note how the association of the concept of sound only with what one hears led to an explicit denial that sound is a wave (see lines 14 - 21), while just prior to this (lines 1 - 13) the student appeared to be confidently depicting his conceptualization in appropriate physics models and language. Further, the student was aware that as a result of his university physics he had changed the conceptualization that he held at school and felt good about his change (see lines 26 - 30). Example 1 for Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 1 S: How I see it? Oh, I see the vibrations from the bell being the frequency of the vibrations being propagated through the air through alternating areas of high and low pressure that propagate out from the vibrating bell so that sound is carried by — And what your ear receives is a series of 5 pulsations at a particular frequency of high and low pressure and that's what it responds to. You can draw a picture of a bell. And there it is resonating. And coming out from it is this pattern, coming out radially, a pattern of high and low pressures superimposed on whatever else is 10 happening in the air at that time. That's why you can get a whole bunch of different sounds happening at one time because wave theory allows for the superposition for all kinds of millions of noises, the air is just one great big medium to pass these things all through. So, the bell 15 generates at it's surface these ridges of high and low pressure; these waves. But people get confused, and I got confused, associating sort of sinusoidal waves with sound you start to think of sound as waves but that is not what sound is at all. Sound is pressure and pressure variations, 20 minuscule pressure variations on the human ear. I was amazed to learn in first year physics that, um, the human ear when you are first born is just above, the sensitivity is just above where you could hear random perturbations of pressure in the air. So, if your hearing was more sensitive 25 as a child you would hear this white wash of sound all the time. But it's just above that level. That's how, as I can remember going all the way through school; never really thinking about sound coming at me as little bands of pressure interacting with my ear. That's how I look at it 30 now as pressure variations that my ear reacts to. 56 In the following second example another student expressed a sense of vagueness and indifference to sound being a wave (lines 27 - 28). Example 2 for Macroscopic Perspective Conceptualization # 2 1 I: Okay, I am going to [sound of balloon being inflated] — blow it up and I am going to pop it. Now I wonder if you could try and explain to me, um, the mechanism of how sound was propagated from the source, i.e., from the balloon that 5 was popped to your ears, don't worry about how the ears operate. S: Yea, sure. Okay, basically you have an air filled balloon and when the pin penetrates the surface you have a rapid acceleration of the air around that surface. And that rapid 10 acceleration, from the, um, elastic nature of the balloon which causes a motion in the air around that particular area, propagates from that area to your ear. Then, of course it would dilute geometrically, you know, there would be a geometric dilution factor from the distance you 15 are from the source to your ear. I: Okay, I see that, now how would that actually occur? I am trying to — S: Okay, if we presume that the air before the event (I need a pen, being stuck) is, um, is still uniform. There are, 20 you are not basically hearing anything from that particular source because nothing is happening there. There is no, there is no, um, there is nothing there that's moving the air around or producing a wave or a disturbance in the medium you are dealing with, in this case air. So when you 25 pop it, um, because you are moving something ~ you are moving it fast through the air — you are producing a disturbance and that disturbance is propagated in the form of a wave or whatever. You're moving, you are producing a motion in the air which tends to move out from that source, 30 and um --4.2.4 The Wave Model Conceptualization: An Intricate Blend of Macro- and Microscopic Perspectives This conceptualization of sound identified from the group of students participating in this study was: 57 The concept of sound is linked to the concept of waves as part of some universal, mathematically abstract, physics modelling system. The wave model conceptualization was initially considered to consist of two qualitatively different conceptualizations; one framed microscopically and the other framed macroscopically. However, the delimitation of students' explanations that incorporated "waves" as a concept became increasingly more difficult as the wave model conceptualization evolved. This was because both the micro- and macroscopically wave based conceptualizations essentially had the same basic structure: both characterized the wave nature of sound as being a mathematical abstraction that did not exist physically. As already seen in an earlier example, this led some students to insist that sound was not a wave (for example, see macroscopic conceptualization # 2, example 1, lines 17 - 18). This mathematically abstract wave model of sound was depicted as being a subset of some universal physics wave modelling system: a kind of problem solving heuristic perception-set which may be characterized as conceptual "haziness." Here, physics wave concepts appeared to be arbitrarily interlinked and plagued by water wave/sinusoidal wave analogies. The terms used to describe these waves were usually drawn from physics-based terminology, however, their meanings were diverse and often inappropriate. Macroscopically based descriptions were framed by the bulk properties of a medium. Typical examples of the terminology used to describe these properties included: motion of the air; longitudinal; pressure; shock-waves; compressions; transverse; sinusoidal; and, displacement. If the students were asked to elaborate on the meanings of any of these terms they invariably shifted to a microscopic perspective for their explanations. Microscopically based descriptions were framed by a pervasive sense that molecular actions could usefully be described as a mathematical waveform, but no waveform existed in the physical sense. That is, the wave nature of sound that one learnt of in physics was not an inherent property of sound per se. This aspect of the conceptualization had promoted a conceptual separation of "sound" from "sound waves" as quasi-independent concepts. It was this "sound/wave" dichotomy which superseded the micro- and macroscopically based conceptualization distinctions that were initially made, and subsequently facilitated their merging. 58 Physics concepts associated with wave theory were often qualitatively conceptualized at the microscopic level, in particular the concepts of wavelength and wave amplitude. For example wavelength was typically depicted as being the displacement that molecules travel between their interactions, and wave amplitude was typically depicted as the speed at which molecules travel between their interactions. Consider the following illustrative examples: Example 1: Illustrating a Wave Model Framed by a Microscopically Based Perspective 1 S: ... as a wave is propagating along it is causing molecules to oscillate from their equilibrium positions. I: Hmm, what is an equilibrium position? S: Equilibrium position will be a position of rest. So if, um, if I am not talking — particles will be, um — Okay, if we are talking about you clapping, before you clap all the particles are in a position of rest and as you clap you are causing to move so particles start jumping all over the place. And as you clap you generate a sinusoidal wave, so what happens initially is the particles closest, the particles begin oscillating. 5 10 Example 2: Illustrating a Wave Model Framed by a Microscopically Based Perspective 1 I: Is it this vibrating molecule that eventually reaches you? S: [Pause], I guess, yea, in one way I think yes 'cause it will keep moving out and then I have the other idea that it will keep vibrations. And do these vibrations vibrate further out? So it will be like these molecules, these particles will stay here causing the particles in each area to move out. But then again, on the other hand, I got the idea that the particles keep moving. But as far as I rem — as far as my understanding of the way the sound moves is like when you throw a rock into the water you see it hit the water and the waves move out from the central area because it caused an excited, excited area within that area which then excites each area, successive area. 5 10 l 59 Example 3: Illustrating a Wave Model Framed by a Macroscopically Based Perspective This example illustrates the struggle that some students have with what they perceive to be a kind of universal physics wave modelling system. It appears as though this student has been unable to draw suitable analogies and distinctions between the longitudinal and transverse physics wave models because he was unable to conceptually distinguish between sinusoidal wave representation and a physical wave shape (a common finding with the students involved in this study). 1 I: Any idea what we are talking about when we use the term wavelength? S: The flow of the wave itself [outlining a sinusoidal wave shape in the air with his hand]. 5 I: Okay you drew a --? S: Sinusoidal wave. I: Sinusoidal wave [echoing]. Now in terms of the vibrations that you were talking about, what would a wavelength be? Um, you had the idea — 10 S: The waves would be the crest of the, um, wavelength is high. I: I just have difficulty in trying to picture what a vibrational crest would look like? S: Hmm, yea. [Long pause]. Hmm, could be an answer for that. 15 I guess it would be, um, it's kinda hard to give you a word for that or an explanation for that. The crest would be, I guess, the point that reaches you the soonest ~ I: Point that reaches you soonest? S: Yes, as your wave comes out towards you there is the one 20 point that will be the nearest to you so it appears to be like the crest; the point that is closest to you — or with the strongest signal. I: Okay, that might be one crest? S: Uhum [affirmative]. 25 I: Now when you traced out the wave in the air with your hand you were measuring from one crest to a second crest. Now what would be the second crest? 60 30 35 40 45 50 S: I: S: [Long pause] ~ er, it would be — [long pause] — Does the clapping of my hands produce a wavelength? Yea, it would produce a wavelength. Measured between — crests —? [Long pause] — er, see that is another thing — trying to draw back on my physics — back to first year or so — The wave has to be the upper parts so the next crest should be the next part, er, the next high that reaches you so it would be, it wouldn't be that section there but it would be the next section after that would be the next crest reaching you. Okay, I want to link the idea — Okay, here is a vibration between the tuning fork arms of the air molecules [repeating what he had said earlier]. Now if I can recall correctly you felt it wasn't this group of molecules reaching your ear but this group of molecules somehow molecules ["S" interrupts] — Sending out. Now, in terms of that, how do you conceptualize a wave then? That's all right — so wavelength to me was the sine curve but as I see sound waves they are concentric circles without ever going below the x-axis, they would just be a continuous set of crests with each successive set going out towards you. Example 4: Illustrating a Wave Model Framed by a Macroscopically Based Perspective In this next example it is interesting to note how this student had made sense of the mathematical representation of sound waves (see lines 6 - 8). The majority of the students indicated that they thought that sound was two dimensional, perhaps this was a conceivable source for this conceptualization. 1 I: It is interesting that here you drew a sinusoidal waveform yet you called it a compressional wave? Are those equivalent? S: A sinusoidal wave is a compressional wave, yes. 5 I: Okay. 61 S: Well — a sinusoidal wave — a compressional wave would be a three dimensional expression of the wave equation, and this is just in two dimensions [referring to his transversal waveform sketch]. 4.2.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 1 The qualitatively different ways which the students involved in this study conceptualized the phenomenon of sound were all bounded by a meaning of sound in terms of what a person hears. The conceptualizations have been described in subsets framed by microscopic and macroscopic perspectives since, depending on the context, the students opted to use these qualitatively different modes of explanation. It is interesting to note that in a recent phenomenographic study Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg (1988) independently identified the framing of "mole concept" conceptualizations from a micro- and macroscopic explanatory perspective by pupils. In this study, the conceptualizations framed by a microscopic perspective represented qualitatively distinct ways which the students depicted the particular role that a proxy-molecule played in the propagation of sound through some medium. Here the molecules were depicted as having a "natural state" which was overridden by the propagation process. This natural state of molecules was typically depicted as being random or quasi-stationary. Sound was, then, conceptualized as a "thing" which was either carried by molecules through a medium or was sequentially passed from one molecule to the next in a collision or conduction-like process. This "carrying" or "transferring" of sound was a mode impressed on the molecules, and after propagation was complete the molecules returned to their natural state. The students' conceptualizations framed by a macroscopic perspective reflected a set of holistically orientated conceptualizations in terms of perceived bulk properties of a medium. Here, sound was a substance made up of a bounded volumetric movement of molecules which travelled as a moving force. This propagation process manifested itself in a variety of ways, the most fundamental being as a wind of some kind. This would seem to reflect elements of primitive 62 intuition. For example, consider the following Aristotelian physics depictions of sound: Sound is a breath with impetus: "Every sound or noise is a breath ... it will cause greater disturbance if it comes in greater quantity or with an unusually violent impact." (Problematica, book VIII - see Forster, 1927, p. 886b) Sound is air set in motion: "Air which travels makes the sound." (Problematica, book XI - see Forster, 1927, p. 899a) Sound has difficulty travelling through media if the "air spaces are too small and so cannot admit the voice or let it pass through, or only with difficulty; for the voice is a kind of air." (Problematica, book XI - see Forster, 1927, p. 905b) On a seemingly more sophisticated level, physics terms were incorporated into the bounded substance conceptualization which was then depicted, for instance, as a travelling pattern (which was qualitatively different to a transferred pattern). What may be considered an interesting counterpart to the macroscopically framed conceptualizations being a substance of moving force was recorded by McCloskey (1983) when working with both physics and non-physics students at John Hopkins University. McCloskey called it a "naive impetus theory": First, the theory asserts that the act of setting an object in motion imparts to the object an internal force or 'impetus' that serves to maintain the motion. Second, the theory assumes that a moving object's impetus gradually dissipates (p. 306). Perhaps physics graduates who hold such a "naive impetus theory" for objects, may extrapolate the theory in their conceptualizations of sound propagation. The wave nature of sound was conceptualized from an intricately intertwined micro- and macroscopic perspective base, and was thus considered to represent a qualitatively different conceptualization which could not be specifically framed by either of the perspectives. The conceptualization of the wave nature of sound was that the wave aspect of sound was a kind of by-product abstraction from the mathematical representation of sound: applied mathematics and not physics. Hence, wave conceptualization tended to be divorced from conceptualization of 63 sound, and some students went so far as to claim that they felt that it was a mistake to think of sound as a wave. Interestingly enough, with respect to conceptualizations of sound described in this chapter, Hults (1980) wrote in the Teachers' Pets column of The Physics Teacher: While studying wave behavior, my students found it hard to comprehend that it is not the medium that travels, but only the wave. So to demonstrate, I dipped the bell of a cornet into a shallow pan ... full of soap-bubble solution. Raising the cornet, I then played an entire tune without breaking the bubble formed on the bell.... I had them note that the air with which I played stayed in the quart-sized bubble, but did not travel to the back of the room, yet the 'music' did. (Emphasis his, p. 671) Perhaps the sound conceptualizations described are all manifestations of a primitive conceptualization of a travelling medium in that the wave nature of sound was not conceptualized as sound per se. An underlying theme of all these conceptualizations was that sound production and subsequent propagation was really a two-dimensional process. For example: 1 I: So what kind of dimensional sound would you say we are looking at? S: Two-dimensional. I: Is all sound two-dimensional? 5 S: — [Long pause, and talking softly to himself] ~ I guess I see almost any wave being three-dimensional — it can have — [breaking off to talk softly to himself] — I: Would it be three-dimensional? [Provocative question]. S: — [Long pause during which the student picks up a tuning 10 fork, strikes it several times and looks at it intently] — I don't see it as being three-dimensional, I see it as being two-dimensional. In the above example, the tacit separation of sound from wave can again be seen. Perhaps the depiction of sound as a one or two-dimensional phenomenon (which is how most of the students described the dimensionality of sound) comes from 64 one-dimensional textbook illustrations and the teaching practice of reducing mathematical complexity by focusing on the notion of plane waves. The next section in this chapter deals with the students' conceptualizations of the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation. 4.3 Data Analysis for Research Question 2: Conceptualizations of Factors Affecting the Speed of Sound 4.3.1 Introduction The second research question is described in Chapter I as: What is the qualitative nature of the students' conceptual understanding of the factors which affect the speed of sound? Even though this analysis of research question 2 is presented independently and sequentially to question 1, the analysis should not be viewed independently. The components of the entire conceptualization analysis were intricately interwoven, and the conceptualizations collectively reflect a map of "conceptual space" wherein the students functionally moved around "more or less freely, back-and-forth" (Marton, 1984, p. 62). (In phenomenographic terms such a conceptual map is called the "outcome space" [Dahlgren, 1984].) Three qualitatively different ways of conceptualizing the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation were identified from the group of students participating in this study. These conceptualizations were framed by what the students had been taught in physics and provide fascinating insights into the kind of sense students may make of the content of their physics classes. 4.3.2 Conceptualization # 1: The Speed of Sound is a Function of the Physical Obstruction that Molecules Present to Sound as it Navigates its Way Through a Medium. A logical link may be made between this conceptualization and the physical entity microscopic perspective conceptualizations of sound described earlier. As a physical entity, sound's propagation would be impeded by obstacles in the form of 65 a medium's molecules. The molecular obstruction factor is generated by the following different depictions: FIRST DEPICTION: In this depiction the number of molecules (per unit volume) in a medium reflected a measurement of obstruction to the sound wishing to travel through the medium: The more molecules that there were the greater obstruction that there would be and vice-versa. In this depiction, density and temperature were portrayed as being equivalent since higher temperature was associated with a proportional decrease in density and vice-versa. The depiction may be logically linked to one of the factors that textbooks identify as influencing the speed of sound; namely, density. SECOND DEPICTION: The second depiction may be logically linked to commonsense or intuitive thinking that has had little scientific mediation. In this depiction, the physical size of a medium's molecules was the fundamental determinant of obstruction to sound propagation. The larger the molecules were, the greater the obstructing area that they would present to any sound wishing to propagate through the medium and vice-versa. What follows are some illustrative examples of these depictions. In the first example to follow, the student's conceptualization of what sound was (a small entity) appeared to facilitate his conceptualization that sound could propagate through a vacuum. 1 I: I am interested why —? We were looking at sound travelling through a vacuum, and then travelling in air, and then travelling through a metal. And you felt it would be slower in the metal than in air. Do you have any feeling about why 5 that would be? S: Well, um, I guess I kind of think of it as being energy being transferred and as the waves go through, say a solid, some of the energy will get scattered or whatever by the atoms or absorbed and you would actually loose energy which 10 would be why you get damping and that sort of thing. It would be very difficult to hear something through a solid wall as opposed to hearing something through a vacuum. So I think of the waves (we did a lot of crystallography in materials) so I can sort of picture these lattice 15 structures from metals and the energy going through and getting scattered as it goes through. Whereas in a vacuum you wouldn't have interference it would just keep on going, 66 and I guess in air you would have other gases that would interfere, not as often because the molecules would be a lot 20 more distant from each other. Now I am worried, but I think it would be faster in a vacuum, that would be like your zero case. This student's speed of sound conceptualization appeared to have a primitive intuition-base with its plausibility provided by a physics-based conceptualization of crystal scattering (see lines 14 - 16). In this depiction sound would ultimately propagate fastest in a vacuum (for instance, see lines 20 - 22). It is interesting to see that this student presented some conceptual tension between his intuitive ideas and his desire to give the correct answer: "Now I am worried —" (line 20). Perhaps his expressed worry reflected an inkling of some previous conceptual conflict with his intuition when being taught that sound cannot propagate through a vacuum. The next example illustrates the the physical size of the medium's molecules playing the role of sound's obstruction. This example is considered an illustration of how extremely strong intuition-based conceptualizations can be "decorated" with physics terminology. Here the student was explaining why he thought sound would travel faster in air than in wood: The greater molecular density of wood would provide "more of a resistance" to the passage of sound through the wood. In the second part of the example (see lines 17 - 20) the student emphasized sound as being an entity with physical dimensions, and hence, the size of molecules took on an important role as sound attempts to "navigate" through the medium. The extract begins with the student explaining why he thought that sound would propagate more slowly in wood than in air. 1 I: Could you explain why? S: Um, um, it's down to I imagine the wood would provide more of a resistance. It would take more of the initial, I guess — [to himself: what's the word?] — an initial hit or 5 something to produce the initial shock wave. It would take more to elicit a further reaction down the wood than it would in the air, so you are getting a quicker response in the air than you are in the wood. It's hard for me because I have just really thought of sound as moving through the 10 air rather than anywhere else. So with me I've got it set 67 up that's it's due to a vibration of air particles and for me to try and apply that to the wood I am just looking at it being the wood particles, therefore the wood particles would be — harder to produce the sound than the air particles or 15 harder to produce than the air would be because the air seems to provide less resistance. At this point the student digressed, the dialogue continues after the interviewer asked him to summarize what he had been explaining: S: Oh ~ [long pause] — I would say the size of the molecules that make up the medium. Um, the smaller they are the less interference they produce to the sound and 20 the faster the sound will move or be propagated. In the above example it is interesting to note that while the student introduced the idea that sound propagation was associated with molecular vibration (couching his conceptualization in physics terms — see line 11), the rest of his explanation was not framed by a physics perspective. This illustrates how primitive intuition-based conceptualizations may lie just below a level of seemingly reasonable physics explanation (see lines 17 - 20). 4.3.3 Conceptualization # 2: The Speed of Sound is a Function of Molecular Separation. This second conceptualization of the factors that affect the speed of sound has a similar base to that of the previous speed of sound conceptualization in that both have sound being depicted as a physical entity. This second conceptualization can be logically linked to the conceptualization of sound that depicts sound as an entity which is transferred from one molecule to the next (see 4.2.2.2). Consequently the speed of sound was determined by how far molecules have to travel before they can transfer the sound that they carry on to their nearest neighbours and so on. The greater the molecular density of a medium (number per unit volume), the smaller the intermolecular spacing and consequently the shorter the period between molecular "sound transfers." Hence, sound travelled faster in more dense mediums and vice-versa. Consider the following two illustrative examples. In the first example the student considered two factors that contributed to the speed that sound would propagate at: temperature and density. 68 1 I: Could you explain to me how those [temperature and pressure] will affect the speed of sound? S: This is going back to the molecular model. If the temperature around the air molecules is low, the air 5 molecules wouldn't be so energetic and it would take more energy to push motion to, sort of, move the air molecules. Whereas, if the air molecules are in a higher temperature they are already energetic so it wouldn't take that much energy to move them. Therefore they sort of, like they 10 are already energetic so they are ready to go. And, if they are cold then you sort of have to warm them up before they go. I: Okay, and the other thing that you spoke about was? S: Pressure. 15 I: How would pressure affect it [speed of sound]? S: Higher pressure would mean denser air molecules, I think. I: Okay, what do you mean by denser air molecules? S: If you have higher pressure the air molecules are more compact, if you have lesser pressure the air molecules are 20 sparse, more diverse, more spread out. I: Okay, how would that affect it? S: Since the propagation of sound is through air molecules, the more you have the clearer the sound. The more you have the more repetitions you have. Um, each molecule would 25 carry the same portion, same amount of information but you have more of it therefore you hear more, you hear better — So if you have less molecules, one molecule, one molecule would be carrying just that portion of the, the molecule would be carrying the sound but you would have less of it 30 therefore you wouldn't hear quite as clear. I: Okay, I can see that, but why should that make it travel faster or slower? S: Oh -- if you have less of them [molecules], then it would have to have, have to travel a further distance before it 35 hits another one, before it shoves another one forward, whereas if you have a whole bunch of them [molecules] it [the sound carrying molecule] wouldn't have to travel as far to push another one. 69 The above example illustrates how students may make sense of physics concepts in terms of the framework of their existing conceptualizations. For instance, in this student's discussion of the temperature factor (see lines 1 - 12) he incorporated an element of physics sophistication into his explanation by introducing the role the molecule's inertia would play in determining the speed of sound (see lines 5 - 6): The air molecules have to be moved in order to carry sound, however, all objects that have to be moved have a certain amount of inertia which first needs to be overcome before the object can be moved. Now, this student depicted higher temperatures reducing this inertial factor by providing the molecules with movement "so that they are ready to go" (line 10). Thus, for this student, higher temperature meant faster propagation of sound (see lines 10 -12). (This seemed to reflect an implicit assumption that inertia reduction was a function of speed.) When turning to the density factor the student emphasized that each molecule transported a certain amount of sound (see lines 24 - 30). In his explanation, more molecules carried proportionally more sound facilitating faster travelling, clearer and louder sound. Note how the student verbalized his decision to view the process microscopically (line 3). In the following, second example, the student described how molecules that are closer together would be able to "react a lot faster" (line 11 - 12). Note how he interpreted the effects of temperature change: higher temperature simply reduced molecular density. However, he did not seem to view temperature change as a significant factor in determining the speed of sound (see lines 11 - 23): 1 I: ... What would change the speed of, what factors affect the speed of sound? S: What it's moving through. I: How-why, would that affect it? 5 S: The density, like we talked about the density of the air. You can transmit sound through walls and the speed of sound through the wall will definitely be different to the speed of sound through air. It will move quicker through a more dense medium. 10 I: Why would that be? 70 S: Because there is more, the molecules don't have to travel so far to hit each other; so that they can react a lot faster. I: Suppose I heated up that media, would that have any effect? 15 S: Well, if you, you know, like with air yes because when you heat it up it becomes less dense and it will not transmit as well. I don't know whether it would make a really appreciable, it should, you know, it should make the same sort of difference with the wall but it may not be as 20 noticeable. Usually when you heat up a wall it becomes less dense which is sort of — although it should, the molecules should move faster and that sort of thing. 4.3.4 Conceptualization # 3: The Speed of Sound is a Function of the Compressibility of a Medium. (The more compressible a medium is the faster the propagation and vice-versa). In this conceptualization the speed of sound was primarily determined by the "compressibility" of a medium; that is, the more compressible a medium was, the faster sound could propagate through it. The next example illustrates the kind of sense making that can take place to accommodate intuitive ideas and result in strong convictions based on powerful conceptualizations. 1 I: Okay, while we were sitting here I was thinking; we spoke about the speed of sound, is this something which is constant? S: It depends upon the medium, whether the sound is travelling 5 down a bar, in a pool, if you clap your hands in the water, or if it's in air. I: Okay, how would the medium affect it? S: [Pause] — okay, the density of the medium is what affects it, and the elasticity would affect it. 10 I: Okay, I am going to ask you what do you mean by the elasticity? S: [Sighing followed by some laughter] Um, this is probably what they should do before you graduate: is that they should put you in a room and ask you all this stuff see 15 if you can really explain it. Um, by elasticity? Okay, I would define elasticity as, in very colloquial terms, um, how easily a group of molecules that are next to each other in a substance; how easily they can move around each other, be jostled around; how strict the bonds are holding these molecules together. If the bonds are more flexible it would be more elastic. Okay, suppose you were in a forest and it was dead quiet, not a sound. Can you imagine that situation? Oh yea, uhum [affirmative]. What are the air molecules doing? They are moving around very quickly. Okay, what would that tell us about the elasticity of the air? Very, very high. The density and the elasticity of the medium were what I was interpreting and I think, elasticity, when I mentioned that I was thinking of solids or liquids. Not solids, I correct myself. [When I mentioned] density I was thinking of solids or gases. Seems to me that the more dense the medium would be the slower the sound would travel. Could you say why? Yes, it would be harder, much harder to compress. I think it's [density] inversely proportional to the elasticity ~ Might help if I wrote this out [jotting down a formula on a piece of paper]. What do I have? I have the speed is proportional to, um, elasticity over density. So, if you had a higher density material the speed would be slower. If you had a higher modulus of elasticity, meaning it's more flexible, the speed would be higher and intuitively that makes sense to me. So, if we had a very rare medium ["S" interrupts] —? Rare? When I say rare I mean the density is very low so ["S" interrupts] Oh, okay, okay. As we approach a vacuum, then, is the speed of sound going to get progressively more and more rapid? The closer and closer we get to a vacuum? [Pause] ~ I know in a vacuum there is no sound at all because there is no medium. You need a medium to transmit the sound. 72 I: I am using that old idea of a limit; I am getting closer and closer to it. S: So would the speed increase? No, I think the speed is a 60 characteristic of the medium and if you deal with — okay, I see where you are going ~ [long pause] — and you define a medium by the density, for example. So air you get 343 or 333 or whatever it was, and if you had something like a partial vacuum — yea, I would say it would be faster — on the basis of the same idea it would be easier to compress. A plausible basis for this conception that the speed of sound is a function of the compressibility of a medium may be as follows: The inverted interpretation of the physics concept, which is described above appears to be based on the common practice in physics teaching of drawing an analogy between the vibrational behaviour of a simple helical spring and the vibrational behaviour of some bounded section of a liquid, solid or gas medium such as a confined column of air or water, or a vibrating metal rod. Following this type of analogy the speed of sound is typically formulated as being proportional to the square root of the elastic modulus of the medium and inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the medium. It is at this point where common and physics language understandings diverge. In common usage the term "elasticity" conjures up images of how easy it is to extend or compress something which projects "compressibility" as a synonym. In physics, however, the terms "elasticity" and "compressibility" are conceptual antonyms. For example, in physics a measurement of the "elasticity" of air (also known as the bulk modulus), is the inverse of "compressibility" (the fractional change in volume per change in applied pressure). In other words, in physics the "elasticity" of a medium represents a measurement of resistance to compression and extension. A common general speed of sound formula found in physics textbooks has the speed being proportional to the square root of an elastic force factor and inversely proportional to the square root of an inertial factor. In the case of air, the elastic force factor is represented by the adiabatic bulk modulus of air (if we could apply Boyle's Law, which would still give a fair approximation of propagation speed, within 16%, then, pressure would play a "role exactly analogous to an elastic modulus" [French, 1971, p. 58]) and the inertial factor is represented by the density of the air (sound travels fastest in gases, such as 73 helium and hydrogen, which have low molecular mass). Interpretation of such formulae using a common language understanding (or intuitive understanding) of the term elasticity (as easily compressed and stretched) could plausibly lead to the conclusion that the more compressible a medium is, the faster sound will travel through it (from a physics perspective the desired interpretation would be to associate highly compressible mediums with low propagation speeds and vice-versa). If the speed of sound formulae are not to end up as rote learnt facts, then, students will have to make some kind of plausible sense of them. For instance, in the given example, in lines 15 - 21, the student explained what he understood by the concept of elasticity (see also lines 25 - 29 and 43 - 44). He was describing a situation which indicated that he perceived elasticity as being a measurement of how easily a part of a medium may be elongated or compressed. After writing down his formula, "I have the speed is proportional to, um, elasticity over density" (lines 40 - 41), he proceeded to explain how he made sense of this formula (see lines 30 - 45). The student did this by linking his conceptualization of elasticity with his conceptualization of compressibility. Then, in turn, he directly linked compressibility with the density term in his formula; that is, from his perspective, density was inversely proportional to compressibility since the less molecules there were in a given volume of a medium the easier it would be to compress the molecules into a smaller volume: "... and intuitively that makes sense to me" (lines 44 - 45). An indication of the strength of the student's conceptualization was illustrated when he accepted that sound would travel progressively faster as one approached a vacuum (lines 63 - 65), even though he knew that sound could not travel in a vacuum (see lines 54 - 56). 4.3.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 2 Three qualitatively different conceptualizations of factors affecting the speed of sound identified from the group of students involved in this study have been presented. The first conceptualization had molecules presenting an obstruction to sound propagating through the medium. The second conceptualization had the distance a molecule had to travel before being able to interact with a neighbour as an affecting factor, reflecting the role played by density. The third conceptualization rested on how students had made sense of physics speed of 74 sound formulae to depict greater compressibility of a medium implying faster propagation of sound. Consideration of these three conceptualizations reflects that all have a common theme. It would seem that they are a result of the students having been taught that certain factors (such as density, pressure and temperature) affect the speed of sound without any explanation of how these factors affect the speed of sound. For instance, many introductory physics textbooks simply give formulae for the speed of sound (for example, see Halliday and Resnick, 1988, pp. 419 - 420). The students, then, seem to have made sense of these factors in a manner that seemed the most plausible to them. This claim is made because in this context most of the students seemed quite confident when giving their explanations. That is, they answered with very little hesitation and little indication that they were thinking about the matter for the first time. However, in order to make sense in the most plausible way, it seems as though the students conceptualized these factors microscopically. The inherent difficulty in doing this must consequently account for much of the commonality in, and the nature of, the conceptualizations. The first example for the second conceptualization is a very interesting case. It took some time to decide how to interpret the student's reply regarding the role played by temperature on the speed of sound. Although the student talked about having to "sort of warm up" molecules "before they go," after much consideration this was not considered to be a direct temperature related speed of sound conceptualization. diSessa (1986) has reported on a lot of exploratory work he carried out with Massachusetts Institute of Technology physics students regarding their intuitive modes of thinking about phenomena (what diSessa calls "phenomenological primitives"). He has suggested that, "The situation of bringing an object up to speed, like a car accelerating, seems to be an occasion for abstracting a warming up primitive ..." (p. 31, emphasis his). This is how the student's "warm up" explanation has been interpreted: as an attempt to describe change in molecular speed due to temperature change. In other words, a conceptualization anchored in a quasi-kinetic theory rather than in a speed of sound theory. Even though a logical connection may be drawn between the two, it is felt that this student was not depicting a "mechanism" of sound propagation in his explanation (as he did a little further on in the dialogue), but was 75 explaining his conceptualization of the relationship between temperature and molecule behaviour. 4.4 Overview of Chapter IV This chapter has described qualitatively different conceptualizations identified from the students involved in the study using a phenomenographic perspective. These conceptualizations were of the phenomenon of sound and the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation. Scrutiny of all the conceptualizations described in the previous two sections indicate that they were constructed from a limited set of physical relationships. This finding is in line with other phenomenographic studies (for instance, see the overview by Gibbs, Morgan and Taylor, 1982, and the latest study from the Gothenburg University Group by Lybeck, Marton, Stromdahl and Tullberg, 1988). The implication of this is that while the number of ways for a student to make sense of phenomena is potentially enormous this does not appear to be the case. This greatly enhances the pedagogical and didactical value for phenomenographic studies dealing with students' conceptualizations. The union of the conceptualizations described in this study may be be considered as being representative of some kind of "outcome space" (Dahlgren, 1984), in the sense that the term "space" represents a kind of conceptual delimitation or qualitative map of distinct conceptual variations where each outcome constitutes a distinctly particular way of conceptualizing sound. From this union of conceptual outcomes a theme emerges of qualitative conceptual conflict and mediation between students' intuitive ideas and the models provided by classroom physics. The students' contemporary undergraduate physics appears to only have contributed a dimension of abstraction in the form of mathematical representation to their conceptualizations of sound. This may be because, from general comments made, it appears as if the majority of the students interviewed accepted the mathematical representations encountered in their undergraduate physics at face value. Depending on the context, the students opted to use different modes of explanation. These were characterized as explanatory perspectives which were either macroscopically or microscopically orientated and framed the conceptualizations of sound. All the conceptualizations of the factors affecting the speed of sound propagation were framed by microscopic perspectives. Often the students would begin an explanation using a macroscopic perspective but would change to a microscopic perspective when they were asked to elaborate. Also, where the students perceived that they were being very analytical, such as when explaining the speed of sound factors, they opted to frame their explanations from a microscopic perspective. In Chapter VII it is suggested that for many physics students, careful explanation and elaboration means a microscopic "unpacking" because microscopic explanation had formed part of a "hidden curriculum" of physics teaching, both at secondary school and university. That is, physics phenomena and problems should be analysed microscopically for maximum insight and understanding. Further discussions on explanatory perspectives are given in Chapters V and VII. In the next chapter the consistency of the students' conceptualizations will be considered. 77 CHAPTER V DATA ANALYSIS: CONCEPTUAL CONSISTENCY AND DISPERSION 5.1 Data Analysis for Research Question 3: Introduction The third research question is described in Chapter I as: What is the nature of the consistency of the students' patterns of reasoning about sound in and across the following interview generated contexts: - an example offered by the students from their experiences which had not formed part of their formal physics classes; - an example not commonly used in physics teaching but which would be common to everyday experience; - an example commonly used in physics teaching; - an experimental situation; and, - a hypothetical teaching situation? The above contexts were generated during the interviews specifically to explore the nature of the students' conceptualizations about the phenomena of sound. The interview protocol is described in Chapter III, however, for ease of reference the following sequential summary of the contexts is provided: (a) the students being asked to generate their "own example" of sound (i.e., not one taken from their classroom experience) as a basis for their explanations; (b) the students being presented with an inflated balloon which was subsequently burst with a pin; (c) the students being presented with a set of tuning forks and being encouraged to generate their own "hands-on" exploration; (d) the students being asked to observe an experiment with the aim of formulating pertinent questions regarding their observations, and, then, to provide the answers to their questions. The experimental set-up consisted of a hollow, 5cm diameter, metre long, glass tube which tapered at one end. A candle was placed at the tapered end so that the candle's flame was directly opposite the tube's opening. The experiment involved producing a sound, such as hand clapping, at the opposite open end, and observing the effect on the candle flame. (A sketch of the experimental situation may be found in 78 Chapter III in the section dealing with the Interview Protocol); and, (e) the students being asked to imagine the following hypothetical teaching situation: a puzzled first year physics student (the interviewer) comes to them for some help with his physics. His problem is understanding a diagrammatic representation of sound in his physics textbook (this diagrammatic representation is reproduced in Chapter III). The data analysis for this question involved drawing up mappings to reflect the students' patterns of conceptualization, and patterns of framing of conceptualization, across and in the above contexts. These patterns have collectively been characterized as reflecting conceptual dispersion. That is, the notion of conceptual dispersion is used to characterize the array of conceptualizations that may be evoked by a person regarding some phenomenon or related phenomena; their contextual patterns of reasoning. 5.2 Conceptual Dispersion: Patterns of Reasoning In and Across Contexts The nature of the students' patterns of reasoning is illustrated with the aid of two Tables. The first, Table 5.1, represents students' explanatory perspectives, described in Chapter IV, as a function of students and contexts. The second, Table 5.2, represents the students' conceptualizations of the phenomena of sound, also described in Chapter IV, as a function of the contexts. Consideration of Table 5.1 shows that the students' initial explanatory perspectives were often a function of the contexts. This outcome is discussed later in Theme (a). Table 5.2 shows that the students, both individually and as a group, expressed wide qualitative variations in their conceptualizations of sound. Although their conceptualizations tended to be contextually different they did not, on the whole, tend to be contextually dependent. As a case in point, consider the "burst balloon" context in Table 5.2. In this context the full array of the students conceptualizations are represented, with several students holding more than one conceptualization within the same context (see for instance Students 2 and 10). Table 5.2 also shows that the students conceptualizations were well dispersed amongst the various contexts. There are two notable exceptions, these are the 79 "textbook" and "sound tube experiment" contexts. Here, more or less the same group of students remain grouped together with the result that conceptual dispersion is not so pervasive within these contexts. These outcomes are discussed later in Themes (b), (c) and (d). Further, the outcomes reflected in Tables 5.1 and 5.2 validated the phenomenographic notion of conceptualization being person-world relationships; a way of contextual functioning rather than a specific attribute of an individual. The first stage of the data analysis for this research question involved the mapping out of segments of interview data to generate Tables 5.1 and 5.2. The second stage involved exploring any patterns identified: Where there appeared to be some sort of identifiable relationship between some specific context and conceptualization or explanatory perspective the appropriate segments of interview dialogue from all the interviews were repeatedly re-read and scrutinized. As a result five themes were constructed to characterize the nature of the students' conceptual dispersions in and across the contexts. These themes were: (a) The students' initial explanatory perspective was often a function of the context. (b) In varying degrees, all the contexts evoked conceptual dispersions which included personal intuition-based conceptualizations which have been characterized as gut-physics. Where gut-physics was only briefly evoked and then suppressed, these occurrences were characterized as gut-physics flashbacks; gut-physics • flashbacks were considered to be conceptual intrusions because the students would typically correct themselves (suppress or override the conceptualization) only to re-use them (gut-physics conceptualizations) again later without any recognition that they were doing so. The "sound tube experiment" and "textbook" contexts had a tendency to evoke much smaller conceptual dispersions than the other contexts did. These trends are discussed in themes (c) and (d): (c) Practically all the students were so influenced by their observations of the "sound tube experiment" that after observing the experiment they almost unanimously depicted sound propagation in terms of a continuous flow of air molecules; a kind of wind. It is proposed that the nature of visual cues available from the experiment evoked a basic, but powerful, 80 intuitively primitive conceptualization that had survived years of school and university physics. Since this conceptualization was typically sustained for the complete duration of the context, but not into the next, it has been characterized as a prolonged gut-physics flashback. (d) The students appeared to find the "tutor/textbook" context the most difficult to deal with. The formal physics cues available in this context tended to promote the evocation of an abstract "wave" conceptualization which reflected disconnected mathematics and physics thinking. This "wave" conceptualization, although appearing to be taught-physics orientated, seemed to be of little help to the students in their efforts to make sense of the textbook figure (a figurative analogy of sound coupled with a mathematical representation) that they were presented with. The next theme, theme (e), did not stem directly from trends identified from the mappings reflected in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. Theme (e) did, however, emerge during the mapping to produce the Tables, and it provides what are considered to be important insights into how the students dealt with recognized dissonant conceptual dispersion, and what kind of learning this experience may manifest. (e) During the "tuning fork" section of the interview an opportunity arose for the interviewer to have the students face a situation of recognizable dissonant conceptual dispersion. The students were handed a 440Hz tuning fork and asked to first intuitively estimate the wavelength of the sound produced and, then, to calculate it. The students' micrometre to nanometre order of magnitude intuitive estimations contrasted vividly with their three-quarter metre calculations. This "tuning fork" wavelength context provided insights into how some students cope when faced with dissonance between personal intuition-based and physics-based conceptualizations and what learning was facilitated by the position into which they were manipulated. Also, towards the end of the interview a few students recognized dissonant factors in how they conceptualized and explained sound through the different contexts of the interview. When these students, from their self-initiated reflection, recognized aspects of conflict inherent in their conceptual dispersion, their comments indicated surprise and a very strong desire to "sort out" their conceptualization dissonance (much stronger than when manipulated into such a position). However, in both the manipulated and self-recognized instances of dissonance discovery, the students showed an inability to immediately resolve the dissonance. The themes, (a) - (e), will now be discussed and illustrated by excerpts of interview dialogue. EXPLANATORY PERSPECTIVES FOR CONTEXTS: STUDENT NUMBER Own Example Burst Tuning Text Balloon Forks Book Sound Tube Experiment MAC MIC COM MAC MIC COM MAC MIC COM MAC MIC COM MAC MIC COM 1 * >* * > * * * * * <* 2 * * * > * * * * <* 3 * * * * * 4 * * * * * * >* 5 * > * * > * * * 6 * >* * * * 7 * * * * 8 * * * * > * * *>** * 9 * * * > * * * * < * 10 * * * * * * * * * * * * * TABLE 5.1: Explanatory perspectives as a function of contexts and students. MAC = Macroscopic explanatory perspective MIC = Microscopic explanatory perspective COM = Combined perspective referred to in the description of the wave conceptualization < = Direction of perceptible shift in perspective (to left) > = Direction of perceptible shift in perspective (to right) CONTEXTS: CONCEPTUA LIZATIONS (see below for details) Own Burst Tuning Text Sound Tube Example Balloon Forks Book Experiment MICRO # 1 4;5 3;4;5 3;4 4 2;4 MICRO # 2 1;6;9 1;2;3;5 1;3;6;8 1;2;8;10 1;9 10 7;9;10 9; 10 MACRO # 1 1 1;2;9 1;7;8 8 1;2;3;4; 6 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 MACRO # 2 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 8 2 ; 5 ; 8 ; 10 5 ; 10 - 5 10 WAVE 2;3;7;9 6; 7; 10 2;8 1;2;3;4 7; 10 10 9; 10 5; 8; 9; 10 TABLE 5.2: Students (numbered 1 - 10) as a function of conceptualizations and interview contexts pertinent to research question 3. The conceptualizations may be summarized as follows: MICRO # 1: Sound is an entity which is carried by individual molecules through a medium. MICRO # 2: Sound is an entity which is transferred from one molecule to another through a medium. MACRO #1: Sound is a travelling substance with impetus, usually in the form of moving air. MACRO # 2: Sound is a substance in the form of some travelling pattern. WAVE : The concept of sound is linked to a concept of wave as part of some universal* mathematically abstract, physics modelling system. 83 5.2.1 Theme (a): Shifting Explanatory Perspectives In Chapter I the students' micro- and macroscopic perspectives were used to frame the generation of the conceptualizations. Across and in contexts the students often changed their explanatory perspectives, sometimes midstream, as they were faced with the task of articulating their conceptualizations of sound. Table 5.1 traces the students' micro/macro explanatory paths across and in the interview contexts. The mapping reflected in Table 5.1 indicates that besides using different explanatory perspectives in different contexts, the students often utilized more than one explanatory perspective in a given context. This explanatory shifting usually followed a specific direction such as macroscopic to microscopic. At times the students intermingled their explanatory perspectives in such a manner that specific directional perspective . shifting was not discernable. The students were frequently asked to clarify and expand on segments of their explanations and on terminology that they had introduced into the interview. Usually, if they were using a macroscopic explanatory perspective just prior to one of these clarification requests, they would typically respond by shifting to a microscopic explanatory perspective. This directional shifting of explanatory perspective was particularly noticeable during the interview's "own example" and "burst balloon" contexts where there was a strong tendency for the students to begin their explanations on a macroscopic level. For example, consider the following illustrative interview excerpts. In the first, the student had just started explaining how sound propagated from a burst balloon to his ears. He began by using a macroscopic explanatory perspective (see lines 1-3) and then immediately switched to a microscopic explanatory perspective after he was asked for some clarification (see lines 10 - 12): 1 S: Um, pressure inside the balloon was released and that produced waves, compression waves which transmitted to our ears. I: Okay, now could you try and give a clearer explanation? 5 What do you mean by a compression wave and how did that travel? S: How did they travel? 84 I: Let's start off with what you meant by compression waves? 10 S: A wave is produced when pressure is put on — okay ~ the molecules in the air, which are pressed from the pressure towards me, which press the next ones and they propagate The second example comes from the "own example" context where another student was explaining how he conceptualized sound propagation. In lines 1 - 18 he was using a macroscopically based perspective and after a clarification request (lines 18 - 22) he shifted to a microscopic mode for the rest of his explanation: 1 S: Well the most basic theory that I could talk about is, um, going for an example where you can actually see: a speaker or, um, even a voice, a voice diaphragm ~ but, um. Basically what it has to do with is, um, I was going to say 5 a wave but that brings in a lot of other connotations. Um, but that's probably the best; a force of air changing that causes a reaction on your ear drum that you can turn into something. You know, whether it is the drop of a pin causing this noise to reach your ear, this little thing 10 which travels through the air, um, or a voice talking to you vibrating a small diaphragm in your ear which then you can recognize as speech. Any sort of disturbance in air; you need something to propagate this little thing we call sound; whether its dropping a book, talking to someone, 15 turning on your stereo; it all creates a disturbance or a shock to this air around it [the ear] that moves through, then you can proceed with your ear. I: Could you try and clarify a little more for me how this "disturbance" — how it actually reaches my ear? Suppose 20 you are talking over there or drop a book. Could you explain the mechanism: give me a model of what is happening? S: The best model, if you recognize that air like anything else is made up of tiny particles of things we like to call 25 molecules, then — At a simpler level just consider a row of beads sitting on the table. And you tap a bead at one end and you knock the beads all the way along and at the other end [of the beads] you have your finger and you can feel the tap. That would be analogous to a book 30 dropping and creating the motion of all these smaller things in the air we call molecules which act the same as the beads and move this disturbance around until your finger at the other end can feel it; in this case with the ear at the other end that is feeling it. 85 This macro- to microscopically based perspective shifting which is illustrated in the above two examples is viewed as being representative of how the students contextually thematized the task of providing articulate explanations. At the same time it is also considered as being reflective conceptualization-shifting — perhaps from intuition-based to physics-based — which in some way, in the context of physics, may be intrinsically linked to enhancing explanatory power. In other words, it is being suggested that the students believed that their explanatory power would be enhanced if they used a microscopically based perspective. The students also tended to associate their microscopic modes of explanation with interview contexts that may be closely associated with their experiences of formal physics teaching: the "tuning fork" and "tutor/textbook" contexts. When explaining in contexts where the students could feasibly be expected to have little or no experiential associations with the content of taught physics -- "own example" and "burst balloon" contexts — there was a tendency for them to start their explanations on a macroscopic level. Here, how an explanation was initially tackled is important because, as was mentioned earlier, most students tended to shift from the macro- to the microscopically perspective when asked to clarify, define, or expand upon aspects of their explanation. Interestingly enough, the "sound tube experiment" context did not generally facilitate a macro-to-micro perspective shift even when the students were asked clarifying questions. 5.2.2 Theme (b): Gut-Physics Flashbacks The term gut-physics was derived from Claxton's (1983) notion of "gut science," and although gut-physics is not being used here in precisely the way that Claxton used gut science, their respective meanings are essentially similar: Gut-physics characterizes personal intuition-based conceptualizations that appear to have their foundations in everyday interpretations of "how things work." In other words, gut-physics is a pervasive, contextually cued, reaction to phenomena and experiences. While gut-physics may or may not accommodate a contemporary physics view, it characterizes a powerful literal way of interpreting phenomena and experiences. The term gut-physics flashbacks is used to characterize these personal intuition-based conceptualizations in the mode that they tended to be presented in the interviews; brief conceptual intruders. In most cases gut-physics 86 conceptualizations framed explanations for only short periods and, then, they would typically be denied or suppressed only to be re-evoked and subsequently re-denied or suppressed again. This sequence often occurred several times during an interview. When students come to physics classes with well established sets of gut-physics conceptualizations and they draw upon these in the process of making sense of the physics being taught, then, gut-physics may, in the metaphorical form of a conceptual intruder into taught-physics, be aptly depicted as a "critical barrier" (Hawkins, 1978) to certain types of physics conceptualizations. While gut-physics may be successively discouraged by "layers" of retaught physics (many areas of physics are repeatedly rehashed through school into university at what are considered to be "appropriate" levels of complexity), research at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels of physics education has indicated that students' gut-physics "is highly robust and that it outlives teaching which contradicts it," making "much of our teaching less effective than we usually assume it to be" (Viennot, 1979, p. 205; also see McDermott, 1984; and diSessa, 1986). Gut-physics mediated conceptualizations have been well documented in the context of school physics as children's ideas in science. For a comprehensive set of examples see Driver, Guesne and Tiberghien (1985) and Osborne and Freyberg (1985). What follows are some illustrative examples of what are considered to be gut-physics flashbacks. The first example begins just after the student had explained that sound caused molecules to travel outwards from the source. 1 I: Okay, so that the molecules from here at the tuning fork reach my ear? [With that the interviewer strikes the tuning fork in his hand.] Yes — [long pause and sound of tuning fork] — because — they hit — not the same molecules but they hit others, hit others, hit others, otherwise you wouldn't be able to hear it. If they only got this far or if they hit a wall or something else that doesn't transmit sound you wouldn't be able to hear it because you would need those molecules [in the wall] moving to be able to hear it. 10 87 In the above example the student is seen confirming that the molecules travel outwards from the source, in this case continuously so. Then, pausing to reflect upon his (gut-physics) answer while looking intently at a vibrating tuning fork, perhaps recalling some earlier gut-physics suppression that he had been forced to make when studying sound. The result of his reflection was that he effectively suppressed his gut-physics conceptualization and began to evoke another: "... not the same molecules but they hit others, hit others ..." (lines 5 - 6). He, then, attempted to provide some plausibility for his modification: The propagation of sound could not incorporate molecules travelling from source to receiver because, then, sound would be unable to travel through a solid (lines 7 - 10). From his reasoning it seemed as though he had not completely suppressed his gut-physics; see lines 7 - 8, " ... if they [molecules] hit a wall or something else that doesn't transmit sound," which reflects elements of gut-physics (propagation via travelling molecules) in his explanation. The next sequence of interview dialogue with this same student indicates how persistent gut-physics conceptualizations can be. Later, during the same context, he again presented similar gut-physics flashbacks in his molecular collision conceptualization; that is, that the molecules move outwards from the source, except now he has incorporated this into a molecular collision conceptualization; an indication of gut-physics' inherent plausibility. Just prior to the following dialogue the student had been given a "slinky spring" to help clarify part of his explanation. The excerpt begins when the interviewer tried to divert the student from using the slinky to frame all segments of his explanation. 1 S: Okay, well its like if we attach a spring to this fork moving back and forth. I: I can see with the spring, lets just try and think of the air. S: Okay, this fork is moving the air back and forth, just like 5 the spring. So it would be at a maximum at a point where it's moving towards the air — towards compressing — in the direction, well depends [on] where you are listening. Say we are over here, when it moved towards us then the air is compressing [and] we get a high pressure, moving towards 10 whatever is receiving it. When it moves back — 88 I: Why does it move back? S: Why does the fork move back? I: No, you have this molecule — why does it go back? S: Understand that it's the fork [that] moves back and forth, 15 right? I: So, if the fork only went in one direction the molecules would — only move in one direction? S: — only move in one direction [voice superimposed over "I's"]. Yea. I: So, when you do that [sound of hand slapping table top], do 20 that [sound of a clap], you only have molecules moving in one direction? S: Well, it's not going back and forth — saying it only goes in one direction is a bit of a misnomer. I: Well, what is it doing? 25 S: Because, like I could, you could be standing over there, over there, anywhere around me: when I do that [sound of clap] you will hear it because it will move in all directions around my hand; but the individual molecules are moving outwards — they are not vibrating back and forth. 30 I: And then what would? — they are moving outward — would there be a vacuum there afterwards? What would happen? S: Well, you move them and they would hit each other and start to move out and then it moves out; if you could sort of picture it, a sphere around where the sound is coming, then, 35 they just bump into each other and move further and further out. The individual molecules don't keep going in that direction they just bump into one next to them, bump into the one next to them, bump into the one next to them. 40 I: When after they have bumped then what do they do? S: They just sort of start doing a fading back to random motion. In the next example (which involved a different student), the student said that he was, "formulating things here" (line 8), giving an indication that his intuition was playing an important role in his explanation. At the same time he also wanted his explanation to be "correct." So, in effect, when reading through the transcript one can almost "feel" the student "stumble through" a range of conceptualizations. The reflectively equivocal nature of his explanation, 89 especially in lines 27 - 42, together with insightful comments such as, "Clarifying these notions is scary" (line 35), seemed to be indicative of an attempt he was making to unscramble his conceptualizations; his gut-physics from physics. In so doing he had to decide what role molecules ought to play in the propagation of sound. When the interviewer tentatively suggested to the student that he may have been presenting different conceptualizations (lines 61 - 64), the student's response portrays what may be described as a "dilemma in conceptualization plausibility." A dilemma between his gut-physics and other conceptualizations: which should, or would, be regarded as the most "correct" physics perspective. 1 I: Could you try and explain to me how the sound travelled from the balloon to your ear — the mechanism? S: [Pause] — okay — balloon ~ pressure — pops [more to • himself than "I"] -- creates a bang, see that's, that's 5 where I am stuck now: it creates a noise, what we will call a noise, the bang, and that, um ~ travelled through the air. I imagine, okay, you ask me to um, so I am formulating things here. It um, does something to air particles which causes them to, um — oscillate — and 10 that moves towards my ear — in the same pattern, in the same way in which they were sent out or in which they were caused to virtually oscillate. I: So you have an oscillating, what should we call it? -- a molecule? 15 S: Uhum [affirmative]. I: And this oscillating molecule eventually — ? S Reaches my ear ["I" interrupts] — I: Reaches your ear? S: [Nods head affirmatively] — And then causes, um — your 20 eardrum or it causes something in your ear to oscillate, it creates a resonance so that you hear the same, the same oscillation, you are able to, um, it causes your eardrum or whatever to oscillate in the same, same manner as picking up the sound as generated there. 25 I: Okay, before that molecule got it's oscillation, what was it doing? S: It's, no, I mean all the molecules in the ~ air right now are all moving, they are — it's oscillating in a certain --[long pause]— it's always going through my head [to 30 himself] — okay it, it will be oscillating. I mean it's moving around, we have — obviously within frequencies and oscillations of particles we have audible and not, things that our ear can't pick up. So it may be, I mean no molecules are static, everything is moving around all the time. Clarifying these notions is scary, um, and so it will be oscillating and then a change in pressure or, well, the balloon breaking — causes everything to — principle behind that — causes everything, it causes, um, it causes a big pressure change. Um, particles start oscillating at a different, I mean at a certain frequency and then I am able to hear that because it's within my audible range. Did I answer what you were asking? You did. There is only one thing which I am not clear on: then is, um, so we have this particle and we started oscillating it separately. How did, if are just looking at one particle, how did that one particle get to my ear? It didn't get to my ear, it in turn causes another molecule to oscillate which causes — and I think it would be a chain reaction, so it would um, I mean just like, um ~ I don't — in my view of sound I wouldn't -- I would view it like a domino effect where that particle, it hits against something else which hits against something else which hits against something else and moves — um, therefore energy is lost and that's why sound dissipates, maybe. What is it hitting? When I say, okay — well, the molecules hitting each other. What does it do after it has hit those molecules? [Long pause] Just wondering, did you change your mind? Earlier on when we were talking there was the idea that the molecule reached you and now we have the idea that the molecule doesn't reach you. No, no I actually, originally I never, in saying I never visualized the molecule hitting — hitting — [pause] — I may have said that in terms of how the sound got there but, um, in my mind I had always envisioned, um — [pause; then softly, more to himself than interviewer: yea, something hitting something and being more like a chain reaction [addressing the interviewer again:] and then, um, once that energy is transferred it is lost, it is transferred to another particle which transfers it to another particle. So that's — so it will return to it's original, um, static frequency or, you know, just the frequency that that molecule oscillates. 91 In the above dialogue gut-physics flashbacks can be easily identified as conceptual intruders. Although the student appeared to deny (see line 65) his gut-physics conceptualization (and possibly lead one to conclude that this dialogue simply represented difficulties with articulation), he generated similar gut-physics flashbacks in other segments of his interview. Here, when the interviewer questioned him further about travelling molecules the student began his reply by indicating dissatisfaction with his explanation, however, this time he did not deny that that was what he meant. From his reply it would seem that although he was giving his explanation a low status in terms of "correctness," it has a higher status in terms of plausibility: how he conceptualized sound: S: Well that don't sit too right with me, but I am trying it in the, in the definition which I have been formulating through the answer to you. I am trying to distinguish how sound is generated and so I see it as having to get some particles going at the same speed. Then, later on in the interview this student again evoked a similar gut-physics conceptualization: in the "sound tube experiment" context he depicted sound as a kind of wind. Based upon these exemplars of gut-physics flashbacks, a reasonable postulate seems to be: it is not unusual for people, in this case students, to have constructed a variety of conceptualizations regarding experiences and phenomena (what has been referred to as conceptual dispersion in this dissertation). What exactly determines the evocation of a conceptualization is obviously multifaceted and complex. However, the results from this and the next theme seem to suggest that the cues which a student takes from a context play an important primary role in the evocation of an appropriate conceptualization. 5.2.3 Theme (c): Prolonged Gut-Physics Flashbacks Earlier it was mentioned that practically all the students that participated in this study essentially "saw" a wind blowing out the candle during the "sound tube experiment" (for details of this experiment see Chapter III). That is, they depicted sound in terms of a continuous flow of molecules. The basis for this theme is the postulate that the perceptual cue of the candle being "blown out" was so powerful that it evoked a kind of prolonged gut-physics flashback. 92 If such a conceptualization is indicative of a very primitive intuition-based conceptualization of sound propagation, then, for the students concerned, it may be feasibly postulated that despite years of formal physics, both at school and university, such conceptualizations often do not get changed but remain more or less intact. It may even be that primitive conceptualizations such as this are suppressed and remain dormant until strong evocative visual cues (such as "sound blowing out" the candle) revitalize the conceptualizations. Support for this view may be found in research reported by Viennot (1979) on "spontaneous reasoning in elementary dynamics" which involved British secondary school pupils, and Belgian, British and French university students. Here Viennot wrote that "intuitive physics" is: Widespread and tenacious. It resists the teaching of concepts which conflict with it, and it reappears even in the expert when he or she lacks time to reflect, (p. 213) The following transcript is a complete excerpt of interview dialogue from the "sound tube experiment" for one of the students. It is offered as a rich exemplar of how the visual cues of the experiment evoked a prolonged gut-physics flashback. Note how, in the second division of the dialogue, when the interviewer modified the experiment, the student reflected upon his explanation and subsequently modified it in an interesting manner (refer back to Viennot's cited comments above). The interview dialogue is presented in three sections to accommodate discussion. It begins when the student took an unusually active role in the experiment by taking the initiative to explore some ideas of his own: 1 I: ... I am going to do the experiment. I would like you to observe what happens and then ask the question or questions, and then answer them. S: Are you going to answer them? 5 I: No, I will let you answer them, okay? S: Augh. I: Sorry to spoil your fun [sound of joint laughter]. 93 The sound tube experiment was set up as described earlier (also see Chapter III) when the student suddenly reached over and moved the candle in front of him. He, then, picked up a tuning fork, struck it to set it vibrating, and held it virtually in the candle's flame. The flame visibly flickered back and forth. The conversation continued: S: See that's what a kid would do, "Look it's not blowing sir." Or it isn't, isn't it? It is, isn't it! Isn't that 15 great, there's something for you! [Striking the tuning fork again and holding it almost in the flame itself] Oh, J....! [Long pause while "S" observes the flame closely: the flame appears to be "stuck" to the tuning fork arm as it vibrates back and forth]. Hey? 20 I: That's kind of interesting. S: Yea, you can see the candle begin to — I wonder [taking another tuning fork of a much lower frequency and again holding it very close to the candle's flame]. There is a surface reaction: the molecules begin to be played around 25 with. I: That's interesting! S: Yea it is. At this point the interviewer continued with the experiment. This initially involved hand-clapping at one end of the 5cm x lm hollow glass tube and simultaneously observing the effect this had on a candle flame situated at the other end of the tube. Note how the student immediately responded to the visual cue of seeing the candle flame extinguished by saying that, "The air blew it out." (see lines 31 - 33). Then, in what appeared to be an exploration of the validity of his conceptualization, he experimented by clapping in the immediate vicinity of the candle (i.e., ignoring the tube). The result was that he, then, rather uniquely offered his explanation from a "kids" perspective. Subsequently his "moving air" conceptualization was explained in terms of what he called a "kid's view" with a powerful, albeit inappropriate, hose nozzle analogy. The dialogue continues: 94 I: Okay, I am going to clap at this end of the tube, let's see what happens [after several claps the candle is 30 extinguished]. S: The candle went out. Why did it go out? Because the air blew it out. Why did the air blow it out? [Long pause.] Well, because you forced the air along when you clapped. And I would ask: Do you think without the tube there that 35 if I clapped it would go out? And if I [was a] smart-ass I would say — ["S" lights the candle again and claps all around the candle] — Doesn't seem to be any way I can put it out without clapping close to it. Without the tube, it looks like we can't put it out without the tube. The kid 40 buys that: without the tube — the tube plays a big part ~ what is going on? I would say it's probably beyond him to be able to explain how the pressure, way it is caught by the tube, transferred along — this is just exactly the same way that we hear sound — the pressure 45 ~ the pressure wave comes down to this end and is then intensified as those molecules, same surface area pushing here [at top of tube] of those molecules is now getting banged on in a smaller and smaller surface area [at the other end of the tube where it narrows]. 50 Those molecules are getting forced, so what you get, you've got a surface area here [at the top of the tube] pushing with the same amount of force, same pressure difference, but that comes out and acts here [other end of tube] so what you get is an actual, um, pulse or pressure of air 55 out this end. It's a, you know, it's a common focusing effect if you — kids can recognize it on a hose, turn a hose on and if you get a little area out at the end you, those things [nozzle] you screw, so that you get the "spsssspt," a real blast out and if you take it off the end 60 it just goes "bloph" but if you put the little thing at the end — I: So what are you saying? You have a higher pressure? S: Yea, you get a focusing and a higher pressure gradient than you would get normally. At this point in the interview the interviewer tried to probe a little further into the student's explanation by asking him what it was "that put out the candle?" The dialogue continues: 70 I: Okay, what is putting out the candle though? S: Air. 95 I: When you say air, is there a wind? [Provocative question] S: Yes. Essentially we are creating a little wind to blow it out, a pulse of high pressure. 75 I: So, if I could colour the air in this tube in some way, could you explain to me what would happen to this coloured air? 80 S: We would see, starting when you clapped, we would see a bunching of the coloured molecules here [opposite end of tube to candle] and we would see it go right through to here [candle end of tube] and then we would really see them bunch up, down here [end of tube], and then they would spew out and there would be red all over the chair and all over the candle, it would just be everywhere, god it would be awful. Note how in lines 73 - 74 the student made the connection between "a little wind" and a "pulse of high pressure." It is suggested that the student was making an attempt to merge segments of his gut-physics based conceptualization with segments of his taught-physics based conceptualization. In other words, he was making an attempt to sensibly connect the two conceptualizations (in particular see lines 78 - 84), probably for the first time. Following this segment of explanation the interviewer decided to probe what he, at the time, believed was a newly constructed conceptualization (facilitated by the interview process) based upon the merging of two distinctly different "older" conceptualizations (based upon gut-physics and taught-physics respectively). This probing was initiated by removing the hand-clapping visual cue and replacing it with a box which had only one open end (facing the open end of the tube). The box was, then, used to produce sounds similar to hand-clapping by knocking upon it with one's knuckles. That is, part of the perceptual "wind" cue (clapping hands) was effectively removed. Immediately after the modification, the student began to tentatively alter his explanation; a shifting towards a taught-physics based conceptualization. Here he appeared to be trying to decide how the notion of impetus should be manifested in his modified conceptualization (see lines 93 - 120). While it is possible that his shift in explanation may have been the result of him interpreting the experiment modification as an indication that his original explanation was "incorrect," it seems more likely that his change in explanation arose from the removal of a strong perceptual cue which led the student to either evoke a different, or construct a revised, conceptualization. 96 The dialogue continues: 85 I: Okay, so, I've got an idea. S: Okay. I: Suppose I — [knocking a small wooden box open at one end] — instead of clapping I bumped this - would the candle still go out? [Facing the open end of the box towards the 90 opposite end of the tube to that of the candle and knocking the box several times: the candle flickers each time and then is extinguished]. What is happening in this case? S: You're generating the same sort of, um, large pressure variation and that you're outputting, um, one impact 100 pressure variation into the air as opposed to um — quite high amplitude because, you know, that's a fairly large sound as opposed to these [tuning forks] — yea it's just a clap or a single shout or an impact on an object, we all know how — we are accustomed to those things being loud as 105 well. A single, um, pulse in your voice called, um, oh god I've forgotten, what's it called? Um, staccato — staccato pulses from a voice, from any sort of object, just one bang, you are used to that being very very loud, and it is because the pressure generation for one pulse is very 110 large. We are used to that for objects too, when you impact an object you are used to that having a really harsh effect. You know? When someone comes up to you and pushes you really hard against something but just sort of gradually builds up the pressure, "eaagh", as opposed to coming up to you and 115 just BANG, you against the wall with the same — We associate impact with high degree and high damaging forces, so, this sort of thing [claps] and that sort of thing [the wooden box] is impact generation of big forces in the air. You get quite a pressure generation to pass along down 120 and blow out that candle. I: So, um, coming back to the coloured air in the tube. I knocked that [the box] several times so that by the time the candle went out could I have emptied the tube of the coloured air? 125 S: Oh, no, I would say not, the only, the only air that's getting, it's not, see it's not really, how do you do this? The, um, air is not getting spewed out, spewed out the end so we have to go back. I have to go back on what I said before. I would not think — [Pause] — hardly any of 130 the, um, air inside the tube would be coming out the end here. What would be happening is the pressure that is built up out to the very end here [of the tube] interacts with the local air and the pressure wave gets passed on. Obviously the air is moving but it does not continue to move, it goes, 97 135 as you noticed when you banged it, it went [mimicking the flicker of the candle flame with his hand], it went flush, it went "swooosh" and then it's back to normal instantly, right? All you've got is a net pressure gradient in this direction [towards the candle] that interacts with the 140 candle and moves it over but it instantaneously sways back again. Um, I do not think that air is being pushed out that end, what has been happening is the pressure gradient is passed along, I don't think very much — I think there is going to be some amount of bleeding out of this end 145 of some of the red molecules but it's not going to be or isn't going to be "spoosh-spoosh" of red. It's not like turning on a hose and having it come shooting out. This is abstract since we are dealing with the propagation of a wave and not the propagation of the medium itself, so we have to 150 adjust — I was a little hasty in assuming that these red molecules would come shooting out that end. What they were actually doing is passing along, I would think, in the majority, passing the intensified pressure wave to the air outside and as that passed by, that was what [was] 155 interacting with the candle, I would think. [Pause] — Because it looks like there is a pulse of air getting blown over and there is. It is difficult to — I am not sure what you would say, because all you would really feel here — would you do that? [asking "I" to knock the box again while 160 holding his hand at the other end of the tube] ~ you feel a pulse of air hitting your hand — [long pause] — and I am not really sure — yea, I would say it's — I would say it's half-and-half, sort of, I would say that there is some bleeding out of the tube, that there is some air from the 165 tube getting actually pushed out as the pressure wave gets intensified here [end of the tube]. I would also that that is pushing against — see the pressure on the outside, once the pressure wave intensifies, interacts with the air just outside of here [the tube] and pushes it ~ but it's 170 difficult to see it as being fully like a hose, you know, you turn on and the air from inside here pours out. I think the air inside here wants to move but it's not the sort of the effect like "poof-poof". It's not like blowing in totality. I would say it's mostly interaction 175 with the pressure wave with the air just outside here that pushes it along, as opposed to, um, as opposed to this air from inside the tube just blowing out like someone was blowing in at the end of the tube. It's difficult to say, one would have to, um — From the perspective of taught-physics, the student's altered conceptualization provided a far more acceptable explanation in that the candle flame's flickering was manifested in impetus transferred inter alia a pressure wave. However, in this depiction it would seem that the impetus conceptualization, as being manifested as a continuous flow of air, has strength and high plausibility status. 98 The strength and plausibility status of this gut-physics conceptualization is exemplified by the student's apparent retreat (see lines 133 - 134 and 160 - 179) back towards his original explanation when he said that, "I would say it's half-and-half." As he continued with his explanation the shift towards his original explanation became increasingly more apparent (see lines 178 - 179). Finally, when the student was asked which of his explanations he believed, he gave ultimate plausibility to his gut-physics based conceptualization (see lines 180 - 187). However, it was strongly mediated by the taught-physics based conceptualization that he appeared to base his post-modification explanations upon. The dialogue continues: 180 I: What do you believe? S: Um, I believe that air is being pushed out from inside to a certain degree and that interacts with the air just on the outside there and moves. I believe that there is a pressure gradient being created here which is moving the 185 air, because the air obviously moves, over the candle. I don't think, I don't think it's pouring out the end like a hose, I don't think. For most of the students involved in this study their observations of the candle flame manifested a conceptualization incorporating impetus, not in terms of the momentum transfer of a sound wave, but in terms of a flow of air. Since this conceptualization is regarded as being part of early gut-physics development, and since the conceptualization typically remained more or less intact for the complete duration of this context, the flow of air conceptualization was characterized as a prolonged gut-physics flashback. Based upon the outcomes illustrated in this theme and the previous gut-physics theme, it would seem plausible to suggest that the context-specific cues which a person picks up, or is sensitive to, play a primary determining role in the evocation of a given conceptualization. Throughout the analysis it appeared as though the contextual cuing influenced the students' choice of theoretical framework, terminology, and analogies. Perhaps a partial explanation of the phenomenon, which has been characterized as conceptual dispersion, is that 99 contextual cuing establishes some sort of preferred conceptualization for every context-specific experience; a sort of hierarchy of available conceptualizations based upon previous context-specific experiences. That is, depending on the context, the students appeared to perceive that one, or more, of their conceptualizations were more fruitful than others. For example, when students were asked to estimate the wavelength of sound produced by a vibrating tuning fork, their intuitive conceptualization was very much smaller than the actual (calculated) wavelength (see Theme (e)). Even when students were reluctant to accept the conceptualization of the much larger wavelength they said that they would give the larger (calculated) answer in a physics examination. That is, the larger wavelength conceptualization would be more fruitful in the context of physics examinations (there was no sense that they would be giving an incorrect answer) while the short wavelength conceptualization appeared to be more plausible in the context of how tuning forks produce sound. diSessa (1981; 1986) has proposed similar ideas by suggesting that experts and novices in physics differ in their "control of reasoning" and assign different "cuing priorities", and hence different "reliability priorities," to "concepts" when solving problems. Physics "experts" can recognize specifics of a problem which are context-relevant when deciding on the priority-use of a conceptualization, in particular with the evocation of primitive conceptualizations. diSessa calls these "phenomenological primitives, or p-prims for short" -- which are analogous in many ways to what has been called gut-physics in this dissertation. Physics novices have great difficulty with their conceptualization structuring because their "knowledge system is structurally incapable of supporting any strong, principled commitment to a particular interpretation of a physical phenomenon." (diSessa, 1981, p. 25) 5.2.4 Theme (d): Disconnected Mathematical and Physics Thinking Throughout the interviews most students did not, or could not, distinguish conceptually between, sinusoidal waveforms as a mathematical depiction of essentially nondispersive oscillatory systems, and actual physical waveforms such as water waves. The "tutor/textbook" context supplied visible cues which seemed to reduce conceptual dispersion and evoke conceptualizations whereby the students all explained sound propagation in terms of an abstract wave propagation model (refer to Table 5.2). Perhaps this is a predictable outcome 100 considering the pedagogical focusing of the context: the students were playing the role of tutor while explaining a physics textbook figure. What was interesting was the manner in which the available textbook cues manifested themselves for the students. To appreciate the nature of this manifestation it is necessary to consider the nature of the textbook figure" and the associated interview scenario (refer to Chapter III). Recall that during the "tutor/textbook" context the students were asked to act as a physics tutor for a hypothetical first year physics student who was confused by the physics textbook figure provided to the students in this context. The figure depicted sinusoidal sound propagation and a mathematical representation thereof. Here a "travelling pressure wave" was used to figuratively depict a "travelling sound wave" by using a common physics wave heuristic: a system of sinusoidally vibrating particles interconnected by elements of helical spring. The relative positions of these particles over one and a half wavelengths are frozen in time in the figure and the mathematical representation given below is a profile of the sound wave's particle displacements plotted in the form of a transverse displacement graph (particle displacement versus propagation direction). In this context the evoked conceptualizations of sound propagation tended to be abstract in the sense that they were "shrouded" by mathematical modelling heuristics. This was in marked contrast to the students' everyday conceptualizations of waves which tended to be framed by experiences and observations of water waves. This abstract/concrete divergence manifested itself in the nature of the diffuse conceptualization linkages that the students expressed while attempting to form linkages between mathematical sinusoidal wave representations and, transverse and longitudinal waves. For example, here is how one student viewed the difficulty he was having making sense of the textbook figure: S: That's where I get into — with my, with the way I looked at it, it would be hard to describe that to someone with my theory because it was my idea that it kept on going and there was no — I knew that it [sound] would be a sine wave but with my theory I would have a hard time 101 explaining the lows [sinusoidal minimums] because it [sound] kept on going at a perpetual pace. So with my understanding I wouldn't be able to explain that [figure] to somebody. None of the students explained the textbook's graphical representation as one depicting the sinusoidal properties of the sound wave vis-a-vis the particle displacements being plotted transversely to propagation direction (which facilitated describing the waveform in terms of sine or cosine function). Prior to the following example, the student had labelled sound as a "longitudinal wave" and had adequately described how the particle displacements, frozen in time, were plotted in the graph below the particle/spring system. The interviewer, then, tentatively asked him: I: But isn't that a definition of a transverse wave? S: Yea. I: Where the particle position is perpendicular — [the student interrupts] S: To the wave motion direction? Yea, sure it is [and laughs a little self-consciously]. I: Any problems with that? S: Yea [laughing self-consciously again], um, hmm — [long pause] — Yea, okay I don't know how to deal with that [laughing self-consciously again]. Another student described his difficulties as a kind of optical illusion; something his mind wanted to impose on the displacement graph: S: Actually they are not too contrary. It's one of those things that are fundamental in that what we are taught, but can be confusing in a situation like this because what you're looking at. What you think you are seeing here is a wave travelling along. You have a picture of a sinusoidal wave just proceeding along. That's not what you've got at all, and that's why you have to read the information. What you've got here is a graph of displacements as at a moment of time — time in your mind is what moves this. 102 To make sense of the textbook figure the students seemed to rely extensively on the visual cues that they could gather from it. These cues appeared to be so powerful that, despite the graph being labelled as a representation of particle displacement and read as such, most of the students either described the graph in terms of particle velocity, or they described the graph as if displacement amplitude and pressure amplitude were synonymous concepts. That is, they depicted maximum particle displacement as being analogous to maximum sound pressure and vice-versa. Some students treated all three concepts, particle velocity, particle displacement and sound pressure amplitude, synonymously and depicted their respective amplitude changes as being all in phase. The students expressed these conceptualizations when, as part of the hypothetical first year student's understanding difficulty, it was pointed out to them that the maximum and minimum pressures illustrated in the particle/spring system did not correspond to the respective graphical maximums and minimums (particle displacements) below it. Many of the students, then, in their tutor roles, concluded that this was because the textbook figure was poorly drafted. For example: S: ... I am trying to draw, like in drafting, like two views, that's how I am trying to look at it, and nothing lines up, so I don't see what they are — nothing lines up; their symbols aren't consistent. S: Maybe I should just say for the record that I think, you know, that this is terrible and misleading and the authors should change this because I don't think it's a very good illustration, and I remember in my textbooks there was something better than this, I forget what it was, unfortunately, but it was more clear than this. An appreciation of some of the disconnected mathematical and physics thinking depicted in the students' explanations may be found in the way that such typical longitudinal wave representations are introduced to students. For instance, for a travelling sinusoidal sound wave such as that depicted by the textbook figure, the sound pressure and particle velocity functions reflect amplitude changes which are in phase with one another while the sound pressure and particle displacement functions reflect amplitude changes which are ninety degrees out of phase with each other. Such conceptualization connections are not easily made as they are not visually or intuitively obvious. It takes some careful thought and 103 consideration of the respective functions to construct an appreciation of the qualitative relationships between them. This point is taken up further in a discussion of physics teaching in Chapter VII. Longer illustrative extracts from the "textbook/tutor" context have not been provided because the students frequently used the pronouns "this" and "that" while indicating to the textbook figure, making reading of the transcripts difficult to follow. Interested readers are referred to Appendix II where a detailed example is available (it is recommended that this particular section of transcript be read while cross-referencing with the textbook figure which is provided in Chapter III). 5.2.5 Theme (e): Dissonant Conceptual Dispersion: Examples of Student Reaction to Recognized Inconsistency During the "tuning fork" context the students were presented with a tuning fork vibrating at 440Hz and asked to intuitively estimate the wavelength of the sound waves which were being produced (the frequency, which was stamped on the tuning fork, was pointed out to them). The students were, then, asked to calculate the wavelength. If they had difficulties with this request they were reminded of the relationship: (wavelength)x(frequency) = (speed of sound). In both cases, the initial estimation and subsequent calculation, the students were asked to give an approximate order of magnitude answer. All of the students that were presented with this context intuitively estimated the wavelength of sound produced by the vibrating tuning fork to be relatively very small, generally of the order of micro- to nanometres. This was an intriguing outcome because, both in this study and its preceding pilot study, it was essentially the most consistent, contextually-related conceptualization to be evoked. Since the calculation of the wavelength yielded an answer of approximately three quarters of a metre, the anticipation that the students would give intuition-based wavelength estimates several thousand to several million times smaller than the calculated wavelength provided the interviewer with a somewhat unique opportunity to have the students easily come face-to-face with an enormous discrepancy between their conceptualizations (one intuition-based and the other physics-based). The aim of doing this was to observe how the students would react 104 to, and cope with, a situation that evoked immediate, self-recognizable conceptualization dissonance. . Since exposure to this kind of discrepancy could create an undesired sense of anxiety in interviewees and potentially foster a "physics examination" atmosphere, the interviewer made a spontaneous decision during the interview's "tuning fork" context whether or not to proceed with the wavelength probing scenario. This decision was based upon the self-confidence that individual students had exhibited up until that point in the interview, and so in two of the interviews the wavelength probing scenario was glossed over. In many respects how the students responded during the wavelength probing scenario provided a new dimension of insight into the nature of their conceptual dispersions. This is because physics graduates could ostensibly be expected to be able to comfortably draw upon a rich repertoire of synthesized and integrated physics conceptualizations constructed from the content of their undergraduate physics in order to generate reasonable "hand waving physics" explanations and estimations such as the wavelength of the sound waves produced by a vibrating tuning fork (perhaps especially from a selection of good students who have decided to become physics teachers). Two examples from the wavelength probing scenario are provided. The first example is a complete transcript of the wavelength probing scenario. It illustrates the typical manifestation of dissonant wavelength conceptualization and how the students were generally unable to resolve their dissonance. The second example illustrates how difficult the rationalization of conceptions and conceptual change may be. Here, rather uniquely, one of the students presented a personal philosophy of flexibility in his physics thinking and was consequently very receptive to reflecting on dissonant situations. He attempted to restructure his dissonant conceptualizations in search of a rationalization and in doing so illustrated just how intricate reconstruction of a conceptualization may be. 5.2.5.1 First Example from the Wavelength Probing Scenario This first example illustrates how two quite different conceptualizations can be evoked in the same context by the same person. It also illustrates the kind of tension which can exist between competing conceptualizations and how, for example, a physics graduate can, in the space of a few minutes, shift from one 105 conceptualization to another without making any headway in constructing the beginnings of conceptualization consistency or looking for common ground, even when both conceptualizations are based upon the content of physics classes and textbooks. The dialogue begins when the student predictably estimated the wavelength to be extremely small (see lines 10 - 11; 15 - 21; 29 - 31): 1 I: ... I am just looking to see what we've got here [sound of tuning forks being moved around and tapped] — 440 — Well let's have a look a this [sound of tuning fork]. Its frequency is about 440Hz, any idea of the kind of 5 wavelength which we are looking at here? S: [Taking a tuning fork and striking it], ah there is a way of calculating that but you would have, um — er — I: Would you need to calculate it? 10 S: Yea, for myself probably. It's a fairly short, fairly small number. I: From what you have been telling me, from your explanation, there isn't a way that you could, um, give an estimate of the wavelength? 15 S: There probably is if I think about it long enough [continually playing with the tuning fork in question] — oh, yea I know [enthusiastically], the wavelength has to be the same as the — you see each time the fork moves back and forth it creates a new wave so the wavelength is equal 20 to how far the fork moves. That is a very very small number. I: Could you try and put something to it? S: What do you mean? A number? I: A number, a feeling for the size, let's work with this 440 25 [sound of tuning fork]. S: Well, actually the wavelength is, you can't say for sure an accurate number because --I: Are we talking about millimetres, centimetres, or metres? S: Um, the wavelength is of the order of less than 30 millimetres, I would be tempted to say like hundreds of nanometres, four hundred nanometres. 106 I: On all of these [pointing to other tuning forks], on this one as well? [picking out the 128Hz tuning fork because the vibrations of the arms are visible] It is 128Hz. 35 S: Now you are getting closer to, with that, you see, it becomes visible, so you know, you are getting closer to an order of millimetres then. It all depends on, you can only hear through a certain sound range. I: How would you respond to someone if they said to you well 40 — what is this? — 400. If they were saying that the wavelength was much longer how would you convince them in fact — ["S" interrupts]. S: Well, because you are creating a continuous sound which means a continuous wave. It is created out of the fork 45 moving back and forth. So every time the fork hits the same position it's got to be the same position, it's got to be creating like — all the way in and out again that's one whole wave. Every time it [tuning fork prong] goes in and out that's one wave so the distance it travels has to 50 be one wavelength. You know, because with this example you really can't see it [striking the 440Hz fork] moving, although you can feel it moving. Um, it is definitely of the order of less than a millimetre. With this one [picking up and striking the 128Hz fork] you can almost see 55 it moving depending on how hard you want to hit it [sound of tuning fork]. You can see the dimension we are dealing with. Note how this student confidently associated how far the vibrating arm of the tuning fork moves with the wavelength of sound produced (see lines 44 - 57). Warren (1988) has suggested that one source of this conceptualization may be physics textbooks which have "pictures of waves related to bodies [which] normally show wavelengths short compared with the dimensions of the bodies (i.e., ripple tanks, stationary waves on strings, in pipes, etc.)" This appears to be particularly true for depictions of waves emanating from tuning forks. In the next segment of this dialogue the student was asked to calculate the wavelength. At this point he mentioned that he calculated all his "formulas by looking at the units (see lines 70 - 74), an approach which another student referred to as a "survival method in physics." An indication that physics may have manifested itself as applied mathematics for this student (see lines 80 - 86). 107 The dialogue continues: I: Can you remember how you would calculate that? S: Um, the equation for it? 60 I: Yes. S: Well, the reason I say it's variable is because it depends on the speed of sound in air. I: Suppose we took the speed of sound to be 300m/s. S: Okay, we know the frequency so — [talking to himself 70 "seconds"] I tend to do it; I calculate all my formulas by looking at units. I know, I know, what you want to find is the wavelength and you've got the speed of the wave, because the sound travels through at that speed, and the frequency of the wave. So if its going at 300, what did 75 you say? I: 300m/s — that's an approximation actually it's closer to 330m/s but 300 is good enough. S: 300m/s and its 440Hz? I: Oh, use 400Hz. 80 S: Okay, 400 cycles per second. So we want to get something that is going to be in metres, we divide the one by the other which means we divide 300m/s by 400, um, cycles/s, and we get so many metres per cycle which means — one cycle is a wavelength so, so many metres per cycle would be 85 the wavelength. So we are looking at something like .75; three quarters of a metre. Now having completed his calculation the student was suddenly faced with a glaring discrepancy; a state of conceptualization dissonance. At this point in the interview he stood by his "original conceptual idea that the wavelength has to be of the order of the motion of the fork" (see lines 91 - 95), thus affirming the status of his intuition-based conceptualization. The dialogue continues: I: That seems inconsistent with what you were telling me earlier, three quarters of a metre is about that long [indicating with hands]. How would you account for that? 108 90 S: I can't. I: Does it worry you? S: Yea. I still hold by my original conceptual idea that the wavelength has to be of the order of the motion of the fork. I: Which would you prefer to go by, the formula or your — 95 S: I would trust my physical intuition. Following this statement of confidence in his intuition, the student began to shift towards his physics-based conceptualization when he was asked what answer he would give in a physics examination: "I would have to put 0.75m if that's the way the numbers come out" (line 100). In other words, despite having expressed confidence in his intuitive sense making he would not extend that confidence to a physics examination. Perhaps a fruitful speculation could be that his experience with physics examinations has encouraged him not to explore his own sense-making during examinations but rather to rely on mechanical problem solving. At this point in the interview the student began to indicate that he felt uncertain which conceptualization he should be evoking. His uncertainty may have had its roots in. how he perceived the shift in the context: whether he was being tested on his physics or not, which may have left him without any strong sense of conviction of the contextual plausibility of his conceptualizations. Initially, in an effort to account for some of the conflict, he turned to external factors (beyond his control) by suggesting that he may have been given some incorrect information for use in his calculation (see lines 103 - 105): an indication that at this stage he is still favouring his intuition-based conceptualization. However, since the frequency of the tuning fork was stamped on the tuning fork and the interviewer used an introductory physics text as an acceptable source to confirm the approximate speed of sound in air which he had used earlier in his calculation (see lines 110 - 113), at this point the student appeared to begin re-evaluating the plausibility of his intuition-based conceptualization. The dialogue continues: I: So, if they gave that to you in an exam: "Given that the speed of sound in air is 300m/s calculate the wavelength produced by a 400Hz tuning fork": What answer would you give? 109 100 S: I would have to put 0.75m if that's the way the numbers come out. I: How would you feel about it? S: If I assume that is the speed of sound, I have to assume because that is the given, and I know the frequency because 105 that is a given, then the length also has to come. I: Okay I will look up the exact speed of sound for you [looking up in physics text]. In fact it depends upon several factors ~ okay, here they give it as 330. So given that I haven't given you any incorrect information 110 and you have calculated this 3/4 metre, how do you feel about you writing that down in an examination, yet you feel quite confident within yourself that it is closer to millimetres? What does that do to you? At this stage in the interview the student began to consider that there may have been some factor within his control that lay at the root of the discrepancy between his two wavelength conceptualizations. Apparently still wanting to give a higher plausibility to his intuition he proposed that the discrepancy may have arisen because he may have made "a small error" (see lines 122 - 123; 128). However, it was clear that this was not the case and he went on to suggest an interesting way to separate his two answers: into categories of "fact" and "his way of looking at it" (see lines 129-131). The dialogue continues after the interviewer asked the student what affect it would have on him to give an answer in an examination that went against all his understanding (see previous dialogue): S: Well, at that point, looking at the magnitude of the 115 numbers it makes sense that it's almost of the magnitude of a metre. So then I have to look at the way that I was analysing the motion of air around the fork because that's where I must have made the mistake. At that point, once I have looked at that and say gone over it a couple of 120 times, that this is the way it has to be. I: Which is the way it has to be? S: Well, I would have to, you know, upon investigation I would have to default and say I know I'm, I'm within a small error — I know that that is the speed of sound 125 [referring to the 330m/s provided by the physics text] and since these [tuning forks] are calibrated to give a certain frequency, then, I must, again within a small 110 error, then my error must be in my gut-reaction to how the wave is created at the fork. That is a gut-reaction, that 130 is not a fact, it is my way of looking at it. Then I would have to amend my — I: Would you like to try to amend your way of looking at it or --? S: Well, at this time I am sort of — [long hesitation] — 135 I: I don't want to put you on the spot, we can leave it and maybe come back to it later. S: Yea, Yea. I, you know, I still, when I think of the way waves are supposed to propagate, all I know about waves that intuitively makes sense to me, the peak of each sound 140 wave being with the motion of each fork, and the fork definitely doesn't move that far. In the dialogue above, despite having claimed that the calculation represented "fact" and his estimate represented his "way of looking at it" the student ended off by voicing his almost total disbelief in the calculated answer because his intuition-based conceptualizations of waves still had a higher plausibility status. In the discussion around this example it has been proposed that recognizable conceptual dispersion seems to have an element of context specific plausibility; that conceptualizations may be evoked from a kind of context generated hierarchy of plausibility. Hence, for example, in physics examinations intuition-based conceptualizations may be accorded low plausibility while in everyday life they are accorded a much higher plausibility status. In the context of physics class some of the students indicated that they had no faith in their ability to make sense of the concepts being taught. When these students were asked which wavelength conceptualization they had more faith in, typical responses were: S: Well, after going through physics for four years one tends, um — you tend to like equations a lot [laughing self-consciously]. Yea, I would tend to have more faith in a textbook formula than in what I am trying to say at the moment. I: Okay, could I ask you why you would trust it [calculated answer] more? 111 S: Probably because I never had to conceptualize sound on the small level and I just went through it and understood it, and understood my formulas, and was able to calculate things and came up with proper answers that way; proper answers as defined by an exam.... We did a lot of problem solving, and a lot of the times you figured out what the problem was, they gave you the information in the problem, and it was just a matter of rearranging it. If students approach physics with little confidence in their own ability to make sense of what they are being taught, then they would be left with little option but to attempt to rote learn conclusions which are soon forgotten, and would have to fall back on their intuitive sense making. 5.2.5.2 Second Example from the Wavelength Probing Scenario In this study, while developing the notion of conceptual dispersion, examples have been provided which indicated that in some contexts the students accorded their conceptualizations little plausibility and they consequently tended to "flip-flop" between evocation of conceptualizations. Examples have also been provided where the context seemed to be linked to the plausibility status of the students' conceptualizations, suggesting that some sort of plausibility hierarchy was evoked by the context; a kind of contextual conceptualization hierarchical set. In the analysis so far, most of the emphasis has been on the context, however, conceptualizations are considered to be relationships which are constructed by people between themselves and the world. This second wavelength example focuses more on the person than the context. It provides an important insight into how a student's attitude (personal philosophy) plays a significant role in the construction of new or alternative conceptualizations. It also gives an insight into the tenacity of more primitive conceptualizations even when they have been reflected upon and recognized as being flawed. This example is also considered important because it reflects the view presented in this dissertation that physics education should aim at promoting the ongoing construction of phenomena-recognition that leads to the evocation of appropriate contextually functional conceptualizations: A view which perceives "conceptual 1 12 change" to be an inadequate description of non-rote learning. This view is further discussed in Chapter VII. The example involves a student who has a strong personal philosophy which makes him open to considering alternative conceptualizations; a kind of sense-making flexibility. This openness, then, reflected a willingness on behalf of the student to construct new, or reconstruct old, conceptualizations. The following example begins with the student providing his intuitive estimate of the tuning fork's wavelength and being faced with his inconsistent calculation: 1 I: Could you intuitively give me an order of magnitude of the wavelength which is produced by this [striking the 440Hz tuning fork]. S: Short. 5 I: Um, millimetres, centimetres, metres - order of magnitude. I am not trying to tell you ~ S: Oh, I understand — to make an intelligent guess — um, less than a millimetre. I: Given that this is just over 400Hz, do you know how to 10 calculate the wavelength, can you remember? S: As far as I know, um, it was a relationship between velocity and, um, wavelength, um, knowing the velocity about 660 MPH I believe ["I" interrupts] -I: That's about 300m/s. 15 S: Okay, then 330 over the, um, because wavelength times frequency gives you the velocity. I: Let's round that off at 400 and round off the speed of sound in air at 300, just for ease of calculation. S: Right, then we have got 300m/s divided by 400Hz, gives us 20 almost a metre. I: Does that surprise you now? S: Oh yea! I: How do you react to that? S: I would — Okay, it's one of those counter-intuitive things 25 because initially you would think of — Okay, the reason it surprises me most is because this thing [tuning fork] is 113 vibrating really fast, right? And you would think that the wavelength, you would think that the pressure variations would be coming very rapidly — [pause] — and in fact 30 they are, it's just that the sound is moving so fast. Do you understand what I mean? What I was ~ in place of speed was putting in frequency. So, we can have long wavelengths like of the order of a metre if the sound is propagating fast enough through the medium. If the sound 35 speed was considerably lower, if it was like 50m/s which is still really going, you know because I couldn't run that fast and that is going pretty quick for a car too, um, then our wavelength would be of the order of 0.2m or something like that. It surprises me because I see this 40 thing [tuning fork] vibrating really fast and really little tiny little pulses, so it's hard of me to think of the pressure wave getting built up in long distances like that. I can't see the pressure wave coming like that [indicating about a metre with his arms] but it is easy to see once you 45 realize how fast it's moving. I mean it's "swishoooooom," these things are propagated through the air very quickly, these little pulses that form, which is the reason that they are stretched out that much. Well you've got a pretty rare system here, right. So, you can't really build up a 50 sensible pulse like that, variation in, um — that's the thing about these kind of intuitive things, right. They: what?! and then aha [indicating first surprise and then making sense of the surprise]. I: So you feel happy with the calculation for the answer? 55 S: Yea, I would say — that's the one thing about being a physicist, you learn to rationalize and adapt very quickly. It's funny people see scientists as being pretty conservative people, right. But in their minds, I mean as far as situations where they are thinking intuitively, they 60 adapt very very fast and in a very liberal way to a new situation. I -mean you tell them something which is totally counter-intuitive and a man in the street will scream night and day that it's not so. A man of science will generally sit, ponder and completely change his world to adapt to 65 what you told him, if necessary: Like quarks come in threes, you know, oh, of course they do ["S" laughs and "I" joins in]. The interesting aspect of this student's dialogue was that although the wavelength discrepancy surprised him (line 22) it did not seem to perturb him unduly (line 24). Not because he had a poor image of his sense making ability (as was seen in the previous example set), but because he was prepared to reflect upon the two outcomes and try and rationalize them. While he began by adopting the position that his physics-based conceptualization was correct he also reflected upon his 114 intuition-based conceptualization in an attempt to identify the source of the inconsistency (see lines 25 - 33), which he successfully did (the only student in this study to do this). The confidence and ease with which he tackled the task was a reflection of his personal accommodation, "... that's one thing about being a physicist, you learn to rationalize and adapt very quickly ... they adapt very very fast and in a very liberal way to a new situation." Although this student's reflection upon his two wavelength outcomes resulted in him recognizing why his intuition-based conceptualization flawed, and having a strong desire to identify the flaw and correct it, his attempts did not lead to his intuition-based conceptualization being revoked. That is, his learning did not involve him changing his conceptualization but recognizing that it was inappropriate. The dialogue continues: I: It is interesting that — why do you have so much confidence in that formula? S: Oh, I've, er, the units work [laughs heartily]. Makes me 70 feel pretty comfortable because I know that something per second times a velocity, I mean a length, gets me a length per, you know what I mean. Yea, you are right, that is where it really rests, it doesn't rest on my fundamental beliefs in the wave function and wave theory, it rests on the fact 75 that the units come out right and that seemed pretty believable, that the units came out right. I: Do they stress that a lot at [naming student's place of undergraduate study]; that the units come out right? S: Well, that's a survival method in physics, I don't know if 80 you learnt that one or not? I mean if your units aren't working chances are you are not doing the calculation right, especially in your intuitive sense of things. So you go by, you intuitively think how a system probably works and by god your units come out so you know that at least you are on the 85 right track — and plus, I mean, okay, when you know your wave theory and you look at the number of times something goes by each second times, the length of that thing — Okay, say ten cars go by every second and each car is 10m long, what is the total accumulated length if the cars were 90 bumper to bumper, what's the distance during this time that the whole lot — If you are an observer, as far as the propagation of the wavefront, the front of the first car so that you can see them, okay?, when each car goes by in one 115 110 105 100 second times the length of the car — you know it's also physically plausible. So, because waves, wave fronts propagating, come on! Kids in grade 9 or 10, wave theory? A wavefront propagating, you can't be serious it doesn't, nothing moves, nothing! Just the molecules to a point, a little song and dance, right. It's just a little more order in their random perturbation than they would normally have when there is no wave being propagated. Doesn't bear up to, see those cars, those cars, right? See those cars are like an electromagnetic wave because electromagnetic waves actually propagate through a vacuum and it's not just — if this is a sound wave, this is an electromagnetic wave, you know the whole package is moving. Don't ask me what it is made of because only Maxwell knows, right. From this section of this student's explanations it would seem as though he constructed a new wavelength conceptualization while leaving his intuition-based conceptualization at least partially in tact (see lines 85 - 100). Thus it would seem that a single conceptual repudiation is probably not sufficient for the rejection of the conceptualization. The reconstruction, or new construction, coupled with rejection of prior conceptualizations would seem to require several, if not many, instances where the original conceptualization is recognized to be defective (perhaps the repudiating instance also needs to become a confirming instance for the new or reconstructed conceptualization: an analogy to scientific thinking, for instance, see Lakatos, 1978, pp. 8 - 101). This scenario is an indication that immediate reflection can be very tentative and fragile even when it resolves serious difficulties, and that depicting learning as "conceptual change" is an inadequate way of capturing the essence of non-rote learning. Consider lines 81 - 91 where he depicted wavelength as an "accumulated" length of many cars (the student was using cars an analogy for the pressure pulses generated by each forward motion of the tuning fork): i.e., no sense of the propagation of a pressure pulse before the generation of the next (this may be reflecting an implicit conceptualization that pressure pulses are pushed along by pulses coming up behind them). Then, in line 92, his new conceptualization seemed to mediate his explanation but it seemed to be more exploratory than definitive. Finally, from line 100 onwards it appears as though the student had started some conceptualization reconstruction but it was awkward and diffuse. Total reconstruction would probably require far more time and diversity of reflection. 116 In the discussion in Chapter VII it is suggested that personal conceptual dispersion may be both a normal and necessary part of multifaceted human functioning. At the same time reconstruction or rejection of inappropriate conceptualizations which are evoked in the arena of physics would seem to be desirable. Rather than educational experiences being aimed specifically at unilateral acceptance of a conception or even generating conceptual change, one of the prime functions of educational experiences should be to generate an environment where students are not afraid to "kick their conceptualizations around;" where they are encouraged to contemplate reconstruction of their conceptualizations to make them more plausible; more functionally appropriate to a context. From this perspective, the apparent reconstruction attempt portrayed in the above transcript excerpt may be interpreted as being indicative of a student in a phase of conceptualization growth. Further support for this notion that in order to develop a rationalization of conceptualizations and appropriate qualitative analysis skills within the field of physics, the educational environment should be structured so as to provide and involve students in experiences, both concrete and abstract (which potentially would provide an adequate base for students to explore-by-reflection their understanding of the concepts being taught), was seen in several instances during the interviews. For instance, one student recognized that he had two conceptualizations of air molecule behaviour which he evoked in different contexts. He had a kinetic conceptualization of air molecules moving randomly yet to explain sound propagation he needed them to be stationary: 1 S: Yea, my idea, initially, the particles remained stationary and [also] they, um, moved out from the area, the central area, or the area that elicited the initial sound and they move outwards towards other areas. So, they remain 5 stationary, so it's not the particle that moves toward you but it's the particles near you that have been vibrated from the particle that set up the reaction towards you. I: If I can recall you told me ["S" interrupts] — S: Yea, I know I said that they were in a constant flow, I 10 know it's sort of contradictory to itself, so I originally said there is a flow of air around you. So when I went to explain sound I said they [the molecules] stayed still, so I would have a hard time sealing the two of them together. 117 I: Which of the two do you believe? 15 S: Um ~ [long pause] — I would have to go with the particles are still moving sp they would have to move from the sound towards you and yet when I explain sound I explain it as particles remaining stationary and causing a reaction that moves everything out towards you. 20 I: Isn't that a problem for you to believe one thing and to have to explain another thing? S: Yea, it is and it's something that never comes to light because you don't think about it. You've got the one idea here and the one idea here and until you really sit down and 25 think about it or are forced to compare them you never notice it, had to compare them before. Until now I never really thought about it in that way before, I never thought that I would think that air is moving constantly but sound causes a stationary [molecule to move] — I never sat down 30 and thought about it before. Right now I would like to sit here and try and find out which is which. Despite recognizing his inconsistent conceptual dispersion this student could not immediately resolve his conflict, an indication that learning requires time and commitment; an ongoing process of construction, mediation and exploration of ideas. 5.3 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 3 The analysis presented in this chapter has exemplified the notion of conceptual dispersion; it has illustrated how the students involved in this study had an array of qualitatively different conceptualizations about sound. This array was, however, limited, i.e., the students presented a limited number of ways of conceptualizing sound. Typically, the students' conceptual dispersion included a number of personal intuition-based conceptualizations which were depicted as gut-physics conceptualizations. There was often a recognizable dimension of tension between the plausibility of the students' physics-based conceptualizations and their intuitive-based conceptualizations. 118 This tension manifested itself along a continuum bound by two extremes: either the students gave a high plausibility status to their ability to make sense of the world around them or they felt inadequate and simply accepted what they were being taught. At the one extreme, when students had simply rote learnt much of what they had been taught it was apparent that they had forgotten elements of it and had to fall back on their intuition, but were willing to downgrade their intuition when challenged. At the other extreme students continued to give high plausibility status to their intuition-based conceptualizations despite evidence to the contrary. For example, in one of the interviews one student recalled having done a laboratory session where he measured the wavelength produced by a mid-range tuning fork, he also recalled the order of magnitude of his measurement. In the interview despite having calculated the wavelength produced by a similar mid-range tuning fork and obtaining an answer with an order of magnitude that agreed with his laboratory experience he still gave higher plausibility to his intuition- based conceptualization which was several thousand times smaller. All the students, indicated that for examination purposes they would suppress their intuition-based conceptualizations because as one student said, "It's more important, quote unquote, they want the correct result." This kind of outcome presents an insight into how many students may be perceiving their examinations: as an exercise where, in order to be successful, their intuitive sense making must be temporarily suspended or downgraded. This kind of assessment would feasibly generate a learning style which focused on rote learning physics terminology, definitions, formulae, and problem solving algorithms. 5.4 Overview of Chapter V This chapter has dealt with the nature of the consistency of the students' conceptualizations across and in a number of different contexts. The analysis indicated that while the students' conceptualizations tended to be contextually different they did not tend to be contextually dependent. In some contexts, however, the available visual cues were of such a nature that the students tended to evoke similar conceptualizations. This outcome provides support for the view that teaching is not a matter of facilitating a change in conceptualization but rather of facilitating the recognition of aspects of a situation or problem in such 119 a way that functionally appropriate conceptualizations are evoked from a repertoire of plausible conceptualizations. The next chapter deals with how the students coped when comparing and contrasting light and sound. 120 CHAPTER VI DATA ANALYSIS: FACTORS INFLUENCING CONCEPTUALIZATION: COMPARING AND CONTRASTING LIGHT AND SOUND 6.1 Data Analysis for Research Question 4: Introduction The fourth research question is described in Chapter I as: How do the students deal with a request to qualitatively compare and contrast the physics concepts of light and sound? In Chapter II the notion of category of influence was introduced as a phenomenographic-like analytic construct which could be used to frame the comparison between the students' conceptualizations of sound and light. Categories of influence were introduced as interpretative categories which characterize factors which appear to mediate and influence conceptualization. Three categories of influence were identified from the students' attempts to compare and contrast light and sound. These were: physics-based language; everyday-based intuition; and, a dichotomy between mathematical and qualitative physics. The sound/light comparisons that the students in this study (and those who participated in the pilot study) provided, indicated, in the context of physics, that they found this kind of task extremely difficult. For example, in the following dialogue a student was attempting to articulate the difficulties that he was having and why he was having these difficulties: 1 S: Well they are waves. They are wave descriptions which are exactly the same in many ways. Physically, a tremendous difference because you, you — what we interpret as being sound, you know, the pressure packets being transferred 5 through the air and light as a wavefront of photons — what you get is -- it happens again and again in science is where interdisciplinary things can be described by the same equations, however, they are worlds apart in appearance. Look a fundamental question, right, I mean, 10 things often look quite different but underlying they operate on the same principles. That's the sort of thing that — you have a really hard time with kids because they 121 30 25 20 15 want to make everything into a specific case because when you ask them to relate ideas, like this one is a very tricky one, we ask them to relate even simply ideas across boundaries, that is difficult, that is high level thinking. Like you are asking me to do right now, to compare sound and light, um, a grade 1 student would have a difficult time with it, a grade 12 student would and, um, a man with his PhD in physics would have a difficult time with it as well because each brings to it their highest level of thought given the knowledge that they have. It is a synthesis question, I mean we are talking about two very very different phenomena that operate in a lot of ways on the same basic fundamental principles. But the degree of your knowledge you bring to it really doesn't affect how good you think as a person, you know; I think your ability to think grows with time as you do more and more to synthesize and to make comparisons, it changes and grows. But what we are not talking about here is comparing knowledge what we are talking about here is trying to compare two phenomena that we seem to treat very similarly on the math table but look a world apart in the physical world. Most of the students readily turned to an everyday-based context "outside of physics" to generate their explanations. Primarily, it seems, because they found it easier and more plausible to conceptualize light and sound in terms of "everyday language" rather than "physics language." In some cases it even seemed as though the students accorded a higher status to their conceptualizations which were embedded primarily in "everyday language." These trends were reflected as a clearly discernable dichotomy in the students' explanations. An excellent illustration of this dichotomy came from the pilot study. The student concerned (a physics honours graduate) appeared to be fascinated by the study and he spent many hours working with the author exploring his conceptualizations of sound in a variety of different experimental situations. One segment of these experiments involved exploring similarities between sound and light reflection by interchanging a candle and a ticking-watch as the "images" and "objects" of large parabolic mirrors. After finding out that the candle and watch could be interchanged with identical image/object predictions, the following dialogue took place (and provided much of the basis for some of the probing strategies used in this study). 122 1 I: Okay, well I wonder if you see sound being in any way similar to light? S: Yes, um, I guess because of the theory I have done. I — it is hard to say. I can relate and deal with sound and 5 light in a similar way by writing down similar equations. I: Where do the light wave equations come from? S: Well, if you want to go all the way down to Maxwell's laws: electric fields and magnetic fields. I: And sound waves? 10 S: Sound waves would simply be pressure variations. I: Could I apply Newton's laws? S: (Pause) yes, yes because at a molecular level it is just collisions. Conservation of energy and momentum. So in everyday life I see them as completely separate phenomenon 15 — light has different sources than sound, and you can, um, sense it with your eyes rather than with your ears. I see it as completely separate, but in physics I can see the exact same equations apply to both, it is just you have different variables. In one case, or anyways for that 20 matter, on paper you can do the same thing. You can have the Doppler effect with sound waves but it is not very often you have any reason to see a Doppler effect with light waves. So, I guess how I relate to them on paper they are interchangeable, in real life I don't see them as 25 being so. Consequently, the aim of this fourth research question was to attempt to explore the factors which influenced conceptualizations such as this apparent dichotomy between everyday-based intuition and physics-based conceptualization. To pursue this aim different questioning strategies were formulated. These centred around asking the students: (a) if they had ever recognized the similarities in the various wave equations that they had met in physics, and what sense they had made of these similarities; (b) if both sound and light would obey similar laws of reflection, refraction and diffraction; and, (c) if they differentiated between the concepts of light and sound in and outside the formal discipline of physics? 123 Not all of these approaches were used with all the students. Which approach, or combinations of approaches, were utilized depended on the interviewer's perceived dynamics of each interview, in particular the amount of stress that the probing seemed to generate for the interviewees. The category of influence outcomes are characterized by illustrative example sets of interview dialogue. The first example set gives an indication of the level of physics content that the students used in trying to distinguish between light and sound, and hence offers a characterization of the role played by physics-based language in affecting the nature of their comparative-conceptualizations. The second example set illustrates the students reliance on their everyday-based intuitions of light and sound, and hence offers a characterization of the role played by everyday-based intuition in affecting the nature of their comparative-conceptualizations. The third example illustrates a perceived dichotomy between mathematical and qualitative physics and how this affected the nature of their comparative-conceptualizations. 6.2 Category of Influence Outcome # 1: The Role of Physics-Based Language in the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound The following excerpts have been chosen from all of the students' interviews. Although their brevity lacks the insights obtainable from a longer segment of dialogue, they do give a rich insight into the role of physics-based language in influencing their comparative-conceptualizations. The excerpts are labelled by student number. Interpretative comments have been included after each set of excerpts. The comments are not meant to be comprehensive but to augment the reader's appreciation of the general level of physics content, vis-a-vis physics-based language, inherent in the students' comparative-conceptualizations. Where appropriate "I" represents interviewer dialogue. SI: They are the same sort of thing with the exception that light moves a lot faster than sound, so that is your main difference. You can't say ... take light and bounce it off a mirror and take sound and bounce it off a mirror. 124 Sound will propagate through certain things [that] light won't and light will propagate through certain things [that] sound won't. SI did not conceptualize sound and light waves obeying similar laws of reflection while claiming the "main difference" between the two was their respective propagation velocities. Having made these observations it appears as though he had never deduced anything from them. Note how he used an everyday observation to distinguish between the two: that light and sound cannot always propagate through the same medium. Most probably he was conceptualizing light only in terms of "visible light" and thinking of some opaque medium. It would have been interesting to explore how he viewed the microwave protective mesh on the windows of microwave ovens. (Here, light can and cannot propagate through the mesh, the criterion depending on the wavelength of the light trying to propagate through the mesh. While visible light can propagate through the mesh, the mesh acts as a mirror for microwaves.) S2: Okay, from a physics point of view you would have to say that — [pause] — light, okay light is an energy package, you are dealing with photons. And sound — [long pause] — [to himself - ha!] — you are both transmitting energy through a wave but light — When you're dealing with light you are specifically dealing with photons at different frequencies. With sound there is no such component, there is no such particle, or just a unit package of sound. S2, in the fourth line, after having given the matter some consideration, seemed surprised to think of both sound and light "transmitting energy through a wave." He, then, tried to draw a distinction between light and sound by moving from a classical perspective for sound to a quantum perspective for light (an indication that he either had not heard of phonons or had never considered phonons as a kind of photOn isomorphism). For someone to try to rationalize conceptualizations from such a predicament would seem to be an impossible task. S3: They are, they are different — I am sure there are differences that I — What I envisioned here is, I mean, what comes to my mind is there are differences and I am not grasping the differences but I see them as being very analogous to each other — although they are different entities — they are different things. I mean you can't go and say a sound wave is a light wave because sound waves 125 travel and make sound and a light wave is transmitting light. S3 could not begin to rationalize any of his conceptualizations of sound and light. His explanation expressed a sense of the frustration that he felt in trying to do so. S4: Light, light is emitted, um -- light is more like a chemical change and sound the result of physical change. Outside physics, um, I would see more sound as a wave than light as a wave. Unfortunately S4 was not asked what he meant by light being "like a chemical change." He may have been thinking of the sun as a source of light and as a giant nuclear reaction, or he may have been couching his answer in what he perceived to be appropriate physics-based language. S4 also was typical of many of the students in that he seemed quite happy to distinguish between sound and light from "inside" and "outside" physics. This was considered as an indication that he had not, or did not, look for relationships between all of his physics knowledge and his everyday experiences which would repudiate the earlier suggestion that he perceived the sun in terms of a giant nuclear reaction. S5: Light is bent — Snell's law — but sound — somehow I think of sound as travelling in the same direction still, it's not bent. S5: Light wave equations come from Maxwell's equations, that's your answer. I: Okay, and sound? S5: Sound? From wave equations, mathematics wave equations — sine waves, cosine waves and that type of stuff. In my mind I don't think that's right [laughs self-consciously]. S5 had indicated earlier that sound and light would obey similar laws for reflection and diffraction. Here he was explaining why he did not include refraction. This appears to be because he had a conceptualization of sound travelling in straight lines from one medium to another. For S5, the respective sound and wave equations appeared not to be tied to any qualitative conceptualization, and he appeared to be self-consciously aware of this. Perhaps 126 he was now recognizing that he had not put much effort into establishing conceptual connections with his physics mathematics. S7: Light waves are a different kind of energy, there is something different which is causing it. I guess I think of sound waves as closer to water waves, and then light waves I have a really hard time about because I think of discrete and Plank's constant and all that stuff, and photon energy and all that, and I have a hard time visualizing. S7, like S2, was trying to generate an explanation by drawing from classical physics for sound and quantum physics for light, while juxtaposing his physics-based language. It is not surprising that he was having such a difficult time for as Richard Feynman has pointed out, quantum mechanically electrons and photons behave: In their own inimitable way ... in a way that you have never seen before.... There is one simplification ... they are both screwy, but in exactly the same way." (Feynman, 1965, p. 128) S7's explanation was also indicative of what Warren (1988, private correspondence) calls "suffering from the energy cult," where physics students label everything as "energy." S8: They have different velocities as well as different wavelengths. Light has various wavelengths, sound has various wavelengths too, so each has it's own velocity and own wavelength characteristic. I just took it for granted that light is light and sound is sound ~ It's just one of those things that you are exposed to your whole life and nobody's really, you know — you know what light is and you know what sound is and then you just took the formulas they gave you and that was that. S8 appeared to be explaining how physics never came to mean very much to him. He apparently had taken the concepts of light and sound for granted in terms of his everyday experience, and tried to couch his comparative-conceptualization in some physics-based language. S8 also indicated that he had not made any attempt to conceptually connect the mathematics of his physics to his everyday conceptualizations. 127 S9: Okay — [long pause] — okay, there we are talking in electromagnetic waves and so we are talking in transmission of electromagnetic energy. Whereas in sound waves we are talking in terms of kinetic energy. S9 conceptualized the difference between light and sound in terms of kinds of energy (see energy cult comment earlier). While explaining aspects of sound, S9 used the term "pressure" several times during the interview, yet in this context he depicted the propagation of sound only in terms of kinetic energy and ignored potential energy. An interesting point discussed by Pain (1983, pp. 148 - 151) is that the energy distribution for a sound wave in a gas is such that the average values of the kinetic energy density and potential energy density are equal and that an element of gas, at the same time, has maximum or minimum potential energy and kinetic energy. S10: Asking us graduates and you will get 'package pulses,' you know, you will get photons. You will get actual particles, photons, going along so fast and being so small that they act like waves. S10 seemed to be excusing his explanation; somehow he was restricted in conceptualization by being a graduate. Perhaps this was an indication that he would have liked to use his everyday conceptualizations in his answer but was wary of doing so because they were so different to the abstract notions that he was referring to. In all of the above examples there has been a lack of physics content: a lack of appropriately used physics-based language. What physics-based language was used, appeared to be used more as a kind of "decorative" jargon. It would seem that the students' were uncertain of how to use physics language in the compare and contrast context; uncertain of the meaning of the language. This may be an indication that their conceptualizations tend to exclude physics language as an intrinsic structural component of conceptualization. In Wittgensteinian terms they have not learnt the "language game" of physics and hence cannot play "the game" -- they are deprived of qualitative understanding. 128 6.3 Category of Influence Outcome # 2: The Role Played by Evervdav-Based Intuition in the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound The following interview extracts exemplify how many students relied on their everyday-based intuition to distinguish between the concepts of light and sound. They also exemplify the students' need to couple their explanations to everyday analogies. The first extract provides an example of a student relying extensively on his everyday experience to provide an analogical base to conceptualize his physics. It also provides an insight into the kind of difficulty that the students had with this task. 1 I: Okay, one of the last things which I would like to explore with you — We spoke about sound being waves, now, how do you feel, do sound waves arid light waves, do they obey the same laws? For instance, reflection, refraction, 5 diffraction, that the wavelength times frequency equals the speed? S: Uhum, yes. I am trying to think of a, um, diffraction of a sound wave or a refraction, but I would assume that all waves obey the same laws because they are 10 illustrated even through, um, water waves, that's the way illustrations are done to give you some conceptualization of what happens with the waves. I: Okay. Do you have any idea where the wave equations ~ sound wave equations — where they came from? — where 15 they were derived from? — what principles upon which they were based? S: [Long pause] — no, in terms of ~ I: Have you ever noticed that the sound wave equations, for instance, and the light wave equations — they 20 appear, have you — ["S" interrupts] —? S: The constants are different, constants are different. I: I guess I would have said that the variables are different — that would have been the partial differential of something over time times one over c-squared equals 25 partial differential over something — do you remember any of that stuff? S: It's foggy. It's foggy — did you work much with the differential equations in sound? Yea. Okay, and did you ever notice that they were very similar to --? To each other? Yes. I think so. In what way are they really similar? Well, do you know the light wave equations? On what principles are they derived, where do they come from? Not really -- [long pause] — In physics, what is the difference then? Between? Sound and light. [Long pause]. If I'm to explain the difference between sound and light as something, how would I explain it? I'm trying to say — we are in physics now ~ so what is the difference between sound and light? -- what is the difference while you are there in the classroom, what is the difference between the two? In the method in which they are transmitted? — [pause] — or the process? -- [long pause]. What distinguishes the method in which they are transmitted? The properties they have, the various properties --I am on a different wavelength from what you are asking No, that's fine, could you —? Elaborate? What properties would light have which sound doesn't have and vice-versa? [Long pause] — I'm having a hard time thinking about things. 13G I: I am just wondering, in physics, is there a difference? Is there a difference between light waves, sound waves, water waves — any kind of waves that there are? S: They are, they are different — I am sure there are 65 differences that I — what I envision here is, I mean, what comes to my mind is there are differences and I am not grasping the differences but I see them as being very analogous to each other — although they are different entities — they are different things. I mean you can't 70 go and say a sound wave is a light wave because sound waves travel and make sound and a light wave is transmitting light. I: Would sound be able to propagate in a vacuum? S: [long pause] ~ No [very hesitantly] but light -.-75 I: But light? S: Well, I see space, we receive light from space. I mean from stars and I am comparing that as a vacuum, more or less — don't receive sound so light would be able to travel in a vacuum. 80 I: Why wouldn't you --? S: Why wouldn't sound be able to travel? Because it's not part of the — how does light travel then? — it's emitted — how does light travel? [basically talking to himself] — I see it, I mean I see a — I am developing 85 a difference in my mind but I'm not sure exactly how to articulate that difference. I: If I took you out of the physics classroom and asked you what's the difference? Would it be easier? S: I would probably explain it the same way — um, along 90 terms of we see stars, and see the light reflect sent out from those stars, whereas sound does not travel in space. I: But the difference between light and sound: would that be easier to explain outside the physics classroom? [Long pause] i.e., you don't have to use any physics 95 S: Yea, I'm, er — I don't know why I'm having — maybe I'm making it too complicated and I'm not finding the complicated answer — um — so it's quite a difference between light and sound — between light and the sea [talking more to himself, linking sound and sea waves] — light's a reflection and sound? [Very softly to himself] 13 1 I: The reason that I was asking you this: I remember earlier you said one way you did physics was that you made sure you understood the formulae. S: Uhum [affirmative]. 105 I: I was just wondering in what way you made sense of these formulae, I see formula for sound, I see formula for light — they look the same — S: Uhum [affirmative]. I: I wonder how one makes sense of that? 110 S: Perhaps one didn't really try to make sense of that, one just accepted it. I: So then what did formulae really mean to you? When you say you understood it what do you really mean? That you could use it S: Yea, I could apply it to, um, a question — I could, um, 115 know when to use it and when not to use it. I understood, I understood the elements of the, the, um, physics: the frequency and the wavelength, I could visualize that. I: Providing it was a sinusoidal wave? You drew me a sinusoidal wave? 120 S: Uhum [affirmative]. One of the other interesting outcomes in the above example is examined in the next category of influence outcome; note how this student depicted mathematics in physics as formulae to be used to solve physics problems. The following extract offers an example of a student who had vague physics-based conceptualizations while his intuition-based conceptualizations appeared to have both strength and clarity (see lines 16 - 24): 1 S: Light, light is emitted, um — light is more like a chemical reaction, result of chemical change and sound is the result of physical change. I: Once those — once you've had a chemical change and once 5 you've had a physical change, that's happened. Now what is the difference now, between the two? S: There is little difference. They propagate in the form of a wave, they still hold reflection, refraction and all 132 that. You can describe it in terms of the wave equation. 10 I: How about outside physics: do you — see very little difference between light and sound? If you are not in a physics classroom? S: No. Outside physics, um, I would see sound more as a wave than light as a wave. 15 I: Could you explain why? S: Going back to that first example I was giving, the water waves hitting the rocks. Now, something caused the sound, I can see that, I can actually see something doing something to something else and hearing the result of it, 20 whereas when I turn on the lights I just flip the switch and light comes on, there is no one-to-one correspondence between the two. I wouldn't think that turning on the switch would produce light the same way as water waves hitting the rocks producing sound. 25 I: Did that ever used to worry you when you did physics? How did you cope with that? S: Initially yea, because it is not an everyday thing that you think of light as waves. You think of sound as waves by the, by — 30 I: If you don't see light as waves what do you see it as? S: Beams, this is before physics, like a torch or a flashlight, when you turn on the switch -- boom it hits you. There is no delay sort of thing like with sound waves, you can sense from everyday things that there is a 35 delay, that there is a fixed time for sound to travel. I think the prime example would be the echo, it's an everyday thing. You can tell that sound takes time to travel whereas light, once you turn on the switch the beam hits you. I think of it as — just a directing — there is no 40 delay and the, um, the concept of the wave doesn't come into it. One of the interesting factors, exemplified in this excerpt, was that none of the students questioned the validity or meaning of being asked if they wanted to do the light/sound comparison "outside" of physics (see lines 10 - 24). This kind of response was an indication that the students tended to feel that it was acceptable to think differently about phenomena such as light and sound from within a physics context and from within an everyday context. Note, in an "outside physics" context how the student in the example drew an analogy between water waves and sound but had difficulty in thinking about light as a wave: "the concept 133 of wave does not come into it" (line 40) ~ an intuitive idea that could be seen to be very much in line with a quasi-Newtonian view of light as "corpuscles." 6.4 Category of Influence Outcome # 3: The Role of Mathematical and Qualitative Physics Connections in Influencing the Comparative-Conceptualization of Light and Sound In the last chapter, one of the analytical themes was called "disconnected mathematics and physics thinking." This outcome may be viewed in similar terms. Most of the students were unable to relate what they did mathematically in physics with the qualitative comparisons that they were attempting to describe. In the following first example the student discussed how he simply "took it for granted that light is light and sound is sound" (line 35) and that this was based primarily upon his everyday experience. In lines 59 - 62 he indicated how important everyday experiences were as an analogical base for his physics sense-making when he says that he had nothing "to base on" whether or not sound could propagate through a medium. 1 I: I want you to cast your mind back and try and recall — when I did physics one thing that I noticed was that the sound wave equations were basically the same as the light wave equations. Do you ever recall thinking 5 about that? S: I can't remember too many equations, no. It's been a while since I've done sound, I know what you are saying, but right off hand I couldn't say what the equations for both were, what the similarities or dissimilarities would be. 10 I: Can you remember where the sound wave equation comes from? S: Um, it came up somewhere when we were doing particle, molecular particle theories, movement, that's the only time I remember taking it? I: Any idea of it's derivation? 15 S: No. I: I don't want you to do the derivation; the basis upon which it was derived? 134 S: It's somebody's equation but I can't remember the name of the person right now — [long pause] — no, I couldn't 20 tell you the basis for it. I: What is the difference between light and sound, if there are any differences? S: They have different velocities as well as different wavelengths. Light has various wavelengths, sound has 25 various wavelengths too, so each has it's own velocity and own wavelength characteristic. I: Would they obey the same laws such as reflection, refraction, diffraction? S: I believe that they obey the same laws, yea. 30 I: You can't remember the equations, but it did seem to me that the equations were the same ["S" interjects] — S: And they obey the same laws. I: I have a little difficulty in physics asking myself what is the difference? Did you ever think about it? 35 S: No, I didn't, I just took it for granted that light is light and sound is sound. I: Both in physics and outside when ["S" interrupts] — S: Yea, I never really thought more. It's just one of these things that you are exposed to all your whole life and 40 nobody's really — you know? You just know what light is and what sound is, and then you just took the formulas they gave you and that was that. I: So you knew what sound was and you knew what light was in your everyday life? 45 S: Uhum [affirmative]. I: What did you know about them? S: You heard one and you saw the other. I: And it never bothered you that everything else seemed the same? 50 S: Well, pretty well the same, no, I never really thought about it or tried to make comparisons as to explain why one is light and one is sound, no, I never tried to question that. I: Okay, can light travel through a vacuum? 135 55 S: Not sure — yes it can. I: Yet sound can't? S: No, I said sound can't so — I: Have you any ["S" interrupts] —? 60 S: No, I am just going by the fact that you see the sunlight; sunlight does pass through space and space is a vacuum and yet I have nothing to base on whether you can hear sound in a vacuum. The dialogue with the above student offers insight into areas beyond a desire, or need, to think in terms of everyday analogies. It presents an insight into the relationship that he generated between mathematics and physics. Firstly, it appears as though he strongly associated the derivation of mathematical relationships in physics with something that other physicists had done (see lines 14 - 20), and despite remembering that the wave equation was derived in his physics classes when they were "doing particle, molecular particle theories," even after giving the matter some thought (lines 11 - 13), he could not even offer any general physics principles that would be applicable in such a derivation. This may be taken further since, to this student, mathematics relationships in physics most probably meant learnt problem-solving algorithms rather than a sense of logically organized and connected reasoning (see lines 41 - 42). In other words, a tool for slotting into stereotypical problem solving rather than a tool for careful thought and reasoning in an array of physics interconnections. In Chapter VII it is suggested that this lack of rationalization between the mathematical and the qualitative is partly a consequence of a "hidden curriculum" of physics which is generated by the typically rapid rate inherent in physics lecturing style described by Arons (1979). The following example illustrates how the rate of introducing new content in a physics course can leave a student with an overriding concern to master certain mathematical techniques and algorithms in order to simply pass the course at the expense of not attempting to begin to rationalize the mathematical content with the qualitative content of the courses. 136 1 I: It just seemed to me when I saw this — one of the other students I interviewed pointed it out to me. He said, "Look they are identical equations — everything is the same" — ["S" interjects affirmative]. If you are 5 working with differentials you solve the problems exactly the same way — ["S" interjects affirmative] — it got me thinking well, it's true, in physics we did that — and now I am interested how one copes with that — what sense you made of it? 10 S: Um, I remember specifically that particular derivation. We were doing that in third year and um, comprehending that wasn't prime on the list of things to do, it was, it was just trying to absorb that material to be able to do problems and pass that course. So, um, that wasn't a big, 15 that wasn't a big concern of mine at the time — [laughs self-consciously] — and so — You know?, I was just like: specifically, here is an example dealing with light and as an aside here is an example dealing with sound — oh yea, what were we talking about then? — transmitting 20 to submarines or something silly like that — and um, you know, in this particular case this is what happens in the sound wave, this is what happens and this is the consequence of this and this and this is the consequence of that and that was nice, um, so we dealt with that and I 25 just learned that in the specifics that this was going to be on a test and this is what we were going to have to know, and the conceptual framework that goes along with that just didn't go along with it. In this excerpt the student poignantly said that in his physics comprehending "wasn't prime on the list of things to do, it was, it was just trying to absorb that material to be able to pass the problems to be able to pass that course" (lines 10 -28). When students do not attempt to rationalize the mathematical and qualitative content of physics, then a kind of physics-based conceptualization deficiency must result. It was also interesting to note that this student did not regard the type of problems that were being done in class, to illustrate the principles being taught, as being of much value; he regarded them as "silly" (line 20). This perception conceivably further reduced his inclination to spend time and effort making his physics conceptualizations logical and consistent. 137 6.5 Discussion of Data Analysis for Research Question 4 The analysis in this chapter was framed by a phenomenographic-like construct termed category of influence; that is, the analysis was framed by a characterization of factors which affected the students' comparative mode of conceptualization of light and sound. An overview of the category of influence outcomes -- physics-based language, everyday intuition, and a dichotomy of physics into the mathematical and the qualitative — indicates that the students' comparative conceptualizations were influenced in ways that resulted in the students generating explanations that lacked mathematical linkages and, explanations which coupled physics content and diffuse classical/quantum distinctions: explanations that did not extend much beyond everyday notions of light and sound. That is, the students tended to generate explanations which were primarily framed by their everyday language meanings and experientially based perceptions of light and sound where light is "seen" and sound is "heard." In particular, several of the students appeared to want to, or need to, be able to draw direct analogies between their everyday experiences and the physics concepts that they were attempting to explain. Perhaps this is why none of the students objected to a line of probing that suggested looking at the sound/light differentiation question "outside of physics," or even questioned what that might mean. . Mathematics appeared to play no role in their comparative-conceptualizations, for instance, when asked how the light wave equations were derived, a standard reply was that they "came from Maxwell's equations," however, the students were unable to elaborate any further. Also, in some cases, despite the students apparently recognizing that their everyday-based intuitive ideas were problematic in the context of physics, they still accorded them high plausibility status. Considering that topics such as "vibrations and waves" and "electromagnetism" form a fundamental part of undergraduate university physics curricula (see Davies, 1982; UNESCO report, 1966), the lack of physics content in the students' explanations was somewhat surprising. For instance, they were inclined to focus on sources of visible light, such as stars, without giving consideration to the sources themselves; to treat the term light only in terms of "visible light." This 13 8 was enigmatic because if the students had been asked, "May we regard X-rays, or infrared waves, or radio waves, as light?" they would have undoubtedly given an affirmative reply. This apparent language confusion is certainly not trivial, for instance, in a public physics lecture at the University of California, 1985, Richard Feynman cautioned members of his audience: I would like to talk a little about understanding. When we have a lecture, there are many reasons why you might not understand the speaker ... another possibility, especially if the lecturer is a physicist, is that he uses ordinary words in a funny way. Physicists often use ordinary words such as 'work' or 'action' or 'energy' or even, as you shall see, 'light' for some technical purpose. (Feynman, 1985, pp. 9 - 10, emphasis mine) What is being suggested is that part of the problem lies in physics being taught without it being made clear in what context aspects of the teaching-language is being used, and without students ever giving the matter explicit consideration. In the face of no alternative meaning being explicitly given to certain words, it is natural for students to work with the everyday meanings that they bring with them to class. Physics textbooks, then, often confound an already complex sense-making situation by defining and using these terms in contradictory ways. This point is explored further in a discussion on the functional context of language in Chapter VII. The issues raised in the discussion so far would seem to indicate that conceptualizations embedded in everyday notions would tend to lack physics content if students do not reconstruct their everyday conceptualizations with a physics foundation. Overall the analytic outcomes of this study indicate, that for the participating students, this kind of reconstruction was hardly evident. A further complicating factor appeared to be that most of the students had perceived much of their physics in terms of an ensemble of dislocated physics topics or course units. This perception had in turn supported an approach to learning and understanding physics which focused on examinable segments rather than on conceptual construction and rationalization. In other words, while they managed to pass physics course examinations (some receiving very good grades) they avoided conscious, systematic, ongoing efforts to interrelate the various physics courses that they had taken. It seems that this "atomistic" view was nurtured at secondary school and hence naturally formed a continuing 139 learning base for undergraduate study; partially because the structure of their physics courses provided implicit support for their perceptions. For instance, university physics is usually divided up into topics and/or units. A unit would, then, consist of a topic or a range of related topics. Different units or topics are, in most institutions, usually taught by different faculty. This segmented structure is, then, in turn, reflected in and reinforced by, the nature of assigned tutorial problems and topically separated or segmented examinations. Further, many university physics courses tend to focus on the microscopic and what are considered to be more prestigious course topics (for example, some first year courses include quantum physics and Einstein's theory of special relativity while excluding topics such as hydrostatics and hydrodynamics). This microscopic influence appears to have facilitated the students taking "quantum leaps" into a world of photons without having established the appropriate conceptual foundations for such a "leap." It was illustrated earlier how the students also tended to want to frame their conceptualizations in everyday analogies. Part of the problem with such an approach is that appropriate everyday analogies are not readily available for a microscopic perspective. For instance, Feynman (1965) explained that part of the difficulty inherent in understanding light from a quantum perspective lies in the "uncontrolled but utterly vain desire to see it in terms of something familiar" (p. 129). For instance, consider how the following student attempts to use everyday analogy to explain the propagation of photons through a vacuum versus the propagation of sound requiring a medium: 1 S: Okay, when talking about sound, sound needs to propagate, you are moving something, okay. The idea of light is moving as a wave sure enough but it has little photons in it that are carrying 5 this light energy — trying to think of a good comparison. What comes to mind is the thing between — you can spin a rock, well it's not a good example. Throw a rock through a vacuum and you have no problems, you know, this little — 10 it's like a photon going through a vacuum, it has no problem. Now if you don't have that rock or whatever to actually throw through it [a vacuum] and you are relying on what's in between here and there. Um, to move it along, and there is nothing 15 there, there is no way to get it through. That still doesn't make any sense — [sounding very perplexed]. 140 Two noted physicists with strong interests in physics education were requested to help provide validity for some of the interpretations made for this research question. John Warren (author of The Teaching of Physics), kindly provided comments based upon his own physics lecturing experiences and associated education research projects. Anthony French (author of the classic Vibrations and Waves physics textbook produced at the Education Research Center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology), kindly provided the kind of answer that he would expect a physics graduate to give in a similar context to that generated by the interview. He saw the task as an interesting one and in an attempt to reconstruct the interview context, gave the following answer: Sound can be defined in two related ways. First of all, we have its original, limited meaning, of pressure pulses or waveforms, within a frequency range from about 20 to 15 000 Hz, that are perceived directly by the human ear and brain. Under normal conditions these pulses or waves are carried by the air, but similar signals can be conveyed by pressure waves in a liquid (e.g., when one's head is under water) or (as in a hearing aid) by imposing vibrations on the bones of the head, whence they are conveyed to the inner ear. The source of any sound is a vibrating object — e.g., any musical instrument. The second and broader definition, which includes the first, is that sound is a mechanical vibration of any frequency in a medium (gas, liquid, or solid) associated with motion of the medium back and forth along the direction of travel of the disturbance. Any such vibration is accompanied by corresponding pressure variations within the medium. Sound waves carry energy from a source, through the medium, to a receiver. Sound, in this sense, can have essentially any frequency, or at least up to frequencies thousands of times higher than the upper limit of the human audible range. The essential features are the longitudinal character of the mechanical vibrations, and the necessity of having an elastic material medium in which the vibrations can travel. There can be no transmission of sound through a region of empty space. Light is also a process by which energy is carried from a source to a receiver, but it does not require an intervening medium. The source of light (classically speaking) consists in the accelerated motion of electric charges. This produces time-varying electric and 141 magnetic fields at distant points. The electric and magnetic fields are coupled in such a way that they form a travelling electromagnetic wave in which the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of travel of the wave (and to each other). (This then allows for the possibility of different states of polarization of light, which has no counterpart in the longitudinal waves of sound.) As with sound, there is a restricted definition of light, as being within the range of wavelengths or frequencies directly detectable by the human eye (about 450 to 700 nm wavelength). The term is also sometimes applied to vibrations outside this range (e.g., "ultraviolet light") but not, as a rule, to the entire possible range of frequencies, anywhere from zero up to infinity. The detection of a light signal is the result of the action of the electromagnetic field of the wave on electric charges in the receiver. When the concepts of quantum theory are brought in, both sound and light are describable in terms of discrete packets of energy (phonons or photons) equal in magnitude to Planck's constant, h, times the frequency f in Hz. This quantization of the energy is vastly more prominent for light, because the frequencies associated with visible light are higher, by factors of more than 10-to-the-10, than the highest frequency of audible sound, and so the energy quanta are correspondingly bigger. However, the picture of acoustic energy as quanta has become important in the theory of the solid state of matter. (French, 1988, private correspondence) French's explanation was significant for several reasons, even though he is a physicist and not a recent physics graduate. Firstly, he was consciously aware of the restricted meanings that light and sound may have (based on everyday experience of these phenomena) and provides for this in his explanation. However, for both the narrow everyday usage and the broad physics usage of the terms his conceptualizations were grounded in physics. (When Warren noted how the students involved in this study agreed to separate their physics from their "real life" he was deeply concerned and wrote, "Their minds should be open and seeking relationships between all knowledge and all experience." [private correspondence, 1988]) Secondly, French described the phenomena macroscopically and in doing so clearly distinguished between classical and quantum physics. His quantum physics explanation was simple but elegant in that it was essentially a recognition that sound and light could be thought about 142 from somewhat different perspectives, creating different levels of complexity and abstraction. Interestingly enough, one of Warren's comments was that in physics lecturing today, "We are too quick to rush into difficult ideas about quanta" (1988, private correspondence). Something quite evident in the students' explanations. In summary, then, it may be concluded that the students' rather poor comparative-conceptualizations may be viewed as a manifestation of a covert desire to describe phenomena microscopically coupled with an overt desire to anchor conceptualizations in everyday analogies. This, in turn, seemed to have led the students to dichotomize physics into the mathematical and the qualitative. An effective physics education environment would thus need to encourage students to reflect upon both the character and genesis of their conceptualizations; a belief that frames a proposal in Chapter VII for a different undergraduate physics curriculum for potential physics teachers. This kind of reflection would not only potentially enhance their physics understanding but it would also provide some valuable personal insights into how their future pupils may conceptualize what they are trying to teach and consequently facilitate an empathetic mode of better physics teaching. 6.6 Overview of Chapter VI This chapter has considered how the students in this study coped with comparing and contrasting the physics concepts of light and sound. The analysis was done in terms of factors which were seen to be mediating and influencing the students' comparative conceptualizations; the essence of which were framed in everyday terms without much appropriate physics content. This outcome was highlighted by a comparison of light and sound written for this dissertation by Anthony French, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The students' comparative-conceptualizations could also be characterized as disconnected and fragmented pieces of knowledge that manifested themselves as a non-hierarchical conceptual dispersion. Much of this outcome seemed to be a reflection of the students not having conceptualized physics from a holistic perspective and by not having reconstructed their everyday conceptualizations in terms of a rationalization with their physics knowledge. This interpretation 143 was given increased credibility by John Warren of Brunei University who agreed to comment on a sample of the student interview transcripts. The next chapter presents the conclusions of this study and discusses the outcomes of the study as a whole. 144 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Introduction There are two sets of conclusions arising from this study. The first set are specific in that they stem directly from, the research questions. These are presented in an overview without much in-depth discussion as they formed an intricate part of the analysis discussed in Chapters IV, V, and VI. The second set of conclusions are derived mainly from general observations made from the study as a whole and are more fully discussed here. Both sets of conclusions should be viewed tentatively as conjectures or as potential hypotheses generated for future inquiry rather than as generalizations in the traditional scientific sense (cf. Easley, 1982), for as Cronbach has pointed out, there are always unique factors playing a role in research outcomes so that: When we give proper weight to local conditions, any generalization is a working hypothesis, not a conclusion. (Cronbach, 1985, pp. 124 - 125) This, however, does not exclude generalizations being drawn from the outcomes of this study. As discussed in Chapter III, readers of studies such as this may have repertoires of relevant experience which allow them to take local factors into account in such a way as to facilitate the conclusions being given validity within the bounds of their own experience; that is, naturalistic generalizations. As a consequence of the conclusions and observations, educational implications and recommendations for further inquiry, are also discussed in this chapter. 7.2 Specific Conclusions from the Study 7.2.1 Introduction This study has covered a number of areas dealing with physics graduates' conceptualizations of sound. The study was a case study which involved ten physics graduates from a physics teacher education programme in clinical-like depth-interviews which incorporated a variety of different contexts relating to 145 their experiences of sound. The analytic outcomes were framed in terms of a phenomenographic research perspective (Marton, 1981, 1988) in the following related areas: The students' conceptualizations of sound and of factors affecting the speed of sound. The consistency of the students' conceptualizations of sound across and in a selection of contexts from the interviews. The students' comparative-conceptualizations of light and sound. The conclusions arising from these areas are discussed in Chapters IV, V, and VI, which have been summarized as follows: 7.2.2 Conclusions from Chapter IV CONCLUSION 1: The students' conceptualizations of sound from a microscopic based perspective may be summarized as follows: Sound is an entity which is carried by individual molecules through a medium. Sound is an entity which is transferred from one molecule to another through a medium. CONCLUSION 2: The students' conceptualizations of sound from a macroscopic based perspective may be summarized as follows: Sound is a travelling bounded substance with impetus, usually in the form of flowing air. Sound is a bounded substance in the form of some travelling pattern. An interpretation of these results could be that the students' conceptualizations were strongly mediated by primitive intuitions. In conclusions 1 and 2 the subtle but important distinction between "entity" and "substance" needs to be made. The term "entity" is used to characterize a small "thing" relative to molecular dimensions. The term "bounded substance" is used to 146 characterize "a bounded volume," some kind of flowing "form" which is endowed with impetus in the form of "pushing power." CONCLUSIONS: The students' conceptualization of sound from an intricate blend of both micro- and macroscopic perspectives may be summarized as follows: The concept of sound is linked to the concept of waves, as part of some universal, mathematically abstract, physics modelling system. CONCLUSION 4: The students' conceptualizations of the factors affecting the speed of sound may be summarized as follows: The speed of sound is a function of the physical obstruction which molecules present to sound as it navigates its way through a medium. The speed of sound is a function of molecular separation (the closer molecules are to one another in a medium the faster the propagation, and vice-versa). The speed of sound is a function of the compressibility of a medium (the more compressible a medium is the faster sound can travel through it, and vice-versa). CONCLUSION 5: The students' conceptualizations of sound represent a tension in terms of conflict and mediation between intuition and taught physics. CONCLUSION 6: Scrutiny of the data providing for the conceptual outcomes summarized thus far indicates that they were constructed from a limited set of physical relationships. The implication of this conclusion is that while there may potentially be an enormous number of ways for students to conceptualize sound this does not appear to be the case. Consequently the descriptions of the conceptualizations may be of considerable pedagogic value. None of the above conceptualizations were mutually exclusive to students (i.e., not specifically typifying any given student), and the analysis in chapter V deals with the consistency of conceptual evocation across a range of interview contexts. 147 7.2.3 Conclusions from Chapter V CONCLUSION 7: The students' conceptualizations tended to be contextually different but not contextually dependent. That is, while students tended to evoke different conceptualizations in different contexts, the context itself did not determine the evoked conceptualization. There were, however, instances where the available cues in a context were so powerful, in that they provided validity to intuitive ideas, that the cues mediated the students' conceptualizations. The most powerful visual cue was a candle flame being extinguished by a pulse of sound. This manifested itself as "flowing air," a seemingly strong primitive intuition-based conceptualization. From the conceptual consistency analysis a variety of themes were identified and discussed. These themes may be summarized as follows: How the students changed their explanatory perspectives in and across contexts. The role played by powerful intuitive, gut-physics, conceptualizations in the students' interpretations of various phenomena and experiences. Disconnected mathematics and physics thinking leading to abstraction. How the students coped with recognized inconsistencies in their conceptual dispersion (array of conceptualizations). An analytical exploration of these themes in Chapter V gave rise to the following conclusions: CONCLUSIONS: The students tended to use a microscopic explanatory perspective to frame their "scientific" analysis, and to provide what they perceived to be clear insightful explanations; that is, enhancing explanatory power. CONCLUSION!?: The students tended to use a macroscopic explanatory perspective to frame their intuition-based explanations and to explain phenomenon not readily associated with taught physics. 148 CONCLUSION 10: Generally all the contexts evoked some primitive intuition-based conceptualization. These conceptualizations were characterized as gut-physics flashbacks because they were seen as being conceptual intruders into the students' explanations. Typically, after the initial gut-physics evocation the students would suppress or override it, probably because they could recall being taught that their gut-physics was "incorrect." However, at a later stage the students would, then, tend to re-introduce these gut-physics conceptualizations without giving any recognition to the fact that they were doing so. In one context, "the sound tube experiment," the students tended not to suppress their gut-physics because the visual cues (a candle flame being "blown out" by sound) provided validity to the conceptualization that sound consists of flowing air — a kind of wind. This response was characterized as a "prolonged gut-physics flashback." CONCLUSION 11: The physics description and mathematical representation of sound as a wave provided a "critical barrier" (Hawkins, 1978) to understanding. The mathematical representation of sound waves tended to be conceptually constructed by the students in an abstract manner: the mathematics became a heuristic for problem solving and the wave nature of sound was seemingly glossed over. That is, the students had learnt that sound was a wave but this did not mean much to them in their interpretation of sound phenomena; a "critical barrier" to their understanding. This manifested itself in the "tutor/textbook" context where the students exhibited considerable difficulty making sense of a displacement representation of a travelling compression wave. CONCLUSION 12: When the students recognized inconsistencies in their explanations their comments indicated both surprise and an inability to immediately cope with their newly found realization. Inconsistencies that were exposed to them did not have the same effect on the students as when the recognition became self-evident. The students who reflected back on their explanations and could, see inconsistencies expressed an immediate desire to sit down and work it out for themselves. Hence the interview became a significant learning experience for some of the students by providing an environment where they explored some of their own thoughts for the first time. An important implication from this conclusion is that it would seem that in order to develop rationalization skills (i.e., making things logically consistent), and appropriate 149 qualitative analysis skills within the field of physics, the educational environment should be structured so as to provide and involve students in experiences, both concrete and abstract, which would potentially provide an adequate base for students to reflect upon their understanding of the concepts being taught. CONCLUSION 13: A contemporary model of "conceptual change" (for instance, see Driver, 1987; Hewson 1981, 1982; Hewson and Hewson, 1984, 1986; Strike and Posner, 1985) may be considered to inadequately describe non-rote learning because it tends to: ignore the occurrence of conceptual dispersion which was evident in this study, and which has been evident in other studies, for example, Johansson, Marton and Svensson, 1985; and, perceive conceptualization as being a fixed "cognitive structure" in a person's head, rather than being person-world relationships. Hence, remediation focuses on "structure" rather than "relationships." A better description of non-rote learning would be the ability to evoke contextually appropriate conceptualizations so that, for instance, Aristotelian, Newtonian and Einsteinian physics are recognized in terms of their utilities and limitations in different contexts. The occurrence of the phenomenon of conceptual dispersion as described in this study suggests that even if students have their "conceptions changed" it is unlikely that they will discard the rest of their dispersive set of conceptualizations. An example of this predicament is clearly shown in a study by Gunstone, Champagne and Klopfer (1981). They put extensive effort into changing some high school students' conceptualizations regarding force and motion, and after being convinced that they had succeeded, discovered in "post-treatment" interviews that many of the students still retained many of their "pre treatment" conceptualizations (probably because the students still found them to be functionally appropriate in their everyday life). What the author believes can be realistically expected from a conceptual exploration approach to physics teaching, such as that described in section 7.5.2, is that students will evoke far fewer functionally inappropriate conceptualizations. This would be because their educational experiences have put them in a better position than before to make 150 such judgements. For example, for the purposes of house cleaning it may be functionally appropriate to conceptualize a vacuum cleaner "sucking" up the dirt. However, in the context of a some physics analysis the conceptualization of a vacuum "sucking" would be considered functionally inappropriate. From the physicist's perspective the appropriate conceptualization would be bounded by the level of analysis required. For example, in certain contexts Newtonian conceptualizations are functionally appropriate while in others they are hopelessly inadequate. Further, judgements regarding the functional appropriateness of conceptualizations cannot be viewed in a straightjacket of "correctness" for three important reasons. Firstly, conceptualizations deemed inappropriate today may have been deemed appropriate historically. Secondly, as diSessa (1986) has pointed out, physicists sometimes knowingly chose to use what may be considered as inappropriate or alternate conceptualizations (what diSessa calls "legitimized phenomenology") to reduce unwanted complexity and allow the use of old knowledge: The Newtonian causality of motion, as it is usually taught, is channeled through a single, complex notion — force. However, physicists still use legitimized phenomenology (e.g., force as a mover, rigid body assumptions) to provide high level descriptions that avoid many complexities involved in describing causal relations. (diSessa, 1986, p. 44, emphasis his) Thirdly, conceptualizations deemed inappropriate from a certain perspective should not necessarily be discarded as they may potentially facilitate new insights and perspectives. For example, consider Maxwell's (1861-2) conceptualization of wheels and idlers in space. His conceptualizations, bizarre as they may seem to a modern reader, were functionally appropriate enough for Maxwell to build a model of electrodynamics. 7.2.4 Conclusions from Chapter VI One interpretation of the conclusions presented so far is that the students participating in this study had graduated with a somewhat surprising set of dispersive, unintegrated and inconsistent conceptualizations in an area which may be considered to be fundamental to all physics; that of waves. The final research question extended this interpretation. The students were asked to 151 compare and contrast the concepts of light and sound. The students found this an extremely difficult task. CONCLUSION 14: Three categories of influence characterizing factors influencing and mediating the students' comparative-conceptualizations of light and sound were constructed. These were: the role played by physics-based language; the role played by everyday intuition; and, disconnected mathematical and physics thinking leading to abstraction. The framing of these categories of influence resulted in the following conclusions: CONCLUSION 15: Most of the students attempted to compare and contrast light and sound from an everyday intuition-based perspective, and then buttressed their efforts with physics jargon. In general their explanations reflected a lack of physics knowledge. CONCLUSION 16: The explanations given by the students reflected disconnected and fragmented knowledge. They appeared to be "conceptually unaware" of distinctions between classical and quantum perspectives of light and sound. It appeared as though none of the students had heard of phonons. CONCLUSION 17: Most of the students were uncertain as to whether light and sound would obey similar laws such as reflection, refraction and diffraction. CONCLUSION 18: The students found the mathematical isomorphic structure inherent to light and sound paradoxical. This was because they perceived the isomorphisms as implying that sound and light were physically related. Many of the students expressed a strong sense of frustration with this implication because their everyday experience did not give validity to this conclusion. Consequently many students were happy to consider comparing and contrasting light and sound "in" and "outside" physics. 152 CONCLUSION 19: The students did not have any "feeling" for the derivation of the light and sound wave equations. Most viewed the wave equations as formulae that had been given to them to be used in problem solving. 7.3 General Conclusions. Observations and Discussion Arising from the Study Detailed analysis which framed the conclusions so far is provided in Chapters IV, V, and VI. What follow are broad conclusions which stem from the study as a whole and they are thus discussed as observations. 7.3.1 The Functional Context of Language Physics and everyday language have come to share a number of terms whose meanings can differ quite considerably. While this phenomena may be expected to cause communication "mismatch" (Barnes, 1976; Osborne and Freyberg, 1985; Osborne and Gilbert, 1980) for pupils, it was initially surprising to find physics graduates experiencing difficulty with the functional context of language. During the interviews there were several instances where the students used language in such a way that it became apparent that they either attributed little meaning to terminology in the context of its usage or attributed inappropriate contextual meanings to terminology. From a physics perspective the functional knowledge of language must be fundamental for understanding, for as Buhler and Wittgenstein have reminded us, "we look at the world through spectacles of our conceptual frameworks, which are expressed in our language" (Lakatos, 1978, p. 229). As far as the functional knowledge of physics language is concerned there are important educational implications for students' constructions of conceptualizations. For example, this study has focused on the concept of sound. At first glance sound is a seemingly straightforward concept, yet the students' conceptualizations were far from straightforward. In the discussion to follow, an endeavour will be made to highlight some of the complexity given to the concept of sound by its usage in physics, hence providing a further insight into the difficulties that students must face when constructing an understanding of sound. In introductory physics the functional use of the term sound is both covert and confusing. First of all, the most common meaning attributed to the term sound is 153 one which is shared by ordinary language; that is, the interpretation which our brains construct from a range of eardrum movements. At the same time sound is also given a unique meaning in the context of physics: a subset of the phenomena of waves. This unique meaning is, however, imbued with a sense of ambiguity. For example, consider these two excerpts from highly regarded undergraduate physics texts: Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves....There is a large range of frequencies within which longitudinal mechanical waves can be generated, sound waves being confined to the frequency range which can stimulate the human brain to the sensation of hearing. (Fundamentals of Physics: Halliday and Resnick, 1974, p. 323) This is the basic differential equation for compressional waves travelling along one dimension — waves of a type that can be lumped together under the general title of sound, even though only a limited range of their frequencies is detectable by the human ear. (Vibrations and Waves: French, 1971, p. 210, emphasis his) Thus, according to French, but contrary to Halliday and Resnick, compressional waves, regardless of frequency are to be considered as sound. Further ambiguity is accorded to the concept of sound when students read texts such as Pain (1983) who subtly twists the notion of sound even further: "Longitudinal waves propagate as sound waves in all phases of matter" (p. 144). This quote carries the implicit idea that although longitudinal waves and sound waves share a propagation mechanism they are essentially different physical entities. So we see a multiple conceptual segregation: sound from sound waves and sound waves from longitudinal waves. To make the matter even more complex, the transverse waves (shear waves) which are formed when, for instance, a metal bar is struck, are often referred to as sound waves, even though shear waves have a polarization. (Pressure variations often generate both longitudinal and transverse waves in a solid because, unlike a gas, a solid can sustain the necessary transverse shear to propagate a transverse wave). For example, Feynman, Leighton and Sands (1963, p. 51-5) write: A very interesting example of sound waves in a solid, both longitudinal and transverse, are the waves in the solid earth. 154 If introductory students go on to take courses in solid state physics which introduce them to piezoelectric materials, then, they will be introduced to a third concept of a sound wave — the Rayleigh wave or sound surface wave (also called an acoustic surface wave). Apfel (1974) describes a Rayleigh wave as follows: A complex acoustic wave having both longitudinal and transverse components. (p. 110) One of the reasons that the functional context of the term sound in physics is convoluted may be that the common usage of sound is not excluded from physics, as for instance is the common usage of "work." Also, there is a real concrete element about sound -- it is heard -- which there may not be for other basic physics concepts. For instance, Warren (1986) has pointed out: Work is an abstraction from the quantities of displacement and force ... Force is an extremely difficult abstraction which can only be taught on an axiomatic basis. It must be emphasized that forces cannot be felt or seen but can only be deduced mathematically from the results of experiments. (p. 156) So, from a physics perspective sound is something we hear yet simultaneously may or may not be waves which our ears are sensitive to. This manifests itself subtly. A parallel example of this manifestation of functional language problems occurred when the students were asked to compare and contrast light and sound. Here the students appeared to have difficulties conceptualizing the complete spectrum of electromagnetic radiation being referred to as light. The conceptual outcomes of this study suggest that the term sound is conceptualized by the students through a language-bound perspective which essentially does not recognize sound as a term which may be functionally different in physics contexts (as far as physics was concerned sound was still that which is heard). This language restriction on conceptualization may be a reason why the students' conceptualizations of sound tended to be removed from its wave nature. That is, the sound that we hear is essentially a tangible entity, while its wave nature is highly abstract because we have no concrete experience of it, only analogies. This "tangibility" of sound that we hear may provide an explanation for why the students were prepared to consider the existence of sound in a vacuum. If sound that we hear is segregated conceptually from the sound waves 155 encountered mathematically in physics, then, it may become feasible for students to begin to contemplate alternatives, as this student did: S: If I go back to what I said before about sound engineers trying to create something better than a speaker to transmit sound: if you view sound as something other than a wave then you should be able to transmit it some other way. From the above discussion it would seem to be vitally important for physics teachers and lecturers to be clear in their own minds how they are going to use even seemingly straightforward terminology, and, then, to make these interpretations abundantly clear to their students. 7.3.2 Choice of Explanatory Perspectives The following discussion forms an extension of conclusions 8 and 9 since throughout the study it was observed that, depending on the context, the students opted to use different explanatory perspectives -- either macroscopically or microscopically orientated. There was a marked tendency for the students to perceive that phenomena could be better understood if analysed using a microscopic perspective. For instance, the students would often start an explanation using a macroscopic perspective but would change to a microscopic perspective when they were asked to elaborate or clarify aspects of their explanations. This tendency to "unpack" phenomena using a microscopic perspective to provide analytical insight and understanding appears to have two major contributing factors. The first is a metaphysical influence from the history of Newtonian mechanics, and the second is a tacit part of our conceptual system which is tied closely to our use of language. Burt (1954) has proposed that one of the basic postulates of Newtonian mechanics was that "valid explanations must always be in terms of small, elementary units in regularly changing relations." (p. 30) He argues that this postulate now extends beyond just physics to form a basic postulate in all modern science. Thomas Kuhn (1987, private correspondence) has proposed that he would "expect people who knew physics to speak microscopically about macroscopic phenomena when talking to laymen, macroscopically when talking to other physicists." From an educational perspective this would certainly seem to be true. School science may 156 be charaeterized as being almost obsessed with analysing phenomena from a microscopic perspective (consider any school textbook dealing with topics such as chemistry, heat, nature of matter, sound, electricity etc.). At university, even at the introductory level, physics curricula are giving less and less attention to "macroscopic" physics such as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, elasticity, geometric optics, and sound, all in favour of "modern" particle physics. Also, the teaching of elementary problem solving tends to involve so-called analytical procedure which depicts analysis as breaking the problem down into segments to fit some "prototypical" (Reif, 1982) solution. Consequently it is suggested that much of school and university physics adds to a "hidden curriculum" which encourages students to view phenomena microscopically: developing a keen microscopic perspective is analytical, and hence provides the best framework for the understanding of phenomena. For example, Feynman wrote the following in the forward to The Feynman Lecture Series: If, in some cataclysm, all of scientific knowledge were to be destroyed, and only one sentence passed on to the next generations of creatures, what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is the atomic hypothesis ... that all things are made of atoms (Feynman, Leighton and Sands, 1963, p. 1-2, emphasis theirs). From another perspective, the micro- and macroscopic conceptual outcomes of this study may be primarily a product of our conceptual-linguistic system. For instance, Lakoff and Johnson (1980) postulate that a person's conceptual system is "largely metaphorical" and how a person thinks, experiences and acts is "very much a matter of metaphor", (p. 3) An extrapolation of this position is the use of "ontological metaphors." Lakoff and Johnson (1980, p. 25) write: Understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substances allows us to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind. Once we can identify our experiences as entities or substance, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them — and, by this means, reason about them. The micro- and macroscopic conceptual outcomes give face validity to Lakoff and Johnsons' ideas. From the microscopic perspective the students tended to depict sound as an "entity," while from the macroscopic perspective they tended to depict sound as a "substance", both divorced from physical waveforms. 157 From the above discussion, then, it may not be surprising that physics students develop a philosophy that incorporates the assumption that the ability to explain phenomena on a smaller and ever smaller scale indicates better, clearer understanding; better physics. The major problem with "microscopic" physics is that the associated concepts and mathematical representations tend to be very abstract. For instance, undergraduate quantum and statistical physics often tends to be represented in terms of mathematical equations and rules (for example, see Faucher, 1987). For many undergraduates "microscopic" models of "macroscopic" physics are not only inappropriate (in the sense that they lack continuity with other physics knowledge) but they are often conceptually confounding in their simplistic mechanical-like modelling. To illustrate the point being made, consider an example pertinent to this study. Consider the common microscopic school-physics model of sound propagation through air: molecules transfer impulses to neighbouring molecules by vibrating about their (so-called) equilibrium positions and colliding with adjacent molecules (which, then, vibrate a little out of phase with their neighbours and so on). Imagine, then, the conceptual surprise awaiting first year university physics students when, after a typically brief macroscopic introduction to sound related equations, they are given or shown tutorial problems to calculate molecular displacements associated with audible sound (see for example, Halliday and Resnick, 1986; Giancoli, 1985; Sears, Zemansky and Young, 1985). Under standard conditions of temperature and pressure, the molecular displacements (amplitudes) responsible for the propagation of audible sound waves range approximately from pico- to micrometres. These are incredibly small displacements, for instance, at the smaller end of the scale the displacement amplitude may be less than the radius of a nitrogen atom. On the other hand, from kinetic theory we have the average distance that molecules travel between collisions — the mean free path -- to be of the order of ten to a hundred nanometers in air; that is, at least a thousand nitrogen-molecular diameters. This means, in air, that the amount of movement that a molecule undergoes for the propagation of audible sound is very much smaller than the mean free path, as much as ten thousand times smaller for faint sounds! Quite a conceptual surprise 158 for students with conceptualizations of sound propagation via molecular collisions. That is, while on the one hand their visualization involves momentum transfer via molecules colliding with their neighbours, a kind of domino-effect; on the other hand there is the knowledge that much of what we hear could not possibly involve molecules colliding with one another. A large number of general introductory physics textbooks were scrutinized to find out what kinds of conceptual insight they offered which could help a student resolve the apparent paradox between the collision model and the perturbation calculations. Very few offered any kind of insight or explanation. The two best explanations were found in two older "classic" general introductory physics textbooks. These were Sears (1958) and Feynman, Leighton, and Sands (1963). Both of these texts specifically interlinked the macroscopic approach that they took in the construction of the sound wave equations, and a microscopic (kinetic) view of a gas. Thus, in effect, they were explaining, via the incorporation of a microscopic conceptualization, the basis for approaching the propagation of sound from a macroscopic perspective: The molecular nature of a gas has been ignored in the preceding discussion and a gas has been treated as though it were a continuous medium. Actually, we know that a gas is composed of molecules in random motion, separated by distances which are large compared with their diameters. The vibrations which constitute a wave in a gas are superposed on the random thermal motion.... An element of gas in which a sound wave is travelling can be compared to a swarm of gnats, where the swarm as a whole can be seen to oscillate slightly while individual insects move about through the swarm, apparently at random. (Sears, 1958, p. 429) From the point of view of kinetic theory, if we have a higher density of molecules at one place and a lower density adjacent to that place, the molecules would move away from the region of higher density to the one of lower density, so as to equalize this difference. Apparently we would not get an oscillation and there would be no sound. What is necessary to get the sound wave is this situation: as the molecules rush out of the region of higher density and higher pressure, they give momentum to the molecules in the adjacent region of lower density. For sound to be generated, the regions over which the density and pressure change must be much larger than the distance the molecules travel before colliding with other molecules. This distance is the mean free path, and the distance between pressure crests and troughs must be much larger than this. Otherwise the molecules would move freely from the crest to the trough and immediately smear out the wave. It is clear that we are going to describe the gas behavior on a scale large compared 159 with the mean free path, and so the properties of the gas will not be described in terms of the individual molecules. The displacement, for example, will be the displacement of the center of mass of a small element of the gas, and the the pressure or density will be the pressure or density in this region. Feynman, Leighton, and Sands (1963, p. 47-3) From these two excerpts it may be seen that the authors of these texts offered the same sort of conceptual insights but in a somewhat different manner. They were both included here because it was felt that these explanations, in different ways, are indicative of how a physics teacher could use students' existing knowledge and experiences to enable the students to construct physics conceptualizations of sound propagation that would have a high personal plausibility status. In other words, not a new and perhaps largely disconnected conceptualization but a reconstruction of existing conceptualizations. In this case, not for the students to reject or suppress their molecular collision conceptualizations, but rather for the term "collision" to take on a new meaning (in this context of physics) which is rather different to everyday notions of collision, and for "molecule" to be subsumed into a macroscopic notion of particle (i.e., "particle" could represent a "layer" of a medium representing an extremely large number of molecules or atoms): a major part of the reconstruction of the school-taught conceptualization. Then, with a different conceptualization of the term collision and replacement of the "microscopic molecule" with a "macroscopic particle," other associated conceptualizations become subject to reconstruction or even rejection. For example, consider one of the speed-of-sound factors conceptualized by the students in this study: that the speed of sound is inversely related to how far apart molecules are in a gas; the further a molecule has to travel to physically collide with another molecule, the slower the propagation of sound. With the kind of reconstructed conceptualization that is being proposed, this kind of speed-of-sound factor conceptualization must lose much of its viability (under similar conditions of temperature and pressure the speed of sound is actually inversely proportional to the square root of the density of a gas). From the perspective outlined above, it also becomes easier to conceptualize sound propagation in other media, such as in a solid, where a microscopic conceptualization of molecules or atoms in some crystalline structure physically colliding with their neighbours would be quite discordant (in the sense that a physical collision conceptualization for sound propagation would no longer be 160 feasible when molecules and atoms are essentially bound to positions within their crystalline structure), and hence would probably be accorded a low plausibility. Finally, something as simple as a new meaning for "collisions" and "particles" could generate a plausible conceptual basis for the justification and necessity for treating a gas, in this case air, as a continuous medium (that is, macroscopically) in the development of the wave equation. 7.3.3 Conceptual Dispersion The conceptual outcomes that are described in this study reflected both differences between individuals and differences within individuals. In particular the analysis described in Chapter V indicated that: Although the students' conceptualizations tended to be contextually different they were not contextually dependent. This reflects the nature of the conceptualization person-world relationship: people do not necessarily construct the same conceptual relationships for specific phenomena in different contexts. Further, these relationships are often multifaceted reflecting multifaceted conceptualization evocation; The students tended to think about sound in fragmented parts. Each part represented a conceptualization from an array of possible conceptualizations. This was characterized as "conceptual dispersion;" and, In some contexts, students' conceptualizations reflected an inherent hierarchical nature in terms of some contextually related plausibility. Here, conceptual evocation was seemingly sensitized by specific perceptual cues, while in. other contexts conceptualizations were evoked without any indication of priority or hierarchy. (Perhaps it would be more appropriate to use the term "functionality" in place of "plausibility" in the sense that it supersedes plausibility while simultaneously incorporating a sense of appropriateness). When a group of education students, who are physics graduates, display conceptual dispersion about physics fundamentals the question arises: how is it that their knowledge base appears to be so fragmented? While such a state of affairs may be both conceivable and understandable at school level (for example, see Driver, Guesne and Tiberghien, 1985; Osborne and Freyberg, 1985) it would seem to be enigmatic at a graduate level. There is an implicit assumption that undergraduate study provides a range of experiences which facilitates students' 161 knowledge systems, especially in the realm of fundamentals, to evolve via the broad integration of principles into rational and coherent conceptualizations. From the perspectives of this study, two prominent factors may be seen to be playing important roles in the generation of layers of conceptual dispersion. First of all there is the role which normal socialization plays, and secondly there is the covert support for conceptual dispersion inherent in much undergraduate physics teaching. From the socialization perspective, educationalists, writing from a constructivist worldview influenced by phenomenology (in particular Shutz and Luckmann, 1973, for example see, Solomon, 1983) and even an Einsteinian view of science (for example, see Driver and Erickson, 1983), have described two distinct worlds of conceptualization. The one is primarily generated by the greater part of our everyday life to provide a rich basis for everyday communication, thinking and problem solving. The other is primarily generated in the world of formal physics which in turn provides a rich basis for physics communication, thinking and problem solving. This is not to suggest that these two worlds of conceptualization are mutually exclusive. They are obviously not; however, the relative contributions of the two worlds may, for some students, be diffuse and unrecognizable. Solomon (1983) describes how a conceptual dichotomy may be created between these two worlds of conceptualization ("domains of knowledge"): In the normal or 'natural attitude' we all tend to categorize our experiences rather loosely -- to 'typify' them -- so that they can be absorbed into 'meaning structures'. These are then reinforced by communication with others and by language itself, which gives this 'life-world' knowledge both social value and great persistence. Since each practical situation is only in limited need of explanation, such meaning structures will be fragmentary, not logically integrated with one another and tied to the particular type of experience which prompted them. During a secondary process of socialization, such as schooling, other interpretative systems of knowledge may be learnt. These stand above the life-world structures, seeking to explain our experiences in another province of meaning, and forming what have been called 'symbolic universes' of knowledge (Berger and Luckmann, 1967). The primary life-world structures are not eradicated by such learning since it forms an overarching system with a radically shifted perspective of interpretation which is foreign to the natural attitude and considerably more fragile. Its social currency is also much weaker since it is restricted to a small specialized group, or to certain periods of time within the school [academic] timetable. (Solomon, 1983, p. 50, emphasis hers) 162 Brauner (1988) has proposed similar notions of conceptual or knowledge domains by suggesting that there are "nine modes of perception available for an educated person to use at this time" (pp. 2 - 3). Two of his modes of perception are: a mode of "standard perception" which represents a person's world of "ordinary experience;" and, "theoretic perception" which represents "the non-conventional view of experiences [which is] offered by the sciences" (p. 3). If physics is taught in a manner which does not allow sufficient time for the reflection and consolidation of what is being taught, then it should not be surprising to find students who are content with having fragmented knowledge. During the interviews it became apparent that several of the students were seemingly used to having a low opinion of their ability to make sense of their physics (i.e., construct their conceptualizations to be both logical and consistent). At university, physics topics are usually taught and examined in disconnected sections. Fundamentals are often glossed over in prodigious efforts to cover all of the "prestigious" topics in the curriculum (see Arons, 1979; Champagne, Klopfer and Anderson, 1980; Miller, 1987), essentially robbing students of insights that they will increasingly need to construct coherent and rational conceptualizations. For example, in Chapter VI it was illustrated how the students were unable to effectively compare and contrast the physics concepts of sound and light, even at an elementary level of physics. Warren has suggested that today physics is taught in a mode denying: The idea of principle and insisting] that every idea taught is a 'model.' All models are to be regarded as equally true. Nothing must ever be said to imply that anything taught is wrong. If students are taught obvious contradictions they must believe all of them. They must not reason, or ask questions. This is authoritarism run mad. It is not limited to G.B. [Great Britain] (1988, private correspondence, emphasis his) This kind of physics teaching described by Warren could be seen reflected in some of the students' explanations. Many of them seemed to have accorded ontological status to the analogical models of sound propagation that they had been presented with in their physics classes. However, these analogies are only supposed to illustrate a principle, not represent "reality." Hence many students cannot distinguish between principles and analogical models, confounding their ability to rationalize conceptualizations. The Gothenburg research group in 163 Sweden has referred to this phenomenon as "horizontalization." Dahlgren (1984) writes: Examples have a subordinate function, which is to illustrate the principle outlined. In horizontalization, however, this hierarchy is not preserved; no distinction is made between the status of the principle and the the status of the example.... Teachers undoubtedly both hope and believe that the examples or metaphors they use to illustrate a given principle will prove less enduring than the principle itself, but how often this actually occurs is open to doubt, (pp. 27 - 28) The social and educational factors contributing to conceptual dispersion offer a plausible explanation for the gut-physics outcomes outlined in this study. If students' early socialization and educational experiences at school and university encourage the construction of a variety of non-integrated or partially integrated conceptualizations about, say, some physics-related phenomenon or concept, then, it is feasible that these conceptualizations simply become relatively distinct "interpretative systems of knowledge" which are metaphorically spread in layers over early developed intuitive "primary life-world structures." Different contexts and perceptual cues may, then, spontaneously evoke one or more of their conceptualizations, and on reflection they may be able to recognize "gut" flashbacks and draw upon what they perceive to be a more appropriate conceptualization. Claxton (1983) has pointed out that: A successfully 'located' theory is one which is triggered by just that set of environmental cues or features to which its predictions apply accurately. An immature or imperfectly located theory is sometimes triggered by situations to which it is not in fact applicable, and sometimes remains dormant in situations to which it is potentially applicable, (pp. 3-4) This description of Claxton's illustrates the role cuing may play in the evocation of conceptualizations and may explain why some context-specific conceptualizations were associated with a high plausibility status. If conceptualizations were often "triggered" but were also seemingly non functional they would feasibly be accorded low plausibility status. 164 Other related research has uncovered what may be called gut-physics conceptual dominance in other areas of introductory university physics, for example, see Gentner and Stevens (1983), and West and Pines (1985), and hence it appears to be a widespread and resilient phenomenon in physics education. A natural question arising from the above discussion may be: Do physicists also hold a variety of conceptualizations about some phenomena or physics concepts? And if they do, why, then, is conceptual dispersion a problem worth attending to in physics education? In all probability physicists do hold a variety of conceptualizations about some phenomena or physics concepts (see diSessa, 1986). What would seem to be educationally critical, then, is not that physics students have a variety of disjointed conceptualizations, nor that they should abandon, or change, their existing repertoire of conceptualizations to accommodate what is currently being taught at their level of education, but rather that they should develop the capability to simultaneously rationalize and distinguish between their conceptualizations in a manner appropriate to a given context: having one's education form a functional base from which to view the world. Starting at school, physics pupils should start developing "physics instincts," depending on the relative complexity in the context, to be able to functionally distinguish between their conceptualizations. In other words, in a given context be able intuitively to recognize, or sense, the functional appropriateness of a domain of conceptualization. This is not an endorsement for students to conceptually distinguish between phenomena "in" and "outside" the realm of physics, but it is a recognition that: All language is coupled to conceptualizations, and similar language may have different meanings in everyday life and physics contexts; The conceptualizations associated with ordinary language metaphor and analogy must be different to those of contemporary physics; and, In physics teaching there are different levels of explanation and complexity inherent to different stages of education, and these may manifest themselves quite differently conceptually. If students who graduate with an undergraduate degree in physics go on to become physics teachers while having to operate in a world of disjointed conceptual dispersion, then, the results of this study may imply that their only 165 escape would seem to be one of transmissive teaching: the beginnings of a new cycle of disjointed conceptual dispersion, this time for the next generation of physics students. From this perspective, a fundamental aim of physics education should be to simultaneously create an environment where students' sense making is acknowledged and respected, and to generate a repertoire of experiences that can both individually and collectively provide a functional referential framework to facilitate the evocation of contextually appropriate conceptualizations; thus both recognizing and rationalizing their conceptual dispersion. 7.4 Implications for Physics Education Although there were a limited number of students involved in the study, the fact that they completed their undergraduate physics degrees at a number of different universities indicates that the conceptual problems which were identified in this study are not indicative of any specific undergraduate physics programme but are indicative of their similarities. Warren (1988) has pointed out that many of the problems identified in this study would seem to be just as prevalent in other countries such as Great Britain. 7.5 A Proposed Physics Undergraduate Programme for Teachers 7.5.1 Introduction When one considers that potential secondary school physics teachers complete the physics section of their education in standard physics undergraduate programmes (br programmes considered to be equivalent such as engineering, geophysics etc.) there is room for much concern. Potential physicists do not face quite the same problems because they have to come to understand at least one physics problem very well, and in doing so need to explore and extend their understanding of undergraduate physics. This is not to suggest that students in graduate physics programmes are not prone to similar conceptual difficulties; they certainly are. For example, Hewson (1982) completed some exploratory work with a graduate physics student at Cornell University. The student was teaching a course in Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Hewson found that even though this student had successfully completed a course in special relativity and was now 166 teaching it, his conceptualization of many of the concepts pertinent to special relativity were strongly mediated by conceptualizations he had constructed prior to his own studying of the subject. Hence, the proposal to be put forward for a different undergraduate physics programme for prospective teachers could have consequential benefits for the traditional undergraduate programmes. Somehow traditional undergraduate physics programmes always tend to have their focus on their students studying one aspect of physics to facilitate their study of another aspect of physics and so on. Universities whose Physics Departments have strong and diverse research programmes are potentially the most exciting and rewarding places for students to learn physics, be they potential physicists or teachers. However, these same research interests place enormous demands on physics curricula because each group demands that students, as potential new group members, focus on fundamentals considered pertinent to each particular group's field of interest. So, essentially an undergraduate programme's curriculum is greatly influenced by the research interests of the Physics Department. These influences are usually embodied in the array of traditional courses. Very soon after completing their undergraduate physics, potential physics teachers are faced with the enormous responsibility of teaching physics to meet the educational needs of a diverse set of pupils. To do this effectively teachers need to be able to "talk physics," which includes being able to offer some kind of historical context to the growth of physics concepts. What kind of job will they be able to do if they themselves have not reached much beyond a phase of working on physics problems for which they have little feeling; not reached much beyond a stage of conceptual dispersion characterized by no real recognition of the functional appropriateness of their understanding? It is in this context that it is being recommended that concerned physics departments consider introducing an alternative physics major programme (preferably an honours programme): Physics for Teachers. This should not be seen, however, as a service subject, or as an easier, less demanding programme, but as one which is specifically aimed at providing potential teachers with a rich repertoire of physics conceptualizations: conceptualizations which embody both everyday life and an historical appreciation of the development of physics framed by the social and intellectual dynamics of that time. This is not something that can be left to their postgraduate 167 education studies, because there the focus must invariably lean towards pedagogy and didactics. In essence, the author believes that potential physics teachers should graduate with an appreciative sense of what it means to learn physics; that is, beyond the stereotype of rote learning of definitions, laws, formulae, and problem-solving algorithms, which many appear to have constructed from both their school and university physics experiences — a finding also reported in other studies: One of the most striking findings ... is that M.I.T. undergraduates when asked to comment about their high school physics almost universally declared that they could 'solve all the problems' but still felt that they really didn't understand what was going on. (diSessa, 1986, p. 6) The essential ingredients of such a programme would need to be ascertained longitudinally by collaborative education/physics research. Such research could begin by considering suggestions consequential from this and other similar studies. It is from this standpoint that the following ideal model is proposed: Firstly, the most inspiring physicists in the department should be assigned to teach the "basic" courses in the new physics teacher programme. The word "inspiring" is used to characterize the ability to foster interest and intrigue. This would be a necessary starting point since experience has indicated that curiosity, excitement, intrigue and interest on behalf of a lecturer permeates to students, providing an essential ingredient for conceptualization exploration; what has been called "constructivist teaching" (Erickson, 1987). This is particularly true if the initial interest is in our daily world, for research in this area has noted that it is in this realm that the students would have already constructed and validated conceptualizations in their own way (for example, see Driver, Guesne and Tiberghien, 1985; Osborne and Freyberg, 1985). An educational environment is envisaged where students' contributions have perceived value, as their ability to make sense of phenomena and experiences is openly acknowledged and respected. One problem is, however, that the generation of this kind of environment requires a substantial amount of time, together with small classes, to be able to meaningfully explore and discuss ideas in the manner proposed. In many universities small classes would seem to be guaranteed by the relatively small number of students deciding to become physics teachers. More time could be created by reducing the amount of specialized physics taught by offering course options in the senior years specifically for teachers, i.e., drawing up an 168 undergraduate curriculum which is more suited to educating future teachers than future physicists. Such decisions would be sure to generate considerable debate within any Physics Department, and in this respect answers are not straightforward. However, the time factor provided could be partially solved by having less specialized advanced courses than there would be in a traditional programme. 7.5.2 A Proposed Physics Curriculum Structure The specific physics content of an undergraduate curriculum for intending teachers is beyond the scope of this dissertation, but perhaps more important than the content of a curriculum is the structure of it; that is how the physics could be taught to improve the conceptual outcomes. It is anticipated that such a curriculum structure would incorporate the kind of "constructivist teaching" (Erickson, 1987) objectives outlined by physics educators such as Brouwer (1984), Driver (1987), Hewson and Hewson (1984), and Fensham (1983) (see Section 1.4.2.1). From this perspective Brouwer (1984) has written of the hope of: Encouraging more teachers and lecturers to concentrate on the development of a conceptual understanding of physics.... to raise the level of respect of teachers and lecturers for students who enroll in our science courses and convince my fellow instructors that many of what have been labelled misconceptions, are necessary and valuable preconceptions to further learning in physics.... a fundamental element of this method is dialogue or interaction (pp.603 - 604). The source of this proposed curriculum structure came in part from many of the comments which the students made during their interviews. These indicated that they had come to regard physics as "applied mathematics" and had "disconnected" much of their physics thinking from their mathematics thinking. That is, they had perceived their physics courses as courses in problem solving and adapted their learning styles accordingly, for example: S: I never thought more ... you just took the formulas they gave you and that was that. 169 S: We did a lot of problem solving and a lot of times as long as you figured out what the problem was, they gave you the information in the problem, and it was more a matter of rearranging it ... the information was there but you didn't really have to understand it, you just had to understand where it went. S: It doesn't rest on my fundamental beliefs in the wave function and wave theory, it rests on the fact that the units came out right. In this regard Hewitt (1983) and Feynman (1965) make the following point: Physics is easy to teach mathematically, but we make a mistake by then assuming it is easy to learn mathematically. (Hewitt, 1983, p. 305) The physicist has meaning to his phrases. That is a very important thing that a lot of people who come to physics by way of mathematics do not appreciate. Physics is not mathematics and mathematics is not physics. One helps the other. But in physics you have to have an understanding of the connection of words with the real world. It is necessary at the end to translate what you have figured out into English, into the world... This is a problem which is not a problem of mathematics at all. (Feynman, 1965, pp. 55 - 56) Creating an educational environment for conceptualization exploration within a framework of establishing a meaningful relationship between physics and mathematics should, I believe, frame the structuring of a physics-for-teachers programme. Here I envisage that the physics courses would be structured so that all the concepts to be introduced by the course could be dealt with qualitatively before any quantitative problem solving is introduced. In other words, quantitative problem solving is postponed until all the courses' concepts have been explored within the context of students' sense making, and where appropriate, some historical insights. Only, then, would the focus of the course turn to quantitative problem solving. The advantages of such a curriculum structure would be two-fold. Firstly, instead of introductory students beginning their physics study and having their probable stereotypical views of what it means to study physics reinforced, they meet interesting conceptual challenges. Challenges of a nature that they will one day, hopefully, take back with them into their school classrooms. Instead of 170 meeting a rapidly presented maze of formulae and mathematical word problems they will potentially enter an environment that: respects their thinking and invites discussion and reflection; an environment of "hand waving physics" and "thought experiments" (for example, see Helm and Gilbert, 1985; Helm, Gilbert and Watts, 1985); provide some sort of historical context for the concepts being introduced (framed by the social and intellectual dynamics of the time); introduces new ways to fruitfully view the world around them (this includes the relationship of physics to other subjects); and, will largely dispel much of the "hidden curriculum" that was discussed earlier, and thus potentially generate a rather different disposition to learning physics than that which the students involved in this study had fallen prone to. The second major advantage of such a curriculum structure would be that the qualitative exploration of concepts would provide a different and more appropriate conceptualization base for problem solving to be built upon. That is, instead of having the somewhat traditional expectation that after lecturing on a topic, a set of assigned tutorial problems will facilitate the students' construction of appropriate conceptualizations, their construction will potentially have solid foundations before the onset of the quantitative problem solving. Potentially this will give students a "feeling" for what they are solving as they would be viewing the problems from a different conceptualization base than they have in a traditional course. As Hewitt (1983) said in his acceptance speech for his 1982 Millikan Lecture Award, "Let's look at the whole elephant before we begin to measure its tail." (p. 311) Finally, some other suggestions: Firstly, the tutorial classes should ideally be as small as possible to facilitate maximum discussion regarding why an approach was made (rather than "this is how it should be done"). Perhaps students could be divided into small study groups, who could meet weekly with other faculty members for some diversified interaction. From such a perspective, problem solving could realistically represent a further exploration of new conceptualizations and encourage conceptualization mediation, reflection and rationalization. 171 Secondly, the traditional laboratory sessions would need some revision. The author believes that laboratory sessions should focus on phenomena with higher interest profiles than those typically found in undergraduate laboratory sessions. Also, in their restructuring they would need to reflect both the qualitative and quantitative components of the proposed curriculum. In this respect the creativity of the California Institute of Technology School of Physics (who have developed a unique set of undergraduate laboratory sessions) could perhaps be drawn upon. Such a proposal would create enormous curricular challenges to Physics Departments and such a programme would need to be introduced in stages that could be sequentially reviewed and evaluated with a collaborative education and physics research effort. 7.6 Recommendations for Further Research Following the discussions at the end of each analysis chapter, and in this chapter, three recommendations for further research emerge. 7.6.1 Building a Phenomenography of Physics In Chapter II it was pointed out that the major research thrust into students' physics conceptualization has been done at the school level and has often been referred to as "children's science." It was also pointed out that a relatively small number of research projects have investigated university students' conceptualizations. These have tended to focus on freshmen and their elementary mechanics conceptualizations. This study was unique in that it focused on physics graduates. The educational usefulness of these studies is that they provide insights for physics educators into how students make sense of what they are being taught, and how important it is to recognize that students do not make sense of new concepts in isolation, but utilize already well formed prior understandings. From this perspective it would be extremely useful for research to build up and integrate what Johansson, Marton, and Svensson (1985) have referred to as a "phenomenography of physics." That is, a comprehensive description of physics conceptualizations in terms of the content of student thinking. For instance, 172 following on from this study it would be extremely useful to find out how physics graduates conceptualize other areas of their physics. In particular, this study could represent a starting point for further studies into how students conceptualize other related wave concepts, both classical and quantum. While it may be of some interest to know how widespread the conceptualizations described in this study are, it is not recommended as a high priority research activity. There is far more potential usefulness in having insight into how students make sense of what they are being taught than how pervasive a particular conceptualization is. Focusing on the pervasiveness of various conceptualizations which are at variance with contemporary physics, invariably leads to the conclusion that the resolution of the problem lies in changing these conceptions from "incorrect" to "correct," narrowing the description of non-rote learning to one of conceptual change, see Conclusion 13. 7.6.2 Research into the Proposed Physics for Teachers Programme One of the recommendations emanating from this study was for the introduction of a physics-for-teachers undergraduate programme, as a fully recognized physics major or honours programme with a difference. The difference would be the separation of qualitative and quantitative physics with the qualitative component being taught first with some historical insight. The practicalities of setting up such a programme were acknowledged to be complex. Thus it would be useful to carry out several case studies on various courses throughout the undergraduate programme, to see whether such a programme could be usefully implemented. Then, based upon the results of these case studies, improvements and alternatives could be recommended which could eventually lead to some universities implementing an undergraduate programme for physics teachers. What has been proposed is that a different undergraduate programme for teachers is desirable; what needs to be shown is that it would be both useful and viable from both physics and educational perspectives. 173 7.6.3 Working with Recently Graduated School Physics Teachers Earlier in this chapter a case was made for the fundamental importance for all physics educators, irrespective of their level, to have insights into how their students tend to make sense of what they are being taught and how, through what was called "constructivist teaching," educators may have a more meaningful mediatory effect on their students' sense-making. As was mentioned earlier, many physics graduates enter their educational studies with strong beliefs about what it means to learn and teach physics, primarily that teaching physics means teaching problem solving. These beliefs seem to be mainly a direct result of their own school and university physics experiences and as such are. not easily accessible for reconstruction. Earlier on in this chapter the following questions were posed: What kind of physics teachers would these students become if they themselves did not reach much beyond a phase of working on physics problems for which they had little feeling; and, did not reach much beyond a stage of conceptual dispersion without any real recognition of their functional appropriateness? It would seem that a reasonable starting point for such students would be for them to be provided with the opportunity to reflect upon how they personally constructed/reconstructed their own conceptualizations within the context of constructing consistency and rationalization. From this perspective it would be useful to find out how to facilitate new growth in these potential teachers' "content-specific pedagogical knowledge" (Shulman and Sykes, 1986). Some of the interview contexts may provide an excellent framework to facilitate students' exploration and reflection on how their pupils may construct various conceptualizations, by allowing them to review how they constructed their own conceptualizations. For instance, the interview transcripts such as the "wavelength estimation" in this study could be given back to the students concerned (students would review their own transcripts) as a preparation for group seminars to be held before and after the students begin their practical teaching sessions in schools. This could provide a unique forum for an exploration of the conceptualization of what it means to teach physics. 174 7.7 Overview of Chapter VII The conclusions and recommendations discussed in this chapter have reflected a need to sensitize physics educators to the importance of appreciating that students come to class with a dispersive set of conceptualizations. Furthermore it has been asserted that anything that is taught will be made sense of in terms of this prior knowledge. To have an influence on knowledge construction and reconstruction, educators need to create a realistic and exploratory educational environment which explicitly respects the students' sense-making ability and facilitates the growth of the functional appropriateness of various aspects of this sense-making. Only then can we begin to move away from teaching physics as problem solving; only then can physics become an acceptable, plausible, and fruitful part of our students' worldviews. 175 REFERENCES Aguirre, J. (1981). Students' Preconceptions of Three Vector Quantities. Unpublished Ed.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia. Anderson, J. (Ed.). (1981). Cognitive Skills and their Acquisition. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum. Apfel, R.E. (1974). Acoustic Surface Waves in Piezoelectric Materials - A New Technology. The Physics Teacher, February: 109-111. Arons, A.B. (1979). Cognitive Level of College Physics Students. American Journal of Physics, 47(7):650-654. Arons, A.B. (1983). Student Patterns of Thinking - Part 1. The Physics Teacher, 27f9J:576-581. Arons, A.B. (1984a). Student Patterns of Thinking - Part 2. The Physics Teacher, 22(l):21-26. Arons, A.B. (1984b). Student Patterns of Thinking - Part 3. The Physics Teacher, 22(2):SS-93. Barnes, D. (1976). From Communication to Curriculum. Hammondsworth: Penguin Books. Berger, P.L. and Luckmann, T. (1967). The Social Construction of Reality. Hammondsworth: Penguin Books. Bowden, J.A. (Ed.). (1986). Student Learning: Research into Practice. Melbourne: University of Melbourne Press. Brauner, C. (1988). Perceptivism: A New Philosophy of Education. Brief for the British Columbia Royal Commission on Education. Brouwer, W. (1984). Problem-posing Physics: A Conceptual Approach. American Journal of Physics, 52(7):602-607. Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Burtt, E.A. (1954). The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books. Champagne, A.B., Klopfer, L.E. and Anderson, J.H. (1980). Factors Influencing the Learning of Classical Mechanics. American Journal of Physics, 45:1074-1079. 176 Claxton, G. (1983). School Science: Falling on Stony Ground or Choked by Thorns? Centre for Science and Mathematics Education, University of London, Chelsea College. Mimeograph. Clement, J. (1981). Solving Problems with Formulas: Some Limitations. Engineering Education, 72(2): 158-162. Clement, J. (1982). Students' Preconceptions in Introductory Mechanics. American Journal of Physics, 50(1 ):66-71. Cobb, P. (1987). Information-Processing Psychology and Mathematics Education -A Constructivist Perspective. Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 6:3-40. Chi, M., Glaser, R., and Rees, E. (1981). Expertise in Problem Solving. In R. Sternberg (Ed.). Advances in the Psychology of Human Intelligence. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Cronbach, L.J. (1975). Beyond the Two Disciplines of Scientific Psychology. American Psychologist, 30:116-127. Cros, D., Amouroux, R., Chastrette, M., Fayol, M., Leber, J., and Maurin, M. (1986). Conception of First-Year University Students of the Constituents of Matter and the Notions of Acids and Bases. European Journal of Science Education, 8:305-313. Davies, B. (1982). The Education and Training of Physics Teachers Worldwide - A Survey. Hong Kong: Kings Time. Dahlgren, L.O. (1978). Effects of University Education on the Conception of Reality. Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on Improving University Teaching, Aachen, F.R. Germany, July, 1978. Dahlgren, L.O. (1979). Children's Conception of Price as a Function of Questions Asked. Report 81: Institute of Education, University of Goteborg, Sweden. Dahlgren, L.O. (1984). Outcomes of Learning. In Marton, F., Hounsell, D. and Entwistle, N. (Eds.) (1984). The Experience of Learning. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. Dahlgren, L.O. and Marton, F. (1978). Students' Conceptions of Subject Matter: An Aspect of Learning and Teaching in Higher Education. Studies in Higher Education, 3(1 ):25-35. Dahlgren, L.O. and Pramling, I. (1985). Conceptions of Knowledge, Professionalism and Contemporary Problems in some Professional Academic Subcultures. Studies in Higher Education, 10(2): 163-173. 177 Danusso, L. and Dupre, F. (1987). Student Representations of Simple Electric Circuits. In Novak J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1987, (III): 111-115. diSessa, A.A. (1981). Phenomenology and the Evolution of Intuition. In House Publication. School of Education, University of California, Berkeley. diSessa, A.A. (1986). Toward an Epistemology of Physics. In House Publication. School of Education, University of California, Berkeley. Driver, R. (1987). Changing Conceptions. Paper presented to the International Seminar, Adolescent Development and School Science, King's College, London, September, 1987. Driver, R. and Bell, B. (1986). Students' Thinking and the Learning of Science: A Constructivist View. School Science Review, March:443-456. Driver, R. and Easley, J. (1978). Pupils and Paradigms: A Review of the Literature Related to Concept Development in Adolescent Science Students. Studies in Science Education, 5:61-84. Driver, R. and Erickson, G. (1983). Theories-in-Action: Some Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Study of Students' Conceptual Frameworks in Science. Studies in Science Education, 70:37-60. Driver, R., Guesne, E. and Tiberghien, E. (1985). Children's Ideas in Science. London: Open University Press. Duit, R., Jung, W., and Rhoneck von, C. (Eds.). (1985). Aspects of Understanding Electricity: Proceedings of an International Workshop. Institut fur die Padagogik der Naturwissenschaften an der Universitat Kiel, Kiel. Easley, J.A. (1982). Naturalistic Case Studies Exploring Social-Cognitive Mechanisms, and some Methodological Issues in Research and on Problems of Teachers. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 79:191-203. Einstein, A. and Infeld, L. (1938). The Evolution of Physics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Einstein, A. (1973). Ideas and Opinions. New York: Dell. Elkana, Y. (1970). Science, Philosophy of Science, and Science Teaching. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 2(15): 15-35. Elton, L. (1980). The Physics Curriculum - a Suitable Case for Treatment? Physics Education, 75.129. 178 Erickson, G.L. (1984). Some Issues on Cognitive Structure and Cognitive Change in Science Education: One Perspective from North America. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Education Research Association in New Orleans, April, 1984. Erickson, G.L. (1987). Constructivist Epistemology and the Professional Development of Teachers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Education Research Association in Washington D.C, April 1987, to a symposium on Educational Implications of Personal and Social Construction of Knowledge. Faucher, G. (1981). The Answer is Not Enough. Engineering Education, 72(2):\%3-184. Faucher, G. (1983). Advanced Physics Courses do not Provide Students with Conceptual Change. In Helm H. and Novak J. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Seminar on Misconceptions in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1983:322-325. Faucher, G. (1987). Pragmatical Conceptions in the Atomic Domain. In Novak J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1987, (111): 137-142. Feldman, D.H. (1980). Beyond Universals in Cognitive Development. New Jersey: Ablex. Fensham, P.J. (1983). A Research Base for New Objectives of Science Teaching. Science Education, 67(1 ):3-12. Fensham, P.J. (1984). Misconceptions, Preconceptions and Alternative Frameworks. Chemical Society Reviews, 13(2): 199-217. Feynman, R. (1965). The Character of Physical Law. Cambridge: The M.I.T. Press. Feynman, R. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Feynman, R.P., Leighton, R.B. and Sands, M. (1963). The Feynman Lecture Series on Physics, Volume 1. London: Addison Wesley. Finley, F.N. (1983). Science Processes. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(1 )A1'-54. Forster, E.S. (1927). The Works of Aristotle Volume VII: Problemata. Translated into English under the Editorship of W.D. Ross. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Fredette, N. and Lochhead, J. (1980). Student Conceptions of Simple Circuits. The Physics Teacher, 7S.194-198. French, A.P. (1971). Vibrations and Waves. New York: W.W. Norton. 179 French, A.P. (1988). Private Correspondence. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Physics, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 U.S.A. Gamble, R. (1986). Simple Equations in Physics. European Journal of Science Education, 8(1 ):21-31. Gauld, C. (1982). The Scientific Attitude and Science Education: A Critical Reappraisal. Science Education, 66(1 ):\09-121. Gentner, D. and Stevens A.L. (1983). Mental Models. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Giancoli, D. (1985). Physics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Gibbs, G., Morgan, A. and Taylor, E. (1982). A Review of the Research of Ference Marton and the Goteborg Group: A Phenomenological Research Perspective on Learning. Higher Education, 77:123-145. Gilbert, J.K., Osborne, R.J. and Fensham, P.J. (1982). Children's Science and Its Consequences for Teaching. Science Education, 66(4):623-633. Gilbert, J.K. and Watts, D.M. (1983). Concepts, Misconceptions and Alternative Conceptions: Changing Perspectives in Science Education. Studies in Science Education, 70:61-98. Gilbert, J.K., Watts, D.M and Osborne, R.J. (1985). Eliciting Student Views Using an Interview-About-Instances Technique. In West L.H.T. and Pines A.L. (Eds.) Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change. London: Academic Press. Glasersfeld, E. von (1984). An Introduction to Radical Constructivism. In Watzlawick P. (Ed.). The Invented Reality. New York: W.W. Norton. Goldberg, F.M. and McDermott, L.C. (1986). An Investigation of Student Understanding of the Real Image Formed by a Converging Lens or Concave Mirror. American Journal of Physics, 55(2): 108-118. Gunstone, R.F., Champagne, A.B. and Klopfer, L.E. (1981). Instruction for Understanding: A Case Study. Australian Science Teachers Journal, 27(3):21-32. Gunstone, R.F. and White, R.T. (1980). A Matter of Gravity. Research in Science Education, 70:35-44. Gunstone, R.F. and White, R.T. (1981). Understanding of Gravity. Science Education, 65:291-299. Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1974 and 1986). Fundamentals of Physics. New York: John Wiley. 180 Hashweh, M. (1988). Descriptive Studies of Students' Conceptions in Science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25(2): 121-134. Hawkins, D. (1978). Critical Barriers to Science Learning. Outlook, 29:3-23. Helm, H. (1980). Misconceptions in Physics Amongst South African Students. Physics Education, 75:92-105. Helm, H. (1983). Do Students Understand The Nature and Role of Scientific Concepts? In Helm H. and Novak J. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Seminar on Misconceptions in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1983:42-46. Helm, H. and Gilbert, J. (1985). Thought Experiments and Physics Education -Part 1. Physics Education, 20(3): 124-130. Helm, H. and Gilbert, J. (1985). Thought Experiments and Physics Education -Part 2. Physics Education, 20(3):2\ 1-217. Helm, H. and Novak, J.D. (Eds.). (1983). Proceedings of the International Seminar on Misconceptions in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June 1983. Hewitt, P.G. (1983). Millikan Lecture 1982: The Missing Essential - a Conceptual Understanding of Physics. American Journal of Physics, 51(4):305-311. Hewson, P.W. (1980). Learning and Teaching Science. South African Journal of Science, 76:397-403. Hewson, P.W. (1981). A Conceptual Change Approach to Learning Science. European Journal of Science Education, 3(4): 383-396. Hewson, P.W. (1982). A Case Study of Conceptual Change in Special Relativity: The Influence of Prior Knowledge in Learning. European Journal of Science Education, 14(l):d\-ll. Hewson, P.W. and Hewson, M.G. (1984). The Role of Conceptual Conflict in Conceptual Change and the Design of Science Instruction. Instructional Science, 13(1 ):l-13. Hewson, P.W. and Hewson, M.G. (1986). Research on Student Conceptions: Implications for Science Teacher Education. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Science Teachers Association, San Francisco, CA, March, 1986. Hodson, D. (1985). Philosophy of Science, Science and Science Education. Studies in Science Education, 72:25-46. Holton, G. (1979). The Construction of a Theory: Einstein's Model. The American Scholar, 48(3):309-340. 181 Hults, M.G. (1980). Sound Waves. The Physics Teacher, 18:611. Hunt, F.V. (1978). Origins in Acoustics. New Haven: Yale University Press. Iona, M. (1987). Millikan Lecture Award Speech. American Journal of Physics, 55(4):299-301. Johansson, B., Marton, F. and Svensson, L. (1985). An Approach to Describing Learning as Change Between Qualitatively Different Conceptions. In West, L.H.T. and Pines, A.L. (Eds.). Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change. Orlando: Academic Press. Jones, S. (1985). Depth Interviewing. In Walker R. (Ed.). Applied Qualitative Research. London: Biddies Ltd, Guilford, Lynn and King's. Kuhn, T. (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kuhn, T. (1988). Private Correspondence. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Linguistics and Philosophy 20D-213, Cambridge, Mass. 02139 U.S.A. Lakatos, I. (1978). The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes, Philosophical Papers I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Larkin, J., McDermott, J., Simon, D.P., and Simon, H.A. (1980). Expert and Novice Performance in Solving Physics Problems. Science, 208.1335-1342. Larkin, J.H. and Reif, F. (1979). Understanding and Teaching Problem Solving in Physics. European Journal of Science Education, 7(2^:191-203. Larsson, S. (1988). Private Correspondence. Department of Education and Educational Research, Gothenburg University, Box 1010, S-431 26, Molndal, Sweden. Larsson, S. and Helmstad, G. (1985). Factory Storemen's Ideas About Education. Paper presented to the ILSCAE First Annual Conference at Sanga-Saby, Sweden, July, 1985. Lin, H. (1982). Learning Physics vs Passing Courses. The Physics Teacher, 20(3):\5\-\51. Lincoln, Y.S. and Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Enquiry. London: Sage. Looker, T. (1985). Doppler Ultrasound in Medicine. Journal of Biological Education, 79:263-267. 182 Lundgren, U.P. (1977). Model Analysis of Pedagogical Processes. Stockholm: Department of Educational Research, Stockholm Institute of Education. Lybeck, L., Marton, F., Stromdahl, H. and Tullberg, A. (1988). The Phenomenography of the 'Mole Concept' in Chemistry. In Ramsden, P. (Ed.). Improving Learning: New Perspectives. London: Kogan Page. Maloney, D.P. (1985). Rule-Governed Approaches to Physics: Conservation of Mechanical Energy. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 22(3):261-278. Maloney, D.P. (1988). Novice Rules for Projectile Motion. Science Education, 72(4):50l-5\3. Marquit, E. (1978). Philosophy of Physics in General Courses. American Journal of Physics, 46(8):1%A-1%9. Marton, F. (1981). Phenomenography - Describing Conceptions of the World Around Us. Instructional Science, 70:177-200. Marton, F. (1984). Towards a Psychology Beyond the Individual. In Lagerspetz, K.M.J, and Niemi, P. (Eds.). Psychology in the 1990's. Amsterdam: North Holland. Marton, F. (1986). Describing and Improving Learning. In Schmeck, R.R. (Ed.). Styles and Strategies of Learning. New York: Plenum. Marton, F. (1988). Phenomenography and 'The Art of Teaching All Things to All Men'. Fenomenografiska notiser 8. Publikationer fran institutionen for pedagogik. A revised version of an invited address entitled 'Revealing Educationally Critical Differences in our Understanding of the World Around Us' presented to the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA, April, 1988. Marton, F. (1988). Private Correspondence. Department of Education and Educational Research, Gothenburg University, Box 1010, S-431 26, Molndal, Sweden. Marton, F., Hounsell, D. and Entwistle, N. (Eds.). (1984). The Experience of Learning. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. Marton, F. and Neuman D. (1988). Constructivism versus Constitutionalism. Some Implications for the First Mathematics Education. Presented at the Sixth International Congress on Mathematical Education, Budapest, Hungary, July, 1988. Marton, F. and Saljo, R. (1984). In Marton, F., Hounsell, D. and Entwistle, N. (Eds.). The Experience of Learning. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. 183 Maxwell, J.C. (1861-2). On Physical Lines of Force. Scientific Papers 7:451-513. McCloskey, M. (1983). Naive Theories of Motion. In Gentner, D. and Stevens, A. (Eds.). Mental Models. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. McDermott, L. (1984). Research on Conceptual Understanding in Mechanics. Physics Today, July 1984:24-32. McMillen, L. (1986). The Frustrations of a College Physics Class: Some Professors Get to Experience it, Again. Chronicle of Higher Education, October, 798(5:18-19. Miller, J.S. (1987). Letter to Physics Today, May, 7987:132-133. Mitchell, I.J. and Gunstone, G.F. (1984). Some Students Conceptions Brought to the Study of Stoichiometry. Research in Science Education, 74:78-88. Mulkay, M. (1979). Science and the Sociology of Knowledge. London: George Allen and Unwin. Nersessian, N.J. (1984). Meaning in Scientific Theories. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. Niedderer, H. (1988). Private Correspondence. Universitat Bremen, FB-1, Didaktik der Physik, Postfach, 2800 Bremen 33, West Germany. Norris, S.P. (1984). Defining Observational Competence. Science Education, <58(2j:129-142. Novak, J. (Ed.). (1987). Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1987, I, II and III. Novak, J.D. and Gowin, D.B. (1984). Learning How to Learn. Cambridge-Cambridge University Press. Orton, A. (Ed.). (1985). Studies in Mechanics Learning. Leeds: University of Leeds Printing Service. Osborne, R.J. (1984). Children's Dynamics. The Physics Teacher, 22(8):504-508. Osborne, R.J. and Cosgrove, M.M. (1983). Children's Conceptions of the Changes of the States of Water. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 20(9):&25-838. Osborne, R.J. and Freyberg, P. (1985). Learning in Science: The Implications of Children's Science. London: Heinemann. Osborne, R.J. and Gilbert, J. (1980). Technique for Exploring Students' Views of the World. Physics Education, 75:376-379. 184 Otero, J.C. (1985). Assimilation Problems in Traditional Representations of Scientific Knowledge. European Journal of Science Education, 7(4):361-369. Pain, H.J. (1983). The Physics of Vibrations and Waves. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Piaget, J. (1929). The Child's Conception of the World. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Peters, P.C. (1982). Even Honours Students have Conceptual Difficulties with Physics. American Journal of Physics, 50(6):501-508. Peterson, R.F., Treagust, D.F. and Garnett, P. (1986). Identification of Secondary Students' Misconceptions of Covalent Bonding and Structure Concepts Using a Diagnostic Test Instrument. Research in Science Education, 76:40-48. Pope, M. and Gilbert, J. (1983). Personal Experience and the Construction of Knowledge in Science. Science Education, 67(2): 193-203. Pope, M.L. and Keen, T.R. (1981). Personal Construct Psychology and Education. London: Academic Press. Popper, K.R. (1972). Objective Knowledge. An Evolutionary Approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Posner, G.J., Strike, K.A., Hewson, P.W. and Gertzog, W.A. (1982). Accommodation of a Scientific Conception: Towards a Theory of Conceptual Change. Science Education, 66(2):211-227. Putnam, H. (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ramsden, P. (Ed.). (1988). Improving Learning: New Perspectives. London: Kogan Page. Reif, F. (1982). Cognition and Instruction in Science and Mathematics: Progress and Prospects for the Future. Problem Solving, 4(5):l-6. Reif, F. and Heller, J. (1982). Knowledge Structure and Problem Solving in Physics. Educational Psychologist, 17(2): 102-127. Renstrom, L. (1987). Pupils Conception of Matter. A Phenomenographic Approach. In Novak J. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, June, 1987, III. RenstrOm, L. (1988). Conceptions of Matter. A Phenomenographic Approach. Published Ph.D. dissertation: Gothenburg University Press. 185 Rogan, J.M. (1988). Development of a Conceptual Framework of Heat. Science Education, 72(l):\03-l 11. Roth, K.J., Smith, E.L. and Anderson, C.W. (1983). Students' Conceptions of Photosynthesis and Food for Plants. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada. Schon, D.A. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books. Sears, F.W. (1958). Mechanics, Wave Motion, and Heat. London: Addison-Wesley. Sears, F., Zemansky, M. and Young, H. (1985). University Physics. Reading: Addison Wesley. Shulman, L.S. (1986). Paradigms and Research Programs in the Study of Teaching: A Contemporary Perspective. In Wittrock M.C. (Ed.). Handbook of Research on Teaching. London: Collier Macmillan. Shulman, L.S. and Sykes, G. (1986). A National Board for Teaching? In Search of a Bold Standard. Paper prepared for the Task Force on Teaching as a Profession, Carnegie Forum on Education and Economy, New York. Shutz, A. and Luckmann, T. (1973). The Structures of the Life World. London: Heinemann Siegler, R.S. (1976). Three aspects of cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology, 8:481-522. Siegler, R.S. (Ed.). (1978). Children's Thinking: What Develops? Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum. Sjoberg, S. and Lie, S. (1981). Ideas About Force and Movement Among Norwegian Pupils and Students. Technical Report 81-11, University of Oslo. Solomon, J. (1983). Learning About Energy - How Pupils Think in Two Domains. European Journal of Science Education, 5(7^:49-59. Stake, R.E. (1978). The Case Study Method in Social Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 7:5-8. Stead, K.E. and Osborne, R.J. (1981). What is Gravity: Some Children's Ideas. New Zealand Science Teacher, 30:5-12. Strike, K.A. and Posner, G.J. (1985). A Conceptual Change View of Learning and Understanding. In West, L.H.T. and Pines, A.L. (Eds.). Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change. London: Academic Press. Striley, J. (1988). Physics for the Rest of Us. Educational Researcher, August/September :7-10. 186 Sutton, C. and West, L. (1982). Investigating Children's Existing Ideas About Science - A Research Seminar. Leicester University, U.K. Tabor, D. (1979). Gases, Liquids and Solids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Tobias, S. (1986). Peer Perspectives on the Teaching of Science. Change, March/April:36-41. UNESCO (1966). A Survey of the Teaching of Physics at Universities. Netherlands: UNESCO Press. Van Harlingen, D. (1985). Getting the Most from Physics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Van Zee, E., Evans J., Greenberg, D. and McDermott, L. (1982). Student Conceptual Difficulty with Current Electricity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physics Teachers, San Francisco. Viennot, L. (1979). Spontaneous Reasoning in Elementary Dynamics. European Journal of Science Education, 7:205-221. Villani, A. and Pacca, J.L.A. (1987). Students' Spontaneous Ideas About the Speed of Light. International Journal of Science Education, 9(1 ):55-66. Walker, J. (1975). The Flying Circus of Physics. New York: John Wiley. Wandersee, J.H. (1983). Students' Misconceptions About Photosynthesis: A Cross-age Study. In Helm, H. and Novak, J. (Eds.). Proceedings of the International Seminar on Misconceptions in Science and Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, June, 1983. Warren, J.W. (1965). The Teaching of Physics. Butterworths: London. Warren, J.W. (1983). Energy and its Carriers: Critical Analysis. Physics Education, 7S(5):209-212. Warren, J.W. (1986). At What Stage Should Energy be Taught. Physics Education, 27(3):154-156. Warren, J.W. (1988). Private Correspondence. Department of Physics, Brunei University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom. Watts, D.M. (1983). Some Alternative Views of Energy. Physics Education, 7S(5J:213-217. Weber, M. (1949). The Methodology of the Social Sciences. New York: The Free Press. 187 West, L.H.T. and Pines, A.L. (Eds.). (1985). Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change. London: Academic Press. Weidner, R. (1985). Physics. New York: Allyn & Bacon. White, R.T. (1987). The Future of Research on Cognitive Structure and Conceptual Change. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Washington, D.C, April, 1987. APPENDIX I: A Concept Map of Sound 1 8 8 189 APPENDIX II A SAMPLE OF A COMPLETE INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT CONTEXT: INTRODUCTION In the preamble, to allow the student to relax, he discussed how many times he had vividly experienced sound shock waves at air shows. CONTEXT: OWN EXAMPLE I: Could you explain to me, using whatever you feel comfortable with, how sound propagates: could you give me a conceptual understanding of the mechanism involved? S: Well, the most basic theory that I could talk about is, um, going for an example where you can actually see a speaker or, um, even a voice, a voice diaphragm — But, um, basically what it has to do with is, um, I was going to say a wave but that brings in a lot of other connotations. Um, but that's probably the best: a force of air changing that causes a reaction on your ear drum that you can turn into something. You know, whether it is the drop of a pin causing this noise to reach your ear, this little thing which travels through the air, um, or a voice talking to you vibrating a small diaphragm in your ear which then you can recognize as speech. Any sort of disturbance in air: you need something to propagate this little thing we call sound; whether its dropping a book, talking to someone, turning on your stereo: it all creates a disturbance or a shock to this air around it [the ear] that moves through, then you can proceed with your ear. I: Could you try and clarify a little more for me how this "disturbance" - how it actually reaches my ear? Suppose you are talking over there, or drop a book. Could you explain the mechanism: give me a model of what is happening? S: The best model, if you recognize that air like anything else is made up of tiny particles of things we like to call molecules, then — At a simpler level just consider a row of beads sitting on the table. And you tap a bead at one end and you knock the beads all the way along, and at the other end [of the beads] you have your finger and you can feel the tap. That would be analogous to a book dropping and creating the motion of all these smaller things in the air we call molecules which act the same as the beads and move this disturbance around until your finger at the other end can feel it — in this case with the ear at the other end that is feeling it. CONTEXT: BURST BALLOON I: Okay. I am going to try something — [sound of balloon being blown up and then burst] — Okay, I gave you a loud bang there. Could I ask you to explore your explanation a little further for me? Again — what happened between the balloon and your ear. I am not really — I don't want you to go into the intricacies of how the ear works but I am interested in how the sound travelled, or how it was formed initially, and how it travelled to your ear. 190 S: Okay. With the balloon you created a disturbance just like all other sound waves are disturbances, um, in the case of the balloon you are allowing, you put all this air into a pocket and very dramatically, all of a sudden, let it out. That caused a very large disturbance and therefore a very loud noise. So, um, going back to the bead example instead of tapping it with your finger you take a hammer and hit the end of these rows of beads and they all knock into each other and instead of it just tapping your finger at the other end or with the balloon just making a small noise at your ear all of a sudden it hits you fairly hard just like the balloon hit your eardrum fairly dramatically. If you had it close enough it would actually get to the point where it hurt because this disturbance is close enough to your ear that it hits it. The air, the motion of the air hits your ear at such a rate that it hurts. I: I am just er, I would like you to try and clarify a little more for me how this operation — Okay, I can see your analogy with the beads. Could you try and give me a clearer picture in terms of the molecules: what would they be doing? S: Okay. Well in the air you have a group of molecules that act very much as the beads — they are not visible to you but when you create a disturbance with a balloon or a book, um it moves the air around it, you know, and the air being molecules it moves those molecules, those molecules hit other molecules just like one bead hits another. In that way it is like a chain reaction, one hits another hits another. Then, slowly the sound will propagate towards you as those molecules collide with each other — just like the string of beads collide with each other. I: Before I popped the balloon what was happening: what was going on with those molecules? S: They were moving around in a relatively random fashion, um none of these things are totally stagnant. So they were moving in some sort of random fashion and when you popped the balloon you forced them to move in one particular direction so the basic there is instead of having a stationary bead you have a bead that is sort of moving around a bit but you hit it hard enough and you hit enough of them — instead of having one bead you have about twenty in a circle and you hit all, enough of them so the sound starts moving out from there. I: Could you go step by step? I can see quite clearly what you said: you have the circle [indicating a circle with my hands] — what happens to those molecules? [indicating to an area outside the imaginary circle referred to earlier]. S: They are moving around in a relatively random fashion and then you cause a disturbance and force them to move -- the disturbance forces them to move away from wherever that disturbance happened. Like they will move away from where the balloon exploded. They run into the ones that are nearest to them and then those hit others and it [the sound] slowly moves further and further away. I: Okay what happens after they hit the ones nearest to them? S: Well, the molecules will ricochet to a certain extent. They will hit each other and change direction, um, and sort of, the initial bang will hit more and more molecules and as it does that, it ah ~ the initial speed of the first molecules it hit slow down as it goes further and the sound starts to fade because it goes over a 191 larger area and slower. Eventually the whole thing just dies out and then they go back to their sort of random motion. CONTEXT: TUNING FORK I: Have a look at these things [sounds of tuning forks being placed on the table]. Have you ever played with these? S: Oh — [sound of student tapping tuning fork]. I: In class? S: No actually I can't remember specifically -- [more sounds as student investigates the pile of tuning forks given to him]. I: Interesting — just sitting here I noticed a change as you turned the tuning fork. Are you hearing the same thing [phenomenon]? S: Yup. I: Do you have any ideas on that? [sound of several tuning forks as student investigates the phenomenon]. Near your ear the effect is quite dramatic [more sounds of tuning forks]. S: Because the — what's creating the disturbance is the vibration of the bar [referring to a tuning fork leg]. It is moving in this direction [parallel to plane of fork] so the main sound, the main disturbance, is running in those directions. So if you could put your ear fairly close somewhere in here — I: To the gap [between the tuning fork's arms]? S: Yea — you probably wouldn't notice any perceivable sound because it hits what is called a ... it hits what is called a node — [pause] — but I wouldn't — if I was telling a high school student that I wouldn't like to talk about nodes. I: Does that mean — are you describing a sort of one dimensional sound? S: Yea, well actually its sort of two dimensional. The main sound is in the plane that includes the forks. The sound propagates in all directions but because the sound is strongest in that one plane, that is where you will hear it most: it will fade least if you go in either direction from the fork. I: Okay, could you explain how the sound propagates from the fork to my ear? S: Well, you are vibrating the arms of the fork, and its moving the molecules nearer, and its generally hitting ones that are in line with the sides of the fork, but it is also hitting a lot of others. So the sound moves out in all directions from the side of the fork. So the very small movement of the fork where — with the longer one for example you can actually see the vibration happen [referring to a lower frequency tuning fork he had picked up]. With some of the short ones you can't see it so well [referring to higher frequency tuning forks that he picked up]. It is very small, you can feel it if you put your finger on it. That's enough to 192 move the air molecules around the fork and create that thing we call a sound wave. I: Okay I would like to focus ~ when you say "move" could you give me, again, a description of what is happening there. S: Okay. The fork is moving, the arm, if you want to exaggerate it, is moving back and forth in the air and naturally the air starts out being all around it. When it moves one way it has to force the air that on one side of it away from it. Naturally the air occupies the space that it left. When it [the arm of the tuning fork] goes back the other way the exact same thing happens. So you start pushing the air back and forth as the fork vibrates. Now, if we were to have just one vibration it would just push: that was a book example where you have one distinct bang because it moves the air once a certain amount and then it fades: with this [referring to a tuning fork] although it fades a bit because the forks slow down, you can hear an almost continuous sound because it keeps going back and forth. It is almost like, your hand doesn't create sound when you are fanning your face but you can feel it. I: Why not? S: Well, if you move your hand fast enough [waving his hand with great gusto]. Basically the fact that this is metal [pointing to tuning fork] isn't anything special. If I could move my hand as fast as this thing [arm] of the fork you would hear the same sort of buzz. Um, you can feel the air hit your ear if you wave it [hand] by your ear. I: Okay. So, when you say you can feel the air hit your ear when you wave your hand near your ear — ? S: You can feel the air move into the ear cavity. You can hear, although it is not a distinct sound, you can hear something. It is the sound of your hand moving through the air although your hand isn't hitting anything besides the air. So therefore you must assume that I can do that [waves hand]. You don't hear anything from where you are at, but I am moving air. If I move fast enough all of a sudden I can hear something and that must be the fact that I am moving air with my hand. I: Okay. It intrigues me that I can do that [sound of light tapping on table] without moving very fast yet if I move my hand which is moving the air — Why when I move that air don't those molecules, as you were explaining to me earlier on, collide with other molecules and continue ~ ? S: Well, the table for example — the air doesn't have as many molecules whereas the table is what we call a solid. The air is a gas and you are hitting less molecules when you are doing this [waving hand] so you have to move your hand faster to hit — and when we talked about the sound falling off because it hits more and more, if you hit more to begin with the sound will be louder. So when I am hitting the table [hitting table with hand] I am hitting a lot of molecules at once, but when I go like that in the air [waving hand] I am not hitting very many, the density of the air. To follow that example you can even talk about different types of air. Um, an analogy I like to use when talking about this is: on a cold, well, you notice it if you are on Vancouver Island, cold, normally its foggy, but on cold mornings you can hear the fog horns because the cold air has more molecules in 193 it, it is more dense. So the sound travels further if there is a foghorn going on a day where it is less dense you may not hear it. Like on some days I can hear from my house the ferries leave when they blow their horns because the air is more dense and it gets all the way to me. I: What do you mean when the air is more dense — I can see you saying that's why but I am not really seeing the mechanism? S: If I took a plastic box and I dropped four beads into this box and rattled them around okay. That isn't very dense. Each marble — the number of times something hits one of the walls, say the top wall: I am rattling it back and forth: it doesn't hit that top wall very many times. So, if we were to extend that to the air around it instead of hitting the top wall of the box its hitting another molecule. Okay -- its going to fall off more rapidly because its not hitting other molecules as often. Now if I take it and drop twenty beads in it and rattle it around its hitting all the sides more often and for that reason you can even tell from the example which would make more noise: a plastic box with three beads in it or a plastic box with twenty beads in it, because the beads will make noise just like anything else would that is creating a disturbance. I: Just to make sure — when you are talking about more dense air what are you talking about? S: Well there is more, if I was to take that plastic box and put air in it instead of beads. When the air is more dense there are more molecules of air and when the air is less dense there are less molecules. If you could hear the molecules hitting against the side of the box — . I: Would they hitting now in my box? S: " Oh yea, because they were moving around in that random fashion, right. I: Would they be hitting each other? S: They would be hitting each other. I: Now to get a propagation of sound the molecules must — ? S: Must hit each other in a given direction. When there is no sound all of them are moving around randomly, right, when there is a sound all of a sudden they move to one side or in one direction very rapidly and that's what causes the sound. So what you would have to do is get all those molecules to move in one direction: that's what you do with the fork. I: Okay, when the fork is continuously going, let's listen [sound of tuning fork]: I can see your model of the molecules moving in one direction: do they keep on moving in one direction as long I am hearing the sound? S: Yes. I: If the sound continued for long enough could they reach me? S: Well, they are reaching you. 194 I: Okay, so that the molecules from here at the tuning fork reach my ear? [With that the interviewer strikes the tuning fork in his hand.] S: Yes — [long pause and sound of tuning fork] — because — they hit — not the same molecules but they hit others, hit others, hit others, otherwise you wouldn't be able to hear it. If they only got this far or if they hit a wall or something else that doesn't transmit sound you wouldn't be able to hear it because you would need those molecules [in the wall] moving to be able to hear it. I: The only thing that I still feel confused with in terms of what you told me: what is the difference between a single sound and a continuous sound? S: Well, with a continuous sound you have to be continually disturbing those molecules; the fork is continually moving back and forth and it keeps hitting the molecules back and forth. Now, if I was to just, say, do that [hitting table top with hand] I only — there is only one sound which emanates from that as opposed to if I could do it fast enough: if I kept tapping and I kept making the noise — The difference between [sound of single tap and then rapid tapping] which is basically what the fork is doing [sound of tuning fork] just keeps moving back and forth until it dies. I: The same molecules then that we are talking about: so, as long as there is a continuous sound then those molecules -- give up their random motion and take up some other motion? S: Yup — yea. I: How do they get their random motion back when the sound stops? S: Well, when the impetus or what ever disturbed it dies then they slowly — they slow down and start -- they collide with others and start loosing their energy of motion and they start dying off until they go back to the random motion. I: Do you like sound? [sound of equipment being moved around]. S: Yea [enthusiastically]. I: Did you ever teach it? S: I taught shock waves a lot because I taught flying. I: Oh yes, I remember you telling me. S: Um, the one thing that always — I had a friend who was a sound engineer and the one thing that he always pointed out to me when we were doing all this about electronics and all that sort of thing. The one thing that is still the most archaic thing in creating sound is the speaker. Um, it is basically been unchanged ever since they created the idea of transmitting sound. They've got these electronic and digital HiFi sets, but the idea of the speaker, you find, although it may be, you know, a little nicer and more refined, you know, the individual mechanics may be a little neater than the originals. The idea of that way of creating sound hasn't changed ever since they have been able to do it. Actually that's where I sort of started thinking, and he had ideas, you know, how? 195 It became more apparent that what you have to do to create sound is to move air, or move something that will eventually move the air to hit your ear. I: You fascinated me: thinking about the loudspeaker, how does the loudspeaker make the sound? S: Same way the fork does, it moves and vibrates the air, but instead of the fork [picking up tuning fork] like this, this will move [pointing to one prong of tuning fork] air in a certain way because there is not, um, it vibrates air in a certain way — it vibrates in a certain frequency. It would be analogous to me taking three or four of these [tuning forks] and tapping them at different times and you would here different sounds. If I was adept at it I could actually make a song out of it or, you know, music just like you would hear out of the speaker. The speaker can change the way it moves, and the frequency that it moves, where a fork can't, so it can create all those different frequencies that your ear can hear. I: How is it actually doing that? S: Well it is vibrating back and forth at a certain frequency just like these forks were vibrating at a certain frequency. The speaker because of the power or whatever you put into it, um, the electricity that is moving it back and forth, you can change the frequency of that and then the speaker will give out the different frequency. You can do this very quickly. I: How does — Okay I can see the speaker moving at a certain frequency, but how does that turn into sound? S: It hits [said very slowly and hesitantly] the molecules just like the fork does. SUBCONTEXT: WAVELENGTH PROBING SCENARIO (Part of Tuning Fork Context) I: That's intriguing I am just looking to see what we've got here [sound of tuning forks being moved around and tapped] — 440 — Well, let's have a look a this [interviewer picking out a 440Hz tuning fork from the selection of tuning forks lying on the table and striking it]. Its frequency is about 440Hz, any idea of the kind of wavelength which we are looking at here? S: [Takes tuning fork and strikes it], you would have, um — er — I: Would you need to calculate it? Ah, there is a way of calculating that but S: Yea, for myself probably. It's a fairly short, fairly small number. I: From what you have been telling me, from your explanation, there isn't a way that you could, um, give a guestimate of the wavelength? S: There probably is if I think about it long enough [continuously playing with the tuning fork in question] -- oh yea, I know [enthusiastically] the wavelength has to be the same as the — you see each time the fork moves back and forth it creates a new wave so the wavelength is equal to how far the fork moves. That is a very very small number. 196 I: Could you try and put something to it? S: What do you mean? A number? I: A number, a feeling for the size, lets work with this 440 [sound of tuning fork] S: Well, actually the wavelength is, you can't say for say for sure an accurate number because --I: Are we talking about mm, cm or metres? S: Um, the wavelength is of the order of less than millimetres, I would be tempted to say like hundreds of nanometres, four hundred nanometres. I: On all of these [pointing to other tuning forks], on this one as well [picking out the 128Hz tuning fork because the vibrating tongs are vividly visible] it is 128Hz. S: Now you are getting closer to, with that, you see, it becomes visible, so you know, you are getting closer to an order of millimetres then. It all depends on, you can only hear through a certain sound range. I: How would you respond to someone if they said to you, well — what is this? — 400. If they were saying that the wavelength was much longer how would you convince them in fact — ["S" interrupts]. S: Well, because you are creating a continuous sound which means a continuous wave. It is created out of the fork moving back and forth. So, every time the fork hits the same position it's got to be the same position, it's got to be creating like — all the way in and out again that's one whole wave. Every time it [tuning fork arm] goes in and out that's one wave so the distance it travels has to be one wavelength. You know, because with this example you really can't see it [striking the 440Hz fork] moving although you can feel see it moving. Um, it is definitely of the order of less than a millimetre. With this one [picking up and striking the 128Hz fork] you can almost see it moving depending on how hard you want to hit it [sound of tuning fork]. You can see the dimension we are dealing with. I: Can you remember how you would calculate that? S: Um, the equation for it? I: Yes. S: Well, the reason I say its variable is because it depends on the speed of sound in air. I: Suppose we took the speed of sound to be 300m/s. S: Okay, we know the frequency so — [talking to himself "seconds"] I tend to do it; I calculate all my formulas by looking at units. I know, I know, what you want to find is the wavelength and you've got the speed of the wave, because the 197 sound travels through at that speed, and the frequency of the wave. So if its going at 300, what did you say? I: 300m/s — that's an approximation actually it's closer to 330m/s but 300 is good enough. S: 300m/s and its 440Hz? I: Oh, use 400Hz. S: Okay, 400 cycles per second. So we want to get something that is going to be in metres, we divide the one by the other which means we divide 300m/s by 400, um, cycles/s, and we get so many metres per cycle which means — one cycle is a wavelength so, so many metres per cycle would be the wavelength. So we are looking at something like 0.75; three-quarters of a metre. I: That seems inconsistent with what you were telling me earlier, three-quarters of a metre is about that long [indicating with hands]. How would you account for that? S: I can't. I: Does it worry you. S: Yea. I still hold by my original conceptional idea that the wavelength has to be of the order of the motion of the fork. I: Which would you prefer to go by, the formula or your — S: I would trust my physical intuition. I: So if they gave that to you in an exam: "Given that the speed of sound in air is 300m/s calculate the wavelength produced by a 400Hz tuning fork": what answer would you give? S: I would have to put 0.75m if that's the way the numbers come out. I: How would you feel about it? S: If I assume that is the speed of sound, I have to assume because that is the given, and I know the frequency because that is a given, then the length also has to come. I: Okay, I will look up the exact speed of sound for you [looking up in physics text]. In fact it depends upon several factors — okay, here they give it as 330. So given that we haven't given you any incorrect information and you have calculated this 3/4 metre, how do you feel about you writing that down in an examination, yet you feel quite confident within yourself that it is closer to millimetres? What does that do to you? S: Well, at that point, looking at the magnitude of the numbers it makes sense that it's almost of the magnitude of a metre. So then I have to look at the way that I was analysing the motion of air around the fork because that's where I must 198 have made the mistake. At that point, once I have looked at that and say gone over it a couple of times, that this is the way it has to be. I: Which is the way it has to be? S: Well, I would have to, you know, upon investigation I would have to default and say I know I'm, I'm within a small error — I know that that is the speed of sound [referring to the 330m/s provided by the physics text] and since these [tuning forks] are calibrated to give a certain frequency, then, I must, again within a small error, then my error must be in my gut-reaction to how the wave is created at the fork. That is a gut-reaction, that is not a fact, it is my way of looking at it. Then I would have to amend my — I: Would you like to try to amend your way of looking at it or — ? S: Well, at this time I am sort of ~ [long hesitation] — I: I don't want to put you on the spot, we can leave it and maybe come back to it later. S: Yea, Yea. I, you know, I still, when I think of the way waves are supposed to propagate, all I know about waves that intuitively make sense to me, the peak of each sound wave being with the motion of each fork, and the fork definitely doesn't move that far. CONTEXT: TUTOR/TEXTBOOK I: Okay, let's move on to something else. This is a new physics book — I want you to imagine for a moment that I am an undergraduate student and I know that you are in education and are going to become a teacher. I have a bit of a problem. I want you to explain something to me. [Showing an illustration given in the text] they say that the top, (a), is a sinusoidal longitudinal wave and, (b), that's a corresponding wave shape with displacement from equilibrium plotted as a function of distance. I can't make sense of these. Do you want to have a look at it for a moment and then try and — S: Well, um, these are, the model they are trying to show is little springs in between certain points along a wave. What's happening is if we look at any point along wave, take one that's moving. If you have a whole bunch of springs inter connected, okay, and you start to push the spring at one point that, that — you compress the spring, it will take that compression and then push the next spring along. So, what happens is you get a compression and then an expansion, right, on an individual spring and the next one will do the same and the next one will do the same. Buy that so far? I: Yes, okay. S: Now if we consider — I: I can even get you a spring if that will help. S: Slinkies are great things. I did this in my high school physics classroom: slinky. I am going to move one end [sound of moving slinky on table top]. I force 199 the spring in, so, if I take a look at where, if I take a look at say this ring [of the slinky] right here. Okay, I push it like that [creating a small pulse] it moves that way, this individual spring moves there and back, and if I kept moving it, it would keep moving forward and back [talking while demonstrating]. So, if all of a sudden I decide: this is sort of hard to keep track of where this particular ring is moving: I am going to say I'm going to make marks on the table [to correspond to the dots in Figure (a)] and say at, um, any given point I'm going to measure, I'm going to take a look which direction this is moving [pointing to the 2nd dot in Figure (a)]. Okay, if it's [a ring of the slinky] moving this way I'm going to draw an arrow up [pointing to Figure (b)] if its moving backwards I'm going to draw an arrow down because we are assuming that we are counting from zero here [first dot in Figure (a)] to some number out there. So that's positive, in the direction of positive, and this is in the direction of negative [+ve toward right on graphs and v.v.] and then we look at how fast it's moving we know how how long to draw that [pointing to upward perpendicular arrows in Figure (b)], how high up to put it. [Sound of slinky moving on table] because when I do that I don't, it's [slinky] not all moving at the same speed it speeds up and it speeds down [sound of slinky moving on table]. I: [Pointing to the first displacement maximum in Figure (b)] so the molecule in the centre there is moving the fastest? S: [Nods affirmative.] I: How do they get that from here [pointing to Figure (a)]? S: Well, the same sort of way we did, looking at any point along here [indicating a position in Figure (a)]. I: Alright, let's take that point there, the first point [Figure (a)]. S: Okay, you see — I: Sorry, I guess this point is stationary, let's go to the second point. S: Second point, okay. Its moving this way [to the right], okay, but it is slowing down because the whole thing is starting to bunch up here [pointing to the section labelled 'Rarefaction' in Figure (a) and then demonstrates using the slinky on the table top]. It's like if I held it right here [about 20cm down stretched out slinky] and started to force every thing that way [pushing the stretched out portion of the slinky towards the section that was held stationary]. It would slow down because the spring would get all cluttered together so this one has not yet reached it's full speed, this one is at full speed; this point, at the next point it's starting to slow down again because its starting to bunch up and this one right here is stationary [looking at four consecutive dots, after the first, in Figure (a)] because it's the point, you see down here [Figure (b) - second node], where the spring stops before it comes back [moves slinky down and up on table top]. I: I can see that but how did they plot that from there to there? [indicating consecutive dots in Figure (a) to consecutive dots in Figure (b)]. S: Well I wouldn't um --200 I: Well how did they take that [Fig. (a)] and get to that [Fig. (b)] - could you give me a neat explanation: remember I am just an undergraduate: how are they getting from figures (a) to (b)? S: Okay, if we take -- [interview inadvertently briefly interrupted.] I: Let's just see if I have your explanation correct. You told me that these arrows represent the speed which the molecules are travelling [Fig. (b) -perpendicular arrows], and there its zero [first node in Fig. (b)], and there it starts to get faster, fastest at the maximum, and then it starts to slow down again, right? S: Aha. I: And then [pointing to the first section of Fig. (b)] where the sinusoidal graph goes below the axis and — [sounding extremely hesitant] which way, er — S: They start moving in the opposite direction. I: Starts going backwards, goes slowly and then faster and faster and then stops? [pointing to third node in Fig. (b)]. S: Yup. I: Now how are they using this [Fig. (a)] to get to this [Fig. (b)]? S: Okay, well first of all this [Fig. (a)] isn't all of this [Fig. (b)]. I: Okay. S: Okay, the easiest thing to know is that we notice that it stops there, there, and there [nodes in Fig. (b)] which correspond to, on this graph, we know it stopped there, there, and there [Fig. (a), beginning, middle, and end]. So, we just take this first part right here [Fig. (a)] — we notice that all, the whole spring is moving to the right over that section. I: Okay, the first three dots [Fig. (a)], right? S: Right. So, that means that it is moving in a positive fashion, so, then the arrows are pointing up in the positive. Okay, because of the stopping here [forth dot Fig. a] the fact, this is slow because, well, lets move, this is slow because it is clustering up here [Fig (a), fourth dot onward]. The fastest point is midway between the two stops, okay, because that's where it has the most speed. Here it is being slowed down because the spring is starting to go as far as it can and here it is being slowed down because the spring is being contracted as much as it can [rarefaction and compression respectively in Fig. (a)]. If we take a look at the next frame — I: Even though they don't line up with each other? [dots in Fig. (a) and arrows in Fig. (b)]. S: No, this um — I: I mean the stationary points line up with each other? ["S" and "I" re examine the two Figures using a ruler to look for correspondence to plotted points 201 in each Figure. Only the node points in Fig. (b) line up/correspond to dots above in Fig. (a)] S: Their idea of straight isn't quite, isn't quite — in here [Fig. (b)] this distance in between these two arrows [consecutive] is the distance — you know our initial distance is like you are measuring this spring and this spring [Fig. (a): spring elements between the first two dots and second and third dots respectively] but the reason, so, and we are marking them, you know — so what happens is when the motion moves through — these two dots that we are measuring [first two in Fig. (a)] move further apart and closer together. So on this graph [Fig. (a)] these two dots are really far apart and these two dots are really close together. I: What would this represent, the — ? [Pointing to Fig. (a) directly above the first node in Fig. (b)]. S: That's where one of them is stopped. That is this point right here [pointing to node directly below in Fig. (b)]. I: Okay, and if you were looking in terms of a compression and rarefaction: what would this point represent? S: Um, how do you — ["S" appears very uncomfortable with these terms]. I: Would this be where it is all bunched up together or where they are very far apart? S: This, this, well, if we look at — this is where they're at a — on one side it's, everything to the left is really far apart and everything on the right is starting to bunch up. Okay, so it's, it's sort of the halfway point between where it's starting to bunch up and where its really — I: So where it's maximally bunched up you have a zero? S: Yup. I: Okay, here where it is pulled apart as fas as possible you also have a zero? S: Okay, that's the difference between condensing: where it's coming together: and, um, where it's going apart. There are two different types of zero, see, here we notice it's hitting a zero [corresponding to first node in Fig. (b]), and we consider it moving to the right as a progression and it's starting to go backwards. Here [corresponding to second node in Fig. (b)], it's hitting a zero and starting to go forwards. So the entire cycle does not just include two of these its actually three of these [Fig. (b): antinodes]. So a whole wave of this would be all of that [Fig. (b): indicating that the wave length is incorrect and should be extended] and that would include, um, a whole cycle. I: If this [Fig. (a]) is a longitudinal wave, why — what would be the object of drawing it in this sinusoidal form? S: Because longitudinal waves are hard to conceptually understand what is happening in any given point: you can't really instantaneously measure how fast any one of these points is moving, but if we draw it like this [Fig. (b)] and we 202 assume, and we get the sinusoidal form then we don't have -- I could erase all these dots [Fig. (a)] and just treat it as a continuous spring. I: Would we have areas of high and low pressure? S: Yea. I: Okay, lets look at Figure (b) where would the high pressure be and where would the low pressure be? S: Okay, well, the — like we talked about this point [Fig. (b): second node] is where they are all coming together, where, this is where your condensation is happening, so, um, the spring at this point is moving in the negative direction, in fact this way, the spring at this point is moving in the positive direction, this way. So at that point the node is zero with both ends coming towards it. So it would be the same as if I hold this [demonstrating with slinky on table top] and started to squeeze both sides in together that's a high pressure point. Now if we look at the next one here [point in Fig. (a) corresponding to third node in Fig. (b)] we notice that the particle to the left of it is moving away from it and the particle to the right is moving away from it so we are going to have, you are stretching it out. I: I am just thinking ~ high pressure would mean a large force wouldn't it? S: How do you mean? I: How would you explain pressure? What would pressure be? S: Um, good question — I: I was just wondering -- if that's a very high pressure yet it's stationary, and here it is a very low pressure, from what you were telling me, and yet it's moving its fastest. S: That's the difference between velocity and force, well velocity and pressure. Just because it's moving fast it doesn't mean, um, it has any pressure or a specific pressure. You know, if we have two things moving together at high speeds then you would assume at the centre, because you are bringing this all together, then at the centre you are going to get a lot of pressure. When two things are moving apart at a very rapid rate of speed then you would assume in the centre you are going to have a very low pressure because you are stretching it out so it's like [demonstrates using the slinky]. So the speed doesn't mean, because it's fast, I could do the same thing very slowly, I could start moving this out very very slowly [demonstrates using slinky] and start pulling it out — I am still getting a low pressure because I am moving it slowly and the same thing, push it back together, I am getting a higher pressure even though I am moving it slowly. So the speed really doesn't have anything to do with it, as far as how much pressure you get, it's whether it's converging or whether it's diverging. I: In terms of — with sound -- I guess we are talking about the speed of molecules? S: Yup. 203 I: Okay, so when would that — suppose I tap the table [sound of tapping] or I clap my hands [sound of clapping] continuously or we have this [sound of tuning fork]. When would the molecule be at it's maximum [pressure] and when would it be at it's minimum, in terms of the model which you described earlier? S: Okay, well its like if we attach a spring to this fork moving back and forth. I: I can see with the spring, lets just try and think of the air. S: Okay, this fork is moving the air back and forth, just like the spring. So it would be at a maximum at a point where it's moving towards the air — towards compressing — in the direction, well depends [on] where you are listening. Say we are over here, when it moved towards us then the air is compressing we get a high pressure, moving towards whatever is receiving it. When it moves back — I: Why does it move back? S: Why does the fork move back? I: No, you have this molecule — why does it go back? S: Understand that it's the fork moves back and forth, right. I: So if the fork only went in one direction the molecules would only move in one direction? ["S" superimposes his voice over "I's" - "The molecules only move in one direction"] S Yea. I: So, when you do that [sound of hand slapping table top], do that [sound of a clap], you only have molecules moving in one direction? S: Well, it's not going back and forth, saying it only goes in one direction is a bit of a misnomer. I: Well, what is it doing? S: Because, like I could, you could be standing over there, over there, anywhere around me: when I do that [sound of clap] you will hear it because it will move in all directions around my hand but the individual molecules are moving outwards -- they are not vibrating back and forth. I: And then what would? -- they are moving outward — would there be a vacuum there afterwards? What would happen? S: Well, you move them and they would hit each other and start to move out and then it moves out; if you could sort of picture it, a sphere around where the sound is coming then they just bump into each other and move further and further out. The individual molecules don't keep going in that direction they just bump into one next to them, bump into the one next to them, bump into the one next to them. I: Well, after they have bumped then what do they do? S: They just sort of start doing a fading back to random motion. 204 I: How's your time doing? I've got a couple of other things which I wanted to show you. S: No I'm fine --I: — You may find this interesting — you are going to enjoy teaching I can see that! S: Yea. CONTEXT: SOUND TUBE EXPERIMENT [Small talk as equipment is set up]. I: Okay, I am going to do something different with you. This is a tube and I have a little candle sitting at one end of it ~ I am just going to light it. This time I am going to ask you to ask the question as well as give the answers: what question should I be asking? S: Okay. I: Have a look, I am just going to clap here [at opposite end of tube to candle — sound of clapping — candle flame is extinguished]. What happened; would you like to ask the question and then give me the answer. S: "Why did the candle go out?" would be the question. I: Okay. S: Okay, and what happens is: the sound disturbance that you created, the moving the air we talked about before, at that end [end of tube where clapping took place], because you have this tube here the, we said sound moves in all directions, I could hear it here without having my ear at the end of the tube, but you are constricting the air that you are moving down here [referring to the tube]. It all has to move in one direction and at the end here [of tube] you constrict it even further: you make it move over a smaller area: so it finally comes out here [end of tube closest to candle] moving, its just like blowing out a candle when you just do it with your mouth, just snuff it out. I: So if I filled this [the tube] up with smoke and did it then — what would it look like? Would I get a puff of smoke coming out the end? S: Yes. If you could put a coloured gas in here [the tube], something that you could see. You would see it clear at this end [end of tube where clapping took place] where the air moves in and you would see a little bit of the coloured gas come out at this end. I: Okay. S: There is no vacuum here [end of tube where clapping took place] because air from the outside comes in and it just moves it down and eventually moves out this end. I: If I put this [the tube] at an angle do you think I could get it to keep going? 205 S: How do you mean keep going? I: I have this air moving down the pipe, what stops it from carrying on? S: Well, you give it the initial impetus when you clap, right. That moves it once, and then it moves down. What we would normally consider as the sound dying out at that end — it would move down eventually in this direction [towards the other end of tube where candle was placed]. So when the initial push at that end stops everything goes back to normal, how ever it was before you clapped your hand. So there is nothing to keep the air going. I: Let's go back and look at our molecules, what were the molecules doing before I clapped my hand there. S: They were moving in a random fashion. I: Okay, then I clapped my hand? S: You force some of them to move in the direction down the pipe — I: Which then -- ? S: Hit others down the pipe and then they are a giant bumper car type process right down to the end, they come out and just keep going. I: Okay, what happens to the ones which come out the end? Okay, they blew out the candle and then what happened? S: Okay, they just keep ~ they collide with others and start dying out this time at this side. I: And eventually — ? S: The motion stops, they hit so many that it dies out. I: This always fascinates me. S: Oh it's a cute experiment. CONTEXT: COMPARE AND CONTRAST LIGHT AND SOUND I: Um, I am just wondering if you can try and think back to your physics now, and what you were telling me a little bit earlier on. If I look at the equations for sound - can you ever remember doing equations of sound and writing them down? S: Did do wave equations — I: Yea, okay -S: In so far as you talked about sound as waves, you talk about frequency and amplitude and wavelength. 206 I: Did you ever talk about sound not being a wave? S: [Large sigh] That's a good question. I can't ever remember talking about it not being a wave, personally. I: It doesn't -- ["S" interrupts]. S: I personally — I am the sort of person that says "never", um — I: Okay, what do you believe within yourself? S: I believe that sound is a wave. I: Okay, I am not trying to corner you into anything. S: But it's an interesting train of thought if I go back to what I said before about sound engineers trying to create something better than a speaker to transmit sound. If you view sound as something other than a wave then you should be able to transmit it some other way than they are, and that's an argument that I got into with my friend that was the sound engineer then — because he didn't have a strong physics background and I was a young and impressionable physicist at that point that was going to swear up and down that sound was a wave. I: Okay. Those wave equations, were did they come from?: how was the sound wave equation derived? S: I can't remember ever covering exactly how it was derived — I, you know, deriving general wave equations, um — I: Principles upon which it was derived? S: Well, um, the way I remember learning it is talking about the spring model of sound. Then you talk about moving back and forth and a sort of pseudo spring constant with his imaginary spring we see. We talked about deriving the equation like that [sounding very hesitant]. I: It appeared to me when I was looking through this physics book, if you look at the wave equations for light and for sound they look identical except for maybe variables. S: Hm, they are. I: How do you account for that? Are they same kind of thing? S: Um, they are not really the same kind of thing but all waves, anything that you want to describe as a wave or that moves as a wave you can describe using the same sort of equation. The only, you know, you can talk about sound waves, light waves, um, even ocean waves -- they have an amplitude, a speed, and a wavelength. You can describe any wave to that extent, so, if, to that point, yes, they are the same sort of thing with the exception that light moves a lot faster than sound, so that is your main difference. I: You started off saying — [pause] — If there was no air could we have sound? 207 S: No. I: If there was no air could we have light? S: Yes. I: You seem very firm about that, but the equations look the same? S: Okay, when talking about sound, sound needs to propagate, you are moving something, okay. The idea of light is, light is moving as a wave sure enough but it has little photons in it that are carrying this light energy and so it is sort of the difference between, um, you know — trying to think of a good comparison. What comes to mind is the thing between, you can spin a rock, well it's not a good example. Throw a rock through a vacuum and you have no problem, you know, this little, it's like a photon going through a vacuum, it has no problem. Now, if you don't have that rock or whatever to actually throw through it and you are relying on what's in between here and there to, um, to move it along and there is nothing there, there is no way it's going to get it through. That still doesn't make any sense but — [sounding perplexed "S" takes this no further]. I: One person that I spoke to previously said that to him, in physics, light and sound were the same thing because the equations were the same, yet in his everyday life he thought that they were separate — ["S" interrupts]. S: Well, you know, any wave can be described by a unique set of equations that are very much similar because all waves act similarly and, but how, what you are talking about, sound and light, how they propagate and what they propagate like, um — For example, light will propagate through a vacuum where sound won't, sound will propagate through solid objects where light won't, like if I hit that wall with a sledge-hammer you could stand on the other side and hear it, but if I took a flashlight up to that wall you would not see the flashlight on the other side, unless we had a very thin wall. So, those waves, because they are waves and they act, you know they are governed by the same equations, they will propagate differently through different things. Sound will propagate through certain things light won't and light will propagate through certain things sound won't. I: Do you think that you could apply the same laws such as reflection, refraction, diffraction? S: Um, yea. You would have then have to consider what you are reflecting and refracting through, um, you know you tend to want shine a light on mirrors and that will work. Um, I know the other thing that I was talking about, I was trying to think of, about, that was waves: radio waves, microwaves they are all waves, um, and they will transmit through. I've got a scanner in my car and I can receive things that are at high frequencies, relatively well — Yea, true you can take light and shine it through, shine it against a mirror and it will reflect back. Um, you can take sound and it will bounce of walls and things; I wouldn't, you can't say that, you know, take light and bounce it of a mirror and take sound and bounce it off a mirror. You have to consider that they are travelling at different speeds and that they are different. Although they act the same and are governed by the same equations they have different, um, properties, depending on what you want to use: whether you want to use a mirror, which is a shiny metal surface, a wall, a piece of glass. So you have to take that into account, but yes the refraction, reflection, all those laws should hold, yea. 208 CONTEXT: FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED OF SOUND I: Thank you for the eloquent explanations. I would like to ask you one more thing. Thinking about sound and something which you told me about earlier about the foghorns. Is the speed of sound constant? S: No. I: And light? Is the speed of light constant? S: No. I: They both aren't constant. Okay, lets look at sound for the moment. What would change the speed of, what factors affect the speed of sound? S: What it's moving through. I: How-why would that affect it? S: The density, like we talked about the density of the air. You can transmit sound through walls and the speed of sound through the wall will definitely be different to the speed of sound through air. It will move quicker through a more dense medium. I: Why would that be? S: Because there is more, the molecules don't have to travel so far to hit each other; so that they can react a lot faster. I: Suppose I heated up that media, would that have any effect? S: Well, if you, you know, like with air, yes, because when you heat it up it becomes less dense and it will not transmit as well. I don't know whether it would make a really appreciable, it should, you know, it should make the same sort of difference with the wall but it may not be as noticeable. Usually when you heat up a wall it becomes less dense which is sort of -- although it should, the molecules should move faster and that sort of thing. I: You mean when I heat it up the molecules are moving faster? S: Yea. I: And — that will that affect the speed of sound? Is that what you are telling me? S: Well, it would affect the density which would affect the speed. I: Okay, if it was hotter it would be — less dense? S: Well, again it depends which medium you are talking about, with air — sure. I: And so, if it was less dense it would travel -209 S: Slower. I: Because the molecules have further to go before they collide with other molecules? S: Yea. I: Okay, just, um, in terms off how we started off with, thinking back to your own experiences. Do you have, um, do you have any other, besides those shock waves, vivid experiences of sound? S: Probably, yea, um, getting rattled when things fall and I guess if I really want to think back that far, um, a lot of the first experiences you have — you hear before you see because a sound over there will drive your attention to it — whatever's happening — I can't really pin point anything other than that. I remember a lot of things falling and, you know, dropping on the floor, hammering, sawing. I: I suddenly thought about something you introduced a bit earlier: you spoke about amplitude. How would you define amplitude of a sound wave? What would the amplitude of a sound wave be? S: How sharp the -- how big — well, how loud the sound was. I: And, how would that relate -- what would be the difference in the propagation of a soft sound and a loud sound? S: Um, well if you want to talk about sound as compression of say a spring or hitting the molecules the initial push would be slower. I: Slower? S: Yea, and that would be quieter. I: Okay, and a very loud sound? S: Would have a very fast jolt, like the balloon. I: Okay, and the next push? So the molecules would be travelling much faster? S: Initially yea. I: Only initially? S: Well, the initial push would be a lot faster over the two and that would correspond to the speed of — of the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave that we would draw because the speeds would be higher and that would follow all the way through the wave. I: So, all the molecules would be moving, down the wave, down the line, that will be moving — ? S: Faster, and also they would go further. 210 I: Okay, so if I am twice as loud, any feeling on how much faster they might be moving? S: Um, has a square law relation. Well, if you want to talk, like if — there is a square in there because if I am sitting lm away from you, for me to be able to hear you just barely, and if I park myself twice as far, 2m away, sound drops off as a square so you would actually have to talk four times as loud to reach twice as far. I: Any idea why it would drop off with the square of the distance? S: Um -- [long pause] — just trying to think of the equations of the sound wave [softly, almost to himself] — not off the top of my head I can't. I: I know that I'm drawing it out now but just one last thing. We spoke about the tuning forks and the intuitive size of the wavelength. Did you resolve that in your mind at all? S: Yea, because we were talking about a compression wave versus, you know, the initial speed of that fork moving back and forth is actually the amplitude of the wave. Okay, if we drew it as as a sinusoidal wave it's the amplitude of the wave and the wavelength is not necessarily just the distance it moves back and forth. I: So this big fork [approx 120Hz: sound of fork] has a much larger amplitude than this one [approx 600Hz: sound of fork]? S: Um, No. I: Oh, I thought that -S: Depends on, see it depends how fast, not how far they [arms of tuning fork] are moving but how fast they are moving. So if I did that [picking up tuning fork and striking it softly] it would be moving back and forth very slowly, that has a very small amplitude, now if I did that [striking the fork viciously] it is moving back and forth faster and like we said with the amplitude it's louder. It's moving back and forth faster so the amplitude increased so it's louder. I: So what would you say that the amplitude of this wave is [sound of tuning fork]. S: On a relative scale you mean? I: Aha. S: Relatively large. I: Yea, but in millimetres, centimetres, metres? S: Well, um, I don't think that you can describe it that way because when you were plotting the amplitude you were talking about the speed verse distance. I: So, what would you measure the amplitude in, metres per second? S: Um, yea, something of that order. 211 I: Are you uncertain when you say something of that order? S: Well, for a fork, yes, you could measure in speed, it all depends on what sort of sound units you are going to use, but yea with a fork I would describe it in a velocity.
Cite
|
i don't know
|
The pseudo-Latin expression 'hax pax max Deus adimax' used in conjuring from the 1600s developed into what modern term referring to 'kidology' or nonsensical explanation?
|
hocus-pocus - definition of hocus-pocus in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of hocus-pocus in English:
hocus-pocus
noun
1Meaningless talk or activity, often designed to draw attention away from and disguise what is actually happening.
‘some people still view psychology as a lot of hocus-pocus’
More example sentences
‘His bill not only includes some $400 million a year in direct subsidies, but it also attempts to bamboozle us with linguistic hocus-pocus, simply defining away the industry's environmental ugliness.’
‘Yet while most mind-reading acts wrap their shows up in a cloak of hocus-pocus, Salem portrays his mind games as science.’
‘Without these other figures, the rest is hocus-pocus.’
‘And if the virtual world is broad, it obviously isn't broad enough to enable one to escape from this kind of corporate hocus-pocus.’
‘In the healing story that Mark tells, things are even more ordinary: a simple question, a brief response, no hocus-pocus.’
‘By the dawn of the Scientific Revolution, researchers equipped with microscopes founded modern chemistry - and dismissed alchemy as hocus-pocus.’
‘Of course, after all the reports of financial hocus-pocus, investors are understandably wary of earnings figures being put out by corporations.’
‘I like the simple, durable types that have manual controls - no electronic hocus-pocuses.’
‘He never offers specifics; it's all hocus-pocus.’
‘The operation behind the printing of those statements is a show of such technological hocus-pocus that it is distracting.’
‘No statistical hocus-pocus can hide this real-life, greed-induced assault on our country's middle class.’
‘But everything else in this ‘investigation’ is not much more than editorial hocus-pocus.’
‘As he puts it, ‘There is always a conundrum, a mystery and hocus-pocus in an established religion.’’
‘More evidence of religious hocus-pocus over substance?’
‘He recalled that his father suffered greatly because people misunderstood what he did for black magic or some other hocus-pocus.’
‘And no amount of organic industry hocus-pocus can make that truth disappear.’
‘For secrets on the technical hocus-pocus, go with the two production commentaries.’
Synonyms
|
Hocus Pocus
|
Who famously became leader of the vast and powerful US Teamsters trade union in 1957, imprisoned in 1967, missing in 1975, and declared dead in 1982?
|
Black and White: Words of the Month - Say the Magic Word
August 28, 2015
Words of the Month - Say the Magic Word
Today’s selection of words are magic: incantations that summon mysterious powers and set spells in motion. Nowadays they’re all considered rather childish and funny, but they come from a variety of original sources. And once again we have a lot of interesting etymological theories, with a lot of question marks to go with them.
hocus-pocus - Dating from the early seventeenth century as a magical formula used in conjuring, the word was apparently first a stage name used by “jugglers” or magicians. It may be a corruption of the sacramental blessing from Catholic Mass “Hoc est corpus…” Support for this theory comes from the equivalent phrases in other European languages, which also appear to be corruptions of elements of Catholic ritual. But it may derive instead from the pseudo-Latin phrase “Hax pax max Deus adimax,” also used as a magic formula. Or it may be from “Ochus Bochus,” a Norse magician and demon of folklore. Or perhaps it was just random nonsense, with the full phrase given in 1656 as “Hocus pocus, tontus talontus, vade celeriter jubeo.” In any case, it seems to have been made up by performers with no belief in actual magical powers.
mumbo-jumbo - First used in 1738 and alleged to be the name of an idol worshipped in Africa, the phrase may or may not come from the Mandingo name Maamajomboo described in the Encyclopaedia Britannica in 1803. By English speakers this phrase came to be used to mean “an object of senseless veneration or a meaningless ritual.” As a word in English, therefore, it was never intended to be taken seriously by magician or audience, and is indicative of magic that we assume to be false.
alakazam - Although first seen in variant forms (particularly alagazam) as early as 1881, it isn’t until 1902 that it appears as part of a magical incantation. (The full phrase, quoted in the Baltimore Sun, is “Alakazam Bazazza Ki! Hickory Dickory Dock. Omega Om Pi? O Donnerwetter hoch!” Not very convincing!) Its primary sense appears to have been simply to sound like a word “in an unspecified foreign language, with the intention of creating an air of exoticism and mystery.” It has been noted that it sounds like it could derive from the Arabic phrase al qasam meaning “oath,” which is very appealing, but has no substantiation. Most likely the Arabic sound of “ala” is simply due to the fact that there was quite a fashion at the time for “the mystical East.”
Open, sesame! - Speaking of the mystical East, this phrase comes, as you probably know, from the story of Ali Baba in the Arabian Nights. Its first appearance is in Antoine Galland’s Les Mille et une nuits from 1704-17, whence it was translated into English. Interestingly, Galland is the one who added the story when he first translated the story collection One Thousand and One Nights, so although he may have heard it from a storyteller in Syria, no earlier form of the story has been found. So, why sesame? Unknown, of course, but possibilities include a rare literary word in Arabic that’s the same sound as sesame (simsim in Arabic) but which means “gate.” Or a reduplication of the Hebrew sem meaning “name,"
thus being a kabbalistic reference to God. Or that certain Babylonian magic practices made use of sesame oil. Or who knows what. In any case, Ali Baba’s dim brother takes the meaning at face value and, when he can’t remember the password, guesses various other grains: “Open, barley! Open, chick-peas!” This would presumably be even funnier to the tale’s original audience if indeed there were some particular magical significance to the word sesame.
shazam - Apparently invented in 1940 by Bill Parker for the Captain Marvel comic series. Shazam was explained as an acronym of the first initials of various powerful figures: Solomon, Hercules, Atlas, Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury. In the comic its utterance turned our Ordinary Guy into our Hero, and it soon became used as an exclamation at a sudden and surprising change or occurrence.
presto - Going all the way back to the 1590s as part of conjuring patter, it comes from Italian for “quick, quickly.” Now it’s often used in combinations such as “Hey presto,” and “Presto-chango.” Interestingly, the same word was borrowed into English again as a musical notation, but not until about 1683.
abracadabra - I’ve saved the best for last, because this is the only one of our words with genuine magical powers. (Or at least, it was long believed to have power.) It’s also the oldest, dating all the way back to the third century CE in a book by the physician to the Roman emperor Caracalla. Doctor Serenus Sammonicus prescribed the word inscribed on an amulet to cure malaria and other lethal diseases. It may relate to other words of power such as abraxas, abrasax, and ablanathanalba, which were popularized by the Basilidian Gnostics in the second century CE. In any case, it was still in use in 1666 when some Londoners posted the word as an amulet on their doorways in an attempt to ward off the plague. And yet oh, how the mighty are fallen by 1982’s song by the Steve Miller Band, “Abra abracadabra. I wanna reach out and grab ya…”
[Pictures: Cassim trapped in the Thieves’ cave, illustration by Earle Goodenow from The Arabian Nights, 1946;
Captain Marvel, illustration by ?, 1940? (Image from the Mary Sue );
Abracadabra amulet form, (Image from Wikimedia Commons).]
Posted by
|
i don't know
|
What river in SW Europe rises in the Swiss Alps and flows over 500 miles through Lake Geneva, Lyons, to the Mediterranean west of Marseilles?
|
National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum: Thursday, April 14, 2016 — DT 27969
National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum
A forum for solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles published in the National Post
Thursday, April 14, 2016
Thursday, April 14, 2016 — DT 27969
Puzzle at a Glance
Puzzle Number in The Daily Telegraph
DT 27969
Publication Date in The Daily Telegraph
Thursday, November 26, 2015
Big Dave's Crossword Blog Review Written By
pommers
█ - incorrect prior to use of puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with assistance from puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by puzzle solving tools
█ - solved but without fully parsing the clue
█ - unsolved or incorrect prior to visiting Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by solutions from Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - reviewed by Falcon for Big Dave's Crossword Blog
█ - yet to be solved
Introduction
I would have finished today's puzzle much sooner had I not spent so much time cruising the wrong European river.
I invite you to leave a comment to let us know how you fared with the puzzle.
Notes on Today's Puzzle
This commentary is intended to serve as a supplement to the review of this puzzle found at Big Dave's Crossword Blog, to which a link is provided in the table above.
Primary indications (definitions) are marked with a solid underline in the clue; subsidiary indications (be they wordplay or other) are marked with a dashed underline in all-in-one (&lit.) clues, semi-all-in-one (semi-&lit.) clues and cryptic definitions. Explicit link words and phrases are enclosed in forward slashes (/link/) and implicit links are shown as double forward slashes (//). Definitions presented in blue text are for terms that appear frequently.
Across
1a Discharge // exploding so deep (6)
4a Grand // Canyon, American, split by Colorado's right bank (8)
More Than Just Scratching the Surface
The Grand Canyon [5] is a deep gorge in Arizona, formed by the Colorado River. It is about 440 km (277 miles) long, 8 to 24 km (5 to 15 miles) wide, and, in places, 1,800 m (6,000 ft) deep. The area was designated a national park in 1919.
9a That man is after the old lady's // pounds (6)
Mash [3] means to convert into a soft pulpy mass by pounding or crushing.
10a Perchance story will include // old relative (8)
12a European capital housing churchman's backed // eternally (8)
13a Issued digital record, keeping single // off (6)
What did he say?
In his review on Big Dave's Crossword Blog, pommers comments
I think this is a case of Thesuritis. In my thesaurus the word you need is not a synonym of issue nor vice versa but they do have synonyms in common
.
Maple sap collection bucket and tap.
I had no difficulty accepting "ran" as a synonym of "issued". Among its many meanings, run [10] can mean (of liquids) to flow, especially in a manner specified ⇒ (i)
water ran from the broken pipe
; (ii)
the well has run dry
; or apropos to the season here in Canada (iii)
the sap is running
.
However, Patski in the thread at Comment #37 on Big Dave's Crossword Blog thinks they are synonyms in a publishing context.
15a Choking /from/ lungs' atria not working (13)
Scratching the Surface
The surface reading is a bit of an anatomical absurdity in the real world but fair game in Crosswordland.
Atrium [5] (plural atria) is the name given to each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins of the body, the left atrium oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein. Also called auricle.
18a Inanely grinned at nudes losing sweetheart/'s/ sympathy (13)
hide explanation
22a Frank // Capra did this (6)
Frank Capra [5] (1897–1991) was an Italian-born American film director. He is known for comedies such as It Happened One Night (1934), Arsenic and Old Lace (1944), and It’s a Wonderful Life (1946). He won six Oscars.
24a Charge // headed over English wicket (8)
A wicket [5] (also wicket door or wicket gate) is a small door or gate, especially one beside or in a larger one.
By the way, wicket [5] in the sense of an opening in a door or wall, often fitted with glass or a grille and used for selling tickets or a similar purpose is a North American usage.
26a Single // ladies to split up (8)
This was one of my last ones in, stymied by having the wrong river at 23d.
Moreover, I find "split up" to be rather suspect as an anagram indicator. I would think that it merely denotes breaking the fodder into separate pieces but carries no connotation of reassembling the resulting pieces in a different order.
27a Character /of/ country house reportedly (6)
A manor [5] (also manor house) is a large country house with lands ⇒
a Tudor manor house in the English countryside
.
28a It delays travelling // round the clock (8)
29a Somewhat tedious or dull generating yawns initially (6)
This is a style of clue that frequently appears in RayT puzzles. You decide whether the word "initially" is part of the definition (making the clue an all-in-one) or, as pommers has shown, merely participates in the wordplay (making the clue a semi-all-in-one). I have chosen to show the former — just to be contrarian.
Down
Not all optics are 'of the eye'!
— pommers
Optic [5] is a British trademark for a device fastened to the neck of an inverted bottle for measuring out spirits.
8d Walk on edges of narrowest // grating (8)
11d Stone // fire support keeping cool back (7)
Having read the clue at 8d, the "fire support" here should have popped readily to mind.
14d Group // still to engage name tenor (7)
In music, t. [10] is the abbreviation for tenor.
As pointed out in the thread starting at Comment #4 at Big Dave's Crossword Blog, the parsing shown by pommers in his review is incorrect. The correct parsing is QUIET (still) containing (to engage) {N (name) + T (tenor)}. The T that is provided by "tenor" is the one in the interior of the solution rather than the one at the end as pommers has indicated in his hint.
Scratching the Surface
In the surface reading, a " name [5] tenor" would be a well-known tenor — one guaranteed to draw a large audience.
16d In driving rain edifice /is/ immovable (9)
17d Tabloid declines to carry right // cheap articles (8)
The Sun [7] is a daily tabloid newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland by a division of News UK, a wholly owned subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.
19d Queen in charge with powerful // King, say (7)
hide explanation
Richard [5] is the name of three kings of England:
Richard I (1157–1199), son of Henry II, reigned 1189–99; known as Richard Coeur de Lion or Richard the Lionheart. He led the Third Crusade, defeating Saladin at Arsuf (1191) but failing to capture Jerusalem. Returning home, he was held hostage by the Holy Roman emperor Henry VI until being released in 1194 on payment of a huge ransom.
Richard II (1367–1400), son of the Black Prince, reigned 1377–99. Following his minority, he executed or banished most of his former opponents. His confiscation of his uncle John of Gaunt’s estate on the latter’s death provoked Henry Bolingbroke’s return from exile to overthrow him.
Richard III (1452–1485), brother of Edward IV, reigned 1483-5. He served as Protector to his nephew Edward V, who, after two months, was declared illegitimate and subsequently disappeared. Richard’s brief rule ended at Bosworth Field, where he was defeated by Henry Tudor and killed.
20d Current performance, embracing former wife, /is/ not true (7)
21d Almost // new in the morning (6)
23d River's height regarding eastern // river (5)
Seizing upon in[1] having the meaning concerned or involved with, I arrived at a German river rather than a French one. This proved most unhelpful in my attempts to solve 26a.
The Rhône [5] is a river in southwestern Europe which rises in the Swiss Alps and flows 812 km (505 miles), through Lake Geneva into France, then to Lyons, Avignon, and the Mediterranean west of Marseilles, where it forms a wide delta that includes the Camargue.
The Rhine [5] is a river in western Europe which rises in the Swiss Alps and flows for 1,320 km (820 miles) to the North Sea. It forms the border between Germany and Switzerland in the south, then Germany and France, before flowing north through Germany and westwards through the Netherlands to empty into the North Sea near Rotterdam.
25d Performing animal /seen in/ impressive ring? (4)
A seal [10] is:
a device* impressed on a piece of wax, moist clay, etc, fixed to a letter, document, etc, as a mark of authentication; or
a stamp, ring, etc, engraved with a device* to form such an impression.
* A device [5] is an emblematic or heraldic design ⇒
their shields bear the device of the Blazing Sun
.
|
Rhône
|
The main purpose of a bowline knot is to produce a?
|
National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum: Tuesday, July 2, 2013 — DT 27148
National Post Cryptic Crossword Forum
A forum for solvers of cryptic crossword puzzles published in the National Post
Wednesday, July 3, 2013
Tuesday, July 2, 2013 — DT 27148
Puzzle at a Glance
Puzzle Number in The Daily Telegraph
DT 27148
Publication Date in The Daily Telegraph
Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Big Dave's Review Written By
scchua
█ - incorrect prior to use of puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with assistance from puzzle solving tools
█ - solved with aid of checking letters provided by puzzle solving tools
█ - unsolved or incorrect prior to visiting Big Dave's blog
█ - reviewed by Falcon for Big Dave's blog
Introduction
I was able to complete this puzzle without the use of electronic aids over the course of a couple of solving sessions.
Notes on Today's Puzzle
This commentary is intended to serve as a supplement to the review of this puzzle found at Big Dave's Crossword Blog, to which a link is provided in the table above.
Across
1a Unlucky recruiting right people being uncompromising (10)
Hard lines [10] (also hard cheese) is an informal British expression meaning bad luck.
6a Cliff's award for picture dismissing love (4)
A scar [5] is a steep high cliff or rock outcrop, especially of limestone ⇒
high limestone scars bordered the road
.
In tennis, squash, and some other sports, love [5] is a score of zero or nil ⇒
love fifteen
. The resemblance of a zero written as a numeral (0) to the letter O leads to the cryptic crossword convention of the word "love" being used to clue this letter.
9a Crime issue on unprotected barn (5)
10a Top of division after bad-tempered victory is a bit of a blow! (9)
12a Bother at home with the ladies? (13)
In Britain, the Ladies [5] is another name for a women’s public toilet. Convenience [3,4,11] is a chiefly British euphemism for a lavatory, especially a public one.
14a Give a bit, being generous (8)
15a A hundred per student flat, without a key? (6)
Ton [5] is British slang for a hundred, in particular a speed of 100 mph, a score of 100 or more, or a sum of £100 ⇒
he scored 102 not out, his third ton of the tour
.
The example relates to cricket where batsmen bat in pairs, one at either end of the pitch. The batting side (team) is out when ten of the eleven players have been dismissed as there are no longer enough players to form a pair. The remaining batsman is said to be "not out", although the batting side itself is out.
The cryptic crossword convention of L meaning learner or student arises from the L-plate [7], a square plate bearing a sans-serif letter L, for learner, which must be affixed to the front and back of a vehicle in various countries (including the UK) if its driver is a learner under instruction.
In the surface reading, the word flat [10] refers to what would be called an apartment on this side of the Atlantic. Brits reserve the word apartment [5] for a certain specific type of flat — typically one that is well appointed or used for holidays [seemingly either an upscale flat or one used for temporary occupancy].
17a Material that covers prime minister dismissing our Queen (6)
Margaret Thatcher [7] (1925 – 2013) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990. Ironically, she died on April 8, 2013 — two days before the appearance of this puzzle in the UK.
The ciphers (monograms) of British monarchs are initials formed from the Latin version of their first name followed by either Rex or Regina (Latin for king or queen, respectively). Thus the cipher of Queen Elizabeth is ER [5] — from the Latin Elizabetha Regina.
19a Unmentionable people like this with nameless sons (2-3-3)
21a Occasional story covering British elements in this (8,5)
24a Make a small hole in fish, causing sensation (9)
A ling [5] is any of a number of long-bodied edible marine fishes, in particular a large East Atlantic fish (Molva molva) related to the cod which is of commercial importance.
25a A second state test (5)
26a Grass forming part of meat-free diet (4)
27a Hippy girl's entertainment? (5,5)
Down
1d Fool's house with a cross (4)
2d Language expressed by American head of state in Iran, possibly (7)
3d Grandfather, for example, getting notice after extended lawsuit (8,5)
Longcase clock [5] is an alternative [and possibly British] term for a grandfather clock.
4d Identity given to famous person in prison? (8)
Nick [5] is British slang for (1) a prison ⇒
he’ll end up in the nick for the rest of his life
or (2) a police station ⇒
he was being fingerprinted in the nick
.
5d Some consider honesty a flower (5)
The setter uses "flower" in the whimsical cryptic crossword sense of 'somthing that flows' — in other words, a river.
The Rhône [5] is a river in SW Europe which rises in the Swiss Alps and flows 812 km (505 miles), through Lake Geneva into France, then to Lyons, Avignon, and the Mediterranean west of Marseilles, where it forms a wide delta that includes the Camargue.
7d Travel around Norway wearing feature hairstyle (7)
A chignon [5] is a knot or coil of hair arranged on the back of a woman’s head ⇒
her hair was drawn back from her face into a chignon
.
8d USSR-led Red revolutionary lacking direction (10)
11d One runs round the room avoiding pig, heading for door (8,5)
The British term for a wooden board running along the base of an interior wall is skirting or skirting board [5]. In North America, it would be called a baseboard [5].
13d Government report is pure nonsense on euro, oddly! (5,5)
In the UK, a government report giving information or proposals on an issue is known as a White Paper [5].
16d Country friend importing gold tower (8)
Or [5] is gold or yellow, as a heraldic tincture. In heraldry, a tincture [5] is any of the conventional colours (including the metals and stains, and often the furs) used in coats of arms.
Similar to 5d, the setter uses "tower" in the whimsical cryptic crossword sense of 'somthing that tows'.
18d Runs after first-class team boarding plane from here? (7)
Airside [10] is the part of an airport nearest the aircraft, the boundary of which is the security check, customs, passport control, etc.
20d Intervenes, seeing pace wrong (5,2)
22d Victim ideally revealing compound (5)
An imide [11] is a compound derived from ammonia by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by acidic groups.
23d Instrument played by storyteller on the radio (4)
Key to Reference Sources:
|
i don't know
|
Who, founder of the Mongol Empire, was the grandfather of the Mongol leader Kublai Khan (1215-94)?
|
Biography for Kids: Kublai Khan
Best known for: Founder of the Yuan Dynasty of China
Biography:
Early Life
Kublai was the grandson of the first great Mongol emperor Genghis Khan . His father was Tolui, the youngest of Genghis Khan's favorite four sons. Growing up, Kublai traveled with his family while his grandfather Genghis conquered China and the Muslim nations to the west. He learned to ride horses and shoot a bow and arrow. He lived in a round tent called a yurt.
A Young Leader
As the grandson of Genghis Khan, Kublai was given a small area of northern China to rule. Kublai was very interested in the culture of the Chinese. He studied the philosophies of Ancient China such as Confucianism and Buddhism.
When Kublai was in his thirties his older brother Mongke became Khan of the Mongol Empire. Mongke promoted Kublai to the ruler of Northern China. Kublai did a good job managing the large territory and a few years later his brother asked him to attack and conquer southern China and the Song Dynasty. While leading his army against the Song, Kublai found out that his brother Mongke had died. Kublai agreed to a peace treaty with the Song where the Song would pay him tribute each year and then returned back north.
Becoming the Great Khan
Both Kublai and his brother Ariq wanted to become the Great Khan. When Kublai returned to the north he found out that his brother had already laid claim to the title. Kublai didn't agree and a civil war broke out between the two brothers. They fought for nearly four years before Kublai's army finally won and he was crowned the Great Khan.
Conquering China
After gaining the crown, Kublai wanted to complete his conquest of southern China. He laid siege to the great cities of the Song dynasty using a type of catapult called a trebuchet. The Mongols had learned about these catapults while at war with the Persians . With these catapults, the Mongol army threw huge rocks and thundercrash bombs onto the cities of the Song. The walls crumbled and soon the Song Dynasty was defeated.
Yuan Dynasty
In 1271 Kublai declared the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China, crowning himself as the first Yuan emperor. It still took five more years to completely conquer the Song Dynasty of the south, but by 1276 Kublai had united all of China under one rule.
In order to run the large empire, Kublai combined many aspects of Mongol and Chinese administration. He also incorporated Chinese leaders into the government. The Mongols were good at fighting wars, but he knew they could learn a lot about running a large government from the Chinese.
The capital city of the Yuan Dynasty was Dadu or Khanbaliq, which is now known as Beijing. Kublai Khan had a huge walled palace built in the center of the city. He also built a southern palace in the city of Xanadu which is where he met the Italian explorer Marco Polo . Kublai also built up the infrastructure of China building roads, canals, establishing trade routes, and bringing in new ideas from foreign countries.
Social Classes
In order to make sure that the Mongols remained in power, Kublai established a social hierarchy based on race. At the top of the hierarchy were the Mongols. They were followed by the Central Asians (non-Chinese), the northern Chinese, and (at the bottom) the southern Chinese. The laws were different for the different classes with the laws for the Mongols being the most lenient and the laws for the Chinese being very harsh.
Death
Kublai died in 1294. He had become overweight and was sickly for years. His grandson Temur succeeded him as the Mongol Great Khan and Yuan emperor.
Interesting Facts about Kublai Khan
Kublai was tolerant of foreign religions such as Islam and Buddhism.
Trade along the Silk Road reached its peak during the Yuan Dynasty as Kublai encouraged foreign trade and the Mongols protected merchants along the trade route.
Kublai was not satisfied with just ruling China, he also captured some of Viet Nam and Burma and even launched attacks on Japan.
His daughter became the Queen of Korea through marriage.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote a famous poem called Kubla Khan in 1797.
|
Genghis Khan
|
Which people originated the game lacrosse? Dutch; Scottish; Native Americans; or Chinese?
|
Marco Polo - The Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire
Sitemap
Marco Polo
Marco Polo was born in on January of 1254 in Venice, Italy to a wealthy Venetian family. Him and his family traveled a lot when he was little between 1271 and 1295 he traveled around Europe and Asia. For seventeen of those years he was in China, he left China around 1292.
His book the Il Milione tells about his travels to Persia with the Mongol princess, his book also influenced many later travelers and adventurers.
During his families journeys brought them into Present-day China where they joined the diplomatic mission to the court of Kublai Khan the mongol leader whose grandfather was Genghis Khan. Finally after seventeen years in Khans court Marco Polo and his family decided to return to Venice. This did not please Kublai Khan because he had started to depend on their family. Khan finally let them go on one condition, that they escort a Mongol princess to Persia so that she could marry a Persian prince. Marco and his family traveled with a caravan by sea with several hundred other passengers and sailors, many of the people died from the storms or diseases. By the time the caravan had reached Persia only eighteen people were still alive, including Marco, his family, and the Mongol princess. Finally after two decades the Polos finally reached Venice.
|
i don't know
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.